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What did Earl John Montagu allegedly invent so that he could eat with one hand while playing cards with the other? | What Storytelling Does to Our Brains
Written by Leo Widrich
Nov 29, 2012 Last updated: Feb 1, 2016 5 minutes to read
In 1748, the British politician and aristocrat John Montagu, the 4th Earl of Sandwich, used a lot of his free time for playing cards. One of the problems he had was that he greatly enjoyed eating a snack, whilst still keeping one hand free for the cards.
So he came up with the idea to eat beef between slices of toast, which would allow him to finally eat and play cards at the same time. Eating his newly invented “sandwich,” the name for two slices of bread with meat in between, became one of the most popular meal inventions in the western world.
Now you are very likely to never forget the story of who invented the sandwich. Or at least, much less likely to do so than if it had been presented in bullet points or another purely information based form.
For over 27,000 years, since the first cave paintings were discovered, telling stories has been one of our most fundamental communication methods.
Here is the science around storytelling and how we can use it to make better decisions every day:
How our brains become more active when we tell stories
We all enjoy a good story, whether it’s a novel, a movie or simply something one of our friends is explaining to us that they’ve experienced. But why do we feel so much more engaged when we hear a narrative about events?
It’s quite simple. If we listen to a Powerpoint presentation with boring bullet points, certain parts in the brain get activated. Scientists call these Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area. Overall, it hits our language processing parts in the brain, where we decode words into meaning. And that’s it, nothing else happens.
When we are being told a story, though, things change dramatically, according to researchers in Spain . Not only are the language processing parts in our brain activated, but any other area in our brain that we would use when experiencing the events of the story are too.
If someone tells us about how delicious certain foods were, our sensory cortex lights up. If it’s about motion, our motor cortex gets active:
“Metaphors like “The singer had a velvet voice” and “He had leathery hands” roused the sensory cortex. […] Then, the brains of participants were scanned as they read sentences like “John grasped the object” and “Pablo kicked the ball.” The scans revealed activity in the motor cortex, which coordinates the body’s movements.”
A story can put your whole brain to work. And yet, it gets better:
When we tell stories to others that have helped us shape our thinking and way of life, we can have the same effect on them too. The brains of the person telling a story and listening to it, can synchronize, says Uri Hasson from Princeton:
“When the woman spoke English, the volunteers understood her story, and their brains synchronized. When she had activity in her insula, an emotional brain region, the listeners did too. When her frontal cortex lit up, so did theirs. By simply telling a story, the woman could plant ideas, thoughts and emotions into the listeners’ brains.”
Anything you’ve experienced, you can get others to experience the same. Or at least, get their brain areas active, too:
Evolution has wired our brains for storytelling – how to make use of it
Now all this is interesting. We know that we can activate our brains better if we listen to stories. The still unanswered question is: Why is that? Why does the format of a story, where events unfold one after the other have such a profound impact on our learning?
The simple answer is this: We are wired that way. A story, if broken down into the simplest form is a connection of cause and effect. And that is exactly how we think.
We think in narratives all day long, no matter if it is about buying groceries, whether we think about work or our spouse at home. We make up (short) stories in our heads for every action and conversation. In fact, Jeremy Hsu found :
“Personal stories and gossip make up 65% of our conversations.”
Now, whenever we hear a story, we want to relate it to one of our existing experiences. That’s why metaphors work so well with us. Whilst we are busy searching for a similar experience in our brains, we activate a part called insula , which helps us relate to that same experience of pain, joy, disgust or else.
The following graphic probably describes it best:
In a great experiment , John Bargh at Yale found the following:
“Volunteers would meet one of the experimenters, believing that they would be starting the experiment shortly. In reality, the experiment began when the experimenter, seemingly struggling with an armful of folders, asks the volunteer to briefly hold their coffee. As the key experimental manipulation, the coffee was either hot or iced. Subjects then read a description of some individual, and those who had held the warmer cup tended to rate the individual as having a warmer personality, with no change in ratings of other attributes.”
We link up metaphors and literal happenings automatically. Everything in our brain is looking for the cause and effect relationship of something we’ve previously experienced.
Let’s dig into some hands on tips to make use of it:
3 awesome ways to use storytelling in every day life
Make others come up with your idea: Exchange telling suggestions for telling stories:
Do you know the feeling when a good friend tells you a story and then two weeks later, you mention the same story to him, as if it were your idea? This is totally normal—and one of the most powerful ways to get people on board with your ideas and thoughts. According to Uri Hasson from Princeton, a story is the only way to activate parts in the brain so that a listener turns the story into their own idea and experience.
The next time you struggle with getting people on board with your projects and ideas, simply tell them a story, where the outcome is that doing what you had in mind.
Write more persuasively – bring in stories from yourself or an expert:
This is something that took me a long time to understand. If you start out writing, it’s only natural to think “I don’t have a lot of experience with this, how can I make my post believable if I use personal stories?”The best way to get around this is by simply exchanging stories to those of experts. On this blog, I’ve asked for quotes from the top folks in the industry or simply found great passages they had written online. It’s a great way to add credibility and at the same time, tell a story.
The simple story is more successful than the complicated one:
When we think of stories, it is often easy to convince ourselves that they have to be complex and detailed to be interesting. The truth is however, that the simpler a story, the more likely it will stick.
Using simple language as well as a low complexity is the best way to activate the brain regions that make us truly relate to the situation and happenings in the story. This is a similar reason to why multitasking is so hard for us .
Try to reduce the number adjectives or complicated nouns in a presentation or article and exchange them with more simple, yet heartfelt language.
Quick last fact: Our brain learn to ignore certain overused words and phrases that used to make stories awesome
Oh, and one last thing. Scientists, in the midst of researching the topic of storytelling, have also discovered , that certain words and phrases have lost all storytelling power:
“Some scientists have contended that figures of speech like ‘a rough day’ are so familiar that they are treated simply as words and no more.”
This means that the frontal cortex (the area of your brain responsible to experience emotions) can’t be activated with these phrases. It’s something that might be worth remembering when crafting your next story—or even your next social media post. (Need a hand with perfecting your social media messages? Buffer’s social media tools have analytics that can help!)
Storytelling is one of the most powerful techniques we have as humans to communicate and motivate. What are your best tips for telling stories? Have you had similar experiences with telling stories? I’d love your thoughts on this topic in the comments.
| Sandwich |
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I spent hours yesterday sifting through clutter in my apartment: books, blowgun darts, office supplies, ocelot pelts, papers, outdated foreign currency, clothes, and centuries-old trinkets of carved stone and bone.
It occurs to me that my life is kind of strange.
My parents, who are missionaries, have used my apartment as their home base during their slow transition from working in Uruguay to working in Spain. Since they plan to depart for Galicia in a few weeks, we began sorting through their stuff yesterday in preparation for packing. It was an… interesting process.
My dad grew up in the jungles of Ecuador, and my mum loves antiques. Between the two of them, my family has accumulated a ton of awesome junk, much of it very old. I found a toucan beak, a stone axe head of incalculable age, an armadillo shell, and an ancient Incan figurine, among other things. I felt like I was reorganizing the office of Indiana Jones; I could almost hear him say, “This belongs in a museum!” (In case you were wondering, my parents are nothing like Indiana Jones ; sorry to disappoint.)
My parents have spent time in the state of Indiana. Does that count?
Of course, these exciting souvenirs were merely sprinkled over heaps of modern, ordinary items such as clothes, books, and kitchenware. My apartment currently contains my stuff, my younger brother’s stuff, my parents’ stuff, and even a little bit of my older brother’s stuff.
My apartment is, um, a tiny bit cluttered at the moment.
Gathering my parents’ possessions uprooted some of my own, like unto the parable of the wheat and the weeds . This is actually a good thing. In a month, when my parents are bound safely for the rainy shores of Spain, I intend to take inventory of my worldly goods, and then to get rid of some.
Since my parents are missionaries, we moved around a lot. We never got a chance to accumulate much clutter. Every move to a new place stripped away all the stuff we couldn’t take with us. I learned to live light.
At any rate, that’s what I thought.
O’Hare International Airport proved me wrong. When I traveled from Ecuador to the US for college, I carried all of my worldly goods with me in a backpack, a carry-on, a computer bag, and two duffel bags the approximate size of adult male hippos.
Artist interpretation of Adam’s duffel bags.
On that day the air traffic controllers of O’Hare decided, in their infinite wisdom, to make my plane unload its luggage at one end of the airport, and its passengers on the other. This required me to walk approximately two hundred sixty extra miles along dingy airport hallways, and I had a bus to catch. Of course I did.
So I ran—well, I shuffled—dragging my carry-on, with my pack and computer bag slung across my back, and a duffel bag dangling from each shoulder. As I stepped, my duffel bags swung with the ponderous force of battering rams. Straps cut into my back and shoulders. I kept stepping—well, shuffling—wishing for a luggage cart, or a team of porters, or the sweet release of death.
That experience shaped my guiding philosophy for owning stuff: If it isn’t worth moving, it isn’t worth having. I want to live without clutter or extra weight. When I move somewhere new, which I’m sure I will sooner or later, I want moving to be as easy as possible. If I wouldn’t move something to a new home, I probably don’t need it right now, and should probably get rid of it.
For the most part, my clutter-free philosophy has worked well . (At any rate, it has left enough empty space in my apartment for my parents’ worldly goods.) A minimalist approach makes it easier for me to keep things organized, and helps me to appreciate my individual possessions. I feel lighter, freer, and calmer without so much stuff.
My friend JK wrote a blog post about tidy living . Henry David Thoreau wrote, “Simplify, simplify.” Even Jesus Christ said , “Be on your guard against all kinds of greed; life does not consist in an abundance of possessions.”
It will be cathartic to take inventory of my possessions later this year, and to give away the stuff I don’t really want. I hope the nearest donation center doesn’t mind books.
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For years and years, I’ve been waiting for something.
Don’t ask me for what, because I have no idea. I can’t shake a subconscious conviction that I’m fighting to get somewhere, somewhere, and I’m not yet there.
I’m waiting for… something.
When I was in college, I thought it was a career as an English teacher. After those plans crashed and burned, I assumed it was the publication of my book series. Those plans eventually wound up in the crash-and-burn category along with my ambitions of teaching English. At that point, I was waiting for a better job situation, or for my religious skepticism to go away, or for something beyond the grind of my day-to-day existence.
Still waiting? Still waiting.
My job situation is much improved, thank God. I’ve come to terms with my decision not to pursue a career in education. I’m resurrecting my failed book series as a project for fun, and have decided not to pursue professional writing… for the moment, at any rate. My faith survives. I’ve faced my doubts, acknowledged them openly, and persisted in spite of them.
I feel fairly stable, settled, and contented, yet can’t shake a vague dissatisfaction. It’s a feeling of waiting for I know not what.
In other news, I’ve been watching a lot of Steven Universe lately.
Steven Universe is a television series about a boy who loves pizza, wears flip-flops, and protects the world from monsters and hostile invaders. He lives in a seaside town with the Crystal Gems: three survivors of an ancient, ill-fated attempt by an intergalactic civilization to conquer Planet Earth. When Steven isn’t helping the Gems clean up the lingering threats of the alien invasion, he’s probably watching cartoons or hanging out at his dad’s car wash.
“We’re good and evil never beats us. We’ll win the fight and then go out for pizzas!”
Steven Universe is an amazing show. I could spend an entire post explaining why, but I have other things to discuss today, so I’ll keep it fairly short.
Steven Universe balances adventure with slice-of-life stories. It’s infused with magical realism, sincere positivity, and hints of geeky nostalgia. (When Steven is baffled by a VHS tape, his friend explains, “It’s like a DVD shaped like a box.”) An intricate narrative and compelling characterizations slowly emerge from the show’s charm and humor. Steven Universe has a gift for tackling serious subjects (grief! war! trauma!) without ever veering into the extremes of gloominess or false cheeriness. I could say a lot more, but will leave the rest to smarter writers than I .
Oh, and Steven Universe is just fun to watch. I shouldn’t forget to mention that part.
At this point, the show has become one of my all-time favorites. (It probably ties with Gravity Falls as my second-favorite, surpassed only by Avatar: The Last Airbender.) It has been incredibly fun and satisfying to revisit the world of Steven Universe over the past five or six weeks, and the show has often made me think.
Truth and wisdom turn up in unexpected places. There is truth in Batman and Doctor Who , and apparently in Steven Universe. Who knew-niverse?
At one point, Steven finds himself stranded on a deserted island with a pair of acquaintances, Lars and Sadie. Lars, understandably, freaks out. He can’t get cell phone reception. He doesn’t belong on the island. He needs to get home now.
Steven doesn’t panic. Instead, he finds the good in his situation, and asks his companions an important question: “Why don’t you let yourself just be wherever you are?”
I’d vacation there.
It takes a little while (and a chipper musical number ) for Lars to realize it, but the island actually ain’t so bad. Being stranded is basically an extended vacation. He might not be in control. He might not be able to move on quite as soon as he wants. However, if he accepts his situation instead of fighting it, he can enjoy it while it lasts—and it doesn’t last forever. In the end, of course, Lars and Sadie and Steven make it safely home.
There’s a lesson there.
Instead of waiting for something to happen, living in faint unease and dissatisfaction… why don’t I just let myself just be wherever I am?
I recently attended a professional writing conference. It was… well, it was a lot of things. I’ll outline my experience at the conference in five steps.
1. Early Misgivings
I hit the road a few days ago. My car, Eliezer , is dependable but dilapidated—after all, you can’t spell trusty without rusty. Eliezer lacks such vain frills as air conditioning. I call it a car, but it’s more like an oven on wheels. Thus it was a hot, disheveled Adam who arrived at the conference, sweating like a traveler in the mighty Kalahari, and having second thoughts.
Artist interpretation of writing conference weather.
I should also mention that my jeans kept creeping stealthily toward my ankles. This utterly baffled me. These jeans had previously fit me just fine, and their tag claimed they were my size. They insisted nonetheless on their downward trajectory. I found myself frequently hitching up my jeans until I was able to change into another pair in the privacy of my room.
The conference was held on the campus of a university. It gave me repeated flashbacks to my own college career, which began with severe depression and ended with existential dread. Speaking of which….
2. Crushing Despair
As I attended the conference’s early sessions—which were excellent, by the way—I slid slowly but inexorably into depression, guilt, hopelessness, and acute social anxiety.
This really surprised me. I suffer from chronic depression, as you’ve probably noticed if you’ve followed my blog for more than five minutes, but it usually comes and goes gradually. At the writing conference, it crushed me with the steady force of a steamroller. I was also surprised by the social anxiety. I’m an introvert, but I can usually deal with social events.
The guilt and hopelessness were worst of all.
Artist interpretation of depressed Adam. (In case you were wondering, I didn’t actually make faces like this at the writing conference… I don’t think.)
I was surrounded by people with serious aspirations of professional writing, and people who actually write professionally. By comparison, I’m half a writer. I know a few things about writing as a craft, but hardly anything about writing as a profession.
In those early sessions of the conference, with their unfiltered insights into a tough and competitive industry, my bravado and optimism were quick to evaporate. I felt seriously out of my depth. I felt like a fraud.
3. Redeeming Peace
As a pragmatic (and sadly skeptical ) follower of Christ, my faith leans more toward intellect than emotion. I don’t often have those moments of raw emotion sometimes called “religious experiences,” and I talk about them still less often, but halfway through the conference, I found one.
Having retreated to my room (which I had formally christened the Introvert Cave), I switched on the air conditioner, sat on the bed, and prayed. I told God that as I held on to faith in him, I had to believe he had brought me to that conference for a reason. I asked him to help me find it, and to see him at work.
I immediately felt a profound peace—a sudden, absolute conviction that everything was going to be okay. This peace carried me through the rest of the day, redeeming it, and giving me a little hope.
4. Shower Misadventures
The showers at the conference deserve a mention. They were lined up along a hallway in a communal bathroom, and guarded from the public eye only by flimsy and ill-fitted curtains. After a long day in the summer sun, I really needed a rinse. I had no choice. Casting off my misgivings, I cast off my clothes. I would not be conquered by a public shower.
I immediately ran into another problem. It was my old enemy, the Tiny Hotel Soap.
We meet again.
Have you ever stayed in a hotel and tried washing yourself with those itty-bitty bars of soap? It’s impossible. The Tiny Hotel Soap provided at the conference was roughly the size and shape of a saltine cracker, with the density of carbon steel. I tried to work up a lather with the Tiny Hotel Soap. It would have been easier to work up a lather with a soap-sized slab of sculpted marble.
I finally concluded my shower, only to realize I had forgotten my towel. (Forgive me, Douglas Adams .) It was a wet and abashed Adam who sneaked back to his room. It was a good thing God had given me peace, or that shower may just have broken me.
5. Caffeinated Resignation
I blundered through the rest of the conference with a kind of resigned determination, fueled by coffee. I learned a lot, actually, and took pages of notes. I also hung out with an old friend, a fellow blogger , and a couple of nice ladies from Argentina, so that was cool.
In the end, the writing conference made me seriously question my vague pretensions of someday being a professional writer. It would be a radical shift, and would take tons of hard work and research for no guaranteed payoff. If I ever make that plunge, I’ll have to go all in.
The conference also reminded me that there are so many other dedicated writers out there, many of whom are admirably ambitious, successful, and gifted. I must keep a healthy sense of perspective. I am, to echo Gandalf, only quite a little fellow in a wide world after all!
When in doubt, quote Tolkien or Doctor Who.
A speaker at the conference made a good point: “A hobbyist writes for himself. A professional writes for his audience.” I’m a hobbyist. I write for fun, and God only knows whether that will ever change. If it does, I now have a slightly clearer idea of what to expect. If it doesn’t, I now have some idea of what I’m missing.
Either way, it’s nice to know.
I never tire of quoting the good Doctor from Doctor Who. (My readers probably tire of it, but I don’t.) As he might have put it , while the conference itself was excellent, my experiences there were a pile of good things and bad things. The good things didn’t always soften the bad things, but vice versa, the bad things didn’t necessarily spoil the good things or make them unimportant.
And the conference definitely added to my pile of good things.
4
Today’s story is a testimony, I suppose, but not mine. It’s the story of a pastor who founded a ministry, and of a congregation that supported it. My part in the story is actually very small. It’s kind of an anti-testimony, really.
Once upon a time, my laziness inspired the creation of a church ministry called Change the World. It gathers donations in the form of spare change and small bills, and then uses this money to support charity projects across the world.
At one point, when I was in college, I acquired about forty-five dollars in loose change. That’s a lot of coins, guys. Seriously, that’s like five flipping pounds of money, stuffed haphazardly into a sagging resealable bag.
Spare change is kind of a nuisance, really.
This little fortune was more of a nuisance than a blessing. Where was I going to spend five pounds of change? I couldn’t use it at a store or restaurant—no sane server or salesclerk would accept a bag of coins. I was too lazy to put them in paper wrappers for deposit at the bank. How was I going to get rid of them?
In the end, I sheepishly handed over the bag of change to my pastor. In my defense, I was transparent about my own laziness. Giving the money to my church was the easiest option; I didn’t pretend otherwise.
My pastor—I’ll call him Socrates—accepted the coins, apparently unfazed by my laziness and ineptitude at being a capable adult. Instead, he realized how much spare change people tend to have scattered around, and decided to redeem it for the kingdom of heaven.
Together with the church’s leadership team, Socrates founded Change the World, which redirects donations of loose change toward a new charitable project every month. A number of church members supported the project enthusiastically. It continues to this day.
In college, I served that church in a number of capacities, from mowing its lawn to running its soundboard to whacking bongo drums during its worship services. I find it hilarious that my only enduring impact on that church was not only completely accidental, but openly lazy.
As Linus from the Peanuts comic once put it, “There’s a lesson to be learned here somewhere, but I don’t know what it is.”
Peanuts by Charles Schulz.
My accidental involvement in the Change the World project reminds me of a story from the book of Numbers . It’s the tale of the wicked prophet Balaam, who was sharply criticized by a donkey. (It’s a funny story.) That donkey probably wasn’t planning to get involved in the work of God, but then neither was I.
My legacy of laziness endures to this day. I hope it has done the world a little good.
Welp, I’m going to take a nap or something.
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This is a special week. America celebrated its Independence Day, sure, but that’s not all: Games Done Quick is currently running its summer marathon for charity.
Games Done Quick, whose current marathon supports Doctors Without Borders, is an event celebrating the art of speedrunning. A speedrun is an attempt to complete a video game as quickly as possible. There are endless variations upon this concept, but they all have one thing in common—they are ridiculously fast.
The video above is a brief feature on a young man nicknamed Darbian, who held (and still holds, I think) the world record for speedrunning the original Super Mario Bros. He beat the game in under five minutes. The entire game. That’s bonkers.
I don’t really follow Games Done Quick or other speedrunning projects, but I’m fascinated by the metagame they create around existing games. They add rules, objectives, and strategies never intended by the games’ developers, building new games upon the old ones. It’s neat.
It’s also pretty brutal—a tiny mistake can derail an entire speedrun. A successful speedrun requires near-perfect timing, comprehensive knowledge of the game, tons of practice, endless patience, and perhaps just a touch of insanity.
I only ever tried speedrunning one game; coincidentally, it was Super Mario Bros. When I was in college, I spent a week or two playing and replaying the game, whittling away the seconds, until I managed to finish it in under ten minutes. I felt quite accomplished. Now, knowing that speedrunners like Darbian can beat the game in less than half that time, I feel… less accomplished.
Ah, well. I suppose what matters is having fun!
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There comes a time in the life of every blogger when he must blog about sandwiches. That day has come. This, dear reader, is my destiny.
I consider sandwiches the crowning achievement of humankind, surpassing such modest inventions as the printing press, the steam engine, and the Internet. The sandwich was bestowed upon the human race by John Montagu, an eighteenth-century British statesman. Montagu was the fourth Earl of Sandwich, and possibly the greatest man of his millennium.
I salute you, Lord Montagu. Long may your name be remembered and your namesake relished!
As the story goes, the Earl of Sandwich wanted to eat while working without making a mess. (A popular version of the story suggests Montagu didn’t want meals to divert him from playing cards.) He asked his servants to bring him meat between pieces of bread so that he could eat without using silverware or getting his hands dirty. Montagu’s culinary triumph was eventually named after him, and the rest is history—shining, glorious history.
I have had the privilege and pleasure of sampling many sandwiches in my twenty-something years. (Heck, I ate a sandwich just an hour or two ago.) The possibilities are endless. There are hundreds of varieties of bread, and thousands of ingredients to mix and match. Whether you prefer a simple turkey and Swiss on whole wheat, a sweet honey and butter on white, a robust blend of meats and vegetables on an Italian sub, or any other of the millions of combinations out there, there is a sandwich for you.
My personal favorite is the chivito.
It is written, “Man shall not live by bread alone.” I’m pretty certain this ancient Scripture refers specifically to this sandwich.
The chivito is a sandwich popular in Uruguay , where my parents live and work. In Spanish, the literal meaning of chivito is small male goat, which is a misnomer in the case of the sandwich: the Uruguayan chivito contains beef, eggs, lettuce, tomatoes, and occasionally mayonnaise, bacon, onions, peppers, olives, or cheese.
Chivitos are the best sandwiches I’ve ever tasted, and I spent three and a half years in college working part-time in a sandwich shop. I know sandwiches. The chivito is by far my favorite sandwich, and possibly my favorite food.
While visiting my parents, I dissected this chivito prior to eating it. For science.
I haven’t tasted a chivito in years: my quiet corner of Indiana boasts no such exotic sandwiches. All the same, I continue to enjoy old favorites such as turkey and cheddar, peanut butter and jam, grilled cheese, and a variety of subs from local Subway restaurants.
Now if you’ll excuse me, I need a sandwich.
This post was originally published on March 13, 2015. TMTF shall return with new content on February 22, 2016!
6
A friend of a friend of mine writes a blog called The Lingering Lamb , and a recent post reminded me of a song from my college days. “I’m Reading a Book” seemed funny at the time, but now it’s a painful reminder of how irritating it is to be interrupted while reading. (Maybe I should write another Hulk rant .)
I read on break at work, and a coworker has tried to start conversations on inane subjects while, y’know, I’m clearly reading a book. Once or twice, my coworker has entered the room, seen an open book in front of me, and apparently told herself, “Oh, Adam is reading a book! That is obviously an unspoken permission for me to chatter at him for the next ten minutes.”
I don’t want to join a conversation when I’m reading a book. As friend of mine pointed out, when I’m reading a book, I’m already having a conversation. It’s rude to interrupt.
I’m beginning to think I should wear a “DO NOT DISTURB” sign around my neck when I read on break. At the very least, I should look grumpy. (I’m getting pretty good at grouchy expressions; you should see my Power Scowl.) I’ll work on it.
6
A Tragedy
Hector Cage sat alone in a padded room. “Shut up,” he growled, clamping his hands over his ears. “Shut up!” He closed his eyes and ground his teeth together.
“If I hear one more word—one more word—I’m going to scream,” he said.
He screamed.
The door opened. Dr. Lopez stepped into the room to find his patient howling at the ceiling. “Hector!” he said sharply. “What’s wrong?”
“I’ve told you and told you and told you, but you won’t listen!”
Dr. Lopez knelt next to the insane man.
“I’m not insane!” screamed Hector, scrambling away from the psychiatrist.
“I didn’t say that.”
“You didn’t. He did.”
The psychiatrist frowned. Hector was getting worse.
The madman giggled hysterically. “Of course I’m getting worse. Weeks in a padded room will do that to anybody. You try living here and see how you like it.”
Dr. Lopez extracted some coins, a pen, and a ring of keys from his pants pocket. After placing the pen behind his ear, he stuffed the rest back into his pocket and searched his coat for a notebook. He found one wedged behind his phone, and carefully fished it out.
Hector had not taken his hands from his eyes.
“You think I’m crazy,” he babbled, “but I can prove the Narrator exists. He said what you have in your pockets. Coins and keys, in your pants pocket. I didn’t look. I swear. He told me.”
Dr. Lopez shrugged. “Nobody said anything, Hector,” he said, speaking in the gentle, condescending tone usually reserved for children. “Are you sure you weren’t peeking through your fingers?”
“Phone,” murmured Hector. “In your coat pocket. I didn’t see it. You never took it out.”
The psychiatrist raised his eyebrows. “You’re a good guesser, Hector. I’m impressed.”
“Didn’t guess,” insisted Hector, shaking his head violently. “Narrator said it was there in your pocket.”
“So the Narrator talks to you,” said Dr. Lopez, taking the pen from behind his ear. He opened the notebook to a blank sheet.
“Not to me,” said Hector. “He narrates the story.”
“What story?”
“This story. The story in which we’re characters. I hear him narrating.”
“That reminds me of Shakespeare,” said Dr. Lopez, trying to change the subject. “Shakespeare wrote, ‘All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.’ Tell me, Hector, have you ever read Shakespeare?”
The psychiatrist disliked Shakespeare, but wanted to steer conversation toward a neutral subject. The patient’s delusions were upsetting him. Hector needed to calm down.
“I do not,” said Hector, sulking. “I have every reason to be upset. Changing the subject won’t change that.”
Dr. Lopez felt an uncomfortable tightness in his chest. Damned heart problems. Why did Hector insist on being so difficult? To keep himself calm, the psychiatrist began sketching in his notebook. A butterfly was the most peaceful thing he could think of. Very slowly and deliberately, he drew a blue morpho in a corner of his notepaper.
“Very slowly and deliberately,” intoned Hector, whose eyes were still shut, “you drew a blue morpho in a corner of your notepaper. The heck is a blue morpho? Some kinda butterfly? Whatever it is, you drew it.”
The psychiatrist shuddered. “Another good guess. You’re good at guessing, Hector.”
“Lucky me,” said Hector.
Dr. Lopez fought to keep his temper. “Hector, I’m going to be honest. I don’t feel well today, and I’m not in the mood for games. I want to help you, but you’ve got to help me. You can start by—”
He stopped for breath, and realized how much the pain in his chest had grown.
“We’re just characters in a story,” said Hector. “You know it, don’t you? I think you just don’t want our story to end. You know that when it does, we won’t exist anymore, except in the memory of the reader.”
Breathing deeply, Dr. Lopez forced himself to calm down. “That’s an interesting idea, Hector, but I don’t believe it’s true.”
“Of course,” mused his patient, “our quaint little story might be a tragedy. It sure isn’t a comedy—hell, do you feel like laughing? Today’s parable might end in our deaths. Even if it doesn’t, we’ll end when it does. We’re screwed either way. The Author will get bored with us, make some new characters, get bored with them, and continue the morbid cycle of creation and abandonment, like a god with ADHD.”
The psychiatrist began to write with short, jerky strokes. The pain in his chest refused to go away.
“Tell me, Hector, what’s the difference between the Author and the Narrator?”
“They’re the same,” said Hector, as if explaining to a toddler that two and two made four. “Use your head, won’t you? Use it while you still can.”
Holding the notebook out of Hector’s sight, Dr. Lopez scribbled the date and the following words:
Patient: Hector Cage. Condition worsening. Still hearing voices. Metafictional delusion persists. Morbidly preoccupied with death and nonexistence—experiencing suicidal ideation? Keep on self-harm watch in Personal Safety Room. Probable diagnoses: depression, schizophrenia
“I do not have schizophrenia!” yelled Hector. “You’ve locked up the only sane man on Earth, and schizophrenia is your best diagnosis? And you think I’m crazy!” He pounded the wall with his fist, and then threw himself on the floor: a shattered wreck.
“I’m not a shattered wreck,” he sobbed to the ceiling.
Dr. Lopez took a few deep breaths. He felt very sick. “Listen, Hector,” he said as gently as he could. “You and I, we’re going to work through this. We’re going to—to—”
He stopped. The pain in his chest had spiked. He fought to breathe, and felt himself blacking out.
Hector sat up. “I guess this is a tragedy,” he said, suddenly calm. “Rough luck.”
Dr. Lopez crumpled to the floor.
Hector stood, wiping his eyes with the back of his hand. “I’ll get someone,” he sniffled. “Not that it matters.” He stumbled to the door and shouted for help. A nurse came running, and gasped at the sight of the psychiatrist sprawled over the padded floor.
“What did you do?!” she demanded.
“I told the truth,” said Hector. “Better call some help, hadn’t you? There’s a phone in his coat pocket.”
With that, he took off down the hallway.
Ten minutes later, Dr. Lopez was on his way to the emergency room. Nurses and aides gathered in the hallway, chattering with the euphoria of tragedy averted. “You’re a hero, Liz!” cried an assistant, hugging the nurse who called the ambulance. “You saved his life! Dr. Lopez would have died if you hadn’t found him in time.”
“His patient yelled for help,” said the nurse. “The guy ran off in the hubbub. They’re looking for him now, but I kinda hope he gets away. He saved Dr. Lopez—how bad can the guy be?”
“Not so bad, I guess,” replied Hector Cage from beneath a pine tree half a mile down the road. He sat in tall grass, breathing heavily, chewing a clover blossom, and looking up at the big blue sky.
“It’s funny how the madmen are the ones with a grip on reality,” he said. “Poor old Noah and Socrates and Jesus, and all those Minor Prophets. All crazy. Never mind. It doesn’t matter. I’m alive and free, free, free as a bird. No more padded rooms. Just I and the sky and the world at my fingertips.”
Hector spat out his clover, wiped his eyes, and closed them in tired resignation.
“Such a pity I won’t get to enjoy it.”
Author’s Note:
I wrote this one back in college, around five years ago. Those days are a brightly-colored blur. I don’t remember much about this story—I don’t remember much of anything, really—but I recall pondering the idea that a totally self-aware fictional character would probably be locked up as a lunatic.
Think about it. If your neighbor or coworker told you we were all just characters in someone’s story, would you believe her? I wouldn’t. In fact, I’d nope out of there as quickly as possible, and avoid all eye contact with that person in future.
I rescued this story from my personal archive: a dismal place, littered with false starts and abandoned ideas from high school and college. This story seemed salvageable, so I updated and edited it, because recycling is good for the environment. Planet Earth is the only one we’ve got, after all.
6
TMTF will be taking a one-week break. The blog shall return on September 21.
A dear friend of mine recently passed away. I’ve mentioned him before on this blog, calling him Socrates, but today I’m going to call him Nick. His friends and family are devastated by his death, and I’m dealing with it in exactly the same way I deal with a lot of things—by writing about it.
I mentioned Nick in TMTF’s very first post ; he was the friend who pretended to rip out and eat my still-beating heart every time we worked together. Nick and I met a few years before I started this blog. I was on a bus to Chicago when Nick, who was sitting in the seat behind mine, got my attention and said, “Okay, this is kind of a random question, but have you heard of a show called Avatar: The Last Airbender?”
Nick and I were friends from that day onward.
I was starting my first semester at Bethel College in Indiana, and had just begun the nightmarish chapter I call my Thursday Afternoon of the Soul . It was about a year and a half of deep depression. That was a dark time, but there were flickers of light, and some of the brightest were the nights I spent watching Avatar: The Last Airbender with Nick and another dear friend, whom I’ll call Socrates. (I have to call someone Socrates.)
Although Nick and I had seen the show, Socrates had not. Nick and I took it upon ourselves to introduce Socrates to the epic adventure and captivating world of Avatar: The Last Airbender. (Seriously. If you haven’t already seen the show, you should. It’s a good one. ) Starting at the beginning of our freshman year and ending on its final day, we watched the entire series together, averaging a couple of episodes every week.
It may sound silly or trivial, but those nights were gulps of sweet, fresh air in a year spent drowning in depression, anxiety, and loneliness. My best memories of that year are of those nights, which I called Avatar Evenings. Between episodes of the show, we munched junk food, discussed life, and laughed.
Nick, Socrates, and I hardly knew each other when we began watching the show. When we finished it, we were good friends.
Nick, here pictured choking Socrates. Good times.
Life went on. Our friendship endured through our college years. Nick, Socrates, and I were housemates for nearly as long as we attended college. We watched a couple of Pixar movies in theaters, and suffered through M. Night Shyamalan’s wretched film adaptation of Avatar: The Last Airbender. (It was really bad; we left the theater laughing at its awfulness.) It was only in our final year that we began to drift apart.
I sporadically kept in touch with Nick. In fact, he suggested the book I’m currently reading; I won’t be able to pick it up again without thinking of him. We remained fans of Avatar: The Last Airbender. Our final conversation a few weeks ago was a short series of Facebook messages about the show’s sequel series.
Earlier this week, the news reached me that a health complication had taken Nick’s life.
Nick suffered from depression and existential anxiety, and in later life, from medical problems. Through all of it, he never gave up. He was honest, creative, and compassionate. I’m glad we were friends.
At the moment, I find myself even more thankful than usual for the dear friends God has given me. For all of my friends who are reading this, I have this to say: Thank you for being my friend. I wish I had told Nick how much I loved, admired, and appreciated him. I wish it were easier for me to say how much I love, admire, and appreciate every one of you.
On a less sentimental note, I will be taking a one-week break from this blog. My transition toward becoming a CNA at work has been stressful and a bit rough. I could use a little extra time to catch up with other things. Finally, after the tragic news about Nick, I’m not sure I have the heart right now for this blog’s usual geeky nonsense. TMTF shall return on September 21. There will be no posts until then.
I conclude with a song. No, really. It’s an odd, geeky way to say goodbye to a friend, but I think Nick would have approved.
There was a scene in Avatar: The Last Airbender that Nick and I loved, and discussed at length. It’s my favorite moment in the series. I’m not sure I shall ever be able to watch it again without remembering Nick and Socrates and our Avatar Evenings.
In this scene, a wise old man named Iroh bustles around town gathering items for a picnic. Everywhere he goes, he helps someone. When he sees a flower wilting, Iroh gives its owner advice on how to make it bloom. When a thug tries to rob him, Iroh disarms the man, makes him tea, and eventually convinces him to find a legitimate job.
And when Iroh passes a crying child, he calms the little one with a lullaby.
At the end of the day, Iroh sets up his picnic… as a memorial for his son, who died long before. “Happy birthday, my son,” says Iroh tearfully. “If only I could have helped you.”
Then Iroh sings that lullaby again. It was at this point, when we watched the series, that Nick and I held back tears of our own.
In much the same way Iroh brightened the lives of others, Nick brightened mine.
God rest your soul, Nick.
Leaves from the vine
4
There comes a time in the life of every blogger when he must blog about sandwiches. That day has come. This, dear reader, is my destiny.
I consider sandwiches the crowning achievement of humankind, surpassing such modest inventions as the printing press, the steam engine, and the Internet. The sandwich was bestowed upon the human race by John Montagu, an eighteenth-century British statesman. Montagu was the fourth Earl of Sandwich, and possibly the greatest man of his millennium.
I salute you, Lord Montagu. Long may your name be remembered and your namesake relished!
As the story goes, the Earl of Sandwich wanted to eat while working without making a mess. (A popular version of the story suggests Montagu didn’t want meals to divert him from playing cards.) He asked his servants to bring him meat between pieces of bread so that he could eat without using silverware or getting his hands dirty. Montagu’s culinary triumph was eventually named after him, and the rest is history—shining, glorious history.
I have had the privilege and pleasure of sampling many sandwiches in my twenty-something years. (Heck, I ate a sandwich just an hour or two ago.) The possibilities are endless. There are hundreds of varieties of bread, and thousands of ingredients to mix and match. Whether you prefer a simple turkey and Swiss on whole wheat, a sweet honey and butter on white, a robust blend of meats and vegetables on an Italian sub, or any other of the millions of combinations out there, there is a sandwich for you.
My personal favorite is the chivito.
It is written, “Man shall not live by bread alone.” I’m pretty certain this ancient Scripture refers specifically to this sandwich.
The chivito is a sandwich popular in Uruguay , where my parents live and work. In Spanish, the literal meaning of chivito is small male goat, which is a misnomer in the case of the sandwich: the Uruguayan chivito contains beef, eggs, lettuce, tomatoes, and occasionally mayonnaise, bacon, onions, peppers, olives, or cheese.
Chivitos are the best sandwiches I’ve ever tasted, and I spent three and a half years in college working part-time in a sandwich shop. I know sandwiches. The chivito is by far my favorite sandwich, and possibly my favorite food.
While visiting my parents, I dissected this chivito prior to eating it. For science.
I haven’t tasted a chivito in years: my quiet corner of Indiana boasts no such exotic sandwiches. All the same, I continue to enjoy old favorites such as turkey and cheddar, peanut butter and jam, grilled cheese, and a variety of subs from local Subway restaurants.
Now if you’ll excuse me, I need a sandwich.
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Which fruit was originally known as the love apple? | Why is a tomato called a love apple? | HowStuffWorks
Why is a tomato called a love apple?
Andy Sotiriou/Photodisc/ Getty Images
The 1937 film "Shall We Dance" featured "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off," a song penned by George and Ira Gershwin. The ditty is a rundown of all the words that two lovebirds pronounce differently, thanks to their accents -- words like bananas, either and oysters. Because the pair can't see eye-to-eye on these matters, the song goes, they should just nip this affair in the bud right now.
"Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" makes brief note of the fact that half of the couple prefers the pronunciation " tomato ," while the other half prefers "tomahto." But this disagreement merely scratches the surface of what to call a tomato, and if the Gershwins had decided to write the entire song about tomatoes, they would have had ample material. For example, when this couple refers to tomatoes, are they thinking of beefsteak, heirloom or cherry tomatoes? Do they prefer varietals like the Abraham Lincoln, the Fourth of July or the Black Russian? Would they rather we refer to the tomato's formal botanical classification, Lycopersicon esculentum, which translates as "edible wolf peach" [source: Ray ]? And does anyone in this relationship prefer calling tomatoes "love apples," as they are sometimes known?
Tomato, Tomahto
Sliced, diced or whole tomatoes?
We can thank the Aztecs for the tomato, both the name in English (which is derived from the Aztec word "tomatl") and the food itself. One of the first references to tomatoes in historical documents mentions that Aztecs who practiced cannibalism used the red fruit as a side dish to the main course of human flesh [source: Epstein ]. When the tomato made its way to Europe, many were convinced that the fruit was poisonous, because it was classified alongside the deadly belladonna and nightshade. So how does a food associated with cannibalism and believed to be toxic become known as the love apple?
1
| Tomato |
Which drink is advertised with the slogan made in Scotland from girders? | A Love Apple By Any Other Name Would Still Taste as Sweet - Why is a tomato called a love apple? | HowStuffWorks
A Love Apple By Any Other Name Would Still Taste as Sweet
© iStockphoto.com /g_studio
In 1544, Italian herbalist Pietro Andrae Matthioli made the first reference to the tomato's presence in Europe when he wrote about the "pomi d'oro," or apples of gold [source: Smith ]. It's likely that the first tomatoes in Europe were yellow ones, hence the golden description. Matthioli went on to classify them as similar to the mandrake plant. As we mentioned on the first page, the mandrake plant was associated with many poisonous plants, such as nightshade, but it also renowned for its aphrodisiac qualities. In the book of Genesis, Rachel and Leah concocted a love potion out of mandrake roots; the Hebrew word for mandrake, "dudaim," can be translated as "love apples" or "love plants" [source: Smith ]. Some foods prominently featuring spaghetti are associated with sex to this day; consider the 20th century creation of puttanesca sauce, which is translated as "whore's spaghetti" [source: Seed ].
While it's possible that tomatoes are called love apples because of their aphrodisiacal qualities, there is one other theory to consider, which unfortunately is much less spicy than the first one. This theory has to do with how the tomato migrated through Europe. Spanish travelers brought tomatoes to Europe in the 16th century; as we mentioned, the Italians deemed them pomi d'oro. But at this time, there were Moors in Spain, and they took the tomato back to Morocco, where they called it pomi dei mori, or "apple of the Moors." When the French got hold of the tomato, they called it "pommes d'amour," or apples of love. Did they call it that because of its association with the mandrake plant, or was it simply a linguistic slip-up? It's possible that "pommes d'amour" was derived from its similarity to "pomi dei mori" or even "pomi d'oro" [source: Ray ].
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Founded in Switzerland in 1866 by a German pharmacist, what is the world's largest food company? | Nestle Celebrates 150 Years Of Selling The World's Most Iconic Brands
Nestle Celebrates 150 Years Of Selling The World's Most Iconic Brands
Aug 2, 2016
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CHICAGO, IL--(Marketwired - August 01, 2016) - Happy Birthday Nestlé! The company widely known for its popular products like Butterfinger, Nescafé, and Gerber, is celebrating its 150th anniversary this week. The world's largest food company was founded in Switzerland in 1866 by pharmacist Henri Nestlé. The next year, he partnered with chocolatier Daniel Peter and the two released the first milk chocolate bar in 1875. Today, the company manufacturers more than 2,000 brands, that are sold in 189 countries.
In 1937, researchers in Nestlé's Swiss laboratories created the first instant coffee. One year later, the innovative product made its way to the U.S. as Nescafé, which was a hit among U.S. consumers. In fact, Nestlé chocolate and Nescafé instant coffee fueled American soldiers during World War II and astronauts who traveled to the moon during the 1960s.
Other Nestlé iconic brands include Nestlé Toll House, Hot Pockets, SweeTarts, Lean Cuisine, Perrier, Nesquik, Nespresso and Fancy Feast, reaching 97% of US households.
For the past 10 years, the company has worked to reduce sugar, sodium and saturated fats from its products, helping millions of consumers striving for better health.
As part of its anniversary celebration, on August 4, Nestlé in the U.S. will embark on its largest single day of organized community service. Honoring the 120 hometowns in 47 states in which Nestlé businesses operate in the U.S., the company will bring its longstanding commitment to "Good Food, Good Life" to more than 150 different community events nationwide. #Nestlé150for150 unites more than 6,000 employees with dozens of nonprofit organizations for a day dedicated to service.
The celebration comes a week before the Aug. 10 birthday of founder Henri Nestlé who was born Aug. 10, 1814 and died July 7, 1890.
Continue Reading
| Nestlé |
What was the first line of the Italian song O Sole Mio altered to in a long series of TV adverts for a food brand? | Nestle Celebrates 150 Years of Selling the World's Most Iconic Brands
August 01, 2016 12:46 ET
Nestle Celebrates 150 Years of Selling the World's Most Iconic Brands
CHICAGO, IL--(Marketwired - August 01, 2016) - Happy Birthday Nestlé! The company widely known for its popular products like Butterfinger, Nescafé, and Gerber, is celebrating its 150th anniversary this week. The world's largest food company was founded in Switzerland in 1866 by pharmacist Henri Nestlé. The next year, he partnered with chocolatier Daniel Peter and the two released the first milk chocolate bar in 1875. Today, the company manufacturers more than 2,000 brands, that are sold in 189 countries.
In 1937, researchers in Nestlé's Swiss laboratories created the first instant coffee. One year later, the innovative product made its way to the U.S. as Nescafé, which was a hit among U.S. consumers. In fact, Nestlé chocolate and Nescafé instant coffee fueled American soldiers during World War II and astronauts who traveled to the moon during the 1960s.
Other Nestlé iconic brands include Nestlé Toll House, Hot Pockets, SweeTarts, Lean Cuisine, Perrier, Nesquik, Nespresso and Fancy Feast, reaching 97% of US households.
For the past 10 years, the company has worked to reduce sugar, sodium and saturated fats from its products, helping millions of consumers striving for better health.
As part of its anniversary celebration, on August 4, Nestlé in the U.S. will embark on its largest single day of organized community service. Honoring the 120 hometowns in 47 states in which Nestlé businesses operate in the U.S., the company will bring its longstanding commitment to "Good Food, Good Life" to more than 150 different community events nationwide. #Nestlé150for150 unites more than 6,000 employees with dozens of nonprofit organizations for a day dedicated to service.
The celebration comes a week before the Aug. 10 birthday of founder Henri Nestlé who was born Aug. 10, 1814 and died July 7, 1890.
Hi-Res link with broadcast quality footage available for immediate download: https://akamediainc.app.box.com/s/obju0bsf1s8monqssrdhgyykrkedj400
Contents:
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What is the main alcoholic spirit used to make a Daiquiri cocktail? | Daiquiri Cocktail Recipe
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Adding comment …
dannynannady2007.2b626c1 posted 10 months ago
I usually enjoy the videos with Dushan, but FREE POURING a daiquiri???? You gotta be out of your mind...
johndixon548gmailcom1017305228 posted 1 year ago
I made this tonight with Pusser's British Navy Rum and Rose's Lime Juice. Very citrusy until I added an additional .5 oz (ish) of rum. Refreshing!
cholo7 posted 2 years ago
I thought the classic is supposed to be with light rum??
CocktailSeb posted 2 years ago
Dark Rum?!?!
| Rum |
Which type of food is named after the French for twice cooked? | DIY Your Own Signature Frozen Cocktail Pops - Allrecipes Dish
DIY Your Own Signature Frozen Cocktail Pops
By Leslie Kelly
If food on a stick is super fun to eat, just imagine serving up your own signature cocktail on a stick. Boozy frozen treats are all the rage — and we have lots of fun recipes — but you can create your own blend by using booze and fruit you have on hand. Just follow these handy guidelines for creating genius adult beverage-desserts that are a perfect excuse for throwing a summer party.
Photo by Matt Wencl
Tips for Creating Your Blend
When it comes to freezing booze, less is better. Make the base too strong and it’ll stay slushy, refusing to freeze solid. The recommended ratio is one part alcohol to four parts mixer, which is fairly similar to most cocktail recipes.
Using top shelf, premium spirits is a waste of expensive liquor, as the complexity of those high-end products is muted in the freezing process. Middle-of-the-road labels are perfectly fine.
If you’re worried about those treats freezing, stir in a bit of dissolved gelatin to give it some Jell-O shot cred.
Create works of edible art by freezing colorful creations in layers. For instance, stack a layer of strawberry margarita with a few blueberries and finish with a layer of lime margarita for a triple shot of cuteness. Or leave in the muddled mint from a Mojito.
Be sure and label those adult ice pops, so the kiddos don’t accidentally grab one.
Ideas for Buzzy Frozen Treats
Here are some tried-and-true recipes to use as the foundation to create your own masterpiece – along with paired food suggestions.
Ultimate Frozen Strawberry Margarita
Sure, this drink looks pretty in a glass, but turning it into a portable pop makes so much sense during croquet season. Especially if you’re setting a table where there’s tons of chips and salsa . Set out a shaker of chili salt and let everybody add a little heat to the sweet.
Photo by Tricia Winterele Jaeger
The Real Mojito
Minty with a tart citrus kick, this rum-spiked refresher cuts through summer’s muggy heat. Skip adding the ice cubes if you’re going to turn this one into a frozen pop, and try serving it with some BBQ Teriyaki Pork Kabobs .
Photo by CC <3’s To Bake
Daiquiri Cocktail
The Daiquiri, an import from Cuba that Ernest Hemingway made famous, has some serious pucker power. Dial back the rum a bit when mixing this slushy creation. Make ’em in the morning and when it’s Daiquiri O’Clock, serve them to guests alongside traditional Toasted Cuban Sandwich .
Classic Daiquiri | Photo by Allrecipes
Find additional inspiration:
Add a shot of your favorite spirit to these 60 Popsicle Recipes
Watch this short video on how to make the Boozy Frozen Mai Tai Pops:
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Alicante, Cardinal, Cassidy, Niagara and Palamino are all varieties of which fruit? | Macclesfield Pub Quiz League: 1 April Questions
Macclesfield Pub Quiz League
1 April Questions
Specialist set by TheLamb
(please note that although these are all the questions, the subjects are not in the order in which they were asked)
SPORT
01. Q. Which Irn-Bru Scottish League team recently became the first British football team
to be promoted in the current 2007/2008 season ?
A. EAST FIFE (Division 3 Champions)
02. Q. On what date is the opening ceremony of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games ?
A. 8th AUGUST (08.08.08)
03. Q. At which course will the 2008 (British) Open Golf Championship take place ?
A. ROYAL BIRKDALE
04. Q. Who trained the first, second and third placed horses in the 2008 Cheltenham Gold
Cup ?
05. Q. At which weight is boxer Joe Calzaghe considered to be the undisputed World
Champion ?
06. Q. In which park is the Melbourne Australian Formula 1 motor racing circuit situated ?
A. ALBERT PARK
07. Q. Dwain Chambers was banned by UK Athletics in 2004 for the mis-use of which
anabolic steroid ?
08. Q. England fly-half Johnny Wilkinson was replaced in the starting line-up for the final
2008 Rugby 6 Nations test against Ireland by whom ?
A. DANNY CIPRIANI
(a) Q. What colour jacket is worn by the No. 1 dog in greyhound racing ?
A. RED
(b) Q. Which British girl gymnast became European and World Champion on Bars in 2006?
A. BETH TWEDDLE
(c) Q. In the recent Test Cricket series in New Zealand who was the first England batsman
to score a century ?
A. TIM AMBROSE
QUOTATIONS
01. Q. Which author said “In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king” ?
A. H. G. WELLS
02. Q. Who said of Lord Byron “He is mad, bad and dangerous to know” ?
A. LADY CAROLINE LAMB
03. Q. Which American poet, famous for her wisecracks, said “Men seldom make
passes at girls who wear glasses” ?
A. DOROTHY PARKER
04. Q. Which former Prime Minister said, in 1921 “Love your neighbour is not
merely sound Christianity, it’s good business” ?
A. DAVID LLOYD GEORGE
05. Q. Which Conservative politician said, in 1974 “Harold Wilson is going around
the country stirring up apathy” ?
A. WILLIAM WHITELAW
06. Q. Which inventor said “Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per
cent perspiration” ?
07. Q. Which early American politician and author said “In this world nothing can
be said to be certain, except death and taxes” ?
A. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
08. Q. Which former US President said “I have left orders to be awakened at any
time in case of national emergency, even if I’m in a cabinet meeting” ?
A. RONALD REAGAN
(a) Q. Who or what did Oscar Wilde describe as “The unspeakable in full pursuit
of the uneatable” ?
A. FOX HUNTERS
(b) Q. Who said “I never forget a face, but in your case I’ll make an exception” ?
A. GROUCHO MARX
(c) Q. Who said “This case has had full analyzation and has been looked at a lot” ?
A. GEORGE W. BUSH
THE MUSIC ROUND
For all you lovers of pop, this one’s about classical music ! But cheer up, there are plenty of clues.
01. Q. Which anthem by Handel, also used for the UEFA Champions League and P&O cruise adverts, has been sung at every coronation since that of George II in 1727 ?
A. ZADOK THE PRIEST
02. Q. From which composition was the music for the Rugby World Cup’s ‘World in union’ taken. It is also sung as an alternative national anthem entitled ‘I vow to thee my country’
A. JUPITER (From the Planets Suite by Gustav Holst)
03. Q. The first four notes from which world famous symphony were used by the BBC during WWII to introduce their radio broadcasts, because they evoked the Morse code for V, symbolising victory ?
A. BEETHOVEN’S 5TH
04. Q. To who’s wedding march, from his music to A Midsummer Night’s Dream, have more brides walked down the aisle since 1842, than any other composition ?
A. FELIX MENDELSSOHN
05. Q. Music to the films ‘Out of Africa’, ‘Dances with Wolves’ and arrangement of the James Bond theme have one thing in common. Name it.
A. JOHN BARRY (He wrote the first two and arranged Monty Norman’s
original Bond theme)
06. Q. Augustus Jaeger was Edward Elgar’s best friend. Jaeger being German for ‘hunter’ inspired Elgar to write which of his Enigma Variations named after a patriarch in the Old Testament called The Mighty Hunter ?
A. NIMROD
07. Q. To which music did many a little boy or girl in the 1950’s thrill as they saw Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels ride onto the screen as The Lone Ranger and Tonto ?
A. THE WILLIAM TELL OVERTURE (Gioachino Rossini)
08. Q. Which piece of music by Gabriel Faure was used by the BBC as the title music to it’s coverage of the 1998 World Cup ?
A. PAVANE (pronounced PAVANN) (A dance popular in sixteenth century Europe)
SUPPLEMENTARIES
(a) Q. Who wrote the music to the following films : Star Wars, Schindler’s List
and Jurassic Park ?
A. JOHN WILLIAMS
(b) Q. Rachmaninov’s Piano Concerto No. 2 was used to great effect in which 1945 film starring Celia Johnson and Trevor Howard and written and produced by Noel Coward ?
A. BRIEF ENCOUNTER
(c) Q. In which country is Puccini’s opera Turandot set ?
A. CHINA
SCIENCE
01. Q. Name the watchmaker who invented an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold, used for cheap jewellery. The alloy bears his name.
A. (Christopher) PINCHBECK
02. Q. How is the larvae of the insect ‘bombyx mori’ better known ?
A. SILKWORM
03. Q. Which rapidly depleting metallic element, used in the manufacture of flat screen TVs, is named after the colour which appears twice in the element’s spectrum ?
A. INDIUM
04. Q. Which trademark name is given to the synthetic fibre of high tensile strength used mainly in rubber products, notably tyres and bullet-proof vests ?
A. KEVLAR
05. Q. What is the variety of fluorite found only in Derbyshire ?
A. BLUE JOHN
06. Q. Which metallic element is named after the Scottish village where it was first discovered ?
A. STRONTIUM (from the village Strontian)
07. Q. What is the name given to a quadrilateral with all sides equal but with
no right angles ?
08. Q. The elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 are grouped as lanthacides.
How are they also known ?
A. RARE EARTHS
(a) Q. What class of animal is the woodlouse ?
A. CRUSTACEAN
(b) Q. In physics and astronomy, what is defined as the apparent difference in
position of an object when viewed from a different position ?
A. PARALLAX
(c) Q. The boll weevil is a pest in cotton growing. What is the boll ?
A. THE COTTON SEED CAPSULE
HISTORY – Your dad’s old car
The answer to each question is a motor car which is no longer manufactured.
1. Q. The state capitol of Texas.
A. AUSTIN.
2. Q. Complete the first line of the hymn ‘Jesus wants me for a ___________
A. SUNBEAM
3. Q. Another word for win, overcome, success, victory.
A. TRIUMPH
4. Q. It’s only future was in ‘Back to the future’.
A. DE LOREAN
5. Q. Sharing a name with the Irish washer-woman portrayed in music-hall and film by Arthur Lucan in the 1930’s to ‘50s.
A. RILEY (Old Mother Riley)
6. Q. English country dancers.
A. MORRIS
7. Q. Another name for a Viking.
A. ROVER
8. Q. Executive transport of Trotters Independent Traders.
A. RELIANT (Robin)
(a) Q. First name of a current British formula one driver.
A. JENSEN (Button)
(b) Q. Underwear for a cardinal, possibly.
A. WOLSELEY
(c) Q. Maker of Mercedes motor cars before 1926
A. DAIMLER (Benz did not have a ‘Mercedes’ model until the merger with
Daimler)
01. Q. Which is the largest land-locked country in Europe ?
A. HUNGARY
02. Q. In which country are the Dolomite Alps ?
A. ITALY
03. Q. How is Lake Tiberius also known ?
A. SEA OF GALILEE
04. Q. In which US state is Omaha ?
A. NEBRASKA
05. Q. Which is the largest city within the Arctic Circle ?
A. MURMANSK
06. Q. The line of which river, rising near Sainte-Quentin and flowing into the
English Channel, was of great strategic importance during WW1 ?
A. SOMME
07. Q. On which river does Balmoral Castle stand ?
A. DEE
08. Q. What is the name of the whirlpool in the Lofoten Islands off Norway ?
A. MAELSTROM
(a) Q. In which English county is Brown Willy the highest point ?
A. CORNWALL
(b) Q. Which country has its north west coast on the Ligurian Sea ?
A. ITALY
(c) Q. The name of which Japanese city is an anagram of the capitol ?
A. KYOTO
1. Q. Which British bird was declared extinct in 1844 ?
A. THE GREAT AUK (Accept Auk)
2. Q. Which British mammal has species called Daubenton’s, Natterer’s, and Whiskered ?
A. BATS
3. Q. What is the scientific name for ‘Mare’s tail’ clouds ?
A. CIRRUS
4. Q. The Red Backed and Great Grey Shrikes impale their prey on thorns. What nick-name have they earned ?
A. BUTCHER BIRD
5. Q. The Ambrosia beetle lays it’s eggs under the bark of certain trees. What is its claim to fame or infamy ?
A. IT CAUSES DUTCH ELM DISEASE
6. Q. Which insect nymph produces ‘cuckoo spit’ ?
A. THE FROG HOPPER
7. Q. What is the purpose of the hooks on Burdock and other plant seed-heads?
A. SEED DISPERSAL (To catch onto animal fur, etc.)
8. Q. Which pre-industrial revolution mechanism had three common forms named, over-shot, under-shot, and breast-shot ?
A. WATER WHEELS
(a) Q. Of which organism are Devil’s Boletus, Destroying Angel, and
Fly Agaric all types ?
(b) Q. Which is Britain’s smallest bird ?
A. GOLDCREST (Accept also subspecies FIRECREST)
(c) Q. Which is the third British snake after the Adder and Grass Snake ?
A. THE SMOOTH SNAKE (Not Slow Worm which is a legless lizard)
ART & ENTERTAINMENT
01. Q. Which Parisian artist died of syphilis in French Polynesia in 1903 ?
A. PAUL GAUGIN
02. Q. Which 18th century artist’s works included ‘The Harvest Wagon’ ; ‘Portrait of a Lady in Blue’ and ‘The Watering Place’ ?
A. THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH
03. Q. Who played Annie in Woody Allen’s classic film ‘Annie Hall’ ?
A. DIANE KEATON
04. Q. ‘The Driving Instructor’ and ‘Walter Raleigh’ are famous comedy pieces by which American entertainer ?
A. BOB NEWHART
05. Q. Who designed the celebrated cover of The Beatles ‘Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band’ album ?
A. PETER BLAKE
06. Q. The novel and film ‘Seabiscuit’ tell the true story of what kind of animal ?
A. RACEHORSE (accept horse)
07. Q. The song ‘You’ll Never Walk Alone’ became the anthem of Liverpool FC, but from which Rodgers & Hammerstein musical was it taken ?
A. CAROUSEL
08. Q. Name the disk jockey who introduced the first edition of The BBC’s ‘Top of the Pops’ in January 1964 ?
A. JIMMY SAVILLE
SUPPLEMENTARIES
(a) Q. Which epic film, starring Omar Shariff, was based on a novel of the same name by Boris Pasternak ?
A. DR. ZHIVAGO
(b) Q. Which piece of music was first presented on a Thames barge in 1717 with King George I as guest of honour ?
A. WATER MUSIC by George Frederick Handel
(c) Q. In which novel would you find the characters Yossarian, Milo Minderbinder, and Doc Daneeka ?
A. CATCH 22
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Set by The Waters Green Rams (Correct order now)
1. Alfred Nobel, the man after whom the Nobel Prizes are named, was originally well known for inventing what?
A. Dynamite
2. Before Ringway Aerodrome became Manchester Airport, where did the City of Manchester build its first airport?
A. Barton Aerodrome, (built 1929 and which has recently been re-named “City Airport, Manchester”)
3. Who holds a trumpet on the album cover of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" by The Beatles?
A. Ringo Starr
4. Which is the only X rated film to win an Oscar for Best Picture?
A. Midnight Cowboy
5. Which English city stands on the river Nene?
A. Peterborough
6. Which type of food is named after the French for "twice cooked"?
A. Biscuit
7. Alicante, Cardinal, Cassidy, Niagara and Palamino are all varieties of which fruit?
A. Grape
8. London, Edinburgh and Manchester are three of the four British cities to have hosted the Commonwealth Games. Name the other.
A. Cardiff
9. In what branch of science would a unit of distance called a "Parsec" be used?
A. Astronomy
10. What nationality was Robert Bunsen, after whom the Bunsen burner was named ?
A. German
11. Which Carry On star died on the stage of the Sunderland Empire in 1976?
A. Sid James
12. Which rugby union team won the 2007 EDF energy cup?
A. Leicester tigers (full name required)
13. Name either of the two South American countries that are landlocked?
A. Bolivia and Paraguay
14. Which country contains the largest number of active volcanoes?
A. Indonesia
15. Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola are all part of which island group in the West Indies?
A. The Greater Antilles
16. Which actor played the title role in `Oh no! It’s Selwyn Froggatt? `
A. Bill Maynard
17. Two English football clubs play at St James Park, Newcastle United is one. Name the other?
A. Exeter City
18. May Day first became a bank holiday in which year?
A. 1978 (Accept 1977 to 1979)
19. What is the more common name for the medical condition `epistaxis`?
A. Nosebleed
20. Turin in Italy stands on which river?
A. The Po
21. Which London football team’s ground is on South Africa Road?
A. Queens Park Rangers
22. What did Henry Beck famously map out in 1932?
A. The London Underground
23. In which decade was insulin first used to treat Diabetes?
A. 1920s
24. Rn is the chemical symbol for which element?
A. Radon
25. What is a Flemish giant?
A. rabbit
26. In which sport is there a York round?
A. Archery
27. What was the name of the character in `Wacky Races` who drove the ‘Turbo Terrific`?
A. Peter Perfect
28. Who married Timothy Lawrence in 1992?
A. Princess Anne
29. What did Mario do for a living in the video game `Super Mario Brothers`?
A. Plumbing
30. In which American state is Harvard University?
A. Massachusetts
31. Name one of the only two countries in the world that have a square, not rectangular, flag ?
A. Switzerland or the Vatican
32. Name the female backing group to Bob Marley (not the wailers)?
A. The I Threes,
33. Where did this year’s world indoor athletics take place?
A. Valencia
34. In the film ‘Notting Hill’, where did Hugh Grant work when he first met Julia Roberts?
A. In a book shop.
35. What did Paddington bear eat instead of marmalade sandwiches in a recent TV advert?
A. Marmite sandwiches
36. Which singer was chasing pavements?
A. Adele.
37. In which city did the spice girls begin their world tour in 2007?
A. Vancouver
38. What is the name of the European re-supply space ship launched in March 2008 ?
A. Jules Verne.
39. Which group of 10 islands lie 300 miles of the coast of Senegal Africa?
A. Cape Verdi Islands.
40. From where in Macclesfield does ‘Silk fm’ broadcast ?
A. Bridge street
41. Who is the current manager of Macclesfield Town FC?
A. Keith Alexander.
42. In which city did the spice girls finish their world tour in 2008?
A. Toronto
43. Which Shakespeare play begins with the line “Now, is the winter of our discontent, made glorious summer by this son of York. ?
A. Richard the Third
44. What is the name of Paddington Bear’s aunt?
A. Lucy
45. Which king of England was known as the “Hammer of the Scots“ and brought the Coronation Stone to Westminster ?
A. Edward 1st
46. Royston Vasey is the fictional town in ‘The League of Gentlemen’ but is the real name of which comedian?
A Roy “Chubby “Brown, (Accept Chubby Brown)
47. Which musical film takes place in Denton, Ohio?
A. The rocky horror picture show
48. What is the name of the Orang-utan king in the 1967 film of The Jungle Book?
A. King Louis
49. An ORCHIDECTOMY is the surgical removal of what?
A. Testicles.
50. In what athletics event do you have to go backwards to win?
A. Tug of war
51. Whose autobiography in 1993 was entitled “Taken on Trust”
A. Terry Waite
52. Which airline operated the first A380 “super jumbo” flight into Heathrow on 20th March 2008.
A. Singapore Airlines
53. Which motor manufacturer gives it’s name to the iconic stainless steel clad skyscraper in New York.
A. (The) Chrysler (Building)
54. Published after her death, whose moving story was entitled “The Diary of a young girl”
A. Anne Frank
55. Which property empire owns The Trafford Centre.
A. Peel Holdings
56. The New York skyline is dominated by famous skyscrapers named after the Company which built them, but which 1963 built tower is now occupied by MetLife Insurance, but still referred to affectionately by it’s now defunct former owners, whose famous blue logo once adorned the façade ?
A. PanAm (Pan American Airlines)
57. Which motor car manufacturer tells us their car is “full of lovely stuff”
A. Skoda
58. In the plane crash, which killed Buddy Holly, were also his two touring acts, both of whom also died. Ricky Valence was one, who was the other ?
A. Big Bopper Richardson (accept ‘The Big Bopper’)
59. Who is the Governor of Florida (both names required)
A. Jeb Bush
60. April 2009 sees the creation of a new Unitary Authority for East Cheshire, but in which year was Macclesfield last involved in Local Government reorganisation.
A. 1974 (accept 1973 to 1975)
61. On which motorway are you now required to drive on the hard shoulder at times of heavy traffic.
A. M42
62. Who is the female singer on the American Idol judging panel.
A. Paula Abdull
63. Which medical textbook shares it’s name with a Channel 5 drama series
A. Gray’s Anatomy
64. Which motorway links the M6 with The Fylde Coast.
A. M55
65. Which is the National Airline of Oman
A. Gulf Air
66. Part of the rebuilding of Manchester following the IRA bombing, what is the futuristic looking exhibition centre behind The Arndale Centre.
A. Urbis
67. A new indoor ski village now dominates the skyline between the Trafford Centre and the Manchester Ship Canal, what is it called ?
A. Chill Factor-e.
68. Who wrote the Thomas the Tank Engine series of children’s books.
A. Reverend (Wilbert) Awdry
69. And who wrote many illustrated storybooks for children, including The Snowman
A. Raymond Briggs
70. Derby County have only beaten one other team in the premier league this season as of 22nd March. Which team did they beat?
A. Newcastle United
71. How many dots are there in total on a pair of dice?
A. 42
72. Which South American capital city has a name that means `our lady of peace`?
A. La Paz (the capital of Bolivia)
73. Who sang Walking In The Air in the original version of the Snowman?
A. Peter Auty
74. What do Germans do with a `handy`?
A. Make a phone call with it (it is the German name for a mobile phone)
75. The Savoy Grill; Boxwood Café at the Berkeley Hotel; and Maze are all restaurants owned by which famous chef?
A. Gordon Ramsay
76. Which actor played `the Ugly` in The Good, The Bad And The Ugly?
A. Eli Wallach
77. Henry VIII is buried alongside which of his wives?
A. Jane Seymour
78. Who won ITV’s “Dancing on Ice” in March this year?
A. Suzanne Shaw
79. According to the lyrics of the song by the Weather Girls, it will start raining men at just about what time?
A. Half past ten
80. Phasmaphobia is the fear of what?
A. Ghosts
81. Which is the oldest of the royal parks in London?
A. St James`s Park
82. Maddox, Zahara and Shiloh are the names of which famous actress’s three children?
A. Angelina Jolie
83. From the Marvel Comics, who is missing from the following names of the Fantastic Four? Mr Fantastic, Invisible Woman, and The Thing?
A. The Human Torch
84. What was the name of Tonto`s horse in `The Lone Ranger`?
A. Scout
85. By what name was Henry McCarty better known?
A. Billy the Kid
86. What are angels on horseback?
A. Oysters wrapped in bacon
87. What is the hard tag at the end of a shoe lace called?
A. Aglet
88. What is the capital of Sudan?
A. Khartoum
89. What is the correct way to address a Duke?
A. Your Grace
90. From the bible story of David and Goliath, what was Goliath`s race?
A. Philistine
91. Which author`s first works were published under the name Currer Bell?
A. Charlotte Bronte
92. What was the name of the cabin boy in `Captain Pugwash`?
A. Tom
93. Which breed of dog was the first to win Best In Show at Crufts?
A. Greyhound
94. What name is given to a matador on horseback?
A. Picador
95. In which American State did the battle of Gettysburgh take place?
A. Pennsylvania
96. As at 2005, who was the United States last Democrat President?
A. Bill Clinton
SUPLEMENTARIES
1. According to Edward Lear`s poem, how long was the sailing trip undertaken by the Owl and the Pussycat?
A. A year and a day
2. How many points are needed to win a game of Cribbage?
A. 121
3. What form of sentence was introduced to the UK by the 1972 Criminal Justice Act?
A. Community Service
4. Which company brews Harp lager?
A. Guinness
5. Miracle, Kelvedon Wonder, and Meteor are all types of which vegetable?
A. Pea
6. What name is given to the cabin below an Airship?
A. A Gondola
7. Since its inception during World War II, the Dicken Medal, which is the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross has been won by which creature the most times?
A. Pigeons
8. How old does a road vehicle need to be to be described as a classic?
A. 25 years old
9. Which society has its headquarters at The Lodge, Sandy in Bedfordshire
A. RSPB
10. `Share Moments. Share Life` is the slogan to which worldwide brand?
A. Kodak
| Grape |
In what year was the Big Mac introduced into McDonalds? | Varieties
Grape Index
Chapter 6. Varieties
About 25 million acres (10,121,000 hectares) of grapes are grown world wide, and over the past several years plantings have increased sharply in some locations. The acreage of grapes grown and gallons of wine produced in various countries of the world in 1973 is shown in Table 6-1, and the total tonnage of grapes produced in California and several other states in 1972 is shown in Table 6-2.
In California the largest increase in grape plantings from 1969 to 1973 was in wine grapes, which increase from 7,064 acres (2,860 hectares) in 1969 to 57,385 acres (23,233 hectares) in 1973 (Table 6-3). In 1974 plantings of wine grapes decreased by over 50 percent. The bearing acreage of 645, 981 (261, 531 hectares) is made up of table (11%), wine (50%) , and raisin (39%) grapes.
There are around 8000 varieties of grapes in the world that have been named and described, but only about 2000 of these are grown in California. Perhaps 60 of the total number are important varieties.
Table Grapes in California
Table grapes are of far less importance than wine or raisin grapes on a worldwide basis. In California, however, table grapes constitute an important industry. The Republic of South Africa also has a considerable table grape industry. The following pages give descriptions of important kinds of table grapes grown in California (after Jacob, 1950). The number of acres at the end of each description refers to acres of the grapes grown in California, both bearing and non-bearing.
Almeria (Ohanez). A late, white seeded variety with excellent shipping quality. Stems are tough and berries firmly attached. Clusters are of medium to medium large size, straggly to compact. Berries are medium large. Cylindric, greenish white, with neutral flavor and tough, thick skins. Susceptible to Ohanez spot, probably due to heat injury. Located mainly in Tulare county and mostly grown on arbors. The variety is self sterile and requires cross pollination. Spain exports large quantities of Almeria packed in granulated cork. (1007 acres, 408 hectares).
Calmeria. An open pollinated seedling selection of Almeria with excellent storage and shipping quality. The vine resembles Almeria and has large, long conical, well filled clusters. It is self fertile. Berries are white, large, cylindrical, with tough skins and firm pulp. Introduced in 1950 at Fresno, California, by E. Snyder and F. Harmon (U.S. Department of Agriculture). (4,053 acres; 1,641 hectares).
Cardinal. A very early red, seeded, table grape which is a cross of Tokay and Ribbier. Clusters are medium to large, conical, and loose to compact. Berries are very large, round to short oval, depressed at apex, and may have no or more shallow sutures. Berries are cherry-red changing to reddish black as maturation proceeds. Vines are vigorous and grow well with cordon pruning, and require flower cluster or cluster thinning. The vine thrives is hot areas, and was introduced in 1950 at Fresno by E. Synder and F. Harmon (2,779 acres; 1,125 hectares).
Emperor. A very popular late ripening, seeded variety. The clusters are large, long conical, and loose to well filled. Berries are uniform, large, elongated obovoid or ellipsoidal, light red to reddish purple. They are seeded, moderately firm, neutral in flavor, and have thick, tough skins. Stems are tough, and berries adhere very firmly. Vines are moderately vigorous, of medium productivity, and are cordon pruned.
The Emperor attains a red color and a large berry near foothills along the eastern side of the San Joaquin Valley in Tulare, Fresno, and Kern counties where about 90 percent of the Emperor is produced. It is an excellent storage and shipping grape and much of the crop is held in cold storage. Its origin is unknown. (23,974 acres; 9,706 hectares.)
Tokay (Flame Tokay). This midseason variety once ranked first in popularity, but is now surpassed by Thompson Seedless and Emperor. Clusters are large, shouldered, short conical, and compact. Berries are large to very large , avoid truncate, pink to red, seeded, very firm, neutral in flavor, and have thick, tough skins. Stems are large and tough, and the berries adhere firmly. The fruit sunburns easily. The vines are usually head pruned, but also grow well when cordon pruned.
The principal producing area in around Lodi in Region IV. In the hotter regions the variety does not color well and sunburns badly, whereas in the cooler coastal sections it does not ripen properly. Tokay has good storage and shipping qualities. It originated in Algeria. (19,895 acres, 8,055 hectares).
Italia. Clusters are large to medium, conical, and well filled. Italia has very large, long oval berries, a heavy orange white bloom and a mild Muscat flavor. The vigorous vines respond well to cordon pruning. The shipping quality is fair. The source of Italia is Italy. (1,149 acres; 465 hectares).
Malaga. Malaga is a white, seeded grape that ripens in midseason and has good storage and shipping qualities. It was once the leading table grape variety in California but has been largely replaced in the market by the Thompson Seedless from girdled vine. Most of the grapes are used for distilling material or low grade wines.
Clusters are large to very large, conical, and well filled. Berries are uniform, large, ellipsoidal, whitish green to whitish yellow, normally seeded, firm, neutral in flavor, and have thick, tough skins. Stems are tough and the berries adhere firmly. Vines are vigorous and very productive. Cordon pruning is most suitable, but head pruning is satisfactory. It is grown mainly in the warm regions of the San Joaquin Valley. (4,213 acres; 1,706 hectares.)
Perlette. Perlette is a very early ripening, seedless white grape. Clusters are large to medium in size, conical, shouldered, and very compact. Berries are round, of medium size, and have a white, waxy color. This vigorous variety responds well to cordon pruning, but requires heavy berry thinning. Introduced in 1946 by H.P. Olmo, University of California at Davis (3,790 acres; 1,534 hectares.)
Red Malaga (Molinera). This red, early, midseason, seeded grape with excellent shipping and storage qualities is harvested before the Tokay. Clusters are very large, irregular in shape, and loose to well filled. Berries are large, spherical to short ellipsoidal, pink to reddish purple, often faintly striated, very crisp and hard, neutral in flavor, low in acidity, and have tender skins. Berries are firmly attached and stems are tough. The vines are very productive when cordon pruned. Red Malaga flourishes in most of the San Joaquin Valley. (1,216 acres; 492 hectares.)
Ribier (Alphonse Lavallée). This black, seeded grape with good keeping and shipping qualities ripens in early midseason. The grape was misnamed Ribier in California. It is not the Gros Ribier grown in Europe. It is one of the best greenhouse varieties in Europe. Clusters are of medium size, short conical, often heavily shouldered, and vary from loose to compact. Berries are very large, oblate to ellipsoidal, jet black, normally seeded, firm, neutral in flavor but mildly astringent, low in acid, and moderately tough-skinned. Stems are tough, and the berries firmly attached. The vines are moderately vigorous, very productive, and are cordon pruned.
Ribier is best suited to the warm middle and upper San Joaquin Valley. (7,496 acres; 3,035 hectares.)
Thompson Seedless. See raisin grapes (p.87).
Table Grapes of Minor Importance in California
Barlinka. A black, late maturing grape with large, short oval berries. It is the leading table grape in the Republic of South Africa.
Beauty Seedless. A very early black seedless variety with small to medium oval berries with a neutral taste. Introduced in 1954 by H.P. Olmo, Davis, California. (193 acres; 78 hectares.)
Black Hamburg. A black, seeded variety with large spherical berries.
Black Monukka. A black seedless, midseason grape with large berries. (348 acres; 141 hectares.)
Black Prince. A black, seeded variety with large, spherical berries and a crisp texture. (147 acres; 60 hectares.)
Blackrose. A jet black grape that ripens in early midseason. It has a very attractive appearance. Introduced in Fresno, California by E. Snyder and F. Harmon. (68 acres; 28 hectares.)
Concord. A black, seeded American variety (118 acres; 48 hectares.)
Cornichon. Berries are purplish black and short oval. Vines rather tolerant of powdery mildew. (88 acres; 36 hectares.)
Delight. An early white seedless grape with medium size ellipsoidal berries having a slight Muscat flavor. Introduced by H.P. Olmo in 1947 at Davis, California.
Early Muscat. A very early yellow grape with round medium size berries and a mild muscat flavor. Introduced in California by H.P. Olmo in 1958.
Dattier. A white seeded grape with large episoidal berries. Fruit has pleasing flavor and ripens in midseason.
Early Niabel. A black, seeded, tetraploid, midseason grape, suitable for sweet juice and semisweet wines. Colors two weeks earlier than Niabell. Introduced by H.P. Olmo in 1958 at Davis, California. (740 acres; 300 hectares.)
Gold. An early midseason grape with large oval berries. The gold colored berries have a mild Muscat flavor. Introduced by H.P. Olmo in 1958 at Davis, California.
Golden Muscat. An American variety with a Muscat flavor that grows well in California. (101 acres 41 hectares.)
Kandahar. A white, seeded grape that ripens in midseason. It has very large cylindrical berries and brittle stems (62 acres; 25 hectares.)
Muscat Hamburg. A black midseason variety with berries of medium size and ellipsoidal shape that have a Muscat flavor.
Niabell. A black, seeded, tetraploid, midseason grape with very large, spherical berries, possessing a distinctive labrusca like flavor. Vines are rather tolerant to powdery mildew. Introduced by H.P. Olmo in 1958 at Davis, California. (111 acres; 45 hectares.)
Olivette blanche. A late season, seeded white grape with very large clusters and berries. Vines are vigorous and moderately productive if cane pruned. Clusters are usually straggly to loose. Grows well in all grape growing areas of the San Joaquin and intermediate central valley regions. (115 acres; 47 hectares.)
Pearl of Csaba. A very early, white seeded variety with medium sized berries of spherical shape. It has a Muscat flavor.
Queen. A red, midseason grape with large oval berries and a neutral flavor. It is a good shipping variety. Introduced by H.P. Olmo in 1954 at Davis, California. (394 acres; 160 hectares.)
Rish Baba. A white seeded grape that ripens in early midseason. Berries are large and elongated, with one side nearly straight and the other bulging near the middle. It has a neutral flavor, and is thin skinned and easily bruised. Stems are brittle. Both Rish Baba and Olivette blanche are marketed as ?Lady Fingers.? Originated in Irian.
Superior Seedless. A white seedless with large, firm berries that ripens earlier than Thompson Seedless. Introduced recently by the Superior Farming Company (121 acres; 49 hectares.)
Robin Cardinal (Thornburgs Robin). A bud mutation of Cardinal that ripens about 5 to 10 days before Cardinal. Introduced in Arozona by W. Thornburg. (75 acres; 30 hectares.)
Ruby Seedless. This variety has large reddish black to dark red clusters that rip
Wine Grapes in California
Description of some of the important wine varieties are listed below (after Jacob, 1950; Amerine and Winkler, 1963). The total acreage of each variety in California is also included.
Aleatico. A black grape with a fragrant Muscat aroma, important in the Tuscany region of Italy. In California the vine is not popular because of its orange red color, early ripening, poor vigor and productivity, and tendency to sunburn. (249 acres; 101 hectares.)
Alicante Bouschet. A black variety with red juice. It makes poor wine with intense color which fades with age. The grapes have fair shipping quality and may are sent to eastern markets. Clusters are medium sized, shouldered, conical, and well filled to compact. Berries are medium sized, spherical, brilliant black with a blue-gray bloom . Ripens in late midseason. Best suited to fertile soils in the warmer parts of the coastal valleys and in the intermediate central valley region (6,820 acres; 2,760 hectares.)
Almission. A black grape that is a cross between Mission and Carignane. It makes poor wine. (97 acres; 39 hectares.)
Aramon. A late season red grape having poor color. it is used for dry table wine. (75 acres; 30 hectares.)
Barbera. A red grape having very high acid content that makes it valuable for blending with other grapes for table wine production in moderately warm regions. These grapes can make a good high acid wine. Clusters are medium sized, conical, winged, well filled. Berries are medium sized, ellipsoidal, black, with colourful skin, neutral flavor, astringent. They ripen in midseason, and are best suited to the warm areas of the coastal valleys and the intermediate central valley region. (20,576 acres; 8,30 hectares.)
Beclan. A red midseason variety with medium productivity. It has low acid, medium color, and is used for dry table wine. (110 acres; 45 hectares.)
Black Malvoise (Cinsaut). A black grape, probably imported from southern France. Clusters are medium sized, winged cylindrical, and loose to well filled. Berries are medium large, ellipsoidal, reddish black to black. They ripen in early midseason, and become soft soon after harvest. Vines are vigorous and productive. It is principal use in California is for blending with other varieties to make dessert wines. The grapes are low in acidity and color and attain a high sugar content. (738 acres; 299 hectares.)
Burger. A very productive white grape that is susceptible to damage from bunch rot in cool regions. It is best suited to warm locations. Clusters are large to medium, shouldered to winged cylindrical, and compact. Berries are medium sized and ripen late. (2,083 acres; 843 hectares.)
Cabernet Sauvignon. Important in the production of the famous claret wines of France?s Gironde region. In suitable locations in California this grape produces a wine of pronounced varietal flavor, high acidity, and good color. It is one of the finest red table wine varieties in California.
Clusters are small to medium and irregular in shape, but often long conical. They are loose to well filled. Berries are small, very seedy, midseason. Skin is tough, and the flavor is pronounced and characteristic. Vines are very vigorous and productive with cane pruning. The grapes attain their highest quality in the cooler parts of the coastal valleys. (24,539 acres; 9,935 hectares.)
Carignane. Of Spanish origin, and also important in southern France and Algeria. In California it is utilized mainly for making bulk red wines of medium acidity and color that usually have no striking varietal characteristic. It is very susceptible to powdery mildew.
Clusters are medium sized, shouldered, cylindrical, and well filled to compact. Berries are medium sized, ellipsoidal, and black with a heavy blue gray bloom. Berries ripen in late midseason. Vines are very vigorous and productive. Cane is large, semierect to erect, and the grows well with head pruning. (30,710 acres; 12,433 hectares.)
Chardonnay (Pinot Chardonnay.) Produces fine wines in the Cote d?Or region of France and other European countries. It can also produce excellent wines in California, but is a shy bearer. It is best adapted to Regions I and II. Clusters are small, loose to well filled, cylindrical, and winged. Berries are small, round, and usually have one seed. Leaves are large and have rough texture. At basal edge of the leaf there is often a vein adjacent to the leaf margin. (10,037 acres; 4,064 hectares.)
Chenin blanc. A regular producer, susceptible to bunch rot. The wine, which has a fresh fruity flavor, is recommended for cooler regions as well as for Regions IV and V. Clusters are large, long conical, and compact. Berries are medium sized, oval, and have tough skins. Canes are semierect. (19,826 acres; 8,027 hectares.)
French Colombard. A vigorous productive variety that produces a standard wine of good quality. It is best suited for Regions III, IV, and V. Clusters are medium, conical, and compact. Berries are medium sized, and canes are usually upright. (26,666 acres; 10,796 hectares.)
Gamay. Important in the French Beaujolais region. In California this variety, or a similar one, is called Napa Gamay and is a very productive. Berries are medium sized, round, and have tough skins. It is late midseason grape and clusters often contain small, green shot berries. Gamay produces good red and rosé wines in Regions II and III. (4,760 acres; 1,927 hectares.)
Gamay Beaujolais. Probably a clone of Pinot noir that was introduced into California from the Beaujolais region of France. It is best adapted to Regions I, II, and the cooler parts of III, where excellent wines similar to Pinot noir can be produced. Clusters are medium sized, compact, and shouldered to winged. Berries are medium sized, black, short oval, and seeds are small and light brown.
Grenache. A Spanish variety grown in California mainly for the production of rosé and port wines. It thrives in the hot regions, bearing excellent crops. Its wines are medium to low in acidity. Sometimes the grapes are deficient in color and must be blended with other well colored varieties. High quality pink or rosé wines are produced in the cooler coastal regions. The vines are susceptible to powdery mildew.
Mission. Jesuit missionaries planted the first vinifera grapes in California at the San Diego Mission in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Until about 1870 it was the principal variety grown in California. It is often used for white dessert wines such an Angelica. It is low in acidity, deficient in color, and best adapted to the central valley and southern coastal regions.
Clusters are large, conical, heavily shouldered, and loose. The stems are rigid. Berries are medium sized, oblate, reddish purple to black, and ripen in late midseason. The pulp is firm but juicy. Vines are very vigorous and occasionally attain huge size, if given a sufficient area in which to develop. It is a heavy bearer. (6,356 acres; 2,573 hectares.)
Palomino. The principal sherry grape of Jerez, Spain. It makes good sherry, but inferior dry wine. Clusters are large medium, shouldered, widely branched with stiff stems, and are loose to well filled. Berries are medium sized; oblate, greenish yellow, firm to tough, and ripen in late midseason. Vines are very productive. Leaves are dull, dark bluish green, rough on the upper surface, with a heavy tufted pubescence on the lower surface. Either head of cordon pruning is satisfactory. Palomino grows well in the San Joaquin, Sacramento, and intermediate central valley regions, and in warm parts of the coastal valleys. (5,992 acres; 2,398 hectares.)
Petite Sirah. Yields well and produces good red table wines. The skins are highly colored. In hot regions or hot season the fruit may sunburn. It is best adapted to moderately cool locations such as valleys of the northern coastal region. Clusters are medium size, slightly, ellipsoidal, black, with a dull bluish gray bloom, and ripen in early midseason. Vines are of moderate vigor and productivity. (13,074 acres; 5,293 hectares.)
Pinot noir. A black grape used for making the famous wines of Burgundy in France. It ripens early, is moderately vigorous, and is best adapted to the cooler locations of Region I. Clusters are small, cylindrical, winged, and well filled to compact. Berries are small medium, black, oval. Seeds are large, plump, and light brown. (10,098 acres; 4,088 hectares.)
Rubired. A hybrid of Alicante Ganzin X Tinta Caõ. Vines are productive and can be used to increase color in port type wine production and also in blending. Clusters are loose to well filled and medium sized. The small berries are ellipsoidal and ripen in midseason. The grapes are resistant to spoilage and best suited for Regions IV and V. Introduced by H.P. Olmo, University of California at Davis, in 1958. (13,112 acres; 5,309 hectares.)
Salvador. A direct producing hybrid of Vitis rupestris and V. vinifera. It is highly colored and can be used for blending to increase color in other types of wine. Salvador is inferior to Ruby Red and Royalty in wine quality. Clusters are small and may be shouldered. Berries are small to medium, short oval, and have a gelatinous pink pulp. Leaves are similar to those of Vitis rupestris. It is best adapted to Regions IV and V. (3,795 acres; 1,536 hectares.)
Sémillon. The famous sauternes of France owe much of their character to the Sémillon grape. In California, the dryness of the climate prevents ?noble rot? (Botrytis cinerea) from growing on the grapes as they ripen, so that the finished wines differ from the French Sauternes in flavor and aroma. Sémillon is best suited to Region III.
Clusters are small to medium, short conical, and well filled. Berries are medium sized, spherical, golden yellow, have a figlike flavor, and ripen in early midseason. Vines are moderately productive. (3,356 acres; 1,359 hectares.)
White Riesling (Johannisberger Riesling). The main variety used in producing the Rhine wines of Germany. Its wines have strong varietal flavor and bouqet. The vine is best suited to cool areas of the coastal region.
Clusters are small, cylindrical, and well filled. Berries are small medium, spherical, greenish yellow, and speckled with brown. Berries are juicy and aromatic in flavor, and ripen in early midseason. Vines are vigorous and moderately productive with cane pruning. (7,194 acres; 2,913 hectares.)
Zinfandel. A variety of unknown origin, not grown extensively in other countries. The wine is of medium acidity and color and has a characteristic flavor. The vine is best suited to cooler districts for the production of dry wines, but is also grown extensively in the intermediate central valley region. Clusters are medium sized, winged cylindrical, and well filled to very compact. Berries are of medium size, spherical, reddish black to black, juicy and ripen in early midseason. Vines are moderately vigorous and highly productive. Head training is recommended. (29,616 acres; 11,990 hectares.)
Other Wine Grapes. Information on other wine grapes grown to a lesser extent in California is shown in Table 6-4.
Recent Evaluations of wine Grapes and Wine in Climate Regions IV and V
Most California wine grape variety evaluations previously discussed were made in order to apply recommendations based on them to large areas of the state. These recommendations were sound, although the approach has disadvantages. For example, a variety recommended for Region IV might not be well suited to all parts of that region, which include delta areas of moderate climate as well as Sierra Nevada foot hills having much greater climatic ranges. Kissler et al. (1973) have recently refined the evaluation technique by studying wine grape varieties grown in an area of similar climate and soils.
Region IV. For many years in the Lodi district, the principal viticultural and winemaking operations produced table grapes and dessert wines. In recent years, however, due to a decrease in demand for table grapes and dessert wines and an ever increasing demand for table wines, these studies were concentrated on table wine varieties.
Table 6-5 gives the variety and wine quality evaluation for a trial plot of grapes established at Lodi. These data and recommendations should be used in conjunction with those made earlier, to make the best decisions on planting and other problems.
Region V. Trials were also made in Madera, Fresno, Tulare, and Kern Counties (Ough et al., 1973). Although the area encompassed by the evaluations is quite large, the climates are similar, and the main differences in various areas of the region are caused by soil differences or by different irrigation or cultivation techniques. These differences were considered by the investigators, and their evaluations are based on experimental data and also on information gathered from the winemaking industry. A consensus of opinion was used in making the evaluations.
Viticultural characteristics of wine grape varieties are presented in Table 6-6, and evaluation of various varieties of winemaking is given in Table 6-7.
Raisin Grapes (After Jacob, 1950)
The three main raisin grapes are Black Corinth, Muscat of Alexandria, and Thompson Seedless (Sultanina). Worldwide production of raisins and currants is shown in Table 6-8.
Black Corinth (Zante Currant). This variety probably originated in Greece. Clusters are small to medium, winged, and uniformly cylindrical. Berries are very small, spherical to oblate, reddish-black, mostly seedless, very juicy, neutral in flavor, with very thin, tender skins. They ripen early and dry easily into very small raisins of soft texture and pleasing tart taste. They are well suited to the central and southern parts of the San Joaquin Valley.
Fiesta. A medium sized, white seedless grape that matures 12 to 14 days before Thompson Seedless. The berries are oval, but rounder than Thompson Seedless. Skin is tender and flavor is good. Clusters are medium to large and not usually compact. Raisins made from Fiesta are slightly larger plumper, and more meaty than Thompson Seedless. Grows best when cane pruned (Weinberger and Loomis, 1974; V.E. Petrucci, private communications). Cap stems are slightly more difficult to remove from Fiesta than from Thompson Seedless (V.E. Petrucci, private communication).
Fiesta was developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fresno, it was first released in 1973.
Muscat of Alexandria (syn. Hanepoot, in South Africa). An old variety originating in North Africa from which the raisins of Spain are made. It is an important raisin variety in Australia and a good table grape for home gardens and local markets. It has pronounced Muscat flavor, juicy pulp, poor shipping quality, and lacks an attractive appearance; and therefore it is relatively unimportant in table grape shipments to eastern markets. Although Muscat of Alexandria is used extensively for muscatel, a dessert wine, dry wines made from it are only standard or mediocre. It adapts only to hot regions, but may sunburn in the hot desert. Clusters are medium sized, shouldered, conical, loose, and often straggly. Berries are large, obovoid, dull green, normally seeded, and pulpy. The moderately tough skins are covered with a gray bloom. It ripens in late midseason, and the grapes dry into large raisins of soft texture and excellent quality. Vines are medium in vigor, highly productive, and are usually head trained.
Sultana (Round Seedless). This grape is somewhat similar to Thompson Seedless but differs in having smaller, oblate to round berries, a few of which contain partly hardened seeds. It is of little importance and is inferior to Thompson Seedless.
Sultanina rose has a rose or pink color, but is otherwise almost identical to Thompson Seedless. It is useful only for home gardens.
Thompson Seedless. Over half the world?s raisins and about 90 percent of those in California are made from this variety which originated in Asia Minor. It is called Sultana in Australia and the Republic of South Africa, and Oval Kishmish in Asia Minor. Thompson Seedless is also a leading table grape, widely used is wine making. It is best suited to warm to hot regions, and does poorly in cool areas.
Clusters are large, cylindrical, and heavily shouldered. Berries are small, oval elongated, seedless, and white. Vines are vigorous and productive and cane pruning is necessary. Thompson Seedless ripens early, has fair shipping quality, and the grapes dry easily into raisins of excellent quality.
Rootstocks (After Kasimatis and Lider, 1972)
Phylloxera-resistant rootstocks are often required to prevent damage from the root-destroying aphid of the grape phylloxera. In very sandy soils, nematode infestations may make it impossible to grow grapes unless nematode-resistant rootstocks are used. Although most rootstock varieties are hybrids produced by crossing two or more grape species, a few are direct selections from wild grapes. Vitis girdiana and V. California are native to California, but are not useful for viticulture. These and some important varieties are described below.
Phylloxera-Resistant Rootstock Varieties
Riparia Gloire (syn. Gloire de Montpellier; Gloire) is a seedling selection from Vitis riparia, a phylloxera-resistant species native to the eastern United States. This old stock, is not drought tolerant, and is therefore suitable only for moist fertile soils. It is not recommended for use in California. Leaves are large, entire, heart shaped, with a tendency to form three lobes. Serrations are sharp, alternating in size, and distinctly enlarged at the apices of the lobe. Leaves are medium green with a light tomentum on both surfaces, generally confined to the veins. The large petiole has uniform short hairs, and the petiolar sinus has a broad V-shape. The vine bears small clusters of male flowers.
St. George (syn. Rupestris du Lot, Rupestris St. Geroge) is a variety of Vitis Rupestris, a phylloxera resistant species native to the eastern United States. This stock produces vigorous grafted vines and is drought-tolerant. It is recommended for the drier hillside locations of the nonirrigated coastal valleys. It is not resistant to nematodes or to oak root fungus. Cuttings root well, and the stock is easily budded or grafted. With low bearing wine grapes, its high vigor has reduced yields. Leaves are small, entire, round, with a distinct, open or flat petiolar sinus. Uniform serrations are around the leaf edge. Leaves are light glossy green, smooth, with a leathery texture and no tomentum. Vine grows upright, has compact, bushy appearance, and bears small clusters of male flowers only.
AXR #1 (syn.Ganzin No. 1; Aramon X Rupestris Ganzin, No.1; A XRG, No.1; AXR) arose as a hybrid between the species Vitis vinifera, var. Aramon, and the phylloxera resistant species Vitis rupestris, var. Ganzin. This rootstock produces vigorous grafted vines that bear good yields of high quality fruit. It is phylloxera resistant but susceptible to nematodes. It performs well under irrigation and in the deeper, heavier soils of the floors of the coastal valleys, especially, with the lighter bearing varieties. It is recommended for raisin and table varieties in the heavier, phylloxerated soils of the San Joaquin Valley. Cuttings of this stock root quite readily, and it buds and grafts easily. Leaves are medium to small, entire, round to a short heart shape, with a distinct, curved, open V-shaped petiolar sinus. They are light glossy green, smooth with a leathery texture and no tomentum. Shoots are semierect to trailing; internodes medium to long; dormant canes fairly large in diameter; bark tan to light brown; some lengthwise cracking at the base of large canes. Vine is vigorous, semierect, spreading, with fairly heavy shoot growth. It bears male flowers profusely in small to medium sized clusters.
1202 (syn. Couderc 1202; Mourvédre X Rupestris No. 1202) is a variety arising as a hybrid between the fruiting type Mataro (Mourvédre) and Vitis rupestris. It is phylloxera resistant but susceptible to nematodes. Although rarely used in California, it can produce excellent vines with table varieties in the heavier soils of the San Joaquin Valley. Similar to AXR #1, but less vigorous. Cuttings root readily, and it buds and grafts easily. Leaves are small to medium small, entire, round to heart shaped, with deep, narrow U shaped petiolar sinus, and a tendency to close. Small, uniform serrations are around the leaf edge. Leaves medium to dark glossy green, smooth with a thin, leathery texture and no tomentum; slight tendency toward three lobbing. Vines are fairly vigorous, semierect, with dense appearance, and bear perfect flowers that develop clusters of small black berries.
99-R (syn. Richter 99; Berlandieri X Rupestris, No. 99) is a variety arising as a hybrid between the species Vitis berlandieri and V. rupestris. It is a low vigor stock, drought tolerant, and resistant to phylloxera but no to nematodes. Produces moderately small vines that bear heavily. It is suitable for use on hillside plantings that show drought conditions, or in more fertile, shallow valley floor locations. Because of its low vigor, it is generally not recommended for commercial use. Although it has excellent tolerance to high limestone soil conditions , this is of little or no benefit in California vineyards. This stock readily roots its cuttings, and is easy to bud and graft.
The leaves are small, round, entire, with a very distinct shallow open U-shaped petiolar sinus. Serrations are small, sharp, and uniform. Upper surfaces are deep bluish green, contrasting with light green veins; lower surfaces have a metallic brownish green cast, texture is tough or leathery, but smooth, without tomentum. Vine bears male (pollen producing) flowers in small clusters.
3306 (syn. Couderc 3306; Riparia X Rupestris, No. 3306) is a variety arising as a hybrid between the species Vitis riparia and V. rupestris. This phylloxera resistant rootstock produces moderately vigorous, grafted vines that bear good crops. It is not recommended for California vineyards because other stocks are more suitable. Leaves are small, entire, round to a blunt heart shape, with a tendency toward three lobbing. The serrations are distinct, somewhat irregular, and enlarged at apex. Leaves are medium green, smooth textured, dense, short, and upright hairs uniformly cover the petioles and veins on the lower surfaces. There is only light tomentum on blades and veins on the upper surfaces; petiolar sinus is deep and open V-shape. Bears male flowers on small , inconspicuous clusters.
3309 (syn. Couderc 3309; Riparia X Rupestris, No. 3309) is a variety arising as a hybrid between the species Vitis riparia and V.rupestris. This phylloxera resistant stock is used extensively in other countries, but is not recommended in California because other stocks perform better. Leaves are small, entire, round to a blunt heart shape, with a tendency toward three lobbing. Serrations are distinct, irregular, and somewhat larger than 3306; apex is prominent, medium green, smooth textured. In contrast to 3306, the upper surfaces are glabrous; lower surfaces are also glabrous except for discrete tufts of long hairs at the junctions of large veins. Petioles are glabrous, petiolar sinus is deep and open V-shape. Bears male flowers in small, inconspicuous clusters.
5A (syn. Teleki 5A; Berlandieri X Riparia 5A) is a hybrid of Vitis berlandieri and V.riparia produced in Hungary by Teleki. It is phylloxera resistant and has a high tolerance to lime soils. The latter quality is useful in parts of Europe but not in California. Its performance in California has been erratic in field trials: in the non irrigated coastal valleys, it was surpassed by one more of the phylloxera resistant stocks. In trials in phylloxerated sites in the interior valleys, it has produced vigorous, heavy bearing scions. Leaves are large, entire and heart shaped, with a slight tendency toward three lobbing. Serrations are uniform but shallow. Leaves are medium green, but darker on upper surfaces. Mature leaves are medium to dark green with glabrous upper surfaces; lower surfaces have short upright tomentum, usually found only along the veins and petiole; petiolar sinus moderately open U-shape; petioles have a reddish tinge. Produces female flowers that may develop into small, loose clusters with round, black berries.
S04 (syn. Selection Oppenheim No. 4) is a variety selected in Germany from the Vitis berlandieri XV. Riparia hybrids of Teleki. It is a vigorous phylloxera resistant stock, but more field testing must be done in California before it can be recommended. May be useful for heavier soils of irrigated interior valleys. Leaves are large, entire, heart shaped, with a tendency toward three lobbing. Serrations are sharp, relatively uniform in size and shape, enlarged at the tips of the lobes, medium green. Older leaves are slightly rough, short, with uniform tomentum on lower surfaces and tendency to tuft, especially along the veins. Upper surfaces and petioles have sparse, light tomentum with tufting tendency, slight curves, and a V-shaped petiolar sinus. Bears small clusters of male flowers.
Summary of Effectiveness of Phylloxera-Resistant Stocks. Table 6-9 sums up the evaluations of stocks for the northern coastal valleys of California (Lider, 1958). Note that five rootstocks showed high performance. Aramon X Rupestris Ganzin #1 is generally the most vigorous and productive stock, and gives more beneficial results than Rupestris St. George, the most popular stock used commercially (Lider, 1958).
Nematode-Resistant Rootstock Varieties
Dogridge is a variety of Vitis champini, a nematode resistant species native to north central Texas. This stock is very vigorous, nematode resistant, and moderately resistant to phylloxera. Because of its high vigor, scions frequently show symptoms of zinc deficiency. Dogridge is recommended for use only in the lighter, less fertile sandy soils of the irrigated interior valleys. It is most suitable for heavy bearing wine varieties and where cultural practices have been adapted to use the vigorous growth. Cuttings root with difficulty, but the rootings bud and grafted readily.
Leaves are medium sized, moderately to distinctly three to five lobed; upper surfaces are lightly tufted with long hairs; lower surfaces are moderately heavy with tomentum, particularly with heavy tufts along veins and petioles. Serrations very shallow, even, rounded and medium green; petiolar sinus is deep, open V-shaped. Vine is very vigorous, spreading, and prostrate. It produces female flowers that develop small, compact clusters of medium sized black berries.
Freedom is a new introduction from the U.S. Horticulture Field Station at Fresno with characteristics similar to those of Harmony.
Harmony (syn. US 16-154) is a cross between a selected seedling of 1613 (#39) and a selected seedling of Dogridge (#5), made in 1955 at the U.S. Horticultural Field Station at Fresno, Vines grafted on Harmony are more vigorous than vines on 1613, but less strong than those on Dogridge and Salt Creek rootstocks. Although Harmony has shown greater resistant to root knot nematode and phylloxera than 1613, it is not immune to either. Cuttings of this stock root readily, and it buds and grafts easily. In the San Joaquin Valley, Harmony seems suited to all but the very lightest soils, and is particularly adapted to the Thompson Seedless variety for raisin and wine production. Early test indicate that Harmony is probably satisfactory for table grapes. Leaves are medium to medium small, slightly three lobed and round; serrations are shallow, distinct, sharp, irregular; petiolar sinus is deep, open, slightly U-shaped. Upper surfaces and petioles are lightly tufted with gray tomentum; lower surfaces are very lightly tufted, medium green with bright cast; petiole is long, one half to tow thirds the length of the blade (J.H. Weinberger). Vines are moderately vigorous, semierect, and have dense growth. It produces female flowers that develop small, compact clusters of small black berries.
Salt Creek (syn. Ramsey, Vitis champini Salt Creek) probably originated as a V. champini type and is closely related to Dogridge. It should not be confused with the true variety, Salt Creek, which was selected from V. doaniana. This stock imparts great vigor to its scions, and is highly resistant to nematodes and moderately resistant to phylloxera. It low fertility. Since it is less vigorous than Dogridge, it has a greater range of use. Cuttings root with difficulty, but the stock buds and grafts readily. Suckering is less of a problem than with Dogridge, but disbudding is recommended. Leaves are medium to medium small, slightly three lobed, roundish; serrations uniform, distinct, shallow, sharp or acute. Upper surfaces are lightly tufted, medium green with bright glossy cast; petiolar sinus is deep, with open U-shape. Vine is moderately vigorous, and has a dense, upright habit. It produces female flowers that develop small, compact clusters of medium small black berries.
1613 (syn. Courderc 1613; Solonis X Othello 1613; Solonis Othello) is a variety arising as a hybrid between the species V. solonis and the fruiting variety Othello. This stock produces moderately vigorous scions, is resistant to the more prevalent strains of rootknot nematodes and moderately resistant to phylloxera. Suitable for wine, raisin, and some table varieties in all but the lightest soils in the San Joaquin Valley and southern California. Cuttings root readily, and it buds and grafts easily. Leaves are large, entire, with a tendency to form lobes; broad, with nearly straight sides. Serrations are distinct and fairly uniform, but enlarged at tips of lobes; dull gray-green above, grayish with heavy tomentum below; Petioles and upper surfaces are tufted with tomentem; petiolar sinus is open with broad U-shape. Vine spreading is prostrate with vigorous growth, and produces female flowers that develop into small compact black berries.
Vitis Species Native to California
Vitis California (syn. California wild grape, Pacific grape) is a species native to northern California, ordinarily found along stream banks at lower elevations. It has little resistance to phylloxera, nematodes , or oak root fungus. It bears fruit in irregular, loose small berried clusters of no commercial value. It crosses naturally with cultivated vines, and hybrids can occasionally be found in areas adjacent to vineyards. These hybrids are not useful for rootstocks. Leaves are medium to large, round, entire, with a slight tendency toward three lobbing; serrations are somewhat irregular and rounded. Upper surfaces are dark green with a gray green cast; lower surfaces are gray green with profuse tomentum. Mature leaves are heavily tufted with tomentum on the upper surfaces, and densely matted on the lower ones; young leaves are covered with tomentum on both surfaces; petiolar sinus is a deep, narrow U-shape. Vine is vigorous, climbing, attaches to trees and shrubs, frequently reaches 30 to 40 ft (9.14 12.20 m) , and can form a dense canopy.
Vitis girdiana (syn. Valley grape) is closely related to though less vigorous than V. californica and occurs in southern California. No use has been made of this species. Leaves are similar to but smaller than V. californica. Shoots are moderately vigorous and densely covered with woolly white tomentum at the tips.
Recommended Rootstocks for Nematodes
The rootstocks recommended for nematode resistant in California are Dogridge, Salt Creek, 1613, 1616, and 5 A (Lider, 1959, 1960), as well as Harmony and Freedom.
New York Varieties (After Einset et al 1973)
In New York State grapes are grown for use in juice, wine, fresh, fruit, jelly, and jam. The Concord variety comprises about 75 percent of the New York grape crop delivered to processors. The leading wine varieties, Niagara, Catawba, and Delaware, total 16 percent, Elvira and Ives 3 percent, and the French hybrids 5 percent. The remainder, approximately 1 percent, is made up of miscellaneous other varieties. Descriptions of several varieties are given below.
Catawba is a late ripening, red, American type grape that require the best vineyard sites in the most favourable locations to reach full maturity. Vines are vigorous, hardy, and productive, but the foliage is somewhat susceptible to fungus diseases that can be controlled by spraying. Catawba is an important ingredient in New York State champagnes and table wines.
Concord is a blue black American type grape with a tough skin that separates readily from the pulpy flesh (slipskin). Concord is a late midseason grape, and is also the standard by which both the vine and fruit of other varieties are judged. The use of this fruit for many purposes gives it a large market outlet. Concord is the only important variety for sweet juice, jelly, and preserves, and much is also used for wine production. Its pronounced fruity flavor makes it a good dessert grape. In a late season, and in less desirable locations, the variety may fail to attain full maturity on heavily loaded vines.
Delaware is one of the highest quality American grapes for table use and for white wine. It ripens tow or more weeks before Concord, and has small compact clusters with small red berries. The tender skin is subject to cracking when fall rains occur near harvest time, and the variety is susceptible to fungus diseases. Delaware requires a deep, fertile well drained soil for good vine growth, and vines may produce yields as high as those of Concord on such soils. On poorer soils and on old vineyard sites, a phylloxera resistant rootstock should be used to ensure vigorous growth.
Niagara, the leading American type white grape is used fresh and for wine. It is less cold resistant than Concord, and is moderately susceptible to the major grape diseases.
New York grapes of less commercial importance.
Clinton is a red wine grape with small berries and clusters that closely resemble the wild v. riparia. It is vigorous and has been used as a rootstock for less sturdy varieties.
Diamond resembles the fruit of Niagara and the vine of Concord. As a dry table wine it is one of the most distinctive and desirable of the American types.
Dutchess is a late ripening white grape related to V.vinifera. it produces a white wine of high quality, is susceptible to disease, and may be injured by the low temperatures.
Elvira is a white wine grape with American species, V. riparia, the River bank or Frost Grape, in its ancestry. This variety is hardy, productive, and disease resistant. Its thin skin and compact clusters may cause the berries to crack. Ripens at about the same time as Concord.
Fredonia is a black Concord type grape that ripens about two weeks earlier than Concord. It lacks the typical Concord flavor desirable for making juice and jelly. Although it may exceed Concord in vigor and production, fruit is susceptible to downy mildew.
Ives is a black grape of the V. labrusca or Fox Grape type used in red wines. It is vigorous and productive in good locations. A study rootstock should be used in poor locations.
Isabella is an old, black labrusca type grape used for wine. It is tender and subject to winter injury.
Missouri Riesling is similar in origin and appearance to Elvira. This wine grape matures after Elvira and Concord, but before Catawba, and is vigorous, productive and hardy.
French Hybrids and Newer Wine Grapes (Einset et al., 1973)
French hybrids have been derived from crosses between V. vinifera and a number of wild American species. They were made by French hybridisers who were seeking phylloxera resistant varieties that would produce wines less fruity and more neutral in flavor. These grapes are usually identified by the name of the originator and a number.
Nearly all American type grapes or hybrids contain V. labrusca in their parentage, but the French have used mainly other American species with different fruit and plant characteristics. Thus the two groups of hybrids are quite distinct in appearance.
The shoots of most French hybrids grow more upright than American hybrids. The leaves usually have deeper sinuses, are are more glossy, and lack the heavy tomentum common on the underside of American grape leaves and V. labrusca. The flavor of the fruit is generally more neutral, lacking the fruitiness of our native varieties.
Red French Hybrids
These are listed according to increasing color and season of ripening, from early to late. Data are taken from Elinset et al., 1973.
Maréchal Foch (Kuhlmann 188-2) is a very early, small clustered, small berried black grape that produces an excellent Burgundy type red wine. Vines are hardy and medium in vigor and production.it should be grafted on a resistant rootstock to ensure adequate vigor. Birds can be a problem.
Léon-Millot (Kuhlmann 194-2). The fruit, vine, and wine are similar to Foch. It is early ripening and has a high sugar content.
Cascade (Seibel 13053) is an early blue grape. Clusters are medium to large and loose. It is very productive and hardy, but the fruit attracts birds. The wine can be very good but may be light in color.
Baco Noir (Baco No. 1) is an extremely vigorous and disease resistant variety used for red wine that grows well in arbors. Bud break occurs early in the spring and may be subject to late spring frost injury.
De Chaunac (Seibel 9549) appears to be one of the best French hybrids for red wine. It is hardy, relatively free from disease, and is less susceptible to bird damage than some other varieties.
Chelois (Seibel 10878) is a vigorous, productive variety used for a claret type wine. Vines are only moderately winter hardy, especially if over cropped.
Rougeon (Seibel 5898) is a commercial red wine grape that yields a highly colored wine used for blending. Vines are hardy but erratic producers.
Rosette (Seibel 7053) is widely grown in France. It is hardy and productive, and the wine produced is of the highest quality. The fruit is susceptible to early downy mildew.
Colobel (Seibel 8357) is a ?teinturier,? or a variety with highly colored juice, used for blending with paler wines. Vines are moderately hardy and productive.
White French Hybrids
These are listed according to increasing color and season of ripening from early to late.
Aurore (Seibel 5279) is widely planted, hardy, vigorous, and productive. The fruit ripens early, is of good dessert quality, and makes a very good wine.
Vignoles (Ravat 51) makes a fine Chablis type white wine. The clusters are compact and the berries tend to crack in wet seasons. Vines are hardy but of medium vigor and production.
Verdelet (Seibel 9110) is a yellow gold dessert and wine variety grown in the best locations. This grape tends to overbear and the crop must be thinned. It is subject to winter injury.
Seyval (Seyve-Villard 5-276) is a high quality, midseason, white grape that produces a fine white wine. It tends to overbear and must be cluster-thinned for proper ripening and to prevent weaking of the vines.
Vidal 256 is a late, white, hardy, heavy producer. The wine is neutral in flavor and is rated good to very good.
Villard Blanc (Seyve-Villard 12-375) produces large, loose clusters. The wine is very good, and the fruit is useful as a dessert type.
Other Recent Wine Grape Introduction in New York (Einset et al., 1973)
Cayuga white, formerly identified as New York 33403, or G.W. 3, was named in 1972 by the Geneva Station. It produces a fruity, European type white table wine of very good to excellent quality. The vine is vigorous, very productive, and moderately hardy.
Veeport, from the Holticultural Research Institute of Ontario at Vineland, Canada, makes a good dessert wine. It is productive and moderately vigorous.
Vincent, another Vineland introduction is a dark blue grape with dark juice, and produces wine that is useful for blending. Its wine ratings have been high.
Vitis vinifera Grapes in New York (Einset et al., 1973)
White Riesling and Pinot chardonnay are grown commercially on a limited scale in New York. Only the best sites with the least extreme winter temperature should be used, and the vinifera should be grown on resistant rootstocks. Skilled management is required to offset winter injury to buds and trunks and to ensure commercially consistent cropping.
Other varieties recommended for trials are Cabernet Sauvignon, Gewürztraminer, Pinot noir, and White Riesling.
Other Varieties for the Home Vineyard and Roadside Market in New York (Einset et al. , 1973)
Several varieties that mature over a season of from 8 to 10 weeks may be grown. Some can be stored under refrigeration for several months. Several varieties are listed below and in Table 6-10.
Bath is productive black grape with a neutral flavor that ripens about a week before Concord.
Buffalo has the finest dessert quality of the early black grapes. Vines are moderately hardy and the fruit has good storage qualities.
Caco is an old, typically labrusca type, red variety, reported to be a cross between Concord and Catawba.
Golden Muscat has golden fruit that produces large, juicy berries of high quality.
New York Muscat is a reddish black grape with a rich Muscat flavor. The fruit makes a good red muscatel wine, and vines are vigorous and hardy.
Schuyler is a very early black grape that ripens at least three weeks before Concord. Vines are very productive but tender to cold.
Seneca is an early white grape with vinifera type fruit of the highest dessert quality. Vines are moderately hardy and susceptible to mildew.
Sheridan is a late black grape that extends the season for those who like Concord type fruit. The vines are vigorous, productive, and hardy.
Steuben is a bluish black grape that ripens shortly after Concord. The flavor is sweet with a spicy tang. The vines are moderately vigorous, hardy, and productive. Steuben also makes good wine.
Urbana is a fine, late red variety with good storage quality.
Van Buren is the best early Concord type grape. It is hardy, but slightly susceptible to downy mildew.
Vinered is a large clustered, very handsome red grape introduced by Canadian workers. It is a late grape that ripens to maturity only in the most favourable seasons at Geneva.
Yates is a hardy, late red grape with juicy sweet flesh, tough skin, and good storage quality.
Seedless Varieties for New York (Einset et al., 1973)
Seedless grapes that are hardy enough to be recommended for trial in any but the most favored locations in New York State are of recent origin and have been produced by crosses between American seeded and seedless V. vinifera varieties. Although most introductions from Geneva, New York are only moderately winter hardy, they are much stronger than their seedless parents. Some promising selections are listed below.
Concord Seedless is probably a seedless mutation or sport of Concord. Clusters and berries are smaller than Concord, but the fruit matures earlier, has high flavor, and makes excellent preserves and pies.
Himrod is an early, white seedless variety that makes one of the most delicious dessert grapes. It is a cross between Ontario and Thompson Seedless. The clusters are large, loose, and irregular. This can be controlled by sprays of gibberellic acid, cane girdling, or thinning to increase berry set and improve berry size.
Interlaken Seedless is also a cross between Ontario and Thompson Seedless. The clusters are medium sized and compact with small, white seedless berries that ripen a month before Concord. Grafted vines are preferred.
Lakemont (named in 1972) is another white grape that is a cross between Ontario and Thompso Seedless. The compact clusters ripen a week or two after Himrod.
Suffolk Red (named in 1972) is a large berried, red seedless grape. It is moderately winter hardy, has loose clusters, and responds well to sprays of gibberellic acid.
Grapes for home winemaking. Varieties recommended for the home winemarker in New York are listed in Table 6-11.
New York Rootstocks (Lider and Shaulis, 1974).
At least six species of Vitis are important among the American hybrids grown in New York, ranging from the highly phylloxera-resistant V. riparia to the non-resistant V. vinifera (Lider and Shaulis, 1974). This accounts for the varying resistance in some of the scion varieties.
Baco noir, a V. vinifera crossed with a V. riparia hybrid, is used occasionally as a resistant rootstock in New York vineyards, and recently interest in its use has increased. The phylloxera resistance of Baco noir is high, but it is relatively low in cold hardiness when used either as a scion or a rootstock variety. Baco noir roots are also susceptible to infection by tomato ringspot virus. This variety is not recommended as a rootstock for New York vineyards.
Couder 3309 is currently recommended for use in New York State. It has been an excellent stock on a wide range of soil types and varieties.
Muscadine Grappes (Anonymous, 1973)
These grapes are best suited for the southern states from the eastern third of Texas to the Atlantic seabord. The fresh fruit is generally sold locally because the flavor and aroma deteriorate rapidly. It is also used for unfermented juice, pies, jellies, sauces, and wines. The latter have a distinctive flavor and are sold mainly to the specialty trade. The three species of muscadine grapes are M. rotundifolia, M. munsoniana, and M. popenoei. The most widespread is M. rotundifolia. Muscadine grapes are insect and disease resistant.
Some of the leading varieties are the following :
BURGAW
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Which three films are tied for winning the most Academy Awards, with 11 Oscars each? | Oscars Facts: 25 Things You (Probably) Don't Know About the Academy Awards | Moviefone
Oscars Facts: 25 Things You (Probably) Don't Know About the Academy Awards
by Phil Pirrello
It's almost here -- the 88th Academy Awards finally airs this Sunday, and we're counting down the minutes.
We've already given you our Oscar predictions , and now we're bringing you some of the best (and, um, craziest) facts about Hollywood's biggest awards show. From the first Best Actor winner, to the "one dollar" Oscar rule, here are 25 things you (probably) don't know about the Oscars.
1. The youngest Oscar winner was Tatum O'Neal (above), who won Best Supporting Actress for " Paper Moon " (1973) when she was only 10 years old. Shirley Temple won the short-lived Juvenile Award at 6 years old.
2. After winning Best Actress for " Cabaret " (1972), Liza Minnelli became (and still is) the only Oscar winner whose parents both earned Oscars. Her mother, Judy Garland , received an honorary award in 1939 and her father, Vincente Minnelli , won Best Director for " Gigi " (1958).
3. Nameplates for all potential winners are prepared ahead of time; in 2014, the Academy made 215 of them!
4. The first Academy Awards were presented in 1929 at a private dinner of about 270 people. It was first televised in 1953, and now the Oscars ceremony can be seen in more than 200 countries.
5. Only three women have received Best Director nominations, while Kathryn Bigelow is the lone winner for " The Hurt Locker " (2009). Interestingly, Bigelow beat out ex-husband James Cameron , who was nominated for the technological wonder " Avatar ."
6. At 82, Christopher Plummer (above) became the oldest person to win an Academy Award. He received the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his work in " Beginners " (2010) opposite Ewan McGregor .
7. Peter Finch (" Network ") and Heath Ledger (" The Dark Knight ") are the only actors to be awarded an Academy Award posthumously. Ledger's Oscar -- and his entire fortune -- was gifted to his young daughter, Matilda.
8. With her nomination last year for " Into the Woods ," Meryl Streep has been nominated a record 19 times. She has won three Best Actress Oscars -- the last for " The Iron Lady " (2011).
9. Katharine Hepburn won a record four Academy Awards -- all Best Actress Oscars -- the last for " On Golden Pond " (1981), which starred another Hollywood legend, Henry Fonda .
10. The first Oscars were held at the famous Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. Today, the ceremony takes place at the Dolby Theatre (around the corner from the Roosevelt), its tenth venue over the decades.
11. Jack Nicholson (above) is the most-nominated male actor, receiving 12 Oscar nominations beginning with 1969's " Easy Rider ." His three wins tie him with Walter Brennan and Daniel Day-Lewis .
12. Oscar statuettes are technically property of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. As a result, before an Academy Award winner or his estate can sell his Oscar, he must first offer to sell it to the Academy first for one dollar (yes, one dollar). This, of course, is to discourage winners from selling the award for financial gain. Oscars awarded before 1950, however, are not bound by this agreement. In 2011, Orson Welles ' 1941 Oscar for " Citizen Kane " was sold at auction for over $800,000 in 2011!
13. Only three films have won all of the "Big Five" Academy Award categories: " It Happened One Night " (1934), " One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest " (1975), and " The Silence of the Lambs " (1991). The "Big Five" categories are: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay (either adapted or original).
14. In 1940, the LA Times broke the Academy's embargo and published the names of all the Oscar winners prior to the ceremony. As a result, the Academy introduced the sealed envelope tradition that is present to this day.
15. The legendary Alfred Hitchcock was nominated five times for Best Director, but never took home the Oscar.
16. " Ben-Hur ," " Titanic ," and " The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King " (above) are the most successful films in Oscar history, each winning a shocking 11 Oscars. "Return of the King" is the only one to win every award for which it was nominated.
17. Composer John Williams is the most-nominated living person, having earned 49 Oscar nominations throughout his storied career, beginning with 1967's " Valley of the Dolls ."
18. The longest Oscar acceptance speech ever given was five and half minutes by 1943 Best Actress winner Greer Garson (" Mrs. Miniver ").
19. Oscar statuettes were made from painter plaster during World War II due to metal shortages. After the war ended, these Oscars were replaced with the traditional statues.
20. Bob Hope hosted the ceremony a whopping 19 times, making him the most frequent Oscar host.
21. With his Best Actor nomination for " American Sniper ," Bradley Cooper (above) has now been nominated for an acting Oscar three years in a row. That's one shy of the record for most consecutive acting nods, held by the late Marlon Brando .
22. The first Best Actor awards were given to Emil Jannings for " The Last Command " and " The Way of All Flesh " (yes, both!).
23. At the 29th Academy Awards ceremony in 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category was introduced. Previously, the best foreign language film was simply acknowledge with a Special Achievement Award.
24. In 1999, Cate Blanchett and Judi Dench were both nominated for playing Queen Elizabeth in " Elizabeth " and " Shakespeare in Love ." Dench won Best Supporting Actress despite only appearing in the film for a total of eight minutes. Meanwhile, Blanchett lost the Best Actress Oscar to Gwyneth Paltrow -- also for "Shakespeare in Love."
25. Although " Boyhood " (2014) was filmed over 12 years, it only took a total of 39 days to film.
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As at 2006, Which actress has had 13 Oscar nominations, more than any other actress? | Oscars Facts: 25 Things You (Probably) Don't Know About the Academy Awards | Moviefone
Oscars Facts: 25 Things You (Probably) Don't Know About the Academy Awards
by Phil Pirrello
It's almost here -- the 88th Academy Awards finally airs this Sunday, and we're counting down the minutes.
We've already given you our Oscar predictions , and now we're bringing you some of the best (and, um, craziest) facts about Hollywood's biggest awards show. From the first Best Actor winner, to the "one dollar" Oscar rule, here are 25 things you (probably) don't know about the Oscars.
1. The youngest Oscar winner was Tatum O'Neal (above), who won Best Supporting Actress for " Paper Moon " (1973) when she was only 10 years old. Shirley Temple won the short-lived Juvenile Award at 6 years old.
2. After winning Best Actress for " Cabaret " (1972), Liza Minnelli became (and still is) the only Oscar winner whose parents both earned Oscars. Her mother, Judy Garland , received an honorary award in 1939 and her father, Vincente Minnelli , won Best Director for " Gigi " (1958).
3. Nameplates for all potential winners are prepared ahead of time; in 2014, the Academy made 215 of them!
4. The first Academy Awards were presented in 1929 at a private dinner of about 270 people. It was first televised in 1953, and now the Oscars ceremony can be seen in more than 200 countries.
5. Only three women have received Best Director nominations, while Kathryn Bigelow is the lone winner for " The Hurt Locker " (2009). Interestingly, Bigelow beat out ex-husband James Cameron , who was nominated for the technological wonder " Avatar ."
6. At 82, Christopher Plummer (above) became the oldest person to win an Academy Award. He received the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his work in " Beginners " (2010) opposite Ewan McGregor .
7. Peter Finch (" Network ") and Heath Ledger (" The Dark Knight ") are the only actors to be awarded an Academy Award posthumously. Ledger's Oscar -- and his entire fortune -- was gifted to his young daughter, Matilda.
8. With her nomination last year for " Into the Woods ," Meryl Streep has been nominated a record 19 times. She has won three Best Actress Oscars -- the last for " The Iron Lady " (2011).
9. Katharine Hepburn won a record four Academy Awards -- all Best Actress Oscars -- the last for " On Golden Pond " (1981), which starred another Hollywood legend, Henry Fonda .
10. The first Oscars were held at the famous Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. Today, the ceremony takes place at the Dolby Theatre (around the corner from the Roosevelt), its tenth venue over the decades.
11. Jack Nicholson (above) is the most-nominated male actor, receiving 12 Oscar nominations beginning with 1969's " Easy Rider ." His three wins tie him with Walter Brennan and Daniel Day-Lewis .
12. Oscar statuettes are technically property of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. As a result, before an Academy Award winner or his estate can sell his Oscar, he must first offer to sell it to the Academy first for one dollar (yes, one dollar). This, of course, is to discourage winners from selling the award for financial gain. Oscars awarded before 1950, however, are not bound by this agreement. In 2011, Orson Welles ' 1941 Oscar for " Citizen Kane " was sold at auction for over $800,000 in 2011!
13. Only three films have won all of the "Big Five" Academy Award categories: " It Happened One Night " (1934), " One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest " (1975), and " The Silence of the Lambs " (1991). The "Big Five" categories are: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay (either adapted or original).
14. In 1940, the LA Times broke the Academy's embargo and published the names of all the Oscar winners prior to the ceremony. As a result, the Academy introduced the sealed envelope tradition that is present to this day.
15. The legendary Alfred Hitchcock was nominated five times for Best Director, but never took home the Oscar.
16. " Ben-Hur ," " Titanic ," and " The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King " (above) are the most successful films in Oscar history, each winning a shocking 11 Oscars. "Return of the King" is the only one to win every award for which it was nominated.
17. Composer John Williams is the most-nominated living person, having earned 49 Oscar nominations throughout his storied career, beginning with 1967's " Valley of the Dolls ."
18. The longest Oscar acceptance speech ever given was five and half minutes by 1943 Best Actress winner Greer Garson (" Mrs. Miniver ").
19. Oscar statuettes were made from painter plaster during World War II due to metal shortages. After the war ended, these Oscars were replaced with the traditional statues.
20. Bob Hope hosted the ceremony a whopping 19 times, making him the most frequent Oscar host.
21. With his Best Actor nomination for " American Sniper ," Bradley Cooper (above) has now been nominated for an acting Oscar three years in a row. That's one shy of the record for most consecutive acting nods, held by the late Marlon Brando .
22. The first Best Actor awards were given to Emil Jannings for " The Last Command " and " The Way of All Flesh " (yes, both!).
23. At the 29th Academy Awards ceremony in 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category was introduced. Previously, the best foreign language film was simply acknowledge with a Special Achievement Award.
24. In 1999, Cate Blanchett and Judi Dench were both nominated for playing Queen Elizabeth in " Elizabeth " and " Shakespeare in Love ." Dench won Best Supporting Actress despite only appearing in the film for a total of eight minutes. Meanwhile, Blanchett lost the Best Actress Oscar to Gwyneth Paltrow -- also for "Shakespeare in Love."
25. Although " Boyhood " (2014) was filmed over 12 years, it only took a total of 39 days to film.
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Which 1981 film is the only Best Picture Oscar winner to contain all of the letters of Oscar in its title? | 1981 Academy Awards® Winners and History
Reds (1981)
Actor:
HENRY FONDA in "On Golden Pond", Warren Beatty in "Reds", Burt Lancaster in "Atlantic City", Dudley Moore in "Arthur", Paul Newman in "Absence of Malice"
Actress:
KATHARINE HEPBURN in "On Golden Pond", Diane Keaton in "Reds", Marsha Mason in "Only When I Laugh", Susan Sarandon in "Atlantic City", Meryl Streep in "The French Lieutenant's Woman"
Supporting Actor:
JOHN GIELGUD in "Arthur", James Coco in "Only When I Laugh", Ian Holm in "Chariots of Fire", Jack Nicholson in "Reds", Howard E. Rollins, Jr. in "Ragtime"
Supporting Actress:
MAUREEN STAPLETON in "Reds", Melinda Dillon in "Absence of Malice", Jane Fonda in "On Golden Pond", Joan Hackett in "Only When I Laugh", Elizabeth McGovern in "Ragtime"
Director:
WARREN BEATTY for "Reds", Hugh Hudson for "Chariots of Fire", Louis Malle for "Atlantic City", Mark Rydell for "On Golden Pond", Steven Spielberg for "Raiders of the Lost Ark"
The Best Picture winner this year was a surprise and major upset win for British producer David Puttnam's low-budget Chariots of Fire, directed by Hugh Hudson, with seven nominations and four wins. It also took top honors for Best Screenplay (Colin Welland), Best Original Score (Vangelis' rich electronic, throbbing score, especially during the iconic opening credits sequence) and Best Costume Design.
The win signaled the start of another mini-British renaissance of film awards for this year and the next - with Gandhi (1982) soon breaking all British film Oscar records. (It had been 13 years since another British-made film had won Best Picture, Oliver! (1968)) Chariots of Fire was also the second sports film to win Best Picture (the first was Rocky (1976) ). It also marked the first of four biopics to win the top award during the 80s, joining Gandhi (1982), Amadeus (1984), and The Last Emperor (1987).
Of the top five competitors for Best Picture, two were historical epics, two were about senior-citizens, and one was a throwback to the action/adventure films of the past:
Chariots of Fire was the inspirational story of the 1924 Olympics running event in Paris and the motivations of two of Britain's runners, Cambridge University students - English Jew Harold Abrahams (Ben Cross) and Scottish Christian missionary Eric Liddell (Ian Charleson). The film, which contained an anti-Semitism subplot, soon became the most-successful foreign film in US box-office history
Warren Beatty's $35 million, three-hour long American epic masterpiece and front-runner in the competition, Reds (with twelve nominations and three wins) including Best Director (Warren Beatty), Best Supporting Actress (Maureen Stapleton), and Best Cinematography (Vittorio Storaro, the winner of the same award for
Apocalypse Now (1979) .) Reds was the film biography of American communist and romantic figure John Reed, a left-wing radical journalist and author of Ten Days That Shook the World, who journeyed from Oregon to Greenwich Village and then to Russia to cover first-hand the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution on the streets of Petrograd
[Beatty received simultaneous nominations as producer, director, co-writer (with English dramatist Trevor Griffiths), and star actor for the film. Only one other director, Orson Welles, had accomplished such a feat (for
Citizen Kane (1941) ). Beatty was repeating his acquisition of quadruple nominations - his earlier film Heaven Can Wait (1978) had earned him the same distinction.]
director Mark Rydell's favored, all-star family drama On Golden Pond (with ten nominations and three wins), a screen adaptation of Ernest Thompson's play about the members of the Thayer family who conflict and reconcile with each other during one summer at a lakeside New England cabin
The other Best Picture nominees were:
director Louis Malle's long-shot Atlantic City (with five nominations and no wins), the dual stories of an aging, small-time hood and a struggling oyster-bar waitress in the casino town
director Steven Spielberg's (and George Lucas' written and produced) block-busting, entertaining genre film Raiders of the Lost Ark (with nine nominations and five wins, mostly technical awards), an old-style action/adventure film about the heroic exploits of archaeologist Indiana Jones searching for the Ark of the Covenant against the Nazis
All five of the directors of Best Picture nominees were likewise nominated in the Best Director category - the third instance in Oscar history. [It also happened in 1957 and 1964 and would not occur again for another 24 years, in 2005.] Warren Beatty won the award as Best Director for Reds. [He was one of the few actors/stars that was also an Oscar-winning director (but without winning an acting Oscar), along with Robert Redford for Ordinary People (1980) the previous year, Kevin Costner for Dances With Wolves (1990) and Clint Eastwood for Unforgiven (1992) and Million Dollar Baby (2004).]
Reds had nominations of its actors in all four categories, but only one of the four performers won - Best Supporting Actress. All four of the acting awards winners were elderly, aging actors - the oldest collection of acting winners ever assembled, averaging 70.75 years old:
76 year old Henry Fonda (Best Actor for On Golden Pond)
74 year old Katharine Hepburn (Best Actress for On Golden Pond)
77 year old Sir John Gielgud (Best Supporting Actor for Arthur)
56 year old Maureen Stapleton (Best Supporting Actress for Reds)
Other elderly nominees joined the acting winners:
68 year old Burt Lancaster (Best Actor nominee for Atlantic City)
57 year old Paul Newman (Best Actor nominee for Absence of Malice)
50 year old Ian Holm (Best Supporting Actor nominee for Chariots of Fire)
The sentimental favorites and actual winners for Best Actor and Best Actress were legendary actors, both co-starring in the same film, On Golden Pond. This was only the fifth film in Oscar history to have Oscars wins for Best Actor and Actress in the same film (it also occurred in 1934, 1975, 1976, and 1978). This was the only time that Henry Fonda was teamed with his real-life daughter Jane, and the only time he starred with veteran actress Katharine Hepburn:
Henry Fonda as the gutsy, nearly-80 year-old Norman Thayer, a former college professor who is facing senility, but enjoys sharing life on the lake with the young son of his daughter's boyfriend in On Golden Pond. Henry Fonda's Best Actor award for the film was his first Oscar. It was undoubtedly a 'career' Oscar win - a tribute to his long, distinguished career of film-making. [At 76 years of age, Fonda was the oldest nominee and winner in the Best Actor category in Academy history.] Fonda had been nominated for Best Actor only once before - forty one years earlier for
The Grapes of Wrath (1940) , but had lost the award. The gap of time between acting nominations was a record in itself. (Fonda's daughter and co-star Jane accepted her father's Oscar, because he was too ill to attend. He died about four months later. His win made it the first time that a father-daughter team were Oscar-winners: Henry Fonda (for On Golden Pond (1981)) and Jane Fonda (for Klute (1971) and Coming Home (1978)). The second father-daughter Oscar winners occurred in 1999 - for Jon Voight and Angelina Jolie.)
Katharine Hepburn as his wise and quietly-strong wife Ethel who urges her crusty husband to reconcile with his daughter (Jane Fonda) in On Golden Pond. The couple portrayed bickering but devoted protagonists. [At 74 years of age, Hepburn became the oldest Best Actress winner up to that time - she was surpassed 8 years later by 80 year old Jessica Tandy for Driving Miss Daisy (1989). Hepburn also set a record with her fourth (and final) Oscar - she became the first performer to win that many Best Actress awards with a record of twelve nominations.
The four remaining Best Actor nominees included the following:
Warren Beatty (with his third Best Actor nomination) for his role in Reds as radical American communist and journalist John Reed, who faced increasing resistance to the spread of Communism in isolationist 1920s US, witnessed the Russian Revolution and then wrote the book, Ten Days That Shook the World
Burt Lancaster (with his fourth and last career nomination) as small-time hood Lou in Atlantic City
Paul Newman (with his fifth career nomination) as Michael Gallagher, the innocent victim of an unscrupulous Miami newspaper columnist's report in Sydney Pollack's examination of the ethics of journalism, Absence of Malice (with three nominations and no wins)
Dudley Moore (with his sole Oscar nomination in his career) as the drunk, spoiled, amiable and millionaire-rich playboy and title character Arthur Bach in Arthur (with four nominations and two wins)
The four remaining Best Actress nominees included:
Diane Keaton (with her second of four Best Actress career nominations) as Louise Bryant, Reed's lover (and then wife) and fellow radical in Reds
Marsha Mason (with the last of her four unsuccessful nominations) as the brilliant, self-destructive, divorced alcoholic Broadway actress Georgia in Neil Simon's adaptation of his own play (The Gingerbread Lady) in the film Only When I Laugh (with three nominations and no wins)
Meryl Streep (with her third nomination and first Best Actress nomination, and her first of three consecutive nominations in the early 80s) as the enigmatic heroine Sarah Woodruff/Anna of the title in two parallel stories in the complex film adaptation of John Fowles' best-selling novel, director Karel Reisz' The French Lieutenant's Woman (with five nominations and no wins)
Susan Sarandon (with her first nomination) as aspiring casino croupier Sally who becomes involved in a drug deal and who sexily rubs lemon juice on her breasts to remove the smell of fish in Atlantic City
[Coincidentally, Streep lost the Best Actress bid to Hepburn when she won her final Oscar with her 12th nomination. Eighteen years later in 1999, Streep would tie Hepburn with her 12th nomination, and in 2002, Streep would surpass Hepburn with her 13th nomination, and then in 2006 garner her 14th nomination.]
Classical actor Sir John Gielgud won the Best Supporting Actor award for his role (not in Chariots of Fire as Master of Trinity) as drunken Arthur's kindly, no-nonsense, sarcastic, deadpan butler/valet Hobson in the comedy Arthur. [His only other Oscar nomination was in his role as King Louis VII in Becket (1964).] The four other Best Supporting Actor nominees included:
James Coco (with his first and only career nomination) as an unemployed gay actor in Only When I Laugh
Ian Holm (with his first and only career nomination) as Liddell's trainer Sam Mussabini in Chariots of Fire
Jack Nicholson (with his sixth career nomination and second Best Supporting Actor nomination) as Eugene O'Neill in Reds
Howard E. Rollins, Jr. (with his first and only career nomination) as the black ragtime piano player Coalhouse Walker, Jr. in Ragtime
Maureen Stapleton won the Best Supporting Actress award for her portrayal of earthy, disillusioned, and despairing revolutionary-anarchist Emma Goldman in Reds. This was her fourth and final career nomination and only successful one - she had been nominated three times previously for Best Supporting Actress in 1958 (for Lonelyhearts (1958)), 1970 (for Airport (1970)), and in 1978 (for Interiors (1978)). All of her nominations were for films with one word titles! The other Best Supporting Actress nominees included:
Melinda Dillon (with her second and last Best Supporting Actress nomination) as tragically-suicidal Teresa in Absence of Malice
Jane Fonda (with her sixth of seven career nominations, and her sole supporting nomination) as Henry Fonda's screen daughter Chelsea Thayer in On Golden Pond [the only time that Jane and Henry acted together]
Joan Hackett (with her first and only career nomination) as a socialite in Only When I Laugh
Elizabeth McGovern (with her first and only career nomination) as millionaire Harry K. Thaw's sexy showgirl wife (and Stanford White's mistress) Evelyn Nesbit in Ragtime
Four-time Best Actress Oscar-defeated Barbara Stanwyck (in 1937, 1941, 1944 and 1948) accepted an Honorary statuette from the Academy, "for superlative creativity and unique contribution to the art of screen acting."
Oscar Snubs and Omissions:
Director John Boorman's visionary version of the King Arthur tales - Excalibur, received only one unsuccessful nomination for Best Cinematography. The four nominations for The Rose, featuring Bette Midler's remarkable performance, went unhonored. The endlessly fascinating dinner conversation film, Louis Malle's My Dinner With Andre was completely omitted from honors. There were no special recognitions or nominations for the imaginative Visual Effects in the mythological fantasy Clash of the Titans, the last film from legendary stop-motion animator Ray Harryhausen. Ragtime was awarded eight nominations (with no wins) without a Best Picture nomination. And Gallipoli went completely unnominated, including omissions for Best Picture, Best Director (Peter Weir), Best Actor (Mel Gibson), and Best Supporting Actor (Bill Hunter). Director Blake Edwards' semi-autobiographical comedy S.O.B., a satire on the film industry which featured his squeaky-clean wife Julie Andrews exposing her breasts, was devoid of nominations, as was the crime drama True Confessions, starring Robert Duvall and Robert DeNiro as two brothers brought together as a result of a brutal murder in late 1940s Los Angeles.
Many acting nominations were denied to a number of proven actors and actresses in 1981:
the previous year's Oscar-winner Sissy Spacek was neglected for her performance as WWII Texas switchboard operator and divorced mother Nita Longley in Raggedy Man (with no nominations)
Faye Dunaway was bypassed for her role as abusive mother and actress Joan Crawford in Mommie Dearest (with no nominations)
Candice Bergen was denied a nomination for Rich and Famous (with no nominations)
Sally Field was ignored for her performance in Absence of Malice (with three unsuccessful nominations)
both Carol Burnett (in a serious role) and Bess Armstrong were un-nominated for their lead and supporting roles in director/actor/writer Alan Alda's marriage drama The Four Seasons (with no nominations)
Other un-nominated stars/directors included:
director/star/co-writer Albert Brooks for his role as love-torn Robert Cole in the realistic romantic comedy Modern Romance
Harrison Ford - for his defining performance as courageous, indomitable hero Indiana Jones, and Karen Allen - for her liberated role as sidekick Marion Ravenwood in Steven Spielberg's action/adventure tribute Raiders of the Lost Ark
John Heard for his anti-hero role as crippled, angry Vietnam veteran Alexander Cutter in Czech director Ivan Passer's ignored Cutter's Way (with no nominations)
Steve Martin (in his first dramatic role) as Arthur Parker - a Chicago Depression-era traveling sheet-music/song salesman, and Christopher Walken in a short role as slick pimp Tom who performed a seductive, almost-lewd striptease/tap-dance ("Let's Misbehave") on top of a bar in a sleazy joint to entice shy schoolteacher Eileen (Bernadette Peters), in director Herbert Ross' eccentric, downbeat musical Pennies From Heaven (with four unsuccessful nominations)
Donald Sutherland as a deadly Nazi agent in Eye of the Needle
Treat Williams as corrupt NY narcotics cop Daniel Ciello in director Sidney Lumet's Prince of the City
William Hurt (as lowlife lawyer Ned Racine) and Kathleen Turner in her film debut (as conniving and sexy femme fatale Matty Walker) in Lawrence Kasdan's modern-day noir Body Heat (with no nominations)
John Belushi (in his last film appearance) as a burly newspaperman who falls in love with mountain woman Blair Brown in Michael Apted's romantic comedy Continental Divide (with no nominations - and another un-nominated Kasdan screenplay)
| Chariots of Fire |
As it 2006, who is the most nominated male actor in Oscar history? | All 87 Best Picture Oscar Winners Ranked
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All 87 Best Picture Oscar Winners Ranked
From the terrifying (Silence of the Lambs) to the undeserving (Birdman), and the classic (The Godfather) to the god-awful (Crash). The comments section is open for yelling!
Directed by: Vincente Minnelli
Written by: Alan Jay Lerner
The other Oscars it won: Minnelli (Best Director); Lerner (Best Adapted Screenplay); Joseph Ruttenberg (Best Cinematography – Color); William A. Horning, E. Preston Ames, Henry Grace, and F. Keogh Gleason (Best Art Direction); Cecil Beaton (Best Costume Design); Adrienne Fazan (Best Film Editing); André Previn (Best Score – Musical); Frederick Loewe and Lerner (Best Original Song)
What it beat for Best Picture: Auntie Mame, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Defiant Ones, Separate Tables
Yes, the creepiest, most pedophiliac movie ever to win Best Picture is this list’s worst. How to define “worst” in this context, especially when judging Gigi — a movie musical some people love now, and certainly many people loved in 1958 — against films that were barely movies as we currently recognize them? This list is, of course, totally subjective: I factored in my personal feelings about each movie, along with how well it has held up, how influential it is, and what it was up against. And then there’s the ineffability of common wisdom, which I also have taken into account. No matter how I feel about Annie Hall or about Schindler’s List, for example, I know I’m in a minority view in my dislike — and that matters. Not with Gigi, though, in which Leslie Caron plays a Parisian girl being trained to be a courtesan who ends up in a push-and-pull relationship with the much older Gaston (Louis Jordan). This is the movie that gave us that disturbing cultural artifact, the song “Thank Heaven For Little Girls.” If you want disturbing psychosexual movies from 1958, let’s agree that Vertigo, which was nominated only for Best Art Direction and Best Sound, is preferable. To reiterate: Gigi is the worst.
ID: 2518630
Directed by: Cecil B. DeMille
Written by: Fredric M. Frank, Barré Lyndon, Theodore St. John, and Frank Cavett
The other Oscars it won: Frank, St. John, and Cavett (Best Story)
What it beat for Best Picture: High Noon, Ivanhoe, Moulin Rouge, The Quiet Man
Produced and directed by Cecil B. DeMille on a huge scale, this movie is often cited as one of the worst movies ever to win Best Picture. I say it is second worst. Jimmy Stewart as Buttons the clown is a complete travesty for sure. Note that Singin’ in the Rain, a classic that also came out in 1952, wasn’t even nominated for Best Picture.
ID: 2518629
Directed by: Paul Haggis
Written by: Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco
The other Oscars it won: Haggis and Moresco (Best Original Screenplay); Hughes Winborne (Best Film Editing)
What it beat for Best Picture: Brokeback Mountain; Capote; Good Night, and Good Luck; Munich
It’s one outrage that the superior, devastating tragedy Brokeback Mountain lost the Best Picture prize; it’s another that Crash won instead. These are two separate terrible things that happened, and the fact that these movies are forever associated taints the beauty of Brokeback Mountain. Crash wields its message with a mallet’s touch — every nominated movie was better (and I don’t like Munich much).
ID: 2518626
Directed by: William A. Wellman
Written by: Hope Loring and Louis D. Lighton
The other Oscars it won: Roy Pomeroy (Engineering Effects)
What it beat for Best Picture: 7th Heaven, The Racket
Where to put Wings, the first movie ever to win Best Picture at the first-ever Academy Awards (which were not yet called “Oscars”)? It’s a silent film, and, until The Artist, was the only one ever to have won in the top category. And, as with some of these early winners, it’s more important to film history than it is enjoyable to watch now. I mean… it’s long! Almost two-and-a-half hours long. Still, I’d rather watch this story about two friends who become pilots in World War I, featuring Clara Bow and a young Gary Cooper, than, say, Crash ever again. (Fun fact: The first Academy Awards took place on May 16, 1929. It was almost two years after Wings was released. But the first ceremony honored films released in 1927 and 1928.)
ID: 2518641
Directed by: Robert Z. Leonard
Written by: William Anthony McGuire
The other Oscars it won: Luise Rainer (Best Actress); Seymour Felix (Best Dance Direction)
What it beat for Best Picture: Anthony Adverse, Dodsworth, Libeled Lady, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Romeo and Juliet, San Francisco, The Story of Louis Pasteur, A Tale of Two Cities, Three Smart Girls
Ridiculously long (almost three hours), especially for a musical — according to the Variety review from 1936, it was “the record holder to date for length of a picture in this country.” And the music and dancing are forgettable, unfortunately. Though there is a bit of fun in this one, especially from William Powell as Flo Ziegfeld and actors playing themselves (most notably Fanny Brice and Ray Bolger), there is also… blackface. No.
ID: 2518606
The other Oscars it won: Estabrook (Best Adapted Screenplay); Max Rée (Best Art Direction)
What it beat for Best Picture: East Lynne, The Front Page, Skippy, Trader Horn
I repeat: these early winners — it’s hard. Cimarron is interesting because it was a big-budget movie filmed during the Depression. (It cost more than $1.4 million to make, which indie films can still make work today.) It’s an ambitious Western, based on an Edna Ferber novel, and has a strong female lead (Irene Dunne). Tracy Letts nerds will also be interested in knowing that it takes place in Osage, Okla. during its late-19th century boom. But it’s not a walk in the park to see now. And there are some terrible racial/anti-Semitic stereotypes that are of the movie’s time, but a bummer that highlights Cimarron’s datedness.
ID: 2518633
Written by: Reginald Berkeley and Sonya Levien
The other Oscars it won: Lloyd (Best Director); William S. Darling (Best Art Direction)
What it beat for Best Picture: A Farewell to Arms, 42nd Street, I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, Lady for a Day, Little Women, The Private Life of Henry VIII, She Done Him Wrong, Smilin’ Through, State Fair
Cavalcade, which takes audiences through years of world events from the late 19th century until 1930 (the Boer War, the Titanic) through the eyes of an English family, was based on a Noel Coward play. The film was popular when it was released but has faded from people’s memories. It is watchable-ish now. There are a number of movies it beat for Best Picture, as you can see, that are more popular today. (The 1933 Marx Brother’s Duck Soup wasn’t nominated at the time, having been considered a disappointment.)
ID: 2518632
Directed by: Alejandro González Iñárritu
Written by: Alejandro González Iñárritu, Nicolás Giacobone, Alexander Dinelaris, Armando Bo
The other Oscars it won: Iñárritu (Best Director); Iñárritu, Nicolás Giacobone, Alexander Dinelaris, Armando Bo (Best Original Screenplay); Emmanuel Lubezki (Best Cinematography)
What it beat for Best Picture: American Sniper, Boyhood, The Grand Budapest Hotel, The Imitation Game, Selma, The Theory of Everything, Whiplash
Gleefully overblown in every way, Birdman opened to generally rapturous reviews about Michael Keaton’s welcome comeback, the supporting performances of Edward Norton and Emma Stone, and the camera work of Emmanuel Lubezki (which made the movie look like one continuous shot), and the movie on the whole. Only when Birdman swept the guild awards —the Screen Actors Guild award for Best Ensemble, the Directors Guild award for Iñárritu, and the Producers Guild award for the movie — did panic begin to set in: Might the Academy also think Birdman was actually better than Richard Linklater’s beautiful, loving, humane achievement for the ages, Boyhood? Yes. Yes, it did. In Birdman, Keaton plays Riggan Thomson, a un-fun-house mirror version of himself: an aged actor from a superhero franchise of yore, struggling to come back to find relevance and validation. (Thank god Keaton was in Spotlight in 2015, a movie in which he was able to actually show off his subtle, intelligent skills.) In his Broadway directing/writing/acting debut, Riggan is surrounded by caricatures of theater fools. These include Mike (Norton), a hothead egoist and star of the stage; Lesley (Naomi Watts), a desperate actor and woman who never ceases announcing phrases like “This is Broadway, and I’m here finally!”; and Laura (Andrea Riseborough), Riggan’s girlfriend and co-star, who doesn’t develop as a character beyond wanting more from Riggan. Without its achievements in cinematography, Birdman would be seen for what it is: an indulgent character dramedy dipped in magical realism about the worst, most annoying people we will — if we’re lucky — never meet. There are movies on this list that have not aged well after decades. Birdman, with its references to bloggers and virality and Meg Ryan’s plastic surgery, has managed to feel dated already. Watching it again, I felt that the feathered, threatening figure of Birdman spoke for me when he said to Riggan, “How did we end up here? This place is horrible.”
ID: 8032994
Directed by: William Dieterle
Written by: Norman Reilly Raine, Heinz Herald, and Geza Herczeg
The other Oscars it won: Raine, Herald, and Herczeg (Best Screenplay); Joseph Schildkraut (Best Supporting Actor)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Awful Truth, Captains Courageous, Dead End, The Good Earth, In Old Chicago, Lost Horizon, One Hundred Men and a Girl, Stage Door, A Star Is Born
A tedious slog through Emile Zola’s adult life until the movie gets to the Dreyfus Affair, which brings the film some focus. No mention of anti-Semitism, though. As the scholar Ben Urwand detailed in a 2013 book, The Collaboration: Hollywood’s Pact with Hitler, it was Jack Warner of Warner Bros. himself who ordered the word “Jew” be excised from the screenplay.
ID: 2518623
Directed by: Billy Wilder
Written by: Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder
The other Oscars it won: Wilder (Best Director); Brackett and Wilder (Best Adapted Screenplay); Ray Milland (Best Actor)
What it beat for Best Picture: Anchors Aweigh, The Bells of St. Mary’s, Mildred Pierce, Spellbound
This movie presents a dilemma: How do you judge something now that has aged so poorly, but was provocative and brave at the time? Billy Wilder’s movie about an out-of-control alcoholic (Ray Milland) is an over-the-top melodrama, and, at this point, unintentionally campy. It’s certainly significant, though, both in the history of film and to see how people viewed addiction 70 years ago. Still, you will laugh watching it.
ID: 2518574
Written by: Moss Hart
The other Oscars it won: Kazan (Best Director); Celeste Holm (Best Supporting Actress)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Bishop’s Wife, Crossfire, Great Expectations, Miracle on 34th Street
To the modern viewer, Gentleman’s Agreement goes into the same bucket as The Lost Weekend: It’s an issue movie that was a step forward then. In the case of Gentleman’s Agreement, Gregory Peck plays a journalist who masquerades as a Jew in order to experience and write about anti-Semitism. Yet, as with The Life of Emile Zola, the movie is almost comically tame when confronting controversy directly — and does not mention Hitler or the Holocaust. It’s almost worth watching, if you haven’t yet, to see how bizarre that is.
ID: 2518584
Moviestore Collection / Rex / Rex USA
Directed by: Michael Anderson
Written by: James Poe, John Farrow, and S.J. Perelman
The other Oscars it won: Poe, Farrow, and Perelman (Best Adapted Screenplay); Lionel Lindon (Best Cinematography – Color); Gene Ruggiero and Paul Weatherwax (Best Film Editing); Victor Young (Best Score – Dramatic or Comedy)
What it beat for Best Picture: Friendly Persuasion, Giant, The King and I, The Ten Commandments
This damn movie is three hours long. It also features horrifyingly cringe-inducing ethnic stereotypes from, you know, around the world. But if you are in bed sick with the flu, and this movie is on, you can have fun looking for the crazy cameos, which include Marlene Dietrich and Frank Sinatra, as you slip in and out of consciousness. And in that respect, the movie represents the wrangling achievements of Mike Todd, the producer (of Elizabeth Taylor husband fame). The 1957 Oscars is also notable for two dubious reasons: John Ford’s The Searchers was nominated for zero awards, and the Hollywood blacklist hung over the screenwriting categories. (Both Dalton Trumbo and Michael Wilson, blacklisted writers, were nominated, and could not receive credit.)
ID: 2518625
Directed by: Kevin Costner
Written by: Michael Blake
The other Oscars it won: Costner (Best Director); Blake (Best Adapted Screenplay); Dean Semler (Best Cinematography); Neil Travis (Best Film Editing); John Barry (Best Original Score); Jeffrey Perkins, Bill W. Benton, Greg Watkins, and Russell Williams II (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: Awakenings, Ghost, The Godfather Part III, Goodfellas
Look at those weird nominees for Best Picture: What an awful year! But most important, oh my god, Dances With Wolves beat Goodfellas. Nightmare. It may be hard to remember when Kevin Costner was the biggest star in the United States, but that was the case. And Dances With Wolves, a white-person fantasy about bonding with Native Americans, was his apex: He produced, starred in, and directed (his first time) this film. Time hasn’t been kind to Dances With Wolves — rightly.
ID: 2518622
Universal Pictures /Moviestore Collection / Rex / Rex USA
Directed by: Sydney Pollack
Written by: Kurt Luedtke
The other Oscars it won: Pollack (Best Director); Luedtke (Best Adapted Screenplay); David Watkin (Best Cinematography); Stephen Grimes and Josie MacAvin (Best Art Direction); John Barry (Best Original Score); Chris Jenkins, Gary Alexander, Larry Stensvold, and Peter Handford (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Color Purple, Kiss of the Spider Woman, Prizzi’s Honor, Witness
Have you watched Out of Africa recently? Even when I first saw it, I remember thinking, Is it possible that Robert Redford is actively bad in this movie? Yes. Yes, he is. This film looks ravishing, and its wins for Best Cinematography and Art Direction are more than deserved. Meryl Streep works her ass off here too. But my god, is it boring. I prefer every other nominated movie over Out of Africa, but Ran, the Akira Kurosawa movie that wasn’t in the Best Picture category, was the actual best of the year, I think.
ID: 2518618
Directed by: Anthony Minghella
Written by: Anthony Minghella
The other Oscars it won: Minghella (Best Director); Juliette Binoche (Best Supporting Actress); John Seale (Best Cinematography); Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan (Best Art Direction); Ann Roth (Best Costume Design); Walter Murch (Best Film Editing); Gabriel Yared (Best Original Score – Dramatic); Murch, Mark Berger, David Parker, and Chris Newman (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: Fargo, Jerry Maguire, Secrets & Lies, Shine
There will be those who fault me for ranking this movie so low. And there are things I do love about The English Patient — mostly, Ralph Fiennes’ and Kristin Scott Thomas’ performances. But I’m putting it in proximity to Out of Africa because I associate them in bloat and indulgence. What should have won this year? The First Wives Club, clearly! Just kidding. (No, I am not.) But of the movies nominated, I favor Secrets & Lies. And Fargo. Maybe even Jerry Maguire!
ID: 2518616
Written by: William A. Drake and Béla Balázs
The other Oscars it won: Not even nominated
What it beat for Best Picture: Arrowsmith, Bad Girl, The Champ, Five Star Final, One Hour With You, Shanghai Express, The Smiling Lieutenant
Still fascinating to watch because of the stars in it (Joan Crawford, Greta Garbo, John Barrymore, and Lionel Barrymore), and more of a movie the way we currently think of them than any of the other early winners. If this movie had been made 15 or 20 years later, it would have been soapy; instead, it bores. One bit of trivia: This is the only Best Picture winner ever not to receive any other nominations.
ID: 2518518
MGM / SNAP / Rex / REX USA
Directed by: William Wyler
Written by: Arthur Wimperis, George Froeschel, James Hilton, and Claudine West
The other Oscars it won: Wyler (Best Director); Wimperis, Froeschel, Hilton, and West (Best Screenplay); Greer Garson (Best Actress); Teresa Wright (Best Supporting Actress); Joseph Ruttenberg (Best Cinematography – Black and White)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Invaders, Kings Row, The Magnificent Ambersons, The Pied Piper, The Pride of the Yankees, Random Harvest, The Talk of the Town, Wake Island, Yankee Doodle Dandy
The story of Mrs. Miniver served as almost literal propaganda to bolster British spirits during World War II. So it’s hard to judge the movie now on the usual merits. Greer Garson is great, though.
ID: 2518603
Directed by: Bruce Beresford
Written by: Alfred Uhry
The other Oscars it won: Uhry (Best Adapted Screenplay); Jessica Tandy (Best Actress); Manlio Rocchetti, Lynn Barber, and Kevin Haney (Best Makeup)
What it beat for Best Picture: Born on the Fourth of July, Dead Poets Society, Field of Dreams, My Left Foot
There are, naturally, exceptions to what I’m about to assert: But the ’80s were a total mess, movie-wise. And Oscars-wise. Driving Miss Daisy is an example of a film of the time that was well-reviewed (check out Roger Ebert’s loving words for it here ) and had wonderful performances (both Jessica Tandy and Morgan Freeman were great, of course). But its racial politics do not work anymore, and this movie is not “Best.” (Before you say that the Oscars rarely are the “Best,” and look at this whole list, and what do I expect? Yes, I agree. But let’s just agree to hold the Academy to the standards of the best movies on this list, or else why take the Academy Awards seriously at all? Onward!)
ID: 2518614
Columbia Pictures/ Moviestore Collection / Rex / REX USA
Directed by: Richard Attenborough
Written by: John Briley
The other Oscars it won: Attenborough (Best Director); Briley (Best Original Screenplay); Ben Kingsley (Best Actor); Billy Williams and Ronnie Taylor (Best Cinematography); Stuart Craig, Bob Laing, and Michael Seirton (Best Art Direction); John Mollo, and Bhanu Athaiya (Best Costume Design); John Bloom (Best Film Editing)
What it beat for Best Picture: E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial, Missing, Tootsie, The Verdict
While there are things to admire about Gandhi — Ben Kingsley’s performance, Richard Attenborough’s ambitious scope — the movie is preachy and tedious. And not only did it beat E.T., but Tootsie is now considered a classic comedy. It’s also worth mentioning that Blade Runner, a movie much more admired now than when it was released, also premiered in 1982 (and it got two technical nominations ).
ID: 2518611
Directed by: Miloš Forman
Written by: Peter Shaffer
The other Oscars it won: Forman (Best Director); Shaffer (Best Adapted Screenplay); F. Murray Abraham (Best Actor); Patrizia von Brandenstein and Karel Černý (Best Art Direction); Theodor Pistek (Best Costume Design); Paul LeBlanc and Dick Smith (Best Makeup); Mark Berger, Tom Scott, Todd Boekelheide, and Chris Newman (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Killing Fields, A Passage to India, Places in the Heart, A Soldier’s Story
We’re not even close to being done with these tiresome period movies from the ’80s. Look at the nominations at the 1985 Oscars: Not a single one was set in the present. Amadeus did give us the resonant Salieri vs. Mozart dynamic, pitting the overly serious workman against the irritating genius — I’m feeling more like Salieri with every entry!
ID: 2518573
Moviestore Collection / Rex / REX USA
Directed by: Bernardo Bertolucci
Written by: Bernardo Bertolucci and Mark Peploe
The other Oscars it won: Bertolucci (Best Director); Bertolucci and Peploe (Best Adapted Screenplay); Vittorio Storaro (Best Cinematography); Ferdinando Scarfiotti, Bruno Cesari, and Osvaldo Desideri (Best Art Direction); James Acheson (Best Costume Design); Gabriella Cristiani (Best Film Editing); Ryûichi Sakamoto, David Byrne, and Cong Su (Best Original Score); Bill Rowe and Ivan Sharrock (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: Broadcast News, Fatal Attraction, Hope and Glory, Moonstruck
There was an actual law on the books during the 1980s that every movie that won the Best Picture Oscar had to be 26 hours long. The Last Emperor was 26 hours long; Broadcast News was not. (Did you know that Harry and the Hendersons won an Academy Award? Rick Baker won this year for Best Makeup. Belated congratulations, Rick Baker!)
ID: 2518570
Directed by: Ron Howard
Written by: Akiva Goldsman
The other Oscars it won: Howard (Best Director); Goldsman (Best Adapted Screenplay); Jennifer Connelly (Best Supporting Actress)
What it beat for Best Picture: Gosford Park, In the Bedroom, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Moulin Rouge
The year 2001 saw the releases of a number of movies I prefer over A Beautiful Mind — including the first Lord of the Rings and Gosford Park, which were nominated, and Memento, which was not. But one notable thing about this year was what A Beautiful Mind went through during Oscar season, which included lots of stories about John Nash, the real man whom Russell Crowe played in the movie. There were pieces about him being an anti-Semite and bisexual, all of which were likely disseminated to diminish the movie’s chances of winning. (Read this New York Times story if you’re interested in knowing more.) Clearly, it didn’t work.
ID: 2518545
Directed by: Robert Zemeckis
Written by: Eric Roth
The other Oscars it won: Zemeckis (Best Director); Roth (Best Adapted Screenplay); Tom Hanks (Best Actor); Arthur Schmidt (Best Film Editing); Ken Ralston, George Murphy, Stephen Rosenbaum, and Allen Hall (Best Visual Effects)
What it beat for Best Picture: Four Weddings and a Funeral, Pulp Fiction, Quiz Show, The Shawshank Redemption
While there are plenty of movies I dislike more than Forrest Gump, I can’t think of many that I found to be as culturally damaging. And not because the whole country was saying things like, “Stupid is as stupid does” for a few years. (Which was awful.) But because telling the story of American upheaval during Vietnam and the Civil Rights movement through the perspective of a Southern white man with an IQ of 75, Forrest Gump managed to distill the most important, meaningful, brave, countercultural things that happened in the second half of the 20th century into some fast-food-like McRevolution, packaged and sold so that everyone (even Forrest!) could understand. And when I start thinking about the Jenny character (played by Robin Wright), the promiscuous, drug-addicted hippie who contracts an illness the movie chooses not to name as AIDS for some reason, I freak out. It’s hard to play a character as exaggerated as Forrest, and while someone like Dustin Hoffman pulls it off in Rain Man, Tom Hanks — who is often nuanced — falls into immediate caricature. So why is Forrest Gump not ranked even lower, then? Because it provoked fruitful conversations, no matter how maddening it is — and that is a gift movies packed with ideas give us, even if I find those ideas repellent. Beating Pulp Fiction, though? I mean, of course it did. But come on. (And I’m sure partisans of The Shawshank Redemption have some things to say about the 1995 Oscars as well.)
ID: 2518609
Written by: Jules Furthman, Talbot Jennings, and Carey Wilson
The other Oscars it won: None
What it beat for Best Picture: Alice Adams, Broadway Melody of 1936, Captain Blood, David Copperfield, The Informer, Les Misérables, The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Naughty Marietta, Ruggles of Red Gap, Top Hat
This two-hour-plus movie from 1935 isn’t the easiest to watch now, but it’s worth it for Charles Laughton’s scenery chewing as Captain Bligh. Also, apparently Laughton and co-star Clark Gable hated each other and Laughton would do imitations of Joan Crawford on the set? Amazing.
ID: 2518607
Paramount Pictures /SNAP / Rex/ REX USA
Directed by: Leo McCarey
Written by: Frank Butler and Frank Cavett; Story by Leo McCarey
The other Oscars it won: McCarey (Best Director); McCarey (Best Original Story); Butler and Cavett (Best Screenplay); Bing Crosby (Best Actor); Barry Fitzgerald (Best Supporting Actor); James Van Heusen and Johnny Burke (Best Original Song)
What it beat for Best Picture: Double Indemnity, Gaslight, Since You Went Away, Wilson
It was a huge hit at the time, and the peak of Bing Crosby’s career. Yet the amiable Going My Way has been largely swept from Oscar history. Strangely, the sequel, 1945’s The Bells of St. Mary’s, in which Crosby returns as Father O’Malley, might be a more familiar title.
ID: 2518592
Directed by: Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins
Written by: Ernest Lehman
The other Oscars it won: Wise and Robbins (Best Director); George Chakiris (Best Supporting Actor); Rita Moreno (Best Supporting Actress); Daniel L. Fapp (Best Cinematography – Color); Boris Leven and Victor A. Gangelin (Best Art Direction – Color); Irene Sharaff (Best Costume Design – Color); Thomas Stanford (Best Film Editing); Saul Chaplin, Johnny Green, Sid Ramin, and Irwin Kostal (Best Score – Musical); Fred Hynes, Todd-AO Sound Department, Gordon E. Sawyer, Samuel Goldwyn Studio Sound Department (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: Fanny, The Guns of Navarone, The Hustler, Judgment at Nuremberg
When I imagine people yelling at me in the comments section of this list, I feel that West Side Story might be among the yelliest. Rita Moreno is exciting, and steals the movie. The dancing is unparalleled. And the music is — well, it’s the magical music from West Side Story! But Natalie Wood is terrible, so is Richard Beymer, and this movie is not the way you might remember it in your mind. Also, Judgment at Nuremberg is one of my favorites.
ID: 2518552
Directed by: Tony Richardson
Written by: John Osborne
The other Oscars it won: Richardson (Best Director); Osborne (Best Adapted Screenplay); John Addison (Best Substantially Original Score)
What it beat for Best Picture: America, America, Cleopatra, How the West Was Won, Lilies of the Field
Have you seen Tom Jones? Have you heard of Tom Jones? It’s an odd movie, and one of the few comedies on this list. Tony Richardson’s stylish and anachronistic direction of Henry Fielding’s 18th century novel makes this movie light fun. (For those keeping track, Federico Fellini’s 8 1/2 was also released in 1963.)
ID: 2518562
Directed by: Vincente Minnelli
Written by: Alan Jay Lerner
The other Oscars it won: Lerner (Best Screenplay); Alfred Gilks and John Alton (Best Cinematography – Color); Cedric Gibbons, Preston Ames, Edwin B. Willis, and Keogh Gleason (Best Art Direction – Color); Orry-Kelly, Walter Plunkett, and Irene Sharaff (Best Costume Design – Color); Johnny Green and Saul Chaplin (Best Score — Musical)
What it beat for Best Picture: Decision Before Dawn, A Place in the Sun, Quo Vadis, A Streetcar Named Desire
The music, by George and Ira Gershwin, is, of course, still wonderful. Any time Gene Kelly is dancing on screen, all is right with the world. And the movie’s famous closing, an 18-minute musical number, is impressive and daring. Yet there’s something sour about An American in Paris — perhaps Kelly’s character didn’t always seem like such a jerk, but he does to modern eyes. It was a shock at the time that this movie won Best Picture, given that it was up against A Place in the Sun and A Streetcar Named Desire. Those movies have aged better than this one has, and so has the similar Kelly classic Singin’ in the Rain, which came out a year later.
ID: 2518519
Moviestore Collection / Rex/ REX USA
Directed by: John Ford
Written by: Philip Dunne
The other Oscars it won: Ford (Best Director); Donald Crisp (Best Supporting Actor); Atrhur C. Miller (Best Cinematography – Black and White); Richard Day, Nathan Juran, and Thomas Little (Best Art Direction – Black and White)
What it beat for Best Picture: Blossoms in the Dust, Citizen Kane, Here Comes Mr. Jordan, Hold Back the Dawn, The Little Foxes, The Maltese Falcon, One Foot in Heaven, Sergeant York, Suspicion
Because How Green Was My Valley beat Citizen Kane at the 1942 Oscars, it is often called one of the worst Best Pictures of all-time. The anger is understandable — and The Maltese Falcon is also a better movie than How Green Was My Valley. But it was directed by John Ford. And features little Roddy McDowell! As a result, scientists have proven that How Green Was My Valley is, in fact, the 30th worst Best Picture of all-time. (I am the “scientists” in this instance using methods that I will reveal in a study to be made public at a future date.)
ID: 2518605
Directed by: Carol Reed
Written by: Vernon Harris
The other Oscars it won: Reed (Best Director); John Box, Terence Marsh, Vernon Dixon, Ken Muggleston (Best Art Direction); John Green (Best Score); Shepperton Studio Sound Department (Best Sound); Onna White (Honorary Award)
What it beat for Best Picture: Funny Girl; The Lion in Winter; Rachel, Rachel; Romeo and Juliet
I’m a huge fan of the music from Oliver!, and even as I type this I have managed to get “Where Is Love?” stuck in my head. But 2001: A Space Odyssey changed film as we know it, and it was not nominated . Rosemary’s Baby was also not nominated, yet we can probably all agree it’s a more important movie than Oliver!.
ID: 2518565
Directed by: Fred Zinnemann
Written by: Robert Bolt
The other Oscars it won: Zinnemann (Best Director); Bolt (Best Adapted Screenplay); Paul Scofield (Best Actor); Ted Moore (Best Cinematography – Color); Elizabeth Haffenden and Joan Bridge (Best Costume Design – Color)
What it beat for Best Picture: Alfie, The Russians Are Coming The Russians Are Coming, The Sand Pebbles, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
A Man for All Seasons is a certain type of ’60s movie that represents the flux of the time. Caught between the big studio movies that had dominated the industry for decades and the revolution that was to come in late ’60s and ’70s, filmmakers produced things like A Man for All Seasons, in which Sir Thomas More defies Henry VIII in the question of marrying Anne Boleyn. As Pauline Kael wrote , it’s “moderately enjoyable.” (My choice here would have been Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?)
ID: 2518559
Written by: Robert Rossen
The other Oscars it won: Broderick Crawford (Best Actor); Mercedes McCambridge (Best Supporting Actress)
What it beat for Best Picture: Battleground, The Heiress, A Letter to Three Wives, Twelve O’Clock High
All the King’s Men’s look at the rise of a charismatic politician, Willie Stark (whom novelist Robert Penn Warren modeled on Huey Long, the Louisiana governor), hits with a heavy hand now. And the middle section of the movie is a mess. But Broderick Crawford is galvanizing as Stark, and the movie is an intriguing curiosity in our post-Clinton world.
ID: 2518507
Directed by: Michel Hazanavicius
Written by: Michel Hazanavicius
The other Oscars it won: Hazanavicius (Best Director); Jean Dujardin (Best Actor); Mark Bridges (Best Costume Design); Ludovic Bource (Best Original Score)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Descendants, Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close, The Help, Hugo, Midnight in Paris, Moneyball, The Tree of Life, War Horse
That the affable Artist sailed through its Oscar season, totally unchallenged, is one of the great mysteries of the 21st century. Harvey Weinstein pushed it, of course. But he doesn’t always get his way. It’s a peculiarity, as is the movie.
ID: 2518534
Directed by: Delbert Mann
Written by: Paddy Chayefsky
The other Oscars it won: Mann (Best Director); Ernest Borgnine (Best Actor); Chayefsky (Best Original Screenplay)
What it beat for Best Picture: Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing, Mister Roberts, Picnic, The Rose Tattoo
Marty feels small now and, according to this fascinating New York Times review from the time, it did then too. “No matter what the movie people may say or think about television, they have it to thank for Marty, which came to the Sutton yesterday,” wrote The Times’ film critic Bosley Crowther in a rave. It’s lovely, though. And bears the distinction, unless I’m mistaken, of being the shortest Best Picture-winner (90 minutes). Which makes it even better!
ID: 2518600
Directed by: William Wyler
Written by: Karl Tunberg
The other Oscars it won: Wyler (Best Director); Charlton Heston (Best Actor); Hugh Griffith (Best Supporting Actor); Robert L. Surtees (Best Cinematography – Color); William A. Horning, Edward C. Carfagno, and Hugh Hunt (Best Art Direction – Color); Elizabeth Haffenden (Best Costume Design – Color); Ralph E. Winters and John D. Dunning (Best Film Editing); Miklós Rózsa (Best Score – Dramatic or Comedy); Franklin E. Milton, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studio Sound Department (Best Sound); A. Arnold Gillespie, Robert MacDonald, and Milo Lory (Best Special Effects)
What it beat for Best Picture: Anatomy of a Murder, The Diary of Anne Frank, The Nun’s Story, Room at the Top
William Wyler’s famous chariot race is still thrilling. The feud Ben-Hur sparked years later between its star, Charlton Heston, and one of the many writers of the movie, Gore Vidal, over its gay subtext , is just a bonus.
ID: 2518597
Directed by: Rob Marshall
Written by: Bill Condon
The other Oscars it won: Catherine Zeta-Jones (Best Supporting Actress); John Myhre and Gordon Sim (Best Art Direction); Colleen Atwood (Best Costume Design); Martin Walsh (Best Film Editing); Michael Minkler, Dominick Tavella, and David Lee (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: Gangs of New York, The Hours, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, The Pianist
The year before Chicago was released, Moulin Rouge revived the musical format, which had been moribund for years. Chicago was a boisterous box office success that was propelled into Academy Awards consideration by Harvey Weinstein. That probably should not have happened, but it wasn’t a strong year for the Best Picture category.
ID: 2518520
Directed by: Mel Gibson
Written by: Randall Wallace
The other Oscars it won: Gibson (Best Director); John Toll (Best Cinematography); Peter Frampton, Paul Pattison, and Lois Burwell (Best Makeup); Lon Bender and Per Hallberg (Best Sound Effects Editing)
What it beat for Best Picture: Apollo 13, Babe, Il Postino: The Postman, Sense and Sensibility
It’s impossible to watch Braveheart without thinking about Mel Gibson’s politics, whether it’s the movie’s anachronistic obsession with personal freedom (or more precisely “FREEEEEEEEEDOMMMMMMMM!”) or its troubling characterization of the fey Prince Edward. The battle scenes are exciting, though. (Can we pay homage to Babe, the best movie of 1995?)
ID: 2518551
Directed by: Sam Mendes
Written by: Alan Ball
The other Oscars it won: Mendes (Best Director); Ball (Best Original Screenplay); Kevin Spacey (Best Actor); Conrad L. Hall (Best Cinematography)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Cider House Rules, The Green Mile, The Insider, The Sixth Sense
My friend David Jefferson has a theory that certain actors and actresses are prone to turning into drag queen versions of themselves — in certain roles, their tics get exaggerated, they rely on old tricks, and they go way over the top. Meryl Streep in August: Osage County, for example (though I haven’t cleared that one with David). Or Anthony Hopkins in pretty much everything he’s done after The Silence of the Lambs. This is all to say that American Beauty is when Kevin Spacey began his drag journey — it lasted years to ill effect (K-PAX, Casino Jack), but now he has put those shade tendencies to good use on House of Cards. From Spacey’s narration down to the plastic bag, American Beauty drives a lot of people crazy. (I like it fine.) Note the weak competition.
ID: 2518539
Directed by: Robert Wise
Written by: Ernest Lehman
The other Oscars it won: Wise (Best Director); William Reynolds (Best Film Editing); Irwin Kostal (Best Score – Adaptation or Treatment); James Corcoran, 20th Century-Fox Studio Sound Department, Fred Hynes, Todd-AO Sound Department (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: Darling, Doctor Zhivago, Ship of Fools, A Thousand Clowns
Is it possible to have perspective on the The Sound of Music if you saw it as a child? Because to see it when you’re little is to fall in love with it. Most of the music is enchanting, especially when you have it memorized — and Julie Andrews is nearly able to carry the entire movie. But not quite.
ID: 2518485
Directed by: Robert Benton
Written by: Robert Benton
The other Oscars it won: Benton (Best Director); Benton (Best Adapted Screenplay); Dustin Hoffman (Best Actor); Meryl Streep (Best Supporting Actress)
What it beat for Best Picture: All That Jazz, Apocalypse Now, Breaking Away, Norma Rae
The tear-jerking Kramer vs. Kramer has at its center the beautiful father-son relationship enacted by Dustin Hoffman and Justin Henry. The custody fight that surrounds it is a somewhat ugly manifestation of a “men can be parents too” thread that rose up as a backlash to ’70s feminism. But also: Kramer vs. Kramer won the year that I attended the Oscars because — disclosure alert — my late father wrote and produced All That Jazz, and, frankly, I have no objective stance on this movie. I do think, though, that Apocalypse Now is a film for the ages.
ID: 2518530
Directed by: Robert Redford
Written by: Alvin Sargent
The other Oscars it won: Redford (Best Director); Sargent (Best Adapted Screenplay); Timothy Hutton (Best Supporting Actor)
What it beat for Best Picture: Coal Miner’s Daughter, The Elephant Man, Raging Bull, Tess
Another movie about nurturing men (and boys who need to be nurtured) who have terrible mothers. But there had never been a teenaged character onscreen like Timothy Hutton’s troubled Conrad. And therapy had never been rendered as it was in Hutton’s and Judd Hirsch’s sessions before, either — it’s a heart-rending movie. (Ordinary People did beat Raging Bull, and a lot of people don’t like that.)
ID: 2518529
Directed by: Oliver Stone
Written by: Oliver Stone
The other Oscars it won: Stone (Best Director); Claire Simpson (Best Film Editing); John K. Wilkinson, Richard D. Rogers, Charles “Bud” Grenzbach, and Simon Kaye (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: Children of a Lesser God, Hannah and Her Sisters, The Mission, A Room With a View
Having little to do with the movie itself, Platoon hasn’t aged well. Oliver Stone has become a strange figure in American pop culture, and it’s hard to watch Charlie Sheen in anything these days. Platoon also was not universally beloved upon its release — the Variety review, for instance, refers to Sheen’s voiceover in the letters he writes home as “simpy narration,” and says the movie doesn’t go far enough. Also, as we now know better than we did then, Stone does not have a light touch. But as a release during the hawkish Reagan ’80s, Platoon gave audiences something to think about, and the acting, especially Willem Dafoe and Tom Berenger, was strong and evocative. It’s also worth mentioning that in the bleak desert where the ’80s and the Oscars converged, the 1987 ceremony featured some good entries. Beyond Platoon’s Best Picture rivals, Aliens, The Color of Money, Hoosiers, and Blue Velvet were also in the mix in the major categories.
ID: 2518572
Directed by: John Madden
Written by: Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard
The other Oscars it won: Norman and Stoppard (Best Original Screenplay); Gwyneth Paltrow (Best Actress); Judi Dench (Best Supporting Actress); Martin Childs and Jill Quertier (Best Art Direction); Sandy Powell (Best Costume Design); Stephen Warbeck (Best Original Score – Musical or Comedy)
What it beat for Best Picture: Elizabeth, Life Is Beautiful, Saving Private Ryan, The Thin Red Line
Shakespeare in Love — like How Green Was My Valley — is sometimes remembered as a bad movie because it (as the narrative goes) unfairly usurped Saving Private Ryan’s rightful win at the 1999 Academy Awards. And it certainly was a surprise: If you watch the clip of the win, you can lip-read Gwyneth Paltrow saying, “I can’t believe it.” But just because it wasn’t expected, and just because people got angry at Harvey Weinstein’s aggressive campaign tactics after this year, that doesn’t mean Shakespeare in Love isn’t charming. It remains well-written, directed, and acted.
ID: 2518557
Moviestore Collection / Rex/ REX USA
Directed by: Barry Levinson
Written by: Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow
The other Oscars it won: Levinson (Best Director); Bass and Morrow (Best Original Screenplay); Dustin Hoffman (Best Actor)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Accidental Tourist, Dangerous Liaisons, Mississippi Burning, Working Girl
Barry Levinson’s Rain Man is mostly remembered in caricature: “Uh oh, fart,” or “I’m definitely not wearing my underwear,” or “three minutes to Wapner,” all in Dustin Hoffman’s invented monotone as the brilliant, autistic Raymond. Naturally and deservedly, it was Hoffman who won Best Actor, but it’s Tom Cruise’s performance — as the person who changes — that is so impressive on repeated viewings. Cruise had already begun his forays into Oscar-bait movies with 1986’s The Color of Money, but was still two years from getting his own nomination for Born on the Fourth of July. (He has since gotten two more, for Jerry Maguire and Magnolia, but has never won.)
ID: 2518544
Directed by: Tom Hooper
Written by: David Seidler
The other Oscars it won: Hooper (Best Director); Seidler (Best Original Screenplay); Colin Firth (Best Actor)
What it beat for Best Picture: Black Swan, The Fighter, Inception, The Kids Are All Right, 127 Hours, The Social Network, Toy Story 3, True Grit, Winter’s Bone
This middlebrow crowd-pleaser is not one for film snobs. Or even Oscar snobs — the more daring choice at the 2010 Academy Awards would have been David Fincher’s Mark Zuckerberg-skewering film The Social Network. But it’s well-acted (Colin Firth, Geoffrey Rush, and the surprising Helena Bonham-Carter), and moving.
ID: 2518533
Directed by: Hugh Hudson
Written by: Colin Welland
The other Oscars it won: Welland (Best Original Screenplay); Milena Canonero (Best Costume Design); Vangelis (Best Original Score)
What it beat for Best Picture: Atlantic City, On Golden Pond, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Reds
Chariots of Fire is a quiet movie about two very different young men, both of whom are aspiring Olympic runners; they were played by Ian Charleson and Ben Cross, both of whom were unknown. It was an unlikely cultural sensation when it came out, which is a funny thing to remember now, and it still has one of the most famous soundtracks of all-time. The problem with Chariots of Fire in Oscar history is that it beat Warren Beatty’s Reds, one of the best movies of the dreadful ’80s.
ID: 2518523
Directed by: Danny Boyle
Written by: Simon Beaufoy
The other Oscars it won: Boyle (Best Director); Beaufoy (Best Adapted Screenplay); Anthony Dod Mantle (Best Cinematography); Chris Dickens (Best Film Editing); A.R. Rahman (Best Original Score); A.R. Rahman and Gulzar (Best Original Song); Ian Tapp, Richard Pryke, and Resul Pookutty (Best Sound Mixing)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Frost/Nixon, Milk, The Reader
It’s easy to forget, even a few years later, how surprising Slumdog Millionaire’s ascent to Best Picture was. Danny Boyle’s movie — with its inventive structure, fast-paced editing, and mostly unknown cast — leapt over the more standard fare of Benjamin Button. Still, I prefer Milk, or Rachel Getting Married, which wasn’t nominated.
ID: 2518517
Directed by: Kathryn Bigelow
Written by: Mark Boal
The other Oscars it won: Bigelow (Best Director); Boal (Best Original Screenplay); Bob Murawski and Chris Innis (Best Film Editing); Paul N. J. Ottosson (Best Sound Editing); Ottosson and Ray Beckett (Best Sound Mixing)
What it beat for Best Picture: Avatar, The Blind Side, District 9, An Education, Inglourious Basterds, Precious: Based on the Novel “Push” by Sapphire, A Serious Man, Up, Up in the Air
The death match at the 2010 Oscars, which pitted Kathryn Bigelow’s The Hurt Locker against James Cameron’s Avatar was as intense and gripping as The Hurt Locker itself — especially when you factor in that the two directors had once been married. As the competition came to a close, The Hurt Locker fended off a smear campaign — most saliently, that veterans of the Iraq war didn’t like the portrayal of Jeremy Renner’s character, the reckless bomb defuser — to win. Bigelow won too, making her the first and only woman so far to win the Best Director Oscar.
ID: 2518488
Directed by: James Cameron
Written by: James Cameron
The other Oscars it won: Cameron (Best Director); Russell Carpenter (Best Cinematography); Peter Lamont and Michael Ford (Best Art Direction); Deborah L. Scott (Best Costume Design); Conrad Buff, Cameron, and Richard A. Harris (Best Film Editing); James Horner (Best Original Score — Dramatic); Horner and Will Jennings (Best Original Song); Gary Rydstrom, Tom Johnson, Gary Summers, Mark Ulano (Best Sound); Tom Bellfort and Christopher Boyes (Best Sound Effects Editing); Robert Legato, Mark Lasoff, Thomas L. Fisher, and Michael Kanfer (Best Visual Effects)
What it beat for Best Picture: As Good as It Gets, The Full Monty, Good Will Hunting, L.A. Confidential
The hardest movies to write about are the ones that have changed for you over the years. I saw Titanic the day it opened, in a packed — and emotionally packed — theater in New York City on a freezing December day. It was, I’m not embarrassed to say, a magical experience. The movie is a massive spectacle, and the story is epic. I cried more than once. Upon repeated viewings, on smaller screens, and with the phenomenon of Titanic (as opposed to the film Titanic) as a backdrop, the movie’s flaws — its terrible, cartoonish screenplay — glare. And yet, there will always be that first time I saw it. And that was a gift.
ID: 2518513
United Artists / Moviestore Collection / Rex / REX USA
Directed by: Woody Allen
Written by: Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman
The other Oscars it won: Allen (Best Director); Allen and Brickman (Best Original Screenplay); Diane Keaton (Best Actress)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Goodbye Girl, Julia, Star Wars, The Turning Point
To most of his fans, Woody Allen’s Annie Hall is the defining Allen comedy, the movie that sent his career away from the pure comedy of Bananas and Sleeper down a more complex, romantic path. Annie Hall was a sensation, from Diane Keaton’s trend-setting wardrobe to Allen’s breaking-the-fourth-wall techniques. Of course, to Allen’s detractors, Annie Hall is a fantasy about the belittlement of one of his silly women archetypes. (Not to be confused with one of his hysterics.)
ID: 2518500
Written by: George Abbott, Maxwell Anderson, and Del Andrews
The other Oscars it won: Milestone (Best Director)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Big House, Disraeli, The Divorcee, The Love Parade
This unsparing anti-war film, based on the novel by Erich Maria Remarque, holds up well to modern eyes. (Modern ears, on the other hand, might wonder why the young German soldiers of World War I all had variations on Northeastern American tough-guy accents.) It’s a sad, brutal rendering of war made all the more depressing when you consider how many of the people who originally saw it would be fighting in World War II soon enough. If you happen to catch All Quiet on the Western Front on TCM, it looks pretty gorgeous.
ID: 2518636
United Artists /Moviestore Collection / Rex / REX USA
Directed by: John G. Avildsen
Written by: Sylvester Stallone
The other Oscars it won: Avildsen (Best Director); Richard Halsey and Scott Conrad (Best Film Editing)
What it beat for Best Picture: All the President’s Men, Bound for Glory, Network, Taxi Driver
Because it won against some classic movies, and because it spawned some questionable sequels, Rocky has suffered from slings and arrows cast against it over the years. But putting all of that aside, it’s a lovely movie with a strong point of view, and created the template for the modern sports movie. Sylvester Stallone, who now could also join the actors-who-play-drag-versions-of-themselves revue, is touching as Rocky — and he threw his whole body into it. Stallone was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay, but lost to Paddy Chayefsky for Network. (Thank god.)
ID: 2518556
Directed by: George Roy Hill
Written by: David S. Ward
The other Oscars it won: Hill (Best Director); Ward (Best Original Screenplay); Henry Bumstead and James Payne (Best Art Direction); Edith Head (Best Costume Design); William Reynolds (Best Film Editing); Marvin Hamlisch (Best Score)
What it beat for Best Picture: American Graffiti, Cries and Whispers, The Exorcist, A Touch of Class
Having seen The Sting a number of times, I still can never remember the actual “sting.” But that doesn’t mean the movie is forgettable; it means it’s complicated. The Sting does, however, get forgotten in Oscars history because it’s sandwiched between the two Godfather films, and has acted like an inadvertent palate cleanser as a result. Terrific Robert Redford and Paul Newman here, and just the best Edith Head costumes. (Though she was nominated two more times, The Sting was her last of eight Oscars.)
ID: 2518515
Directed by: Steven Spielberg
Written by: Steven Zaillian
The other Oscars it won: Spielberg (Best Director); Zaillian (Best Adapted Screenplay); Allan Starski and Ewa Braun (Best Art Direction); Janusz Kaminski (Best Cinematography); Michael Kahn (Best Film Editing); Christina Smith, Matthew Mungle, and Judy Alexander Cory (Best Makeup); John Williams (Best Original Score)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Fugitive, In the Name of the Father, The Piano, The Remains of the Day
Schindler’s List is one of the most important movies of the 20th century, and critics are nearly unanimous that it’s the best movie ever made about the Holocaust. And probably ever will be. It’s certainly a stunning technical and visual achievement for Steven Spielberg. Not coincidentally, it’s yielded Spielberg his only Best Picture Oscar (so far). And Liam Neeson, who was not well known when the movie came out, grounds the movie. If you’re looking for a dissenting voice on Schindler’s List, do read Liel Leibovitz’s 2011 essay in Tablet in which he dissects the movie’s flaws: that the Jewish characters “do not matter”; that the villain, Amon Goeth (Ralph Fiennes), is “otherworldly” (like the shark in Jaws) instead of a realistic, ordinary person; and that it’s troubling that the only movie most people will ever see about the Holocaust is about life instead of death.
ID: 2518514
Directed by: Peter Jackson
Written by: Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and Peter Jackson
The other Oscars it won: Jackson (Best Director); Walsh, Boyens, and Jackson (Best Adapted Screenplay); Grant Major, Dan Hennah, and Alan Lee (Best Art Direction); Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor (Best Costume Design); Jamie Selkirk (Best Film Editing); Peter King and Taylor (Best Makeup); Howard Shore (Best Original Score); Walsh, Shore, and Annie Lennox (Best Original Song); Christopher Boyes, Michael Semanick, Michael Hedges, and Hammond Peek (Best Sound Mixing); Jim Rygiel, Joe Letteri, Randall William Cook, and Alex Funke (Best Visual Effects)
What it beat for Best Picture: Lost in Translation, Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, Mystic River, Seabiscuit
Has the legacy of Peter Jackson’s superlative Lord of the Rings trilogy been tainted by his mediocre Hobbit trilogy? I feel that way myself but don’t know how widespread that sentiment is. These movies really are ambitious wonderments, and though the first two were nominated for Best Picture, it apparently took the Academy two years of voting to get used to the idea of it winning. And then they really went crazy: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was nominated for 11 awards and won every single one for the biggest sweep in Oscars history.
ID: 2518493
Columbia Pictures / Moviestore Collection / Rex/ REX USA
Directed by: Elia Kazan
Written by: Budd Schulberg
The other Oscars it won: Kazan (Best Director); Schulberg (Best Original Screenplay); Marlon Brando (Best Actor); Eva Marie Saint (Best Supporting Actress); Boris Kaufman (Best Cinematography – Black and White); Richard Day (Best Art Direction – Black and White); Gene Milford (Best Film Editing)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Caine Mutiny, The Country Girl, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, Three Coins in the Fountain
In order to enjoy On the Waterfront, you have to overlook Elia Kazan using it to voice his self-justifications for naming names to the House Un-American Activities Committee. If you manage that, you can see Marlon Brando’s best performance ever, and a marvelous supporting cast too (Eva Marie Saint, Rod Steiger, Karl Malden, and Lee J. Cobb).
ID: 2518509
Directed by: Norman Jewison
Written by: Stirling Silliphant
The other Oscars it won: Silliphant (Best Adapted Screenplay); Rod Steiger (Best Actor); Hal Ashby (Best Film Editing); Samuel Goldwyn Studio Sound Department (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: Bonnie and Clyde, Doctor Dolittle, The Graduate, Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner
Because In the Heat of the Night won against The Graduate and Bonnie and Clyde, both of which are considered among the best American movies ever, it is remembered with some derision. And yes, one of those movies should have won. But In the Heat of the Night is such a delight, as is watching Sidney Poitier kick ass. It is one of the rare movies on this list that has perhaps aged into being a better film.
ID: 2518505
Written by: Waldo Salt
The other Oscars it won: Schlesinger (Best Director); Salt (Best Adapted Screenplay)
What it beat for Best Picture: Anne of the Thousand Days, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Hello, Dolly!, Z
Midnight Cowboy was a daring spectacle in 1969, and its portrayal of prostitution and same-sex relationships (and gay male prostitution) was unprecedented. Dustin Hoffman and Jon Voight work remarkably together, and the fact that they’re physical opposites makes every scene visually interesting. It’s an imperfect movie, and its sexual politics are odd. There are also strange meanderings in the story, as in the Andy Warhol-inspired party sequence that doesn’t really work in the movie. But from an anthropological perspective, Midnight Cowboy’s view of love and sex in 1969 and its portrayal of New York bottom-feeders are enthralling.
ID: 2518446
Directed by: Billy Wilder
Written by: Billy Wilder and I.A.L. Diamond
The other Oscars it won: Wilder (Best Director); Diamond and Wilder (Best Original Screenplay); Alexander Trauner and Edward G. Boyle (Best Art Direction – Black and White); Daniel Mandell (Best Film Editing)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Alamo, Elmer Gantry, Sons and Lovers, The Sundowners
The Apartment has plenty of funny moments in it, but at some point in the past 50 years, it evolved from being classified as a comedy to a pretty pure drama — after all, it’s the poignant story of two lost single people and the more powerful people who use them. Best ending of a romance ever.
ID: 2518497
Written by: Philip MacDonald and Michael Hogan
The other Oscars it won: George Barnes (Best Cinematography – Black and White)
What it beat for Best Picture: All This, and Heaven Too, Foreign Correspondent, The Grapes of Wrath, The Great Dictator, Kitty Foyle, The Letter, The Long Voyage Home, Our Town, The Philadelphia Story
Rebecca has one of the best beginnings of a movie ever, with Joan Fontaine’s voiceover of the Daphne Du Maurier novel’s famous first line, “Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley again.” Rebecca was Alfred Hitchcock’s only movie to win Best Picture — he beat his own (much lesser) work, Foreign Correspondent, which was also released in 1940. The fog, in which the movie is encased, should have won Best Supporting Actor.
ID: 2518496
Directed by: Joel and Ethan Coen
Written by: Joel Coen and Ethan Coen
The other Oscars it won: Coen and Coen (Best Director); Coen and Coen (Best Adapted Screenplay); Javier Bardem (Best Supporting Actor)
What it beat for Best Picture: Atonement, Juno, Michael Clayton, There Will Be Blood
Though there were plenty of people who preferred the messier, similarly dark There Will Be Blood at the 2008 Oscars; the formal precision of Joel and Ethan Coen’s No Country for Old Men was more of an Oscar movie. While Javier Bardem won as the psychotic, Terminator-like Anton, Tommy Lee Jones wasn’t nominated as Sheriff Bell. (He was, weirdly, nominated for Best Actor for the movie In the Valley of Elah, which no one has thought of since.)
ID: 2518486
Directed by: James L. Brooks
Written by: James L. Brooks
The other Oscars it won: Brooks (Best Director); Brooks (Best Adapted Screenplay); Shirley MacLaine (Best Actress); Jack Nicholson (Best Supporting Actor)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Big Chill, The Dresser, The Right Stuff, Tender Mercies
This old-fashioned weepy, one of the few “women’s films” that’s ever won Best Picture, has turned out to be timeless — because the screenplay, which James L. Brooks adapted from Larry McMurtry’s novel, is sharp as hell. Shirley MacLaine and Debra Winger, who pretty much hated each other throughout filming (and after), made their competition work for the movie. MacLaine gets the showier role in Aurora, so she won the Oscar, but it’s Winger as funny introvert Emma who will break your heart. Even so, Jack Nicholson somehow manages to steal every scene, and there’s never been a movie jerk before or since like Jeff Daniels’ Flap. Also, Terms of Endearment has the saddest scene ever in a movie , and I just watched it and am now crying at my desk.
ID: 2518499
Directed by: William Friedkin
Written by: Ernest Tidyman
The other Oscars it won: Friedkin (Best Director); Tidyman (Best Adapted Screenplay); Gene Hackman (Best Actor); Gerald B. Greenberg (Best Film Editing)
What it beat for Best Picture: A Clockwork Orange, Fiddler on the Roof, The Last Picture Show, Nicholas and Alexandra
Popeye Doyle, the vicious and single-minded cop determined to bring down a heroin ring, is the defining role of Gene Hackman’s long career as a character actor. But he was the lead here, and was rewarded for it. The French Connection is propulsive, and is defined by the car-versus-subway chase scene, though to see the movie now, you may not be as impressed since William Friedkin’s direction of it has been imitated for more than 40 years. That’s OK, though: The movie stands on its own merits, even if seems like an odd Oscar movie to us. (Do you think A Clockwork Orange should have won here? There are certainly lots of people who do.)
ID: 2518442
Directed by: William Wyler
Written by: Robert E. Sherwood
The other Oscars it won: Wyler (Best Director); Sherwood (Best Adapted Screenplay); Fredric March (Best Actor); Harold Russell (Best Supporting Actor); Daniel Mandell (Best Film Editing); Hugo Friedhofer (Best Original Score – Dramatic or Comedy); Russell (Honorary Award)
What it beat for Best Picture: Henry V, It’s a Wonderful Life, The Razor’s Edge, The Yearling
There are movies like Gentleman’s Agreement that try to address the wounds of World War II and fail to. And then there is The Best Years of Our Lives. This gutsy story about three veterans of the war who’ve returned home physically and psychologically damaged is touching, and rarely dogmatic despite how recently the war had ended. One Oscars oddity about this movie: Harold Russell, who plays Homer Parrish, was not an actor, but a veteran who had lost both of his hands in the war. He won Best Supporting Actor and a special Oscar “for bringing hope and courage to his fellow veterans through his appearance in The Best Years of Our Lives.”
ID: 2518482
Directed by: George Cukor
Written by: Alan Jay Lerner
The other Oscars it won: Cukor (Best Director); Rex Harrison (Best Actor); Gene Allen, Cecil Beaton, and George James Hopkins (Best Art Direction – Color); Harry Stradling (Best Cinematography – Color); Cecil Beaton (Best Costume Design – Color); Warner Bros. Studio Sound Department and George R. Groves (Best Sound); André Previn (Best Score — Adaptation or Treatment)
What it beat for Best Picture: Becket, Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, Mary Poppins, Zorba the Greek
To express his enthusiasm for My Fair Lady, Roger Ebert aped its premise, writing , “It is unnecessary to summarize the plot or list the songs; if you are not familiar with both, you are culturally illiterate, although in six months I could pass you off as a critic at Cannes, or even a clerk in a good video store, which requires better taste.” Just under three hours, George Cukor’s adaptation of the musical does sweep you up. And with distance coupled with the pervasive non-singing era in which we live, we can now appreciate Audrey Hepburn, whose Eliza was under great scrutiny because Hepburn was not Julie Andrews (who played the character on stage) and because she did not sing the songs herself. What an odd time 1964 was to yield both this old Hollywood Warner Bros. production and Stanley Kubrick’s Dr. Strangelove.
ID: 2518516
Directed by: Fred Zinnemann
Written by: Daniel Taradash
The other Oscars it won: Zinnemann (Best Director); Taradash (Best Screenplay); Frank Sinatra (Best Supporting Actor); Donna Reed (Best Supporting Actress); Burnett Guffey (Best Cinematography – Black and White); William Lyon (Best Film Editing); John P. Livadary, Columbia Studio Sound Department (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: Julius Caesar, The Robe, Roman Holiday, Shane
The dread of Pearl Harbor looms over From Here to Eternity, where an ensemble that includes Burt Lancaster, Frank Sinatra, Donna Reed, and Montgomery Clift enact personal dramas that will soon be eclipsed, we know, by the beginning of World War II. The famous image of Lancaster and Deborah Kerr in the surf has overshadowed From Here to Eternity, but there’s a lot more going on here. (Read this interesting piece from The New Republic in 2011 that focuses on Reed’s desperate character, Lorene, for one example.)
ID: 2518445
Directed by: Franklin J. Schaffner
Written by: Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North
The other Oscars it won: Schaffner (Best Director); Coppola and North (Best Screenplay); George C. Scott (Best Actor); Urie McCleary, Gil Parrondo, Antonio Mateos, and Pierre-Louis Thevenet (Best Art Direction); Hugh S. Fowler (Best Film Editing); Douglas Williams and Don Bassman (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: Airport, Five Easy Pieces, Love Story, M*A*S*H
There are a few movies on this list that I’ve noted have been forgotten; Patton’s director, Franklin J. Schaffner, who won Best Director here, and also made The Planet of the Apes, Papillon, The Boys From Brazil, and had a prolific career in television during the Golden Age, is, if not forgotten, then overlooked. Patton is riveting because of George C. Scott’s intensity, of course, but also because of Schaffner’s choices to make Scott the center of every scene. There’s also the movie’s signature stunning visual that goes along with Scott’s famous speech.
ID: 2518541
Directed by: Miloš Forman
Written by: Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman
The other Oscars it won: Forman (Best Director); Hauben and Goldman (Best Adapted Screenplay); Jack Nicholson (Best Actor); Louise Fletcher (Best Actress)
What it beat for Best Picture: Barry Lyndon, Dog Day Afternoon, Jaws, Nashville
What a year for movies — can you imagine? Jaws is my favorite movie of all-time, so that would be my personal pick here. But One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, with its quintessential ’70s message (translated from Ken Kesey’s 1962 book) about rebellion and identity — seen through Jack Nicholson’s McMurphy vs. Louise Fletcher’s Nurse Ratched — certainly makes sense as the winner. And win it did: It took every top award.
ID: 2518443
Directed by: Victor Fleming
Written by: Sidney Howard
The other Oscars it won: Fleming (Best Director); Howard (Best Adapted Screenplay); Vivien Leigh (Best Actress); Hattie McDaniel (Best Supporting Actress); Ernest Haller and Ray Rennahan (Best Cinematography – Color); Lyle R. Wheeler (Best Art Direction); Hal C. Kern and James E. Newcom (Best Film Editing); R.D. Musgrave and Selznick International Pictures (Technical Achievement Award); William Cameron Menzies (Honorary Award)
What it beat for Best Picture: Dark Victory, Goodbye, Mr. Chips, Love Affair, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Ninotchka, Of Mice and Men, Stagecoach, The Wizard of Oz, Wuthering Heights
When we watch Gone With the Wind, we’re asked us to put aside both our knowledge of and feelings about the pre-Civil War South (with the movie’s troublingly bucolic imagery of plantation culture), and then of and about the Civil War itself. In that way, Gone Wth the Wind shares something with All Quiet on the Western Front, in which the audience identifies with German soldiers from World War I. But you could argue that’s what movies are for. Gone With the Wind is a true epic, and time passes for these characters, taking us along with it. It feels massive as you watch it, and it’s a credit to Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable they are not dwarfed by the movie itself.
ID: 2518479
Moviestore Collection / Rex / REX USA
Directed by: Clint Eastwood
Written by: David Webb Peoples
The other Oscars it won: Eastwood (Best Director); Gene Hackman (Best Supporting Actor); Joel Cox (Best Film Editing)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Crying Game, A Few Good Men, Howards End, Scent of a Woman
Clint Eastwood’s best movie as a director featured perhaps his best acting too. The Academy Awards have always had a strange prejudice against Westerns — until Unforgiven, only Dances With Wolves and Cimarron had won among that genre. But Unforgiven’s dark, violent, literate themes are transfixing, as are all of its performances.
ID: 2518547
Directed by: Steve McQueen
Written by: John Ridley
The other Oscars it won: Lupita Nyong’o (Best Supporting Actress), John Ridley (Best Adapted Screenplay)
What it beat for Best Picture: American Hustle, Captain Phillips, Dallas Buyers Club, Gravity, Her, Nebraska, Philomena, The Wolf of Wall Street
Two hours into 12 Years a Slave — with 15 minutes remaining in the movie — there is a scene in which violinist, father, and husband-turned-slave Solomon Northup (Chiwetel Ejiofor) simply thinks in an uninterrupted medium close-up shot. He stands outside and looks around a bit, but mostly, he’s just having thoughts the audience isn’t privy to. The 90-second scene did not register with me the first time I saw 12 Years a Slave because I had been braced in a tight clench for two hours at that point — I’m sure that when I saw Solomon having a quiet moment, I was terrified about what violence might interrupt him. (Nothing does.) But to watch 12 Years a Slave a second time is to appreciate the movie for its dust particles instead of its mallets. Steve McQueen’s vision is precise, and each scene is blocked with exactness, like when the psychotic, drunken slavemaster Epps (Michael Fassbender) greets Solomon and some other returning slaves he had rented to a neighbor, and casually leans on one woman as if she were a dresser. In the now famous scene in which Solomon, who had nearly been lynched, must stand on his tiptoes to avoid being strangled by the noose still around his neck, plantation life goes on behind him, as slaves pretending not to see what’s happening go about their day (except for one woman who gives him water). And then there’s the last time we see Patsey (Lupita Nyong’o), Solomon’s friend, Epps’ obsession, and 12 Years a Slave’s picture in the attic (she is the body that wears slavery’s horrors). As Solomon sets off with his rescuers, having finally been proven to be a free man, his face is in close-up — and Patsey, left behind and far away in every sense, collapses in the blurry background. But the movie’s aforementioned mallets are crucial here too. There have been films about slavery before, but given its importance in world history, surprisingly few. McQueen, who is British, and American screenwriter John Ridley (who adapted Northup’s book) took on a massive responsibility with 12 Years a Slave, yet it succeeds in both telling the story of one atypical man and in giving an illuminating glimpse at an entire institution. It’s a marvel, and one for the ages.
ID: 4886774
Directed by: Michael Cimino
Written by: Deric Washburn
The other Oscars it won: Cimino (Best Director); Christopher Walken (Best Supporting Actor); Peter Zinner (Best Film Editing); Richard Portman, William McCaughey, Aaron Rochin, and Darin Knight (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: Coming Home, Heaven Can Wait, Midnight Express, An Unmarried Woman
My colleague — and friend! — Adam B. Vary thinks I am ranking The Deer Hunter too high on this list. He says I think it’s better than it is, and that the different segments of The Deer Hunter don’t hang together in one great movie. I can see that — but I disagree. Considering how soon after the Vietnam War this movie was released, its perspective was fresh on the damage the war had done to its soldiers, and the results are disjointed and painful. The Russian roulette scenes, so controversial at the time (since they were probably fabricated for the movie), are horrifying to watch; the scene in which Steven (John Savage) is in an underwater cage being bitten by rats is a nightmare. Personally, I think The Deer Hunter is a fearless, glorious mess.
ID: 2518440
Directed by: Frank Capra
Written by: Robert Riskin
The other Oscars it won: Capra (Best Director); Riskin (Best Adapted Screenplay); Clark Gable (Best Actor); Claudette Colbert (Best Actress)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Barretts of Wimpole Street, Cleopatra, Flirtation Walk, The Gay Divorcee, Here Comes the Navy, The House of Rothschild, Imitation of Life, One Night of Love, The Thin Man, Viva Villa!, The White Parade
Could It Happened One Night be the most charming movie ever made? As directed by Frank Capra, Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable — playing, respectively, a famous heiress on the run from her controlling father and a surly newspaperman who sees her as his way back into employment — look like they’re having more fun than any of us ever will in our lives. Comedy ages worse than drama, but It Happened One Night remains a warm, laugh-out-loud movie. It’s as much of a love story between you and the movie as it is between the two lead characters.
ID: 2518437
Directed by: David Lean
Written by: Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson
The other Oscars it won: Lean (Best Director); Alec Guinness (Best Actor); Foreman, Wilson, and Pierre Boulle (Best Adapted Screenplay); Jack Hildyard (Best Cinematography); Peter Taylor (Best Film Editing); Malcolm Arnold (Best Score)
What it beat for Best Picture: 12 Angry Men, Peyton Place, Sayonara, Witness for the Prosecution
A different sort of World War II movie from anything else on this list — and there are a bunch, as you have probably noticed — David Lean’s Bridge on the River Kwai tells the story of Col. Nicholson, as played by Alec Guinness, who won Best Actor. As a British officer being held in a Japanese POW camp in Burma, Nicholson is tasked with building the titular bridge, but the movie follows his descent into obsessive madness. It’s a well-acted, exciting, smart film about how people lose perspective during war, with a thrilling and morally opaque ending. Interestingly, American movies in 1957, and the 1958 Oscars, seemed to be working out some feelings about Japan: Sayonara, in which Marlon Brando plays a pilot in the Korean War who falls in love with a Japanese woman, was The Bridge on the River Kwai’s rival in a number of categories.
ID: 2518435
Directed by: David Lean
Written by: Robert Bolt and Michael Wilson
The other Oscars it won: Lean (Best Director); John Box, John Stoll, and Dario Simoni (Best Art Direction – Color); Frederick A. Young (Best Cinematography – Color); Ann Coates (Best Film Editing); Maurice Jarre (Best Substantially Original Score); John Cox, Shepperton Studio Sound Department (Best Sound)
What it beat for Best Picture: The Longest Day, The Music Man, Mutiny on the Bounty, To Kill a Mockingbird
Two David Lean movies in a row here: His Lawrence of Arabia is stunningly beautiful, super long (216 minutes!), and inventively acted. It wouldn’t have worked without Peter O’Toole as T.E. Lawrence, even though he didn’t win Best Actor. (He lost to Gregory Peck for To Kill a Mockingbird: hard to argue with that.) As an aside, one of my other favorite movies, The Manchurian Candidate, was eligible for the 1963 Oscars — but it was nominated only for Best Editing and Best Supporting Actress (Angela Lansbury, of course).
ID: 2518434
Directed by: Jonathan Demme
Written by: Ted Tally
The other Oscars it won: Demme (Best Director); Anthony Hopkins (Best Actor); Jodie Foster (Best Actress); Tally (Best Adapted Screenplay)
What it beat for Best Picture: Beauty and the Beast, Bugsy, JFK, The Prince of Tides
Am I going to get shit for putting this movie so high up? I can’t tell — but I also don’t care. The Silence of the Lambs is the only thriller ever to win Best Picture, which it did because it was impossible to forget once you saw it, and created an entire genre of popular culture. Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling — the insightful, hard-working, brave F.B.I. agent — was iconic as soon as the movie was released the day before Valentine’s Day in 1991. And do I need to say the same about Anthony Hopkins as Hannibal Lecter? Every role, from Brooke Smith as Buffalo Bill’s kidnap victim to Ted Levine as Buffalo Bill himself, makes an impression. Jonathan Demme’s direction is sharply terrifying (recall the scene when the F.B.I. is about to raid what they think is Buffalo Bill’s house), but also beautiful (the splayed body in the cage). And he never lets the audience forget that Clarice is literally surrounded by men. Released in a different time for LGBT representation — as in, there was none — The Silence of the Lambs was troubling in 1991. To me, the movie has aged out of that problem, and I love it without hesitation or asterisks.
ID: 2518432
Directed by: Francis Ford Coppola
Written by: Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo
The other Oscars it won: Coppola (Best Director); Coppola and Puzo (Best Adapted Screenplay); Robert De Niro (Best Supporting Actor); Dean Tavoularis, Angelo P. Graham, and George R. Nelson (Best Art Direction); Nino Rota and Carmine Coppola (Best Original Score)
What it beat for Best Picture: Chinatown, The Conversation, Lenny, The Towering Inferno
There are plenty of people who would rank The Godfather Part II over the original. I hear them, but I am not among them. Its highs are high, for sure: the increasing corruption and isolation of Michael Corleone (Al Pacino); the flashbacks to Robert De Niro as young Vito; the downfall of Fredo (John Cazale); Talia Shire’s heartbreaking scene as Connie in which she begs Michael to forgive Fredo; and Lee Strasberg’s turn as Hyman Roth. If you wanted to argue about it being better than The Godfather, let’s have a drink and do that; I am here. As far as the Oscars go, The Godfather Part II is the only sequel to a Best Picture-winner to go on to win Best Picture also. And Coppola won Best Director, which he did not for the original. The score also won for Part II, which, as basically another character in the movie, was something that should have happened in the first place. Also: Check out the amazing competition in the 1975 Academy Awards above! The Best Picture category didn’t even include François Truffaut’s Day for Night or John Cassavetes’ A Woman Under the Influence (Coppola beat both for Best Director). One whine: Though De Niro won for Best Supporting Actor, Cazale was not even nominated.
ID: 2518431
Written by: Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein, and Howard Koch
The other Oscars it won: Curtiz (Best Director); Epstein, Epstein, and Koch (Best Screenplay)
What it beat for Best Picture: For Whom the Bell Tolls, Heaven Can Wait, The Human Comedy, Madame Curie, The More the Merrier, The Ox-Bow Incident, The Song of Bernadette, Watch on the Rhine
Casablanca combines war and romance in what many film fans and historians would argue is the classic American studio movie. The accomplishments of the final film may have been a surprise to those who worked on it — as the now out-of-print book Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of Casablanca details — but I guess these things can happen. Everything fell into place here: The screenplay, for instance, has plenty of famous lines, but without Humphrey Bogart saying them, would we remember each one? Please note that Bogart did not win Best Actor — the 1944 trophy went to Paul Lukas for his role as an anti-Nazi crusader in Watch on the Rhine, a movie that, it’s safe to say, has not aged as well as Casablanca.
ID: 2518429
Directed by: Francis Ford Coppola
Written by: Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola
The other Oscars it won: Puzo and Coppola (Best Adapted Screenplay);
Marlon Brando (Best Actor)
What it beat for Best Picture: Cabaret, Deliverance, The Emigrants, Sounder
There had been gangster movies before The Godfather, but Coppola opened up an entirely new vein so resonant that real-life mobsters decided to aspire to it. The Godfather is gorgeous to look at and sprawling in its story. It’s hard to separate the excellence of this movie from its mythology — Marlon Brando’s voice and delivery as Vito Corleone, the horse head in the bed, the excruciating transformation of the reluctant Michael (Al Pacino) from an ordinary young man to a Mafia Don — until you actually begin watching it. Then you’re swept away. If you’re wondering who beat out Coppola for Best Director, it was Bob Fosse for Cabaret; and if you can’t imagine who dared win over Pacino for Best Supporting Actor (and James Caan and Robert Duvall, also in the same category), it was also someone from Cabaret: Joel Grey (a classic performance as the Master of Ceremonies).
ID: 2518423
Directed by: Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Written by: Joseph L. Mankiewicz
The other Oscars it won: Mankiewicz (Best Director); Mankiewicz (Best Screenplay); George Sanders (Best Supporting Actor); Edith Head and Charles LeMaire (Best Costume Design – Black and White); Thomas T. Moulton, 20th Century-Fox Studio Sound Department (Best Sound Recording)
What it beat for Best Picture: Born Yesterday, Father of the Bride, King Solomon’s Mines, Sunset Blvd.
All About Eve is a character study of both Eve Harrington (Anne Baxter) and Margo Channing (Bette Davis), and it is perfect. The two women’s roles created lasting archetypes: Eve is the backstabbing climber, and Margo is the aging viper whose secret kindness and vulnerability is matched only by her need for the world to revolve around her. Mankiewicz’s dialogue — he based the screenplay on a short story by Mary Orr that had been published in Cosmopolitan — is sharp and memorable; the actors’ deliveries of it, especially from Davis’ mouth, give the movie a pace and sound that works as well now as it did in 1950. It’s an examination of women’s (rightful) fears about getting older, a glamorous look at post-World War II New York theater society, and the perils of ambition without morality. George Saunders, who plays the vicious “fishwife” critic Addison DeWitt, is another of the movie’s famous characters, and his motives are complicated and opaque as he hones in on Eve. (Chew on this, from Addison to Eve: “You’re an improbable person, Eve, and so am I. We have that in common. Also a contempt for humanity, an inability to love and be loved, insatiable ambition, and talent. We deserve each other.”) Looking back, it’s fascinating that All About Eve and Sunset Blvd., with their similar themes, were released the same year, and there are plenty of people who would argue that Billy Wilder’s movie is the better one: I love both! What I don’t love, though, is that Davis did not win Best Actress for her portrayal of Margo. Since she and Baxter were both nominated in the category — the first time at that point that two actresses from the same movie faced each other — it’s likely that they split the All About Eve vote, and Judy Holliday won for Born Yesterday instead. As Margo would say, it’s funny business, a woman’s career. At least the Academy got it right on Best Picture — one of the best ever made.
ID: 2518388
UPDATE
This post was updated in 2015 to include 12 Years a Slave and 2016 to include Birdman.
ID: 8033800
| i don't know |
What is the most common street name in Britain? | Most Common Street Names In The UK | The Fact Site
Most Common Street Names In The UK
Home » Travel & Tourism »Most Common Street Names In The UK
Most Common Street Names In The UK
So, I was on a one hour bus journey today, it was rather boring, so I decided to look for funny street names. Whilst looking, I saw three roads called Church Road, which made me wonder what the most common road name is.
So here goes! Here’s a list of the UK’s 50 most popular street names.
High Street
Chester Road
Mill Road
One street name I’d like to see would be one called ‘The Road’, I’m pretty sure there is one, but I’ve never seen one, if you live near ‘The Road’ please take a pic and let me know!
Luke Ward is the founder of The Fact Site. He's a professional blogger & researcher with over 6 years experience in fact finding, SEO, web design & other internet wizardry. He loves to write about celebs, gaming, film & TV.
Hernandez
I am really happy that i have been cured from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) with the herbal medicine of Dr Ighodalo, i have been suffering from this disease for the past 2 years without solution until i came across the email of this doctor who have cure so many people with his herbal medicine, i also choose to give him a chance to help me, he told me what to do and i kindly did it, and he gave me his herbal medicine and direct me on how to use it, i also follow his instructions for use and he ask us to go for a check up after 1 week and 4days which i did, to my greatest surprise my result came out as negative, i am really happy that there is someone like doctor Ighodalo who is ready to help anytime any day. To all the readers and viewers that is doubting this testimony stop doubting it and contact this doctor if you really have one and see if he will not actually help you. i am not a stupid woman that i will come out to the public and start saying what someone have not done for me and i know that there are some people out there who are really suffering and hurting their family just because of these diseases here is his contact: [email protected]
he also told me that he has cure for these diseases listed below
. HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
. GET YOUR EX BACK AND MAKE SHE/HIM LOVE YOU MORE
. CANCER
There are more funny/strange streets names in uk like Back Action Street in Manchester, Grope Lane, swan lane etc.,
Anonymous
My fave street name is in York – Whip-Ma-Whop-Ma-Gate. You can’t make that up!!!!
Rich
Here’s one: Coldharbour Lane.
Anonymous
| High Street |
Which British city has more miles of canal than Venice? | Most Common Street Names In The UK | The Fact Site
Most Common Street Names In The UK
Home » Travel & Tourism »Most Common Street Names In The UK
Most Common Street Names In The UK
So, I was on a one hour bus journey today, it was rather boring, so I decided to look for funny street names. Whilst looking, I saw three roads called Church Road, which made me wonder what the most common road name is.
So here goes! Here’s a list of the UK’s 50 most popular street names.
High Street
Chester Road
Mill Road
One street name I’d like to see would be one called ‘The Road’, I’m pretty sure there is one, but I’ve never seen one, if you live near ‘The Road’ please take a pic and let me know!
Luke Ward is the founder of The Fact Site. He's a professional blogger & researcher with over 6 years experience in fact finding, SEO, web design & other internet wizardry. He loves to write about celebs, gaming, film & TV.
Hernandez
I am really happy that i have been cured from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) with the herbal medicine of Dr Ighodalo, i have been suffering from this disease for the past 2 years without solution until i came across the email of this doctor who have cure so many people with his herbal medicine, i also choose to give him a chance to help me, he told me what to do and i kindly did it, and he gave me his herbal medicine and direct me on how to use it, i also follow his instructions for use and he ask us to go for a check up after 1 week and 4days which i did, to my greatest surprise my result came out as negative, i am really happy that there is someone like doctor Ighodalo who is ready to help anytime any day. To all the readers and viewers that is doubting this testimony stop doubting it and contact this doctor if you really have one and see if he will not actually help you. i am not a stupid woman that i will come out to the public and start saying what someone have not done for me and i know that there are some people out there who are really suffering and hurting their family just because of these diseases here is his contact: [email protected]
he also told me that he has cure for these diseases listed below
. HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
. GET YOUR EX BACK AND MAKE SHE/HIM LOVE YOU MORE
. CANCER
There are more funny/strange streets names in uk like Back Action Street in Manchester, Grope Lane, swan lane etc.,
Anonymous
My fave street name is in York – Whip-Ma-Whop-Ma-Gate. You can’t make that up!!!!
Rich
Here’s one: Coldharbour Lane.
Anonymous
| i don't know |
The first single to sell over two million copies in Great Britain was written as a tribute to where in Great Britain? | UK Number One Songs of the 70s
UK Number One Songs of the 70s
Updated on November 15, 2015
Source
The 1970s Number One Songs on Video
1970s popular music in the UK proved that variety is the spice of life, and the Number One hit songs of the decade reflect this phenomenon.
From 1970 onwards, the music scene in Britain changed dramatically and a myriad of musical styles reinforced the varying tastes of the average record buyer. Some of the most popular styles that took the British charts by storm were Glam Rock at the beginning of the decade, progressing to Disco and Punk Rock towards the end. In between saw novelty records, the progression of the rock single and the continuing evolution of teen pop, represented by the likes of David Cassidy, Donny Osmond and the Bay City Rollers.
Most of these styles and artists were very popular for a time, and their records sold by the shed load. To see the musical changes across the decade is a fascinating exercise, and so this page brings together all the Number One hits from the UK in a video package, together with some short comments regarding each one.
The source for this compilation is the Record Retailer/Music Week chart, which was broadcast by the BBC each Sunday evening.
Source
Matthews' Southern Comfort
UK Number One Hits of 1970
31st Jan (5 weeks) Edison Lighthouse - Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes): Only ever UK Number One for this studio act. Lead singer Tony Burrows also sang on hits for many other groups.
7th Mar (3 weeks) Lee Marvin - Wandrin' Star: Only UK Number One for this actor with a song from the film Paint Your Wagon.
28th Mar (3 weeks) Simon & Garfunkel - Bridge Over Troubled Water: Surprisingly, the duo's only ever UK Number One. Only Art Garfunkel sings on this classic, but Paul Simon went on to greater solo success, even though he never had a UK Number One again, while Garfunkel did.
18th Apr (2 weeks) Dana - All Kinds Of Everything: First Eurovision Song Contest winner for Ireland. Her chart career was short-lived and this was her only UK Number One.
2nd May (2 weeks) Norman Greenbaum - Spirit In The Sky: Only ever UK Number One for Greenbaum with a self-penned song. Doctor & The Medics took the track to Number One again in 1986.
16th May (3 weeks) England World Cup Squad - Back Home: Mexico World Cup Football sing-along by the 1970 England team.
6th Jun (1 week) Christie - Yellow River: Only ever UK Number One for Jeff Christie with a song he wrote for the Tremeloes. They turned it down, so he recorded it himself.
13th Jun (7 weeks) Mungo Jerry - In The Summertime: First UK Number One for this group led by Ray Dorset.
1st Aug (6 weeks) Elvis Presley - The Wonder Of You: Elvis revived his career in Las Vegas and this was a live recording from his show. At this point, he was only one behind the Beatles as this was his 16th UK Number One.
12th Sep (1 week) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - Tears Of A Clown: First UK Number One for Motown singer Smokey Robinson who would have to wait another 11 years before hitting the top spot again.
19th Sep (6 weeks) Freda Payne - Band Of Gold: Only ever UK Number One for this American actress.
31st Oct (3 weeks) Matthews' Southern Comfort - Woodstock: Written by Canadian folk legend Joni Mitchell, MSC's only UK Number One was about the famous rock festival of 1969.
21st Nov (1 week) Jimi Hendrix - Voodoo Chile: Posthumous Number One for the American guitar legend who died in London a couple of months earlier.
28th Nov (6 weeks) Dave Edmunds - I Hear You Knockin': Only ever UK Number One for Dave Edmunds who had further hit single success later in the Seventies.
Source
Slade
UK Number One Hits of 1971
January 5 ( 3 weeks) Clive Dunn - Grandad: Only UK Number One for this Dad's Army star who gained sales on the back of seasonal sentimentality.
January 26 (5 weeks) George Harrison - My Sweet Lord: First UK Number One for the ex-Beatle. Following the song's release, musical similarities between it and The Chiffons' hit He's So Fine led to a lengthy legal battle over the rights to the composition.
March 2 (2 weeks) Mungo Jerry - Baby Jump: Written by the group's lead vocalist and guitarist Ray Dorset, it was a maxi-single playing at 33rpm. Second and last Number One for the band.
March 16 (6 weeks) T. Rex - Hot Love: The group's first UK Number One. It fared less well in the USA where it peaked at Number 72. It was also the first T. Rex single to feature both a bass guitar and drums.
April 27 (2 weeks) Dave and Ansil Collins - Double Barrel: Jamaican duo who scored only the second West Indian reggae chart topper. It became the first reggae single to reach the Top 30 of the US Billboard Hot 100 peaking at number 22.
May 11 (5 weeks) Dawn - Knock Three Times: Tony Orlando had retired from singing when he was persuaded to front Dawn for studio recordings. Their first UK Number One.
June 15 (5 weeks) Middle of the Road - Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep: It nearly flopped in the UK as Mac and Katie Kissoon released a version just before. MOTR got the greater airplay and sold in bundles. The Kissoon's version reached number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100, but failed to impress in the UK.
July 20 (4 weeks) T. Rex - Get It On: The second UK Number One from Marc Bolan's band, selling nearly a million copies. Re-titled Bang a Gong in the US, it peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at Number 10 in January 1972, becoming the group's only major US hit.
August 17 (4 weeks) Diana Ross - I'm Still Waiting: A first solo Number One for Diana Ross. It was a minor success in the US reaching Number 63 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.
September 14 (3 weeks) The Tams - Hey Girl, Don't Bother Me: It was originally released in 1964 and became a minor hit on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching Number 41. It became a favourite on the Northern Soul scene in the UK which led to its Number One position.
October 5 (5 weeks) Rod Stewart - Maggie May: It was initially released in the UK as the B-side of the single Reason to Believe, but DJs preferred Maggie May and, after two weeks in the chart, the song became the A-side. It simultaneously topped the charts in the United States.
November 9 (4 weeks) Slade - Coz I Luv You: It was the band's second hit song in the UK and the first of six Number One singles.
December 7 (4 weeks) Benny Hill - Ernie (The Fastest Milkman In The West): Comedy single, the song concerned the fictional exploits of Ernie, a milkman who drove a horse-drawn milk cart and his war with the bread delivery man: Two-Ton Ted from Teddington.
Source
Alice Cooper
UK Number One Hits of 1972
January 4 (4 weeks) The New Seekers - I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing (In Perfect Harmony): A 1971 Coca-Cola TV commercial featured young people from around the world singing on a hilltop and was so popular that the song (without the Coke references) became a hit in its own right. Another recording was issued by The Hillside Singers, but this failed to sell in the UK.
February 1 (2 weeks) T. Rex - Telegram Sam: Third UK Number One single for T. Rex., but it only reached Number 67 on the US Billboard Hot 100.
February 15 (3 weeks) Chicory Tip - Son of My Father: The first UK Number One single to prominently feature a synthesizer, in this case a Moog synthesizer. Originally a song by Giorgio Moroder, he re-recorded it shortly after, but it failed to chart in the UK, though it made the Top 50 in the United States.
March 7 (5 weeks) Harry Nilsson - Without You: Suicide inspired song written by two members of Badfinger, who both later committed suicide.
April 11 (5 weeks) The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards - Amazing Grace: The old favourite traditional hymn as played by this Scottish military bagpipe band. It was the best-selling single of the year in the UK.
May 16 (4 weeks) T. Rex - Metal Guru: Apparently, the song is about a car and became the group's fourth and final UK Number One. It did not chart in the USA.
June 13 (2 weeks) Don McLean - Vincent: Don McLean wrote this song as a tribute to artist Vincent Van Gogh. It reached Number 12 in the US.
June 27 (1 week) Slade - Take Me Bak 'Ome: Second UK Number One for the glam rockers, featuring Noddy Holder on vocals.
July 4 (5 weeks) Donny Osmond - Puppy Love: Revival of the song written and recorded by Paul Anka in the '60s, this was Osmond's first UK Number One.
August 8 (3 weeks) Alice Cooper - School's Out: Only ever UK Number One for shock rocker Alice Cooper with this classic rock tune.
August 29 (1 week) Rod Stewart - You Wear It Well: From the album Never a Dull Moment, this was Rod's second UK Number One.
September 5 (3 weeks) Slade - Mama Weer All Crazee Now: Slade was on a roll! This was their third Number One single in a matter of months.
September 26 (2 weeks) David Cassidy - How Can I Be Sure?: First UK Number One for this star of US TV series The Partridge Family. His solo career was more successful in the UK than at home.
October 10 (4 weeks) Lieutenant Pigeon - Mouldy Old Dough: It is the only UK Number One single to feature mother and son and became one of the more unusual chart topping singles of the 1970s. It sold 790,000 copies and was the third biggest selling single of 1972.
November 7 (2 weeks) Gilbert O'Sullivan - Clair: First UK Number One for this Irishman who dressed as a 1920s worker in a flat cap, braces and baggy trousers.
November 21 (4 weeks) Chuck Berry - My Ding-a-Ling: Pioneer of R&B and rock 'n' roll, whose only UK Number One was this live, innuendo-laden novelty song recorded in Coventry, England.
December 19 (5 weeks) Little Jimmy Osmond - Long Haired Lover From Liverpool: Jimmy became the youngest person to ever reach Number One on the UK singles chart aged 9 years 8 months. Often cited as one of the worst singles to get to Number One.
Source
Suzi Quatro
UK Number One Hits of 1973
January 23 (5 weeks) The Sweet - Blockbuster!: It made Number One in the Netherlands, Germany and Ireland, but fared less well in the USA where it peaked at Number 73 on the Billboard Hot 100. Plenty of No. 2 singles for The Sweet, but this was their only Number One.
February 26 (4 weeks) Slade - Cum on Feel the Noize: Slade's fourth Number One single in the UK and the first to enter straight at the top. Revived in 1983 by Heavy Metal band Quiet Riot, their version went on to peak at Number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 that November.
March 26 (1 week) Donny Osmond - The Twelfth of Never: Popular song originally recorded by Johnny Mathis. Osmond's version spent a single week at Number One, while in the USA it peaked at Number 8.
April 3 (2 weeks) Gilbert O'Sullivan - Get Down: Second and final Number One for the Irishman, who had a handful of other Top 20 hits.
April 15 (4 weeks) Dawn featuring Tony Orlando - Tie A Yellow Ribbon 'Round The Ole Oak Tree: The best selling single of 1973 in the UK. It sold shed loads in the USA too, where it also hit the top spot of the singles chart.
May 13 (4 weeks) Wizzard - See My Baby Jive: Written and produced by bandleader Roy Wood, the record owes much to Phil Spector's Wall of Sound.
June 12 (1 week) Suzi Quatro - Can the Can: Can the Can was the second single by Quatro and her first to reach Number One. It also reached Number One on the Japanese, European and Australian charts in whose market Quatro achieved her most consistent success throughout her career as a recording artist.
June 19 (1 week) 10cc - Rubber Bullets: The band's first Number One single in the United Kingdom, being a tongue in cheek homage to the movie Jailhouse Rock.
June 26 (3 weeks) Slade - Skweeze Me Pleeze Me: Fifth Number One single for Slade.
July 17 (1 week) Peters and Lee - Welcome Home: The duo's only Number One single coming after their success on the TV talent show Opportunity Knocks.
July 24 (4 weeks) Gary Glitter - I'm the Leader of the Gang (I Am): The song is a glam rock anthem, typical of (the now-disgraced) Glitter's early seventies recordings.
August 21 (4 weeks) Donny Osmond - Young Love: The oft recorded ballad gave the teen heartthrob yet another best selling single.
September 18 (1 week) Wizzard - Angel Fingers: Wizzard's second UK Number One single. Stylistically, it continued in the same Phil Spector-influenced Wall of Sound genre as their earlier hit See My Baby Jive.
September 25 (4 weeks) Simon Park Orchestra - Eye Level (Theme From Van Der Valk): The tune became very popular with TV audiences and, in a move which was unusual at the time for television themes, Columbia Records issued it on a single record. Total sales were 1,005,500.
October 23 (3 weeks) David Cassidy - Daydreamer/The Puppy Song: This was Cassidy's second and final Number One single in the UK.
November 13 (4 weeks) Gary Glitter - I Love You Love Me Love: Glitter's second UK Number One single.
December 11 (5 weeks) Slade - Merry Xmas Everybody: The band's sixth and final Number One single in the UK. The song continues to re-enter the UK Top 75 singles chart every Christmas, selling over one million copies in the process.
Source
George McCrae
UK Number One Hits of 1974
January 15 (1 week) The New Seekers - You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me: The band's second and final Number One single.
January 22 (4 weeks) Mud - Tiger Feet: First Number One song for the very popular Glam Rockers and the biggest selling track of the year.
February 19 (2 weeks) Suzi Quatro - Devil Gate Drive: It was the second Number One in a row for the ChinniChap writing and production team and Quatro's second UK Number One.
March 5 (1 week) Alvin Stardust - Jealous Mind: Only Number One from the moody Stardust - born Bernard Jewry.
March 12 (3 weeks) Paper Lace - Billy Don't Be a Hero: Paper Lace had the chart-topper in the UK, but their version stalled at Number 96 on the Billboard Hot 100. Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods took the song to Number One in the USA.
April 2 (4 weeks) Terry Jacks - Seasons in the Sun: The recording was based on a song called Le Moribond (The Dying Man) by Jacques Brel. The song had been recorded by The Fortunes in 1968 and by Pearls Before Swine in 1970 - but became a worldwide hit for Terry Jacks.
April 30 (2 weeks) ABBA - Waterloo: This was the song that won ABBA the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest and began their path to worldwide fame.
May 14 (4 weeks) The Rubettes - Sugar Baby Love: Debut single for this band that was originally offered to Carl Wayne to record, but he turned it down.
June 11 (1 week) Ray Stevens - The Streak: Single that capitalized on the then popular craze of streaking.
June 18 (1 week) Gary Glitter - Always Yours: Glitter's third and final Number One single in the UK.
June 25 (4 weeks) Charles Aznavour - She: The song was recorded by Aznavour in several different languages, namely French, Italian, Spanish and German. Elvis Costello recorded a cover version in 1999.
July 23 (3 weeks) George McCrae - Rock Your Baby: One of the landmark recordings of early Disco music. In total it sold over 11 million copies internationally.
August 13 (2 weeks) The Three Degrees - When Will I See You Again: One of the most successful recordings in the Philly Soul sound. It sold 28 million copies in total internationally.
August 27 (3 weeks) The Osmonds - Love Me For A Reason: Written by Johnny Bristol, the song was revived by Boyzone in 1994, becoming their breakthrough single in the UK.
September 17 (3 weeks) Carl Douglas - Kung Fu Fighting: Recorded in 10 minutes as a B-side, it sold 10 million worldwide and was his only ever UK Number One.
October 8 (1 week) John Denver - Annie's Song: This was Denver's only solo hit in the UK - an ode to Denver's then-wife, Annie Denver
October 15 (1 week) Sweet Sensation - Sad Sweet Dreamer: The second single from the British soul group, reaching number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 the following spring.
October 22 (3 weeks) Ken Boothe - Everything I Own: Jamaican reggae artist with a song by David Gates of Bread. The Bread version only made No.32 in the UK, but Boy George took the song to Number One again in 1987.
November 12 (3 weeks) David Essex - Gonna Make You A Star: A first UK Number One for David Essex. He found stardom as an actor before breaking into the charts with Rock On.
December 3 (2 weeks) Barry White - You're the First, the Last, My Everything: Originally written as a country song with the title You're My First, You're My Last, My In-Between, this was White's only UK Number One.
December 17 (4 weeks) Mud - Lonely This Christmas: Another classic Christmas favourite that is still seasonally popular each year in the UK.
Source
David Bowie
UK Number One Hits of 1975
January 18 (1 week) Status Quo - Down Down: Status Quo had 22 Top 10 UK hits between 1968 and 1996, and this was their only non-collaborated UK Number One.
January 25 (1 week) The Tymes - Ms Grace: Could only peak at No.91 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, this song by the US soul group was their fourth and biggest UK hit.
February 1 (3 weeks) Pilot - January: Only ever UK Number One for this Scottish group whose two follow-ups failed to make the Top 30.
February 22 (2 weeks) Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me): Steve Harley has stated that the lyrics are vindictively directed at his former band members whom he felt had abandoned him. The group's only UK Number One.
March 8 (2 weeks) Telly Savalas - If: Another Bread song that failed to chart in the UK by that band, but Savalas of Kojak fame managed to talk his way to Number One.
March 22 (6 weeks) Bay City Rollers - Bye Bye Baby: Scottish band that dressed in tartan and built up a fanatical teen following took this Frankie Valli song to the top. The best-selling single of 1975.
May 3 (2 weeks) Mud - Oh Boy: Mud's third and final UK Number One came with a virtually a cappella cover of the Buddy Holly hit from 1958.
May 17 (3 weeks) Tammy Wynette - Stand by Your Man: 1968 US Country Number One that went to the top when it was finally released in the UK in 1975.
June 7 (3 weeks) Windsor Davies & Don Estelle - Whispering Grass: Davies and Estelle were actors in the successful BBC sit-com It Ain't Half Hot Mum. The record is a version of the song which was originally recorded by the Ink Spots in 1944.
June 28 (2 weeks) 10cc - I'm Not in Love: A second UK Number One for the band with this classic love song, incorporating its innovative production. The recording includes multiple overdubs of the voices of the band singing a single note in unison.
July 12 (1 week) Johnny Nash - Tears on My Pillow: American who specialised in soft reggae arrangements. Had much success in the UK , although this was his only UK Number One.
July 19 (3 weeks) Bay City Rollers - Give a Little Love: Rollermania was in full flight by this time, but this was the band's second and final UK Number One single.
August 9 (1 week) Typically Tropical - Barbados: Two recording engineers created this reggae dance hit and became One Hit Wonders in the process. In 1999, a reworked version of the song, renamed We're Going To Ibiza!, also reached the UK Number One spot for The Vengaboys.
August 16 (3 weeks) The Stylistics - I Can't Give You Anything (But My Love): The split from producer Thom Bell proved disastrous for the group in the US, but The Stylistics continued to be popular in the UK. This was their first and only UK Number One single.
September 6 (4 weeks) Rod Stewart - Sailing: Having been a hit twice, this classic anthem remains Stewart's biggest-selling single in the UK.
October 4 (3 weeks) David Essex - Hold Me Close: Essex was at the height of his popularity at this time. This was his second and final UK Number One.
October 25 (2 weeks) Art Garfunkel - I Only Have Eyes for You: Having separated from Paul Simon, Garfunkel recorded mostly MOR standards. This was his first solo UK Number One.
November 8 (2 weeks) David Bowie - Space Oddity: Bowie made No.5 with this track alluding to drug use in 1969, but had more luck with the re-issue, making this his first UK Number One.
November 22 (1 week) Billy Connolly - D.I.V.O.R.C.E.: Wonderful parody of the Tammy Wynette song of the same name by this internationally renowned Scottish comedian.
November 29 (9 weeks) Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody: SEE DESCRIPTION BELOW.
Queen: Bohemian Rhapsody - Number One: December 1975
An all-time classic Queen song, Bohemian Rhapsody was accompanied by the following video and was the first Number One to benefit from sustained TV exposure. It spent nine long weeks at the top of the charts and was the year's Christmas Number One.
In 1991, the record returned to the Number One spot following the death of lead singer, Freddie Mercury.
Source
Chicago
UK Number One Hits of 1976
January 31 (2 weeks) ABBA - Mamma Mia: Two years after their first UK Number One and Eurovision hit, ABBA were back with their second UK Number One.
February 14 (1 week) Slik - Forever and Ever: Band led by Midge Ure. He went on to groups Visage and Ultravox, but his next Number One was a solo effort in 1985.
February 21 (2 weeks) The Four Seasons - December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night): Written by original-Four Seasons keyboard player Bob Gaudio and his future wife Judy Parker, this was the the follow-up to the hit Who Loves You. The Four Seasons only UK Number One hit.
March 6 (3 weeks) Tina Charles - I Love To Love (But My Baby Loves To Dance): This was the first of Charles' seven Top 40 chart singles. However, it was also her only Number One in the UK Singles Chart.
March 27 (6 weeks) Brotherhood of Man - Save Your Kisses for Me: Winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 1976, the best-selling single of 1976 and the group's first UK Number One.
May 8 (4 weeks) ABBA - Fernando: Originally written for ABBA member Anni-Frid Lyngstad, ABBA's third UK Number One became a worldwide hit as ABBA-mania was at its height.
June 5 (1 week) J.J. Barrie - No Charge: Awful sentimental slush by this Canadian, who thankfully never graced the UK Singles Chart ever again.
June 12 (2 weeks) The Wurzels - Combine Harvester (Brand New Key): A reworking of Melanie's hit from 1971-72 with new rustic-themed lyrics.
June 26 (3 weeks) The Real Thing - You To Me Are Everything: Landmark record that was the first single by a black British band to top the singles chart. Several cover versions released in the US prevented it being a major success there.
July 17 (1 week) Demis Roussos - The Roussos Phenomenon EP: Forever and Ever became the most played track on this EP from the Greek star prone to wearing kaftans.
July 24 (6 weeks) Elton John & Kiki Dee - Don't Go Breaking My Heart: Elton John's first Number One single in the UK, but he would not enjoy a solo British chart-topper until 1990.
September 4 (6 weeks) ABBA - Dancing Queen: ABBA's only American chart-topper from April 1977 was their fourth in the UK.
October 11 (4 weeks) Pussycat - Mississippi: First Dutch act to make the UK top spot. Success was short lived however and this was their only UK Number One.
November 13 (3 weeks) Chicago - If You Leave Me Now: Chicago's biggest hit worldwide, after topping the charts in the US and Australia as well. It went on to win two Grammy Awards.
December 4 (3 weeks) Showaddywaddy - Under the Moon of Love: A minor hit in the USA in 1961 for Curtis Lee, this revival was the group's only UK Number One.
December 25 (3 weeks) Johnny Mathis - When a Child is Born (Soleado): Now a Christmas standard, it sold 850,000 copies and became Mathis' sole UK Number One.
Source
Donna Summer
UK Number One Hits of 1977
January 15 (4 weeks) David Soul - Don't Give Up On Us: One half of top TV cop show Starsky & Hutch who was a singer before he became an actor. Best selling single of 1977 and his first UK Number One.
February 12 (1 week) Julie Covington - Don't Cry For Me Argentina: Julie Covington first sang this song for the original 1976 studio release of the album Evita, but declined the stage role.
February 19 (3 weeks) Leo Sayer - When I Need You: After three of his earlier singles had stalled at No.2, this became a massive worldwide hit and Sayer's only UK Number One single.
March 12 (3 weeks) The Manhattan Transfer - Chanson d'amour: Only ever UK Number One for this MOR mixed harmony group who worked in New York gay bars, singing 40s and 50s swing classics.
April 2 (5 weeks) ABBA - Knowing Me, Knowing You: Their previous release had stalled at No.3, but they returned for another run of chart toppers with this, their 5th UK Number One.
May 7 (2 weeks) Deniece Williams - Free: She was in Stevie Wonder's backing group in the early 70s and this was her only UK Number One.
May 21 (4 weeks) Rod Stewart - I Don't Want to Talk About It /The First Cut is the Deepest: Rod's 4th UK Number One.
June 18 (1 week) Kenny Rogers - Lucille: An international hit, it reached Number One on the Billboard Country Singles chart and No.5 on the Billboard Hot 100. This hit gave him stardom in the UK.
June 25 (1 week) The Jacksons - Show You the Way To Go: Four members of the Jackson Five, including Michael. This was their only UK Number One following their departure from Motown.
July 2 (3 weeks) Hot Chocolate - So You Win Again: They had 30 hits from 1970 to 1984, but this was the band's sole UK Number One single.
July 23 (4 weeks) Donna Summer - I Feel Love: It has been said that this is the first disco-style song recorded with an entirely synthesized backing track and was enormously influential in the development of disco, electronica and techno music. This was Summer's only UK Number One.
August 20 (1 week) Brotherhood of Man - Angelo: The group's second UK Number One, sounding very similar to ABBA's style.
August 27 (1 week) The Floaters - Float On: True One Hit Wonders - one Number One single and nothing else from this soul group from Detroit, Michigan, USA.
September 3 (5 weeks) Elvis Presley - Way Down: The last single released before his death on August 16, 1977 and it became his 17th UK Number One song.
October 8 (3 weeks) David Soul - Silver Lady: The single fared less well in the US, peaking at only No.52, but we loved him in the UK - so much so that this was his second Number One single.
October 29 for (1 week) Baccara - Yes Sir, I Can Boogie: This single did not chart in the United States despite receiving major airplay in several markets. It was the first Spanish act to have a UK Number One and also the first female duo to do so.
November 5 (4 weeks) ABBA - The Name Of The Game: A 6th Number One for the band and their 3rd in this year, following a successful world tour.
December 3 (9 weeks) Wings - Mull of Kintyre / Girls' School: The first single to sell over two million copies in the UK. The UK's best-selling single of all time, until overtaken by Band Aid's Do They Know It's Christmas in 1984 and one of the UK's best-selling non-charity singles, beaten only by Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody.
Source
Boomtown Rats
UK Number One Hits of 1978
February 4 (1 week) Althea & Donna - Uptown Top Ranking: Two Jamaican teenagers who put some Caribbean slang to existing music for this One Hit Wonder. Althea & Donna became the youngest female duo to reach the pinnacle of the UK chart.
February 11 (1 week) Brotherhood of Man - Figaro: The song spent one week on top of the charts in the UK and became one of the twenty best selling singles of the year. This was to be Brotherhood of Man's final Number One single.
February 18 (3 weeks) ABBA - Take A Chance On Me: A 7th UK Number One for the Swedish foursome with another unforgettable ABBA classic.
March 11 (4 weeks) Kate Bush - Wuthering Heights: In reaching Number One, Bush became the first woman to write and perform a UK chart-topper, propelling the singer to fame. However, this was Kate's only UK Number One single, despite her numerous chart hits over the years.
April 8 (3 weeks) Brian and Michael - Matchstalk Men & Matchstalk Cats & Dogs (Lowry's Song): A One Hit Wonder with a song celebrating the life and work of the painter, L S Lowry. The backing vocals are by the St Winifred's School Choir, who had a Number One in 1980.
April 29 (2 weeks) The Bee Gees - Night Fever: A third Number One for the Bee Gees in the UK, from the soundtrack to Saturday Night Fever, relaunching their careers as kings of disco.
May 13 (5 weeks) Boney M - Rivers of Babylon: First UK Number One for this Caribbean act which recorded in Germany. This was the best selling UK single of 1978 and was also the group's only significant US chart entry, peaking at No.30 in the Pop charts.
June 17 (9 weeks) John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John - You're the One That I Want: This song came from the soundtrack to Grease and the film and music from it dominated the second half of 1978. It is number six on the list of best-selling singles in the UK, where it has sold over 1,975,000 copies.
August 19 (5 weeks) The Commodores - Three Times A Lady: Led by Lionel Richie, who wrote the song, the group had considerable success until Richie went solo in 1982. This was their only UK Number One.
September 23 (1 week) 10cc - Dreadlock Holiday: A third and final UK Number One for 10cc. By this time Godley and Creme had left the group and the hits quickly stopped. The lyrics, about a white man lost in Jamaica, were based on a true story told by Moody Blues vocalist Justin Hayward about an experience he'd had in Barbados.
September 30 (7 weeks) John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John - Summer Nights: Another classic track from the film Grease. The soundtrack album was the second best selling of 1978, beaten only by Saturday Night Fever.
November 18 (2 weeks) The Boomtown Rats - Rat Trap: A first Number One for the Irish punk band led by Sir Bob Geldof. It is notable as it was the first official UK chart topping single by a punk or new wave act.
December 2 (1 week) Rod Stewart - Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?: A fifth Number One for Rod with a song that became the center of a confirmed plagiarism lawsuit by Brazilian musician Jorge Ben Jor.
December 9 (4 weeks) Boney M - Mary's Boy Child / Oh My Lord: A second and final Number One for Boney M with this cover version of a 1957 chart topper by Harry Belafonte.
Source
Pink Floyd
UK Number One Hits of 1979
January 6 (3 weeks) The Village People - Y.M.C.A.: Only UK Number One for the boys, with this classic disco hit from the New Yorkers who started out in the Big Apple's gay bars.
January 27 (1 week) Ian Dury & The Blockheads - Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick: The only UK Number One of Ian Dury's remarkable career, ironically with more of a novelty song than for what he was best known.
February 3 (4 weeks) Blondie - Heart of Glass: One of the best known Blondie recordings, this was a first UK Number One for the band fronted by the enigmatic Debbie Harry.
March 3 (2 weeks) The Bee Gees - Tragedy: Yet another UK Number One for the now reinvented disco act. This was from the group's chart topping album, Spirits Having Flown.
March 17 (4 weeks) Gloria Gaynor - I Will Survive: Established US diva who finally got her only UK Number One with this disco classic. It received the Grammy Award for Best Disco Recording in 1980.
April 14 (6 weeks) Art Garfunkel - Bright Eyes: It was written for the soundtrack of the movie Watership Down and Garfunkel scored his second and final UK Number One with this tearjerker. It sold over one million copies, becoming the biggest selling single of 1979 in the UK.
May 26 (3 weeks) Blondie - Sunday Girl: Never released as a single in the US, this became the band's second UK Number One.
June 16 (2 weeks) Anita Ward - Ring My Bell: Only major hit (on both sides of the Atlantic) for this gospel singer from Memphis TN.
June 30 (4 weeks) Tubeway Army - Are "Friends" Electric?: A first UK Number One for Gary Numan under this pseudonym, the single is notable for being the first electronic/synthesizer-based record to become a hit in the post-punk era.
July 28 (4 weeks) The Boomtown Rats - I Don't Like Mondays: Bob Geldof wrote the song based on the shooting spree of 16-year-old Brenda Ann Spencer, who fired at children playing in a school playground across the street from her home in San Diego, California. Her explanation for her actions was "I don't like Mondays."
August 25 (4 weeks) Cliff Richard - We Don't Talk Anymore: After a lean time throughout most of the 1970s, this first UK Number One for 11 years (Richard's 10th so far) started another run of Top 10 hits throughout the 80s.
September 22 (1 week) Gary Numan - Cars: Now recording under his own name, this was Numan's second and final UK Number One.
September 29 (3 weeks) The Police - Message In A Bottle: A first UK Number One for the trio led by singer / songwriter Sting, who went on to even greater success.
October 20 (1 week) The Buggles - Video Killed the Radio Star: (The) Buggles consisted of Trevor Horn, Geoff Downes and Bruce Woolley. This single celebrates the golden days of radio and ironically (or intentionally) became the first music video shown on MTV.
October 27 (3 weeks) Lena Martell - One Day At A Time: This single was an unlikely success as it came during the height of disco and new wave. Martell's follow-up singles failed to chart, so she has the dubious honour of being classified as a One Hit Wonder.
November 17 (3 weeks) Dr Hook - When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman: US group that found favour in the UK with a series of melodic love songs, although this was their only UK Number One.
December 8 (1 week) The Police - Walking on the Moon: A second Number One for The Police, with a song that surprisingly didn't chart in the US.
December 15 (5 weeks) Pink Floyd - Another Brick in the Wall: In the UK, it was Floyd's first single since 1968's Point Me at the Sky and became one of the band's most well-known songs. It was their biggest hit to date and was banned in several countries because of its lyrical content. It became the final UK Number One of the 1970s.
More Music of the 1970s
These are some of the best love songs of the 21st century...so far!
Are You A Fan of Seventies Music? 37 comments
John Dyhouse 2 years ago from UK
Wow what music and what a lens thanks for the memories, the early years were much more important to me (wrt music) and I was left behind as the decade progressed. But still I have to admit there was a lot of good tunes
MJ Martin 2 years ago from Washington State
Well now this little tour was simply amazing. You would have thought my family from the 70's was from the UK or something. Those girls and guys loved to sing all of these it seems to us. This is a wonderful lens to be showing around to the babies born in those late 70's, wow. Job well done. congrats on your Purple Star for sure. Great videos, still humming the tunes.
RichLeighHD 4 years ago
Brilliant lens, clearly a lot of work has gone into this one! Just wanted to say though that 'Merry Xmas Everybody' has actually been back in the charts every year since 2006; one of the band's to have benefitted from download singles, clearly!
emmakeynes 4 years ago
| Mull of Kintyre |
Which lake in Great Britain has the largest volume of water? | Rock 'n' Roll History For November 14
Rock 'n' Roll History for
November 14
1952 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
The first ever UK Pop chart was published by the New Musical Express after staff asked 53 record shops to divulge their sales returns. "Here In My Heart" by Al Martino was the first #1.
1956 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
Sam Phillips is at the mixing board for Jerry Lee Lewis ' first Sun Records recording session, which produces the single "End Of The Road" / "Crazy Arms". Although the record failed to gain much attention, both songs showed a drive and energy that forecasted things to come.
1958 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
Cliff Richard records "Livin' Lovin' Doll", which will become his first UK #1 hit. It will also cross the pond to reach #30 on the Billboard chart.
1960 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
Ray Charles' version of Hoagy Carmichael's 1930's standard "Georgia On My Mind" becomes the first of his three, US number one records. It made #24 in the UK.
1961 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
The Everly Brothers recorded "Crying In The Rain", which will make it to #6 in the US, becoming their twenty-fourth Top 40 hit. The song also reached #6 in the UK.
1964 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
The Drifters' enjoy their last US Top Twenty hit when "Saturday Night at the Movies" reaches #18.
1970 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
Santana 's version of "Black Magic Woman" is released in the US, where it will rise to #4 during a three month chart run. The song was written by Peter Green and first appeared as a Fleetwood Mac single in various countries in 1968.
1977 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
Wings release "Mull of Kintyre", a tune about Paul McCartney's Scottish home at the southwestern most tip of the Kintyre Peninsula in southwest Scotland. The bag pipe laced tune will become McCartney's all time best selling single in the UK, either with or without The Beatles. Despite being the first song to sell over two million copies in Great Britain, it was mostly ignored in North America. Later in Macca's career, the number became a concert highlight when he started using local pipe bands on stage to help him perform the song.
1987 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
Although they had been divorced for twelve years, Sonny and Cher appear together on The Late Show, where they are coaxed by David Letterman into singing "I Got You Babe". The crowd gave the pair a standing ovation for what would prove to be their final performance together, as Sonny would die in a skiing accident in 1998.
1990 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
Milli Vanilli producer Frank Farian admits to reporters that Fabrice Morvan and Rob Pilatus never sang a note on the "Milli Vanilli" album. The duo eventually returned their Best New Artist Grammy.
November 14
The Who 's Pete Townshend confesses his bisexuality to Newsweek magazine. Says Pete, "I know how it feels to be a woman because I am a woman. And I won't be classified as just a man".
1992 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
A member of John Mellencamp's band, keyboardist John Cascella, is found dead in his car in Indiana. Authorities suspected that Cascella had a heart attack while driving.
1996 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
Michael Jackson married a pregnant Debbie Rowe in Sydney Australia. The pair had met in Dr. Arnold Klein's dermatology office where Jackson was being treated for vitiligo. Three months later, Michael Joseph Jackson Jr., often called Prince Michael, was born.
2000 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
Eddie Snyder, pianist for The Cascades on their 1963, Billboard #3 hit, "Rhythm Of The Rain", died of cancer at the age of 63.
2004 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
A Los Angeles jury ordered Rod Stewart to repay the $780,000 he accepted as a deposit for a 2002 tour of Latin America that was later canceled.
2006 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
Janet Arvizo, the mother of the boy who accused Michael Jackson of child abuse, pleaded no contest to welfare fraud. The 38 year old Los Angeles resident was ordered to perform 150 hours of community service and repay more than $8,600.
2013 - ClassicBands.com
November 14
Paul McCartney posted a letter on his website calling on Russian President Vladimir Putin to release 30 Greenpeace activists whom Russian authorities arrested during a protest over Arctic oil drilling in September. All would have their charges dropped in late December.
| i don't know |
In the TV show Little Britain what is the name of the only gay in the village? | Little Britain I'm the only gay in the village part 1 - YouTube
Little Britain I'm the only gay in the village part 1
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Uploaded on Dec 27, 2008
Little extraction from Little Britain, first series.
Category
| List of Little Britain characters |
True or False: Great Britain is one of the top ten largest islands in the world? | Watch Little Britain USA Online Free with Verizon Fios®
Little Britain USA
1 Season
British comedy stars David Walliams and Matt Lucas transplant some of their most popular "Little Britain" characters -- including Fat Fighter Marjorie Dawes, unconvincing transvestite Emily Howard, teenage delinquent Vicki Pollard, amorous prime minister Sebastian Love (who was the aide to the prime minister in "Little Britain") and Daffyd Thomas, the self-proclaimed "only gay in the village" -- across the pond to a Stateside setting, accompanied by several new American characters not seen on the British show.
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Show Details
British comedy stars David Walliams and Matt Lucas transplant some of their most popular "Little Britain" characters -- including Fat Fighter Marjorie Dawes, unconvincing transvestite Emily Howard, teenage delinquent Vicki Pollard, amorous prime minister Sebastian Love (who was the aide to the prime minister in "Little Britain") and Daffyd Thomas, the self-proclaimed "only gay in the village" -- across the pond to a Stateside setting, accompanied by several new American characters not seen on the British show.
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| i don't know |
Who lived in the top left-hand corner of Wales? | The Smallfilms Treasury
The Smallfilms Treasury
Help - If you have any Smallfilms material, please mail me
Once upon a time, not so long ago, there were two overgrown boys called Oliver and Peter.
And Peter lived on a farm.
It was a rather unusual farm because it didn't grow any crops and there were no sheep or cows, but it was the home of Ivor the Engine, Noggin the Nog, the Clangers and of course Bagpuss.
And there they made the most beautiful, the most brilliant, funny old Small Films in the whole wide world or so we like to think.
The Dragons' Friendly Society
A new society has been formed to help maintain and promote the wealth of works produced Smallfilms. Named after the society of dragons in the saga of Noggin the Nog, their first act is to produce a new set of Noggin material - a video, a book and a set of postcards.
Visit them at the Dragons' Friendly Society site
Noggin the Nog
In the Lands of the North, where the black rocks stand guard against the cold sea, in the dark night that is very long, the men of the Northlands sit by their great log fires and they tell a tale...
So began each of the Sagas of Noggin the Nog, in which the crown of Noggin, Prince of the Nogs is sought by his wicked uncle Nogbad the Bad who devises evil plots to threaten the safety of the kingdom, and sometimes the world, in order to force Noggin to give up his crown. In each saga Nogbad pursues his plot to the very brink of success, but at the last moment his purposes are foiled by some unexpected piece of luck, cleverness or lack of attention on the part of the Nogs.
Ivor the Engine
Not very long ago, in the top left-hand corner of Wales, there was a railway. It wasn't a very long railway or a very important railway, but it was called The Merioneth and Llantisilly Rail Traction Company Limited, and it was all there was.
And in a shed, in a siding at the end of the railway, lives the Locomotive of the Merioneth and Llantisilly Rail Traction Company Limited, which was a long name for a little engine so his friends just called him Ivor.
So began, in 1959, the first episode of the first series of a set of television films which were to become part of the mainstream of Children's television for the next thirty years.
Once upon a time, Not so long ago, there was a little girl and her name was Emily. And she had a shop.
It was a rather unusual shop because it didn't sell anything.
You see, everything in that shop was a thing that somebody had once lost, and Emily had found, and brought home to Bagpuss.
Emily's cat Bagpuss.
If you want more in depth analysis/codswallop, you should head for Jill's Sociopolitical Analysis and the Bagpuss FAQ , and you can also pose questions to the world's best educated bookend when you Ask Yaffle .
Everyone remembers the Clangers, the whistling knitted animals that lived on a small moon.
They lived a peaceful life, salvaging junk from space to build machines, and making friends with all the strange creatures that came to visit them.
If you're really keen, you can even buy some collectable Clangers
Pogles Wood is the story of woodland folk who lived "deep in the middle of a wood" in a tree with a magic bean plant. Pogles Wood was a Smallfilms Production, originally shown by the BBC between 1964 and 1968.
Find out more at Heff's Pogles Wood site or Jenny's Pogles Wood Page
Pingwings were small penguin like creatures that lived under the junk, under the bunks and trunks, swings and things at the back of a barn...
Pingwings was shown on ITV in the early '60s.
| Ivor the Engine |
What is the longest motorway in Great Britain? | BBC Wales - Arts - Children - Ivor The Engine
Ivor The Engine
Ivor The Engine
Last updated: 11 February 2009
"Not very long ago, in the top left-hand corner of Wales, there was a railway. It wasn't a very long railway or a very important railway, but it was called The Merioneth and Llantisilly Rail Traction Company Limited, and it was all there was.
"And in a shed, in a siding at the end of the railway, lives the Locomotive of the Merioneth and Llantisilly Rail Traction Company Limited, which was a long name for a little engine so his friends just called him Ivor."
Ivor The Engine was a children's animation created by Oliver Postgate and Peter Firmin's Smallfilms television company. It was made in black and white for Associated Rediffusion and first broadcast in 1959, but was remade in colour for the BBC in 1975.
It told the story of a sometimes disobedient small green locomotive who worked for the Merioneth and Llantisilly Rail Traction Company Limited, although he dreamed of singing with the Grumbley and District Choral Society. In time he became first bass of the choir and transported the members from place to place.
His driver was Edwin Jones, known as Jones the Steam, who enjoyed fishing and daydreaming. Ivor's other friends included stationmaster Dai Station, portly choirmaster Evans the Song, fellow chorister Idris the Dragon, and fairground owner Morgan the Roundabout. Mr Morgan gave Ivor some pipes from his steam calliope to allow him to sing in the choir.
Behind the scenes
Ivor The Engine was inspired by Welshman Denzyl Ellis, a former railwayman whom Postgate met shortly after World War Two. Ellis, a former fireman with the Royal Scot train, described how locomotives came to life in the mornings after the engine fires had been lit.
The programme was Smallfilms' first production. Although set in Wales, Ivor The Engine was actually made in Firmin's home in Blean near Canterbury, Kent, using stop-motion animation techniques. Cardboard cutouts painted with watercolours were used for the characters and backgrounds.
The programmes were written and narrated by Oliver Postgate and drawn and painted by Peter Firmin. Voices were performed by Oliver Postgate, Anthony Jackson and Olwen Griffiths - the only Welsh person involved in the production.
The distinctive puffing sound made as Ivor moved was voiced by Postgate, and the show's music was composed by Vernon Elliott. Ivor's 'voice' was mostly sounded by a bassoon.
Postgate described himself as having been "intoxicated by the work of Dylan Thomas , and used to carry Under Milk Wood around in my pocket". Wales was a logical setting for the tale, and became romanticised in Postgate's fictionalised world.
"Wales is where you have little railways going along the tops of hills, which is much less boring that hurtling up the slumbering Midlands plain in the middle of the night," he told science fiction enthusiast Clive Banks , "so we decided it would be nice to set it in Wales."
"Ivor The Engine is entirely bogus as far as Wales is concerned - it's built entirely on a picture of Wales given by Dylan Thomas! Then, literally in the bath, I came to realise what the story was: the engine wanted to sing in the choir, which is obviously what a Welsh engine would want, so from then on it fell into place.
Postgate and Firmin created a map of the top left corner of north Wales where Ivor lived. It included viaducts, bridges, tunnels, towns, a mine and gasworks, and was strictly adhered to by the show's creators.
The episodes
The original series comprised six episodes, and told the story of Ivor getting his pipes and joining the choir. They were followed by two further series of 13 episodes, all of which were in black and white. Each lasted 10 minutes.
The animations were shown regularly by Associated Rediffusion until the company folded in 1968. In 1975 Smallfilms were given back the rights to the stories and began remaking the second and third series in colour, with some minor changes to the stories.
40 colour episodes were made, each lasting just five minutes. They were shown often by the BBC until the mid 1980s.
Six story books were also published in the 1970s, along with an Ivor The Engine annual in 1978 and several audio recordings.
The Ivor revival
Ivor The Engine returned to television screens in 2004 to promote the BBC Wales digital channel 2W. Computer-animated rather than using Smallfilms' original stop-motion approach, three promos - each lasting less than a minute - were made.
In the three cartoons, Dai Station - a stickler for the rule book - was caught out watching BBC 2W when he should not be; Ivor himself refused to move further along the tracks when he is captivated by 2W in a TV shop, and there was trouble in the signal box when the signalman was glued to his TV set.
The promos were voiced by Oliver Postgate, with contributions from Anthony Jackson, the original voice of Dai Station, who replayed his part.
Oliver Postgate died on 8 December 2008 in Broadstairs, Kent.
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| i don't know |
In Britain, which University has more students than any other? | Sir David Attenborough heads lists of most honoured by Britain's universities - Telegraph
Education News
Sir David Attenborough heads lists of most honoured by Britain's universities
His wildlife documentaries have won him an audience of millions and a cabinet full of broadcasting awards. Now it can be revealed that Sir David Attenborough has another legion of fans – Britain's academics.
Sir David Attenborough has received at least 29 honorary degrees from Britain's universities. Photo: LIVEPIX
By Joshi Eichner Herrmann, Jack Rivlin and Michael Howie
9:00AM BST 01 Aug 2010
The naturalist and broadcaster Sir David Attenborough has been given more honorary degrees from Britain's universities than any other person.
Sir David tops a league table of academic honours, after receiving at least 29 honorary degrees from the country's universities, more than any other person, according to a table of Britain's most honoured compiled by The Sunday Telegraph.
The documentary-maker beat Nobel Prize winners, civil liberties campaigners, Olympic and Paralympic medallists and former world leaders to take the top spot.
Last night, Sir David said accumulating so many honorary degrees was, in itself, "an honour". And where does he keep all the doctorates? "They're in a drawer," he said. He added: "It's a compliment from the academic world. It's a real compliment – it would be churlish not to accept one."
In recent years, universities have been criticised for using their honours to gain publicity by giving awards to celebrities. This summer, Orlando Bloom, the actor, received an honorary degree from the University of Kent, while Paul O'Grady, the comedian, received an honorary doctorate from De Montfort University in Leicester.
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In the past, Sir Alex Ferguson, the football manager, Ryan Giggs, the footballer, and Robin and Barry Gibb from the Bee Gees have also been honoured. All have a long way to go if they aspire to be among the most honoured. However, our survey shows that at least 50 people have received eight or more honours in the last three decades.
To compile our list, The Sunday Telegraph contacted all of Britain's 116 universities about the honorary degrees they had awarded since 1980. Of those, 101 responded, giving details of 30,000 degrees.
Baroness Kennedy QC, the human rights barrister and civil liberties campaigner, came second in our table with 26 honorary degrees, and Lord Puttnam, the film producer and Labour peer, came third with 23.
Dame Tanni Grey-Thompson, the Paralympic gold medallist, is the highest sports personality on the list, with 12 honorary degrees – one more than Olympic gold medallist Sir Steve Redgrave.
Mary Robinson, the former Irish president, and Betty Boothroyd, the former Commons speaker, are among the most decorated politicians with 11 degrees each, ahead of Baroness Williams, the Liberal Democrat politician, who has nine. Gordon Brown has four.
Nelson Mandela, who has more than 50 honorary degrees from universities worldwide, has 10 from Britain – eight of which he received during his 1996 visit – while Bob Geldof, the musician and poverty campaigner, has nine.
Only five representatives from the arts made it into the top 50. Apart from Lord Puttnam, Dame Judi Dench and Ken Loach, the film director, both made it on to the list with 11 each.
In the battle of the bishops, Desmond Tutu, with 14, held off competition from the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, and the Archbishop of York, John Sentamu, with nine and six respectively.
The practice of issuing honorary degrees dates back to the 15th century, when Lionel Woodville, later the Bishop of Salisbury, was exempted from the usual requirements for a degree from Oxford.
Sometimes, honours have proved controversial. Margaret Thatcher was snubbed for an honorary degree by Oxford University in 1984. In 2006, St Andrews controversially awarded one to Muhammad Khatami, the former Iranian president, while Edinburgh stripped Robert Mugabe of the degree they gave him in 1984.
No British university has yet honoured a puppet, unlike Southampton University, Long Island, which made Kermit the Frog an Honorary Doctor of Amphibious Studies in 1996.
Top of the class: the people who have received the most Honorary degrees
Sir David Attenborough, Broadcaster and naturalist – 29
Baroness Helena Kennedy QC, Human rights lawyer – 26
Lord Puttnam, Oscar-winning film producer – 23
Sir Harold Kroto, Nobel Prize-winning chemist – 7
Lord Sainsbury, Businessman and former science minister – 16
Dame Julia Higgins, Scientist – 15
Sir Richard Sykes, Biochemist – 15
Amartya Sen, Indian economist and Nobel Prize winner – 15
Sir John Cadogan, Chemist – 14
Sir Michael Atiyah, Mathematician – 14
Sir William Stewart, Former government chief scientific adviser – 14
Desmond Tutu, Archbishop Emeritus and former anti-apartheid campaigner – 14
Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, First female Lord Justice of Appeal – 13
Sir Shridath Ramphal, Former Commonwealth Secretary-General – 13
Dame Nancy Rothwell, Scientist – 13
Sir Jonathon Porritt, Environmentalist – 13
Dame Bridget Ogilvie, Scientist and former director of the Wellcome Trust – 13
Baroness Warnock, Philosopher – 13
Baroness Grey-Thompson, 12 Eleven-time Paralympic gold medallist
Lord Foster, Architect – 12
Baroness Platt, Retired engineer and former chairman of Equal Opportunities Commission – 12
Lord Woolf, Former Lord Chief Justice – 12
Lord Moser, Statistician and director of the Central Statistical Office – 12
Mary Robinson, First female Irish president – 11
Sir Geoffrey Allen, Scientist – 11
Shami Chakrabarti, Human rights campaigner – 11
Sir Steve Redgrave, Five-time Olympic gold medal-winning rower – 11
Dame Judi Dench, Oscar-winning actress – 11
Ken Loach, Film director – 11
Lord (Digby) Jones, Ex-trade minister and CBI boss – 11
Baroness Boothroyd, First woman Speaker of House of Commons – 11
Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, Composer and conductor – 11
Sir Neil Cossons, Former English Heritage chairman – 1-
Seamus Heaney, Nobel Prize-winning Irish poet – 10
Sir Brian Follett, Scientist – 10
Sir Andrew Huxley, Scientist, Nobel Prize winner – 10
Sir Peter Bonfield, Businessman – 10
Charles Handy, Author and philosopher – 10
Trevor Baylis, Inventor – 10
Nelson Mandela, Former South African President – 10
Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury – 9
Lord Browne, Businessman, former BP chief – 9
Baroness Williams, Politician, SDP founder – 9
Baroness O’Neill, Philosopher – 9
Helen Sharman, First Briton in space – 9
Sir Kenneth Corfield, Engineer – 9
Bob Geldof, Poverty campaigner, singer – 9
Sir Colin Davis, Conductor – 8
Lord Stern, Economist – 8
| Open University |
On which BBC TV show did the plasticine character Morph first appear? | Number of Foreign Students in U.S. Hit a New High Last Year - The Chronicle of Higher Education
Number of Foreign Students in U.S. Hit a New High Last Year
Number of Foreign Students in U.S. Hit a New High Last Year
Rick Friedman for The Chronicle
Jialu Chen (left) and Lingyue Yang are among the 116 students from China enrolled at Mount Holyoke College. The college, like many others, has seen its numbers of Chinese undergraduates grow rapidly in recent years.
By Karin Fischer November 16, 2009
The number of foreign students attending American colleges hit an all-time high in 2008, capping three consecutive years of vigorous growth, according to new data from the Institute of International Education.
Some 671,616 international students attended U.S. institutions in 2008-9, an increase of almost 8 percent from a year earlier. First-time-student enrollments grew even more robustly, by nearly 16 percent.
But the rosy data highlighted in the annual "Open Doors" report may obscure some potentially worrisome trends. Though graduate programs typically rely more on international students, enrollment grew far more strongly at the undergraduate level, where the number of students jumped 11 percent, than at the graduate level, where enrollments climbed a little more than 2 percent. What's more, the increase in students pursuing undergraduate studies was largely dependent on enrollment from China, which shot up by 60 percent.
Nor do the figures reflect the impact of the global economic downturn, which could affect both students' ability to pay for college and the financial assistance American institutions provide.
"Everything has to be set against the economic crisis we're mired in," says Ken Curtis, assistant vice president for international education and global engagement at California State University at Long Beach.
Indeed, a survey this fall of 700 institutions suggests a mixed picture: Half of the institutions reported foreign-student enroll ment increases this year over last, while a quarter experienced declines. A second recent survey, by the Council of Graduate Schools, found that growth in the number of first-time international students in American graduate schools was flat. Enrollments from India and South Korea, two of the three largest sources of foreign students, declined.
"The question," says Debra W. Stewart, the council's president, "is the extent to which we can continue to rely on international students to feed our graduate schools."
Victor C. Johnson, senior adviser for public policy at Nafsa: Association of International Educators, says the recent slowdown points to the need for a national strategy for international-student recruitment.
"We don't want to wake up one day and find out that, because we have not adopted a national policy, we're no longer competitive," Mr. Johnson says. "We need to respond before it's too late to do something."
Other international educators, however, point out that the United States remains the top destination for foreign college students, despite efforts by colleges in Australia, Canada, and elsewhere to attract them.
Key source countries like China and India simply cannot meet domestic demand for higher education, and a rising middle class in those nations means more families have the money to send their children overseas to study.
"There's still more talent out there than can be accommodated," says Peggy Blumenthal, executive vice president of the Institute of International Education, who notes that international students contribute an estimated $17.6-billion to the U.S. economy. "It's not a fixed pie that we're all competing for pieces of."
Eye on India
Still, both the Open Doors data and the council's report suggest that the makeup of the international student body in this country is shifting. If current enrollment trends hold, the number of foreign undergraduates, which includes students studying for associate or bachelor's degrees, is poised to surpass the number of those pursuing graduate degrees. In 2008-9, there were 269,874 international undergraduate students and 283,329 graduate students. (Students enrolled in intensive-English or other nondegree programs and recent graduates who are temporarily staying in the United States to work through the Optional Practical Training program are also counted in overall figures.)
In a way, that would be a reversion to historic trends. Until 2001-2, foreign undergraduates at American colleges outnumbered their graduate-school counterparts, Open Doors data show.
There are several reasons behind the earlier shift, according to Ms. Blumenthal and Rajika Bhandari, director of research and evaluation at the institute. Financial slumps in the 1980s and 1990s depressed enrollments from Japan and the oil-producing countries of the Middle East, which traditionally sent large numbers of undergraduates to the United States.
India and China, which predominantly send graduate students, rose to become the top two suppliers of international students to American colleges. And the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks convinced some parents that the United States was not a safe place for their teenage sons or daughters to study.
This time around, all eyes are on India. It and China account for more than 45 percent of all foreign students enrolled in American graduate schools. The rate of enrollment growth of Indian graduate students studying in the United States has slowed significantly, from 14.4 percent in 2007 to just 4.3 percent in 2008.
Foreign Students in the U.S. by
Region of Origin, 2008-9
Note: Percentages are rounded and so do not add to 100 percent.
Source: Institute of International Education
This fall the number of Indians studying in American graduate programs declined by 4 percent, according to the Council of Graduate Schools' survey of 257 institutions. New enrollments of Indian graduate students dropped even more sharply, by 16 percent, the council found. (Graduate enrollments from South Korea, the third-largest source of students, also declined.)
The falloff in Indian students is hitting some institutions and degree programs hard.
The number of new Indian graduate students this fall at the University of Georgia is down nearly 50 percent. At California State University at Long Beach, many students started but did not complete applications for the master's-degree program in computer science, which typically draws large numbers of Indian students, says Nathan Jensen, senior director of the university's Center for International Education.
Recruiters in India say that students are steering clear of the United States because the job market is so bad.
"The U.S. was looked at as a land of opportunities. It was seen as a utopia for good students who were confident they would get jobs," says Bindu Chopra, head of the Bangalore office of N&N Chopra Consultants, which advises students on studying overseas.
"When they see that they are unlikely to get jobs, they'd rather not take loans and spend so much and go for a graduate degree."
Observers are also watching closely to see whether enrollments will rebound as the global financial crisis eases. Already, some Indian students are opting for countries like Britain or Singapore because they make it easier to stay and work after graduation, says Premlatha P.M., founder of Sri Vajra Consultants, in Chennai. Meanwhile, India's new education minister has vowed to expand higher-education and research capacity at home.
A long-term slowdown in graduate enrollments from overseas could have an outsized effect on American institutions because international students make up 10.5 percent of the graduate-student body. By contrast, they account for less than 2 percent of those enrolled at the undergraduate level.
A Chinese Wave
Despite discouraging signs this year, Indian enrollments, including both graduate and undergraduate students, actually posted a healthy 9.2 percent increase in 2008, according to Open Doors.
Other countries saw even larger gains. Enrollments from Vietnam climbed 46.2 percent, matching the previous year's increase, while enrollments from Saudi Arabia, fueled by a large government scholarship program, jumped 28.2 percent. The number of Nepalese students studying in the United States surged by 29.6 percent.
But the most significant development was the growth in Chinese students, whose numbers swelled by 21.1 percent over all and by nearly 60 percent at the undergraduate level. The rise is even more pronounced at some institutions. Doctoral-level institutions, for example, reported an increase of 130 percent, on average, in Chinese undergraduates, Ms. Blumenthal says.
Anecdotally, at least, that growth appears to be sustained. At the University of Southern California, which once again enrolled more international students than any other American college, the number of Chinese students increased 61 percent this fall. Forty percent of Purdue University's latest international freshman class this fall is Chinese.
What's behind that trend? Thanks to a push by their government to make secondary education universal, more Chinese students are seeking college degrees, but there are not enough colleges, and too few high-quality institutions, to meet the need. A decline in the value of the dollar has put an American education in reach of middle-class Chinese families—who probably had already been salting away much of their disposable income to pay for education.
"The day their child was born, these families were dreaming of studying in the United States," says Nithyanantha J. Sevanthinathan, director of international programs for the Lone Star College system.
There also is growing interest in China in American-style liberal-arts education.
Jialu Chen was so intent on studying at a liberal-arts college that she applied to 28 before eventually settling on Mount Holyoke College, in part because of a generous financial-aid package. "They really value education and develop you to be a full person," says Ms. Chen, a mathematics and international-relations major from Shanghai. "They give you a lot of attention."
The dean of the college, Ms. Chen volunteers with some amazement, recently sent her an e-mail message checking to see how she was handling her heavy course load, of 28 credits.
Ms. Chen, now a sophomore, is part of a wave of Chinese students at Mount Holyoke. In 2001 the women's college had just 10 Chinese students, says Jane B. Brown, vice president for enrollment and college relations; it now enrolls 116, the most from any foreign country.
Having such a large group of students from a single foreign country has raised some concerns, says Donna Van Handle, the college's dean of international students. "It's easier to default to talking in their native language," she says. "We have to think of ways to get them out of their little groups."
Chinese recruiters also attribute the increase to a move by some American colleges to offer conditional admission to students whose English-language skills might not otherwise meet entrance standards. With a provisional offer in hand, students can polish their English at the college or at an approved language school before taking an English-proficiency exam.
Conditional admissions may appeal to students who don't have time to sit for both the English test and China's rigorous national entrance exam, says Percy Ho, vice president for overseas development at AOJI Enrolment Centre.
Economic Effects
In addition, American colleges are simply becoming more active recruiters in China.
The University of Southern California, for example, opened an office in Shanghai this spring, which will aid with recruitment as well as with the university's other international activities.
"It's a critical area for us," Jerome A. Lucido, the university's vice provost for enrollment policy and management, said by phone from Hong Kong, where five staff members were about to leave for mainland China on a recruiting tour.
Other colleges are also trying to step up their overseas recruiting, in China and elsewhere. Mr. Sevanthinathan, of Lone Star, traveled to India this fall and hopes to visit China next year. The five-campus community-college system, outside Houston, has drawn foreign students in the past through personal or family connections, but Mr. Sevanthinathan argues that two-year colleges could appeal to even more students as an affordable path to college. (Foreign-student enrollments at community colleges increased 10.5 percent in 2008-9.)
"You can't just sit on the sidelines and rely on word of mouth," says Mr. Sevanthinathan, who came to the United States from Indonesia as a student.
In fact, many of the institutions that reported international enrollment increases this fall credit active recruitment efforts.
But fiscal belt-tightening has squeezed international-recruitment budgets at many colleges, leaving them to rely on more novel and cost-effective ways to attract top students. Mount Holyoke, for example, has improved its international-admissions Web site and appointed student volunteers to deal specifically with international applicants. The Rochester Institute of Technology is cultivating relationships with universities and governments to draw larger numbers of qualified students. The university has 61 students from Kazakhstan through a government scholarship program, says James G. Miller, senior vice president for enrollment management and career services.
At Cal State-Long Beach, where travel restrictions have nixed biannual overseas recruitment trips, Mr. Curtis, the assistant vice president for international education, hopes to draw students from closer to home, at nearby community colleges. About 70 percent of the university's incoming international undergraduates are usually transfers from two-year institutions. But admissions freezes and limits on the number of students the university can accept from outside its local area have shut out many of those students, too, he says.
"They're ready to transfer, and we're putting up a stop sign," Mr. Curtis says. "The policy isn't directed at international students, but it's affecting them."
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Which shop did Anita Roddick open in Brighton in 1976, leading to a highly successful chain of stores now trading in over 40 countries worldwide? | The Body Shop International Case Study Business Essay
The Body Shop International Case Study Business Essay
Published:
Last Edited:
23rd March, 2015
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
The Body Shop International (Body Shop) is a multinational company which is mainly producing ecological skin and hair products.The company offers over 1200 naturally produced healthy and beauty products generally target at woman. The products focus is shampoos, conditioners, bath products, soaps and skin creams but also includes fragrance, spa products, and beauty-related accessories. Their products are solely based on natural ingredients and manufactured according to an ethical code which is opposed to animal testing. The cosmetics franchise is considered to be one of the biggest around the globe with a well established reputation in 54 countries. L'Oreal, the dominant company in the beauty industry, acquired Body shop in 2006. Although Body Shop has become a subsidiary of L'Oreal S.A it still acts according to its own policy, values and ethical code. The acquisition has solved Body Shop's financial problems and has provided the means for expansion to a bigger market share.(1***************)
The updations since the case study was written can be summarised as: In 2002 Anita Ruddick launched her own website "www.AnitaRoddick.com" in 2001 and an activism portal "www.TakeItPersonally.org" in 2004. At that time number of shops were were1500 Body shop but nowit exceeded over 2500. During 2003 The Body Shop launched a global campaign to raise awareness and funds to help those affected by domestic violence. The Stop Violence in the Home campaign builds on almost a decade of campaigning on the issue in a number of markets, including Canada, the USA, and West Malaysia. The campaign aims to highlight the issue, raise money to support the work of groups. . In 2007 The Body Shop join forces with MTV in a new brand partnership to raise funds and awareness about HIV and AIDS amongst young people, through the Spray to Change campaign. The money raised goes to the Staying Alive Foundation, a charity who fund with grass roots organizations raising awareness and educating young and at-risk groups about HIV and AIDS .(1***************)(2) .
Task 2
A brief review and discussion on company's key acheivements and significant changes over the last few years and how the company has adopted to emerging themes like corporate social responsibility ,ethical marketing, globalisation,etc.
800 words
Significant Changes: The first The Body Shop store was opened by Anita Rodrick on 26th March 1976 in Brighton, on the south coast of England. It was declared a public company in 1985 and soon after that it created an Environmental Projects Department of its own. The first Community Trade product of The Body Shop was a Footsie Roller which was produced in 1986 by a supplier in southern India. In 2006, as part of the ongoing Stop Violence in the Home and for conducting the study on domestic violence against children, The Body Shop created a partnership with UNICEF and the United Nations Secretary-General's Study on Violence against Children. The Body Shop becomes part of the L'Oréal Group and de-listed from the London Stock Exchange on July 12 2006. It operates independently within the L'Oréal Group and was led by the current management team of The Body Shop.
Key acheivements
The body shop was the first international cosmetics company to sign up to the Humane Cosmetics Standard, supported by leading international animal protection groups.
The Body Shop Values Reports are recognized (1995 & 1997) as trailblazing by United Nations Environmental Program and Sustainability, and ranked highest in their review of International Corporate Environmental Reports.
The Body Shop is the first global retailer to join the Board of the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil, working with NGOs and plantations to protect tropical rainforests and improve the human rights of workers and indigenous people.
The Body Shop is the winner of PETA's Proggy (progress) awards for its ongoing commitment to avoid animal testing.
During 2005 The Body Shop was awarded for achieving higher standards of animal welfare in the cosmetic category at the first annual awards of the Royal Society of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the UK(3***************)
Corporate & Social responsibility
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) or corporate citizenship entails companies behaving in a socially responsible manner, and dealing with other business parties who do the same.It imlpies:
An obligation, beyond that required by the law and economics, for a firm to pursue long term goals that are good for society
The continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as that of the local community and society at large
About how a company manages its business process to produce an overall positive impact on society.
The Body Shop is a manufacturer and retailer of naturally inspired, ethically produced beauty and cosmetics products. According to The Body Shop Corporate Social Responsibility website, "If business comes with no moral sympathy or honorable code of behaviors, then God help us all." is The Body Shop's mantra.
Let's discuss few examples to see how does it is applied at Body Shop.
a)Sustainable Supply Chain Strategy
The Body Shop works with its suppliers to promote socially responsible practices in its supply chain as part of its supply chain strategy. This is part of its wider Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility .
The Body Shop launched Community Trade. It is a targeted supply chain strategy to purchase natural ingredients and accessories from socially or economically marginalized communities around the world. It gives these producers access to a market that would otherwise be out of reach and provides a fair and reliable income, as well as a commitment to creating a sustainable business.
For example, The Body Shop's moisturizing socks produced by a Community Trade Supplier, Craft Aid in Mauritius, provides employment to 160 people, 40% of which have disabilities.
b)Engaging the Community through Community-based Projects
One approach to engaging in corporate social responsibility is through community-based development projects.
An example
The Body Shop's launch of the 2008 Stop Violence in the Home campaign on the theme of friendship. By providing practical tools to empower women to provide support to friends in need, the campaign aimed to be a source of inspiration and support for millions of women around the world.
. The Stop Violence in the Home campaign also raised £1.9 million by 2008 and reached 56 markets. In each market, all the funds raised were donated to the chosen non-profit charity organization, to help fund vital projects of prevention, support, and protection for women and children.
4)
Body Shop and Compaigns
The campaign for UK-wide ban on animal testing of cosmetic products and ingredients started in November 1998, and the largest ever petition (four million signatures) being delivered to the European Commission in 1996.
Homeless people: The Big issue paper for homeless people began as a The Body Shop Foundation project launching in 1991.
Awareness of HIV and AIDS amongst young people: In 2007 The Body Shop joined hands with MTV to raise funds and awareness about HIV and AIDS amongst young people.
.
Ethical Marketing
As a cosmetic retailer, The Body Shop defied most accepted marketing practices. In an industry where 30 cents on every dollar of sales was typically devoted to advertising, the company had no marketing or advertising department. They operate according to criteria, which places more emphasis on human values than on strictly commercial considerations. Anita Roddick spends most of her time doing the marketing activities such as campaigns and conferences.
The Body Shop never advertised in newspapers or magazines because this type of promotion would increase the cost of the product. For The Body Shop, the most effective and useful way of advertising is to use its shops and its staff, as well as using issues awareness, such as "Activate Self-Esteem".
Example
The Body Shop launched a campaign using the "Ruby Doll" - a realistic looking doll to promote real women. They used it in their stores, hosted debates, funded research, and held conferences all related to self-esteem, all activities that point back to The Body Shop.
Anita Roddick said about advertisement
"There's no example of anyone doing what we're doing in America and making it work…"
Globalization
Globalization represents the increasing integration of economics, communications and culture across national boundaries. In today's society, corporations and enterprises are expanding their businesses in the global markets. Globalization is necessary for success and survival in the worldwide market; however, global competition is not easy .
For BodyShop the opportunities are in wide array not only on the part of venturing into regions with much income and profit to gain but also an opportunity to share and provide quality products to fashion-conscious people with vogue to fashion lifestyle.Its successful and widely-known corporate culture,its organisational structure,its managements styles and its well-controled and regulated franchise system effectively support the global expansion of Body Shop,under the cosmetic giant L'Oreal along with its strong brand name,into more isolated , under-deveolped and less developing counbtries in Africa and Asia.
Task3
A critical evaluation of limitation and benefits of growing concept and popularity of 'free market' to body shop.
A free market is market without economic intervention and interference and regulation by government except to enforce ownership ("property rights") and contracts. It is the opposite of a ,controlled market where the government regulates how the means of production, goods, and services are used, priced, or distributed. all markets within it are unregulated by any parties other than those players in the market.
A market economy based on supply and demand with little or no government control. A completely free market is an idealized form of a market economy where buyers and sells are allowed to transact freely (i.e. buy/sell/trade) based on a mutual agreement on price without state intervention in the form of taxes, subsidies or regulation.
Free markets contrast sharply with regulated markets, in which governments directly or indirectly regulate prices or supplies, which according to free-market theory causes markets to be less efficient.
Advantageous of free market economy
1. market economies can adjust to change easily( If there is a demand for one thing, companies have the ability to change what they produce instead of having to go through too much government protocol first)
2. Rational self interest in market economies are also encouraged (allow freedom for people to do what they want, make what they want, and, sell what they want -to a certain extent-, this can also be described as being able to decide what is going to be produced , how it is going to be produced and for  whom it is going to be produced). the government tries to stay out of the way of businesses- Although the government sets certain standards businesses must follow- for the most part businesses can do as they please.
3. there is a great variety of goods and services for consumers ( If there is a demand for a good or service, the demand will almost always be met in a market economy).
4. market economy encourage competitive environment, ( competition does encourage innovation, and the free market economy has produced well over a century of dizzying technical progress. At the same time productivity has also increased at a phenomenal rate.  competition is one of the basic reasons why there are generally so many different varieties  of goods  for consumers to choose from .
Also Free economy promotes economic innovation in several ways:
By spurring product competition among companies in the same line of business
By exposing domestic firms to the best new ideas around the world
Enabling local firms to import high-technology capital equipment and know-how, so that they can manufacture products and deliver services at lower costs
Examples
Market economy has come to be accepted as a norm across the world with many developing countries like Africa, India and China moving towards a full-market oriented economy and we have seen the Body Shop ,based on strong ethical and corporate culture,widely benefits from the
availablity of free market without compromising its ethical standards and organisational
values.
.Limitations of Free Market
As the government meddles and attempts to control the economy, it causes economic strife.
A countries interests aren't taken care of, in a free market you vote with your dollars. If there is a russian speaking client base, you learn to speak russian.
Doesn't work well for services such as health care.
: No goverment involved means some products could be harmful to people
It is not as disciplined and secured as regular market.
Sometimes this works, but as 2008 is showing, sometimes it doesn't.  Especially in a market-based economy, where people want to make a profit, some unscrupulous folks may enhance their own profit margin at the expense of others, such as the consumer. The tendency toward profit may weaken the self-policing aspects, and the consumer may not receive the best deal.
Strategy for Body Shop
Although Free market economies have been successful in developed economies, will not be so in developing countries and the only recourse for them is the model of the mixed economy or social market economy. The welfare role of the state is retained in a social market economy which cares for the poor. In cases where the poor countries are striving towards a free market economy, there should be certain segments controlled by the state but with prevalence of free enterprise such that efficiency is restored and the country moves towards economic prosperity. Free market economy under centralized political control is the most effective way for these countries.
In a mixed type economy, both the private ownership as well as the state takes part in the means of production, distribution and other types of economic activities.both free-market and regulatory forces are at work.  Some see these forces as being at odds with each other; others feel that the economy works at its peak when both forces are working together.  Whatever you believe, many countries, including the United States, have both systems at work simultaneously, and the balance between the two dictates how the economy, overall, will trend. In reality, all economies are mixed, though there are wide variations in the amount of mix and the balance between public and private sectors. For example, in Cuba the government allocates the vast majority of resources, while in Europe most economies have an even mix between markets and planning.
Economic systems can be evaluated in terms of how efficient they are in achieving economic objectives.
( 5)
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(accessed on 12june 2010)
As it has very strong corporate culture ,supply chain management ,community involvements across globe ,effective compaign against poverty and ethical issues,it has the potential to accommodate itself to needs of varing economies,whether free or regulated,or mixed economy, and sucessfully stay competitive.
Task 4
Examination and Evaluation of organizational design and structure of Body shop and key management practices:
In 2006,The Body Shop becomes part of the L'Oréal Group . It retains its unique identity and Values and continues to be based in the United Kingdom. It operates independently within the L'Oréal Group and is led by the current management team of The Body Shop reporting directly to the CEO of L'Oréal, Jean-Paul Agon.
The organizational structureof Body Shop has five basic elements as per Henry Mintzberg's definition of organisation.
The Operating Core: Employees who perform the basic work related to the production of products and services. In The Body Shop the operating core is product design and graphic design and production department.
The Strategic Core: Top level Management who are charged with the overall responsibility for the organization. In the case of The Body Shop its CEO and Top Line managers are its strategic core making policies and regulation for the management, execution and control. direction of the organization keeping in mind the factors of organization's reputation, existence, expansion and growth.
The Middle Line: Managers, who contact the operating core to the strategic apex.
The Techno structure: Analyst who have the responsibility for affecting the certain forms of standardization in the organization e.g. In the case of Body Shop the techno team consists of its IT department, accountant, work scheduler, long range planner.
The Support Staff: People who fill the staff unit, who provide indirect support services for the organization. In the Body shop the following departments are basically main supporting department e.g. Public relation; marketing department including in store staff, warehouse department and distribution department, payroll department(6)(1***************)
6)
Organizational Design of the Body Shop: As per the website of organization, the basic design of the Body shop includes the following [ 1 ] :
The Body Shop
source (7)
Organization values
"Business organization are not just for the profit -their resources can be used to promote wider purposes .the inspiration and the set of values associated guide the trading principles of body shop management, which are :
They aim to ensure that human and civil rights, as set out in the universal declaration of human rights, are respected throughout their business activities.
They will support ling term, sustainable relationship with communities in need.
They will use environmentally sustainable resources wherever technically and economically viable
They will promote animal protection throughout their business activities and in many ways
The overall corporate culture and marketing stategies of Body Shop support these ethical values.
Body Shop organizational structure and global expansion
The Body Shop operates within a regional divisional structure. Centralized head offices in the United Kingdom (London and Littlehampton) maintain global corporate and support functions. The company is then divided into four regions: UK and the Republic of Ireland (ROI), the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, and South Africa, and Asia Pacific. Within each region are both company-owned stores and franchises as outlined.
The divisional nature of the structure allows regional managers to "focus efforts on improving operations in the (regions) for which they are responsible and the corporate officers can devote their time to overall strategic issues for the entire corporation" (Dess G., 2006, p. 297).
. This structure helps to accommodate rapid expansion . Within the divisional structure and critical to TBS's international expansion strategy is master franchising, "whereby the franchisor (TBS) grants the master franchisee (the regional division) the right to franchise the franchisor's concept to others within an exclusive territory, creating a tripartite agreement." (Doherty, 1999)
"By appointing a head franchisee in each major national market,Roddick was able to concentrate on the development of new productlines and the company's global vision, rather than worry about the complexities of administration or personnel management" (HBR p. 4).
Under this structure, there is a free-flow of information between headquarters and regions, however the regional divisions become responsible for providing information and monitoring the sub-franchisees. It also allows Body Shop head office to focus on corporate strategic issues.
(8)(1***************)
Stakeholder culture
Its stakeholder culture is its core competence. This culture includes everything from commitment to the community, to the environment and to the protection of animals. The use of stakeholder consultation in combination with public reporting is a great way to assure that that organization is maintaining their commitment of delivering value to the stakeholders.
9) (1***************)
Discuss entrepreneurship and leadership style of founder,Anita Roderick. 500 Words
Anita roddick- entrepreneur
An entrepreneur is one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. Entrepreneurs live in the future. They have creative personalities, are innovative, and thrive on change. Anita Roddick is certainly a great entrepreneur. Everything that embodies her exploits involves education and change.()----definition.
Entrepreneurs have a vision of something new and they want to see how far it can go. Entrepreneurs find the best way of pushing ideas along. Entrepreneurs use money to oil the wheels of success. Entrepreneurship has three parts, the person, the idea and the resources
For example her "trade not aid" has invaluable consequences for nations and people around the world. But that is what entrepreneurs do! Entrepreneurs make change.
Lets discuss few qualities of Anita as an entrepreneur.
control Factor
She prefered environments where they have maximum authority and responsibility and do not work well in traditionally structured organizations. Like Entrepreneurs she had a need to create and achieve by having control over events.it is important as it helps demonstrate the self-determination of an organisation, which helps determine a higher rate of entrepreneur activity.
Risk Taking
Entrepreneurs are determined to engage in risky actions in order to come up with new prospects.Likewise she has the courage and the persistence to engage in her venture, even without the assurance of succeeding.. It may look like she is taking high risks, but in actuality she had assessed the risks thoroughly.
Entrepreneur's value system
The third personal factor is the entrepreneur's value system, which entails examination, understanding of one's place in the society, and the individual's idea about persons and things . They have a never-ending sense of urgency to do something. This corresponds with a high energy level.This includes the perception and the achievement motivations of the entrepreneur, for their values determine their attitude towards their dedication with their work.
Entrepreneur's problem solving style
Innovation and problem solving capabilities are expected to be the core of the entrepreneurial capability of an entrepreneur, for they are faced with a number of challenges as they try to implement new ideas and solve problems, so their innovativeness counts. This helps entrepreneurs identify relationships in complex situations. Chaos does not bother them because they can conceptualize order. Problems are quickly identified and solutions offered.
Employees/Environment
''Most businesses focus all the time on profits, profits, profits…I have to say I think that is deeply boring.I want to create an electricity and passion that bonds people to the company''.(Anita Roddick)
she always strived hard to provide and maintain healthy cultures, where employees felt the belief that they are part of an exciting future.They come to work with a fire inside them, a result of clearly stated leadership and business practices that everyone explicitly understands.Every person in the company knows how to individually contribute to its future.As an great entrpreneur Anita Selected Staff that Support the Vision of the Corporation.
Corporate Governance-Anita's Decision -making
As part of the efficient qualities of Roddick entrepreneurship, the Body Shop is actually considering the concept of effective corporate governance as their competitive advantage.Anita Roddick, as head of the decision-making body of the company, created a good system not only in selling their products but also in maintaining expressive relationship to their overall stakeholders. The Board of Body Shop has been able to attain complete control of all matters regarding the company. Their self-perseverance and obligation to their duties and finally, their obedience to the company laws all contribute to the development of the corporation. The Board's authority is clearly recognised within the company. And because of this, it is able to have a solid grip on the corporation's actual operations, stakeholders and its financial concerns.
Clearly, these facts prove the strength of the company's corporate governance structure which is actually reflection of entrepreneur skills of Anita Roddick.
External factors culture, role models, work experience, education, and environment also contribute to make great entrepreneur.
.Anita Roddick's educational and professional career is fine instance in this regard.
These factors determine the success in business ventures by its interaction and interrelation, which brings good effects to the company . Continous Strategic growth and strong brand name of body shop is clear example of Anita 's skills as an entrepreneur.(10)
Conclusion
Dame Anita Roddick deserves the praises for her exemplary performance as an entrepreneur. She has become successful because of the clear goals that she wants her Body Shop to have and attain. In her case, risk undertaking, creativity and being innovative, and beliefs, are the factors that made her a successful entrepreneur. The first step is not to succeed in the marketplace, but to enter the marketplace with a strong identity. The Body Shop is just somebody's body shop. Now, it is everybody else's "body shop."
" From product development to human resource management, The Body Shop has been described as "innovative," "daring," and even "radical". But there is no question it was successful."
(HBR p. 4)
Task6
A discussion on Body shop's position in contemporary era-(discuss in relation to globalisation,emerging management theories,significant internal changes and emerging roles of free market. 800 words.
Body Shop has various competitors in cosmetic industry such as Proctor and Gamble, Unilever, Shiseido, L'Oreal, Avon , Revlon Boots ,Nectar ,Bath & Body Works, Origins, and Aveda etc.
Let's use follwing competitive business model to analyse Body Shop's competitive environment as general view.
Please see Appendex for Porter's Five Forces Industry Competitive Analysis
6.1)SWOT Analysis
The SWOT analysis helps to identify major factors in the internal and external environment of a company. A SWOT analysis of Body Shop identifies areas on which the company needs to focus on in order to improve company performance, so that we analysis and see the various stages of the SWOT analysis.
Strengths
Brand Loyalty - Body Shop is greatly dependent on its brand reputation which is a critical factor in sales. Due to its unique products, it has come out to be seen as one of the most environmentally friendly retailers.
L'Oreal's support - L'Oreal's experience in advertisement,global brand development,investment capital and marketing can boost overall sales.
Community Trade -TBS sources low-cost raw material from disadvantaged communities worldwide. As commitment to this program increase, the company will be able to capitalize on these cost savings and value creating activities.
Global Position -TBS is located in 55 countries worldwide, reducing its exposure to market risks in one region. Due to this company in a good position and take advantages of growth opportunities in and around these region while increased global awareness of the company.
Niche marketing - Body Shop targets a niche market. By stating that it is not testing its products on animals and by appearing to have an ecological profile, it has appealed to customers with ethical issues. Being the only shop in the shopping centre that sells ecological products, has given it advantage in the local market.
Charity support - Body Shop provides financial aid in charities by giving small amount of money.
Management-it has very focused management and staff due to effective corporate culture.
Weaknesses
Operation Cost- A decline in profitability was experienced in 2006, due to inefficient inventory supply management and increasing operating costs as a result of reorganization and franchise. Given the growth of the organization and its recent restructuring, it is critical for The Body Shop to focus on improving operational efficiency. Reducing inventory holdings and improving efficiencies within the supply chain are a great place to start in the context.
Untrust on L'Oreal- Body Shop ,unlike L'Oreal, has very strict policy on no animal testing for cosmetic products whci create potential environment of mistrust about new policy of L'Oreal after its acquiring of Body Shop. This indicated a loss of market share within this strategic regions. this decline is likely to be the backlash of TBS'loyal consumers to the change in ownership. That is the weakness in future.Body Shop has to make sure it values and environmental policies should be observed along with L'Oreal.
Opportunities
Expanding market - Emerging market in developing countries with the increase in consumers spending in developing countries, large markets with high population are emerging in the Russian and Jordanian markets and can now focus on other growing markets in countries such as Pakistan, China and India. The growth potential of these markets is what is driving the growth of entire industry.
Male Segmentation- with the growing number of men interested in health and beauty productsthere is expanding tendency for Male grooming products . For example In 2006 the total market for male grooming products reached to $3 billion .This segment has a great potential if the trends continue. They increase products access to customers, increasing awareness, sales.and profits.
Internet Channel- As consumers become more engaged on the internet and with direct sales, L'Oreal has the opportunity to expand these channels to their fullest capacity through introducing them in new and emerging markets.
Threats
L'Oreal different values-As a top performer in C&T industry, L'Oreal is known to support various activities that are not in-line with TBS's values, such as using ingredients tested on animals. The takeover of TBS by L'Oreal has cause some supporters to feel that TBS's values no longer represents their own and they will therefore not support the company anymore. This causes a backlash and resulted in declined sales and profit.
Price- Market may become price sensitive.if price is major driving factor for consumer buying behaviour then Body Shop has to revise its pricing strategy to stay in competition because its product prices are comaparatively higher .
More Competition-Market segment growth could attract major competion.the wider competition is in the market is always threat to Body Shop both domestically and internationally.so it has to stay one step ahead of its competitors in terms of product design and customer satisfaction.
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Management Styles at Body Shop
Staff Motivation
"Most businesses focus all the time on profits, profits, profits…I have to say I think that is deeply boring. I want to create an electricity and passion that bonds people to the company"Anita Roddick (HBR p. 6)
The Body Shop has healthy culture,its employees aren't kept in the dark; rather they are supported in the belief that they are part of an exciting future. They come to work with a fire inside them, a result of clearly stated leadership and business practices that everyone explicitly understands. Every person in the company knows how to individually contribute to its future. It has the environment where management encourage staff to ask questions to find better working methods, encourage debate. It is always supportive of new ideas which th keeps people interested and innovative.
Such culture involve staff in decision making and it make heroes of employees who personify what company wants to see. It encourages to promote 2 way assessments staff to managers and managers to staff. And it helps to ensure staff that they are not a lone voice. Allow them to grow.
Hiring Staff
The Body Shop select Staff that Support the Vision of the Corporation .It looks for people who have energy and curiosity. They should be able to take information and run with it. It always aims to employ
"big" people with big thinking and big ideas. Employ people that will fit in.
General environment at Body Shop
Guiding people to the source of their own power.
Creating a commitment to common goals and shared values.
Weaving social and environmental dimensions into the fabric of the company.
There is a tangible sense of euphoria.
There is a sense of real energy about the place.
There is a sense of joyful amateurism and fun.
There is a sense of caring, family and community.
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Such management styles and healthy corporate culture transform and motivate employees to produce best individual results which contibute to organisational growth and success.they are no more ordinary staff and people ;they are passionate and highly charge team-members contributing organisational sucess,both locally and globally.So,we see from a single shop opening in Brighton in 1976 has sprung hundreds of franchises throughout the world. Anita sees the responsibility of business as being supportive to the community both locally and globally.
References
| The Body Shop |
Zola Budd was blamed for the fall of which fellow athlete as they ran together in the 3000 metres final at the 1984 Olympic Games? | Rain-forest Chic, by Jon Entine, The Globe and Mail Report on Business Magazine
The Globe and Mail Report on Business Magazine
Rain-forest Chic
by Jon Entine
Maybe Ben & Jerry's and The Body Shop set themselves up for a fall by appearing to have a monopoly on making an honest buck. But their struggles are a lesson on how little we know about the minefield of "ethical" marketing.
"The church used to be the dominant force in our lives." The burly, rumpled speaker with wild hair sounds almost professorial as he builds a case for the coming New Age of profits with principles. "Then came the nation-states, where we looked to government for support and guidance. That era is ending."
Who would have thought that this ruby-faced college dropout would one day hold an audience spellbound with his version of intellectual history. "Today," says Ben Cohen, sounding now like an earnest Republican at a Rotary Club luncheon, "we are in the era of business. Business is our new universal community. We are the leaders who can turn business into a positive social force."
The crowd breaks into applause. The affection, and indeed the adulation, can be felt by everyone in the room. It is a June celebration to open the Los Angeles chapter of Business for Social Responsibility, a trade group that promotes itself as environmentally and socially progressive, and the audience has come to hear its hero. Ben Cohen, 43, and his high-school buddy, Jerry Greenfield, started mixing up batches of ice cream 16 years ago at an abandoned gas station in Burlington, Vt. Today, Chunky Monkey, Cherry Garcia and Rainforest Crunch are staples for fortysomethings everywhere. Although he no longer runs the company day to day, Cohen remains the chairman and lovable, eccentric corporate symbol of Ben & Jerry's Homemade Inc., which has seven Canadian outlets and worldwide sales of about $200 million (U.S.).
The soul of Ben & Jerry's is natural, artery-clogging ice cream and a quixotic social philosophy. It is one of the best known of a growing list of "progressive" firms such as skin-and-hair-care franchisor The Body Shop International PLC (BSI), eco-friendly apparel makers Patagonia and Esprit de Corp, and Tom's of Maine, which sells natural toothpaste and personal-care products.
Cohen's company has set an impressive standard of ethical innovation. It publishes a state-of-the-art social audit of its operations, gives an astonishing 7.5% of pretax profits to charity, buys only local dairy products to help preserve the family farm, and refuses to back down from its support of peace and social-justice causes even if that means alienating some potential customers.
Ben Cohen is more the rule than the exception among successful, New Age entrepreneurs. Many grew up in the sixties, their values shaped by civil-rights activism, Vietnam protests, free love, drugs and an unremitting belief in the moral and cultural ascendancy of the baby-boom generation. Many now run public companies that have ridden the green wave into the hearts, minds and pocketbooks of eco-consumers. Cohen and the founders of other successful eco-businesses, who in many cases are worth millions and even hundreds of millions of dollars in company stock, now jet around the world spreading the New Age gospel of anticapitalist business.
Cohen rails on to his audience about the greedy, soulless character of Corporate America, and then boasts of how a corporation has made a difference in helping save the rain forest. "The success of our Rainforest Crunch," says Cohen, "shows that harvesting Brazil nuts is a profitable alternative for Amazon natives who have seen their lands ravaged to create grazing areas or for mining." The crowd is on its feet. It is an inspiring moment.
Yet Ben & Jerry's own 1995 annual report, released just days before, carries the not-so-socially responsible details of what some anthropologists are calling the "rain-forest fiasco." While the label of Rainforest Crunch, one of Ben & Jerry's flagship products, suggests that buying the ice cream helps preserve the Amazon's endangered rain forests, the documented social benefits of its Third World microproject are ambiguous at best.
The popular fascination for social marketerswho have built an image as a leading force of social changeobscures a far more complex reality. Consumers with a high tolerance for pricey goodsmost New Age products command a hefty premium over ordinary brandsplay a modest role in raising awareness of social problems. At worst, though, cause-related marketing can be little more than baby-boom agitprop, masking serious lapses at socially conscious firms.
The small companies in the vanguard of the movement are learning that "social responsibility" is a margin game: When profits are rolling in, as they were in the 1980s, progressive gestures are painless. But now, as they face growing pains and intense worldwide competition, many of these enlightened firms are firing workers, closing inner-city stores, cutting back on charity projects, and making their products in overseas sweatshops. In other words, they are acting like most businesses when confronted with difficult bottom-line challenges.
This not-so-pristine reality has been largely absent from the coverage of New Age entrepreneurs because the journalists who have so slavishly chronicled their prior success share with the firms some common cultural values. Many have convinced themselves that growing up protesting Vietnam and environmental degradation forever marks them as progressives, even though they now drive BMWs instead of VWs, and their closest brush with social responsibility in a Ben & Jerry's Peace Pop.
Ironically, the social and environmental contributions of New Age business pale when compared with the substantial reforms taking place in major corporations. Selling quality products, treating employees, vendors and franchisees with integrity, and upgrading their environmental practices are improvements, they have discovered, that go straight to the bottom line. And given their massive financial resources, many familiar blue-chip firms are in a better position than New Age entrepreneurs to effect social change as they quietly, but determinedly, adopt higher standards of affirmative hiring, pollution abatement and community involvement practices. "Even a tiny, 1% improvement in the environmental standards of a DuPont of a Monsanto," says corporate ethics guru Paul Hawken, author of The Ecology of Commerce, "will have a more meaningful impact than creating a hundred new Patagonias."
We'll look at some unheralded examples of progress on the corporate social responsibility front. But first, a sobering behind-the-gloss look at some firms that have gotten rich and famous by "having a heart" and wearing on their sleeves.
Efforts to "save the rain forest" have brought together two popular movements: the environmentalists' struggle to protect the forest against clear-cutting and the romantic quest to preserve indigenous cultures. Capitalism-on-the-Amazon as popularized by Ben & Jerry's and The Body Shop has an almost serendipitous history, In 1988, after a Grateful Dead rain forest fundraising concert, Cohen found himself at a party where a Cambridge, Mass. anthropologist explained his pet project of saving the rain forest. The anthropologist convinced Cohen that Amazon natives could achieve self-sufficiency by selling fruits and nuts instead of selling mining and logging rights. A few days later, Cohen was mixing up batches of Brazil-nut brittle ice cream in his Vermont kitchen. Simultaneously, Rainforest Crunch and the rain-forest harvest were born.
The eco-capitalism movement got a big boost the following spring when Sting, The Body Shop founder Anita Roddick and other celebrities turned that year's Amazon peoples' conference in Altamira, Brazil, into an international media event. Within months, BSI was selling rain-forest hair rinse and bath beads while Ben & Jerry's launched Rainforest Crunch. Both companies promoted their rain-forest products as eco-friendly solutions to mining and clear-cutting.
"Money from these nuts," read the label for Rainforest Crunch ice cream when it was launched in 1990, "helps to show that rain forests are more profitable when...cultivated for traditional harvest than when their trees are cut and burned for short-term gain." The product was an overwhelming, overnight successat least for Ben & Jerry's which reaped millions of dollars' worth of free publicity for showing how profits and principles can go hand in hand.
The view from Amazonia was quite different. Amazon peoples' groups and anthropologists feared opening up this fragile area even to supposedly friendly capitalists. There also is no evidence to support the central premise of the harvestthat nuts could ever approximate the income that natives collect by selling off land rights to miners and foresters.
The anticipated source for Ben & Jerry's nutsthe Xapuri co-operative in the Amazonnever produced the necessary quality or quantity to meet exploding demand. And the description of the Xapuri cooperative as "forest peoples" was odd: The co-op is largely run by ethnic Europeans and mixed-blood rubber tappers who arrived as contract workers at the turn of the century during an earlier wave of rain-forest exploitation.
The harvest soon proved a windfall for the landowners who have long controlled trade in this region. To meet demand, the agency purchasing nuts on Ben & Jerry's behalf, in which Cohen was a partner, was forced to buy from the commercial markets supplied by some of the most notorious, antilabour agribusinesses in Latin America, including the Mutran family, which has been linked in Brazilian press reports with the killings of labor organizers. By the spring of 1994, the Xapuri had cut off all supplies, saying their own harvesting efforts were hopelessly uneconomic. The project has run in the red for the past three years, generating none of the promised charitable contributions to the Amazonians that were to have flowed from sales of Rainforest Crunch. And there is no evidence that the harvest has provided an incentive for forest natives to curtail their auctioning of land, mining and timber rights. "It's really a disingenuous marketing strategy to say if you spend $2.99, you'll help save the rain forest," says Michelle McKinley, executive director of Cultural Survival, which used to run the project for Ben & Jerry's. "We rushed into this project recklessly. We created a fad market overnight and the hard-sell promotions have contributed to a lot of confusion. The harvest just didn't work."
Even Ben & Jerry's latest annual report takes the company to task. "It is a legitimate question," writes environmentalist Paul Hawken, who conducted the audit, "whether representations made on Ben & Jerry's Rainforest Crunch package give an accurate impression to the customer." Hawken quotes sharp criticism from Amazon civil-rights groups, then concludes: "There have been...undesirable consequences which some say were predictable and unavoidable." In the five years since Ben & Jerry's launched Rainforest Crunch, traditional commercial suppliers have provided about 95% of the Brazilian nuts used in making the product.
Like many eco-entrepreneurial firms, Ben & Jerry's is a reflection of its hard-driving, frequently myopic leadership, which sometimes admits to major mistakes without correcting them, and turns eager apologies over minor gaffes into yet another marketing promotion. The label on the firm's most famous product was altered in the spring. It no longer tells the story of how purchasers of Rainforest Crunch ice cream are helping aboriginal hut harvesters, but sustainable harvesting in the rain forest is still mentioned. Cohen publicly disputes Hawken's analysis, saying Ben & Jerry's at least meant well, and lamely credits his firm with "creating demand" for rain-forest products.
Ben Cohen often talks about his kinship with Anita Roddick, charismatic founder of U.K.-based The Body Shop International PLC. Cohen and Roddick, 53, are regarded as the king and queen of progressive business.
In 1976, Roddick opened a tiny shop in the faded English resort town of Brighton. It offered "one-stop ear piercing" and sold beauty products with natural-sounding names in refillable plastic bottles. It soon developed a cult following and expanded dramatically through franchising. Today, Anita Roddick and her husband, Gordon, oversee a $1-billion (sales) chain of 1,290 mostly franchised Body Shop outlets in 45 countries. Canada, with 113 storesall of them franchisesis BSI's third-largest market.
Roddick is arguably the most successful self-made businesswoman in the world. For years, no competitor could match her two-for-one sale: Buy a bottle of non-tested-on-animals Brazil-nut hair rinse and get social justice for free. Roddick became a favorite of affluent baby boomers, a New Age feminist heroine weaned on can-do chutzpah and do-right values. "Anita," Ralph Nader told People magazine, "is the most progressive businessperson I know."
BSI, Ben & Jerry's and other eco-marketers have cleverly use cause-related marketing to brand what are essentially commodity productsin this case ice cream and cosmeticsand to fuel a booming niche market in so-called "green" products. They also pad their bottom lines by spending very little, if anything, on conventional advertising. Instead, they benefit from free and largely favorable media coverage of their "new way of doing business." Roddick has long understood the power of the press. As she was preparing to open her first store, a couple of local undertakers started squawking about her use of the name The Body Shop. She went to the local paper, the Evening Argus, and landed her first storya lesson in free media she wouldn't forget. By its own calculations, BSI has racked up as many as 10,000 press mentions in a single year
Despite glowing press, BSI has long been held in mixed regard in the corporate social responsibility movement. Roddick is almost universally admired for stirring debate on important issues: environmental degradation, the use of animal testing on cosmetics and other products, the role of corporations as model community citizens. But the firm is also known for exaggerating its progressive practices.
The Body Shop is more difficult to read than a Ouija board. Its good works, and its reported problems, can be as much a product of head office as its far-flung franchisees in Australia, Japan or Saudi Arabia. Undeniably, though, BSI draws its spirit from its rags-to-riches-to-Robin Hood model, Anita Roddick.
Roddick is a study in contradictions. She is perhaps best known for her relentless campaign for a total ban on animal testing. The company does aggressively enforce its limited ban by refusing to use ingredients tested within the last five years. The practical impact of the ban is limited, however, given that most ingredients in widespread use today were once animal tested; and many of the new ones are developed first for medicinal use, which BSI says puts them outside its rule. In any event, BSI is hardly unique among the scores of major world cosmetics makers that have adopted similar bans on ingredients recently tested on animals. This reality is reflected in BSI's 1989 decision to back down from its testing-related product claims, and change its product labels to replace the slogan NOT TESTED ON ANIMALS with the vague AGAINST ANIMAL TESTING.
At the International Chamber of Commerce Conference in Cancun in 1993, Roddick lambasted the distinguished business and government leaders in the audience for trading with what she called the "torturers" and "despots" in China's political regime, who allow sweatshops to churn out cheap goods for greedy, "nomadic" capitalists who put low labor costs above ethics. Her admonition: Just say no to trading in Chinese goods. The behind-the-rhetoric reality: BSI for years had bought its popular baskets in China, and they continued to be on sale at Roddick's stores even as she spoke.
BSI has earned a reputation as the premier "natural" cosmetic company. But BSI uses mostly off-the-shelf industrial recipes that employ artificial colors, synthetic fragrances and chemical preservatives as base ingredients. It's products don't always fare well in comparison tests. Consumer Reports magazine rated its Dewberry fragrance last out of 66 products it tested; and in 1993, the German magazine Oko-Test (Green Test) found formaldehyde residue in a few BSI products. BSI has been vigorously responding to the quality issues, investing in new-product development and striving to prevent bacteria problems.
While BSI was claiming it was giving away "an inordinately high percentage of pretax profits to often controversial charitable campaigns." And Roddick was saying, "What else do I do with the money than give it away?", there are no records that show BSI gave any money to charity prior to becoming a publicly traded company in 1984. And until 1994, BSI donated less than the U.S. corporate average of 1.5% of pretax profits. In the past two years, as criticism mounted, BSI donated an impressive 3% of pretax profits in 1994 and 2.3% in 1995. Roddick touts her "Trade Not Aid" program as a progressive substitute for handouts and claims she pays "First World wages for Third World goods." In fact, BSI pays going wages and in 1994 paid only about 0.3% of worldwide sales to its Trade Not Aid producers. University of Chicago anthropologist Terence Turner, who has visited BSI's trade project with the Kayapo tribe in Brazil, calls its programs "Aid Not Trade," a play on The Body Shop slogan. "Indigenous cultures give these companies free aid in the form of their green image," Turner says, "with almost no trade in return." Stung by a growing chorus of critics, the company has revamped its ethical trading department and pledges to increase its Third World purchases.
BSI has suffered its share of franchise problems. The small-business committee of the U.S. House of Representatives has received many complaints from BSI franchisees around the world. "[BSI] is a company that promotes itself as operating on a higher ethical plane than others," says Dean Sager, an economist with the committee, which recommends changes to franchise legislation. "In their franchising they are not worse than anyone else, but they certainly don't appear to be any better."
In 1993, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission launched an investigation of alleged BSI violations of the Federal Trade Commission Act in the sale of products and franchises, subpoenaing former franchisees and requesting internal documents and videotapes from BSI. The FTC, which seldom resorts to formal charges in its efforts to reform practices, issued a letter in March saying that "no further action is warranted by the Commission at this time," and that the end of the investigation should not be taken as a sign that a violation had or had not occurred.
Finally, many BSI fans are surprised to learn that BSI shares its name, many of its early products and its vaunted refilling philosophy with an earlier pioneer of socially progressive cosmetics, The Body Shop of Berkeley, Calif., which opened its doors in 1970. The founders of the tiny U.S. Body Shop chain sold the rights to its name to the Roddicks in 1987 for 3.5 million (U.S.).
Without question, it was Roddick who conquered the world with her version of the concept, but critics are put off by her image as having more or less exclusively invented the idea of progressive cosmetic marketing.
Despite its problems, BSI still has many loyal supporters. "The Body Shop is a leader in socially responsible corporate participation in Canadian society," says Beverly Wybrow, executive director of The Canadian Women's Foundation. She notes that The Body Shop Canada has used promotional campaigns to generate more than $140,000 in funds for domestic-violence prevention programs in which CWF is a partner.
BSI itself suggests that its performance is being judged against unrealistically high standards. "We all admit that we are retailers, pure and simple," says Margot Franssen, president of The Body Shop Canada. "We aren't exactly out to change the world, but instead to make our communities a little bit better." The company operates a state-of-the-art production facility, and it is the rare Canadian firm to offer subsidized on-site day care at its head office.
Depending on one's perspective, Roddick is either a visionary crucified for excessive enthusiasm or an exploiter of idealistic followers. The biggest problem for The Body Shop now is not performanceit has made dramatic strides in almost every area of its operations in the past two yearsbut credibility.
It's a rare company, of course, whose history isn't blemished by occasional inconsistencies between the founder's vision and the way that vision is played out. What's rate in this case is Roddick's strident assertion that she occupies a high moral plane shared only with some of here peers in the New Age fraternity. "Over the past decade, while many businesses have pursued what I call business as usual, I have been part of a different, smaller business movement, one that has tried to put idealism back on the agenda," Roddick told the Mexican conclave of big-business leaders, urging them to follow BSI's example. "We are creating new markets of informed and morally motivated consumers. We are succeeding and thriving as businesses and as moral forces."
Even if they lived up to their reputation as models of a new type of "virtuous capitalism," relatively small, faddish firms have little impact on the economy. In that sense, can they be regarded as being a more powerful force for good than such multibillion-dollar firms as drugmaker Merck & Co. and computer giant Hewlett-Packard Co., which for decades have quietly but conscientiously made large charitable contributions, involved themselves in the communities in which they operate, opened their corporate practices to public scrutiny, and pioneered in management practices that create intensely loyal workforces?
The urge to demonize Big Business and idolize eco-entrepreneurs caricatures the complexity of business. Most companies resemble dysfunctional families. Even the best of them make mistakes or compromise their ideals under bottom-line pressure. "Some of the best environmental programs are the creation of some of the worst polluters." notes Paul Hawken. "Innovative solutions are not the exclusive province of so-called progressive companies. We have to keep an open mind and look for solutions wherever they may be."
Many of those solutions originate with Big Business. At a time when affirmative hiring is a popular target of politicians and right-wing talk-show hosts, companies such as Polaroid Corp,. Texaco Inc. and Dow Chemical Co. are more determined than ever to promote women and minorities into higher levels of management, and have done so far more aggressively than most New Age companies.
Even before the Bhopal tragedy, chemical companies were frequent target of environmentalists. Yet the industry's Responsible Care program of scrupulous controls on the manufacture and use of toxic chemicals, largely designed in Canada and adopted by most major North American chemical producers, is an important initiative that other industries are under pressure to emulate.
Big Oil and Canada's Big Five banks are perennial lightening rods for critics in the ecology and consumer-rights movements, and with some justification. But it's two firms drawn from the ranks of Big Oil and banking, Imperial Oil Ltd. and the Royal Bank of Canada, that are spearheading the Imagine campaign to prod all Canadian corporations, which lag U.S. firms in giving, to raise their donations to at least 1% of pretax profits. Imperial gave about $5 million to 600 groups last year alone; the Royal Bank donated $15 million. By comparison, charitable giving during BSI's entire history as a public company totals less than $6 million.
Just as industries long held in poor regard deserve credit for their efforts to improve, high-profile "cause-related" marketers should be viewed with caution. For "socially responsible" business, whether practiced by New Age firms or hulking multinationals, is a land of contradictions.
Apparel giants Esprit de Corp, Levi Strauss & Co. and The Gap Inc. lavish their employees with progressive benefits, while some of their clothing is manufactured by suppliers that operate sweatshops in countries where human-rights violations are a common occurrence.
Reebok International Ltd., frequently cited as a progressive employer, has made hopscotch its sourcing credo, moving its manufacturing operations from South Korea and Taiwan to China, Indonesia and Thailand in search of the lowest wages. It also recently paid $12.3 million to settle price-fixing charges in the United States.
Baby boomers now seem less interested in sixties ideals of changing the world than "shopping for a better world"the title of a popular "green" buying guide. But the inconvenient reality is that it's difficult for consumers to identify the "good guys" even with a scorecard. For instance, which companies are more "ethical" in dealing with the following controversial issues:
Gillette Co. and Procter & Gamble Co., which spend millions of dollars on safety-testing of their products and have pioneered in research and development into alternative cosmetics, but perform government-required animal tests; or The Body Shop, which has stimulated a useful public debate but relies on tested-on-animals ingredients and has been attacked by former allies in the animal-rights movement for oversimplifying this complex issue for commercial gain.
Monsanto Co. and DuPont, which have innovative pollution-control practices, yet have been guilty of environmental violations; or Ben & Jerry's, which publishes an annual audit of its corporate conduct, but sometimes ignores its most important conclusions.
There are no icons in the business world. At best we can identify firms that acknowledge their daily struggle to improve product quality, environmental practices, and worker and community relations, and which open their practices to outside scrutiny. "We are entering a new era in the world of socially responsible managing and investing," says Joan Bavaria, president of Franklin Research & Development Corp., a Boston-based social-investing firm. "It is not a black-and-white world with neat lines of demarcation. This is the real world of complex systems and internal contradictions."
A constructive response to these inevitable contradictions is to confront them. Bavaria is one of the founders of CERES, the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies, which was set up by a group of social and environmental activists and public-pension-fund trustees to develop environmental standards and accounting guidelines in partnership with business. CERES has 54 members pledged to conducting internal audits of their environmental records, including Polaroid, General Motors Corp. and oil producer Sun Co., as well as Ben & Jerry's and The Body Shop. In recruiting new members, CERES looks for larger, "messier" companies that are struggling with problems, but are committed to transparency in disclosing and remedying problems. Even modest changes in the business practices of traditional manufacturing and resource firmsand and in Canada that's more than 40% of the GDPwill have far more sweeping economic impact than a handful of firms claiming no bottom-line instincts but which operate at the fringes of the economy.
Acting responsibly means being responsive to criticism. " I talked with both Ben and Jerry," says business student Ritu Kalra, who was present at a recent speech by Cohen and co-founder Jerry Greenfield at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton business school. "Neither of them knew much about the harvest. When it came down to it, they didn't want to comment and didn't feel responsible for misleading labeling or telling half-truths."
The recent revelations about the rain-forest fiasco have hardly slowed Ben & Jerry's ice-cream tour. Even though the company has ditched its references to helping aboriginal nut harvesters, not many consumers realize how few of their eco-dollars go toward helping distant Amazonian natives.
At the Los Angeles New Age business meeting, Cohen relentlessly hawks his most famous ice-cream flavor. "We have made a difference in the rain forest," he declares. After the speech, dozens of people crowd around Cohen as he signs napkins and dishes out bowls of Rainforest Crunch ice cream. "It's so inspiring," says a fellow entrepreneur, licking her spoon, "to know that business can make money and still do so much good."
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Before he left The Beatles, which instrument did Stuart Sutcliffe play in the band? | Stuart Sutcliffe | Biography & History | AllMusic
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Artist Biography by Richie Unterberger
From about early 1960 to mid-1961, Stuart Sutcliffe was the bass player in the Beatles , leaving the group before they even made their first recordings as Tony Sheridan 's backing band. Sutcliffe never recorded in a studio with the Beatles (although he is probably on a lengthy bootleg tape of rehearsals from around 1960), and all of the evidence, from recollections of other Beatles and others who saw them in the early '60s, indicates that his musical talents were marginal at best. He was considered a brilliant and promising young artist, but died of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 22, not even surviving to see the Beatles make the charts for the first time in late 1962. However, Sutcliffe did leave an imprint on the band in his sense of visual style and artistic sensibilities, particularly in his combed-down hairstyle, which he was the first member to adopt.
Sutcliffe became close friends with John Lennon when the pair were attending Liverpool Art College in the late '50s. It was an odd match, as Sutcliffe was considered one of the college's best students and Lennon one of its worst, but they had a lot of mutual intellectual and aesthetic adventurousness. Sutcliffe unexpectedly won a prize for 65 pounds when one of his paintings sold after being shown at an exhibition, and decided to buy an electric bass guitar with the money in January 1960. This was so he could join Lennon 's group, known as the Quarry Men , but soon to change their name to the Silver Beatles and, finally, the Beatles .
Sutcliffe was far behind the other Beatles musically, and never did come close to catching up. Such was his lack of proficiency on bass that he would play with his back to the audience (as seen in a frequently published photo of a May 1960 audition). Still, as he was John 's friend, his place in the band was guaranteed for the time being, and he accompanied them on their first (brief) tour, as a backing group for singer Johnny Gentle in Scotland in mid-1960. Joined by drummer Pete Best , the Beatles went to Hamburg in August 1960, and Sutcliffe was with them for the next few months as they gained experience in the German city's clubs. Accounts vary as to just how good (or bad) Stuart became on bass. There is a primitive rehearsal tape from (probably) around 1960 that has been bootlegged, but the recording is so technically lo-fi that it's even difficult to hear a bass, let alone determine the virtuosity of the player; a few songs from that tape were officially issued on the Beatles ' Anthology 1 . The consensus seems to be that he never became good, or even attained a basic professional standard, on the instrument.
He did very occasionally sing on-stage. But according to the thorough listing of songs the Beatles performed live in Mark Lewisohn's The Complete Beatles Chronicle, there are just two tunes -- the Elvis Presley ballads "Love Me Tender" and "Loving You" -- that Sutcliffe is known to have sung lead on. It came to light in the Sutcliffe biography Backbeat: Stuart Sutcliffe: The Lost Beatle that Stuart did actually write some songs, though none seem to have been seriously performed (let alone recorded) by the Beatles . It has sometimes been written that Sutcliffe and Paul McCartney did not get along, perhaps partially due to McCartney 's frustrations with Sutcliffe 's musical limitations. They did have a fight on-stage once (though this apparently didn't have anything to do with music).
While in Hamburg, Sutcliffe met and fell in love with fellow artist Astrid Kirchherr. Kirchherr was the first photographer to take pictures of the Beatles that caught their charisma on film, and also influenced Sutcliffe to change from his James Dean-type hairstyle to a bangs-forward one that had been adopted by some European students. This was the origination of the Beatles ' hairstyle, and although it was initially ridiculed by some of the other guys in the band, all of them (except Pete Best ) eventually took on the haircut too.
Sutcliffe drifted out of the Beatles somewhat earlier than has often been reported. When the Beatles returned to Liverpool from Hamburg in December 1960, Sutcliffe stayed behind in Hamburg, both to be with Kirchherr and to check out the possibility of continuing his art studies at college in Germany. He did come back to Liverpool in early 1961 and played some shows with the Beatles , who were now starting to become a very popular local group. But his heart was now more in other pursuits, and he was for most purposes out of the band when the Beatles came back to Hamburg for another extended stay in April 1961. Paul McCartney assumed the role of Beatles bass player from approximately this point onward. Stuart did sit in with them from time to time, and remained on friendly terms with them, especially Lennon . He did not, according to Lewisohn's The Complete Beatles Chronicle, play on their recording sessions as Tony Sheridan 's backup unit in June 1961, although he attended as an observer.
In 1961 Sutcliffe , now engaged to Kirchherr, was studying painting and sculpture under artist Eduardo Paolozzi at Hamburg's State School of Art. As the year progressed he grew seriously ill with a disease that could not be diagnosed, painful headaches being the most alarming symptom. His attacks grew grave by the spring of 1962, and he died after a final collapse on April 10, 1962. The Beatles, by unfortunate coincidence, arrived in Hamburg on April 11 (except George Harrison , who came a day later) to begin an extended engagement at the Star-Club. They did not learn of Sutcliffe 's death until they were met at the airport by Astrid Kirchherr.
Sutcliffe 's influence was not forgotten by the Beatles , particularly Lennon , of course. A few years later he said, "I look up to Stuart Sutcliffe -- I depended on him to tell me the truth, the way I do with Paul today. Stu would tell me if something was good and I'd believe him." Sutcliffe is one of the many faces pictured on the Sgt. Pepper's album cover.
For someone often described as an artist with enormous potential, Sutcliffe 's paintings are surprisingly difficult to view, even as reproductions. Many of them are reproduced in the limited-edition fine art biography Stuart, issued by Genesis Publications in 1996, although the cost of 250 pounds or so makes it prohibitive even for most Beatlemaniacs. There is also a conventional full-length biography of Sutcliffe , Backbeat: Stuart Sutcliffe: The Lost Beatle, by Alan Clayson and Pauline Sutcliffe ( Sutcliffe 's younger sister). Sutcliffe 's experiences in the early Beatles formed a large part of the movie Backbeat, which took a lot of liberalizations with the facts in its treatment of Sutcliffe and the other Beatles .
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What was the title of Mariah Carey's debut single, which was a top ten hit in the UK and a number one in the USA? | Biography by David Bedford
Stuart Sutcliffe
Biography of Stuart Sutcliffe by David Bedford
Sutcliffe was born on 23 June 1940. His parents were Charles and Martha (known as Millie) Sutcliffe—he was a seaman and she a teacher. Millie was Charles’ second wife, his first also being called Martha. Having briefly moved to England, they returned to Edinburgh, Scotland, for Stuart’s birth. Charles worked in the Cammell Laird shipyard on the Mersey, which brought them to Liverpool. Stuart had two younger sisters: Joyce and Pauline.
Homes
When Stuart’s family first moved to Liverpool from Edinburgh, they set up home at 17, Sedberg Grove (Huyton), where Stuart’s sister Pauline was born in 1944. The Sutcliffes then moved to 43, St. Anne’s Road (Huyton) in 1950. The family moved again to 22, Sandiway (Huyton) in 1953.
In 1956 when he enrolled at Liverpool Art College, Stuart’s first flat was at 83, Canning Street (Liverpool), not far from the college. It was a flat he shared with friend Rod Murray. However, he was back home by the summer of 1957. Stuart decided again to get his own flat for his second year at Liverpool Art College, and he rented a small attic flat at 12, Canning Street (Liverpool).
He then moved into a flat at 9, Percy Street (Liverpool) with his friend Rod. Stuart and Rod then moved to Gambier Terrace (Liverpool), a building with a Georgian facade in the shadow of the Anglican Cathedral. John Lennon also lived there for a spell. The Sutcliffe family moved from Huyton to 53, Ullet Road (Wavertree) on the edge of Sefton Park. It was to here that Stuart returned after being beaten up after a gig at Lathom Hall, Seaforth, in North Liverpool. The family then moved to 37, Aigburth Drive, (Aigburth), on the other side of Sefton Park.
Education
For his schooling, Stuart attended Parkview Primary School (Huyton) from 1946 to
1950 before moving on to Prescot Grammar School (Huyton) from 1950 to 1956.
He left the grammar school with five ‘O’ levels, including art, for a place at the Liverpool Art College (Liverpool) where he met John Lennon in 1957. Stuart’s mother, Millie, was an active member of the Labour Party, taking the local
Huyton district constituency minutes and successfully helping Huyton Member of
Parliament (MP) Harold Wilson. After Millie had addressed the envelopes for the Labour Party, Stuart and a few neighbours delivered them. Later, Harold Wilson was the Prime Minister who recommended the M.B.E.s for The Beatles.
Religion
Stuart’s dad was Protestant (Church of Scotland) and his mother was Catholic—
a classic case of a “religious mixed marriage”. To make matters worse, Charles was
a divorced Protestant. Millie’s parents were opposed to the union on both grounds.
Charles and Millie had a civil ceremony and shortly after, Charles was shunned by the
community, causing him to lose his job. Charles
and Millie moved away from Scotland altogether.
Stuart sang weekly in the Protestant choir at
St. Gabriel’s in Huyton. He often led the procession
in the church while carrying the cross. After his
untimely death at the age of twenty-one, he was
buried in the Anglican cemetery in Huyton,
Liverpool, where his father is also buried.
When Millie died in 1983, Stuart’s sisters secretly
took her ashes and scattered them over Stuart’s
grave because as a Catholic, Millie couldn’t be
buried in the Anglican graveyard.
Musical Influences
Stuart took piano lessons when he was a child,
and owned a Spanish guitar, a gift from his father,
from the age of fourteen. Despite what has been
written about him in the past, Stuart did have a
musical background. His sister Pauline said,
“He was in love with rock ‘n’ roll and loved being
on stage. His stage presence was excellent and
the female fans loved his ‘James Dean’ look”. Stuart joined The College Band, before suggesting the name “Beetles” for the group. Stuart was a very competent bassist and a lot better than he has been given credit for. He didn’t need to know many chords to play most of the songs. Stuart joined John, Paul and George to form the Beatals after being coaxed and harassed by John and Paul at The Casbah. He had just had a painting exhibited at the Walker Art Gallery, sponsored by John Moores, one of the founders of Littlewoods Pools. The piece he submitted was in two parts, but the second was never taken to the gallery. It was purchased by John Moores and with this money, John and Paul convinced Stuart to buy a bass guitar. He also painted the cellars of Allan Williams’ Jacaranda Club—only one small piece of the original remains as the rest fell off the wall or was removed because of the dampness. When Stuart stayed in Germany after the others were deported, George wrote to him telling him how crummy it would be without him in the band. Other bands let
Stuart play with them when the others returned to Liverpool. Pete Best was happy with Stu because drummers work closely with the bass player to provide the rhythm. These were not the actions of a band that wanted to get rid of their bassist; a musician who stood with his back to the audience, a myth perpetuated to this day.
Before Stuart arrived back in Liverpool, Paul had successfully taken up bass and was making a go of it. There was talk of asking Stuart to leave as they were doing so well without him but John wouldn’t hear of it. Stuart then rejoined the group, but it wasn’t long before Paul sensed the bass guitar job could be his. He harangued Stuart to the point where Stuart quit to concentrate on his art. With Stuart’s departure Paul was finally installed as The Beatles’ permanent bass player. By the time of The Beatles’ second visit to Hamburg, Stuart had enrolled at the Hamburg State School of Art. For two years he studied in Eduardo Paolozzi’s Art Master Class.
Stuart died in Hamburg on 10 April 1962 from a cerebral bleed in his brain. His funeral was at his home church of St. Gabriel (Huyton), where he had grown up. He was buried in Huyton Parish Cemetery.
by David Bedford
Taken from his book, “Liddypool: Birthplace of The Beatles”
Stuart Ferguson Victor Sutcliffe was vital to The Beatles for his influence on John Lennon and how he envisioned art. Even though he died at the age of twenty-one, the impact he had on the group was lasting.
43, St. Anne’s Road
22, Sandiway
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Which character did Hugo Weaving play in the film The Matrix? | Hugo Weaving - Biography - IMDb
Hugo Weaving
Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Trade Mark (6) | Trivia (17) | Personal Quotes (7)
Overview (3)
6' 2" (1.88 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Hugo Wallace Weaving was born on April 4, 1960 in Nigeria, to English parents Anne (Lennard), a tour guide and teacher, and Wallace Weaving, a seismologist. Hugo has an older brother, Simon, and a younger sister, Anna, who both also live and work in Australia. During his early childhood, the Weaving family spent most of their time traveling between Nigeria, Great Britain, and Australia. This was due to the cross-country demands of his father's job in the computer industry. Later, during his teens, Hugo spent three years in England in the seventies attending Queen Elizabeth's Hospital School in Bristol. There, he showed early promise in theater productions and also excelled at history, achieving an A in his O-level examination. He arrived permanently in Australia in 1976 and finished his education at Knox Grammar School, Sydney. He graduated from NIDA (National Institute of Dramatic Art), a college well-known for other alumni such as Mel Gibson and Geoffrey Rush , in 1981. Since then, Hugo has had a steadily successful career in the film, television, and theater industries. However, he has illustrated that, as renowned as he is known for his film work, he feels most at home on stage and continually performs in Australian theater productions, usually with the Sydney Theater Company. With his success has also come extensive recognition. He has won numerous awards, including two Australian Film Institute Awards (AFI) for Best Actor in a Leading Role and three total nominations. The AFI is the Australian equivalent of an Academy Award, and Hugo won for his performances in Proof (1991) and The Interview (1998). He was also nominated for his performance in The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1994). He garnered the Best Acting prize for The Interview (1998) at the Montreal Film Festival in 1998 in addition to his AFI Award and, that same year, won the Australian Star of the Year. More recently, roles in films such as The Matrix trilogy as Agent Smith and The Lord of the Rings trilogy as Lord Elrond have considerably raised his international profile. His famous and irreplaceable role in The Matrix movies have made him one of the greatest sci-fi villains of the Twenty-first Century. With each new film, television, or theatrical role, Hugo continues to surpass his audience's expectations and remains one of the most versatile performers working today. He resides in Australia and has two children with partner Katrina Greenwood. Though Hugo and Katrina have never married, they've been a committed couple for over 25 years; while Hugo was quoted as saying marriage "petrified" him in the 1990s, by middle of the following decade he said he no longer felt that way, and that he and Katrina have toyed with the idea of marrying "when we're really old".
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Lady Nephthys
Trade Mark (6)
Often plays sinister villains or anti-heroes
Roles in science fiction and fantasy films
Calm, reserved delivery of his lines.
High eyebrows, often arched to dramatic effect
Trivia (17)
Graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA).
His parents and baby Hugo left Nigeria before he was one year old.
Children with Katrina Greenwood : Harry Weaving (b. 1989) and Holly Weaving (b. 1993).
His father worked in the computer industry and moved around a lot. Hugo spent his childhood in South Africa and England before finally settling in Australia.
Sister Anna-Jane Weaving had a brief singing career in Paris, France in the mid-1980s.
Nominated for the 2005 Helpmann Award for Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play for his performance in "Hedda Gabler".
Attended the same high school as Australian actors Adam Garcia , Hugh Jackman , Andrew Johnston , Reg Livermore , writer Stuart Beattie and radio host John Laws .
Attended the Downs School, Wraxall, outside Bristol, whilst living in the United Kingdom, which was also briefly attended by Orlando Bloom .
Weaving fractured his hip doing a stunt while in training for The Matrix (1999). He recovered and the fight scenes in the production were shifted to the end of the filming. Since Keanu Reeves had suffered a neck injury at around the same time, the delay worked well for both actors. While both actors required stunt doubles on The Matrix and its two sequels, they both trained for months in advance of each production and did a lot of the fight choreography themselves.
Has suffered from epileptic seizures since he was age 13. Because of this, he made the decision early on not to drive and he has never had a driver's license. In a 2006 interview, Weaving noted he hasn't suffered a seizure in years, but is still reluctant to get a driver's license because "I'm so used to not driving, I'm scared of what I'd do.".
Is a pesco Vegetarians - Pesco vegetarians eat fish but no other meat.
Partners with Katrina Greenwood (1984-present).
He opened Belgrade Film Festival - FEST in 1997.
Brother of Simon Weaving .
Is nine years older than Cate Blanchett but plays her son-in-law in the Lord of the Rings trilogy.
Is 18 months younger than Viggo Mortensen, yet plays his father in law in The Lord of the Rings trilogy.
Personal Quotes (7)
"I was on top of Keanu Reeves , he was on his back and I was on my trunk, and I was breathing down his neck for hours and hours. It was... very erotic." (on filming The Matrix Reloaded (2003))
I do love working in Australia. Generally, the budgets are smaller, the crews are smaller and generally you work at a fast pace. That gives you energy. At the end of the day, you've worked a lot but you don't feel tired. On the big ones, you sit around a lot. That really saps your energy.
I think I said something like The Interview (1998) was the most fulfilling experience from an acting point of view. And it definitely was. That was a combination of working with a director who was very open and very prepared, and ... working with [co-star] Tony Martin - just sitting opposite him every day, which is pretty much what we did because the film is essentially a dialog between two men.
You're certainly pushed into selling yourself as a commodity in order to sell the product. I will engage in the selling of the film. But I will try not to engage in the selling of the image, because I find that it's easier to go on and make another film, because the next character is actually obstructed if your image is bigger than it. So the longer you keep the mask on, metaphorically and physically, the better.
I'm 'of the world'. There was a time when I thought, 'Oh, I must go back to England. I feel English.' Then I went and the longer I was away, the more Australian I felt. Now, I've come back here and I don't feel entirely Australian. But I certainly feel like this is my country. This is where I live and this is where I want to work.
One of the first things that made me want to be an actor was listening to Prokofiev's 'Romeo and Juliet'. I was intensely moved by it. I think I was about nine - I went to see the ballet. That's what made me interested in Shakespeare.
I think films have a limited ability to change the world, but that doesn't mean you don't stop trying. You do what's right for you, make the films you believe in, talk about the issues you believe in. The bigger the risk, the more chance you're going to be crucified, but you have to execute your beliefs in any way you can. In the end ['Cloud Atlas'] has something to say about love and hope and believing in something. It wants to tell us that individual choices can come to mean something universal.
See also
| Agent Smith |
With which group did Tony Christie have a top ten hit with in 1999 with the song Walk Like A Panther? | Hugo Weaving doesn’t mind wearing a mask - TODAY.com
Today.com
Hugo Weaving doesn’t mind wearing a mask
2006-03-15T22:35:08.000Z
comment ()
He’s been in the “Matrix” and “Lord of the Rings” trilogies, which grossed a mere $4 billion-plus in worldwide box office. Lines he’s uttered infuse the pop-culture lexicon. Yet, he’s pulled off being a successful movie actor while remaining relatively anonymous.
“Shhh. Shhh,” Hugo Weaving hushes, laughing conspiratorially.
That’s the way he likes it.
The 45-year-old Weaving has always maintained that becoming famous or making it big in Hollywood was never a goal. And his career choices bear that out, typically low-budget Australian films.
In his latest movie, “V for Vendetta,” you never see his face. It’s hidden behind a mask — and he’s the title character! (These days much of his face is covered with a full beard for a stage production of Ibsen’s “Hedda Gabler” that he’s doing here with Cate Blanchett.)
“I think,” Weaving says, “when your image becomes so big that it’s hard for a viewer to see a character, then I think you’re in danger as an actor of being unable to perform what you should be doing. And it becomes harder for you to successfully create another human being ... So the idea of playing this man in a mask and never being seen was wonderful.”
‘Mr. Anderson!’Mention Weaving’s name and you’re likely to get a blank look. But you’ll get instant recognition by reciting Agent Smith’s creepy salutation from “The Matrix.” You’ll hear it echoed in everyday life: A mailroom staffer — employing Weaver’s evil lilt — calls out to a friend, “Mr. Anderson.” Ditto a guy on the street, shouting to a pal down the block.
The Australian actor smiles when these recent evocations of someone he’s played are relayed to him.
“Look, I loved Smith. I thought he was a great comic character. I thought he was a great film villain as well. But he’s also a villain who’s been written with such enormous humor. Larry and Andy [Wachowski, the brothers behind “The Matrix”] enjoyed writing that character enormously, and that’s the thing I responded to when I first read it — was how much fun it would be to play that man. Because he’s an agent of control, he’s a construct, he’s not a human being, he wears his own mask as well, really. He starts to kinda feel these emotions, and he has the most fantastic dialogue.”
No doubt, Mr. Ander-- ... er ... Mr. Weaving.
Paydays from the big-budget movies — including “LOTR,” in which he played the elf leader Elrond — give him the financial security to pursue other things creatively.
“But I don’t really see it like that. They’ve certainly given me financial rewards. And I’m very grateful to those. Thanks to ‘The Matrix’ particularly, I’ve been able to buy an old dairy farm about three hours’ north of Sydney. Katrina and I and the kids go up there very regularly,” Weaving says, referring to his partner of 22 years (they’ve never married) and their teenage son and daughter.
He figures most of his work in the near future will be either on stage or in more small Australian movies.
“And if I can from time to time work on something larger and better-paid, then fantastic. But ultimately it’s always going to come down to the script, and whether that script is something that sort of fires my imagination.”
His creativity has been stoked by voicing the dog Rex in the animated “Babe” movies, and playing a drag queen in “The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert,” a murder suspect in “The Interview” and a blind photographer in “Proof” (a 1991 film not to be confused with last year’s adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning play).
‘More exciting than daunting’Now in “V for Vendetta” — starring Natalie Portman (in the role for which she shaved her head) — he’s got the male lead in a movie with more than a shoestring budget.
Because he’s wearing an immutable full-face mask during the whole movie, Weaving concedes: “I have to say when I started, I thought ... ‘Well, this might not work. But, oh well, jump in and try to make it work.”’
James McTeigue, an assistant director on the “Matrix” films who’s making his directing debut with “V,” felt it would work “from the moment Hugo put the mask on.”
“He has a theater background, which is important to the character. He also has a great physicality and a fantastic voice,” offers the protege of the Wachowskis, who wrote the “V” screenplay.
Weaving’s character V has elements of the protaganists from “The Count of Monte Cristo,” “Beauty and the Beast” and “The Hunchback of Notre Dame” — even “Batman” with his flowing cape.
“There’s a number of characters throughout literature and film history that he sort of echoes. But he’s absolutely his own being as well,” Weaving says. “It was more exciting than it was daunting. And so if something’s more exciting than it is daunting, I always think, ‘Ooh, that’s quite good.”
Weaving also was attracted to the movie since he thought it densely packed with ideas, and topical ones at that. Although the source material — a graphic novel — was written in response to Thatcherite Britain in the ’80s, he notes, it’s been rewritten and springs very much from today’s world.
Critics already have addressed the film’s political themes, especially since V could be seen as T — for terrorist.
The word terrorist is “used to such an extent actually that it’s almost become meaningless, I think. It’s an unhelpful label a lot of the time,” Weaving says.
As he observes, it depends on who you are, what side you’re on, what you believe — as the old saying goes, one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter.
“I certainly don’t advocate terrorism as a way of progressing and understanding people, nor do I believe labeling everything as a terrorist act is helpful either,” Weaving says. “I think we need to look beyond those labels and try to understand when people do certain things what is it that brings them to perpetrate that stuff.”
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What is the most common gas in the air we breathe? | What is the most common gas in the air we breathe? | Reference.com
What is the most common gas in the air we breathe?
A:
Quick Answer
The most common gas people breathe from clean air is nitrogen. Air is a mixture of gases, and the air on Earth contains about 78 percent nitrogen and about 21 percent oxygen. Argon, carbon dioxide neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen and xenon are in much smaller amounts.
| Nitrogen |
Who is known in history as the father of computing? | Atmosphere | Atmospheric Gases | Aerosols | Greenhouse Gases
Atmospheric Composition
Air
Air is a mixture of gases and aerosols that composes the atmosphere surrounding Earth. The primary gases of air include nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). Trace gases and aerosols make up the remaining 1% of air. The trace gases include the noble gases argon, neon, helium, krypton and xenon; hydrogen; and the greenhouse gases. The aerosols are solid or liquid particles having diameters in the region of 0.001 to 10 microns (millionth of a metre), and include dust, soot, sea salt crystals, spores, bacteria, viruses and a plethora of other microscopic particles, which may be natural or man-made.
Earth maintains an atmosphere through its gravitational pull. Consequently, most air is found in the lowest 10 kilometres of the atmosphere. Experienced mountain climbers are aware of how thin the air becomes, and may carry oxygen tanks to assist breathing at high altitudes. Within the lower atmosphere, however, air remains remarkably uniform in composition, as a result of efficient recycling processes and turbulent mixing in the atmosphere.
Atmospheric Gases
There are a number of atmospheric gases which make up air. The main gases are nitrogen and oxygen, which make up 78% and 21% of the volume of air respectively. Oxygen is utilised primarily by animals, including humans, but also to a small degree by plants, in the process of respiration (the metabolism of food products to generate energy).
The remaining 1% of the atmospheric gases is made up of trace gases. These include the noble gases, very inert or unreactive gases, of which the most abundant is argon. Other noble gases include neon, helium, krypton and xenon. Hydrogen is also present in trace quantities in the atmosphere, but because it is so light, over time much of it has escaped Earth's gravitational pull to space.
The remaining trace gases include the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour and ozone, so-called because they are involved in the Earth natural greenhouse effect which keeps the planet warmer than it would be without an atmosphere.
Oxygen
The gas oxygen (O
2
), composed of molecules of two oxygen atoms, occupies 21% of the Earth's atmosphere by volume. It is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Oxygen also comprises 86% of the oceans and 60% of the human body, and is the third most abundant element found in the Sun. Almost all plants and animals require oxygen for respiration to maintain life.
Oxygen is very reactive and oxides of most elements are known. A chemical reaction in which an oxide is formed is known as oxidation. The rate at which oxidation occurs varies with the element with which oxygen is reacting. Rust, or iron oxide, for example forms relatively slowly, over days or weeks. Burning or combustion, however, involves a very rapid oxidation. Carbon in fossil fuels, for example, can be quickly oxidised to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, with a considerable amount of heat being given off. We can convert this heat into useful energy for heating, electricity and locomotion.
Within the stratosphere, oxygen molecules combine with free oxygen atoms to form ozone (O
3
). Ozone absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun, and protects life on Earth from its damaging effect. Although abundant between 19 and 30 km altitude, the air at these levels in the atmosphere is thin. If all the ozone in the stratosphere was compressed to ordinary atmosphere pressure at ground level, it would occupy a layer only 3 mm thick.
Nitrogen
The gas nitrogen (N
2
), composed of molecules of two nitrogen atoms, occupies 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Nitrogen is as important as it is common. It's essential to the nutrition of plants and animals. Nitrogen is a constituent in all proteins and in the genetic material (DNA) in all organisms.
The low content of nitrogen in most soils exists in stark contrast to the abundance of nitrogen in air. This is because gaseous nitrogen molecules have very strong bonds linking the atoms together, making the gas chemically stable and unusable by most biological organisms. Some species of bacteria absorb nitrogen from the air and convert it into ammonium, which plants can use. This process, called nitrogen fixation, is the principal natural means by which atmospheric nitrogen is added to the soil. Legumes, such as beans, can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. This is accomplished by nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in nodules on the plant roots.
Nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere can also be broken by the energy generated by lightning strikes and volcanic action. Whenever lightning flashes in the atmosphere, some nitrogen combines with oxygen and forms the gas nitric oxide (NO). This nitric oxide is converted to nitric acid, which is highly soluble in water and falls to the ground in rainwater, to be absorbed by soils. Globally, however, nitrogen-fixing bacteria are a far more significant source of fixed nitrogen.
Trace Gases
Most of our atmosphere is made up of nitrogen (78% by volume) and oxygen (21% by volume). The remaining 1% of the atmospheric gases are known as trace gases because they are present in such small concentrations. The most abundant of the trace gases is the noble gas argon (approximately 1% by volume). Noble gases, which also include neon, helium, krypton and xenon, are very inert and do not generally engage in any chemical transformation within the atmosphere. Hydrogen is also present in trace quantities in the atmosphere, but because it is so light, over time much of it has escaped Earth's gravitational pull to space.
Despite their relative scarcity, the most important trace gases in the Earth's atmosphere are the greenhouse gases. Most abundant in the troposphere, these gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour and ozone, so-called because they are involved in the Earth natural greenhouse effect which keeps the planet warmer than it would be without an atmosphere. Apart from water vapour, the most abundant greenhouse gas (by volume) is carbon dioxide. Despite being present in only 380 parts per million by volume of air, carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases help to keep the Earth 33�C warmer than it would otherwise be without an atmosphere. Through emissions of greenhouse gases however, mankind has enhanced with natural greenhouse effect which may now be leading to a warming of the Earth climate.
Whilst ozone behaves like a greenhouse gas in the troposphere, in the stratosphere where its abundance is most significant within the ozone layer, it helps to filter out the incoming ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, protecting life on Earth from its harmful effects. Air within the stratosphere is thin however. If all the ozone in the stratosphere was compressed to ordinary atmosphere pressure at ground level, it would occupy a layer only 3 mm thick.
Other trace gases in the atmosphere arise from natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, lightning strikes and forest fires. Gases from these sources include nitric oxide (NO) and sulphur dioxide (SO
2
). In addition to natural sources of nitric oxide and sulphur dioxide there are now many man-made sources, including pollutant emissions from cars, agriculture and electricity generation through the burning of fossil fuels. During the 20th century other man-made processes have put completely new trace gases into the atmosphere, for example the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which damage the ozone layer.
Aerosols
Aerosols are solid or liquid particles dispersed in the air, and include dust, soot, sea salt crystals, spores, bacteria, viruses and a plethora of other microscopic particles. Collectively, they are often regarded as air pollution, but many of the aerosols have a natural origin. They are conventionally defined as those particles suspended in air having diameters in the region of 0.001 to 10 microns (millionth of a metre). They are formed by the dispersal of material at the surface (primary aerosols), or by reaction of gases in the atmosphere (secondary aerosols). Primary aerosols include volcanic dust, organic materials from biomass burning, soot from combustion and mineral dust from wind-blown processes. Secondary aerosols include sulphates from the oxidation of sulphur-containing gases during the burning of fossil fuels, nitrates from gaseous nitrogen species, and products from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Although making up only 1 part in a billion of the mass of the atmosphere, they have the potential to significantly influence the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth�s surface, and therefore the Earth's climate.
Although the abundance of aerosols varies over short time scales, for example after a volcanic eruption, over the long term the atmosphere is naturally cleansed through mixing processes and rainfall. Cleansing is never complete however, and there exists a natural background level of aerosols in the atmosphere. The average time spent in the atmosphere by aerosols is dependent upon their physical and chemical characteristics, and the time and location of their release. Natural sources of aerosols are probably 4 to 5 times larger than man-made ones on a global scale, but regional variations of man-made aerosol emissions may change this ratio significantly in certain areas, particularly in the industrialised Northern Hemisphere. At certain times of the year, the natural background level of aerosols may increase, for example, during the growing season, when large quantities of pollen are released into the atmosphere.
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What nationality was Robert Bunsen, of whom the Bunsen burner was named after? | Robert Bunsen - Biography, Facts and Pictures
Robert Bunsen
Robert Bunsen’s Early Life and Education
Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen was born on March 30, 1811, in Göttingen, Germany. He was the youngest of four sons.
His father was Christian Bunsen, professor of modern languages and head librarian at the University of Göttingen. His mother came from a military family.
After he had become a famous professor, Bunsen once recalled that he had been a wayward child at times, but his mother kept him in line.
He attended elementary school and high school in Göttingen. When he reached the age of 15 he moved to the grammar school in Holzminden, about 40 miles (60 km) from Göttingen.
In 1828, aged 17, he started work for his degree at the University of Göttingen. He took courses in chemistry, physics and mathematics, with some geology and botany. He won an award for his work on a humidity meter. When he wrote this work up in 1830, he was awarded a Ph.D. in chemistry – he was just 19 years old.
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Bunsen stayed at Göttingen until he won a government scholarship to travel around Europe studying chemistry. He spend most of 1832 and 1833 learning chemical techniques in laboratories in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and France. In France he spent time in Paris working with the famous chemist Joseph Gay-Lussac.
Recalling differences between his own time as a university student and many years later, Bunsen said:
“In my day, we studied science and not, as now so often happens, only one of them.”
Robert Bunsen’s Discoveries and Contributions to Science
Arsenic – A Triumph and a Disaster
In 1833, aged 22, Bunsen started working as a chemistry lecturer at the University of Göttingen. He had obtained his license to teach, but received no salary from the university. He tutored students and carried out research in the chemistry laboratories.
In the early years of his career, Bunsen researched arsenic compounds – hazardous work.
In 1834 he published his first important work – a triumph. Working with the physician Arnold Berthold he discovered an antidote to arsenic poisoning.
He found that adding iron oxide hydrate to a solution in which arsenic compounds are dissolved causes the arsenic compounds to fall out of the solution as ferrous arsenate, which is an insoluble, harmless solid.
Bunsen developed an ongoing passion for studying the compounds of arsenic. Like the good chemist he was, he tried to take precautions against the toxic effects of these compounds, He devised a face mask with a breathing tube which ran outside to feed him clean air while he worked.
Some arsenic compounds, however, are explosive. Without warning, they can explode in dry air.
In 1843, nine years after finding the antidote to arsenic poisoning, Bunsen became a victim of such an explosion when a sample of an arsenic compound called cacodyl cyanide exploded, shattering his face mask and permanently blinding his right eye.
The explosion also resulted in Bunsen suffering severe arsenic poisoning.
He was saved from death by the iron oxide hydrate antidote he had discovered nine years earlier.
Invention of the Zinc-Carbon Battery
In 1841 Bunsen invented the zinc-carbon cell – often called the Bunsen battery. He saw this as an improvement on the expensive Grove cell, which was used, for example, to power telegraph lines. The Grove cell was a zinc-platinum cell. The platinum in it made it very expensive.
Bunsen combined his zinc-carbon cells into large batteries, which he used to isolate metals from their ores. He was the first person to produce large scale samples of pure magnesium metal.
His replacement of expensive platinum with cheap carbon also allowed other researchers who had been deterred by costs to carry out work in electrochemistry.
Gas Analysis and Big Wins for Industry
Bunsen developed a variety of new techniques to analyze gases. Between 1838 and 1846 he used his methods to study gases produced by industries. He found that in the steel industry, where heat was produced by burning charcoal, much of the charcoal was not burning completely. It was burning to form carbon monoxide, rather than carbon dioxide, which produces much more heat.
To improve efficiency, Bunsen recommended that the exhaust gases from burning charcoal should be recycled to generate more energy by burning them. He estimated German furnaces were wasting 50 percent of their energy and British furnaces 80 percent. Eventually, the reluctant industries changed their ways and adopted Bunsen’s recommendations.
An Expedition to Iceland – Bunsen Discovers how Geysers Operate
Bunsen was interested in both gas analysis and geology. He was invited to Iceland in 1846 to study volcanic activity. The work he did made fundamental contributions to geochemistry.
By bravely standing at the sides of geysers and lowering scientific apparatus into their depths, he discovered that geysers had at their base a reservoir of superheated water: this water is much hotter than 100 °C. It is kept liquid by high pressure below ground. As this water rises from below, the pressure falls, and the water boils explosively producing a geyser.
“The far northern scenery is absolutely desolate but is marvelously beautiful, and I shall never regret that I have seen it, even though it cost me the unbelievable privations and exertions which we suffer here.”
Robert Bunsen
The Bunsen Burner
Chemists and alchemists before them were aware that if you sprinkled a sample of a substance into a flame, the color you saw helped you identify chemical elements in the sample. Lithium compounds, for example, burn with a rose-red flame, while potassium compounds burn with a lilac flame.
This is seen in the chemistry of fireworks, where different colors are produced using salts of different elements.
Bunsen had observed that sodium compounds gave an orange-yellow flame.
However, the color of the flame itself, before any chemicals were sprinkled into it, could interfere with the test, making it unreliable.
The Bunsen Burner
Bunsen’s response was his gas burner. By introducing air into the gas in the correct proportion before it burns, a clean, soot-free, almost colorless flame is produced. Using his burner, Bunsen used flame tests to analyze substances much more reliably than ever before.
The burners he designed were made by Peter Desaga, his laboratory assistant.
Bunsen published the design of the burner in 1857, but he did not patent his design. He did not wish to make profits from science; he believed the intellectual rewards were more than enough.
His burner is now used not only for flame tests. It is used to heat samples and to sterilize equipment in medical laboratories all over the world.
The Spectrometer and Discovery of New Elements
Bunsen’s friend and colleague Gustav Kirchhoff was interested in the infant science of spectroscopy.
Spectroscopy was the science of splitting sunlight into the colors of the rainbow using a prism – much as Isaac Newton did in 1666.
A prism splits a beam of sunlight into a colored spectrum of light.
Many years later, in 1802, William Hyde Wollaston repeated Newton’s experiment, but looked at a colored spectrum of sunlight using a magnifying glass. He saw more than the colors of the rainbow: he saw seven dark lines within the colors.
In 1812, Josef Fraunhofer looked at a greatly magnified spectrum of colors from sunlight and saw over 500 of these dark lines. (We now know there are more than 3000 lines.)
Fraunhofer could not explain the lines.
Fraunhofer saw dark lines when he magnified the spectrum of sunlight from a prism.
Enter Gustav Kirchhoff.
Bunsen had first met Kirchhoff and worked with him at the University of Breslau when he spent a year there in 1851. In 1852, Bunsen had taken the Chair of Chemistry at Heidelberg University. In 1854, he arranged that his friend Kirchhoff should follow him, to take the Chair of Physics. The pair then formed a highly productive research partnership.
Kirchhoff was interested in the new science of spectroscopy. He wanted to explain the dark lines in the sun’s spectrum. He made the historic discovery that they were caused by cooler gases in the sun’s atmosphere absorbing particular wavelengths of sunlight. These dark-lined spectra are now called absorption spectra.
In 1859, Kirchhoff and Bunsen brought together a spectroscope and a Bunsen burner to study spectra from Bunsen’s flame tests. The two scientists looked at the spectra of a variety of different substances when they were in the hot flame of the Bunsen burner.
The Bunsen-Kirchhoff Spectroscope with Bunsen Burner
KEY: (A) Box, colored black on the inside; (B) & (C) Telescopes; (D) Bunsen Burner; (E) Sample Holder; (F) Prism; (G) Mirror; (H) Handle to rotate prism and mirror.
The results were stunning. Bright lines appeared in the spectrum: the elements, when strongly heated in the Bunsen burner’s flame, emitted light at particular colors or wavelengths. These bright-lined spectra are now called emission spectra.
Lines in the spectrum turned out to be a reliable ‘fingerprint’ for chemical elements. Every element absorbs or emits characteristic wavelengths of light, leading to different ‘fingerprints’ of lines for the different elements.
Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen
Emission Spectrum of Iron
A new science had been born – chemical spectroscopy.
Using their newly invented method, Bunsen and Kirchhoff discovered two new elements: cesium in 1860, and rubidium in 1861.
The beauty of spectroscopy is that tiny traces of a substance can be detected. This opened up a whole new field of chemical analysis where elements could be detected when their concentrations were exceptionally low.
For example, Bunsen and Kirchhoff’s spectroscope revealed the new element cesium, even though there was only a tiny amount of cesium in the mineral water it was discovered in. In fact, when Bunsen tried to get a sample of the new element, he had to process 40 tons of mineral water to extract 50 grams of cesium salt from it.
After Bunsen and Kirchhoff published their work, other scientists quickly realized the power of the new technology. This led to the discovery of more elements, including indium (1863), helium (1868), europium (1896), gallium (1875), and hafnium (1922).
Kirchhoff was able to identify some of the elements that are present in our sun. Other scientists looked to the stars and discovered that they are made of exactly the same elements as we find in our sun and on our earth.
Today, spectroscopy encompasses all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, not just visible light. It is an enormously valuable method for solving a huge variety of scientific problems. Even living things can be analyzed with spectroscopy, such as when magnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to identify diseases in people.
Invention of Flash Photography
In 1864, Bunsen and his research student Henry Enfield Roscoe invented flash photography when they used the intense, bright light from burning magnesium as a light source to allow photographs to be taken in poor ambient light.
The Man
Bunsen never married and had no children.
He had a reputation as a fun person to be around, full of laughter, but not too careful about his personal appearance – he had better uses for his time than wasting it over selecting clothes and looking at himself in the mirror. Another professor’s wife once said that she would like to kiss him, but she would have to wash him first!
He was a person who had a great reputation for warmheartedness, and enjoying jokes and fun. His students admired him greatly. He told a great many anecdotes. These were published after his death in a short book called Bunseniana.
His work with arsenic, and with poisonous gases, his study of explosive chemical reactions, and his willingness to take equipment into the craters of active volcanoes and to lower it into geysers suggests he enjoyed living dangerously. In 1868 there was another explosion in his laboratory. This one involved iridium and rhodium metal powders, which can ignite spontaneously in air. Bunsen wrote:
“It is still difficult for me to write, as my hands are not quite healed… on touching the finely divided metal… with my finger, the whole suddenly exploded with the energy of rammed-in gunpowder… My left hand… saved my eyes, as my face and eyes were only superficially burnt by the flames which penetrated through my fingers. My eyes are, with the exception of singed eyebrows and eyelashes, unhurt, and so the explosion will luckily leave behind no serious traces.”
One of Bunsen’s favorite activities was walking in the woodland and hills around Heidelberg – here he got time to think. On these walks, he said, his best ideas would come to him.
Bunsen did a great deal of his laboratory work personally. He was a skilled glass blower, and he preferred doing experiments to anything else science could offer him.
“As an investigator he was great, as a teacher he was greater, as a man and friend he was greatest.”
Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, 1833 – 1915
Chemist
Awards
Bunsen worked in pre-Nobel prize days. In 1860 he was awarded the equivalent of the Nobel Prize, in the form of the British Royal Society’s Copley Medal; he also won the Royal Society’s Davy Medal in 1877. He was elected foreign member of the Royal Society, and in 1883 became one of eight foreign members of the French Academy of Sciences.
The End
Robert Bunsen died on August 16, 1899 in Heidelberg, aged 88.
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What is the scientific name for the hip bone? | Robert Bunsen - Science and Technology biography
Robert Bunsen
Last modified : 2010-06-02
Robert Bunsen
, German chemist and physicist, is known for his work in inorganic chemistry. In particular, his work emphasized the experimental nature of chemistry. Bunsen invented or improved on the electrochemical battery (Bunsen battery), the spectroscope, the gas burner, and the photometer. Bunsen was one of the founders of the field of spectroscopy.
He demonstrated a procedure for identifying matter based on its spectral characteristics. Using his spectroscope, he discovered the elements cesium and rubidium.
Robert Bunsen was born on March 31, 1811 in Gottingen, Germany, the youngest of four sons. As his father was a professor of modern languages at the university, an academic environment would surround him from birth. After schooling in the city of Holzminden, Bunsen studied chemistry at Gottingen. He was awarded his doctorate in 1830 at the early age of 19 for a dissertation on different kinds of hygrometer. Immediately after that Bunsen set off on extensive travels, partially underwritten by the government, that took him through Germany and Paris and eventually to Vienna from 1830 to 1833.
During this trip, Bunsen visited Henschel’s machinery manufacturing plant and saw the “new small steam engine.” In Berlin, he saw the mineralogical collections of Weiss and had contact with Runge, the discoverer of aniline. Continuing on his journeys, Bunsen met with Liebig in Giessen and with Mitscherlich in Bonn for a geological trip through the Eifel mountains.
In Paris and Vienna, Bunsen visited the Sevres porcelain works and met with the outstanding chemists of the times, including famous Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac. In Paris in 1832 he also attended lectures at the famous Ecole Polytechnique. These travels allowed Bunsen the opportunity to establish a network of contacts that would stay with him throughout his illustrious career.
Upon his return to Germany, Bunsen became a lecturer at Gottingen and began his experimental studies of the insolubility of metal salts of arsenious acid. His discovery of the use of iron oxide hydrate as a precipitating agent is still the best known antidote against arsenic poisoning to this day. In two years Bunsen gained his Habilitation with work on these organometallic compounds. This was his only venture in organic/physiological chemistry.
In 1836, Bunsen was nominated to succeed Wohler at Kassel. He taught there for two years before accepting a position at the University of Marsburg. Moving from Kassel to Marsburg he took over the directorship of the Chemical Laboratory there and was appointed extraordinary professor on 7 August 1839. Bunsen has performed there his important and dangerous studies of cacodyl derivatives.
This research was his only work in pure organic chemistry and made him immediately famous within the scientific community. Cacodyl (from the Greek kakodhs – “stinking”, now named tetra-methyldiarsine) was also known as alkarsine or “Cadet’s liquid,” a product made from arsenic distilled with potassium acetate. The chemical composition of this liquid was unknown, but it and its compounds were known to be poisonous, highly flammable and had an extremely nauseating odor even in minute quantities. Bunsen’s daring experiments showed that cacodyl was an oxide of arsenic that contained a methyl radical.
These results significantly furthered the earlier work by Gay-Lussac, who had isolated the radical cyan in 1815, and that of Liebig and Wohler who published “One the radical of benzoic acid” in 1832. Typical of his research life, however, Bunsen seemed content to explore subjects of interest in his lab, but remained outside the fray that surrounded the often “violent” discussions of theoretical subjects.
Although Bunsen’s work brought him quick and wide acclaim, he nearly killed himself from arsenic poisoning and it also cost him the sight of one eye – an explosion of the compound sent a sliver of glass into his eye. Recovery was slow and painful.
His next research, still at Marburg, was on gas analysis. This seems to have begun with early (1838) work on the gases present in the blast furnaces used for making iron. Accompanied by a collaborator, Lyon Playfair, he visited England and their results were taken up by iron-masters with huge savings of fuel that would otherwise have been needlessly wasted. They suggested techniques that could recycle gases through the furnace and retrieve valuable escaping by-products such as ammonia.
From this work he went on to show how to determine the specific gravity of gases, to measure their absorption by liquids, and their rates of diffusion. Above all, he perfected the technique of eudiometry, where known volumes of gas are exploded with oxygen and the amounts of the products measured. His methods of measuring volumes of gases were described in his only publication on this subject, Gasometrische Methoden (1857). His pioneering studies of gas analysis laid the foundation of techniques still in use 100 years later.
Other work during this period concentrated on technological experiments such as the generation of galvanic currents in batteries. In 1841, instead of the expensive platinum electrode used in Grove’s battery, Bunsen made a carbon electrode. This led to large scale use of the “Bunsen battery” in the production of arc-light and in electroplating.
One of the more memorable episodes during Bunsen’s tenure at Marsburg was a geological trip to Iceland sponsored by the Danish government following the eruption of Mount Hekla in 1845. Indulging his lifelong interest in geology, Bunsen collected gases emitted from volcanic vents and performed extensive chemical analyses of volcanic rock. In addition to sampling lava gases, Bunsen investigated the theory of geyser action. Once he made daring temperature measurements of the water in the geyser tube of Iceland’s Great Geyser just before it erupted. The popular belief of his time was that the water from geysers was volcanic in origin. Bunsen took rocks from the area and boiled them in rain water.
He found that the resulting solution was quite similar to geyser water. He conducted temperature studies on the water in the geyser tube at different depths and discovered that the water was indeed hot enough to boil. Due to pressure differentials caused by the moving column of water, boiling occurs in the middle of the tube and throws the mass of water above it into the sky above. In true investigative spirit Bunsen experimented with an artificial geyser in the lab:
“To confirm his theory, Bunsen made an artificial geyser, consisting of a basin of water having a long tube extending below it. He heated the tube at the bottom andat about the middlepoint. As the water at the middle reached its boiling point, all of the phenomena of geyser action were beautifully shown, including the preliminary thundering. That was in 1846. From that day to this Bunsen’s theory of geyser action has been generally accepted by geologists.”
Heidelberg University
Bunsen and Kirchoff, a physicist trained at Konigsberg, met and became friends in 1851, when Bunsen spent a year at the University of Breslau, where Kirchoff was also teaching. Bunsen was called to the University of Heidelberg in 1852, and he soon arranged for Kirchoff to teach at Heidelberg as well.
In 1852 Bunsen succeeded Leopold Gmelin at Heidelberg. His stature was such that he attracted students and chemists from all over the world to study in his laboratory. May 1853 saw commencement of the work on the Chemical Laboratory, soon to become the largest and best-equipped lab of its kind anywhere in the world. Bunsen’s presence in Heidelberg attracted many other famous chemists of the day (August KekulE, Emil Erlenmeyer, Adolf von Baeyer, Henry Roscoe) and made the University of Heidelberg one of the major world centres of chemical research.
Bunsen ignored the current trend in organic chemistry which was fast overtaking the experimental world. Instead, Bunsen improved his earlier work on batteries: using chromic acid instead of nitric acid, he was able to produce pure metals such as chromium, magnesium, aluminum, manganese, sodium, aluminum, barium, calcium and lithium by electrolysis.
At Heidelberg, Bunsen pioneered studies in photochemsitry (with H. E. Roscoe), working with hydrogen/chlorine mixtures exposed to sunlight.
A former student of Bunsen’s believed that it was this “splendid light” from the combustion of magnesium that led Bunsen to devote considerable attention to photochemical studies. A ten year collaboration with Sir Henry Roscoe began in 1852. They took equal volumes of gaseous hydrogen and chlorine and studied the formation of HCl, which occurs in specific relationship to the amount of light received. Their results showed that the light radiated from the sun per minute was equivalent to the chemical energy of 25 x 1012 m3 of a hydrogen-chlorine mixture forming HCl.
In 1859, Bunsen suddenly discontinued his work with Roscoe, telling him: “At present Kirchhoff and I are engaged in a common work which doesn’t let us sleep… Kirchhoff has made a wonderful, entirely unexpected discovery in finding the cause of the dark lines in the solar spectrum…. thus a means has been found to determine the composition of the sun and fixed stars with the same accuracy as we determine sulfuric acid, chlorine, etc., with our chemical reagents. Substances on the earth can be determined by this method just as easily as on the sun, so that, for example, I have been able to detect lithium in twenty grams of sea water.”
Gustav Kirchhoff, a young Prussian physicist, had the brilliant insight to use a prism to separate the light into its constituent rays, instead of looking through colored glass to distinguish between similarly colored flames. Thus the fledgling science of spectroscopy, which would develop into a vital tool for chemical analysis, was born. In order to study the resultant spectra, however, a high temperature, nonluminous flame was necessary.
Robert Bunsen invented the burner that bears his name sometime in 1855. For a number of years he had been considering the problem, not only of lighting the laboratory room itself, but also developing a better heat source for lab work. Up until his invention, the flames produced had all been smokly, excessively flickering ones of low heat intensity.
The groundwork was laid three years prior when Bunsen moved to the University of Heidelberg. As a condition of his coming, he insisted on a new laboratory building and he also wanted gas piping included. The city of Heidelberg had just acquired a gas works to light the city streets. Bunsen got what he wanted.
The idea Bunsen had was simple. Instead if mixing the gas with the air right at the point of combustion, he proposed mixing the gas with the air before combustion. He went to the university mechanic, Peter Desaga, who designed and built the burner according the Bunsen’s specifications.
His son, Carl Desaga, wound up founding the firm C. Desaga, Factory for Scientific Apparatus, to handle the demands that began flowing in from all the world. Although no records exist, it is probably Peter Desaga who contributed the modern design of two large holes with a rotatable, perforated ring. Bunsen and Desaga did not apply for patent protection on their burner and it was quite soon that others began to produce their own versions. Some even went so far as to claim the invention as their own, including one person who was granted a patent on the device. Both Bunsen and Desaga were involved in writing letters to the proper authorities to refute these claims.
The Bunsen burner was the forerunner of the gas-stove burner and the gas furnace. The Bunsen burner consists of a metal tube on a base with a gas inlet at the lower end of the tube, which may have an adjusting valve; openings in the sides of the tube can be regulated by a collar to admit as much air as desired. The mixture of air and gas (optimally about 1 part gas to 3 parts air) is forced by gas pressure to the top of the tube, where it is ignited with a match.
It burns with a pale blue flame, the primary flame, seen as a small inner cone, and a secondary, almost colourless flame, seen as a larger, outer cone, which results when the remaining gas is completely oxidized by the surrounding air. The hottest part of the Bunsen flame, which is found just above the tip of the primary flame, reaches about 1,500 C (2,700 F). With too little air, the gas mixture will not burn completely and will form tiny carbon particles that are heated to glowing, making the flame luminous. With too much air, the flame may burn inside the burner tube; that is, it may strike back.
The Meker and Fisher burners, variations of the original Bunsen burner, have metallic grids to increase the turbulence of the mixture and keep the flame at the top of the tube. The Fisher burner uses forced air. There is no secondary flame dependent on surrounding air, because these improvements introduce sufficient air for complete combustion, and the heat of the primary flame is augmented.
Within five years of the development of the burner, Bunsen and Kirchhoff were deeply involved with spectroscopy, inventing yet another instrument: the Bunsen-Kirchhoff spectroscope. This vital instrument of chemical analysis can trace its ancestry to such simple components as a “prism, a cigar box, and two ends of otherwise unusable old telescopes.” From such humble beginnings came the instrument which proved to be of tremendous importance in chemical analysis and the discovery of new elements.
This spectrometer is described in the 1888 Queen Catalogue of Instruments for Physical Optics as “Bunsen’s Laboratory Spectroscope. With One prism. Consists of a collimator, with adjustable slit and a prism for comparison of spectra, a second collimator, with a photographed millimeter scale, and a telescope for examining the rays from the former two. The prism, which is of flint-glass, is inclosed in a strong metal box. All mounted upon a neat stand and packed in a strong box with lock … $55.00 [according to the 1888 price]“.
In addition to yielding a unique spectrum for each element, the spectroscope had the advantage of definite identification while only using a minimal amount of sample, on the range of nanograms to micrograms for elements like sodium and barium respectively. Using the techniques they devised, Bunsen and Kirchhoff announced the discovery of cesium (Latin caesium, “sky blue”) in the following passage: “Supported by unambiguous results of the spectral-analytical method, we believe we can state right now that there is a fourth metal in the alkali group besides potassium, sodium, and lithium, and it has a simple characteristic spectrum like lithium; a metal that shows only two lines in our apparatus: a faint blue one, almost coinciding with Srd, and another blue one a little further to the violet end of the spectrum and as strong and as clearly defined as the lithium line.”
Some of Bunsen’s enthusiasm is readily apparent in a letter to Roscoe dated November 6, 1869: “I have been very fortunate with my new metal… I shall name it cesium because of its beautiful blue spectral line. Next Sunday I expect to find time to make the first determination of its atomic weight.”
In 1861, only a few months following their cesium discovery, Bunsen and Kirchhoff announced the discovery of yet another new alkali metal. Two hitherto undiscovered violet spectral lines in an alkali of the mineral lepidolite were attributed to a new element, rubidium (Latin rubidus, “darkest red colour”). Bunsen and Kirchhoff’s combined genius quickly paved the way for others to claim elemental discoveries.
The spectroscope served as a springboard by which five new elements were discovered. These included thallium (Crookes, 1861), indium (Reich and Richter, 1863), gallium (Lecoq de Boisbaudran, 1875), scandium (Nilson, 1879) and germanium (Winkler, 1886). Fittingly, Bunsen’s original vision of analyzing the composition of the stars was realized in 1868 when helium was discovered in the solar spectrum.
In 1870 Bunsen devised a sensitive ice calorimeter that measured the volume rather than the mass of the ice melted. This allowed him to measure the metals’ specific heat to find their true atomic weights. The ice calorimeter of Bunsen finds the number of melted grams of ice by measuring volumes. 1 g of ice occupies 1.0908 cm3, 1 g of water 1.0001 cm3. When 1 g of ice melts it reduces its volume by 0.0907 cm3. The measured reduction in volume of melting ice indicates the number of grams which have melted. The figure (left) shows the instrument, completely blown out of glass.
The U-tube C, the wider part g of which ends above in a small test tube for the body to be examined, contains above b water and ice, mercury from b into the calibrated capillary S . The instrument has protection against external heat effects by being surrounded by a mixture of ice and water. You place the body, heated to to, into the tube filled with water at temperature 0o.
The body passes its heat to the water and through it to the ice; the ice melts, the volume occupied by ice and water reduces and allows the mercury to rise above b. The displacement of the mercury column in S indicates the number of cm3, which have risen above b. 11.03 g of melted ice correspond to a volume change of 1 cm3. The Bunsen calorimeter allows to make very exact measurements and requires only a few grams of the substance to be investigated, but demands strict conformity with several intricate rules (for example, for the production of the ice mantle).
During this period, he also pressed magnesium into wire; the element came into general use as an outstanding illuminating agent.
Bunsen also invented the filter pump (1868), the vapour calorimeter (1887) and grease-spot photometer used to compare intensity of similar light sources (1844), a new valve, Bunsen-effuser (determines gas density by velocity measurement of gas drain through a small hole).
Throughout his professional life, Bunsen’s personal life centered around his laboratory and his students. Never marrying, Bunsen often took on the introductory courses that were shunned by other colleagues. During the one hundred hours of lectures presented each semester, Bunsen emphasized experimentation and tabulated summaries and patiently introduced students to the world of analytical chemistry.
Bunsen’s habit was to assign a scientific task to his students and then to work with a student only as long as required to reach some measure of independence. Many principal players in the history of chemistry can trace their chemical roots back to Bunsen’s laboratory. Two of his more famous students were Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer.
According to accounts, Bunsen was one of the more modest of giants: “He never said: ‘I have discovered,’ or ‘I found’… He was characterized by extraordinary, distinguished modesty. That does not mean that he was not conscious of his own value. He knew how to use it at the right time and in the right company; he even had a considerable degree of very sound egotism.”
The scientific world held Bunsen in high esteem for much of his long professional life. In 1842 he was elected to the Chemical Society of London and the Academie des Sciences in 1853. He was named a foreign fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1858, receiving its Copley Medal in 1860. Bunsen and Kirchhoff were recipients of the first Davy Medal in 1877. The Albert Medal was awarded in 1898 in recognition of Bunsen’s many scientific contributions to industry. Of these honors, Bunsen once remarked, “Such things had value for me only because they pleased my mother; she is now dead.”
Upon his retirement at the age of 78, Bunsen left the chemical work behind, returned to his first love of geology, keeping up with the latest developments in the field and corresponding with his old friends such as Roscoe, Kirchhoff and Helmholtz.
Bunsen died August 16, 1899 after a peaceful three day sleep, leaving behind a glowing legacy of discoveries and technological advances that allowed the world of chemistry to burn brightly. Nine years after his death (1908) a monument was erected in his honour (Hauptstrasse).
View the full website biography of Robert Bunsen .
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Which annual prizes were established by the legacy of a Swedish chemist? | Peace Award - www.legacyproject.org
PEACE AWARD
Give out
an award certificate recognizing peaceful, constructive actions
Each year, Nobel Prizes are awarded for outstanding achievement in five original areas – Peace, Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature – and a sixth area of Economics (the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science was added in 1968). The Nobel Prizes were established in the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist and inventor. He was involved, with his family, in the manufacture of explosives. He also invented dynamite. A man who believed in peace, he was concerned about the potential destructive uses of the explosives he had invented. So, he established a fund to provide the annual awards.
Under the terms
of Nobel's will, the Peace Prize is judged by a committee of the Norwegian parliament. Each recipient is presented with a gold medal and a monetary award (close to $1 million). The awards were first given in 1901. They are not given every year, and from 1940 to 1942 no awards were made.
Sometimes winners are people who work behind the scenes, sometimes they are people who are very well known. For example, former US President Jimmy Carter was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. The prize was awarded for Carter's "decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development." During his presidency (1977-1981), Carter's mediation was a vital contribution to the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt. Through his Carter Center (visit www.cartercenter.org ), which celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2002, Carter has since his presidency undertaken very extensive and persevering conflict resolution on several continents. The Nobel Committee concluded its announcement of the award by stating, "In a situation currently marked by threats of the use of power, Carter has stood by the principles that conflicts must as far as possible be resolved through mediation and international co-operation based on international law, respect for human rights, and economic development."
Why not give your own award for peace? A Peace Award is a great way to praise and recognize any age, especially children and teens, for their efforts to act in peaceful ways and build a cooperative, caring, safe community. Families might choose a different family member each month. Schools might choose a new recipient every week. You can even give out Peace Awards as holiday gifts.
Who's in the running to receive the award? A teacher or parent who takes a stand against bullying. A grandparent who takes the time to listen to a troubled teen. Depending on the age of children, someone who has remembered to consistently say "please" and "thank you," who didn't lose control and instead remembered to count to ten, who shared a toy or book, or who helped another person with a problem or mediated a dispute.
Recipients can be chosen in a number of ways. You can give out a Peace Award anytime you see worthy behavior. Or give out the award every holiday season. A parent or teacher can choose an individual. Everyone in a group can vote. Or, everyone can drop nominations into a box when they see someone else do something that contributes to a spirit of peace, and then a winner can be pulled from the box.
Give and celebrate the gift of peace. We can start building a legacy of peace in the world by building peace within ourselves and in our own families and communities.
© www.legacyproject.org
| Nobel Prize |
How many kilobytes are there in a megabyte? | Nobel Prizes - Credo Reference
Topic Page: Nobel Prizes
Definition: Nobel Prizes from Philip's Encyclopedia
Awards given each year for outstanding contributions in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, economics, and world peace. Established in 1901 by the will of Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel, the prizes are awarded annually on December 10. Committees based in Sweden and Norway select the winners.
Summary Article: Nobel Prize from The Columbia Encyclopedia
Image from: German chemist Fritz Haber pioneered the... in Science in the Early Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia
award given for outstanding achievement in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, peace, or literature. The awards were established by the will of Alfred Nobel, who left a fund to provide annual prizes in the five areas listed above. These prizes were first given in 1901. The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 from funds provided by the Swedish national bank, Sveriges Riksbank, and was first awarded in 1969. Each prize consists of a gold medal, a sum of money, and a diploma with the citation of award. The amount of money available for each prize varies from year to year. The Nobel Prizes are awarded without regard to nationality; the judges are, by the terms of Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (physics and chemistry, as well as economic science), the Swedish Royal Caroline Medico-Surgical Institute (physiology or medicine), the Swedish Academy (literature), and a committee elected by the Norwegian parliament (peace). The awards are made on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, the Peace Prize being presented in Oslo and the others in Stockholm. A prize is sometimes shared; several times the Nobel Peace Prize has been given to an organization. There may be one or more years in which a prize or prizes may not be awarded; this has happened most often with the Peace Prize. See the tables entitled Nobel Prizes and Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for lists of persons who have been awarded the prizes.
The Columbia Encyclopedia, © Columbia University Press 2016
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In what branch of science would a unit of distance called a Parsec be used? | Parsec - definition of parsec by The Free Dictionary
Parsec - definition of parsec by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/parsec
(pär′sĕk′)
n.
A unit of astronomical length based on the distance from Earth at which stellar parallax is one second of arc and equal to 3.258 light-years, 3.086 × 1013 kilometers, or 1.918 × 1013 miles.
(ˈpɑːˌsɛk)
n
(Units) a unit of astronomical distance equal to the distance from earth at which stellar parallax would be 1 second of arc; equivalent to 3.0857 × 1016 m or 3.262 light years
[C20: from parallax + second2]
(ˈpɑrˌsɛk)
n.
a unit of distance equal to 206,265 times the distance from the earth to the sun, or 3.26 light years.
[1910–15; par (allax) + sec (ond)2]
par·sec
(pär′sĕk′)
A unit of astronomical length equal to 3.26 light-years. It is based on the distance from Earth at which a star would have a parallax of one second of arc.
parsec
1. (pc) The distance at which 1 au would measure 1 sec of arc, equal to 19.16 trillion mi (30.857 trillion km) or 206,265 au or 3.26 ly (1).
2. (pc) A unit of length used for measuring astronomical distances. 1 parsec = 3.26 light years.
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| Astronomy |
How many minutes does it take the Hubble Space Telescope to complete one orbit around the earth? | Scientific Notation & The Metric System
The Units of Science
Introduction
Since Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences, it has developed many traditions over the years. While an astronomer would not hesitate for an instant to apply cutting-edge technology at the telescope or computer, the language and units of measurement in the field change much more slowly. So, as you set out to investigate the Universe with us, let us introduce you to a few words, units and short-hand that you'll encounter here.
Scientific Notation
As was discussed in The Scale of the Universe tutorial, the important numbers in Astronomy span almost 40 orders of magnitude in size. Consider the mass of the Sun:
MSun = 1,989,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 grams
It's cumbersome, to say the least, having to write out all of those zeros. Even kilograms (eliminate 3 zeros) or metric tons (eliminate 6 zeros) don't help much. Furthermore, we really don't know the Sun's mass beyond the accuracy of the fourth digit. All those zeros are just place-keepers, carrying no useful information. For this reason, scientists use a short-hand called Scientific Notation to express very large or very small numbers.
In scientific notation the Sun's mass becomes:
MSun = 1.989 x 10 33 gm.
The number above the ten, called the power of ten or exponent, stands for the number of decimal places. If it is positive, as in the mass of the Sun, the decimal places are in front ofthe decimal point. So, 1033 means "move the decimal point 33 places to the right and fill the empty places with zeros" (or, more mathematically, multiply by ten 33 times).
For very small numbers, such as the mass of the proton,
Mp+ = 0.000000000000000000000001673 grams
we use negative powers of 10. The mass of the proton becomes
Mp+ = 1.673 x 10 -24 grams
For negative exponents, the powers of 10 are after the decimal point; 10-24 means "move the decimal point 24 places to the left and fill in with zeros" (or divide by ten 24 times).
There are several good web pages about Scientific Notation. If you would like to read a bit more, try out the University of Maryland's Astronomy Programs site, with a Scientific Notation Exercise and an Astronomical Distance Calculator .
Arithmetic in Scientific Notation
Arithmetic with Scientific Notation is fairly straightforward, but requires treating the exponent separately. Suppose you wanted to estimate the mass of our Galaxy, the Milky Way. In round numbers there are about a half-trillion stars in the Milky Way:
N*
N* x Msun
5 x 1011stars . 2 x 1033grams
In order to perform the calculation the 2 and 5 are multiplied together and the exponents 11 and 33 are added.
MMW
( 2 . 5 ) x 10 (11 + 33) grams
10 x 1044 grams = 1 x 1045grams
This is, of course, a crude estimate, especially because we now know that the mass of the Milky Way is dominated by unseen matter. Division in Scientific Notation is just the inverse process. Suppose you wanted to estimate the number hydrogen atoms is the sun. One estimate would be
NH
Msun / mH
2 x 1033grams / 1.67 x 10-24grams
Now we divide the 2 and the 1.67 (Again this is a crude estimate so we can take mH
2 x 10-24grams) and subtract the exponent of the divisor (-24) from the exponent of the dividend (33).
NH
If you are very careful you can verify these calculations by longhand.
Units of Measurement
Before people can share information about the physical world, they need a common language and standard units of measurement. Since science is an international human endevour, scientists all over the world have agreed to use one set of units when they talk with each other about their work. This world-wide standard is called the metric system. So, when Scientist A in Katmandu says the distance to the Sun is 150,000,000 kilometers, Scientist B in Helsinki knows exactly what that means. Here is a list of fundamental units from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly the National Bureau of Standards.
The metric system has standard prefixes to indicate relative sizes. As we noted above, Scientist A reported that the distance to the Sun was 150,000,000 kilometers. The prefix "kilo" means 1,000, so a kilo meter is 1,000 meters. The table below gives some metric names used in these pages and their definitions.
Metric Prefixes
Here is a comprehensive list of prefixes from the National Institute of Standards and Techonology (NIST).
A few examples of how to use the metric prefixes:
10-2 pedes = 1 centipede
10-12 boos = 1 picoboo
10-15 bismols = 1 femtobismol
Even the "world standard" metric system has different versions. Astronomers use a version of the cgs (Centimeter-Gram-Second) system, modified for the immense distances in the Universe and huge masses of astronomical objects. Most physicists are converging on use of the MKS (Meter-Kilogram-Second) version or Systeme Internacionale.
Length
To describe distances and sizes, we define a standard of length. The cgs unit of length is the centimeter, abbreviated as "cm". A centimeter is between a third and a half an inch:
As you can see from the diagram, a centimeter is pretty small - not a very practical unit for the enormous distances in the Universe. If our Astronomer A had to use centimeters to tell Astronomer B the distance to the Sun, it would look like this:
14,959,850,000,000 cm
There are three special units of distance used by astronomers. These are the astronomical unit (AU), the light-year and the parsec. The astronomical unit is the average distance of the Earth from the Sun shown above.
1 AU = 1.5 x 1013 cm = 150 million km = 93 million miles = 8.3 "light-minutes"
A light-year (ly) sounds like a measure of time, but it is a length - the distance light travels in one year.(We can use a light-year as a unit of measure because ALL light travels at the same speed; it is a fundamental constant of the Universe. More about this later...) So, in one year, light travels:
The name parsec comes from the technique of measuring distance called parallax . The nearest star, Alpha Centauri, is about 1.3 pc or 4 light-years away. We'll mostly stick to light-years in these pages, but you may see stellar distances in pc, distances in the Milky Way Galaxy in kiloparsecs (kpc), distances to other galaxies in megaparsecs (Mpc) , and distances to very distant cosmological objects in gigaparsecs (Gpc).
1 parsec = 3.26 light-years
In addition to these distance units, astronomers use the Ångstrom(Å) as a measure of size on the atomic scale.
1 Ångstrom = 10-8 cm.
An Ångstrom is about the size of a hydrogen atom. Optical astronomers use the Ångstrom to measure wavelengths of light. The nanometer (nm = 10-9m = 10-7cm = 10Å) is also used as a measure of optical light wavelength, and the micrometer or micron ( µm = 10-6m = 10-4cm = 10,000Å) is used to describe infrared wavelengths.
Mass
Everyone knows that the astronauts weigh less when they're walking on the Moon than when they're back on Earth. Since the Moon is less massive than the Earth, it's gravitational attraction is smaller. It is essential to have a unit for measuring "amount of stuff" that would be the same everywhere in the Universe. That unit of "stuff" is called mass. So, an astronaut's weight is less on the Moon, but his/her mass is exactly the same. Actually,weight and mass are two different things. Your weight is the gravitational attraction between you and the Earth. (Or whatever planet you may be visiting.) Your mass is a measure of your inertia , your resistance to changes in motion. Here is a nice explanation of mass.
The CGS unit of mass is the gram. It is much smaller than an ounce:
454 grams = 16 ounces = 1 pound
The defining standard of mass is a 1-kilogram platinum-iridium cylinder located in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sevres,France. There is a copy of the standard in the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, and other national laboratories around the world.
Should the international standard of the kilogram be redefined? Read about it here.
On the very large (astronomical) scale and the very small (atomic) scale two other units of mass are used. To measure atomic masses the atomic mass unit (amu) is employed. the amu is defined as one-twelfth the mass of a common carbon atom:
1 amu = m(12C)/12 = 1.66 x 10-24g
slightly less than the mass of a proton. For stars, galaxies, etc. we use the solar-mass
M
2 x 1033g
where the "
" is the standard astronomical symbol for the sun. The mass of our Milky Way Galaxy is about 1012M
.
Time
The CGS unit of time is the second. The time standard is kept by the NIST using a cesium atomic clock like the one to the right.
Learn about atomic clocks.
Visit the Atomic Clock tour exhibit.
Synchronize your pc clock to the NIST Atomic clock.
Atomic clock at NIST
Energy
Much of astronomy and astrophysics is concerned with understanding the energy generation and luminous energy output from stars, galaxies, etc. The cgs unit of energy is the erg. An erg is the amount of energy contained in the motion of a 1 gram mass moving with a speed of 1 centimeter/second or about the energy expended by a fly taking off from the wall.
The light output of a star or galaxy is called its luminosity measured in ergs/second. The luminosity of our sun
L
= 4 x 1033 erg/s
At the atomic/nuclear level energies are sometimes quoted in electron-volts - eV, the energy of an electron accelerated through a voltage of 1 volt (1 eV = 1.6 x 10-12 erg). The energy-levels and ionization energies of common atoms are a few eV, x-ray photon energies are frequently quoted in kilo-electron-volts - keV, and gamma-rays and nuclear energies are frequently given in MeV. Because of the mass-energy equivalence implied by Einstein's
E = mc2
particle masses are sometimes quoted as the equivalent energy, usually in MeV. This is also called the "rest-energy" of the particle. The electron mass, me = 0.511 MeV and the proton mass, mp = 938 MeV. These are the energies that must be achieved by "atom-smashers" to create these particles out of pure energy.
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In the 1994 film The Flintstones, which legendary actress played Fred Flintstone's mother-in-law? | See the Cast of 'The Flintstones' Then and Now
See the Cast of 'The Flintstones' Then and Now
November 16, 2013 @ 10:37 AM
Universal
In 1994, Steven Spielberg 's Amblin Entertainment produced a live-action version of the classic animated series 'The Flintstones,' bringing the cartoon family to life on the big screen for the very first time with stars like John Goodman and Rick Moranis. The film was a massive hit at the box office, even though critics absolutely loathed it. Nineteen years later, we take a look back at the cast of this prehistoric family film and see what they're up to now.
John Goodman, Fred Flintstone
Universal/Getty Images
Then: John Goodman played Fred, the patriarch of the Flintstone family. Various iterations of a live-action 'Flintstones' film were in the works for years, with John Belushi offered the role of Fred at one point. If Goodman had turned the role down, this version would not have been made.
Now: Goodman, who has appeared in several of the Coen Brothers' films, including 'The Big Lebowski' and 'O Brother, Where Art Thou,' can be seen next in their new film, 'Inside Llewyn Davis.' He also recently reprised the voice of Sully for Pixar's 'Monsters University,' and stars in George Clooney's upcoming 'The Monuments Men.'
Elizabeth Perkins, Wilma Flintstone
Universal/Getty Images
Then: Elizabeth Perkins played Fred's wife, Wilma. Perkins was known previously for her roles in 'Big' and 'He Said, She Said.'
Now: Perkins portrayed Celia Hodes on the Showtime series 'Weeds' from 2005 until 2009. Since then, she's appeared in 'Hop' and 'The Lorax,' and starred on the short-lived sitcom 'How to Live with Your Parents (for the Rest of Your Life).'
Rick Moranis, Barney Rubble
Universal/Getty Images
Then: The character of Fred's best friend and co-worker Barney Rubble was short, so no actors over 5 feet, 6 inches were considered for the part. Danny DeVito was the first choice, but the actor felt he was too gruff, so he suggested 'Ghostbusters' and 'Spaceballs' star Rick Moranis.
Now: Moranis left acting in 1997 following the death of his wife. His film credits include 'Little Giants,' 'Honey, I Shrunk the Kids,' and 'Big Bully.' Since then, his only acting has been voice work on animated films like 'Brother Bear.' Moranis still releases folk comedy albums, like his 2013 release, 'My Mother's Brisket & Other Love Songs.'
Rosie O'Donnell, Betty Rubble
Universal/Getty Images
Then: Though many thought she did not totally look the part of Barney's wife, Betty, Rosie O'Donnell won the role by perfecting the character's signature giggle. Janine Turner, who appeared in the big-screen version of 'Leave it to Beaver,' was also considered for the part.
Now: O'Donnell hosted her own daytime talk show until 2002, and made guest appearances on 'Will & Grace,' 'Nip/Tuck' and 'Drop Dead Diva.' She has a recurring role on the ABC Family series 'The Fosters.'
Kyle MacLachlan, Cliff Vandercave
Universal/Getty Images
Then: 'Twin Peaks' star Kyle MacLachlan played the villainous Cliff Vandercave the vice president of the company where Fred and Barney work. Cliff tries to get Fred to unwittingly help him swindle money from the company.
Now: MacLachlan has appeared on 'Sex and the City,' 'Desperate Housewives' and 'How I Met Your Mother,' and portrays the fictional version of Portland's mayor on the IFC series 'Portlandia.'
Halle Berry, Sharon Stone
Universal/Getty Images
Then: The role of Cliff Vandercave's assistant Sharon Stone was written for -- no surprise -- Sharon Stone, but she had to back out due to scheduling conflicts. The role was also offered to Nicole Kidman, but went instead to Halle Berry, star of 'Jungle Fever' and 'The Program.'
Now: Berry is reprising the role of Storm in the upcoming 'X-Men: Days of Future Past,' marking her fourth time playing the superhero on the big screen. She also recently appeared in the horror thriller 'The Call' and in the Wachowski's time-spanning epic 'Cloud Atlas.'
Elizabeth Taylor, Pearl Slaghoople
| Elizabeth Taylor |
In The Lion King, what relation is Scar to Simba? | The Flintstones. DVD and Movie Reviews
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The Flintstones
While on it’s rocky road to the big screen, director Steven Spielberg made it clear that the only way his company was going to make a live-action version of the popular animated series “The Flintstones” was if actor John Goodman played Fred Flintstones.
It took several years for Amblin Entertainment to get all of the logistics right, but once you’ve seen the film “The Flintstones,” there’s no denying that Goodman “is” Fred Flintstone. It would be hard to imagine “The Flintstones” without Goodman (although thanks to a “prequel” now shooting called “Viva Rock Vegas” we’ll find out). He’s the consummate Fred, a big, loveable oaf who does whatever it takes to make life comfortable for his wife Wilma (Elizabeth Perkins) and daughter Pebbles.
That’s a tall order considering that Fred works in a rock quarry, and when he’s not busy hauling rocks from point “A” to point “B,” he’s dodging massive Pterodactyl poop and trying to get a promotion. You would have to have lived in a cave for the past thirty years to not heard of “The Flintstones,” television’s first prime time animated series aimed at both adults and their children. An animated version of “The Honeymooners,” “The Flintstones” was a big hit in the 1960’s, and thanks to the film, an even bigger hit in the 1990’s.
Thanks to a wonderful cast, a script that was pieced together by more than 30 writers, excellent production design and lively direction by Brian Levant (“Beethoven“), “The Flintstones” is a stone age comedy with modern sensibilities. There are so many visual and verbal jokes in “The Flintstones” that one viewing is not enough to fully appreciate all of the effort that went into the film.
If this is your first viewing, just watch the film for it’s entertainment value. Then watch it again with director Brian Levant’s running audio commentary and discover some fabulous in-jokes and sight gags that slip by. The story is okay, with Barney Rubble (Rick Moranis) substituting his work aptitude test with Fred’s so that his buddy will get the promotion he so desperately needs. Of course his new found power and fame goes to Fred’s head, turning him into a turncoat. It’s not long before Barney is out of a job, forcing him, Betty (Rosie O’Donnell) and their adopted some Bam-Bam to move in with the Flintstones when they can no longer afford their own place.
Eventually animosity sets in, putting a strain on the long-lasting Flintstone-Rubble friendship. How Fred sets out to correct the situation and trip up his corrupt supervisor (Kyle MacLachlan) takes the film into its frenzied third act, where the physical gags become larger than life. The plot is just a mechanism for the writers and Levant to share in their favorite “Flintstone’s” moments, including the dead-on live-action opening that mimics the animated series with accuracy. The special effects, including the computer generated images, are outstanding. Even though you know it’s just a movie, you completely buy into the premise. Goodman is sensational as Fred, looking quite dapper in his leopard skin garb.
Perkins is perky as Wilma, while O’Donnell is a blast as Betty. Moranis is sweet as Barney, and shares in some of the film’s best moments. Then there’s Elizabeth Taylor as Fred’s mother-in-law. Taylor shines as bright as a star in her last real film role. I thoroughly enjoyed “The Flintstones.” You will too.
COMPLETE CHECK-UP
VISION: [ X ] 20/20 [ ] Good [ ] Cataracts [ ] Blind
Stunning, vibrant eye candy delivered in a crisp, tight 1.85:1 widescreen transfer that’s been enhanced at 16:9 for widescreen televisions. Hardly a trace of compression artifacts is evident, while the colors and saturation are absolutely breathtaking. The blacks are as tight as they get, with excellent use of shadows and grays. The color scheme, bright, animated hues against an earthy landscape, looks healthy and honest, including flattering flesh tones. The depth of field is sharp with nice attention to detail, with even small patterns holding up under scrutiny. Handsome transfer on an RSDL disc.
HEARING: [ X ] Excellent [ ] Minor Hearing Loss [ ] Needs Hearing Aid [ ] Deaf
The soundtrack is just as animated as the live-action cartoon, and the 5.1 Dolby Digital Surround track respects the hard work that went into the superb mix. The dialogue mix is strong, while the stereo effects are superb. The left-to-right and front-to-rear spatial separation is precise, while the ambient noise is natural. David Newman’s bright and bouncy score fills the room with decisive high ends and strong low ends. The basses are noticeable without being overpowering. There’s also a 5.1 Dolby Digital Surround track in French.
ORAL: [ ] Excellent [ X ] Good [ ] Poor
Closed Captions in English and subtitles in Spanish.
COORDINATION: [ X ] Excellent [ ] Good [ ] Clumsy [ ] Weak
This Collector’s Edition of “The Flintstones” comes with all of the extras one has come to expect from Universal Studios Home Video:
First up is the lively alternate running commentary courtesy of director Brian Levant, whose enthusiasm regarding the “Flintstones” is unwavering. This guy is a ball of energy, and his every word is filled with the bright-eyed, gee-whiz attitude of someone who can’t believe he’s directing a big-budget, live-action version of his favorite animated television show. Levant doesn’t hold anything back, not only revealing tricks of the trade (and “The Flintstones” is filled with tricks) but his sincere opinion of his talented cast and executive director.
“Discovering Bedrock: The Making of The Flintstones” is a lengthy, informative and ultimately entertaining and engaging behind-the-scenes documentary that follows the path of the film from it’s early beginnings, to the casting and production design. Most of the cast members and the production team clock in with their insights and gossip, and even though making the film was a tremendous task, you can tell that everyone had a good time making it. Especially impressive are the “B” camera shots and rehearsal footage that let us get a close look at the filmmaking process. There’s also a healthy dose of special effects footage and how it was achieved.
One of my favorite extras is the opening sequence comparison that puts the original animated series opening on the top of the frame, and the live-action version on the bottom so you can compare how close the two match. You’ll be surprised at how close the two images really are.
There’s a wonderful MCA Soundtrack presentation that also includes the original BC-52’s music video of “The Flintstone’s” original theme, featuring the cast members.
For production and art design fans, there’s enough art department concept sketches and production photographs to give you a complete overview of the film.
Not only do you get the original theatrical and teaser trailer (my favorite), but hidden in the cast and crew bios are four more theatrical trailers: John Goodman in “Sea of Love,” Rick Moranis in “Parenthood,” Halle Berry in “Jungle Fever” and Kyle MacLachlan in “Dune.”
The DVD comes with impressive main and scene access menus, plus an informative booklet with background details on the making of “The Flintstones.”
PROGNOSIS: [ X ] Excellent [ ] Fit [ ] Will Live [ ] Resuscitate [ ] Terminal
You’ll have a Yabba-Dabba-Doo time.
VITALS: $34.95/Rated PG/91 Minutes/Color/47 Chapter Stops/Keepcase/#20274
ATTENDING RESIDENT: John Larsen
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What colour is the wig that Julia Roberts wears when she first meets Richard Gere in the film Pretty Woman? | Pretty Woman's 25th Anniversary: Celebs Who Dressed Like Pretty Woman
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Sure, Pretty Woman may appear to be a romantic comedy about a hooker with a heart of gold, but let’s be real: it’s really all about the clothes. It would be a whole different film if Vivian Ward (played by Julia Roberts ) didn’t wear those thigh-high leather boots to Rodeo Drive boutiques, or the diamond necklace to the opera (okay, fine, maybe not a whole different movie, but it definitely would have eliminated our favorite lines). So to celebrate the 25th anniversary of a film with so many fashion gems, we’re rounding up our favorite celebrities who have sartorially channeled the film (both literally and figuratively) in real life.
AKM-GSI; Evan Agostini/AP
First up: the iconic two-piece “dress” that Vivian wears when she first meets Edward Lewis (Richard Gere’s character). If you can believe it, more than one star has worn this look in recent years. For her 2012 Halloween costume , Emma Roberts went the authentic route (wonder if Roberts just stopped by Aunt Julia’s closet?). Complete with all the accessories (leather boots, red sweatshirt tied around the waist and even the blonde bobbed wig), Roberts had to have had the best costume at the party. Next up, Jennifer Lawrence had the most wearable take on the risqué look (if couture can be considered wearable) in a Dior Haute Couture striped sequin tank and skirt number connected by a ring at her waist.
GQ British
Another Emma took the cut-out mini for a spin, but Emma Watson went for the “LA law-breaker” theme on the May 2013 cover of GQ U.K. , channeling both Vivian and her character in The Bling Ring (a teen who committed celebrity burglaries).
A photo posted by StyleWatch (@stylewatchmag) on
Mar 27, 2014 at 8:48am PDT
And of course, there are stars who have channeled the film’s less, shall we say, provocative looks in real life. Eva Mendes knew from freshman year of high school that she would recreate Roberts’s iconic red dress for her senior prom. “I held on to the image of her in that red dress … in the four years I didn’t deviate from my love of that dress,” she told PEOPLE . “I just made a short — and what I thought was a cooler — version of that. Looking back, I could have done a lot worse!”
Jon Kopaloff/FilmMagic; Splash News Online
Earlier this year, Miley Cyrus compared her shopping trips on Rodeo Drive to the infamous scene in the film when the snooty sales lady wouldn’t wait on Vivian. “If you walk in, they give you the worst look you’ve ever seen,” she told The Daily Telegraph . Why do we have a feeling that Miley has reenacted this exact moment at some point in her life?
Mendes was spotted in another look that is so similar to Vivian’s polo match A-line polka dot dress, we have to assume the movie played inspiration for Mendes’s nearly identical frock. While Vivian matched the print to her hat, Mendes took a different approach and went with matching patterned tights.
What’s your favorite look from the movie? Which celeb’s take do you want to try out? Share your thoughts below!
–Colleen Kratofil
Why Pretty Woman Makes Julia Roberts Cry
[brightcoveplayer 604532915001]
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Which Robert Louis Stevenson story became Disney's first non animated film in 1950? | Pretty Woman
Pretty Woman, directed by Garry Marshall, and starring Julia Roberts and Richard Gere, is one of the most successful, top-grossing romantic comedies in cinematic history. Opening quietly during the summer of 1990, but with great word-of-mouth, it earned more than $175 million just in its theatrical release.
The films concept, which is neither innovative nor believable, has dismayed many people, as it depicts the implausible romance between Vivian, a Hollywood hooker, and Edward, a wheeler-dealer multimillionaire. (In fact, the films been dubbed a new version of Pygmalion, with a streetwalker instead of a flower seller as the transformee.) The put-upon, fairy tale heroine's name is evoked when two prostitutes discuss someone who has it all. Vivian also draws a parallel between Cinderella and herself during the course of the film when she talks about her childhood. Apparently her mother would lock her in the attic for being bad, and she'd pass the time fantasizing that she was a princess about to be rescued by a knight in shining armor.
Thus, the best way to approach Pretty Woman may be to accept it as a modern-day fairy tale. Indeed, several reviewers have linked Roberts character with Cinderella. Marshall himself invites us to view the narrative as a fantasy, as the film begins with a street person stating, "Welcome to Hollywood! Everybody comes to Hollywood got a dream. Whats your dream? Whats your dream? Hey, mister, hey, whats your dream?"
Even if we go along with the categorization of the film as a contemporary reworking of the classic fable, Pretty Woman still rankles feminists. Among the reasons is that Vivian objectifies and commodifies herself (necessary in her line of work) and thus dehumanizes herself, sells her body, and yearns for a man who will rescue her. As critic Hilary Radner argues, "Pretty Woman marks a specifically 1990s reconfiguration of
(Hollywood cinemas) marriage plot" (Radnor, 75).
However, film critic Charlotte Brunsdon theorizes that Vivian is neither a pre-feminist, � la June Cleaver, Harriet Nelson and Donna Reed, the stay-at-home moms shown on 50s television, nor does she represent a backlash against feminism, i.e., someone who disavows womens liberation. Instead, Brunsdon sees Vivian as a post-feminist. This means, according to Brunsdon, while Vivian does somewhat rebel against feminist values, at the same time she owes much to a feminist heritage. It is this strange juxtaposition that leads Brunsdon to label Viv a post-feminist.
One way in which Vivian belies feminism, of course, is in the way she earns her living, as noted above. In practicing "the worlds oldest profession," our heroine objectifies herself in order to make herself sexually attractive to men. Yet Viv is also feminist in spirit, as she is not only the locus of mens desire, but she also puts herself in the active position -- i.e., the typically masculine position -- of desiring; after all, she desires Edward. Also, Vivian does not embody the chaste heroine of old, vis � vis withholding her virginity. Tania Modleski has defined the classic formula of the Cinderella myth: "(T)he heroine, is often of lower social status than the hero, (and) holds out against his attacks on her virtue until he sees no other recourse than to marry her" (Modleski, 16). While Pretty Woman holds with classic tradition in making Vivian lower class -- she needs to be taught social niceties -- it breaks with tradition by according little if any importance to female virginity. Indeed, it is Vivians sexual expertise rather than her chastity that first attracts Edward to her, and as well see, it is her sense of morality and fair play that keeps him from leaving (Radner, 56, 62).
Another difference is that early feminists were strongly anti-consumption, eschewing fashion, make-up, etc. (Remember they were often stereotyped as bra burners). Brunsdon makes the point, though, that more recently, feminism has become accepting if not downright enthusiastic about consumption. Wearing lipstick and La Perla lingerie is no longer a feminist taboo. This rediscovery of feminine consumption associated with contemporary feminism can be typified as post-feminist in nature. (Consider how the two female stars of the British television sitcom Absolutely Fabulous both independent working women, albeit often silly and shallow -- are concerned with clothes, make-up and cosmetic surgery in order to appear attractive.)
Brunsdon acknowledges that the Rodeo Drive shopping scenes in which Viv is first rebuffed by supercilious saleswomen and then, with Edward in tow, turns the clerks into sycophants, is the centerpiece of the film. It is at this point that we first hear Roy Orbisons eponymous 60s pop hit playing in the background. But the fact that Vivian cleans up well is illustrated visually in the way she enters the lobby of the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel, where Edward is staying, both before and after her makeover. When Edward first brings Viv up to his penthouse, he seems to be sneaking her in -- literally "under wraps," as he drapes his rain coat over her. After her transformation, she is subjected to the approving gaze of others in the hotel and meets with their approval. This is particularly clear in the scene where she accompanies Edward to the opera. She wears a beautiful red ball gown, white gloves and expensive jewelry, like "a princess on the way to the ball" (Radner, 70).
How are we to judge this emphasis on materialism? Again, Brunsdon posits that since being a consumer is no longer a feminist dirty deed. We can look at Pretty Womans heroine as a cogent example of a character who may not embody feminism, but neither is she pre- or anti-feminist; rather, she is post-feminist. While the emphasis on shopping may sound like a pre-feminist ploy -- a woman who constructs herself in order to get her man -- the post-feminist also has ideas about her life and being in control which clearly emanate from feminism. She may manipulate her appearance, but she doesnt do it just to get a man on the old terms. (Think of Melanie Griffiths character in Mike Nichols film Working Girl; she wants a career AND Harrison Ford.) In Pretty Woman Vivian wont settle for being kept as Edwards "beck and call girl," but instead holds out for "the whole fairytale," i.e., marriage.
An additional way in which Viv embodies post-feminism is that, while she is a hooker, we really dont see her plying her trade, except with Edward. (Of course sex with him is fine, since we know they really love each other. In fact, any sexual tension is not whether or not Vivian and Edward will have sex but if and when they will kiss, an act deemed much more intimate by many prostitutes than intercourse. ) There are several early 70s films (predating Pretty Woman) in which a prostitute is shown in a positive light. Movies such as Klute (directed by Alan J. Pakula, 1971) and McCabe and Mrs. Miller (Robert Altman, 1971) showcase independent women for whom prostitution "is a job like any other, merely a way of "paying the rent" (Brunsdon, 293). This helps mitigate the view that prostitution is not only wrong but anti-feminist. In addition, while we do see Viv getting ready to strut her stuff, we dont see her having sex with johns, other than with Edward, but hell turn out to be her true love. In fact, at one point we hear Viv and her friend/fellow hooker, Kit, chanting a feminist "mantra" of sorts: "We say who, we say where, we say how much," showing they are at least trying to be in control of their lives and, at the same time, illustrates their independence from a pimp.
Vivians line of work is also deemphasized by her strong sense of morality, mentioned above. She saves her earnings, unlike Kit, who blows her income on drugs. (Thus Kit is set up as the true girl of the streets while Vivian is, in contrast, a good girl whos merely playing at being a prostitute.) And it is Vivian, not Edward, who fully appreciates (and can ably drive) his friends expensive sportscar. Also, Viv may work the street, but she is sensible enough to insist that Edward wear a condom. Perhaps most important, however, is the fact that Viv exhibits a strong sense of decency and fairness toward other people, a quality that Edward -- a corporate raider "who rapes companies instead of women" -- lacks, and that Vivian teaches to him (Radner, 62).
We are also privy to the depths of her emotions, as when she is genuinely moved by the opera, a bastion for upper-class minions. (By the way, the opera she attends, La Traviata, centers on a courtesan deeply in love with an upper-class young man, but she ends up dying of consumption.) We can also see her appreciation of one of filmdoms most sophisticated beauties, Audrey Hepburn, when Viv watches her in the movie Charade. In addition, two big-hearted men (the super-rich Mr. Morse and Bernard, the hotel manager) can recognize what wonderful instincts Vivian possesses.
Vivian also believes in the importance of family. For example, when Edward tells her how successful he is, the first thing Viv says is that his parents must be proud of him. She is also instrumental in bringing together Edward and Mr. Morse -- a father stand-in for Edward. Thus, Viv is not the selfish, shallow companion that Edward believes his ex-wife and former girlfriend have been (Radner, 64). In other words, its as if (as suggested above) Vivian is merely posing as a prostitute, while shes really splendid wife material, despite her lack of chastity. Indeed, this is expressed visually: Once Viv loses the blonde wig and micro-miniskirt, thanks to Edward spending "an obscene amount of money" on a ladylike wardrobe for her, we can see the "real" Viv shine through.
Another way in which Vivian shows us she is neither pre-feminist nor a 70s era feminist is in the way she embodies Cinderella, especially at the films end. Yes, she talks about Edward as her Prince Charming, capable of rescuing her, but Vivian does not position herself solely as a passive damsel in distress. Rather, she wants Edward to rescue her so that, as she firmly avows in the film, she can rescue him "right back." Again, this positions Viv as neither wholly active nor passive, but as a combination of the two opposing camps. Also, the sense of Pretty Woman being a modern-day fairy tale is both underscored and, paradoxically, eroded by the final imagery in the film. It does not end with a typical happily-ever-after embrace; rather, after the agreed-upon "merger" between Edward and Viv, we return to the streets and hear a homeless man comment, "Welcome to Hollywood
Everyone comes here. This is Hollywood, land of dreams. Some dreams come true, some dont, but keep on dreaming
"
CITATIONS:
Brunsdon, Charlotte. "Post-feminism and Shopping Films." Screen Tastes: Soap Opera to Satellite Dishes. London: Routledge, 1997.
Gaines, "Costume and Narrative: How Dress Tells the Womans Story," in J. Gaines and C. Herzog (eds.), Fabrications: Costume and the Female Body. New York and London: Routledge, 1990.
Modleski, Tania. Loving with a Vengeance: Mass-Produced Fantasies for Woman. New York: Methuen, 1982.
Radner, Hilary. "Pretty Is As Pretty Does: Free Enterprise and the Marriage Plot," in Jim Collins, Hilary Radner, and Ava Preacher Collins (eds.), Film Theory Goes to the Movies. New York: Routledge, 1993.
Walters, S. Material Girls. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995.
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In 2005, which 8 word sentence was voted by the American Film Institute as the greatest movie quote of all time? | American Film Institute
President Emerita, American Film Institute
"I'm going to let you in on a little secret...and tell you that six of tonight's greatest movie quotes come from one film. CASABLANCA.
In the eight years we've aired these specials, CASABLANCA has been honored in seven of them. And when we counted down the greatest love stories of all time...it was #1.
This kind of movie trivia is fun, but the movies are never trivial. Consider MRS. MINIVER ...a film released the same year as CASABLANCA. Its closing lines were so powerful to President Franklin Roosevelt, that he ordered them printed on millions of leaflets and dropped over Nazi-occupied Europe."
Jean Picker Firstenberg
AFI'S 100 YEARS...100 MOVIE QUOTES
06.21.05
VICAR
This is the people's war! It is our war! We are the fighters! Fight it, then! Fight it with all that is in us, and may God defend the right.
MRS. MINIVER MGM, 1942
SCREENWRITERS Arthur Wimperis, George Froeschel, James Hilton, Claudine West
DIRECTOR William Wyler
PRODUCERS William Wyler, Sidney Franklin
MRS. MINIVER
Click here to view the quote!
SELECTION CRITERIA
AFI distributed a ballot with 400 nominated movie quotes to a jury of over 1,500 leaders from the creative community, including film artists (directors, screenwriters, actors, editors, cinematographers), critics and historians.
Jury members were asked to choose up to 100 movie quotes from a comprehensive list, including entries such as "Here's lookin' at you, kid" (CASABLANCA), "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn" (GONE WITH THE WIND), "Why don't you come up sometime and see me?" (SHE DONE HIM WRONG), "May the Force be with you" (STAR WARS), "Houston, we have a problem" (APOLLO 13), "Snap out of it!" (MOONSTRUCK), "You can't handle the truth!" (A FEW GOOD MEN), "I'll be back" (THE TERMINATOR) and "Show me the money!" (JERRY MAGUIRE).
Due to the extensive number of memorable movie lines in American film, jurors could also write in votes for up to five quotes that may not already appear on the ballot.
Jurors were asked to consider the following criteria in making their selections:
MOVIE QUOTE
A statement, phrase or brief exchange of dialogue spoken in an American film.* (Lyrics from songs are not eligible.)
CULTURAL IMPACT
Movie Quotes that viewers use in their own lives and situations; circulating through popular culture, they become part of the national lexicon.
LEGACY
Movie Quotes that viewers use to evoke the memory of a treasured film, thus ensuring and enlivening its historical legacy.
*AFI defines an American film as an English language motion picture with significant creative and/or financial production elements from the United States. Additionally, only Movie Quotes from feature-length American films released before January 1, 2004, will be considered. AFI defines a feature-length film as a motion picture of narrative format that is typically over 60 minutes in length.
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE BALLOT
Chronologically, the ballot spans from 1927, with the first full-length sound film, THE JAZZ SINGER: "Wait a minute, wait a minute. You ain't heard nothin' yet!" to 2002 and "My precious" from THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE TWO TOWERS.
CASABLANCA has seven quotes in AFI's ballot, making it the most represented film.
THE WIZARD OF OZ is the second most represented film with six quotes.
Humphrey Bogart has 10 quotes on the ballot, the most represented male actor. Al Pacino and the Marx Brothers follow with six quotes each and Tom Hanks, Robert De Niro, James Stewart, Woody Allen and Jack Nicholson are all represented with five quotes each. Funnymen Peter Sellers and Mike Myers each have four quotes represented.
Bette Davis, Greta Garbo, Judy Garland and Vivien Leigh each have four memorable movie quotes on the ballot.
Billy Wilder is the top represented writer with 13 quotes, some co-written with I.A.L. Diamond, Charles Brackett and Raymond Chandler. Frances Ford Coppola has nine quotes represented, with seven coming from THE GODFATHER Trilogy. Mario Puzo, Coppola's collaborator on THE GODFATHER trilogy, has a total of eight quotes. Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein and Howard Koch each have seven quotes (all from CASABLANCA), followed by Woody Allen with six and Cameron Crowe, William Goldman and Stanley Kubrick with five quotes each.
1939 is the most represented year with 19 movie quotes. 1942 has 17 quotes and 1980 has 12.
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes is the eighth installment in AFI's centennial celebration of American cinema, meant to spark a national discussion of America's film history among movie lovers across the nation.
AFI's 100 YEARS...100 MOVIE QUOTES (2005)
| Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn |
Who played Clarice Starling in the film Hannibal? | stumbleupon
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There are certain lines, with an unforeseen power, that have become influential artifacts of popular culture. Some quotes from the movies have managed to gain great significance within a film, telling us more about a character and the theme of the movie than anything else could, while others have leapt far beyond their context, taking on a life of their own that has let them live well past the borders of the cinematic world.
During Hollywood’s Golden Age, when going to the movies was a particularly special event, many classic lines appeared that had a mysterious and otherworldly power that made them iconic and larger-than-life for viewers. Of course, as quotables from the movies aren’t limited just to the past, there are many in recent years that have also struck gold, either by way of fostering a character or the unexpected enigma of one single line.
While the film Casablanca is a reflection, for many, of cinema’s pinnacle, it also gave way to more than a few of the most quotable lines in movie history. On the other side of things, Arnold Schwarzenegger ’s famous turn as The Terminator might have been met with surprise success, but it is one line from the movie that has more reference to the action star than anything else. Whether for their unexpected popularity or ability to perfectly capture a moment, the following lines have managed to live long after they were last said.
“Houston, We Have a Problem”
Apollo 13 might be based on the problematic journey of the 1970 lunar mission, but the original line of dialogue received the Hollywood treatment and was actually delivered as the much-less glamorous “Houston, we’ve had a problem here”. In the 1995 film, the fateful phrase is spoken by Jim Lovell ( Tom Hanks ) as he and his crew make contact with ground control from space to report a significant technical problem. While it became the most famous line from a movie that stole the box office and impressed the critics, it has gained enough ground to be used in a wide variety of ways for those who find themselves in a suddenly troubling situation.
“Show Me the Money”
The phrase “Show Me the Money” might seem to have its very own charm right off the bat, but the delivery of the line by Jerry Maguire ( Tom Cruise ) and Rod Tidwill ( Cuba Gooding Jr. ) is what makes it so iconic. Feeling the pinch of becoming a free agent, the line is served up by Jerry Maguire, a sports agent who is desperately trying to keep his last client, Rod Tidwill, who is demanding more opportunities. While the movie Jerry Maguire was met with success outside of the iconic line, its popularity has likely given a little bit of oomph to the then-burgeoning careers of Cuba Gooding Jr. and Renee Zellweger .
“I’ll Be Back”
The much replicated but never re-produced “I’ll be back” may be one of the most familiar quotes in cinematic history, but there is no one thing that perfectly explains its popularity. Originally appearing in the 1984 movie The Terminator, whose title character is played by Arnold Schwarzenegger, the famous line is said to a police officer who will not let the cyborg assassin (Schwarzenegger) gain access to the police station, leading him to return a few minutes later and drive into the station with his car. A simple enough line, it’s hard to pinpoint exactly what makes it such a famous one, but the one-two punch of the movie’s unexpected success and Schwarzenegger’s unique delivery could offer a couple hints.
“You Talkin’ To Me?”
The phrase “You Talkin’ To Me?” might seem like it could have come from many a conversation, and even many a movie, but the line from Taxi Driver, released in 1976, gets its potency from Robert De Niro ’s chilling portrayal. Playing taxi driver Travis Bickle, who is a troubled and lonely man that seeks to help a young abused prostitute, the iconic phrase was actually conjured up by De Niro during his practice sessions for the film. As the moment gains its power from De Niro’s keen engagement with the character of Bickle, it remains one of the most well known snippets from Taxi Driver, a film that is widely considered director Martin Scorsese’s best.
“I coulda’ been a contender”
Uttered by Marlon Brando at the end of an impassioned speech that won him the Best Actor Oscar in 1954, “I coulda’ been a contender” finds its significance in the life of Terry Malloy, a former boxer who threw a game and forever lost the opportunity to be a champion. While Brando’s heartbreaking depiction in On the Waterfront rankled with the possibility of what could have been for Malloy, the moment has become among the most famous on the silver screen and is considered one of Brando’s finest moments as an actor.
“Go Ahead, Make my Day”
There are a number of slick lines from Charles B. Pierce’s 1983 film Sudden Impact, but it is Clint Eastwood as Harry Callahan espousing “go ahead, make my day” that really takes the cake as one’s worth remembering. While the phrase came out of real life, inspired by Pierce’s dad who used some version of it to chastise his son, it’s a means of detachment for Harry Callahan who is attempting to stop a fleeing robber who has taken hostage the waitress that put sugar in Harry’s coffee. It’s been a number of years since the film was released, but the famous line was still chosen as number 6 on the American Film Institute’s “100 Years…100 Movie Quotes” list in 2005.
“May the Force be with you”
The iconic line from Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope is not only the most recognized quote from one of cinema’s favorite series’, but one that has achieved icon status around the world, transcending far beyond its actual meaning. While the line has been spoken in many Star Wars movies since its initial enunciation, its most significant appearance is when Han Solo ( Harrison Ford ) says it to Luke Skywalker ( Mark Hamill ) before Skywalker heads off to attack the Death Star battle station, as if Solo’s faith in the Force is beginning to materialize. As a line that has been used again and again, in art and in life, the quote is number 8 on the American Film Institute’s “100 Years…100 Movie Quotes” list.
“…We’re not in Kansas anymore”
While Dorothy’s expression to her loyal dog Toto upon arriving unexpectedly in the Land of Oz if often misquoted, the quote still, in whatever form, quintessentially captures the meaning of Dorothy’s understandable surprise. The Wizard of Oz may have become an instant classic upon its release in 1939 with Judy Garland as the recognizable, gingham-adorned Dorothy swept away from home by way of a blustering Kansas tornado, but the line has lent itself to a good many moments in life when people find themselves in an unknown place, relying upon the familiar catchphrase as a means with which to cope.
“Here’s looking at you, kid”
Casablanca, released in 1942, may be one of cinema’s favorites films, but it has also given way to many popular one-liners that have worked to further forge its success. While the movie stars giants Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman could have made almost any old line stick with their chemistry, it was this popular expression of the time that Bogart came up with on-the-fly that really took off, serving as Rick’s (Bogart) iconic last line to Ilsa (Bergman) before she gets on the plane to leave Morocco and Rick behind forever. As a line that has far exceeded the emotive power of its delivery, it was voted number one on the “100 Greatest Movie Lines” by Premiere Magazine in 2007.
“Frankly, my dear, I don’t give a damn”
Rhett Butler’s scalding last words to Scarlett O’Hara have reached well beyond the icon status of 1939’s Gone with the Wind, earning the American Film Institute’s recognition as the most famous line in cinema. While the line, spoken by actor Clark Gable, was memorable enough in its time for the controversial use of the word damn, it gathered its true steam from the eternal end it meant for Rhett and Scarlett’s (Vivien Leigh) love after the audience had followed them through the years and spent more than four hours (on film) committed to their ill-fated love story.
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Which T. S. was the name of Dick Van Dyke's girlfriend in the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang? | Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) - IMDb
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18 January 2017 6:08 PM, UTC
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Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 )
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A down-on-his-luck inventor turns a broken-down Grand Prix car into a fancy vehicle for his children, and then they go off on a magical fantasy adventure to save their grandfather in a far-off land.
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Title: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
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Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 4 nominations. See more awards »
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Stars: Dickie Jones, Christian Rub, Mel Blanc
Directors: Victor Fleming, George Cukor, and 3 more credits »
Stars: Judy Garland, Frank Morgan, Ray Bolger
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Storyline
An eccentric professor invents wacky machinery but can't seem to make ends meet. When he invents a revolutionary car, a foreign government becomes interested in it and resorts to skulduggery to get their hands on it. Written by Murray Chapman <[email protected]>
Get a "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" Out of Life! See more »
Genres:
18 December 1968 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Tschitti Tschitti Bäng Bäng See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Seven different Chitties were built: a worn-out one, a restored one, one for the flying scenes, one for the water scenes and three partial models for various other scenes. See more »
Goofs
In the candy factory scene, the colour and cut of Mr. Potts' haircut changes right before the Toot Sweet musical number. See more »
Quotes
Truly Scrumptious : [referring to helping the children] It's a beautiful dream Caractacus, but... I don't see how it's gonna help them.
[Truly looks at the children around them and Caractacus stands up]
Caracticus Potts : [confident] Do you know what we're gonna do? We're gonna get up into that castle!
Toymaker : [incredulous] It is impossible!
Caracticus Potts : [confident] Well, we'll see.
[Caractacus runs up to a large water channel and looks at the children watching]
Caracticus Potts : [loud and clear] Now, everybody listen to me! You wanna get out of here, don't you?
[...]
Doll On a Music Box/Truly Scrumptious
(uncredited)
hi, low anywhere we go...
25 April 2005 | by
(United States) – See all my reviews
This movie is one that has sadly fallen through the cracks of the "classic family musical" floor. My parents were on the ball and raised me on "mary Poppins," "sound of music," and of course, "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang," and I have not yet been weaned off them. (Incidently, all three of these movies share a choreographer) The sheer imagination of this film is akin to that of Peter Pan. It is a tremendous celebration of childhood and fantasy. Sadly, this movie is often overlooked. As a college student, few of my friends know about this film. The few that do know of it treasure it. Every child should be so lucky as to be raised with Chitty. The dancing, the songs, the genius and humor showcase the best of musicals and childhood alike. Enjoy and share this unsung classic. We can hope that the new live musical in London will rekindle the public's appreciation for movies like this
P.S the "Old Bamboo" dance looks very much like the "Step in time," from Mary Poppins.
28 of 41 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
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| Truly Scrumptious |
The film The Madness Of King George tells the story of which King of the United Kingdom? | Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
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52 out of 58 people found the following review useful:
James Bond goes to Romper Room
from Los Angeles, Ca
22 June 2001
I'm one of many thirty-somethings that grew up on this movie and later suffered nightmares featuring the Child Catcher. To this day, I still feel an uneasy chill when I hear the words "kiddie-winkies". Bit I still love this film on several levels. I loved it as a child because it's great cinema for children. I love it as a film student because it's a well-crafted, timeless fairytale. And I love it as an adult because it full of suggestive double meanings, much like the Warner Bros cartoons of the 1940s - the type of things that shoot straight over kids' heads and make adults snicker knowingly. With a screenplay penned by Ian Fleming, this should come as no surprise.
Dick Van Dyke is Caractacus Potts, a wacky inventor who inexplicably lives in England with his two inexplicably English children. Caractacus Potts...wacky inventor,,,get it? Hoo hah! Potts and his two children (whose pictures may be seen in the dictionary next to the word "moppet") live with the senior Mr. Potts in a windmill/labratory. Caractacus rescues a junked motorcar from rusting in a field and restores it to new - meet Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, named for the sounds the car makes. Soon thereafter in one of those Pipi Longstocking-esque child-arranged dates, Potts and his two children go on a picnic with local richgirl Truly Scrumptious - possibly the best Bond Girl name since Pussy Galore. As the day winds down, Potts tells the children a story, in which the foursome embark on a great adventure in the resplendent Chitty Chitty Bang Bang which Potts as rigged to fly, float, drive itself, and perform other turn-of-the-century Batmobile-like functions.
Our heroes end up in a far away kingdom ruled over by the Baron and Baroness Bomburst (Gert Frobe and Anna Quayle), a terribly sad place where children have been outlawed, rounded up, and kept in a dungeon. The gang and Chitty invade the kingdom to rescue Potts' father, who has mistakenly been identified as the inventor of the flying car and kidnapped. There, they befriend a toymaker (played by Benny Hill in one of his stock characters from his TV show) who hides the children while they attempt to spring grandpa Potts. Enter the Child Catcher, who lures the children with free lollipops and takes them away to the dungeon. Potts and the toymaker (who now only makes toys for the child-like king) hatch a plan to infiltrate the castle, rescue the elder Potts and the twin moppets, and free all the other children as well.
I have two favorite scenes in this film. One is the musical number in the castle, where Truly and Potts are disguised as huge toys for the Baron's birthday. Truly is a wind-up doll on a music box, and Potts is a marionette who does a dance number that not only convinces you that he really is on strings, but that Dick Van Dyke is one of the most talented performers ever to be caught on film. My other favorite scene, I admit with guilt, is the one where the Baron and Baroness are readying themselves for bedtime, and prancing around the room in nightclothes calling each other by ultra-gooey-cute pet names. However, whenever the Baroness isn't looking, Baron Goldfinger takes a swing at her with an axe. It's the most entertainingly erotic scene in a kiddie flick since Natalie Wood was covered in cream pies while wearing only frilly turn-of-the-century underwear in "The Great Race".
This film is a rare treat. It's a film that appeals to kids and keeps adults interested at the same time. Let your kids watch it, watch it with them, or just watch it yourself when you're in the mood for some pure, escapist fun.
And try not to think about the Child Catcher when you go to bed afterward.
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44 out of 54 people found the following review useful:
Surprised folks wouldn't like this delightful film!
from California
12 May 2003
It surprises me that some people think this is a horrible film. I was 3 when this film was released and for as long as I can remember I've loved it! The songs are fun, especially Hushabye Mountian, Chu-chi Face and Me Ole Bamboo. This movie is both light, cheery as well as dark and creepy, the Child Catcher to this day is one of the scariest villians I know! And know it is a fabulous musical in London! Hopefully someday it will come to Broadway, I'd love to see it on stage!.
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37 out of 45 people found the following review useful:
Great Comic and Fantasy Film
from Canada
21 December 2004
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang was one of those films from my childhood that I never outgrew. Every song, every outrageous comic moment tattooed itself on my memory and my heart. I love this film. It's funny, it's touching and it's beautifully made. True, it's not for the cynical or for those who want realism. For those, however, who seek adventure, comedy, great songs and most of all fun this classic 60's musical delivers it all in great style. A truly fun family film, although very small children may not be able to sit still through the entire movie (even with the Intermission). CCBB will always be at the top of my favourite movie list. Do yourself a favour if you like fun musical comedies and see Dick Van Dyke and Sally Ann Howes do some truly scrumptious work.
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38 out of 47 people found the following review useful:
One of the best children's movies ever made
from Reigate, England
3 October 2004
My two sons (now 4 and 2) have been obsessed with this movie for over a year now. They sing along to the songs and dance too - when old bamboo comes on, they pick up their sticks and hats and copy the routine. This is like an extended pantomime, with the scariest pantomime baddie in the history of movies. My brother couldn't sleep for a week after first seeing the childcatcher when he was 8. Anyway, this movie has everything - humour, pathos, great acting (and great casting), great songs and a great script (thank you Roald Dahl). I cannot fault this movie apart from the fact that it is a little long and the bit where they go off to vulgaria is a bit overextended. My family has now been to see the stage show twice too, and we are all firm "bang bang" nuts. If your kids have not seen this movie, then they haven't had a proper childhood!
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26 out of 28 people found the following review useful:
This is a timeless classic that out-Disneys Disney.
Author: giblin
27 August 2006
Plain and simply, this is one of the best family films ever made. The fact that someone other than Disney made the film seems to have blinded some pundits (e.g., Disney scholar and film critic Leonard Maltin) to its many and varied charms. For "Chitty," in fact, originated in the book by James Bond creator Ian Fleming and, horror of horrors, was produced outside Hollywood by Albert Broccoli, the man behind the successful Bond film series. Yet, a closer look at the credits reveals the presence of the same musical composers, the much-heralded Sherman Brothers and Irwin Kostal, who could do no wrong when they wrote for Disney, but somehow left their talent behind when they signed on with Mr. Broccoli. (Note Maltin's comment in his 2007 film guide that the film's score is "forgettable.") The same apparently happened with the choreographers Dee Dee Wood and Marc Breaux, who are universally acclaimed for their work on "Mary Poppins," but ignored, at least by Maltin, for the snappy and often elaborate routines in "Chitty." In fact, the songs, background music and dances here are as good or better than anything in Disney and often actually advance the plot, rather than grinding it to a halt in the more customary way. A case in point is Caractacus' "Old Bamboo" song and dance routine, which provides not only an instantly memorable tune (and dance), but also the financial means to save Chitty from the scrap heap. The cast itself is nothing short of superb, with American comic actor Dick Van Dyke wisely eschewing any attempt at an English accent, something many of us wish he had done a few years earlier in "Poppins." (In a 1998 appearance on the Rosie O'Donnell show, the self-effacing Mr. Van Dyke acknowledged his limitation in the area of English accents.) The actors playing the children are a genuine delight, charming and sincere without being cloying, while the supporting cast is filled with more marvelous British character actors than one can count, not the least of them being Lionel Jeffries (actually six months younger than Van Dyke, whose father he was playing) and comedy legend Benny Hill in a rare straight role. And if that's not enough, there's always the scene in which Goldfinger himself (German actor Gert Frobe) sings and dances! Then there is the simply stunning cinematography by Christopher Challis, the marvelous costumes by Joan Bridge and Elizabeth Haffenden, and the fantastic production design by Oscar-winning designer Ken Adam, whose high ceilings and sloping walls are instantly identifiable from such classics as "Goldfinger" and "Dr. Strangelove." And unlike "Poppins," which is inexplicably praised for its obvious studio recreations of London streets, this film actually goes on location--and then some, showcasing truly magnificent settings in southern England, France and Germany (including the fabulous, fairy-tale Neuschwanstein Castle). Maltin and others have complained about the film's special effects, calling them "the shoddiest ever." What they are talking about is the blue screen traveling matte shots in which the magical car was optically placed in front of separately-shot film of a sky background. And I agree that several of these shots are "obvious" to film students who know how they are achieved. But, again, look at what is overlooked. The car itself, which undergoes several conversions for air and sea travel, is an amazing mechanical special effect designed and built by John Stears. Stears, of course, won an Oscar for the SFX on "Thunderball" and would go on to win another for a little film called "Star Wars." But never mind, what could he know about special effects? Oh, did I mention that the screenplay was co-written by Roal Dahl, someone who just might have known a thing or two about children's stories. But enough. This film is truly scrumptious from the first frame to the last, a timeless delight for anyone but Hollywood film critics.
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31 out of 40 people found the following review useful:
Just not enough musicals like this anymore!
from Dallas, Texas
22 August 2004
After 36 years this movie is still loved by young children who see it. My 8 and 3 year old girls just love this movie and it's songs. Dick Van Dyke has done an absolute wonderful job putting out great quality movies for Disney and others. Sally Ann Howe sounds great and personally I prefer her over Julie Andrews anyway.
Anyway, if you have not ever seen this film and even if you don't have kids, it's very entertaining! My favorite part is when Caracus Potts and Truly Scrumptious pretend to be toys for the Baron and do a nice song and dance. The tune is just great!
I remember as a kid the Child Catcher scared the crap out of me. Robert Helpmann played this part very well. Who needs Freddy Kruger and all that gore anyway!
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24 out of 29 people found the following review useful:
Now available as "special edition" DVD ... go get it.
from Australia
5 June 2004
Well it's been 2 years since I last posted a review for this movie... I have just purchased the "Special Edition" version mainly because at last there is a wide-screen DVD version now available! This was one movie that suffered very greatly from a standard T.V format transfer ..... Now in wide-screen,it is possible to see the cinematography as it was intended to be viewed from the original Super Panavision format,even though there is still some "enhanced" format alteration to bring it into line with 16:9 ratio and luckily it was shot in Technicolor,which was easily the best analogue colour system around. Perspectives can now be seen as intended and the beautiful sets and the dance routines look vastly better... you can actually see all the dancers ! Take for instance one scene in Caractacus Potts windmill laboratory,where he shows Truly Scrumptious one of his inventions with which he intends to transmit "pictures and sound".....in the standard format half of the shot is missing so the machine cannot be fully seen and it makes no sense.. however in wide-screen you can see the "picture" and also the whole machine; so now you can enjoy one of Emmet Rolands fantasy machine creations in full. All through the movie the scenery and sets are set up framed with objects in the foreground and back ground which lend to perspective and depth of the image. The sound track seems also to have been worked on .. in previous releases the children's voices seemed to "squeak" but now they sound much more natural. You can see how much we have been missing with previous releases and it is a lot. The Special Edition also has some featurettes on the making of the movie and other related information plus a lovely booklet as well.
As to the movie itself .... it has never lost it's magic for me. I see reviews which pan the musical numbers or say it's too long or that
after seeing it as an adult they were disappointed from what they remember as a child ... but is that not the point ? It is a movie for children and/or those adults who can still view it remembering the child in themselves. It has no coarse language , no mindless violence (except the pantomime variety).. no cynicism ...just fun. In short it is a type of movie that Hollywood can no longer make because they no longer know how ... so it should be treasured more for it. People criticize Dick Van Dykes "American" accent but I find it not intrusive at all ... in fact he would probably have been better off using his normal voice in "Mary Poppins" than attempting the cockney accent which he obviously had some difficulty with.
Kids love this movie .. let them be the judges.
Thank-you Cubby Broccoli ..we miss you. Thank-you Ian Fleming / Roald Dahl / Richard Maibaum and Ken Hughes. Thank-you Ken Adam ... a genius in design for Chitty.
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24 out of 31 people found the following review useful:
the whole family loves it
from Brooklyn, NY
13 May 2004
I had mostly forgotten this movie after 30+ years, but my 2 year old received it as a gift, and is obsessed with it. It's fantastic, really. The locations are stunning, the musical numbers are (mostly) so lively, the physical humor is great! There is such a range of stuff in it, unlike current movies. I even like it for its flaws. It's really beautifully made. The thing I didn't remember, and that disappointed me at first, was that the whole story is a fantasy, a story within the story. I even like that the kids don't sing so well. They seem more real, less like little prodigies.
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28 out of 41 people found the following review useful:
hi, low anywhere we go...
Author:
from United States
25 April 2005
This movie is one that has sadly fallen through the cracks of the "classic family musical" floor. My parents were on the ball and raised me on "mary Poppins," "sound of music," and of course, "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang," and I have not yet been weaned off them. (Incidently, all three of these movies share a choreographer) The sheer imagination of this film is akin to that of Peter Pan. It is a tremendous celebration of childhood and fantasy. Sadly, this movie is often overlooked. As a college student, few of my friends know about this film. The few that do know of it treasure it. Every child should be so lucky as to be raised with Chitty. The dancing, the songs, the genius and humor showcase the best of musicals and childhood alike. Enjoy and share this unsung classic. We can hope that the new live musical in London will rekindle the public's appreciation for movies like this
P.S the "Old Bamboo" dance looks very much like the "Step in time," from Mary Poppins.
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8 out of 8 people found the following review useful:
Stunning and amusing tale about a flying car and the family owner with a sympathetic Dick Van Dyke
Author: ma-cortes
7 January 2012
This exciting children musical displays derring-do adventure, romance , thrills and spectacular frames with phenomenal production design . Imagination and fantasy with primitive but effective special effects galore including a mesmerizing photography with wonderful , marvelous landscapes . The flick gets lots of bombastic effects including flying machines , globes , romantic castles and numerous images have you on the edge of your seat . This is the most Fantasmagorical musical entertainment in the history of everything . In the early 20th century England, a weird inventor named Caractacus Potts (Dick Van Dyke who steals the show as likable dancer and splendid player) works in his rare artifacts , he lives along with his equally rare father (Lionel Jeffries) , and his two little boys named Jeremy (Adrian) and Jemima (Heather). When the kiddies beg their daddy to buy for them thhe wished plaything , a broken car sitting at a local junkyard , a garage whose owner is George Coggings (Desmond Llewelyn) . Then eccentric Caractacus does whatever he can to make some money to buy it. One plan to raise money involves the unexpected help of a beautiful girl they have just met named Truly Scrumptious (a pretty young woman well performed by Sally Anne Howes), the daughter of a candy factory wealthy owner (James Robertson Justice) . Using his magic skills, inventive Caractacus turns the piece of junk into a marvelous working machine , an amazing flying car that also navigates which they name Chitty Chitty Bang Bang because of the noise the engine sounds . At a seaside picnic with his children and Truly , Caractacus and Co. spins a fanciful tale of an eccentric inventor, his gorgeous new friend , his two children, and his favorite car named Chitty all in the faraway country of Vulgaria. The nasty Baron Bomburst, the king of Vulgaria, will do whatever he can to get his hands on the magical car. Then the villain Baron Bomburst (Gert Frobe) married to Baroness Bomburst (Anna Quayle) robs the car of ours friends . The baron has made kiddies illegal, being pursued by the sinister child catcher (Robert Helpmann) including the unsuspecting children of a stranger inventor of a fabulous car . Later on ,Caractacus helped by a toymaker (Benny Hill) have to attempt and save the kiddies of Vulgaria.
This children motion picture mingles musical numbers , flat jokes , noisy action , flying car pursuits , humor with tongue-in-cheek, rip roaring and lots of amusement . This is an entertaining film loosely based on book by Ian Fleming and well adapted by Roal Dahl , it packs fantasy , musical numbers which both pastiche and subvert adventure and speculative fiction of the period ¨Belle Epoque . The picture incorporates contemporary action film as well as much use of adventure to portray its fanciful elements , furthermore visual effects within the form of the older-style films they have largely superseded . Riveting for its casting , but overall , roller-coaster spectacle . Most of the charm and wit remains from original story in this particular version . It results to be an amusing of somewhat aloof , storytelling of children classic with a magnificent star cast at its best . Stimulating adventures of ours protagonists are complemented by a breathtaking final attraction in the castle scenes . The film is a Dick Van Dyke recital , he sings , dances, stooges, makes acrobatics, tongue twister and pulls faces and grimaces . It's a farce with the master comic pretty amusing and with several choreography and musical numbers . Ideal main cast is completed by phenomenal secondary actors as Lionel Jeffries , James Robertson Justice , Benny Hill and Desmond Llewelin , among others. Atmospheric , lively score by Irwin Kostal , fitting splendidly to adventure and musical numbers , including the classic leitmotif . Colorful and glamorous cinematography by Christopher Challis in Super Panavision 7o with the fantastic château scenes filmed in Neuschwanstein Castle, Hohenschwangau, Schwangau, Bavaria, Germany . The picture is lavishly produced by Albert R Broccoli ,James Bond's producer, and brilliantly directed by Ken Hughes . He's a good writer, producer and director, who achieved big time when made ¨Cromwell¨, ¨Trials of Oscar Wilde¨ , ¨Casino Royale¨ and of course with ¨Chitty , Chitty Bang Bang¨.
This is a highly amusing and frequently funny action-adventure romp with a witty script specifically aimed at a kiddies' audience , though excessive songs leave adult spectators a bit seasick . Picture is a vehicle Van Dyke , he's an authentic comic and real Farceur. If you like Dyke's crazy interpretation , you will most definitely enjoy this one . Well worth watching for passable special effects and an enjoyable performances from main cast as the children will like it.
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Which nation has won the Eurovision Song Contest more than any other? | Video: Watch: Highlights of the Eurovision Song Contest final 2015 in Vienna - Telegraph
Sweden's Mans Zelmerlow won the final of the Eurovision Song Contest in Vienna on Sunday, beating Russia and Italy in the world's biggest international music show.
The 28-year-old singer and TV presenter, who had been a bookmakers' favourite, performed the winning electro-pop ballad "Heroes," dancing in front of a black screen with animated gnomes.
Mans Zelmerloew representing Sweden celebrates winning the final of the 60th annual Eurovision Song Contest in Vienna (Reuters)
Sweden has won the 60-year-old competition six times, more than any other nation apart from Ireland. Sweden won most recently in 2012 with "Euphoria" by Loreen and now gets to host the contest again next year.
This year's theme was Building Bridges, which many artists interpreted as an appeal for tolerance in performances that included a gay kiss scene by Lithuania.
"We are all heroes no matter who we love, who we are or what we believe in," Zelmerlow told the crowd in Vienna after getting a hug from last year's victor, bearded drag queen Conchita Wurst of Austria.
He beat Russia's Polina Gagarina, whose song "A Million Voices" reaped top scores from most former Soviet satellite states that earned angry jeers from the crowd in Austria.
Mans Zelmerlow representing Sweden performs the song 'Heroes' (AP)
"Please remember that our motto is building bridges and that music should stand over politics tonight," presenter Alice Tumler told the audience.
The annual kitsch-fest was watched last year by more than 195 million people in 45 countries, or more viewers than the Super Bowl.
This year China broadcast the world's longest running music competition, a fixture in the gay calendar, live for the first time.
While viewers are often puzzled by the inclusion of countries outside Europe such as Israel, which qualifies thanks to membership of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), this year the net was cast even wider.
To mark 60 years since the first Eurovision in 1955, Australia was given a wild card entry and singer Guy Sebastian and his up-tempo song "Tonight Again," a big hit with the crowds in Austria, finished fifth.
Singer Guy Sebastian (R) representing Australia performs the song "Tonight Again" (Reuters)
Eurovision is hugely popular in Australia, where about 3 million people watched it last year, and broadcaster SBS is an associate member of the EBU.
Recent hosts have spent an average of 25 million euros on staging the event. But EBU media director Jean Philip de Tender said it was possible to host it for 11 million euros, allowing the host nation to breakeven, meaning even small or cash-strapped countries have a chance.
| Ireland |
In 1978, which country became the first to receive nul points overall, with their entry Mil Etter Mil? | Eurovision 2015: 30 things you need to know - Telegraph
Eurovision 2015: 30 things you need to know
Winners, nul pointers, animals and a song called Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley. Rupert Hawksley presents the essential Eurovision facts
Eurovision 2014 winner Conchita Wurst Photo: Getty
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1) The Eurovision Song Contest was first staged in Switzerland on May 24 1956. This year's final takes place on May 23 in Vienna. It is the 60th contest, and the anniversary show has been titled 'Building Bridges'. More than 195 million people across the world watched the 2014 contest, which was held in Copenhagen.
2) The songs competing in the grand final are decided in two semi-final shows, taking place on May 19 and 21. Since 2000, the UK, France, Germany and Spain automatically qualify for the Grand Final, as they are the largest financial contributors to the European Broadcasting Union. The automatic finallists were known as the Big Four, but were joined by Italy in 2010 to become the Big Five. This year, Australia will also automatically qualify, as well as hosts Austria. This leaves the remaining 33 entrants to compete for 11 slots in the final.
Eurovision 2015: Never mind Electro Velvet, the Aussies are going to win
3) The rules state that the country which won the preceding year's contest must host the event 12 months later; this year’s contest will therefore be held in Vienna, thanks to an historic victory for Conchita Wurst, with 290 points. This is Austria’s first Eurovision win since 1966. Incase your memory needs refreshing, here’s her winning song, Rise Like a Phoenix:
4) Conchita is the female alter-ego of Thomas Neuwirth. While he hails from rural Austria, Conchita has an entirely separate fictional back-story; she is from the mountains of Colombia, and is married to burlesque star Jacques Patriarque (a real life friend of Neuwirth).
5) Representing the UK in 2015 are peppy duo Electro Velvet, performing the electro-swing number Still In Love With You. Germany’s selection may have been the most fraught, with the winner of the national talent contest (rock singer Andreas Kummert) turning down his place on live TV to a shocked presenter and booing audience. Runner up Ann Sophie will now represent Germany in May.
6) The UK has won five times and come second 15 times. Incredibly, Ireland is the country with the highest number of wins (seven), although, alas, none for Jedward who finished 8th in 2011 and 19th in 2012. Ireland has fared worse since, with Ryan Dolan winning only 5 points in 2013, and Can-Lin failing even to qualify for the final last year.
7) Between 1999 and 2013, the UK only finished inside the top 10 twice (Jessica Garlick finished 3rd in 2002 and Jade Ewen finished 5th in 2009). Last year, Molly finished 17th with her song Children of the Universe. That’s two places higher than Bonnie Tyler in 2013.
8) While the UK have hardly covered themselves in glory in recent years, spare a thought for poor old Norway, the Eddie the Eagle of Euro pop. They have scored "nul points" more times (four) than any other country in Eurovision history and have come last a record breaking ten times. They have however won more recently than the UK, with Alexander Rybak. If the song title ‘Fairytale’ doesn’t ring any bells, perhaps describing him as the one with the violin will.
9) Songs cannot be longer than three minutes and a maximum of six people are permitted on the stage at any one time for each country. Animals are strictly banned, as are purely instrumental numbers.
10) Johnny Logan won the Eurovision Song Contest twice (1980 and 1987) and wrote the winning song for Linda Martin in 1992.
11) The UK has hosted the competition five times – in London, Edinburgh, Brighton, Harrogate and Birmingham.
12) There was a four-way tie in 1969 when France, the Netherlands, Spain and United Kingdom simply could not be split.
13) Australia will take part in Eurovision for the first time this year . It's inclusion is intended to be a one-off, to celebrate the 60th contest and linking with this year's theme of Building Bridges. Eurovision has had a dedicated cult following in Australia for many years, which has been alluded to in previous broadcasts. They will be represented by former Australian idol winner, Guy Sebastian . Guy also supported Boyzone in 2011.
14) This may be Australia's first year competing, but Australians have taken part in previous years representing other countries: Olivia Newton John represented the UK in 1974, Ireland's two-time winner Johnny Logan, and Gina G (UK, 1996) and Jane Comerford as lead singer of German entry Texas Lightning (2006).
Gina G's song 'Ooh Ah, Just a Little Bit' came eighth at eurovision, but topped the UK chart
15) Although Australian participation is a one-off, in the event that Austria wins again, they could return in 2016 and co-host with another European city ... How the time difference would factor in that arrangement remains to be seen.
16) A singer named Ruslana won for Ukraine in 2004 and was later rewarded with a seat in parliament.
17) Spain's cleverly titled, La La La (1968) contained no fewer than 138 'las'... and won.
18) Among the contestants who have gone on to have successful careers are ABBA (1974), Celine Dion (1988), Cliff Richard (1968 and 1973) and Julio Iglesias (1970). Here's Cliff crooning away.
19) Italy boycotted the 1981 Eurovision Song contest, saying that it was too old fashioned.
20) Britain's Patricia Bredin had the right idea. Her song, All (1957), is the shortest song to have been performed in Eurovision history. All in all it lasted one minute and 52 seconds.
21) What's in a name right? Titles of songs that have won include Lulu's Boom Bang-a-Bang (UK, 1969), A-Ba-Ni-Bi (Israel, 1978) and Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley (1984). An odd name isn't, however, a passport to success as Sweden discovered in 1986 with E De Det Har Du Kallar Karlek. Last year’s oddest title (and song), probably goes to France, who didn’t even attempt sincerity with the song ‘Moustache’ by TWIN TWIN. It’s about a guy who wants a moustache.
22) During the 1962 performance of Dutch duo, De Spelbrekers, the lights dramatically went out, leaving the amusing spectacle of two white shirts singing merrily away. Blessing in disguise? You decide.
23) Norway's 1980 song was about the construction of a hydro-electric power station.
24) The youngest winner was 13-year-old Sandra Kim from Belgium in 1986.
25) The first Eurovision Contest broadcast in colour was held at the Royal Albert Hall, in London, in 1968.
26) Domenico Modugno's song for Italy, Nel blu Dipinto di blu (1958), went on to win two Grammy Awards. Jemini's Cry Baby, Britain's 2003 nul pointer, didn't.
27) Danish singers Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler hold the record for the longest kiss during a Eurovision performance, lasting an impressive 32 seconds. A member of the production team forgot to give them the arranged signal to stop. That old chestnut.
Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler share their 32 second kiss
28) More Eurovision winners have worn white (seven) than any other colour.
29) Aspiring male solo artists take note... 28 female solo artists have won in comparison to just seven men.
30) Watch out if your country performs second – no one has ever gone on to win from here.
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With which country did Celine Dion win the Eurovision Song Contest in 1988 singing Ne Partez Pas Sans Moi? | Eurovision Song Contest 1988 - Winner - Switzerland - Céline Dion - Ne Partez Pas Sans Moi - YouTube
Eurovision Song Contest 1988 - Winner - Switzerland - Céline Dion - Ne Partez Pas Sans Moi
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Uploaded on Oct 30, 2011
Eurovision Song Contest 1988 - Winner - Switzerland - Céline Dion - Ne Partez Pas Sans Moi
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| Switzerland |
Who represented Russia in the 2003 Eurovision Song Contest after having a number one hit the previous year in the UK? | Eurovision: Celine Dion, ABBA, Julio Iglesias, and other famous performers
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Eurovision: Celine Dion, ABBA, Julio Iglesias, and other famous performers
ABC News 11/05/2016
Much of the time the Eurovision Song Contest features performers who might be stars in their native countries but are unknown internationally.
Winning the contest can sometimes lead to performers becoming household names, however, and occasionally a big star will take the plunge and leave themselves at the mercy of the juries and Europe's TV-voting public.
Here are six people who either made it big because of Eurovision, or made it big and then did Eurovision.
Lulu, United Kingdom: Boom Bang-a-Bang (1969)
The pint-sized Lulu was the second Scottish performer to represent the UK in four years when she sang Boom Bang-a-Bang in 1969 — and the contrast was stunning.
In 1966, the classically-trained Kenneth McKellar had drawn gasps from the audience in Luxembourg as he appeared on stage in a kilt to sing the rather downbeat ballad A Man Without Love. His ninth-placing was the UK's worst-ever performance at the time.
Lulu came into the 1969 contest as an internationally known star, thanks to her role in the film To Sir With Love and her release of the title song which reached number one in the US.
The thrust of the up-tempo love song was immediately clear: "My heart goes / Boom Bang-a-Bang, Boom Bang-a-Bang / When you are near."
On stage in Madrid, she nailed her performance and even threw in an "Ole" at the end, which drew big applause in the hall. She shared her win after the vagaries of the voting system led to a four-way tie.
Julio Iglesias, Spain: Gwendolyne (1970)
Before there was Enrique Iglesias, his dad Julio sold his fair share of music as well.
The original Latin crooner's debut album had proved popular in Spain, leading to his selection for Eurovision in 1970, singing his own composition Gwendolyne.
Perhaps he thought he was singing for Ireland, as he emerged in a suit featuring enough green to stand out on St Patrick's Day before emoting his way through a Spanish paean to lost love.
It does not quite compare to his later hits like To All The Girls I've Loved Before, but it was still good enough for equal-fourth place behind Irish winner Dana, singing All Kinds Of Everything.
He went on to sell more than 100 million albums worldwide.
Cliff Richard, United Kingdom: Congratulations (1968), Power To All Our Friends (1973)
For famous performers, one Eurovision is usually enough — if they win, they move on to other things, and if they don't, a return to the contest is unlikely to be on the agenda.
Cliff Richard sang twice for the UK — in 1968 he was the hot favourite, singing Congratulations, only to lose by a point to Spain's Massiel, whose song La, La, La repeated the same word no less than 123 times.
Justifiably frustrated by the experience, the British pop star was somehow persuaded to go again in 1973 with the public's choice, Power To All Our Friends.
He had taken valium to overcome nerves, and his manager struggled to wake him up before the performance.
Richard sang it well, but his on-stage choreography left a lot to be desired — his thrusting arms and wobbling legs made him look like a cartoon character, and he nearly fell over attempting a 360-degree spin near the end of the song.
He had to settle for third place behind the winner Anne-Marie David, who sang Tu Te Reconnaitras for Luxembourg.
ABBA, Sweden: Waterloo (1974)
If you haven't heard of this one, you just haven't been trying, or you've recently emerged from a few decades in a cave.
In a nutshell: Swedish band, orchestral pop sound, decent singers, futuristic guitars, mad costumes — a perfect storm for Eurovision.
After missing out on the contest the previous year with Ring Ring, ABBA came back with another cracking song that had the crowd in Brighton (the UK was hosting because 1973 winner Luxembourg couldn't afford it) rocking in the aisles.
From conductor Sven-Olof Walldoff sauntering out in full Napoleonic costume, to the fantastic foursome's glitter-glam look to the flat-out best song on the night, it was a clear winner.
ABBA — and Eurovision — never looked back.
Olivia Newton-John, United Kingdom: Long Live Love (1974)
Plenty of Australians have performed at Eurovision, including Gina G for the United Kingdom in 1996, and Johnny Logan (AKA Sean Sherrard from Frankston) who won twice for Ireland in 1980 and 1987 and wrote the winner in 1992.
But the most famous Aussie at Eurovision was Olivia Newton-John, who was chosen as the UK's singer for 1974. The British public selected the cheerful, if naff, Long Live Love as her song.
Sadly her outfit was a shocker — in a ruffles-heavy blue number, she looked less like Sandy from Grease and more like Little Bo Peep without the bonnet and the crook.
The luck of the draw meant she was saddled with the so-called "curse of number two". No song has ever won Eurovision before or since after being sung second in the running order.
Despite the poor portents, she finished in a respectable fourth place behind ABBA.
Celine Dion, Switzerland: Ne Partez Pas Sans Moi (1988)
Long before she ever broke the worldwide music charts with My Heart Will Go On, Celine Dion made it big with her performance at Eurovision.
As befits a Canadian songstress, Dion sang in French at the 1988 contest in Dublin, representing not France but Switzerland.
Ne Partez Pas Sans Moi (Don't Leave Without Me) was perfectly in her musical wheelhouse — a trademark Eurovision power ballad with a couple of rising key changes and a finish that could smash glass.
Of more interest to students of the contest, however, is the question of how on Earth she agreed to wear one of the worst outfits ever seen at Eurovision, a white/gold combination skirt suit with added ruches.
Despite her fashion faux pas, she won the contest by a single point from the United Kingdom's Scott Fitzgerald, singing Go.
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Which comedian created and played Tony Ferrino, a Portuguese singer who had won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1980 with the song Papa Bendi? | EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
Overview
The Contest's name comes from the EBU's Eurovision TV distribution network. Because it is the highest-profile event distributed by the network, the Song Contest itself is often simply called "Eurovision" (especially in the United Kingdom , which transmits fewer Eurovision Network broadcasts than most continental countries). ESC is an abbreviation used when referring to the Contest on websites and in forums.
The structure of the Contest is as follows:
Each country, through a variety of means, chooses an artist and song to represent them.
Each song from every country is then performed once on the night, vocally live.
After all songs have been performed, viewers have ten minutes to vote for their favourite song. Viewers can not vote for their own country e.g. voters in Ireland can not vote for the Irish entry.
All the votes are added up per country (e.g. all of the votes from Irish televoters, from French voters etc.)
Each country, via satellite link, reveals its votes. The top ten songs voted for in each country receive points, from 1-8, then 10 and 12 points. Points are announced per country in reverse order.
In the end, the winner is the country with the most points. In a tie, it is the country with (any number of) points awarded from most countries that wins.
The winning country receives the honour of hosting the next year's Contest.
The programme can reach a potential television audience of more than one billion. Any member of the EBU (even those outside Europe) may participate in the Contest. Of these non-European members, only Israel and Morocco have participated in the Contest. Lebanon had planned to enter the 2005 Contest, but they were forced to withdraw because they admitted that they could not be sure the broadcast wouldn't be cut whilst Israel were performing.
The theme music played before and after the broadcasts of the Eurovision Song Contest (and other Eurovision broadcasts) is the prelude to Marc-Antoine Charpentier's setting of Te Deum.
History
In the event of a tie it used to be the song with the most twelve points which won (as was the case in 1991) however it is now the song which received any points from the most countries which wins the tiebreak
Rules
The official rules of the Contest are long, technical, and ever-changing. Many of the rules cover technical aspects of the television broadcast itself. However, a few of the more important rules affecting the conduct and outcome of the Contest follow. (Link to the full rules for the 2005 Contest)
Number of Songs
Each country is entitled to enter just one song. The Contest final is limited to 24 songs. For the 2006 Contest in Greece , the countries that will take those places fall into three categories.
The countries with the ten highest scores in the final of the 2005 Contest. (Greece, Malta, Romania, Israel , Latvia, Moldova, Switzerland , Norway , and Denmark ) (After Serbia & Montenegro's withdrawal on 20 March, 2006, Croatia (11th in the 2005 final) goes through to the 2006 final)
The four largest contributors to the EBU general budget. ( France , Germany , Spain , and the United Kingdom)
The countries with the ten highest scores in the semi-final of the 2006 Contest. (To be chosen from among Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Belarus, Belgium , Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus , Estonia, Finland , Iceland , Ireland , Lithuania, FYR Macedonia, Monaco, Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Russia , Slovenia, Sweden , Turkey , and Ukraine )
At the first Contest, each country was allowed to submit two three-minute (or less) songs. All songs must still be three-minutes or less in length, although many artists record the song in a longer version, simply performing a shorter version at the Contest. The number of participating countries has grown throughout the Contest's history, and since 1993 the rules have been changed several times to both limit the number of finalists and to allow for participation by former Soviet and Yugoslav republics, Warsaw Pact nations and others.
The entering song is also not allowed to be a cover version, and is not allowed to sample another artist's work. All songs must be completely original in terms of songwriting and instrumentation.
Performers
Current rules state that countries are allowed to have up to six performers on stage. Performers must be aged 16 or more, on 31 December in the year of the Contest. This is generally perceived to be due to Sandra Kim's winning in 1986, despite being only 13 at the time. No restriction on the nationality of the performers exists, which has resulted in countries being represented by artists who are not nationals of that country. One of the most well-known winning artists, Canadian C�line Dion represented Switzerland in 1988 (It seems to be a Swiss tactic, as their 2005 performance was by Estonian group Vanilla Ninja and their 2006 performance is by the multinational group Six4one with performers coming from Israel, Bosnia Herzegovina,Sweden,Malta and Portugal as well as from Switzerland). To place a restriction would be difficult in that, in Northern Ireland for example, some may wish to enter, who would consider themselves Irish, and therefore prefer to enter for Ireland, rather than the UK. It should also be noted that the performer only needs to be 16 when the event takes place, and not when they are selected, as proven in 2005 when Triinu Kivilaan was selected to represent Switzerland, despite only being 15 at the time.
Languages
From the first Contest in 1956 until 1965, and again from 1973 until 1976 there was no restriction on language. From 1966 until 1972, and again from 1978 until 1998, songs were required to be performed in a national language. The national language rule was actually instituted shortly before the 1977 Contest, but some countries had already selected non-national language entries, and they were allowed to enter without any changes.
As of the 1999 Contest, the restriction was again lifted, and songs may be performed in any language. As a result, many of the songs are performed partially or completely in English. In 2003, Belgium made full use of the so-termed free language rule, and entered a song in an artificial language created especially for the song. The same tactic is being used in 2006 by the Dutch entry Amambanda which is partially sung in an Imaginary language.
Dialects & Rare Languages
Sometimes dialects of a language or a very rare language is used in a song. Some Examples are:
1971, 1996 & 2003 - Austria singing in Viennese, Vorarlbergish & Steiermarkish respectively which are all dialects of German
1972 - Ireland singing in Irish (Gaelic), which is a national language of Ireland
1989 - Switzerland singing in Romansch which is a national language of Switzerland
1991 - Italy singing in Neapolitan which is a dialect of Italian
1992,1993 & 1996 - France singing in Creole, Corsican and Breton respectively, the first two being dialects of French, and the last being a Celtic language closely related to Welsh
1999 - Lithuania singing in Samogitian which is a dialect of Lithuanian
2004 - Estonia singing in V�ru which is a dialect of Estonian
2004 - Andorra singing in Catalan and have continued to do so for all their Eurovision entries so far.
2003 & 2006 - In 2003, Belgium's Urban Trad sang 'Sanomi' in a completely made up language, while the Dutch participants in 2006, Treble, are also singing half of their song 'Amambanda' in a fictional language.
The Language Issue
Because many European states were founded on ideas of linguistic unity, and because of the sometimes unwelcome dominance of the English language in modern pop music, the language of a country's Eurovision entry can be a contentious issue. Some entries are performed in English to reach broader audiences, though this is sometimes looked upon as unpatriotic. In recent years the number of non-English language entrants has decreased, with mostly Eastern European and French language countries performing in their native language. In terms of recent Contest performance, most non-English songs have been far less successful than those in English (with the last non-English language winner being Israel's Dana International, who performed Diva in Hebrew in 1998).
In some cases, the lyrics are written and recorded in two different versions (usually English and a national language) or a single multi-language version. Examples include:
Denmark, where the national selection procedure allows freedom of language, but if the winning song from their national competition is in Danish, it must be re-written in English for the competition.
FYR Macedonia, who held a vote to decide whether their 2005 song should be in English or Macedonian.
France, whose entry in 2001 was performed partially in French and partially in English.
Voting
Currently, the Contest winner is selected by means of a modified version of the Borda count. Each country ranks all the entries and assigns 12 points to their favourite entry; 10 points to their second favourite entry; and 8 down to 1 point to their third to tenth favourites. Countries are not allowed to vote for themselves.
The current method for ranking entries is by a telephone vote (televoting) among the viewers. In the past, small demographically balanced juries were used to rank the entries. Juries are still used when televoting malfunctions or is impractical. For example, in 2003 Eircom's telephone polls system ceased to operate normally. The Irish broadcaster, RT�, did not receive the votes on time and instead used a panel of judges. (Later, the Russian entry t.A.T.u. held Ireland responsible for Russia losing the Contest. Just three points separated Russia and winners Turkey. The Russian act insisted that had Ireland used a phone vote they would have been awarded more points and taken the title; however, no evidence exists to back up this claim.)
The 1956 Contest did not have regional voting. The BBC had used the idea of contacting regional juries by telephone in their national competition to choose their 1956 song. Bizarrely, the UK's song was chosen after the date of the international final but the EBU adopted the idea of contacting the international juries by telephone and this was introduced in 1957 and used until 1993. In 1994, the Contest saw the first satellite 'vision' link-up to juries. See below.
The presenters of the Contest connect by satellite to each country in turn, inviting the spokesperson to read out that country's votes in French or English. The presenters then repeat the votes in the alternate language, following the formula: "Country name, number points. Nom du pays, nombre de points" (but putting French first if the spokesperson is reading the points in French). For example: "United Kingdom, twelve points. Le Royaume-Uni, douze points." Due to time contraints in 2004 and 2005 (as 36 and 39 countries took part) the voting was only translated from English to French and vice-versa istead of repeating the votes that were said; for example, if a country's spokesperson annouced their votes in English, the presenters would not repeat the English vote but instead they would instantly translate into French. To offset the extension to voting time caused by the increased number of participating countries, from the 2006 Contest, each country's 1- to 7-point votes will simply be all added to the scoreboard as that country's spokesperson is introduced, with only the 8, 10 and 12-point scores being read out.
Tie-breakers
In the event of a tie for first place after all the points have been announced, there is a tie-break procedure. It was realised that a tie-break procedure need be predetermined following the 1969 Contest, where France, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom tied for first place. In 1969, since no tie-breaking system had been previously decided, it was determined that all four countries be jointly awarded the title.
As the rules currently stand, the first tie-breaker is to count the number of countries who assigned any points to each entry in the tie. If there is still a tie, the second tie breaker is to count the number of countries who assigned 12 points to each entry in the tie. Tie-breaks continue with 10 points, 8 points, and so on until the tie is resolved. Ties for other places are only officially resolved if they matter for qualification purposes (see below).
In 1991, the tie-break procedure was put into action when Sweden and France both scored 146 points after the voting had finished. The two songs had been voted for by the same number of countries, and they also had the same number of twelves. Only when the number of 10 point scores had been counted, Sweden, represented by Carola with the song "F�ngad av en stormvind" (Captured by a Love Storm), could acclaim its third victory. Thus, the French song, "C'est le dernier qui a parl� qui a raison" (It's he who speaks last that is right) performed by Amina, came second with the smallest margin ever to spare to the winner.
In the past, a number of different voting systems were used, with varying degrees of success. See Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest for more details.
Null (nil) Points
Since each of the participating countries casts a series of votes, it is rare that a song fails to receive any votes at all. Under the modern rules this means that the song failed to make the top ten most popular songs in any country. When it does happen, it is known as nul points (pron. nool pwa'), from the practice of reading results in French as well as English during the broadcast. It should be noted, however, that the phrase nul points is never actually read out during the presentation of the Contest.
Entries which received nul points, since the introduction of the current scoring system in 1975 are as follows:
In 1978, Norway's "Mil etter mil" by Jahn Teigen.
In 1981, Norway's "Aldri i livet" by Finn Kalvik.
In 1982, Finland's "Nuku pommiin" by Kojo.
In 1983, two entries: Turkey's "Opera" by �etin Alp and Short Wave and Spain's "�Qui�n maneja mi barca?" by Remedios Amaya.
In 1987, Turkey's "Şarkım Sevgi �st�ne" by Seyyal Taner and Grup Locomotif.
In 1988, Austria's "Lisa, Mona Lisa" by Wilfried.
In 1989, Iceland's "�a� sem enginn s�r" by Dan�el �g�st.
In 1991, Austria's "Venedig im Regen" by Thomas Forstner.
In 1994, Lithuania's "Lop�inė mylimai" by Ovidijus Vy�niauskas.
In 1997, two entries: Norway's "San Francisco" by Tor Endresen and Portugal's "Antes do adeus" by C�lia Lawson.
In 1998, Switzerland's "Lass ihn" by Gunvor.
In 2003, UK's "Cry Baby" by Jemini.
In the 2004 semi-final, Switzerland's entry "Celebrate", sung by Piero and the Music Stars.
Political and Regional Voting Patterns
Some viewers claim that politics and international relations dictate a lot of the voting. There is little empirical data to back up these claims, however. Some academic studies are quoted in the links section.
Very strong anecdotal evidence does suggest that some regional voting blocks do exist though. Cyprus and Greece have exchanged maximum points (i.e. Greece gives 12 points to Cyprus and Cyprus gives 12 points to Greece in the same Contest) eight times (1987, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005) since they first competed together in 1981. Additionally, Cyprus gave no points to Turkey until 2003, when it awarded 8 points to the Turkish entry (which went on to win the Contest). The next year, Turkey awarded a single point to Cyprus for the first time.
Some people (including BBC commentator Terry Wogan) have theorised that Britain scored nul points in 2003 because Britain had entered the war on Iraq. However, it should be remembered that as viewers only vote for one song, this issue would only have affected the voting if a substantial number of people had had the British entry as their favourite but decided not to vote for it because of the war. Given Jemini's mediocre performance on the night, the possibility of this seems unlikely.
The Nordic and Baltic countries are perceived to vote as a block for each other, although careful scrutiny of the votes doesn't always bear this out. For example, Estonia won the 2001 Contest while earning 12 points each from Latvia and Lithuania and 10 points each from Iceland and Norway. Denmark finished second with 12 points each from Iceland, Norway, and Estonia. However, Norway and Iceland finished tied last with just three points each.
Similar patterns have been seen in (among others) the states of the former Soviet Union, former Yugoslav republics, the Balkan States, Ireland and Britain, and the western Mediterranean.
The counter-argument to these perceived patterns is that it is natural for people of similar cultures within Europe, sharing common borders where the TV and radio stations of a number of countries can be received, and speaking similar languages, to enjoy similar styles of music. This argument has been weakened at recent Contests, with many competing countries choosing to sing in English.
Voting has also shown that Europe's main powers may not popular in the European community, with the United Kingdom, Spain, France and Germany making up the bottom four of the results table in 2005, despite paying for the event.
It has been suggested by the EBU that a change to voting may come into place in the next few years. Whether this is to protect the "big 4" subsiding nations, or trying to even out the population/neighbour issue is not clear. However "sources" at the EBU imply that changes may be necessary to keep the bankrolling countries happier.
Hosts
Hosting the Eurovision Song Contest is an honour accorded to the winning country from the previous year. Many people believe that host countries have experienced financial difficulties through having to host. Particularly Ireland which won 3 years in a row. This situation was famously parodied in the Father Ted episode "A Song for Europe" (although the Contest was simply referred to as the 'Eurosong Competition').
However, most of the expense of the Contest is covered by event sponsors and contributions from the other participating nations. The 2004 ESC was allocated a budget of some �15 million and was the most expensive edition ever. The Contest is considered a unique showcase for launching the host country as a tourist destination. For example in the summer of 2005, Ukraine abolished its normal visa requirements for tourists to coincide with its hosting of the ESC.
Interval Acts
The entertainment provided by the host nation between the competitors' performances and the scoring is sometimes used as the launch of a successful career. The Irish dancing show Riverdance was first seen internationally at the 1994 Contest. The Hothouse Flowers had a successful career after their interval appearance in 1988. The Danish band Aqua also performed the interval act when Copenhagen hosted the competition in the year 2001 as a farewell to the music industry just before their split.
Winning Streaks
Occasionally, the host nation wins for a second year in a row. This first happened in 1969 when Spain (in its four-way tie with the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom) won the Contest in Madrid. The hosts also won the Contests in 1973 (Luxembourg), 1979 (Israel), 1993 (Ireland), and 1994 (Ireland again).
Ireland is the only nation to have won three times in a row; in 1992, 1993 and 1994. It also holds the title of most wins - with seven, in 1970, 1980, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1996.
Whilst having won the Contest five times, two fewer than Ireland, the United Kingdom have the highest cumulative points total by some distance. This is largely courtesy of the country placing second an incredible fifteen times.
Although other countries had opportunities to host the event twice in a row, the first country to do so was Ireland, which actually hosted the Contest three times in a row, as they won the Contest in 1992, 1993 and 1994 and hosted the event in 1993, 1994, and 1995.
The United Kingdom holds the record for hosting the Contest the most times - eight in total - 1960, 1963, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1982 and 1998 � having hosted four times after winning the Contest (the Netherlands were given the honour after the 1969 tie) and taken the reins four other times when other broadcasters declined. Ireland has hosted the competition seven times, following its seven wins.
Terry Wogan
In the United Kingdom the Contest is taken less seriously than in many other countries. Many blame this on broadcaster Terry Wogan who adds light humour to his voice over commentary on UK Television. Others, however, argue that he is what has kept it so interesting for UK viewers for so many years. Wogan tends to make light of the alleged regional voting blocks e.g "Greece gives Cyprus douze points, quelle surprise!"
Musical Styles
The maximum duration of each song is three minutes, and although musicians of any genre can play, the musicians and songs selected for the Contest tend towards very commercial pop. Some viewers of the Contest view the event as a combination of camp entertainment and a musical train wreck (a fact played upon in the UK broadcast with the sardonic BBC commentary of Terry Wogan) and a subculture of Eurovision Song Contest drinking games has evolved in some countries.
It's worth noting that the voting system used for the Contest was originally designed to select a single compromise winner from a large field of candidates. A number of countries use this same system to select their entries, some of them going through several rounds of voting before selecting a winner. After repeated iterations of the system, variations from middle-of-the-road pop music tend to be eliminated.
Winners
Often the winner of the Eurovision gets largely forgotten after their win: however there have been notable exceptions like ABBA and C�line Dion. Usually the winner becomes a massive star in their home country and eventually in neighbouring countries. The 2004 winner Ruslana became a superstar in her home country Ukraine, yet has failed to make a major splash in most of Europe, except for Belgium and Greece. The 2005 winner Elena Paparizou achieved even more fame in Greece, Cyprus, Turkey and Sweden yet failed to reach success outside of these four countries. Sertab Erener, the only Turkish winner of the Eurovision Song Contest, achieved a lot more fame in Turkey, Greece and Germany, and became more well known. However, she wasn't as successful outside those three countries.
The credibility of the show has been called in to question in some countries - (UK for example sees it as a comedy show but nonetheless keeps good viewing figures, Italy has declined to enter since 1997); conversely "new Europe" nations see it as a chance to showcase their nation and culture. This may or may not have a bearing on "Political and Regional Voting Patterns" as described above.
Selection procedures
Participating nations use a number of different methods to select their entries. Many of them mimic the final Contest with big stage productions, telephone or jury voting, and a selection of songs to chose from. Others follow different paths.
For the 2002 Contest, the Spanish TVE created a reality show Operaci�n Triunfo that showed the selection and training of unknown singers. At the end, one of them would be elected by the public to represent the country in the Contest. The format was initially an enormous success in Spain, ran for two more years there and was swiftly exported to other countries. One example was the Irish You're A Star, a Pop Idol clone run by RT� from 2003 to 2005, which carried the ultimate prize of representing Ireland at Eurovision. The original Spanish show was quietly dropped for the 2005 Contest after the three previous entries had disappeared into mid-table obscurity in the international contests. The Spanish reverted to a conventional national pre-selection competition. The Irish show was not dropped; however the prize of representing Ireland in the Eurovision was.
In recent years, more and more countries have used this "reality show" method of selecting their singing entrants and choosing the song at a later stage, with mixed results. Twelve of the participating countries in the 2004 Song Contest were winners on a reality show.
More successful has been the system where the national broadcaster privately selects one singer and a selection of songs from which the national public votes. This method was used for Turkey, Ukraine, and Greece in the years when these countries won the Contest.
In the United Kingdom the entry is chosen by the public during the programme "Making Your Mind Up", which took its name from UK group Bucks Fizz's winning entry in 1981.
Countries with many very successful international artists tend not to enter them as it unlikely they would choose to compete, for example it is considered unlikely Ireland would enter U2 or the United Kingdom would enter The Rolling Stones. Several countries have used their most famous export in previous years, however, with the most recent being TATU's participation for Russia in 2003, or Las Ketchup (of 'The Ketchup Song' fame) competing for Spain in 2006.
For more information on each country's selection procedures, visit the country-specific links at the bottom of the page.
Spinoffs and imitators
There are a number of other contests and events that are either spun off from the Eurovision Song Contest or resemble it closely.
The Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Denmark originally held a song contest for children in 2000: then it organised a Nordic Children's Eurovision, in which children from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden competed in 2002. The EBU saw clips of the show and liked it so decided to create an official Children's Eurovision.
Thus, starting in 2003, an annual children's version of the Contest was established, called the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. As originators of the concept, Denmark were given the honour of hosting the first running of the event, which was won by Croatia.
In the Junior Eurovision Song Contests the performers always compose their own songs.
Even though the Junior Eurovision Song Contest was approved by the EBU, it hasn't been very successful, and has generally had unsatisfactory audience ratings, particularly in the United Kingdom , where from 2004 it was only shown on digital channel ITV2.
An American Eurovision Contest?
In 2006 the format of the Eurovision Song Contest was sold to an American Broadcaster in order to compete with American Idol in the ratings. The member countries of the EBU will be replaced by the different States and territories of the United States.
Intervision Song Contest
Between 1977 and 1980 the countries of the Eastern bloc had a song contest of their own, known as the Intervision Song Contest. Organised by the Intervision Network and held in Sopot, Poland, it replaced an earlier event � the Sopot International Song Festival.
Trivia
Joan Manuel Serrat was originally slated to represent Spain in 1968 with the song "La La La", but wanted to sing it in Catalan. The ruler of Spain at the time, Francisco Franco, ordered that the song be performed in Spanish. Serrat refused and was replaced by Massiel, who went on to win the Contest.
The 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal began when their entry E depois do adeus was broadcast on Portuguese radio. The song was the signal to the rebels to start the revolution.
Lebanon had intended to participate for the first time in 2005, but was forced to withdraw when it emerged that Lebanese law made it impossible to show the Israeli entry. (The Contest rules require participating broadcasters to show all the songs). BBC coverage
It has been argued that Israel and sometimes Turkey are not in Europe and hence should not be in the Contest. However being a member of the EBU is the requirement rather than geographical concerns. As long as the EBU can transmit to all participating countries (no matter how far away) they are permitted to take part. This means that Morocco was able to participate in 1980.
Steve Coogan portrayed a spoof singer Tony Ferrino who "won" the Contest for Portugal in 1980 with a classic hit "Papa Bendi". The real winner that year was Johnny Logan.
The Contest in Popular Culture
The Eurovision Song Contest was the central focus of an episode of Father Ted. The joke was that the Irish had lost so much money by winning so many times they decide to choose the worst possible entry as their song entry. Father Ted and Dougal win with an entry called "My Lovely Horse".
In an episode of The Young Ones, Alexei Sayle dressed as Benito Mussolini and performed a mock Contest entry called "Make Silly Noises".
The short-lived BBC comedy Heartburn Hotel featured an episode in which the delegation from the impoverished Eastern European state of Zagrovia, recovering from a recent civil war, stayed in the grotty Birmingham hotel run by Tim Healy's character whilst taking part in that year's Eurovision Song Contest. Although the country in question is, of course, fictitious, the Contest had indeed been held in Birmingham that year (1998), and the programme notably included some specially filmed footage of the Zagrovian "entry" - entitled "Lik, Lik, Lik" ("Love, Love, Love"), sung by Saskia - being performed on the actual ESC stage at the National Indoor Arena, complete with commentary by Terry Wogan.
At the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards, the British host Sacha Baron Cohen made a parody of Eastern European countries hosting the Contest. As the fictitious Kazakh TV personality Borat, Cohen opened the show by welcoming the viewers to The Eurovision Song Contest 2005. The award show also included other, more subtle, references to the ESC, like overly long folk-dance sequences (common in the interval act of the ESC), and a pointless appearance by the (still fake) Kazakh president.
British comedy Maid Marian and her Merry Men (1989) included a Eurovision parody in their song contest 'a Song for Worksop.' Upon forming the idea for the song contest, Marian described in vivid detail the exact manner in which she would host the show, mirroring Eurovision hosts of the past, and the winning song was the Guy of Gisborne's idiotic composition 'Ding-a-Ling-a-Ling, Dong-a-Long-a-Long.'
Famous British comedy troupe, Monty Python, parodied the Eurovision Song Contest in their popular 70s variety comedy show, Monty Python's Flying Circus.
In the 1977 film Jubilee a character is referred to as "England's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest" about 32 minutes in. This is ironic as constituent nations of the UK, unlike in football and other sports, do not have their own entries. This is arguably because it is technically EBU members, rather than countries themselves, competing. Therefore, as the BBC covers all of the United Kingdom, we have a United Kingdom entry.
In the 2000 film An Everlasting Piece after about 7 minutes a wig technician asks during customer/client smalltalk whether the client knows where the Eurovison Song Contest is being held that year.
The Swedish 2000 film 'Livet �r en schlager' (Life is a Schlager) [2] is about a housewife that gets her life turned upside-down when she participates in 'Melodifestivalen', the Swedish qualifier for the Eurovision Song Contest.
| Steve Coogan |
What was the name of the act comprising of Gemma Abbey and Chris Cromby who became the first UK act to receive no points overall? | EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
Overview
The Contest's name comes from the EBU's Eurovision TV distribution network. Because it is the highest-profile event distributed by the network, the Song Contest itself is often simply called "Eurovision" (especially in the United Kingdom , which transmits fewer Eurovision Network broadcasts than most continental countries). ESC is an abbreviation used when referring to the Contest on websites and in forums.
The structure of the Contest is as follows:
Each country, through a variety of means, chooses an artist and song to represent them.
Each song from every country is then performed once on the night, vocally live.
After all songs have been performed, viewers have ten minutes to vote for their favourite song. Viewers can not vote for their own country e.g. voters in Ireland can not vote for the Irish entry.
All the votes are added up per country (e.g. all of the votes from Irish televoters, from French voters etc.)
Each country, via satellite link, reveals its votes. The top ten songs voted for in each country receive points, from 1-8, then 10 and 12 points. Points are announced per country in reverse order.
In the end, the winner is the country with the most points. In a tie, it is the country with (any number of) points awarded from most countries that wins.
The winning country receives the honour of hosting the next year's Contest.
The programme can reach a potential television audience of more than one billion. Any member of the EBU (even those outside Europe) may participate in the Contest. Of these non-European members, only Israel and Morocco have participated in the Contest. Lebanon had planned to enter the 2005 Contest, but they were forced to withdraw because they admitted that they could not be sure the broadcast wouldn't be cut whilst Israel were performing.
The theme music played before and after the broadcasts of the Eurovision Song Contest (and other Eurovision broadcasts) is the prelude to Marc-Antoine Charpentier's setting of Te Deum.
History
In the event of a tie it used to be the song with the most twelve points which won (as was the case in 1991) however it is now the song which received any points from the most countries which wins the tiebreak
Rules
The official rules of the Contest are long, technical, and ever-changing. Many of the rules cover technical aspects of the television broadcast itself. However, a few of the more important rules affecting the conduct and outcome of the Contest follow. (Link to the full rules for the 2005 Contest)
Number of Songs
Each country is entitled to enter just one song. The Contest final is limited to 24 songs. For the 2006 Contest in Greece , the countries that will take those places fall into three categories.
The countries with the ten highest scores in the final of the 2005 Contest. (Greece, Malta, Romania, Israel , Latvia, Moldova, Switzerland , Norway , and Denmark ) (After Serbia & Montenegro's withdrawal on 20 March, 2006, Croatia (11th in the 2005 final) goes through to the 2006 final)
The four largest contributors to the EBU general budget. ( France , Germany , Spain , and the United Kingdom)
The countries with the ten highest scores in the semi-final of the 2006 Contest. (To be chosen from among Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Belarus, Belgium , Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus , Estonia, Finland , Iceland , Ireland , Lithuania, FYR Macedonia, Monaco, Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Russia , Slovenia, Sweden , Turkey , and Ukraine )
At the first Contest, each country was allowed to submit two three-minute (or less) songs. All songs must still be three-minutes or less in length, although many artists record the song in a longer version, simply performing a shorter version at the Contest. The number of participating countries has grown throughout the Contest's history, and since 1993 the rules have been changed several times to both limit the number of finalists and to allow for participation by former Soviet and Yugoslav republics, Warsaw Pact nations and others.
The entering song is also not allowed to be a cover version, and is not allowed to sample another artist's work. All songs must be completely original in terms of songwriting and instrumentation.
Performers
Current rules state that countries are allowed to have up to six performers on stage. Performers must be aged 16 or more, on 31 December in the year of the Contest. This is generally perceived to be due to Sandra Kim's winning in 1986, despite being only 13 at the time. No restriction on the nationality of the performers exists, which has resulted in countries being represented by artists who are not nationals of that country. One of the most well-known winning artists, Canadian C�line Dion represented Switzerland in 1988 (It seems to be a Swiss tactic, as their 2005 performance was by Estonian group Vanilla Ninja and their 2006 performance is by the multinational group Six4one with performers coming from Israel, Bosnia Herzegovina,Sweden,Malta and Portugal as well as from Switzerland). To place a restriction would be difficult in that, in Northern Ireland for example, some may wish to enter, who would consider themselves Irish, and therefore prefer to enter for Ireland, rather than the UK. It should also be noted that the performer only needs to be 16 when the event takes place, and not when they are selected, as proven in 2005 when Triinu Kivilaan was selected to represent Switzerland, despite only being 15 at the time.
Languages
From the first Contest in 1956 until 1965, and again from 1973 until 1976 there was no restriction on language. From 1966 until 1972, and again from 1978 until 1998, songs were required to be performed in a national language. The national language rule was actually instituted shortly before the 1977 Contest, but some countries had already selected non-national language entries, and they were allowed to enter without any changes.
As of the 1999 Contest, the restriction was again lifted, and songs may be performed in any language. As a result, many of the songs are performed partially or completely in English. In 2003, Belgium made full use of the so-termed free language rule, and entered a song in an artificial language created especially for the song. The same tactic is being used in 2006 by the Dutch entry Amambanda which is partially sung in an Imaginary language.
Dialects & Rare Languages
Sometimes dialects of a language or a very rare language is used in a song. Some Examples are:
1971, 1996 & 2003 - Austria singing in Viennese, Vorarlbergish & Steiermarkish respectively which are all dialects of German
1972 - Ireland singing in Irish (Gaelic), which is a national language of Ireland
1989 - Switzerland singing in Romansch which is a national language of Switzerland
1991 - Italy singing in Neapolitan which is a dialect of Italian
1992,1993 & 1996 - France singing in Creole, Corsican and Breton respectively, the first two being dialects of French, and the last being a Celtic language closely related to Welsh
1999 - Lithuania singing in Samogitian which is a dialect of Lithuanian
2004 - Estonia singing in V�ru which is a dialect of Estonian
2004 - Andorra singing in Catalan and have continued to do so for all their Eurovision entries so far.
2003 & 2006 - In 2003, Belgium's Urban Trad sang 'Sanomi' in a completely made up language, while the Dutch participants in 2006, Treble, are also singing half of their song 'Amambanda' in a fictional language.
The Language Issue
Because many European states were founded on ideas of linguistic unity, and because of the sometimes unwelcome dominance of the English language in modern pop music, the language of a country's Eurovision entry can be a contentious issue. Some entries are performed in English to reach broader audiences, though this is sometimes looked upon as unpatriotic. In recent years the number of non-English language entrants has decreased, with mostly Eastern European and French language countries performing in their native language. In terms of recent Contest performance, most non-English songs have been far less successful than those in English (with the last non-English language winner being Israel's Dana International, who performed Diva in Hebrew in 1998).
In some cases, the lyrics are written and recorded in two different versions (usually English and a national language) or a single multi-language version. Examples include:
Denmark, where the national selection procedure allows freedom of language, but if the winning song from their national competition is in Danish, it must be re-written in English for the competition.
FYR Macedonia, who held a vote to decide whether their 2005 song should be in English or Macedonian.
France, whose entry in 2001 was performed partially in French and partially in English.
Voting
Currently, the Contest winner is selected by means of a modified version of the Borda count. Each country ranks all the entries and assigns 12 points to their favourite entry; 10 points to their second favourite entry; and 8 down to 1 point to their third to tenth favourites. Countries are not allowed to vote for themselves.
The current method for ranking entries is by a telephone vote (televoting) among the viewers. In the past, small demographically balanced juries were used to rank the entries. Juries are still used when televoting malfunctions or is impractical. For example, in 2003 Eircom's telephone polls system ceased to operate normally. The Irish broadcaster, RT�, did not receive the votes on time and instead used a panel of judges. (Later, the Russian entry t.A.T.u. held Ireland responsible for Russia losing the Contest. Just three points separated Russia and winners Turkey. The Russian act insisted that had Ireland used a phone vote they would have been awarded more points and taken the title; however, no evidence exists to back up this claim.)
The 1956 Contest did not have regional voting. The BBC had used the idea of contacting regional juries by telephone in their national competition to choose their 1956 song. Bizarrely, the UK's song was chosen after the date of the international final but the EBU adopted the idea of contacting the international juries by telephone and this was introduced in 1957 and used until 1993. In 1994, the Contest saw the first satellite 'vision' link-up to juries. See below.
The presenters of the Contest connect by satellite to each country in turn, inviting the spokesperson to read out that country's votes in French or English. The presenters then repeat the votes in the alternate language, following the formula: "Country name, number points. Nom du pays, nombre de points" (but putting French first if the spokesperson is reading the points in French). For example: "United Kingdom, twelve points. Le Royaume-Uni, douze points." Due to time contraints in 2004 and 2005 (as 36 and 39 countries took part) the voting was only translated from English to French and vice-versa istead of repeating the votes that were said; for example, if a country's spokesperson annouced their votes in English, the presenters would not repeat the English vote but instead they would instantly translate into French. To offset the extension to voting time caused by the increased number of participating countries, from the 2006 Contest, each country's 1- to 7-point votes will simply be all added to the scoreboard as that country's spokesperson is introduced, with only the 8, 10 and 12-point scores being read out.
Tie-breakers
In the event of a tie for first place after all the points have been announced, there is a tie-break procedure. It was realised that a tie-break procedure need be predetermined following the 1969 Contest, where France, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom tied for first place. In 1969, since no tie-breaking system had been previously decided, it was determined that all four countries be jointly awarded the title.
As the rules currently stand, the first tie-breaker is to count the number of countries who assigned any points to each entry in the tie. If there is still a tie, the second tie breaker is to count the number of countries who assigned 12 points to each entry in the tie. Tie-breaks continue with 10 points, 8 points, and so on until the tie is resolved. Ties for other places are only officially resolved if they matter for qualification purposes (see below).
In 1991, the tie-break procedure was put into action when Sweden and France both scored 146 points after the voting had finished. The two songs had been voted for by the same number of countries, and they also had the same number of twelves. Only when the number of 10 point scores had been counted, Sweden, represented by Carola with the song "F�ngad av en stormvind" (Captured by a Love Storm), could acclaim its third victory. Thus, the French song, "C'est le dernier qui a parl� qui a raison" (It's he who speaks last that is right) performed by Amina, came second with the smallest margin ever to spare to the winner.
In the past, a number of different voting systems were used, with varying degrees of success. See Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest for more details.
Null (nil) Points
Since each of the participating countries casts a series of votes, it is rare that a song fails to receive any votes at all. Under the modern rules this means that the song failed to make the top ten most popular songs in any country. When it does happen, it is known as nul points (pron. nool pwa'), from the practice of reading results in French as well as English during the broadcast. It should be noted, however, that the phrase nul points is never actually read out during the presentation of the Contest.
Entries which received nul points, since the introduction of the current scoring system in 1975 are as follows:
In 1978, Norway's "Mil etter mil" by Jahn Teigen.
In 1981, Norway's "Aldri i livet" by Finn Kalvik.
In 1982, Finland's "Nuku pommiin" by Kojo.
In 1983, two entries: Turkey's "Opera" by �etin Alp and Short Wave and Spain's "�Qui�n maneja mi barca?" by Remedios Amaya.
In 1987, Turkey's "Şarkım Sevgi �st�ne" by Seyyal Taner and Grup Locomotif.
In 1988, Austria's "Lisa, Mona Lisa" by Wilfried.
In 1989, Iceland's "�a� sem enginn s�r" by Dan�el �g�st.
In 1991, Austria's "Venedig im Regen" by Thomas Forstner.
In 1994, Lithuania's "Lop�inė mylimai" by Ovidijus Vy�niauskas.
In 1997, two entries: Norway's "San Francisco" by Tor Endresen and Portugal's "Antes do adeus" by C�lia Lawson.
In 1998, Switzerland's "Lass ihn" by Gunvor.
In 2003, UK's "Cry Baby" by Jemini.
In the 2004 semi-final, Switzerland's entry "Celebrate", sung by Piero and the Music Stars.
Political and Regional Voting Patterns
Some viewers claim that politics and international relations dictate a lot of the voting. There is little empirical data to back up these claims, however. Some academic studies are quoted in the links section.
Very strong anecdotal evidence does suggest that some regional voting blocks do exist though. Cyprus and Greece have exchanged maximum points (i.e. Greece gives 12 points to Cyprus and Cyprus gives 12 points to Greece in the same Contest) eight times (1987, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005) since they first competed together in 1981. Additionally, Cyprus gave no points to Turkey until 2003, when it awarded 8 points to the Turkish entry (which went on to win the Contest). The next year, Turkey awarded a single point to Cyprus for the first time.
Some people (including BBC commentator Terry Wogan) have theorised that Britain scored nul points in 2003 because Britain had entered the war on Iraq. However, it should be remembered that as viewers only vote for one song, this issue would only have affected the voting if a substantial number of people had had the British entry as their favourite but decided not to vote for it because of the war. Given Jemini's mediocre performance on the night, the possibility of this seems unlikely.
The Nordic and Baltic countries are perceived to vote as a block for each other, although careful scrutiny of the votes doesn't always bear this out. For example, Estonia won the 2001 Contest while earning 12 points each from Latvia and Lithuania and 10 points each from Iceland and Norway. Denmark finished second with 12 points each from Iceland, Norway, and Estonia. However, Norway and Iceland finished tied last with just three points each.
Similar patterns have been seen in (among others) the states of the former Soviet Union, former Yugoslav republics, the Balkan States, Ireland and Britain, and the western Mediterranean.
The counter-argument to these perceived patterns is that it is natural for people of similar cultures within Europe, sharing common borders where the TV and radio stations of a number of countries can be received, and speaking similar languages, to enjoy similar styles of music. This argument has been weakened at recent Contests, with many competing countries choosing to sing in English.
Voting has also shown that Europe's main powers may not popular in the European community, with the United Kingdom, Spain, France and Germany making up the bottom four of the results table in 2005, despite paying for the event.
It has been suggested by the EBU that a change to voting may come into place in the next few years. Whether this is to protect the "big 4" subsiding nations, or trying to even out the population/neighbour issue is not clear. However "sources" at the EBU imply that changes may be necessary to keep the bankrolling countries happier.
Hosts
Hosting the Eurovision Song Contest is an honour accorded to the winning country from the previous year. Many people believe that host countries have experienced financial difficulties through having to host. Particularly Ireland which won 3 years in a row. This situation was famously parodied in the Father Ted episode "A Song for Europe" (although the Contest was simply referred to as the 'Eurosong Competition').
However, most of the expense of the Contest is covered by event sponsors and contributions from the other participating nations. The 2004 ESC was allocated a budget of some �15 million and was the most expensive edition ever. The Contest is considered a unique showcase for launching the host country as a tourist destination. For example in the summer of 2005, Ukraine abolished its normal visa requirements for tourists to coincide with its hosting of the ESC.
Interval Acts
The entertainment provided by the host nation between the competitors' performances and the scoring is sometimes used as the launch of a successful career. The Irish dancing show Riverdance was first seen internationally at the 1994 Contest. The Hothouse Flowers had a successful career after their interval appearance in 1988. The Danish band Aqua also performed the interval act when Copenhagen hosted the competition in the year 2001 as a farewell to the music industry just before their split.
Winning Streaks
Occasionally, the host nation wins for a second year in a row. This first happened in 1969 when Spain (in its four-way tie with the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom) won the Contest in Madrid. The hosts also won the Contests in 1973 (Luxembourg), 1979 (Israel), 1993 (Ireland), and 1994 (Ireland again).
Ireland is the only nation to have won three times in a row; in 1992, 1993 and 1994. It also holds the title of most wins - with seven, in 1970, 1980, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1996.
Whilst having won the Contest five times, two fewer than Ireland, the United Kingdom have the highest cumulative points total by some distance. This is largely courtesy of the country placing second an incredible fifteen times.
Although other countries had opportunities to host the event twice in a row, the first country to do so was Ireland, which actually hosted the Contest three times in a row, as they won the Contest in 1992, 1993 and 1994 and hosted the event in 1993, 1994, and 1995.
The United Kingdom holds the record for hosting the Contest the most times - eight in total - 1960, 1963, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1982 and 1998 � having hosted four times after winning the Contest (the Netherlands were given the honour after the 1969 tie) and taken the reins four other times when other broadcasters declined. Ireland has hosted the competition seven times, following its seven wins.
Terry Wogan
In the United Kingdom the Contest is taken less seriously than in many other countries. Many blame this on broadcaster Terry Wogan who adds light humour to his voice over commentary on UK Television. Others, however, argue that he is what has kept it so interesting for UK viewers for so many years. Wogan tends to make light of the alleged regional voting blocks e.g "Greece gives Cyprus douze points, quelle surprise!"
Musical Styles
The maximum duration of each song is three minutes, and although musicians of any genre can play, the musicians and songs selected for the Contest tend towards very commercial pop. Some viewers of the Contest view the event as a combination of camp entertainment and a musical train wreck (a fact played upon in the UK broadcast with the sardonic BBC commentary of Terry Wogan) and a subculture of Eurovision Song Contest drinking games has evolved in some countries.
It's worth noting that the voting system used for the Contest was originally designed to select a single compromise winner from a large field of candidates. A number of countries use this same system to select their entries, some of them going through several rounds of voting before selecting a winner. After repeated iterations of the system, variations from middle-of-the-road pop music tend to be eliminated.
Winners
Often the winner of the Eurovision gets largely forgotten after their win: however there have been notable exceptions like ABBA and C�line Dion. Usually the winner becomes a massive star in their home country and eventually in neighbouring countries. The 2004 winner Ruslana became a superstar in her home country Ukraine, yet has failed to make a major splash in most of Europe, except for Belgium and Greece. The 2005 winner Elena Paparizou achieved even more fame in Greece, Cyprus, Turkey and Sweden yet failed to reach success outside of these four countries. Sertab Erener, the only Turkish winner of the Eurovision Song Contest, achieved a lot more fame in Turkey, Greece and Germany, and became more well known. However, she wasn't as successful outside those three countries.
The credibility of the show has been called in to question in some countries - (UK for example sees it as a comedy show but nonetheless keeps good viewing figures, Italy has declined to enter since 1997); conversely "new Europe" nations see it as a chance to showcase their nation and culture. This may or may not have a bearing on "Political and Regional Voting Patterns" as described above.
Selection procedures
Participating nations use a number of different methods to select their entries. Many of them mimic the final Contest with big stage productions, telephone or jury voting, and a selection of songs to chose from. Others follow different paths.
For the 2002 Contest, the Spanish TVE created a reality show Operaci�n Triunfo that showed the selection and training of unknown singers. At the end, one of them would be elected by the public to represent the country in the Contest. The format was initially an enormous success in Spain, ran for two more years there and was swiftly exported to other countries. One example was the Irish You're A Star, a Pop Idol clone run by RT� from 2003 to 2005, which carried the ultimate prize of representing Ireland at Eurovision. The original Spanish show was quietly dropped for the 2005 Contest after the three previous entries had disappeared into mid-table obscurity in the international contests. The Spanish reverted to a conventional national pre-selection competition. The Irish show was not dropped; however the prize of representing Ireland in the Eurovision was.
In recent years, more and more countries have used this "reality show" method of selecting their singing entrants and choosing the song at a later stage, with mixed results. Twelve of the participating countries in the 2004 Song Contest were winners on a reality show.
More successful has been the system where the national broadcaster privately selects one singer and a selection of songs from which the national public votes. This method was used for Turkey, Ukraine, and Greece in the years when these countries won the Contest.
In the United Kingdom the entry is chosen by the public during the programme "Making Your Mind Up", which took its name from UK group Bucks Fizz's winning entry in 1981.
Countries with many very successful international artists tend not to enter them as it unlikely they would choose to compete, for example it is considered unlikely Ireland would enter U2 or the United Kingdom would enter The Rolling Stones. Several countries have used their most famous export in previous years, however, with the most recent being TATU's participation for Russia in 2003, or Las Ketchup (of 'The Ketchup Song' fame) competing for Spain in 2006.
For more information on each country's selection procedures, visit the country-specific links at the bottom of the page.
Spinoffs and imitators
There are a number of other contests and events that are either spun off from the Eurovision Song Contest or resemble it closely.
The Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Denmark originally held a song contest for children in 2000: then it organised a Nordic Children's Eurovision, in which children from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden competed in 2002. The EBU saw clips of the show and liked it so decided to create an official Children's Eurovision.
Thus, starting in 2003, an annual children's version of the Contest was established, called the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. As originators of the concept, Denmark were given the honour of hosting the first running of the event, which was won by Croatia.
In the Junior Eurovision Song Contests the performers always compose their own songs.
Even though the Junior Eurovision Song Contest was approved by the EBU, it hasn't been very successful, and has generally had unsatisfactory audience ratings, particularly in the United Kingdom , where from 2004 it was only shown on digital channel ITV2.
An American Eurovision Contest?
In 2006 the format of the Eurovision Song Contest was sold to an American Broadcaster in order to compete with American Idol in the ratings. The member countries of the EBU will be replaced by the different States and territories of the United States.
Intervision Song Contest
Between 1977 and 1980 the countries of the Eastern bloc had a song contest of their own, known as the Intervision Song Contest. Organised by the Intervision Network and held in Sopot, Poland, it replaced an earlier event � the Sopot International Song Festival.
Trivia
Joan Manuel Serrat was originally slated to represent Spain in 1968 with the song "La La La", but wanted to sing it in Catalan. The ruler of Spain at the time, Francisco Franco, ordered that the song be performed in Spanish. Serrat refused and was replaced by Massiel, who went on to win the Contest.
The 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal began when their entry E depois do adeus was broadcast on Portuguese radio. The song was the signal to the rebels to start the revolution.
Lebanon had intended to participate for the first time in 2005, but was forced to withdraw when it emerged that Lebanese law made it impossible to show the Israeli entry. (The Contest rules require participating broadcasters to show all the songs). BBC coverage
It has been argued that Israel and sometimes Turkey are not in Europe and hence should not be in the Contest. However being a member of the EBU is the requirement rather than geographical concerns. As long as the EBU can transmit to all participating countries (no matter how far away) they are permitted to take part. This means that Morocco was able to participate in 1980.
Steve Coogan portrayed a spoof singer Tony Ferrino who "won" the Contest for Portugal in 1980 with a classic hit "Papa Bendi". The real winner that year was Johnny Logan.
The Contest in Popular Culture
The Eurovision Song Contest was the central focus of an episode of Father Ted. The joke was that the Irish had lost so much money by winning so many times they decide to choose the worst possible entry as their song entry. Father Ted and Dougal win with an entry called "My Lovely Horse".
In an episode of The Young Ones, Alexei Sayle dressed as Benito Mussolini and performed a mock Contest entry called "Make Silly Noises".
The short-lived BBC comedy Heartburn Hotel featured an episode in which the delegation from the impoverished Eastern European state of Zagrovia, recovering from a recent civil war, stayed in the grotty Birmingham hotel run by Tim Healy's character whilst taking part in that year's Eurovision Song Contest. Although the country in question is, of course, fictitious, the Contest had indeed been held in Birmingham that year (1998), and the programme notably included some specially filmed footage of the Zagrovian "entry" - entitled "Lik, Lik, Lik" ("Love, Love, Love"), sung by Saskia - being performed on the actual ESC stage at the National Indoor Arena, complete with commentary by Terry Wogan.
At the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards, the British host Sacha Baron Cohen made a parody of Eastern European countries hosting the Contest. As the fictitious Kazakh TV personality Borat, Cohen opened the show by welcoming the viewers to The Eurovision Song Contest 2005. The award show also included other, more subtle, references to the ESC, like overly long folk-dance sequences (common in the interval act of the ESC), and a pointless appearance by the (still fake) Kazakh president.
British comedy Maid Marian and her Merry Men (1989) included a Eurovision parody in their song contest 'a Song for Worksop.' Upon forming the idea for the song contest, Marian described in vivid detail the exact manner in which she would host the show, mirroring Eurovision hosts of the past, and the winning song was the Guy of Gisborne's idiotic composition 'Ding-a-Ling-a-Ling, Dong-a-Long-a-Long.'
Famous British comedy troupe, Monty Python, parodied the Eurovision Song Contest in their popular 70s variety comedy show, Monty Python's Flying Circus.
In the 1977 film Jubilee a character is referred to as "England's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest" about 32 minutes in. This is ironic as constituent nations of the UK, unlike in football and other sports, do not have their own entries. This is arguably because it is technically EBU members, rather than countries themselves, competing. Therefore, as the BBC covers all of the United Kingdom, we have a United Kingdom entry.
In the 2000 film An Everlasting Piece after about 7 minutes a wig technician asks during customer/client smalltalk whether the client knows where the Eurovison Song Contest is being held that year.
The Swedish 2000 film 'Livet �r en schlager' (Life is a Schlager) [2] is about a housewife that gets her life turned upside-down when she participates in 'Melodifestivalen', the Swedish qualifier for the Eurovision Song Contest.
| i don't know |
After the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest, how many times had the United Kingdom finished second? | BBC - Eurovision facts and figures - Media Centre
The Eurovision Song Contest 2012
Engelbert Humperdinck to sing Love Will Set You Free
Eurovision facts and figures
The first ever Eurovision Song Contest took place on the 24th of May, 1956, in Lugano, Switzerland
In 54 years, over 1,200 songs have competed in the Eurovision Song Contest
Dutch conductor Dolf van der Linde conducted for seven different countries (Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland)
Johnny Logan won the Eurovision Song Contest three times. In 1980 and 1987 he represented Ireland as performer and won both times, in 1992 he wrote Linda Martin's winning entry Why Me
Poland made the most impressive debute in 1994, when Edyta Gorniak came 2nd with To Nie Ja, closely followed by Serbia's victory in 2007. Although Serbia & Montenegro was represented twice before, it was the first time that Serbia took part as an independent country
Norway can be found at the bottom of the list as many as ten times. They came last in 1963, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1981, 1990, 1997, 2001 and 2004. They also won three times (in 1985, 1995 and 2009)
Ireland won a record 7 times, Luxembourg, France and the United Kingdom 5 times. Sweden and the Netherlands won 4 times.
ABBA is the most successful Eurovision Song Contest winner. The Swedish pop band won the contest in 1974.
In 2001, the largest audience ever attended the Eurovision Song Contest. Almost 38,000 people gathered at Copenhagen's Parken Stadium.
The most covered Eurovision Song Contest song is Domenico Modugno's Nel Blu Di Pinto Di Blu, also known as Volare. The song has been covered by stars Frank Sinatra, Cliff Richard and David Bowie.
Televoting was introduced in 1997
In 2004, the first televised Eurovision Song Contest semi-final took place. In 2008, a second semi-final was introduced.
Recently, the contest was won by Greece (2005), Finland (2006), Serbia (2007), Russia (2008) Norway (2009), Germany (2010) and Azerbaijan (2011).
In 2007, 90 million people saw the Eurovision Song Contest, in 2008 105 million people tuned in. In 2009, 125 million people watched the competition and over 10 million phone and SMS votes were cast for the Eurovision Song Contest.
Most winning songs were performed in English - songs (mostly) in English won 22 times. French is also popular with 14 victories, Dutch and Hebrew songs won 3 times each.
Baku
After Ell and Nikki took the title for Azerbaijan last year, the contest travels to the city of Baku. Baku, also known as Baky or Bakı, is the largest city in the Caucasus and is the capital of Azerbaijan. It is situated on the western coast of the Caspian Sea and the population of the city is now around 3.7 million.
The Eurovision Song contest will take place in Baku’s Crystal Arena, which for this event has a seating capacity of over 16,000.
Participating countries
United Kingdom
Contest highlights
1955 - The concept of the Eurovision Song Contest was the brainchild of EBU Director Marcel Bezençon
1956 - The first Eurovision Song Contest took place in Lugano, Switzerland, on the 24th of May
1958 - Italy’s Domenico Modugno finishes 3rd with Nel Blu Di Pinto Di Blu, better known as Volare. It would become the most covered song in the history of Eurovision
1964 - A demonstrator manages to reach the stage during the live broadcast. Unfortunately, there is no archive material of the 1964 contest
1968 - The first ever Eurovision Song Contest broadcast in colour
1969 - A controversial outcome, as Spain, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and France all finish first
1974 - ABBA wins for Sweden. They would become the most successful Eurovision Song Contest winners ever
1975 - A new voting system is being introduced. Each country gives 1 to 8, 10 and 12 points to its top-10
1977 - The contest has to be postponed from April to May due to a strike of camera men at the BBC
1979 - Israel wins the contest for the second time in a row
1980 - Previous year’s winner Israel could not host the contest and the Netherlands offered to take over the production. The Eurovision Song Contest celebrates its 25th anniversary
1986 - 13-year old Sandra Kim, who earlier claimed to be 15, wins for Belgium. It would be the youngest winner ever. Luxembourg’s entry L'amour De Ma Vie is the 500th song at the Eurovision Song Contest since 1956
1987 - Johnny Logan, wins the Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland for the second time
1988 - Canadian singer Céline Dion wins for Switzerland.
1993 - Representatives from seven countries compete in a regional qualification for three open slots at the contest. As a result, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Slovenia and Croatia took part for the first time
1994 - As many as seven new countries take part: Estonia, Lithuania, Russia, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia
1997 - Ireland hosts the contest after winning for the third time in four years. The first experiments with televoting take place
1998 - Dana International sparks controversy, being the first transsexual to win the contest
1999 - For the first time, there is no orchestra at the Eurovision Song Contest
2001 - A record 38,000 people attended the contest at Copenhagen’s Parken Stadium
2002 - For the first time, the Eurovision Song Contest takes place in Eastern Europe, as Estonia hosts the event
2004 - For the first time ever, a televised semi-final takes place in the lead up to the Eurovision Song Contest. A new, generic logo is introduced
2005 - In a spectacular live show from Copenhagen, Europe celebrates the 50th anniversary of the Eurovision Song Contest. ABBA’s Waterloo is chosen as best Eurovision Song Contest song from the past 50 years
2006 - Finland wins the contest after waiting for victory a record 45 years. Ireland’s Brian Kennedy performs the 1,000th song at the Eurovision Song Contest since 1956
2008 - For the first time, two semi-finals take place in the lead up to the final. A new record of 43 countries is represented
2009 - Some 124 million viewers tune in, and cast a record 10 million votes by phone and SMS. Professional juries are reintroduced in the final. They have a 50 percent stake in the outcome
2010 - Alexander Rybak’s Fairytale turns out to be the biggest pan-European hit since Love Shine A Light in 1997
2011 - Lena, the winner of the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest, decided to defend her title on home ground - something only two people have done in the history of the contest
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In the BBC's poll of 2002 to find the 100 Greatest Britons, which four people in the top ten were alive during the 20th century? | Fifty Facts On Eurovision - NUL POINTS!
NUL POINTS!
Fifty Facts On Eurovision
THE OPENING
01 The contest always begins with the playing of the fanfare “Prelude To Te Deum” by Marc-Antoine Charpentier, which has become known as the “Eurovision Anthem”.
02 Each contest from 1956 to 1977 featured just one presenter. From 1978 to 1995 there were either one or two presenters, from 1996 to 2009 always a male-female duo (except 1999 when there were three). From 2010 to 2012 a trio became the norm until 2013 when Petra Mede became the first to fly solo for eighteen years. 2014 saw a return to a threesome, but uniquely it was two blokes and one lady!. 2015 saw an all-female trio but 2016 saw a return to one man and one woman.
03 Katie Boyle has compered no less than four Eurovisions (1960,1963,1968 and 1974). The only other multiple presenters have been Jacqueline Joubert (1959,1961) and Petra Mede (2012, 2016).
04 It’s now fairly traditional for the previous years winner to be performed at the beginning of the contest by the singer, but this has only been common since Johnny Logan reprised his second winner in Dublin 1988. Before that it was quite common though for the contest orchestra to perform the previous winner in a prelude before the compere took to the stage. The reigning champion has also often been able to promote their latest, post-Eurovision song. This reached new heights in 2014 when Emmelie de Forest’s new song was not only performed at the contest final but was also on the official CD (and outsold many 2014 entries in the post-contest download charts).
THE RULES
05 All Eurovision songs must be no longer than three minutes.
06 Every Eurovision up to 1998 had a live orchestra. Since then it has been optional, and never utilized, mostly for economic and logistical reasons. Each country would send a conductor to the contest along with their artists, and the stage entrance of the conductor was an integral part of the contest.
07 The rules surrounding nationality have always been rather lax, and it’s generally down to each country to make it’s own rules. The singers can usually come from anywhere, normally the songwriter(s) have to be native, but not always.
08 None of Luxembourg’s five winners came from the Grand Duchy. Four were French and one (Vicky Leandros) Greek.
09 Groups of more than three were not allowed into Eurovision until 1971. Even now, no more than six people are allowed on stage (including backup singers and dancers).
THE STATISTICS
10 There have been sixty-four winners over sixty-one contests (as there was a four-way tie in 1969). That total comprises thirty-eight female soloists, nine male soloists, eleven groups and six duos (one all female, two mixed-sex and three all-male). NB. We have counted the 2014 winning act as female ;o))
11 A total of fifty-two nations have competed in the contest overall, including countries with more than one incarnation. Germany was technically West Germany only before 1990 but as the old East never competed (and now never will) it stays as one nation. However only fifty-one countries have competed in a contest final as Andorra has yet to qualify for a final. Serial DNQ-ers Montenegro and San Marino both qualified for their first final in 2014 and the Czech Republic broke their duck in 2016.
12 Portugal in 1964 and Lithuania in 1994 are the only countries to score “Nul Points” on their debut.
13 After Finland’s win in 2006 the country waiting longest for it’s first win is by far Portugal, who have been competing since 1964, followed by Malta (1971), Cyprus (1981) and Iceland (1986). Of these, Malta came within a whisker of success in 1998/2002 and Iceland were runner-up in 1999/2009. Portugal and Cyprus have never come close.
14 In 1969 four countries tied for first place and as there was no tie-breaker they all shared the prize. Since then the rules for a tie have sometimes altered. Firstly there would have been a re-vote, then it became the song with the most top marks, and now it is the song with votes from the most countries. Simples.
15 Israel have competed at Eurovision since 1973 despite obviously not being part of Europe. The contest is open to active members of the European Broadcasting Union, which includes several North African countries, some of whom would no doubt compete if Israel did not (Morocco took their chance in 1980 and Lebanon chose an entry in 2005 but were thrown out after their TV suggested they would blank out the Israeli song). Australia were invited as a “guest” in 2015 but their participation now seems ongoing.
16 Ireland lead the medal table with seven wins but the 2015 contest saw Sweden creep up to just one win behind, followed by the UK, France and Luxembourg on five each.
17 In every contest from 2001 to 2008 the winning country had never won Eurovision before. On a similar note, going into Baku 2012 the last sixteen contests had had sixteen different winners, by far the longest stretch in contest history. Sweden broke that sequence, having last triumphed in 1999. Since 2009 the only first time champ has been Azerbaijan in 2011.
18 Austria and Norway lead the roll-call of Nul-Pointers with four but just one behind are Finland, Germany, Spain and Switzerland.
19 The Greece/Cyprus twelve points vote exchange is far and away the most recurring predictable vote.
20 Only seven of the first fifty-four winning songs had one-word titles but 2007-2010 saw four consecutive ones.
THEN AND NOW
21 The first contest featured just seven countries, each of whom performed two songs.
22 The most songs in a contest final has been twenty-seven in Vienna 2015 when Australia’s late guest entry added them to hosts Austria, the “Big Five” and the twenty qualifiers from the semis. The first twenty-sixer happened in 2003. When Italy returned to the contest in 2011 and the “Big Four” became the “Big Five”, a twenty-six country final (the “Big Five”, the hosts and the ten qualifiers from each semi) was likely to be the norm, however in 2011 one of the “Big Five” (Germany) were also hosts, so we only got twenty-six again a year later. Since 2004 we have had semi-finals in the week of the contest, enabling more countries to send songs to the contest week, and 2008 and 2011 saw a record forty-three countries participating.
23 The ten countries who have competed previously but not in 2016 (and of course the reason may be that the country doesn’t actually exist any more!) are Andorra, Luxembourg, Monaco, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Serbia/Montenegro, Slovakia, Turkey, and ex-Yugoslavia.
24 Before 1993 Yugoslavia was the only eastern bloc country to compete in the contest. The 2008 event contained no less than 22 former eastern bloc countries including six from the old Yugoslavia and ten from the old Soviet Union.
LANGUAGES
25 Belgium alternate each year between their Flemish and Walloon TV stations, although both have sent entries in English and imaginary languages.
26 Switzerland have submitted entries in all four native tongues (French, German, Italian and Romansch) as well as English.
27 France has sent entries in Creole, Breton and (for a second time in 2011, Corsican), while one Irish entry was in Gaelic.
28 The 1980 Norwegian entry was performed in a Sami language.
THROUGH THE YEARS
29 None of the 1956 voting is known, other than the winner being Switzerland. In 1964 the Danish hosts managed to lose their video of the contest meaning that no recording of the event exists. All other contests and voting records are intact.
30 In 1966 the first black contestant was the Netherland’s Millie Scott and the only black winner has been Dave Benton (one half of Estonia’s Tanel & Dave in 2001).
31 The 1968 contest at the Royal Albert Hall was the first to be broadcast in colour.
32 In 1974 the United Kingdom gave Nul Points to Abba.
33 In 1977 the contest almost didn’t happen due to a BBC strike. The original contest had to be postponed and luckily all parties re-convened at Wembley a few weeks later.
34 In every contest from 1981 to 1986 the UK was drawn to sing immediately after Norway.
35 In 2003 Esther Hart was in both the Dutch and UK finals. She won the Dutch final and gave up her song in “A Song For Europe” to another singer. The song was retitled and promptly finished last…… behind Jemini.
UNITED KINGDOM
36 The contest has been held in the UK no less than eight times, despite them only winning five times. The venues were London (1960,1963,1968,1977), Edinburgh (1972), Brighton (1974), Harrogate (1982) and Birmingham (1998).
37 In 20 contests up to and including 1977, the UK only finished outside the top 4 twice.
38 In 18 contests from 1999 to 2016, the UK only finished inside the top 10 twice, Jessica Garlick and Jade Ewen in 2002 and 2009.
39 In those recent contests the UK only received the maximum 12 points on five occasions: 2002 (from Austria), 2007 (from Malta), 2009 (from Greece) 2011 (from Bulgaria) and 2016 from the Maltese jury vote.
40 Sir Cliff Richard isn’t the only artist to have sung twice for the UK. Ronnie Carroll actually represented us twice consecutively in 1963 and 1964. Cheryl Baker was a member of Bucks Fizz in 1981 and also Co-Co three years earlier. Sally-Ann Triplett was in Prima Donna (1980) and Bardo (1982).
41 The late great Sir Terry Wogan was synonymous with Eurovision commentary in the UK, but his predecessors included Dave Lee Travis, David Vine, David Jacobs, Pete Murray and Rolf Harris.
THE VOTING
42 Andorran televisions catchment area included the Spanish region of Catalonia, and Spanish Catalans could vote on behalf of Andorra (for Spain).
43 Viewers in Northern Ireland have had the opportunity to vote in national finals of both the United Kingdom and Ireland. On contest night they are part of the UK televote.
44 For many years each countries votes came in on a crackly radio connection and part of the fun was whether contact would be lost with say, Helsinki or Nicosia. Nowadays there is an instant video linkup with the spokesperson, who usually tries in vain to build up their part with a variation on “thank you so much for a wonderful evening”, which is now thankfully slapped down by the comperes.
45 With the advent of the “semi-finals” in 2004 and forty-plus countries voting the European Broadcasting Union attempted to reduce the gargantuan voting time by getting each spokesperson to just announce the top three votes, which commenced in 2006.
46 In 2016 after several years when the contest winner was known well before the end of the voting the EBU decided to debut a system where each country awarded two sets of votes rather than them being merged before announcement. Thus each country’s jury votes were announced in the traditional fashion before the aggregated televotes were revealed at the end. To effect this change the national spokespersons only announced their twelve-pointer.
47 The order of voting has generally followed the order of performance (except for a few years in the 1960s when it was jauntily reversed and the 1974 random order), however come the brave new world in the mid-noughties it was pre-drawn. From 2011 the order was arranged on the basis of jury results (known by the producers) in order to try to prevent a runaway leader early in the voting.
48 The scoreboard (another source of much hilarity in the earlier years of the contest) has gone from a physical human-operated board to a CGI wonder that is displayed on massive screens in the arena.
THE INTERVAL
49 Eurovision has always needed an interval act while the votes have been counted. This has ranged from the sublime (1994) to the ridiculous (1989), and everything from old fashioned cabaret (1963) to impenetrable tableaux (1998).
THE CONCLUSION
50 At the conclusion of the voting the winning song is reprised, that much has not changed, but the awarding of the prize (the Grand Prix) has changed completely. In the old days the Grand Prix went to the composer and songwriter, and the entrance of the winning artist was almost an afterthought. Today, the composers are an afterthought as the winning singer gets the spotlight.
20 YEARS OF HURT - A blog remembering two decades of UK failure at Eurovision. Tweets by nulpointsnet
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Which four letters are worth 3 points each in the game of scrabble? | Scrabble Rules - How to Play Scrabble - Official SCRABBLE Rules
Scrabble Rules
Links to Scrabble rules and Scrabble official game instructions.
Two to four players play in any game of Scrabble. The object of Scrabble is to score more points than one's opponent. A player collects points by placing words on the game board. Each letter has a different point value, so the strategy becomes to play words with high scoring letter combinations.
The Scrabble Board
A Scrabble game board is made of up cells in a square grid. The Scrabble board is 15 cells wide by 15 cells high. The Scrabble tiles fit within these cells one to a cell.
Scrabble Tiles
Scrabble is played with exactly 100 tiles. 98 of these tiles contain letters on them, while there are 2 blank tiles. These blank tiles add a wildcard aspect to Scrabble. The blanks substitute for any letter in the alphabet. Once played, a blank tile remains for the remainder of the game the letter for which it was substituted when first played.
Various letters have different point values, depending on the rarity of the letter and the difficulty in playing it. Blank tiles have no point value.
Tile Values
Here are the point values for each letter in Scrabble.
0 Points - Blank tile.
1 Point - A, E, I, L, N, O, R, S, T and U.
2 Points - D and G.
3 Points - B, C, M and P.
4 Points - F, H, V, W and Y.
5 Points - K.
8 Points - J and X.
10 Points - Q and Z.
Extra Point Values
Some squares on the Scrabble board represent multipliers. If a tile is placed on this square, then the tile's value is multiplied by a factor or either 2x or 3x. Certain tiles multiply the point value of an entire word and not simply the tile on that space.
Double Letter Scores - Light blue cells are found isolated on the board. When a tile is placed on this space, that tile's point value is multiplied by two.
Triple Letter Score - This is a dark blue cell on the Scrabble. The tile placed on this square has its points multiplied by three.
Double Word Score - Light red cells are found running diagonally towards the four corners of the board. When a player plays a word on one of these squares, the point value of the entire word is multiplied by two.
Triple Word Score - This is a dark red square on the Scrabble board. These are found on the four sides of the board equidistant from the four corners of the board. When a word is played using this square, then the points for the word are multiplied by three.
One Single Use - Note that extra point squares are only usable once. If one player plays a word using this cells, then the next time that space is used to make a word, the point value is not multiplied.
Starting the Game
Without looking into the tile bag, each of the Scrabble players takes one tile out of the tile bag. Whichever player has the letter closest to the beginning of the alphabet goes first. A blank tile is considered better than an "A". These tiles are placed into the bag once more.
Starting the game, each player begins their turn by drawing seven tiles apiece from the bag. The player can do one of three things on a turn. The player can place a word, exchange tiles or pass. Most of the time, the player will take the option of playing a word.
Exchanging tiles allows a player to replace anywhere between one and all of the tiles on the player's rack. If this option is taken, the player cannot do anything else that hand. Therefore, a tile exchange cannot be performed on a turn when the player places a word on the board.
A player may pass at any time. If all player's pass twice in a row, then the game ends.
The First Word Score
A player begins the game by placing a word on the star square at the center of the board. This star acts as a double word score. The star cell does not act as a double word score for subsequent players playing off the center square.
Play continues in a clockwise direction around the Scrabble board.
Replacing Scrabble Tiles
When a player places tiles on the Scrabble board, that player draws new tiles from the tile bag, adding until that player's number of tiles equals seven. The player must not look at the tiles when choosing new ones. Tile selection is usually done by holding the bag above the eye line, then reaching into the bag to add tiles one by one.
The Fifty Point Bonus
When a player is able to place all seven tiles from the tile rack on the board at the same time, that player receives a 50 point bonus. In end game scenarios, when the players hold less than the standard seven tiles, a player does not get the 50 point bonus for using all the tiles on the rack.
The End of a Scrabble Game
When all of the tiles have been taken from the bag and one player has used all of the tiles on their rack, then the game ends.
Tallying Scrabble Scores
Once the game has ended, each player counts the points on the tiles left remaining in their rack. Each player has that number deducted from their final score.
The player who ended the game and who therefore has no more tiles remaining is given an added bonus. Add the total of all points of all remaining players with tiles left on their racks. This number is added to the final score of the player who is "out" of tiles.
The Scrabble player with the highest score after all final scores are tallied wins.
Accepted Scrabble Words
Players may place any word which can be found in a standard English language dictionary. Official Scrabble dictionaries also can be found in bookstores and online.
Types of words which cannot be used are abbreviations, prefixes and suffixes. Words that require a hyphen or an apostrophe cannot be played. Words that are spelled with a capital letter cannot be used.
Generally speaking in an English-language game of Scrabble, foreign words cannot be placed on the Scrabble board. If those words appear in a standard English dictionary, then the word is allowable. This is because the word is spoken often enough by native English-speakers that it has become a part of the English language.
See also:
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What are the first names of the four children who enter Narnia in The Lion, The Witch And The Wardrobe? | Scrabble Rules - How to Play Scrabble - Official SCRABBLE Rules
Scrabble Rules
Links to Scrabble rules and Scrabble official game instructions.
Two to four players play in any game of Scrabble. The object of Scrabble is to score more points than one's opponent. A player collects points by placing words on the game board. Each letter has a different point value, so the strategy becomes to play words with high scoring letter combinations.
The Scrabble Board
A Scrabble game board is made of up cells in a square grid. The Scrabble board is 15 cells wide by 15 cells high. The Scrabble tiles fit within these cells one to a cell.
Scrabble Tiles
Scrabble is played with exactly 100 tiles. 98 of these tiles contain letters on them, while there are 2 blank tiles. These blank tiles add a wildcard aspect to Scrabble. The blanks substitute for any letter in the alphabet. Once played, a blank tile remains for the remainder of the game the letter for which it was substituted when first played.
Various letters have different point values, depending on the rarity of the letter and the difficulty in playing it. Blank tiles have no point value.
Tile Values
Here are the point values for each letter in Scrabble.
0 Points - Blank tile.
1 Point - A, E, I, L, N, O, R, S, T and U.
2 Points - D and G.
3 Points - B, C, M and P.
4 Points - F, H, V, W and Y.
5 Points - K.
8 Points - J and X.
10 Points - Q and Z.
Extra Point Values
Some squares on the Scrabble board represent multipliers. If a tile is placed on this square, then the tile's value is multiplied by a factor or either 2x or 3x. Certain tiles multiply the point value of an entire word and not simply the tile on that space.
Double Letter Scores - Light blue cells are found isolated on the board. When a tile is placed on this space, that tile's point value is multiplied by two.
Triple Letter Score - This is a dark blue cell on the Scrabble. The tile placed on this square has its points multiplied by three.
Double Word Score - Light red cells are found running diagonally towards the four corners of the board. When a player plays a word on one of these squares, the point value of the entire word is multiplied by two.
Triple Word Score - This is a dark red square on the Scrabble board. These are found on the four sides of the board equidistant from the four corners of the board. When a word is played using this square, then the points for the word are multiplied by three.
One Single Use - Note that extra point squares are only usable once. If one player plays a word using this cells, then the next time that space is used to make a word, the point value is not multiplied.
Starting the Game
Without looking into the tile bag, each of the Scrabble players takes one tile out of the tile bag. Whichever player has the letter closest to the beginning of the alphabet goes first. A blank tile is considered better than an "A". These tiles are placed into the bag once more.
Starting the game, each player begins their turn by drawing seven tiles apiece from the bag. The player can do one of three things on a turn. The player can place a word, exchange tiles or pass. Most of the time, the player will take the option of playing a word.
Exchanging tiles allows a player to replace anywhere between one and all of the tiles on the player's rack. If this option is taken, the player cannot do anything else that hand. Therefore, a tile exchange cannot be performed on a turn when the player places a word on the board.
A player may pass at any time. If all player's pass twice in a row, then the game ends.
The First Word Score
A player begins the game by placing a word on the star square at the center of the board. This star acts as a double word score. The star cell does not act as a double word score for subsequent players playing off the center square.
Play continues in a clockwise direction around the Scrabble board.
Replacing Scrabble Tiles
When a player places tiles on the Scrabble board, that player draws new tiles from the tile bag, adding until that player's number of tiles equals seven. The player must not look at the tiles when choosing new ones. Tile selection is usually done by holding the bag above the eye line, then reaching into the bag to add tiles one by one.
The Fifty Point Bonus
When a player is able to place all seven tiles from the tile rack on the board at the same time, that player receives a 50 point bonus. In end game scenarios, when the players hold less than the standard seven tiles, a player does not get the 50 point bonus for using all the tiles on the rack.
The End of a Scrabble Game
When all of the tiles have been taken from the bag and one player has used all of the tiles on their rack, then the game ends.
Tallying Scrabble Scores
Once the game has ended, each player counts the points on the tiles left remaining in their rack. Each player has that number deducted from their final score.
The player who ended the game and who therefore has no more tiles remaining is given an added bonus. Add the total of all points of all remaining players with tiles left on their racks. This number is added to the final score of the player who is "out" of tiles.
The Scrabble player with the highest score after all final scores are tallied wins.
Accepted Scrabble Words
Players may place any word which can be found in a standard English language dictionary. Official Scrabble dictionaries also can be found in bookstores and online.
Types of words which cannot be used are abbreviations, prefixes and suffixes. Words that require a hyphen or an apostrophe cannot be played. Words that are spelled with a capital letter cannot be used.
Generally speaking in an English-language game of Scrabble, foreign words cannot be placed on the Scrabble board. If those words appear in a standard English dictionary, then the word is allowable. This is because the word is spoken often enough by native English-speakers that it has become a part of the English language.
See also:
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In which Formula One team did Damon Hill replace Nigel Mansell? Which actor did Jennifer Anniston marry in July 2000? In the film "Home Alone", to which country do Kevin's family fly to for Christmas, leaving him behind? Who bought Chelsea football club for £1 in 1982? The Desert Rats Schindler's List Inspector Morse A, B, AB and O Michael Vaughn Italian The Golden Fleece Lake Windemere 2 Cliff Thornburn Norway The ostrich Islam Ben Elton Muhammad Ali and George Foreman Coal Cob Live And Let Die 1 and 0 She won a million on 'Who Wants To Be A Million Melbourne The Body Shop 57 Red, Blue and Green Three Raquel Welch Columbia Aquarius Torvill and Dean Sir Walter Raleigh White Williams Brad Pitt France Ken Bates Which "Doctor" was arrested in 1910 on board the SS Montrose for the murder of his wife and is regarded as the first criminal to be arrested with the help of radio comunication? Who was the first snooker player to score a maximum 147 break in World Championship snooker? Which American athlete won 4 gold medals at the 1984 Olympic games? Who was Britain's first million pound footballer? At the age of 42, which Cameroon player became the oldest ever to play in the World Cup Finals? Who ended Bjorn Borg's reign of five consecutive Wimbledon titles, when he beat him in the final in 1981? Which famous sportsman lit the torch at the opening ceremony of the 1996 Olympic Games? In the 1984 Olympics, who did Zola Budd accidentally trip up? Which footballing duo sang "Diamond Lights" in 1987? What is the national sport of Japan? After the 1994/95 Premiership season, which Tottenham Hotspur player became the first foreigner to win the footballer of the year award? Which famous race takes place annually between Putney and Mortlake? How long is an Olympic sized swimming pool? Which sport, of Celtic origin, uses a ball called a sliotar? How many premiership league football teams have names which start and end with the same letter? Who won 94 singles titles, including the US Open, French Open and Australian Open titles in the 1980s, but never won at Wimbledon? With which sport would you associate Greg Le Mond? How many players in total get down in a normal rugby union scrum? The winner of which sporting event is awarded the "Venus Rose Water Dish"? Playing for Leeds United in August 1992, who became the first player to score a hat-trick in the Premiership? How many kilometres long is the "walk" - the longest race in men's athletics? What did the English international football team do in October 1961 and in November 1981, but never in between? How many players are there in a Rugby League team? Who won the gold medal for Britain at the 100 metres breaststroke in 1980? Which three footballers won the BBC Sports Personality Of The Year Award in the 20th century? Steve Davis reached every final of the Snooker World Championship between 1983 and 1989, but who were the two players who beat him? What is the final event in a decathlon? In 1976, which gymnast scored 7 maximum scores of 10 as she won three gold medals, one silver and one bronze? What colour is the centre scoring zone on an archery target? Chukkas are periods of play in which sport? In the Olympic Games, what five sports make up the modern pentathlon? Brian Deane scored the first ever Premiership goal for which team? Chukkas are periods of play in which sport? How many hurdles must a runner jump over in the 110m men’s hurdles race? How many times are a team allowed to touch a volleyball before it crosses the net? Which European football club is nicknamed "La Vicchia Signora", which translates as "the old lady"? At which distance did Sally Gunnell win her gold medal for hurdling at the 1992 Olympics? Dr. Crippen Cliff Thornburn Carl Lewis Trevor Francis Roger Milla John McEnroe Muhammed Ali Mary Decker Chris Waddle and Glenn Hoddle Sumo Wrestling Jurgen Klinsmann The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race 50 metres Hurling 2 - Aston Villa, Liverpool, Ivan Lendl Cycling 16 Ladies Singles at Wimbledon Eric Cantona 50 Qualified for the world cup finals 13 Duncan Goodhew Bobby Moore, Paul Gasgoine and Michael Owen Dennis Taylor and Joe Johnson 1500 metres Nadia Comaneci Gold Polo Running, Fencing, Swimming, Horse Riding and Sheffield United Middlesex 10 3 Juventus 400 metres In what year did Steve Redgrave win his first gold medal at the Olympics? Charlotte Edwards led England`s women to World Cup glory in which sport in March 2009? How many players make up an Australian rules football team? What is the maximum number of horses allowed to run in the Grand National? What is the most common street name in Britain? 617 squadron where better known as what in reference to their mission in world war 2 Which Doctor did the author Hugh Lofting write about in a series of children's books? Which animal's name means river horse? If you were eating escargots in a French restaurant what would you be eating? From which American state does the drink Jack Daniels come? Which England international footballer started his footballing career at Canadian club Calgary Foothills FC? What is the most frequently sung song in the language of English? What are the surnames of the Three Tenors? In which European country is Dalmatia, from where the Dalmation dog gets its name? For what event in history is baker Thomas Farynor known? What was the name of the Brighton hotel bombed by the IRA in 1984 Who scored 185 goals for Arsenal a club record until it was beaten by Theirry Henry? What is the capital of Canada? Who is the all-time best-selling fiction writer in the world, whose 78 crime novels have sold an estimated 2 billion copies? From which country does the drink Stella Artois originate? Where is the Ceremony Of The Keys held each evening? What is the only country which is crossed by both the equator and the tropic of capricorn? In the novel "20,000 Leagues Under The Sea" what was the name of the captain of the submarine "Nautilus"? Which fruit is distilled to make Calvados? Which male singer sang the opening line of the original Band Aid single "Do They Know It's Christmas"? In what year did the first Eurovision Song Contest take place? Which footballer won the Golden Boot for scoring the most goals at 1986 World Cup Finals? What is the largest of the West Indian islands? In the novel "20,000 Leagues Under The Sea" what was the name of the captain of the submarine "Nautilus"? How many english counties start with the letter "N" Pirate Edward Teach was better known by what nickname? Where in the body would you find the hallux? What is the lightest weight category in boxing? Which Prime Minister introduced the National Lottery to Britain? "Buenos dias" is a greeting in which language? What is Britain's largest lake? Which famous character was created by Michael Bond in a series of books for children? Which toy had the sales slogan "Real tough toys for real tough boys" Which current member of the Royal Family qualified as a motor mechanic during World War 2? Czechoslovakia became the first country in 1969 to make the wearing of what compulsory? Who was the first unseeded player to win the Wimbledon Mens Singles title? 1984 Cricket 18 40 High Street Dam Busters Doctor Doolittle Hippopotamous Snails Tennessee Owen Hargreaves Happy Birthday To You Pavarotti, Carraras, Domingo Croatia The Great Fire Of London The Grand Ian Wright Ottawa Agatha Christie Belgium Tower Of London Brazil Captain Nemo Apples (Apple Brandy) Paul Young's 1956 Gary Lineker Cuba Captain Nemo 5 - Norfolk, Northumberland, North Yorkshire, N Nottinghamshire Blackbeard On your foot (it's your big toe) Light Flyweight John Major (1994) Spanish Loch Lomond Paddington Bear Tonka The Queen Seat Belts Boris Becker What was introduced into the English football league in 1981 rewarding winning teams? What number on the Beaufort scale represents a hurricane? Which is the only English Football League Club with five letter “R’s” in its name? In centimetres, how high is a table tennis table? Desmond Llewelyn play which character in 17 Bond Filmsof ? Which film did Elvis Presley play the character of Lucky Jackson in, and had a title which was also a hit single for Elvis? What two letters are worth the most in a game of Scrabble? Who created havoc in 1938, when his radio broadcast of "The War Of The Worlds" was believed to be true? What is the world's most southerly capital? Which of the Teletubbies is the smallest? Who played Ororo Munroe, a.k.a. Storm, in the 2000 film X-Men? How are twin sisters Monica and Gabriela Irimia better known in the music world? Alfred Nobel, the man after whom the Nobel Prizes are named, was originally well known for inventing what? Which famous ship was damaged by fire in May 2007 while undergoing restoration at Greenwich in London? What type of animal lives in a sett? With which comic would you associate Beryl the Peril and Korky the Cat? Which london landmark was sold in 1962 to an American entrepreneur, and moved to Arizona? What product has the slogan "Tell 'em about the honey, Mummy" ? An emerald is normally what colour? What is the name given to a group of witches? Which country's national symbol is a Lotus flower? By what stage name did William Claude Dukenfield achieve fame? During which TV game show were the contestants invited to go "wild in the aisles"? In the 1994 film "The Flintstones", which legendary actress played Fred Flintstone's mother-in-law? In September 2003, Fathers 4 Justice campaigner Jason Hatch caused an embarrassing security breach at Buckingham Palace dressed as who? What is the largest planet in our Solar System? Which famous footballer left Tottenham in 1992 to join Japanese side Grampus Eight? What distance is covered in one circuit of a modern outdoor running track? How many players are there in a hockey team? Issac Hayes provides the voice of Chef in which animated TV comedy series ? Which movie features a space ship called the Nostromo? What country had the Roman name Hibernia? Who appeared on the world's first postage stamp, the Penny Black? In which country was Marie Curie born? Poland, Austria or Switzerland? On which BBC TV show did the plasticine character Morph first appear? International Nurses Day is held on May 12, the anniversary of the birth of which famous nurse? What 1984 film starred Bill Murray, Dan Aykroyd and Sigourney Weaver? On a standard dart board, what is the lowest number that cannot be scored with a single dart? Who had a top ten hit with “I Love Rock ‘N’ Roll" in April 1982? Which three sports make up the triathlon? Which 1973 hit single includes the lyrics "and the man in the back said everyone attack"? the 3 points system 12 Kidderminster Harriers 76 Q Viva Las Vegas "Q" and "Z" (both worth 10 points) Orson Welles Wellington Po Halle Berry The Cheeky Girls Dynamite The Cutty Sark Badger The Dandy London Bridge Sugar Puffs Green A coven India W. C. Fields Supermarket Sweep Elizabeth Taylor Batman Jupiter Gary Lineker 400 metres 11 South Park Alien Ireland Queen Victoria Poland Take Hart Florence Nightingale "Ghostbusters" 23 Joan Jett & The Blackhearts Running, Cycling and Swimming "Ballroom Blitz" (by Sweet) What was the name of author A. A. Milne's son, the name of whom he used in his "Winnie The Pooh" books? Which gift is traditionally given on a 15th wedding anniversary? China, Crystal or Tin? Which "P" is the correct technical term for the art of making and displaying fireworks? Desmond Llewelyn play which character in 17 Bond Filmsof ? Which film did Elvis Presley play the character of Lucky Jackson in, and had a title which was also a hit single for Elvis? What two letters are worth the most in a game of Scrabble? Who created havoc in 1938, when his radio broadcast of "The War Of The Worlds" was believed to be true? What is the world's most southerly capital? Which of the Teletubbies is the smallest? Who played Ororo Munroe, a.k.a. Storm, in the 2000 film X-Men? How are twin sisters Monica and Gabriela Irimia better known in the music world? Alfred Nobel, the man after whom the Nobel Prizes are named, was originally well known for inventing what? Which famous ship was damaged by fire in May 2007 while undergoing restoration at Greenwich in London? What type of animal lives in a sett? With which comic would you associate Beryl the Peril and Korky the Cat? Which london landmark was sold in 1962 to an American entrepreneur, and moved to Arizona? What product has the slogan "Tell 'em about the honey, Mummy" ? An emerald is normally what colour? What is the name given to a group of witches? Which country's national symbol is a Lotus flower? By what stage name did William Claude Dukenfield achieve fame? During which TV game show were the contestants invited to go "wild in the aisles"? In the 1994 film "The Flintstones", which legendary actress played Fred Flintstone's mother-in-law? In September 2003, Fathers 4 Justice campaigner Jason Hatch caused an embarrassing security breach at Buckingham Palace dressed as who? What is the largest planet in our Solar System? Which famous footballer left Tottenham in 1992 to join Japanese side Grampus Eight? What distance is covered in one circuit of a modern outdoor running track? How many players are there in a hockey team? Issac Hayes provides the voice of Chef in which animated TV comedy series ? Which movie features a space ship called the Nostromo? What country had the Roman name Hibernia? Who appeared on the world's first postage stamp, the Penny Black? In which country was Marie Curie born? Poland, Austria or Switzerland? On which BBC TV show did the plasticine character Morph first appear? International Nurses Day is held on May 12, the anniversary of the birth of which famous nurse? What 1984 film starred Bill Murray, Dan Aykroyd and Sigourney Weaver? On a standard dart board, what is the lowest number that cannot be scored with a single dart? Who had a top ten hit with “I Love Rock ‘N’ Roll" in April 1982? Which three sports make up the triathlon? Which 1973 hit single includes the lyrics "and the man in the back said everyone attack"? What was the name of author A. A. Milne's son, the name of whom he used in his "Winnie The Pooh" books? Christopher Robin Crystal Pyrotechnics Q Viva Las Vegas "Q" and "Z" (both worth 10 points) Orson Welles Wellington Po Halle Berry The Cheeky Girls Dynamite The Cutty Sark Badger The Dandy London Bridge Sugar Puffs Green A coven India W. C. Fields Supermarket Sweep Elizabeth Taylor Batman Jupiter Gary Lineker 400 metres 11 South Park Alien Ireland Queen Victoria Poland Take Hart Florence Nightingale "Ghostbusters" 23 Joan Jett & The Blackhearts Running, Cycling and Swimming "Ballroom Blitz" (by Sweet) Christopher Robin Which gift is traditionally given on a 15th wedding anniversary? China, Crystal or Tin? Which "P" is the correct technical term for the art of making and displaying fireworks? Which bird is known worldwide as the symbol of wisdom? The film and book ‘Ring of Bright Water’ told the story of which kind of creature? In which town is Fawlty Towers set? Who is the father of Fifi Trixibelle, Peaches and Pixie? Which company was founded in Southampton during 1969 by David Quale and Richard Block? Which British ladies tennis player won the French Open in 1976? What is the highest mountain in Africa? In which country is Auschwitz concentration camp? From which country did the Soviet Union withdraw in 1988 ending a 10-year war? Which motorcar shares its name with a Spanish born painter and sculptor? Which Islands did Captain Cook name The Friendly Islands? Chartwell in Kent was the home of which former Prime Minister? Who was the Greek Gladiator who raised an army of his fellow slaves in a revolt against Roman rule in 73 BC and was latter crucified? The main square in Venice is named after which saint? In which month is the Notting Hill Carnival held? Who was the first soccer player to score 100 league goals in the Premier League? With which classic song did Bruce Willis have a UK No.2 hit in 1987? On which Apollo mission did Armstrong and Aldrin land on the moon? Which three people presented the Generation Game before Jim Davidson? In which county is the seaside town of Westward Ho!? Name the 3 female suspects in a game of Cluedo? At the age of 42, which Cameroon player became the oldest ever to play in the World Cup Finals? At which resort did Billy Butlin establish his first holiday camp? True or False: St. Patrick was born in Ireland? What colour is the centre scoring zone on an archery target? Which footballing duo sang "Diamond Lights" in 1987? Who had a number one hit in 1974 called "Billy Don't Be A Hero"? The loganberry is a cross between which 2 fruits? Which ship carried the Pilgrim Fathers to America? If you were celebrating your China Wedding Aniversary how many years would it be? In the cartoon strip What is Andy Capps wife called In which ocean is 'Easter Island' Mount Olympus is the largest mountain in which country Whose real name is Annie Mae Bullock Which Brighton hotel was bombed during the Conservative Party Conference in 1984? In which country did Victoria Beckham marry David Beckham? What do they call Barney Rubble’s son in The Flintstones? Name the Biblical father of Shem, Ham and Napeth? What bird lays the smallest eggs? Which TV Sports presenter was associated with the catch phrase “Up and Under”? Crystal Pyrotechnics The Owl Otter Torquay Bob Geldof (B & Q) (Sue Barker) (Mt Kilimanjaro) Poland (Afghanistan) (The Citroen Xsara Picasso) (Tonga) (Winston Churchill) (Sparticus) (St. Mark) (August) (Alan Shearer) (Under The Boardwalk) (Apollo 11) (Bruce Forsyth, Larry Grayson & Roy Castle) (Devon) Miss Scarlet / Mrs. Peacock / Mrs. White Roger Milla (Skegness) False (he was born in Wales) Gold Chris Waddle and Glenn Hoddle Paper Lace Raspberry and blackberry The Mayflower 20 Years Flo South Pacific Ocean Greece Tina Turner The Grand Luttrellstown Castle, Republic of Ireland Bam Bam Noah Hummingbird Eddie Waring Which confectionary currently has the slogan “The Lighter way to enjoy chocolate”? In which northern city was Eddie Stobbart’s haulage founded? Which film saw Sylvester Stallone, Pele, Bobby Moore and Michael Caine playing as football team mates? In 1983, breakfast television came to Britain. Francis Wilson was the regular presenter on BBC’s’ Breakfast Time’, now to be found on Sky News Which feature did he present? The Worlds largest Mobile Phone maker, Nokia, is based In which country? Which Birmingham born comedian was born Robert Davies? Who pleaded for a Royal Pardon in 1977, saying that he had done nothing wrong since 1965? The 1993 movie Free Willy was centred around what type of animal? What is sake made from? What does a somnambulist do? According the the Bible how many of each type of animal did Moses take on the Ark? How many dots are there in total on a pair of Dice The Savoy Grill, the Boxwood Café at the Berkeley Hotel and Maze are all restaurants owned by which famous chef? According to the old proverb all roads lead to which capital city? February is the shortest month in the year, but which is the longest? Who did Bill Clinton famously admit to having an affair with during his time as President of the USA? Who discovered penicillin on Valentine's Day in 1929? Who founded the Metropolitan Police Force in 1829? Who is the only actor to appear in The Magnificent Seven and The Dirty Dozen? Who in the House of Lords sits on the ‘Woolsack”? The ‘Bonneville’ Motorbike is made by whom? Which drink was advertised as "The Cream of Manchester" Out of all the animals which make up the Chinese horoscope, which comes first alphabetically? Playing for Leeds United in August 1992, who became the first player to score a hat-trick in the Premiership? Maximus Decimus Meridius was the main character in which film? Nairobi is the capital of which African country? International Nursing Day was chosen as May 12th as it is the anniversary of the birth of which famous person from history? In which hand does the Statue Of Liberty hold a torch? Left or Right? In which city is the famous Spanish Riding School? In which British city was Guy Fawkes born and Dick Turpin killed? In what year did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbour? In the 1984 Olympics, who did Zola Budd accidentally trip up? In nature, what does a dendrologist study? In 1989, which ship hit a reef in Prince William Sound in Alaska, causing a major oil spill? Which TV Personality has the cash phrase "Chase me" According to the nursery rhyme, what type of food would Jack Sprat not eat? By what name was the serial killer Albert DeSalvo, who killed 13 women between 1962 and 1964, better known? Death`s-head, large yellow underwing, tiger, and peppered are all types of which creature? Frascati, Chianti and Lambrusco are all wines from which country? How did Judith Keppel make television history in November 2000? Maltesers Carlisle Escape to Victory Weather Finland Jasper CARROTT (Ronald Biggs) Killer Whale (Orca). Rice Sleepwalk None (Noah did) 42 Gordon Ramsey Rome October, because the clocks go back so it lasts 3 Monica Lewinsky Sir Alexander Fleming Robert Peel Charles Bronson (The Lord Chancellor) Triumph Boddingtons Dog Eric Cantona "Gladiator" Kenya Florence Nightingale Right (Vienna) York 1941 Mary Decker Trees Exxon Valdez Duncan Norvelle Fat The Boston Strangler Moth (Italy) She won a million on 'Who Wants To Be A Million Which singer got his name from the Black and Yellow striped top he often wore? Hermit, spider and blue are all types of which creature? How is the character, Geraldine Granger better known in a BBC TV comedy series? How is the gas Nitrous Oxide better known? How many babies did Janet Walton give birth to in November, 1983? How many bottles of champagne are there in a magnum? Who was suspended in a Plexiglas above Potters Field in London for 44 Days in 2003 ? From which country does the dish paella originate? How many yards wide is a soccer goal? Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu who founded the Missionary of Charity in Calcutta is better known as who? In 1985, Manchester United player Kevin Moran became the first player to do what in an FA Cup final? Jerry Hall bared all at the Gielgud Theatre replacing Kathleen Turner in the role of Mrs Robinson in which play ? In football, who was Liverpool's captain when they first won the European cup final in 1977? In George Orwell's "Animal Farm" what type of animal was "Napoleon"? In the 1990 film 'The Hunt For Red October', who or what is Red October? In the series of children's "Noddy" books, what is the name of the policeman? Which highwayman was hanged in 1739? In which American city was John Lennon shot? In which book does a blind beggar, David Pew, appear? In which British city would you find Arthur's Seat? Which French Museum is the most visited in the world ? In which chain of holiday camps are staff known as Bluecoats? In which children's TV show could you have seen the character of Windy Miller? In which city would you find O'Hare International Airport? Which world famous department store is in the Knightsbridge area of London ? In which English county is the Lake District? In which film did Roger Moore first play James Bond? Which well known momument can be found at Acra, India ? Joe Dimaggio asked for a fresh rose to be placed on her grave, every week, forever. Whose grave? King Edward, Jersey Royal and Maris Piper are different varieties of what type of food? Kingston is the capital city of which island in the West Indies? Lanzarote and Tenerife are part of which group of islands? Lord Justice Taylor led the enquiry into which sporting disaster? Which sweet was "Made to make your mouth water" ? Mary Nichols and Anne Chapman were two of the six victims of who? Agneta, Bjorn, Benna, Anna-Freda are collectively known as Who ? Which is the Odd, Obne Out - Oboe, Trumpet, Flute, Clarinet? On which British island would you find the Great Wheel of Laxey? Originally made in a drugstore in Waco, Texas and still enjoyed today, what is America's oldest soft drink? Peter Simple, Jack Horner and Ben Nevis have all won which famous sporting event? Which singer got his name from the Black and Yellow striped top he often wore? Hermit, spider and blue are all types of which creature? How is the character, Geraldine Granger better known in a BBC TV comedy series? Sting Crab (The Vicar of Dibley) Laughing gas 6 2 David Blaine Spain 8 Mother Theresa Get sent off The Graduate Emlyn Hughes A pig Submarine Mr. Plod (PC) Dick Turpin New York City (Treasure Island) Edinburgh The Louvre (Pontins) Camberwick Green Chicago Harrods Cumbria Live And Let Die Tag Mahal Marilyn Monroe Potato Jamaica Canary Islands 1989 Hillsborough Disaster Opal fruits Jack The Ripper Abba Trumpet - the others are woodwind instruments. (Isle of Mann) Dr. Pepper The Grand National Sting Crab (The Vicar of Dibley) How is the gas Nitrous Oxide better known? How many babies did Janet Walton give birth to in November, 1983? How many bottles of champagne are there in a magnum? Who was suspended in a Plexiglas above Potters Field in London for 44 Days in 2003 ? From which country does the dish paella originate? How many yards wide is a soccer goal? Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu who founded the Missionary of Charity in Calcutta is better known as who? In 1985, Manchester United player Kevin Moran became the first player to do what in an FA Cup final? Jerry Hall bared all at the Gielgud Theatre replacing Kathleen Turner in the role of Mrs Robinson in which play ? In football, who was Liverpool's captain when they first won the European cup final in 1977? In George Orwell's "Animal Farm" what type of animal was "Napoleon"? In the 1990 film 'The Hunt For Red October', who or what is Red October? In the series of children's "Noddy" books, what is the name of the policeman? Which highwayman was hanged in 1739? In which American city was John Lennon shot? In which book does a blind beggar, David Pew, appear? In which British city would you find Arthur's Seat? Which French Museum is the most visited in the world ? In which chain of holiday camps are staff known as Bluecoats? In which children's TV show could you have seen the character of Windy Miller? In which city would you find O'Hare International Airport? Which world famous department store is in the Knightsbridge area of London ? In which English county is the Lake District? In which film did Roger Moore first play James Bond? Which well known momument can be found at Acra, India ? Joe Dimaggio asked for a fresh rose to be placed on her grave, every week, forever. Whose grave? King Edward, Jersey Royal and Maris Piper are different varieties of what type of food? Kingston is the capital city of which island in the West Indies? Lanzarote and Tenerife are part of which group of islands? Lord Justice Taylor led the enquiry into which sporting disaster? Which sweet was "Made to make your mouth water" ? Mary Nichols and Anne Chapman were two of the six victims of who? Agneta, Bjorn, Benna, Anna-Freda are collectively known as Who ? Which is the Odd, Obne Out - Oboe, Trumpet, Flute, Clarinet? On which British island would you find the Great Wheel of Laxey? Originally made in a drugstore in Waco, Texas and still enjoyed today, what is America's oldest soft drink? Peter Simple, Jack Horner and Ben Nevis have all won which famous sporting event? A cantaloupe belongs to which family of fruits? How many counties make up Northern Ireland? 4, 6 or 8? For which newspaper does Clark Kent work in Superman? In which city are the headquarters of Interpol? Nicknamed the "Black Panther", who was the top scorer in the 1966 World Cup finals? Polyvinyl chloride is more commonly known as what ? Laughing gas 6 2 David Blaine Spain 8 Mother Theresa Get sent off The Graduate Emlyn Hughes A pig Submarine Mr. Plod (PC) Dick Turpin New York City (Treasure Island) Edinburgh The Louvre (Pontins) Camberwick Green Chicago Harrods Cumbria Live And Let Die Tag Mahal Marilyn Monroe Potato Jamaica Canary Islands 1989 Hillsborough Disaster Opal fruits Jack The Ripper Abba Trumpet - the others are woodwind instruments. (Isle of Mann) Dr. Pepper The Grand National Melon 6. Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londond The Daily Planet Paris Eusebio PVC The De Lorean car is featured in which trilogy of films ? Which organisation has the motto Fidelity, Bravery & Integrity? What is the Hindu classic book on etiquette, home making, marriage and the art of lovemaking called? The BBC Sports Personality of the Year has only once been shared by two people in 1984. Who were they? From which animal does Haggis come? Which American river is 3860 miles long ? What 1968 film features the characters Caractacus Potts and Truly Scrumptious? How many players make up a netball team? Who is the Greek god of the Sea? What is Fred Flintstone's wife called? Which is the largest bird of these two, Swift or Swallow? Tim Robbins played the part of the city banker, Andy Defresne, who was wrongly imprisoned in which film ? Which American city is nicknamed "The Windy City"? What is the more common name for the book called The Modern Prometheus written by Mary Shelley Which Fast Food Chain first started trading in Miami in 1954 What is the capital of Finland? Who has appeared in more Alfred Hitchock films than any one else? What article of clothing is a Homburg? If you had a beard you would not be allowed to compete in the Olympics at what sport? Who played the Bionic Woman? The newspaper tychoon Jan Ludvic Hock is better known as who, who mysteriously died in 1991? How many Nobel Prizes are awarded annually? Which sport takes place in Happy Valley, Hong Kong? Which 5 letters were never used as a prefix on a British car registration plate to, show the age of the vehicle? What are the five flavours you'd find in a packet of Rowntrees pastilles Alaska borders how many other American states? Which pop group had hits with Rubber Bullets & Dreadlock holiday? Which female won a tennis 'Golden Slam' in 1988 by winning the singles titles at the Australian, French, Wimbledon and United States tennis championships and winning a gold medal at the Olympic games? In which country is Auschwitz concentration camp? What was built for the 1889 Universal Exhibition in Paris and remained the World’s tallest structure until New York’s Chrysler Building opened in 1930? Which piece of horse racing equipment was used fir the first time in the UK during the Chesterfield Stakes at Newmarket in 1965? Beefsteak, Brandywine, and Bill’s Heart are all varieties of which edible object? The English actor Tony Booth is the father of which Prime Ministers wife? What does it mean about the taste if a wine is described as "brut"? What is the name of Tony Blair's Daughter? What is the capital of Jamaica? Who Lived at 221B Baker Street? What was first manufactured in 1830 by William Perrins & John Lea? Back to the Future The FBI The Kamasutra Torville & Dean Sheep Mississippi Chitty Chitty Bang Bang 7 Poseidon Wilma Swift The Shawshank Redemption Chicago Frankenstein Burger King Helsinki Alfred Hitchcock A Soft Felt Hat Boxing Lindsay Wagner Robert Maxwell 6 - Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, L Horse racing I, O, Q, U, Z Strawberry, Blackcurrant, Orange, Lemon, Lime. None 10CC Steffi Graf (Poland) The Eiffel Tower Starting Stalls Tomato Tony Blair - wife Cherie It is very dry Kathryn Kingston sherlock holmes Worcester Sauce In which month of the year does the 'American Superbowl' take place? Which Politician/Writer took part in a Play called 'The Accused' in the year 2000? What is the Sunday before Easter called? What star sign would you be if you were born on June 1st? Pete Best & Stuart Sutcliffe played with which band in their early career tours of Germany? Which car manufacturer makes the Micra? What was Picasso's first name ‘Better to die than to be a coward’ is the motto of which famous British Army fighting force made up totally of foreign soldiers? Leghorn, Orpington & Sussex are Breeds of which animal? On which motorway would you find the Dartford Tunnel? Michael Bond created which childrens character from Peru ? In maths what is greater, a yard or a metre? In which country of the UK would you find the Brecon Beacons? What is the world’s largest tea producing nation? In the Bible, who’s wife was turned into a pillar of salt? Rapid Vienna were beaten by which English Football team in the Final of the 1985 European Cup Winners Cup? Which King turned everything he touched to Gold In which American state is Amarillo? In baseball, how many innings does each team have? What connects Anne Frank, Samuel Pepys and Adrian Mole? In a 147 break how many points are scored potting the black? Who’s address is 16, Lancaster Gate? What colour are Harrods’s shopping bags Which gas makes people who breathe it talk with squeaky voices Which English City was named European City of Culture for 2008 Which Cartoon Character has the catchphrase “Tha's all I can stands, and I can't stands no more!" The ex England soccer goalkeeper, David Seaman played his first England international match whilst he was playing with which club? What is the capital of the Isle of Man? What nationality is Jockey Frankie Dettori? In May 1994 The Channel Tunnel was officially opened at which English port? Which county is associated with a breed of bull terrier? What are the first names of the Mom and Dad in The Adams Family? Which cut of beef is found between the rump and the fore rib? What is the world’s most southerly capital? What disease is the BCG vaccine used to combat? Which Queen song was the Christmas number one in the UK in both 1975 and 1991? What is the name of Tony Blair's Daughter? What is the capital of Jamaica? Who Lived at 221B Baker Street? What was first manufactured in 1830 by William Perrins & John Lea? January Jeffrey Archer Palm Sunday Gemini Beatles Nissan Pablo Ghurkas Hens M25 Paddington Bear Metre Wales India Lot’s Everton King Midas Texas Nine They all wrote diaries 112 The Football Association Green Helium Liverpool Popeye Queens Park Rangers Douglas Italian Folkestone Staffordshire (Morticia and Gomez) (Sirloin) (Wellington, New Zealand) (Tuberculosis) "Bohemian Rhapsody" Kathryn Kingston sherlock holmes Worcester Sauce In which month of the year does the 'American Superbowl' take place? Which Politician/Writer took part in a Play called 'The Accused' in the year 2000? What is the Sunday before Easter called? What star sign would you be if you were born on June 1st? Pete Best & Stuart Sutcliffe played with which band in their early career tours of Germany? Which car manufacturer makes the Micra? What was Picasso's first name ‘Better to die than to be a coward’ is the motto of which famous British Army fighting force made up totally of foreign soldiers? Leghorn, Orpington & Sussex are Breeds of which animal? On which motorway would you find the Dartford Tunnel? Michael Bond created which childrens character from Peru ? In maths what is greater, a yard or a metre? In which country of the UK would you find the Brecon Beacons? What is the world’s largest tea producing nation? In the Bible, who’s wife was turned into a pillar of salt? Rapid Vienna were beaten by which English Football team in the Final of the 1985 European Cup Winners Cup? Which King turned everything he touched to Gold In which American state is Amarillo? In baseball, how many innings does each team have? What connects Anne Frank, Samuel Pepys and Adrian Mole? In a 147 break how many points are scored potting the black? Who’s address is 16, Lancaster Gate? What colour are Harrods’s shopping bags Which gas makes people who breathe it talk with squeaky voices Which English City was named European City of Culture for 2008 Which Cartoon Character has the catchphrase “Tha's all I can stands, and I can't stands no more!" The ex England soccer goalkeeper, David Seaman played his first England international match whilst he was playing with which club? What is the capital of the Isle of Man? What nationality is Jockey Frankie Dettori? In May 1994 The Channel Tunnel was officially opened at which English port? Which county is associated with a breed of bull terrier? What are the first names of the Mom and Dad in The Adams Family? Which cut of beef is found between the rump and the fore rib? What is the world’s most southerly capital? What disease is the BCG vaccine used to combat? Which Queen song was the Christmas number one in the UK in both 1975 and 1991? IN THE BOOK WRITTEN BY JONATHAN SWIFT WHO VISITED THE FLYING ISLAND OF LAPUTA ON HIS TRAVELS? WHICH COUNTRY WAS FORMERLY KNOWN AS PERSIA? IN WHICH MUSEUM IS THE MONA LISA KEPT? WHAT IS THE MORE COMMON NAME FOR THE AURORA BOREALIS? January Jeffrey Archer Palm Sunday Gemini Beatles Nissan Pablo Ghurkas Hens M25 Paddington Bear Metre Wales India Lot’s Everton King Midas Texas Nine They all wrote diaries 112 The Football Association Green Helium Liverpool Popeye Queens Park Rangers Douglas Italian Folkestone Staffordshire (Morticia and Gomez) (Sirloin) (Wellington, New Zealand) (Tuberculosis) "Bohemian Rhapsody" GULLIVER IRAN THE LOUVRE THE NORTHERN LIGHTS THE ACTRESS BETTY GRABLE HAD HER WHAT INSURED BY 20TH CENTURY FOX FOR 1 MILLION DOLLARS? HOW MANY ROUNDS ARE THERE IN AN OLYMPIC BOXING MATCH? THE WINCHESTER WAS THE NAME OF THE PUB IN WHICH COMEDY TV SERIES? THE TASMIN SEA LIES BETWEEN WHICH TWO COUNTRIES? HOW MANY WINGS DOES A BEE HAVE? CHARLOTTE EDWARDS LED THE ENGLISH WOMAN'S TEAM TO WORLD CUP GLORY IN 2009. IN WHICH SPORT? TYNWALD IS THE NAME OF THE PARLIAMENT OF WHICH ISLAND? BY WHAT NAME IS SODIUM CHLORIDE BETTER KNOWN? WHICH BIRD LAYS THE BIGGEST EGG IN THE WORLD? IF A BRITISH OWNED AREOPLANE CRASHES ON THE BORDER BETWEEN GERMANY AND POLAND IN WHICH COUNTRY WOULD THE SURVIVORS BE BURIED? IF A SOW IS A FEMALE PIG, WHAT IS A MALE PIG KNOWN AS? WHICH IS THE FURTHEST PLANET FROM THE SUN? WHAT IS THE WORLDS NORTHERN MOST CAPITAL CITY? LOUISE BROWN IS FAMOUS FOR BEING THE FIRST WHAT IN 1978? HIPPOMANIA IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE OBCESSION OF WHICH ANIMALS? WHICH STATUE OF A CHARACTER BY HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSONS SITS ON A ROCK IN COPENHAGEN HARBOUR HOW MANY PLAYERS MAKE UP A AUSTRALIAN RULES FOOTBALL TEAM? IN A CRICKET MATCH IF ALL THE BATSMAN ARE BOWLED OUT IN CONSECUTIVE BALLS WHICH NUMBER BATSMAN WOULD BE NOT OUT? ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME IS MORE COMMONLY KNOWN AS WHAT? WHAT IS THE LONGEST BONE IN THE HUMAN BODY? THE CHIHAUHAU DOG GETS IT'S NAME FROM A TOWN IN WHICH COUNTRY? BUZZ ALDRIN WAS THE SECOND ASTRONAUT TO DO WHAT? WHAT WAS THE NICKNAME GIVEN TO THE FAMOUS BOXING MATCH BETWEEN MUHAMMED ALI AND JOE FRAZIER IN 1975? WHO WAS KNOWN AS THE MAID OF ORLEANS? WHAT WAS SIGNIFICANT ABOUT THE DEATH OF RUTH ELLIS IN 1955? WHAT ARE THE FIVE COLORS OF THE OLYMPIC RINGS IN A CARTOON BOOK SERIES GETAFIX THE DRUID PROVIDES POTIONS FOR WHICH FAMOUS GAUL? IN WHICH CITY WAS THE TITANIC BUILT? THE MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS WERE THE FIRST TO INVENT WHAT IN FRANCE IN 1783? WHICH FAMOUS INDIAN LEADER WAS ASSASINATED BY NATHURAM GODSE IN 1948? CARDIFF CITY ARE THE ONLY WELSH FOOTBALL CLUB TO HAVE TRIANGLE CORNER FLAGS. WHY? WHAT ASTRAL EVENT APPEARS EVERY 76 YEARS OVINE RELATES TO WHICH TYPE OF ANIMAL? CHRIS PATTON WAS THE LAST GOVERNER OF WHICH BRITISH COLONY? IN WHICH SPORT DO THE PLAYERS TAKE LONG AND SHORT CORNERS? WHAT IS THE NAME OF POSTMAN PAT'S BLACK CAT? Who won the 2009 BBC Sports Personality Award? In which decade were TV licences introduced in the UK? HER LEGS FOUR MINDER NEW ZEALAND & AUSTRALIA 4 CRICKET ISLE OF MAN SALT OSTRICH NEITHER. YOU DON'T BURY SURVIVORS A BOAR PLUTO REYKJAVIK FIRST TEST TUBE BABY HORSES THE LITTLE MERMAID 18 NO 8 AIDS FEMUR (THIGH BONE) MEXICO WALK ON THE MOON THRILLER IN MANILLA JOAN OF ARC LAST WOMAN TO BE EXECUTED IN BRITAIN RED, GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, BLACK ASTERIX BELFAST THE HOT AIR BALLOON MAHATMA GHANDI THEY ARE THE ONLY WELSH TEAM TO WIN THE HALEY'S COMET SHEEP HONG KONG HOCKEY JESS Ryan Giggs 1940's - 1946 Arctic King, Saladin and Tom Thumb are which types of vegetable? By what name is the motorway system at Gravelly Hill Interchange, Birmingham better known? What is the oldest university in the USA? Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor of which European country ? Who played the Ringo Kid in the original Stagecoach film? Yeomen Warders at the Tower of London are commonly known by what other name? Which London store was first to have an escalator installed? In which ocean is Ascension Island? Which two European countries are connected by the Simplon Pass? Which artist/sculptor said, "When we love a woman we don't start measuring her limbs" ? What was the Polish born German World War One Fighter Pilot Manfred von Richtofen's nickname? Which is the largest of the Channel Islands? What does NATO stand for? Which fashion items does Jimmy Choo design? Which British prime minister had a bag named after him? What is the title of the film about a Scottish village that awakens once every 100 years? In which country was actor Mel Gibson born? What did the Warren Commission investigate in the US in the 1960's? In which part of the body is the smallest bone? Which is the oldest football (soccer) club in London? A Crozier is the name of the hooked staff carried by whom? Which British patriotic song is the work of the composer Thomas Arne? Which is the longest mountain range in the world? Golda Meir was the famous female prime minister of which country? Who beat seven foot tall boxer Nikolay Valuev to become the new WBA heavyweight champion? The statue of which Royal person was unveiled in London's The Mall in February 2009? Rachel Riley succeeded which long-standing Countdown celebrity in January 2009? Yootha Joyce and Brian Murphy played the title roles in which UK 1970s TV sitcom? A Howdah is the name of the seat used for riding on the back of which animal? What pub paraphernalia does a tegestologist collect? Which of the British armed forces is known as the Senior Service? La Scala is the name of a opera house which opened in which Italian city in 1778? What is the longest nerve in the human body? What famous sportsman starred in the 2009 film Looking for Eric? What is the chemical formula of snow? What is the title of the first James Bond film in 1962? What was the name and call-sign of the Apollo Eleven lunar module which landed on the moon in 1969? Which World War Two leader was nicknamed the Desert Fox? Andy Robinson succeeded which historic England rugby union coach? Which womans accessory would you have bought if it had been designed by Hermes? The Galápagos Islands are a provincial territory of Equador, How many miles are they apart? (50 Either side) Which Gilbert & Sullivan Opera based in Japan is also known as the "Little Town of Titipu" Lettuce Spaghetti Junction Harvard Germany John Wayne Beefeaters Harrods Atlantic Switzerland and Italy Pablo Picasso The Red Barron Jersey North Atlantic Treaty Organization Shoes Gladstone Brigadoon USA. New York The assassination of John F Kennedy In the ear - the stirrup Fulham (est. 1879) A Bishop Rule Britannia The Andes (7,240km) Israel (1969-74) David Haye (England) The Queen Mother (Queen Elizabeth the Queen M Carol Vorderman George and Mildred Elephant Beermats Royal Navy Milan Sciatic nerve Eric Cantona H2O Dr No Eagle Rommel (Field Marshal Erwin Rommel) Sir Clive Woodward A Handbag (kelly Bag) 600 miles (50 either side) The Mikado Which singer is nicknamed "The Boss"? "You're gonna need a bigger boat." is a quote from which movie? Which American President was the teddy bear named? Who held Arsenals all time goal scoring record prior to being overtaken by Thierry Henry in 2007 Chantilly, Lille and Honiton are all types of what? How did St. Patrick drive the snakes from Ireland? By playing the flute, by playing the harp or by banging a drum? Which "Doctor" was arrested in 1910 on board the SS Montrose for the murder of his wife and is regarded as the first criminal to be arrested with the help of radio comunication? During which TV game show were the contestants invited by Dale Winton to go "wild in the aisles"? At the age of 42, which Cameroon player became the oldest ever to play in the World Cup Finals? Which actor did Jennifer Anniston marry in July 2000? Campanology is the proper term for the art of What? The Rainbow warrior was a trawler that which was sunk in July 1985to which organisation did it belong? Behind Asia, what is the second largest continent in the world? From which country does the lambada dance originate? Which Scotsman's birthday is celebrated throughout the world on 25th January? Goalkeeper Rene Higuita's who cleared a shot against England, when he dived under the ball and back-heeled it while airborne. What was his nationality ? In which year did the Channel Tunnel open 1992, 1994, 1996/ What is the name given to the tail of a fox? Which cocktail consists of Tia Maria, Vodka and Coke? Football team Benfica come from which country? Does the tropic of cancer run North or South of the equator? What colour is the zero on a roulette wheel? Prior to 1664, which american city was called New Amsterdam? Before the Euro, what was the unit of currency of the Netherlands? Florence Nightingale was a nurse during which war? What does a cutler make, sell or repair ? Which is the highest civilian award for bravery in this country? Erie, Huron, Michigan, Superior and Ontario are collectivly known as what ? Which car company makes a 4 x 4 model called the Grand Vitara? Which company made the first tea bags? What happened in Ireland 1847 that is sometimes referred to as "Black Forty Seven"? How many times are a team allowed to touch a volleyball before it crosses the net? What was significant about the words "Watson, please come here, I want you." when spoken in 1876? What is the largest mammal in the world and can reach a length of 100 foot? If all the American states were listed in alphabetical order, which would come last? Who discovered the law of gravity? Legend says that lovers will be assured eternal love if they kiss at sunset under the Bridge of Sighs in Which European City? What language is spoken in the country of Lichenstein? Topiary is the traditional centuries old art of clipping what into various ornamental shapes? Bruce Springsteen Jaws Theodore Roosevelt (Teddy) Ian Wright Lace Banging a drum Dr. Crippen Supermarket Sweep Roger Milla Brad Pitt Bell Ringing GreenPeace Africa Brazil Robert Burns Columbian 1994 Brush Black Russian Portugal North Green New York Guilder The Crimean War knives George Cross The Great Lakes Suzuki Tetley The potato famine 3 It was the first complete sentence spoken over t The Blue Whale Wyoming Sir Isaac Newton Venice German Hedges What type of tweed is exclusively spun and woven in the Outer Hebrides exclusively? What is the pirate's flag with the skull and cross-bones called ? What type of weapon is a Kukri carried Gurka soldiers? Yom Kippur is the other name for the day of Atonement in Which Religion? Which bandleader died in an air crash over the English Channel during World War II ? Which creatures live in a formicary ? What is measured on the Beaufort scale ? Which two letters are worth ten points in the board game Scrabble ? What colour is a New York taxi ? Who was the captain of the Pequod in Moby Dick ? Where would you find the 'Ocean of Storms'? With a total drop of 948 meters (3,110 feet) in five free-leaping falls, Tugela Falls is the world's second highest waterfall. They are located in the Drakensberg (Dragon's Mountains) range in which country? Which two elements make up water ? On January 27, 1984, while filming a commercial for which company in Los Angeles did Michael Jackson suffer second degree burns to his scalp after pyrotechnics accidentally set his hair on fire? For navagation and locational information What does GPS stand for? What is the name of the world's oldest international auction house founded in 1744 in continuous operation? Which tennis star received knife wounds to her back whilst playing in a quarter- final match in Hamburg in April 1993? Which brand of Volkswagen was named after a wind that blows from the Sahara? What did Christopher Cockerel invent? If you were eating calemare, what are you snacking on? Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia and Kosovo.Were all originally part of which Country In which country is the Kimberly Gold Field? How did Detective Chief Superintendent John Coles make the news in May 2001? How many strings has a Ukulele? Which tribe did Geronimo lead? Which of London’s soccer clubs are nearest to the Thames? In which London borough are the 'Houses of Parliament' situated? Which Cheese is traditionally used in the topping of Pizza's? What is the female alter ego name used by 'Paul O'Grady' ? Which country shares its name with a popular high street shopping chain? Bill Clinton admitted having an ‘inappropriate relationship’ with whom in August 1998? Steve Redgrave made British history by winning his fifth consecutive Olympic gold medal in the coxless 4’s at the 2000 Olympics. Can you name 1 of the other rowers in the crew? In 1984, the Gillette Company reportedly offered members of which rock band $1 million dollars apiece to shave their beards for a television commercial (but they declined)? In March 1987, a car ferry capsized just outside the port of Zeebrugge with the loss of 49 passengers. What was the name of the ferry? What sport is played by the LA Lakers? Leather, Mirror and Scale are breeds of which common freshwater fish? Harris Jolly Roger Large Knife Jewish Glenn Miller Ants Wind Velocity Q and Z Yellow Captain Ahab On the Moon South Africa Hydrogen and Oxygen Pepsi Cola Global Positioning System Sotheby's Monica Seles Scirocco Hovercraft Squid Yugoslavia (Australia) (He arrested Ronnie Biggs on his return to Engla 4 (Apache) (Fulham) Westminster Mozzarella Lily Savage Iceland Monica Lewinsky Matthew Pinsent, Tim Foster and James Crackne ZZ Top The Herald of Free Enterprise Basketball Carp The Carpathia was the name of the ship that was first to appear on the scene of which nautical disaster? Legend says that lovers will be assured eternal love if they kiss at sunset under the Bridge of Sighs in Which European City? What language is spoken in the country of Lichenstein? Topiary is the traditional centuries old art of clipping what into various ornamental shapes? What type of tweed is exclusively spun and woven in the Outer Hebrides exclusively? What is the pirate's flag with the skull and cross-bones called ? What type of weapon is a Kukri carried Gurka soldiers? Yom Kippur is the other name for the day of Atonement in Which Religion? Which bandleader died in an air crash over the English Channel during World War II ? Which creatures live in a formicary ? What is measured on the Beaufort scale ? Which two letters are worth ten points in the board game Scrabble ? What colour is a New York taxi ? Who was the captain of the Pequod in Moby Dick ? Where would you find the 'Ocean of Storms'? With a total drop of 948 meters (3,110 feet) in five free-leaping falls, Tugela Falls is the world's second highest waterfall. They are located in the Drakensberg (Dragon's Mountains) range in which country? Which two elements make up water ? On January 27, 1984, while filming a commercial for which company in Los Angeles did Michael Jackson suffer second degree burns to his scalp after pyrotechnics accidentally set his hair on fire? For navagation and locational information What does GPS stand for? What is the name of the world's oldest international auction house founded in 1744 in continuous operation? Which tennis star received knife wounds to her back whilst playing in a quarter- final match in Hamburg in April 1993? Which brand of Volkswagen was named after a wind that blows from the Sahara? What did Christopher Cockerel invent? If you were eating calemare, what are you snacking on? Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia and Kosovo.Were all originally part of which Country In which country is the Kimberly Gold Field? How did Detective Chief Superintendent John Coles make the news in May 2001? How many strings has a Ukulele? Which tribe did Geronimo lead? Which of London’s soccer clubs are nearest to the Thames? In which London borough are the 'Houses of Parliament' situated? Which Cheese is traditionally used in the topping of Pizza's? What is the female alter ego name used by 'Paul O'Grady' ? Which country shares its name with a popular high street shopping chain? Bill Clinton admitted having an ‘inappropriate relationship’ with whom in August 1998? Steve Redgrave made British history by winning his fifth consecutive Olympic gold medal in the coxless 4’s at the 2000 Olympics. Can you name 1 of the other rowers in the crew? The Sinking of the Titanic Venice German Hedges Harris Jolly Roger Large Knife Jewish Glenn Miller Ants Wind Velocity Q and Z Yellow Captain Ahab On the Moon South Africa Hydrogen and Oxygen Pepsi Cola Global Positioning System Sotheby's Monica Seles Scirocco Hovercraft Squid Yugoslavia (Australia) (He arrested Ronnie Biggs on his return to Engla 4 (Apache) (Fulham) Westminster Mozzarella Lily Savage Iceland Monica Lewinsky Matthew Pinsent, Tim Foster and James Crackne In 1984, the Gillette Company reportedly offered members of which rock band $1 million dollars apiece to shave their beards for a television commercial (but they declined)? In March 1987, a car ferry capsized just outside the port of Zeebrugge with the loss of 49 passengers. What was the name of the ferry? What sport is played by the LA Lakers? Leather, Mirror and Scale are breeds of which common freshwater fish? The Carpathia was the name of the ship that was first to appear on the scene of which nautical disaster? Who was the youngest player (as at 2009) to win the Wimbledon Men's Singles Final? What is the Japanese art of fencing which uses bamboo swords? Kendo Which Movie star model was the first to appear on the cover of the first issue of Playboy magazinein 1953? Name two of the three years In which Red Rum won the Grand National? What is a Palendrome? Grenache is a variety of which fruit? What is a mazurka - a Polish folk dance; an Italian picnic table; a Chinese fighting snail? Oxford and Cambridge reserve crews which compete before the Thames Boat Race main event are known as Isis and Goldie Which is Which? In cricket what is a batsman's score of zero commonly called? Basra is the second largest city in which country? Which footballer scored the first ever goal in the English Premiership? What merchant bank collapsed in 1995 due to unauthorised debts accumulated by trader Nick Leeson? Who's official residence is Holyroyd House in edinburgh Scotland? What is the official currency of the Netherlands? What is 'La Manche' in French and what does it typically refer to? Which countries two main islands are seperated by the Cook strait? What is CAMRA a society in appreciation of? Which financial catastrophere devastated america in New York in 1929? Russian-born Igor Sikorsky designed the first successful what? What is 'Port Salut' ? How many symbols are there in the Chinese calendar? What would you expect a cooper to make? What is the name of Britain's leading annual dog show? With which English county cricket club did Ian Botham finish his playing career? What do the initials SAS stand for? What gas is in the bubbles of sparkling drinks such as fizzy lemonade and champagne? The kimono is a traditional robe of which country? What was the name of the Thunderbirds' ex-con chauffeur who drove a pink Rolls-Royce? Which country sold Alaska to the USA? Leanardo, Rafael, Michaelangelo, Donatello were collectively known as which cartoon characters? What name is given to a building containing a cycle-racing track? Complete the TV theme tune…..It's Friday..It's 5 O'clock…It's What is the main language of Cuba? Prince wrote the Bangle's first big hit. What was it? ZZ Top The Herald of Free Enterprise Basketball Carp The Sinking of the Titanic Boris Becker Kendo Marilyn Monroe 1973, 1974, 1977 Word which reads the same backwards as forwa Grape Polish folk dance Isis (Oxford) and Goldie (Cambridge) A duck Iraq Brian Deane Barings The Queens Euro English Channel New Zealand Real Ale Wall Street Crash Helicopter Cheese 12 Barrels Crufts Durham Special Air Service Carbon dioxide (CO2) Japan Parker Russia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Velodrome Crackerjack Spanish Manic Monday Which famous Bay in Sydney, Australia was the site of a landing by Captain James Cook of HMS Endeavour and sparked Britian's interest in Australia? Where is a 'Kippah' worn by Jews? What type of food is gazpacho? Cartoonist and screenwriter Millard Kaufman, who died in March 2009, created which short-sighted character? Which american President did John Hinkley attempt to assassinate in 1982? In Chinese philosophy, what is the complementary force to Yin? Traditionally finishing with a Vixen Break, and often using a Concorde roll, which 9 strong team have been entertaining the public for 40 years? In American Universities what is a 2nd year student called? In which building is the Kohinoor Diamond kept? The clothes logo DKNY is short for what? From which country does Nokia, the mobile phone company, originate? Which TV Chef plays drums in the pop group Scarlet Division? Nicholas Breakspear was the first and only British what? What country is nearest to the site of the sinking of the Titanic? What did Dennis Tito pay £14m for? In Dad's army, what was Private Frazier's day- time job? Aboard which ship did Captain Scott sail to the Antarctic in 1901? Why was professional footballer Maribel Dominguez forbidden by FIFA to play for Mexican side Celaya, having signed in 2009? Which footballers autobiography is called “Blessed”? What football team has the nickname The Royals ? In which year did the £1 note cease to be legal tender? How many segments make-up a Terry’s Chocolate Orange? In music, how is James Jewel Osterberg better known? An Archimedes screw is a device for moving what? Which English Palace was built by Cardinal Wolseley and presented to Henry VIII? During which war was the Battle of Marne? On which river does Balmoral Castle stand? Which US state contains Yosemite National Park? In which year was the death penalty abolished in the UK? Who composed the opera "The Barber Of Seville"? A film star & musician, born on Jan.8th. 1947, how is David Robert Jones better known? What is the only US state which borders one other state only? Which celebrity Chef started life running a disco, before buying a nightclub in Padstow In which game can you score one point for a 'behind'? Before becoming independent, the Cameroons were administered by which country? In which sport do you score three points for a goal scored? Which Premiership Team are nicknamed the Blues How high in feet is the crossbar on a football goal? Who wrote the Opera "The Magic Flute"? Who was given the name 'Fourth Man' when he was revealed as a spy in 1979? Botany Bay On the head Soup - served Cold Mr Magoo Ronald Reagan Yang The Red Arrows Sophomore The Tower of London Donna Karan New York Finland Jamie Oliver Pope Canada Trip into Space Undertaker The Discovery She was a woman George Best Reading 1988 20 Iggy Pop Water Hampton Court First World War River Dee in Scotland. California 1965 Mozart David Bowie Maine Rick Stein Australian Rules Football France Hurling Birmingham City 8 ft Rossini Anthony Blunt Which footballers autobiography is called “My side”? Before becoming a writer, what was the occupation of Dick Francis ? In which city are the Spanish Steps located? Which football team plays at the JJB stadium? Which American state has a Capital city called Carson City? By what name did the Empire Stadium become known? Turin lies on which river? How many sides does a rhombus have? What is the main vegetable ingredient in the Ukranian dish Borsht? What trophy is played for at the US Superbowl? In which decade were TV licences introduced in the UK? What type of food is Quark? What is the collective noun for a group of crows? The headquarters of Greenpeace is in which European city? What is the largest artery in the human body? Which city hosted the 1992 Summer Olympic games? What are Blue Mountain, Caturra, and Mocca types of? What is a village without a church called? Which British disc jockey's nickname was 'Fluff'? Alicante, Golden Boy and Piranto are types of what? What word represents the letter K in radio communications? What is Bill Clinton's middle name? Which river passes through all these countries Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Moldova, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Ukraine? In which country was John McEnroe Born? 15. In anatomy what is the technical term for the kneecap? Who played the Ringo Kid in the original Stagecoach film? What number is a hurricaine on the Beaufort Scale? What was the nuclear power station Sellafield previously known as? During the siege of which African city did General Gordon die? What is a Maori ceremonial war-dance called? Which group had three consecutive UK Christmas number ones in 1996, 97 and 98? Whose autobiography is entitled 'Take It Like A Man? In which european city did Italy beat france 5 - 3 on penalties to win the 2006 FIFA World Cup? What was Capability Brown famous for designing? In which ocean is Ascension Island? What is the US state capital of Mississippi? John Adams was the american vice-president to which president? What is the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain more popularly known as? What is the technical term for the collar bone? How did soul singer Otis Redding die in 1967? What is the title of the film about a Scottish village that awakens once every 100 years? In the TV comedy Dad's Army what is Captain Mainwaring's first name? David Beckham Jockey Rome Wigan Nevada Wembley Po Four Beetroot The Lombardi Trophy 1940's A Soft Cheese A murder Amsterdam The Aorta Barcelona Coffee Hamlet Alan Freeman Tomato Kilo Jefferson Danube West Germany, Wiesbaden Patella John Wayne Twelve Windscale Khartoum Haka Spice Girls Boy George Berlin Gardens Atlantic Jackson Washington Eros The clavicle Plane crash Brigadoon George If a creature is edentulous what has it not got? Rome is on which river? Which Trophy is given to the most outstanding player in collegiate football? With which country did the UK have the long-running 'Cod War' disputes over fishing rights? What is the minimum age for driving a car or van in the UK? How many individual pieces are there in a set of dominoes? Which war took place between 1618 - 1648? Richard Attenborough played Chris Pringle in the 1947 Christmas Film "Miracle on which street"? What was David Beckham's shirt number which he requested when he played for Real Madrid & LA Galaxy as a tribute to Michael Jordan? If Prince William became King, what number William would he be? In Profesional Cricket what is the name of the shortest form of the sport? What is the legal drinking age in the USA? How much would you expect to receive if you were given a Pony? The months January, March, May, July, August, October and December have what in common? How many players does an American Football team normally have on the field at one time? What number is not used on Formula 1 cars since 1976? What is the Normal human Body Temperature in Degrees Centigrade? Keifer Sutherland played Jack Baeur the main character in which American TV series? On which day in July is Bastille day celebrated? How many letters are in the German alphabet? Other than 78 and 45 which speed could be played on an old record player? A methuselah of wine holds the equivalent of how many bottles? For how many years would you celebrate a Coral Wedding Anniversary? How many teaspoons make a tablespoon? Neil Sedaka sang about Happy Birthday Sweet What in 1961? How many games will a team play in a full Premiership season? How many players are there in a netball team? How many national teams have participated the the FIFA World Cup Finals Tournament since 1998? There are :9 darts needed to score 501, but what is the minimum number needed to score 301? How many labours were performed by Hercules? How many inches are there in a Yard? What date in July is St Swithin's Day? How many players are there in a Baseball Team? How many sides has a decahedron? What is the British Board of Film Classification for a film above a Fifteen Certificate? How many balls are there on a snooker table at the start of a game? What is the number of the Paul Hardcastle number One hit in 1985? What is the number of a form to claim unemployment adopted by a British Band? An Eagle is how many shots under Par? How many hearts does an octopus have? Launched in 1960, what was the name of the first US communications satellite was callled Echo What? Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison all died at the same age. What was it? Teeth The Tiber Heisman Memorial Trophy Award Iceland Seventeen Twenty-Eight Thirty Years War Thirty-Fourth Twenty-Three Five Twenty Twenty-One Twenty-Five Thirty-One Days Eleven Thirteen Thirty-seven Twenty-Four Fourteen Twenty-Six thirty-Three Eight Thirty-Five Four Sixteen Thirty-Eight Seven Thirty-Two Six Twelve Thirty-Six Fifteenth Nine Ten Eighteen Twenty-Two Nineteen Forty Two Three One Twenty Seven How many steps are there in John Buchan? The 2008 (XXIX) Summer Olympics in Bejing were which number olympics? Gorgonzola, Stilton, and Roquefort are all types of what? What are the colour of the horses in the Spanish Riding School based in Vienna? Mars is more commonly known as the "What" Planet? The "What Sea" is the largest inland sea in Europe connected the Atlantic by the Mediterranean and Agean Sea? What is the largest living Mammal in the world? What colour woman did Chris de Burgh sing about? What river is the second biggest river in China after the Yangtze River? The Owl and the Pussycat sailed off in which coloured Boat? What is the name of the character played by Vivien Leigh in Gone With The Wind? What is the colour of the centre ring on the Olympic Flag? Only 3 horses with a colour in the name has won the Grand National Red Rum, Silver Birch and which other? What colour ribbon did Dawn tie to the Old Oak Tree? The notorious Pirate Edward Leach was more famously known as who? In a Formula One Race which coloured flag is shown to tell a slow driver to allow a driver behind to pass? Which Fruits did the Belles of St Clemnet's ring out in the nursery rhyme? In the song by Sheb Wooley in 1958 what was the colour of the One Eyed, One Horned People Eater? During the Tour De France what colour shirt is worn by the winner of a Sprint during a stage? What was the nickname of the character played by Morgan Freeman in the Shawshank Redemption? What colour would you associate with the traditional gemstone for September? What colour is the bullseye on a standard dartboard? In the board game monopoly, what colour is Bond Street? The Heavyweight Boxing World champion joe Louis was nicknamed the "What" Bomber? What colour are the stars on the Chinese flag? What was the name of Dick Turphin's Horse? Professor Plum, Miss Scarlett and Mrs White are characters in the gane of Cludeo. Which other character is named after a colour? Which Soul Singer is referred to as the "Godfather of Soul"? Which precious metal is measured in "Troy Ounces"? What is the main colour traditionally worn by an Indian bride? Traditionally what colour is the drink Absinthe? What colour of beret do the special forces of the American Army wear? What was the name of the movie starring Whoopi Gpldburg, Danny Glover and Oprah Winfrey? The Circle Line on the London Underground is represented by which colour? What is the colour of the Front Door at 10 Downing Street? Which TV Captain was indestructable? Which player scored the only goal of the 1980 Football League Cup final, when Wolves beat Nottingham Forest 10? What is the colourful Stage name of American singer Alecia Beth Moore who's hits include "So What" and "God is a DJ"? What colour is Saffron? Thirty-Nine Twenty-Nine BLUE CHEESE WHITE RED BLACK BLUE WHALE RED YELLOW PEA GREEN SCARLETT O'HARA BLACK RED ALLIGATOR YELLOW BLACKBEARD BLUE FLAG ORANGES AND LEMONS PURPLE GREEN RED BLUE RED GREEN BROWN YELLOW BLACK BESS REVEREND GREEN JAMES BROWN GOLD RED GREEN GREEN THE COLOR PURPLE YELLOW BLACK SCARLET ANDY GRAY PINK YELLOW In the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory What colour skin did the Oompa Loompas have? Which of the following colours does not appear on the flag of Algeria? Green, Red or Yellow? What was the Surname of Lady Jane known as "The Nine Days Queen" who reigned after Edward VI? In 1963, which band became the first to reach number one with their first three singles? Which is the largest Canary Island? Which child like named US gangster's original name was Lester Gillis? A failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby in 1605 was more famously known as what? How many years are in a Millenium? What was Tom Jones' first UK number one single? What is a baby seal called? Ramsey McDonald became British Prime Minister in 1924 the first from which political party? What is the name of the character played by Angela Lansbury in 'Murder, She Wrote'? In the song `The Twelve Days Of Christmas`, how what did my true love give to me on the 12th day? Louis Bleriot was the first person to cross the English Channel in What? Which detective had a housekeeper named Mrs Hudson? Which US organisation's headquarters is situated in Langley, Virginia? Who was the original presenter of TV's University Challenge? What type of animal is a Border Leicester? What word represents the letter J in the UK Police radio communications? In the human body what is the Trachea? Who invented the revolver (handgun)? If Arnold Schwarzenegger signs up for another "Terminator" movie, How Many would be in the Series? David Trimble became the First Minister of which Country in 1998? In which country are the Sutherland Falls? What does the 'H' in H bomb represent? If I take two apples out of a basket of six. How many Apples do I have? Which is the odd one out, Queen, King, Bishop, Cardinal? What is the Worlds Smallest Bird? The Hudson River flows through which American City? Patrick Macnee and Diana Rigg played the original John Steed & Emma Peel in which TV series? Who was known as 'Old blues Eyes'? George Washington, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson and which other American President are Featured on Mount Rushmore? How many Tentacles does a Squid Have? In roman Mythology Aphrodite is the Goddess of What? in which year did the Berlin Wall come down? (1 point Year either side - 2 points for exact Year) What are the five human senses? Who was British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990? Which planet did Superman come from? In the nursery Rhyme What jumped over the moon? What is the largest Man made structure on earth? In which country was ex-England cricket captain Tony Greig born? ORANGE GREEN GREY Gerry and the Pacemakers Tenerife Baby Face Nelson Gunpowder Plot 1000 It's Not Unusual Pup Labour Jessica Fletcher 12 Drummers Drumming Plane Sherlock Holmes The CIA Bamber Gascoigne Sheep Juliet Windpipe Samuel Colt 4 - (Terminator 1,2 & Terminator 3 Rise of the m Northern Ireland New Zealand Hydrogen 2 Cardinal the rest are Chess Pieces Bee Hummingbird New York The Avengers Frank Sinatra Abraham Lincoln Ten Love 1989 sight, taste, hearing, smell,touch Margaret Thatcher Krypton The Cow The Great Wall of China South Africa Which animal lives in a 'Lodge'? Christopher Wren designed which London Cathedral? Which British Driver won the Formula One World Championship in 1992? Luxembourg has borders with three other countries. Name Them? Melanie, Victoria, Geri, emma and Melanie were the original members of which Group? What is a Sampan? Who is Third in succesion for the British Throne? What is a Baby Swan Called? Arachnophobia is the fear of What? What was the name of the first cloned Sheep? Which out of the world event took place on 20th July 1969? which Animal is the symbol of the World Wildlife fund? What was the Maiden Name of Princess Diana? What is the Nationality of Bjorn Borg? Who had a Hit with 'Puppy Love' in 1972? Who played Clarice Starling in 'Silence of the Lambs'? What was the name of the Lone Rangers Horse? What is the largest park in London? What is the Maximum score you can achieve in Ten Pin Bowling? the River Taff flows through which Capital City? What is the name of the French Underground System? what was the name of Ray Allen's Dummy In electronics a Light Emitting Diode is more commonly known as what? Roald Amundsen was the first person to reach the South Pole in which decade of the last century? On which part of the body would you wear a deer-stalker? What is the title of the lowest order of the British nobility? Which Beatle led the way across the zebra crossing on the Abbey Road album cover? Which character in Eastenders owned a dog called Willy? Asa Chandler founded which world famous drinks company? Who was the first Briton to win the US Open tennis title? Who murdered George Cornell in the Blind Beggar pub in london in March 1966? Angela Merkel was first female chancellorof which European country? What is the first sign of the Zodiac? What is the green pigment found in most plants that is responsible for absorbing light energy? Which two European countries are connected by the Simplon Pass? What was Manfred von Richtofen's nickname? Which is the largest of the Channel Islands? The Cenotaph is situated in which London street? Which is the largest Castle in England situated in Berkshire? Which North African country has the international car registration ET? On a standard UK monopoly board what are the names of the four stations? The Sorbonne in Paris is what type of establishment? Which British prime minister had a bag named after him? Beaver St Paul's Nigel Mansell Belguim, France and Germany (1 Point for each) Spice Girls Boat Prince Harry Cygnet Spiders Dolly Man walked on the Moon The Giant Panda Spencer Swedish Donny Osmond Jodie Foster Silver Hyde Park 300 - 12 Strikes Cardiff Metro Lord Charles LED 1910's (1911) The head Baron/Baroness John Lennon Ethel (Skinner) Coca Cola Fred Perry Ronnie Kray Germany Aries Chlorophyll Switzerland and Italy The Red Baron Jersey Whitehall Windsor Castle Egypt Kings Cross,Marylebone,Fenchurch Street ,Liverp University Gladstone Which controversial english pop star of the 80's has the autobiography entitled 'Take It Like A Man? The name Wendy was first made up in which famous book? Which pop singer did Debbie Rowe marry? Who had a 70s No 1 with If You Leave Me Now? What did the Warren Commission investigate in the US in the 1960's? Who is the only character to appear in the first ever Coronation Street who is still in the show as at 2009? 212 degrees is the Fahrenheit boiling point of what? Where in the human body would you find the smallest bone? The stirrup (in the ear) Catherine Bach played the original Daisy Duke in which TV' series? Which member of the clergy would carry a hooked staff called a Crozier? Poets Corner is situated in which London landmark? Only one country has hosted the Olympic Games on Four occasions which country? Iota, Epsilon and Beta are letters from which Alphabet? Who was Governer of Arkansas when he became President in 1993? Which British poet wrote `The Charge Of The Light Brigade` and `Maud`? Tennyson, Shelley or Byron? The Irish Derby is held at which racecourse? Which of the Beatles was the first to be widowed? Which nation won the European Football Championship in 1992 after first failing to qualify for the finals tournament? Bandleader Edward Ellington was known by what nickname? Which is the longest mountain range in the world? Dauphin were the names of the eldest sons who became the Kings of which european country? P&O, the shipping line, stands for what? To which Scottish island did Bonnie Price Charlie escape, dressed as a maid, in 1746? In the Book what was Baron Frankenstein`s first name? Willie John McBride is a name associated with which sport? Who sang the million record selling song "I Walk The Line"? Which Body Builder born in 1892 promised that, "You too can have a body like mine?" Andrew Carnegie developed the iron and steel industry in which American city? Which country has more tractors per head, Canada, Iceland or Japan? What nationality was Christopher Colombus? Vladivostock and Moscow are the two station at each end of which railway line? What is the minimum number of musicians a band must have to be considered a "big band"? The Aphartied political system was gradually dismantled in which country, starting in 1989? Who said after successfully testing the nuclear bomb. "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds"? Which female Argentinean was buried in a Milan cemetery under the pseudonym Maria Maggi? What's the ballet term for a 360-degree turn on one foot? Which annually honored irishman is believed by many to be buried in Downpatrick under a tombstone marked with the letter "F"? What can Germans publicly deny the existence of can earn them five years in prison? What sort of animal was World Cup Willie, the mascot for the 1966 World Cup? The island of Rhodes belongs to which Mediterranean country? Boy George Peter Pan Michael Jackson Chicago The Assassination of John F Kennedy Ken Barlow Water (100 degrees centigrade) In the Ear (The stirrup) Dukes of Hazard A Bishop Westminster Abbey America - 1904 - St Louis, Los Angeles -1932, Los Angeles - 1984, Atlanta - 1996 Greek Bill Clinton Tennyson The Curragh (County Kildare) Paul McCartney. Denmark (in 1992, Denmark took the place of Y Duke The Andes (7,240km) France Peninsular and Oriental Skye Victor Rugby Union Johnny Cash Charles Atlas Pittsburgh Iceland Italian Trans Siberian Railway 10 South Africa J. Robert Oppenheimer Eva Peron (Evita - Little Eva) Pirouette St Patrick The Holocaust A Lion Greece Which island in San Francisco Bay was the site of an almost escape-proof prison? In TV series "The Adventures of Champion" what type of animal was Champion? "Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head" was an Oscar winner from which movie with Robert Redford & Paul Newman? Which female tennis player was stabbed at the German Tennis Open in Munich 1993? Which company invented Blue Jeans in 1853 in San Francisco? Yeomen Warders at the Tower of London are commonly known by what other name? In the 1971 movie Charlie And The Chocolate Factory, Willy Wonka is played by Gene Wilder. Who plays him in the 2005 film? Which US Serial Killer who killed at least 33 boys in Chicago between 1972 - 1978 last words at his execution in 1994 were "Kiss My Arse"? In which country was actor Mel Gibson born? Which famous guitarist's original name was Brian Rankin? Which football club did Alan Sugar own? What is the name of the transparent layer forming the front of the eye, which transmits and focuses light into the eye? What condiment brand features the Palace of Westminster on its label? What was Gillian Duffy involvement in the run up to the last general election covered by TV? How many degrees is each angle in an equilateral triangle? Which footballer scored all of England's five goals in their 1975 5-0 defeat of Cyprus? What is the common name for Nitrous Oxide? A heptahedron is a solid figure with how many plane sides? Who was the next president of the USA after Gerald Ford? Which Italian fashion designer was shot and killed outside his Miami home in 1997? The Yas Marina Grand Prix circuit is in which Arab country? Which Scandinavian country was the first european country to abolish slavery in 1792? What T was the name of George’s dog in the Enid Blyton “Famous Five” stories? Which island was awarded the George Cross in 1942? What colour does acid turn Litmus paper? What colour is LaLa of Teletubbies? Who played the part of the toymaker in the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang? Whose autobiography was entitled 'Losing my Virginity'? What were the name's of Donald Duck's nephews? In which year did Margaret Thatcher resign as leader of the Conservatives? How is Frances Gumm the actress better known? Which volcano caused the destruction of Pompeii? Before Tony Blair, who was the last leader of the Labour Party to win a general election? Which Carthaginian general led his army across the Alps with a contingent of elephants? What was the name of the Duke of Wellingtons horse at the Battle of Waterloo named after a danish city? In a standard game of Monopoly, what colour are the two cheapest properties? Gorgonzola cheese comes from which country? At what age does a Jewish boy celebrate his Bar Mitzvah? Which comedian has the nickname `the big yin`? Alcatraz Horse Butch Cassidy & The Sundance Kid Monica Seles Levi Strauss Beefeaters Johnny Depp John Wayne Gacy USA Hank Marvin Tottenham Hotspur Cornea HP Sauce Rochdale pensioner whom Gordon Brown was he 60 Malcolm MacDonald Laughing Gas Seven Jimmy Carter Gianni Versace Abu Dhabi Denmark Timmy Malta Red Yellow Benny Hill Richard Branson Huey, Duey & Lewy 1990 Judy Garland Vesuvius Harold Wilson Hannibal Copenhagen Brown Italy 13 Billy Connolly Which of these wedding anniversaries would you celebrate first? Lace, Tin or Ivory? How is Eldrick Wood`s better known? On which side of the road would you drive in Australia? On which corner of a motorway sign do junction exit numbers appear? Commonly found at circuses, what would a funambulist be better known as? The sale of which drink accounts for 10% of the income of the government in Russia? What is the world`s largest man-made structure? What is the normal colour of a black box used in aeroplanes? What colour are the seats in the House of Lords? Red, Blue or Green? A dagger, lead piping, a revolver, rope and a candlestick, which murder weapon is missing from the game of Cluedo? What license cost 37 pence when it was abolished in 1988? What company is said to be responsible for Santa Claus being dressed in the colours red & white? Who was the Full England manager before Sven Goran Ericsson took the job ? What is the name given to a poker hand where all cards are of the same suit, but not in running order? In Britain, in which month does the longest day occur? "Old Glory" is the one of the names of which country's flag? Who wears `The Fisherman`s Ring`? What type of fruit is a cantaloup? If you asked for `Trojans` in America, what would you get? Cigarettes, Stamps or Condoms? What is the common term for the type of people who prefer to be called `Inuit` or `Yupik`? Which country traditionally provides Britain with a Christmas tree for Trafalgar Square in London? What is the name of the aeroplane that the American President rides in? What does the term `brut` mean when applied to wine? By what name is the International Criminal Police Organisation better known? What is sold by a costermonger? Igor Sikorsky designed and flew the first practical version of what flying machine? If you were born on July 4th, what star sign would you be? From which country does the dish Enchilada come? What does the letter `N` stand for in `NATO`? Which comedy series is set on Craggy Island? Whose face is referred to in `The face that launched a thousand ships`? Where is the one place that the American flag flies 24 hours a day, but is never raised or lowered and is never saluted? What surname is common to the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1961 to 1974 and an ex-England football manager? Who did Margaret Thatcher replace as leader of the Conservative party? Out of all the animals which make up the Chinese horoscope, which comes first alphabetically? In New Orleans, the Mardi Gras festival occurs each year in which month? In which city in England is the National Railway Museum? In `The Twelve Days Of Christmas`, if you add up the number of swans-a-swimming and geese-a-laying, what do you get? 13, 14 or 15? Which number is referred to as `Doctor`s Orders` in Bingo? Tin (10) (lace 13, ivory 14) Tiger Woods Left Bottom left Tight-rope walker Vodka The Great Wall of China Orange Red Spanner Dog Licence Coca-Cola Kevin Keegan A flush June USA The Pope A melon Condoms Eskimos Norway Air Force One Very dry Interpol Fruit The helicopter Cancer Mexico North Atlantic Treaty Organization `Father Ted` Helen Of Troy The Moon Ramsey Edward Heath Boar February York 13 (7 Swans, 6 Geese) No 9 was a laxative pill given out by army docto From which country does the drink Pernod originate? In which London park is London Zoo situated? In which year did the Woolworths Group chain of shops cease trading and go into liquidation? Which of the following would a phillumenist collect? Bottle tops, Matchbox labels or Dolls? From what country does the chihuahua dog originate? What famous childrens train character would you find on the Island of Sodor? On which famous award do the two words `For Valour` appear? In which hand does the Statue Of Liberty hold a torch? Left or Right? Which is the only country to have played in every World Cup since it started in 1930? By what name is the Central Criminal Court in London better known? In the NATO phonetic alphabet, what word is used for `N`? What is the one place in all of Great Britain that the Queen cannot visit? `Gregory Peck` is cockney rhyming slang for what? Which Beatle led the way across the zebra crossing on the Abbey Road album cover? How is the Cockney double act of David Peacock and Charles Hodges better known? `Flowers in the Rain` by the Move was the first recorf to be played on which radio station? Which singer won the Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland in 1980 and 1987? How many faults does a competitor get if they knock a fence down in showjumping? In which decade did the Great Train Robbery take place? In Peter Pan, what is the name of Captain Hook`s ship? Which famous fictional detective first came tp prominence in the book "Study in Scarlett"? Where was the 1986 World Cup held? What football club did Gordon Banks play for when he won his 1966 World Cup medal? Fill in the missing name in this sequence of England managers: Ramsey, Mercer, Revie, ? , Robson Where are the headquarters of FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association)? Who was England's goalkeeper in the losing game against Germany in the 1970 World Cup? Who scored England's dying seconds winner against Belgium in the 1990 World Cup? Who is the Lev Yashin award given to at the end of World Cup finals? Which manager was in charge of the Scotland team in the 1986 World Cup Finals? Which German is currently the overall top scorer in the history of World Cup Finals with 14 goals? At the age of 42, which Cameroon player became the oldest ever to play in the World Cup Finals? Which British team were knocked out of the 1974 World Cup Finals on goal difference, but ended up the only unbeaten side in the competition? How many times has the host nation won the football World Cup? Grzegorz Lato won the Golden boot at the 1974 football World Cup Which country did he play for? Which 2 teams contested the only World Cup final to end 0-0 before penalties? Who were the last team to be runners-up in 2 consecutive World Cups? Which is the only non European country to host the World Cup more than once? What was the name of the mascot for the 1966 World Cup finals held in England? Who was David Beckham sent off for kicking in the 1998 World Cup game against Argentina? What was the scoreline when Brazil beat Italy in the 1970 World Cup final? Who was the first black footballer to win a full England cap? Which of the following teams was not in England`s group in the 2002 World Cup? Poland, Sweden or Nigeria? France Regent`s Park 2009 Matchbox labels Mexico Thomas the tank engine The Victoria Cross Right. Brazil The Old Bailey November The House Of Commons Cheque John Lennon Chas `n` Dave Radio One Johnny Logan Four 1960's - 1963 year either side The Jolly Roger Sherlock Holmes Mexico Leicester City Ron Greenwood (1977-82) Zurich, Swizerland Peter Bonetti David Platt goalkeeper voted the best in the tournament Alex Ferguson Gerd Muller Roger Milla Scotland 6 (Uruguay 1930, Italy 1934, England 1966, We Poland Brazil and Italy (1994 in USA) West Germany (in 1982 and 1986) Mexico (in 1970 and 1986) World Cup Willie Diego Simeone Four - One Viv Anderson, 1978 Poland Which Italian won the golden boot in the 1982 World Cup scoring 6 goals? Which football team lost both the 1974 and 1978 World Cup finals? Why was Scottish footballer Willie Johnstone sent home from the 1978 World Cup? What was the title of the England Football teams` 1970 World Cup song? Which two countries have only won the football World Cup once? Which Portugese footballer won the golden boot in the 1966 World Cup scoring 9 goals? Who was the only England player sent of during the 1986 World Cup Finals? In which country did the first football World Cup take place? Which two England footballers missed penalties in the shoot-out against Germany in the 1990 World Cup semifinal? Who was the first person to Captain and Manage a World Cup winning Football team? When Brazil won the 1994 soccer World Cup, to which famous Brazillian sportsman who died in this year persuing his own sport did they dedicate the win to? How many goals did Gary Lineker score for England in the 1986 World Cup finals? Geoff Hurst scored 3 goals in the 1966 World Cup final who scored the other goal for England? What English-speaking Carribean nation qualified for the soccer world cup finals in France in 1998? Which is the only country to have played in every World Cup since it started in 1930? What football club did Nobby Stiles play for when he won his 1966 World Cup medal? Which Countries World Cup Qualifiers have the nickname Bafana Bafana? Which referee gave a penalty to holland in the opening minutes of the 1974 world cup final? Which French footballer scored twice in the 1998 World Cup final? What is the traditional timing device used by musicians which clicks at a selected rate? During which war was the Battle of Anzio? The port of Drammen is in which scandanavian country? Which Three times Formula One Champion 1975/77/84 and airline founder, nicknamed the Rat and Clockwork Mouse, featured on an Austrian postage stamp in 2005? Spencer Perceval (1762-1812) is the only British Prime Minister to have been what: a professor; deaf; assassinated; or ginger? Jazz musician Stephane Grappelli was famous for playing which instrument? The Wombles made their debut television appearance on which children's Story Telling TV programme? What gas do humans breathe out? What ball is worth three points in snooker? Bibliomania is the compulsive collecting or hoarding of what? What is the name of Mick Hucknell's band? Caroline Lucas became the first parliamentary MP of which party, when she won the Brighton Pavilion seat in the UK May 2010 general election? In Japan the word Mikado originally referred to what: the emperor; a theatre; an early form of electoral proportional representation; or sushi rice? A clowder is a collective term for which creatures: dogs; cats; horses; or sheep? Which British football team is nicknamed the Blades? Who called a Rochdale pensioner whom Gordon Brown was heard to call 'a sort of bigoted woman' after meeting Paolo Rossi Holland For taking drugs `Back Home` England and France Eusebio Ray Wilkins Uruguay Chris Waddle and Stuart Pearce Franz Beckenbauer Ayrton Senna 6 Martin Peters Jamaica Brazil Manchester United South Africa Jack Taylor Zinedine Zidane Metronome Second World War Norway Niki Lauda Assassinated Violin Jackanory (1973) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Green Books Simply Red The Green Party The emperor Cats Sheffield United Gordon Brown her on a pre-election walkabout? What Maryland presidential retreat, previously called Shangri-la, was renamed by Dwight D Eisenhower after his grandson? On 1st April 1980 a 25-day riot and siege began at what UK prison? Prince Andrew served for twenty-two years with which organization? Which fictional Detective solves the crime in `Death on the Nile`? In which country does the story `The Pied Piper Of Hamelin` take place? According to Bram Stoker`s original novel, by which seaside town did Count Dracula enter England? In which country is the wine-growing Barossa Valley? Which country lies to the north of Austria and to the south of Poland? Which french landmark is 984 ft high? Okinawa is a volcano in which country? What is the largest country in South America? Which show about Danny and Sandy was made into a film with John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John? By what name is the motorway Gravelly Hill Interchange better known? Who played the Ringo Kid in the original Stagecoach film? What does a hippophobic fear? In which Decade was TV's Channel 4 launched? Which Australian won the men's singles at Wimbledon in 1987? In which sport would a niblick be used? In which art gallery is the Mona Lisa kept? What skin and eye colouring is associated with jaundice? What nationality was Pablo Picasso? Which literary character travelled around the world in 80 days with Pass Partout? In George Orwell`s `Animal Farm` what type of animal was `Napoleon`? When spoken by a police officer, what do the letters RTA stand for? Nick Leeson lost £208 million by the end of 1994 bringing which bank into bankruptcy Brothers Richard and Maurice opened their first fast food restaurant in 1940 in San Bernardino, California. What was the name of the restaurant? In which town was William Shakespeare born? Gala, Jonagold and Pink Lady are varieties of which fruit? What is sake made from? What type of material is produced in a ginnery? What's the oldest university in the USA? What is a blini? If you landed on the Short Fast Line, B&O Railroad, Seashore Lines or Reading Railroad What US version of a board game would you be playing? Who did Chris Chataway set pace for to create a World Record on 6 May 1954? What is the fictional brewery associated with the Rovers Return pub in TV's Coronation Street serial? Golda Meir was the famous female prime minister of which country? How many valves does a trumpet have? What is the name of the RAF's aerobatics team? In which ocean are the Canary Islands? Camp David Strangeways Royal Navy Hercule Poirot Germany Whitby Australia A: Czech Republic Eiffel Tower Japan Brazil Grease. Spaghetti Junction John Wayne Horses 1980's (1982) Pat Cash Golf The Louvre Yellow Spanish Phileas Fog A pig Road Traffic Accident Barings Mcdonalds Stratford-upon-Avon Apple Rice Cotton Harvard A Pancake Monopoly Roger Bannister Newton and Ridley Israel (1969-74) Three The Red Arrows Atlantic What type of weapon is a Falchion? The Trip To Jerusalem in Nottingham claims to be the oldest what in Britain? Which American horse race is run at Churchill Downs? Known as The Clones Cyclone which irishman won the World Featherweight Champion in 1985? What is a 'half-hunter'? Tanner was the slang term for which pre-decimal British coin? Which ice-skating sporting duo was coached by Betty Calloway? Which TV Soap began in 1985? Which French singer was known as Little Sparrow? In which country is Interpol based? Who was the first leader of Polish trade union Solidarity? In the UK military what does SAS stand for? On which part of the body would you wear a sabot? What is the name of the prison in the British TV comedy series Porridge? What is the largest city in Australia? What was the first name of the fictional New York detective Kojak? Which English Kate became the face of L'Oreal in 1998? Croatia and Slovenia used to be part of which country? Which sport in the Olympics includes pikes, tucks and twists? Which controversial American sportsman had the first names Orenthal James? What is the main color on the Chinese flag? Rupert Murdoch comes from which country? Abraham Saperstein started which world famous basketball team in January 1927? The 90s Good Friday Agreement sought peace in which country? Which singer was known as the 'Forces' Sweetheart'? Which establishment opened in Baker Street, London 1835. Which depicts life size replicas of famous people throughout history? What is the speed limit on a German motorway? James Baulmgarner changed his name slightly to become which actor? Which English cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1666? In which decade were luncheon vouchers introduced in the UK? Which caped crusader operated in Gotham city? What is the name of the horse in the only book written by Anna Sewell? Marty McFly came back to where? What colour is the bullseye on a standard dartboard? Which famous British group performed the first ever song on Top Of The Pops in 1964? Which Competition palyed every four years first took palce in Uruguay in 1930? How Long Does it take for light from the moon to reach the Earth 1.26 secs, 1.26 mins or 1.26 hours? What is the name of Tintin's wire haired terrier? If I take 2 apples out of a basket containing 6 apples how many apples do I have ? Which Bear grows larger Brown Grizzly or Polar ? For How long did Queen Victoria Reign for ? (2 years either side) Which country features a maple leaf on its flag ? Sword Pub The Kentucky Derby Barry McGuigan A type of pocket watch Sixpence Torvill and Dean Eastenders Edith Piaf France Lech Walesa Special Air Service Foot (it's a wooden shoe) Slade Sydney Theo Moss Yugoslavia Diving O J Simpson Red Australia Harlem Globetrotters N. Ireland Vera Lynn Madame Tussaud's There is no limit James Garner St Pauls 1950's (1955) Batman Black Beauty Future Red Rolling Stones World Cup Finals 1.26 secs Snowy Two Polar Bear (Twice as big) 64 Canada "Anyone Can Fall In Love" was a chart hit set to the theme tune of which British Soap Opera TV show? On Mount Rushmore which US president is missing George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Theodore Roosevelt? Aphrodite was the Goddess of what in Roman Mythology? How many rounds are there in an Olympic boxing match? Who did Elton John originally duet with on the No1 hit "Don't Go Breaking My Heart"? Martina Navratilova has been on the winning side in the Federation Cup for which two countries? Which actor is the dad of Jamie Lee Curtis? In which decade was Madonna born? In American football, where do the Chargers come from? What was the Russian President Yeltsin's first name? Who is the only character to appear in the first ever Coronation Street who is still in the show as at 2009? Churchill, Sherman and Panzer were all developed as types of what? If you were watching Hawkeye Pierce, Radar, Margaret Houlihan,Trapper and Colonel Henry Blake which american TV series would you be enjoying? The disastrous poison gas leak at Bhopal took place in which country? Dick Francis novels revolve around which sport? What does the C stand for in LCD? American Playwright Arthur Miller was married to which famous Hollywood blond actress? On a computer keyboard what letter is between Q and E? Lord Mountbatten was murdered off the coast of which country? In a speak to the Conservative Party Conference what was the finishing line to this address by Margaret Thatcher "To those waiting with bated breath for that favourite media catchphrase, the 'U-turn', I have only one thing to say: "You turn if you want to." ? What was Elvis Presley's daughter called? Who collaborated with Andrew Lloyd Webber on the musicals Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, Jesus Christ Superstar, Evita and many others? Which team were beaten 7-0 by portugal in the recent world cup finals? What numeric term describes perfect eyesight and a form of cricket? In Cluedo, How many rooms are there in which the murder can take place? According the the Bible how many of each type of animal did Moses take on the Ark? Which British Prime Minister had the maiden name Roberts ? What is the purpose of the black stripe on a school crossing warden`s `lollipop`? Barwick Green is the name of the title music to which Long Running Radio show? The Savoy Grill, the Boxwood Café at the Berkeley Hotel and Maze are all restaurants owned by which famous chef? Eli Wallach played which of the three from the film The Good, The Bad and the Ugly? In which city would you find Canada`s largest Stock Exchange? What was the name of the car which was known as Luxury Export United States after it`s intended market - the U.S.A ? According to the lyrics of the song by the Weather Girls, it will start raining men at just about what time? According to the old proverb all roads lead to which capital city? Eastenders Abraham Lincoln Love 4 Kiki Dee Czechoslovakia & USA Tony Curtis 1950's (1958) San Diego Boris Ken Barlow Tank M.A.S.H India Horse Racing Liquid CRYSTAL Display Marilyn Monroe QWERTY IRELAND The lady's not for turning." Lisa Marie Tim Rice North Korea (Korea DPR) 20/20 9. Kitchen, Billiard Room, Ballroom, Conservator None, Noah took the animals. Margaret Thatcher To write in chalk the registration number of traff The Archers Gordon Ramsay The Ugly Toronto Lexus Half past ten Rome Which Hollywood Actress has Three Children called Maddox, Zahara and Shiloh ? February is the shortest month in the year, but which is the longest? Where would you find an Aglet ? The French character Bibendum has more than one spare tyre, but by what name do we know him better as? If you were a `chalkie` in Australia, what would your profession be? In which English county is the Queen`s private residence, Sandringham House? What colour was Coca-Cola originally? In which religion is Vishnu worshipped as the God of creation? In May 2006, Belfast Airport officially changed its name in honour of which famous Irishman? In `Coronation Street`, what was Stan Ogden`s occupation? What starts with `T`, ends with `T` and has `T` in it? How much liquid does a flagon hold? Which European country is the largest consumer of beer per head? Which famous building has the address 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue? Which chocolate bar was launched in 1978 by a long distance lorry driver called Martin Fisk? By what name are Dominican Monks also known as? Whitefriars, Blackfriars or Greyfriars? In money slang, how much is a `Pavarotti`? Which famous fictional character lives at 4 Privet Drive, Little Whinging? What is the top colour on a rainbow? In which country was the organisation Greenpeace founded? Lord David Sutch was the founder of which UK political party? Which sign of the zodiac is represented by the Ram? In the order of the British Empire, what does the letter `C` stand for in CBE? What are the three primary colours of light? What is comic book hero Played for and managed Melchester Rovers? What was Sarah, the Duchess of York`s maiden name? In which country did the dish of goulash originate? What is the national dance of Brazil? To the nearest million, what did Census 2001 reveal was the population of the UK (5 Million each way)? What is the main language spoken in Chile? Helmut Kohl was the chancellor of which country during the 80s and 90s? The sale of what was prohibited in America during prohibition? Who beat Trevor Berbick (WBC) then James Smith (WBA) then Tony Tucker (IBF) to become undisputed World Boxing Champion in 1990? In the game of draughts, how many men does a player start with? What type of pastry is used in profiteroles? B&Q stores nationwide broke British law in 1989 by doing what? Which city is 402 miles from Cardiff, 156 miles from Newcastle and 149 miles from Aberdeen? Exmoor, Welsh Mountain and Shetland are varieties of what type of animal? What is the colour of the dragon on the Welsh flag? From which country does the game of mah-jong originate? Which member of the royal family married Timothy Lawrence in 1992? Between which two cities did the train `the Flying Scotsman` run? Angelina Jolie October, because the clocks go back so it lasts 3 shoe lace it is the hard tag at the end The Michelin Man Teaching Norfolk Green Hinduism George Best Window Cleaner A Teapot Two pints Germany The White House Yorkie Blackfriars £10 (a tenor) Harry Potter Red Canada Official Monster Raving Loony Party Aries Commander Red, Blue and Green. Roy Race (Roy of the Rovers) Ferguson Hungary The samba 59 million Spanish Germany. Alcohol. Mike Tyson 12 Choux Opening on a Sunday Glasgow Pony Red China Princess Anne London and Edinburgh How many numbered compartments are there on a roulette wheel? Dr. Banner is the alter-ego of which comic book hero? In which German city does the Oktoberfest beer festival take place? Which comedian has the real name of Royston Vasey? What is France`s largest vehicle manufacturer? Which American building became the tallest building in the world when it opened in 1931? A quadricentennial event would take place once every how often? What cocktail consists of Tia Maria, Vodka and Coke? How old do you have to be to legally buy a lottery ticket in the UK? What was the first name of O.J. Simpsons` wife who was killed in 1994? Lending her name to a famous sports manufacturer, who was the Greek Goddess of Victory? Robert Zimmerman is the real name of which famous person? Which company makes the chocolate biscuit Kit Kat? How many zeros are in a one trillion when written out in numerical form? What are the three colours which make up the Dutch flag? Which religious organistation`s badge bears the logo `Blood and Fire`? In the British Army, which of these ranks is the highest? Major, Captain or Colonel? Who is Liverpool Airport named after? How many points does a `Star of David` have? With what game would you associate Bobby Fischer? What are Oxford Bags? Trousers, Socks or Shoes? What is the average of the numbers 1, 2, 4 and 5? The Bolero is the national dance of Which European country? What is the name given to someone who makes arrows? Where in the body is the patella? From which animal does Cashmere wool come from? How many eyes does a cyclops have? What is Frigophobia the fear of? In which Ocean are the group of islands called the Seychelles? Which Russian leader had a pronounced birth mark on his forehead? Which Royal couple were divorced in february 1996? What was the name of the oil platform which exploded in the north sea oil field in July 1988? Which spinach-eating sailor has Robin Williams played on the film? The cephalothorax and the opisthosoma are body sections of what: arachnids (spiders, etc); humans; birds; or fire-engines? Which famous book was Credited with popularising the girl's name Wendy? In which European country is the Caledonian Canal? Budapest lies on which river? What is the name of Bill Sikes` dog in Charles Dickens` `Oliver Twist` and a TV game Show? Which East Sussex Seaside Town was the name of a Grahame Greene novel? Renee Zellweger played which part in the film based on the characters diary? Who is missing, Porthos, Athos and D'Artagnan? What was the landscape painters Constable`s first name? 37 (0 to 36) The Incredible Hulk Munich Roy Chubby Brown Renault Empire State Building 400 years Black Russian 16 Nicole Nike Bob Dylan Rowntrees 12 Red, White and Blue The Salvation Army Colonel John Lennon 6 Chess Trousers 3 Spain Fletcher The knee Goat 1 The cold The Indian Ocean Gorbachev. Diana Princess of Wales and Prince Charles Piper Alpha Popeye. Arachnids Peter Pan Scotland Danube Bullseye Brighton Rock Bridget Jone's Aramis John What was author Dick Francis` profession before he took up writing? In which American state is Hollywood? Which toll bridge joins the counties of East Riding of Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire? In which Scottish city would you find the Royal Mile and Holyrood Palace? In which country was Charlie Chaplin born? What country is only bordered by Spain? Solidarity was the mass movement of the people in which country? What does H stand for in the video system VHS as launched by JVC in 1976 ? The William Tell Overture provided the title music to which 1950's - 60's Cowboy Cult TV western ? Which American singer's first solo No 1 in the UK was "One Day In your Life" ? Where is the Valley of the Kings, the scene of a terrorist attack in 1997 ? In Which year did we convert to decimilastion ? The river Tiber flows through which European City ? What TV series featured Emma Peel ? Who set to sea in a beautiful pea green boat ? Who was the Prime Minister in the Faulklands War ? What is the common name for sodium chloride ? Who in a famous speech Said "I have a dream"? Which is the longest river in Britain? What document was Signed by King John in 1215? Gangsters Mr Barrow and Miss Parker were better known by their first names What were they? What was the actor name of Marrion Morrison? In Which part of the body is the Thyroid Gland ? Andorra, Belguim, germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Monaco, Spain and Switzerland all have a border with which country ? In which 1993 film does a boy called Jonah write to a woman called Annie, asking her to meet his father at the Empire State building on St. Valentine's Day? If you were eating escargots in a French restaurant what would you be eating? The Worlds largest Mobile Phone maker, Nokia, is based In which country? How many babies did Janet Walton give birth to in November, 1983? Which Beatle led the way across the zebra crossing on the Abbey Road album cover? In the Book what was Baron Frankenstein's first name? Which island was awarded the George Cross in 1942? Who bought Chelsea football club for £1 in 1982? How many players make up an Australian rules football team? What was the name and call-sign of the Apollo Eleven lunar module which landed on the moon in 1969? In Spain is a Senorita a married or single woman? According to the proverb, when should you not count your chickens? What colour does acid turn Litmus paper? What's the largest Scandinavian country? What was the name of the Benedictine monk who legend has it invented Champagne? In which Country is the concentration camp Auschwitz ? Who was Kate Winslett 's male co-star in Titanic? Jockey Hollywood The Humber Bridge Edinburgh London, England Portugal Poland. Video Home System The Lone Ranger. Michael Jackson Egypt. 1971 Rome The Avengers The Owl & The Pussycat Maggie Thatcher Salt Martin Luther King Jnr River Severn Magna Carta Bonnie and Clyde John Wayne The Neck France "Sleepless In Seattle" Snails Finland 6 John Lennon Victor Malta Ken Bates 18 Eagle Single Before they've hatched Red Sweden Dom Perignon Poland Leonardo di Caprio What is calcium carbonate normally known as? Who holds the record as being Britain's youngest ever Formula 1 Driver? How many holes are there in a ten pin bowling ball? Which childrens fictional character lives in the land of Honalee ? What nationality was Salvadore Dali? In Basketball it’s called a Tip Off, in Football a Kick off what is it called in Ice Hockey? Which country voted in a referendum to keep the Queen as their sovereign in 1999? In the movies Daniel Radcliffe plays which character? Two main London railway stations have the word "Cross" in their names. Name both? Who was the last English born manager to manage/coach an FA Cup winning side? If you were playing darts and got a 'Shanghai' score of 72 with 3 darts which number have you scored on? Which character had a valet called Kato? What is the name of the RAF's aerobatics team? In which ocean are the Canary Islands? The phrase ‘mind your p’s and q’s’ originally meant to watch how much you had to drink, but what did the letters p & q stand for? What units are used to measure sound intensity? What flavour is the liqueur Cointreau? What nationality was the famous spy Mata Hari - Dutch, Austrian, French? Which Saint's Day is 17th March? Whose catchphrase was 'Ooo you are awful but I like you'? What was first crossed by tightrope by Charles Blondin in 1859? Which animals young is called a joey? In All The Presidents Men, Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman play journalists investigating which break-in? Which two teams contested the first Post World War Two Wembley FA Cup Final? What is the worlds Northern most capital? Which game might you be watching if you were at The Belfry? How many squares are there on a snakes and ladders board? Which childrens cartoon character had a ship called the Black Pig? How many sheets of paper are there in a ream? What title is giving to the wife of an Earl called? Who played Corporal Jones in 'Dad's Army'? What does an 'Anemometer' measure ? Ankara is the capital of which country? In Pop music, which two herbs go with 'Parsley & Sage'? What sort of creature is a bustard? In the USA if you were a bootlegger what would you be selling illegallyl? In the Hans Christian Andersen story, which little girl was found inside the petals of a flower? Which is the only US state to begin with the letter 'P'? What nationality is the worlds oldest airline Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappi? Which spirit is the base for a Black Russian cocktail? In motoring terms what does OHC stand for? Chalk Jensen Button 3 Honalee Spanish Face off Australia Harry Potter Kings cross and Charing cross Harry Rednapp (2008 - portsmouth beat Cardiff 12 Inspector Clousseau Red Arrrows Atlantic Pints & Quarts Decibels Orange Dutch St. Patrick Dick Emery Niagara Falls Kangaroo Watergate Chelsea v Leeds (1970) Reykjavik, Iceland Golf 100 Captain Pugwash 500 Countess Clive Dunn Windspeed Turkey Rosemary and Thyme - Scarborough fair A bird Alcohol Thumbelina Pennsylvania Dutch (KLM) Vodka Overhead Camshaft The Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratory is better known by which name? How many countries are still members of the British Commonwealth (five either side)? Pershore, Victoria and Washington are types of which fruit? How many times in succession did Bjorn Borg win the Men's Tennis Singles at Wimbledon? The character Shylock appears in the Merchant of Venice written by whom? P&O, the shipping line, stands for what? Who wrote the novel Dracula? How many valves does a trumpet have? Apart from London name one other city in Britain have an underground railway system? How many players are there in an Australian Rules football team? What is a person who shoes horses called? Which team was Liverpool playing in the 1985 European Cup Final when the Heysel stadium disaster happened, banning all English clubs from European Football for 6 years? What is the UK equivalent of the American Army Delta Force? What was the first name of the movie character Indiana Jones? Which comedian was born 'Maurice Cole'? In which country is Acapulco? Which Disney film features the song 'The Bear Necessities'? What type of animal is a Wessex Saddleback? Which game can be 'lawn' or 'crown green'? How many balls are on the table at the start of a frame of snooker? In Australian slang, what is a 'Thunder Box'? Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid are better known as who? In the song, 'The House of the Rising Sun' is in which city? Who invented the bouncing bomb? Which animal lives in a Drey? What does "Five-O" stand for in the TV series Hawaii Five 0? In the phonetic alphabet, what word represents the letter H ? Which is the oldest club in the Football League, founded in 1862? What American state is Silicon Valley in? From what musical did the song "I'm gonna wash that man right out of my hair" come ? How high is the basket in Basketball in feet? Who was married too Cassandra in "Only Fools & Horses"? In the 20th century, how many England internationals have be named European footballer of the year? How many shillings were in a sovereign? Which musical instrument has 47 strings? Originally registered as the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, what is it now called? What was the family name of the Beverly Hillbillies? What is the colour of the number 13 on a roulette wheel? What is done to a herring to make it into a kipper? What is an ‘Alto Cumulus’? In which European country would you find Tuscany? What type of animal is a cottontail? Jodrell Bank 53 Plum 5 Shakespeare Peninsular and Oriental Bram Stoker 3 Glasgow, Liverpool, Newcastle 18 Farrier Juventus Delta Force Henry Walton "Indiana" Jones, Jr Kenny Everett Mexico The Jungle Book A pig Bowls 22 (fifteen reds, 6 colours, 1 white) Toilet Abba New Orleans Barnes Wallis Squirrel Hawaii was the 50th State of America Hotel Notts County California South pacific 10 ft (3.05 metres) Rodney Three. Kevin Keegan, Bobby Charlton, Stanley M 20 Harp OXFAM The Clampetts Black It is smoked A cloud Italy A Rabbit Which musician was known as ‘Satchmo’? Which British royal was once married to Lord Snowden? Which ice dance partnership performed to Ravel’s Bolero? Which was the only non-European nation to win the men's football world cup in the 90's? What relationship is Queen Elizabeth II to Prince William? Who were Andy Pandy's two best friends? What is the name of the Israeli Secret Service? Which hollywood actress married nine times won the 1936 'Miss Hungary' title but had to give it up because she was under 16? Who has managed both England and Australia's national football team? What does a chandler make and/or sell? What is Dennis the Menace's dog called? Who won seven gold medals at the 1974 Olympics? In athletics field events, what weighs sixteen pounds (7.25kg)? Which country is Luxembourg the capital of? In which three Olympic sports do men and women compete together? Which detective shares his name with a chocolate covered ice-cream bar? Which of the world's capital cities stands on the Potomac River? In which film was the song 'Raindrops are falling on my Head' a theme tune? In speedway racing, how many laps of the track does a race consist of? Which out of this world historic event happened on Sunday, July 20, 1969? Which historical event started with the storming of the Winter Palace, St Petersburg in 1917? A Skulk is the collective noun for a group of What? Which river starts in switzerland and runs through Litchenstein, Austria, Germany, France, Netherlands Who played Emma Peel in the Avengers? What colour is calamine lotion? Buster Crabbe, Johnny Weissmuler and Ron Ely have all played which Movie/TV character? Who was known in the Second World War, as ‘The Forces Sweetheart’? Who wrote the lyrics for the stage musicals Evita and Jesus Christ Superstar? The Colorado River flows through which mountain range? How many square miles is the City of London? Which is the only sport you are not allowed to play left-handed? How many consonants are there in the English alphabet? Which vegetable can be oyster, chestnut or shitaki? Which of the 7 dwarfs has the longest name? What boy's name is also a grade of proficiency in judo? What did the crocodile swallow in Peter Pan? What type of creature is a painted lady? How many strings does a Spanish guitar have? In the novel Animal Farm which animals took over the farm? Who was the 'Maid of Orleans'? How many chambers has the heart? Steamboat Willy introduced which famous character to the silver screen in 1928? Louis Armstrong Princess Margaret Torvill & Dean Brazil Grandmother Teddy and Looby Loo Mossad Zsa Zsa Gabor Terry Venables Candles Gnasher Mark Spitz Shot Putt Luxembourg Yachting, shooting, equestrianism Magnum (P.I.) Washington DC Butch Cassidy and the Sundance kid 4 Neil Armstrong walked on the moon. The Russian Revolution. Foxes Rhine Diana Rigg Pink Tarzan Vera Lynn Tim Rice The Rockies One. Polo 21 Mushrooms Bashful, Dopey, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Doc Dan An alarm clock. Butterfly 6 Pigs Joan of Arc 4 Mickey Mouse In which country are Saab cars manufactured? What is the official bird of Britain? What is the currency of Turkey? What do you call an eight sided figure? In which US city is the Sears tower? Whose first Secret Diary was written when he was 13 3/4? What is the name of the cat that chases Tweetie Pie? Who is the only non-league side (now a London Premiership team) to win the FA Cup? What were the little people in the Wizard of Oz called? Who is the Greek God of the sea? What is the main ingredient of risotto? Which major sporting event began on 17 June 1994 at Soldier Field, Chicago? In which English city was the boxer Prince Naseem Hamed born? How many fences are there in the Grand National? Which London landmark was named after Sir Benjamin Hall? Ring of Bright Water' is a book about which creatures? What is Del Boys local called in only fools and horses? What was the name of Thor Heyerdahl's balsa wood raft on which he crossed the Pacific in 1947 covering 6920km, hoping to prove that Native South Americans could have migrated to the Pacific islands? Released in 1997 What is the Top selling UK single of all time an adaptation of the original to commmemorate a famous British icon? Who was Passepartout's travel companion? In which year did Queen Elizabeth the second of England come to the throne? What nationality was the explorer Christopher Columbus? In which country is the Masai Mara game reserve? What was the name of the family in the Sound of Music? What goods were for sale from the Dublin street vendor, Molly Malone? Which weather phenomenon translates from the Spanish for 'little boy'? What's the name of the dog in the Tom and Jerry cartoons? Name Gladys Knights backing group? In London, the Cambridge, the Lyric and the Adelphi are all what? What sport was the subject of the film 'National Velvet'? Who is the first female in line to the British throne? In which series did Steve Garrett say 'Book 'em Danno!'? Name the Greenpeace trawler which was sunk in July 1985. What does a cooper make? Which tribe did Geronimo lead? Which fruit is the main ingredient of Spanish gazpacho soup? How many children were in Enids Blytons Famous Five? Which country's team always leads the Olympic opening procession? Which country's team is always last at the Olympic opening procession? What is the one place in all of Great Britain that the Queen cannot visit? Sweden Robin Lira Octagon Chicago Adrian Mole Sylvester Tottenham Hotspur. They were elected to the lea Munchkins Poseidon. Rice Football World Cup Sheffield 32 (2 circuits of 16) Big Ben Otters The Nags Head KonTiki. Candle in the wind Phileas Fogg 1952 Italian Kenya Von Trapp Cockles and mussels El Nino Spike The Pips Theaters Horse racing Princess Beatrice Hawaii Five-O Rainbow Warrior Barrels The Apache Tomato 4 (1 dog) Greece The Host Nation House of Commons The Yeomen of the Guard are known by what other name? Which is the odd wine out? Sherry, Retsina, Champagne, Port or Bordeaux In sport what can be a maximum of 38 inches long & 4 inches wide? Name 3 of the five James Bond films that have titles of only one word? What is the name of the international agreement that established a code for the treatment of prisoners of war? What was the name of Bruce Wayne’s butler? Who managed the first English side to win the European Cup? What is the national bird of New Zealand? What is the maximum number of men allowed in a tug-of-war team? Which country did boxer Lennox Lewis represent at the Olympics? Which film studio had a lion as its symbol? In which city was John F Kennedy assassinated? Which football team did Alf Garnett support? Which American Athlete said, 'That business with Hitler didn't bother me, I didn't go there to shake hands with him anyway'? What type of transport did Steve McQueen use to escape in the film 'The Great Escape'? Who had a hit with "The Fastest Milkman in the West"? In which country was the Battle of El Alamain fought? Where did Tony Bennett leave his heart? Q: How many degrees are there in a circle? Q: Near which European Capital city is Orly airport? Q: What is the name of the butler in the Addams family? Q: In 1929, who ordered the infamous St Valentines Day Massacre Q: What do vertebrates have that invertebrates do not? Q: In movies what was Marrion Morrison’s stage name? Q: What was Beethoven's first name? Q: Which sport are Dick Francis' novels about? Q: What is a young kangaroo called? Q: Name the ranch where the Cartwright's lived in Bonanza. Q: Name the geological fault that runs the length of California? Q: Who rolled down the hill last, Jack or Jill? Q: Which ex sportsman links the films Swordfish, Gone In 60 Seconds and Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels? Q: Who led the "Dirty Dozen" in the film of the same name? Q: Which soap pub sells Newton and Ridley? Q: What is a period of play in polo called? Q: Who was the last Briton to win a men's singles title at Wimbledon? Q: What is mined at Kimberley, Australia ? Q: Which American President did John Hinckley Junior shoot? Q: Which English Pop Star played Ned Kelly in the 1970 film of the same name? Q: Which soccer team did Ian Botham play for? Q: Macaroni, Gentoo, Chinstrap and Emperor are types of which sea creature? Q: In a modern 3 pin electrical plug, what is the colour of the live or positive wire? Beefeaters Retsina (describes the flavour) All the others des Cricket bat Goldfinger, Goldeneye, Moonraker, Octopussy, T Geneva convention Alfred Matt Busby The kiwi Eight Canada MGM Dallas West Ham Jesse Owens (after Hitler refused to shake his ha Motorbike Benny Hill Egypt San Francisco A: 360 A: Paris A: Lurch A: Al Capone A: A backbone A: John Wayne A: Ludwig A: Horse racing A: Joey A: Ponderosa A: San andreas fault A: Jill A: Vinnie Jones A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Lee Marvin Rovers' Return Chukka Fred Perry Gold Ronald Reagan Mick Jagger Scunthorpe United Penguins Brown Q: Who was Queen of England for only 9 days before she was beheaded? Q: How many square inches are there in a square foot? Q: Which famous sports person married his fiancé Elin Nordegren in Barbados in October 2004? Q: Which musical is the name of a US state? Q: Who recorded the 70's disco song "You're My First, My last, My Everything"? Q: What is the official residence of the French President? Q: Who was the first Black soccer captain for England? Q: In the cartoon, who is Andy Capp’s wife? Q: In which 70's series did you see the characters Reagan & Carter? Q: How many strings has a Ukulele? Q: WhIch female tennis player won a 'Golden Slam' in 1988 by winning the singles titles at the Australian, French, Wimbledon and United states tennis championships and the Olympic games? Q: What nationality is the violinist, Yehudi Menuhin? Q: What 3 colours are the national flag of Belgium? Q: Which politician, born in Tredegar, Monmouthshire, in 1942 was leader of the British Labour Party from 1983 to 1992? Q: What currency is used in Japan? Q: How is the Aurora Australis better known? Q: In May 1984, Alan Pettigrew of Loch Lomond gained the world record from throwing what item with a distance of 55.11 metres? Q:Willie John McBride is a name associated with which sport? Q:In the nursery rhyme, who were the Three Men in a Tub? Q: Who did Mark Chapman kill in New York? Q: The picture of which American President appears on the 1 dollar bill? Q: In the phonetic alphabet, what word represents the letter Z ? Q: What three flavours make up a neopolitan ice cream? Q: Which brown bear befriended Mowgli? Q: What colour lenses are required to view a "3-D" film? Q: What number is opposite a one on a dice? Q: In which sport would you have an Eskimo roll? Q: How many sides has a dodecagon? Q: On which Island is Wall Street? Q: In which novel does Fagin appear? Q: The spray WD-40 is often used to help cars start, and free locks – what does the WD stand for? Q: What is the name of the medical oath taken by doctors? Q: Who was Liza Minnelli's mother? Q: Which golden land or city was believed by the Spanish conquistadores to exist in the Amazon? Q: What two colours is a Piebald Horse? Q: What number does the Roman numeral D stand for? Q:What orbital body last appeared in our skies in 1986? Q: How many colours are there in the rainbow? Q: Which extremely popular TV and movie series was originally created by Gene Roddenberry? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Lady Jane Grey 144 Tiger Woods Oklahoma Barry White Elysée Palace Paul Ince Flo The Sweeny 4 Steffi Graff A: American A: Black, Yellow and Red A: Neil Kinnock A: Yen A: The southern lights A: A haggis A:Rugby Union A: Butcher, Baker, Candlestick Maker A: John Lennon A: Goerge Washington A: Zulu A: Vanilla, chocolate, stawberry A: Baloo A: Red & Green A: Six A: Canoeing A: 12 A: Manhattan A: Oliver Twist A: Water Dispersant A: Hippocratic oath A: Judy Garland A: El Dorado A: Black and White A: 500 A:Haley's comet A: Seven A: Star trek Q: What is a female deer called? Q: Which Agatha Christie fictional detective lives in St Mary Mead? Q: Who's fist number one uk hit in 1962 was "From me to you"? Q: The initials TC stand for which cartoon character? Q: Tawny, Ruby & Vintage are 3 styles of which Drink? Q: What is the correct name for a coffin made from stone? Q: Who was the first footballer to captain three FA Cup winning teams at Wembley? Q: What is the collective noun for a group of owls? Q: From which country does Grolsch lager originate? Q: What did the Tin Man ask the Wizard of Oz for? Q: What’s the highest civilian award for heroism in Britain? Q: Admiralty Arch is at one end of the Mall in London, what is at the other end Q: What is the official diameter of the centre circle on a soccer pitch? Q: To which document did King John set his seal to at Runnymede in 1215? Q:Sheffield United won the Football League Cup 1991, Manchester United won it in 1992, But which sponsers had the cup named after them in these years? Q: What is the famous five-word catchphrase of American boxing MC Michael Buffer? Q: What is the name of the dog in the Magic Roundabout? Q: In which Dickens novel is the character Bill Sykes? Q: Who was comic strip Melchester Rovers most famous player? Q: Which house furnishing is associated with the town of Kidderminster? Q: Which baseball fielding position is behind home plate? Q: Who won an Oscar for Best Actress for the film Sophie’s Choice? Q: Which is the shortest circuit in Formula 1 Q: There are only 4 gemstones that can be called precious – the rest are semi-precious, what are the 4? Q: What word is used for the letter 'O' in the phonetic alphabet? Q: What is the nearest English city to Dublin, Eire? Q: What name is given to the document given out by a political party before an election, setting out its policies? Q: To get a break of 147 in snooker, how many balls would you have to pot? Q: During World War Two What were Little Boy and Fat Man? Q: What is another name for ground almond paste? Q: In the Bible, what battle will take place at the end of the world? Q: What unit of measure is usually used to describe sounds? Q: Which piece of kitchen equipment contains a magnetron? Q: What colour is the cross on the Swedish Flag? Q: Which two numbers used in conjunction mean ‘Message Understood’? Q: Whose official residence is Lambeth Palace in London? Q: What is the name of the line that cuts a circle in half? Q: Before its independence Bangladesh was part of which Asian Country? Q: What links the football world cup winners of 1930, 1934, 1966, 1974, 1978 and 1998? Uruguay, Italy, England, West Germany, Argentina and France. Q: Where in London is Traitor’s Gate? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Doe Miss Marple Beatles Top cat Port Sarcophagus Bryan Robson A parliament Netherlands A heart George cross Buckingham palace 20 yards (18.3 metres) Magna Carta A:Rumbelows A: Let's get ready to rumble A: Dougal A: Oliver Twist A: Roy Race A: Carpets A: Catcher A: Meryl Streep A: Monaco A: Diamond, Emerald, Ruby and Sapphire A: Oscar A: Liverpool A: Manifesto A: 36 A: The 2 Atomic Bombs dropped on Japan A: Marzipan A: Armageddon A: Decibel A: Microwave oven A: Yellow A: 10/4 A: Archbishop of Canterbury A: Diameter A: Pakistan A: They were all host nations A: Tower of london Q: In which sport (exact name) would you play for the william Ellis Trophy? Q: What is the highest pitched woodwind instrument? Q: What is the name of the captain in "Are you being served" Q:Does a Staligmite hang down from a ceiling of a cave or rise up from the floor? Q: What do you get if you mix potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulphur? Q: The first Successful Heart Transplant was performed in Cape Town, South Africa in which decade? Q: What was the name of the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers set sail in 1620? Q: Which British car manufacturer produced the Avenger and Minx? Q: What movie launched Buzz Lightyear on the world? Q: Which entertainer was nicknamed Satchmo? Q: Which famous landmark was built on the 13th August 1961 and came down on 9th November 1989? Q: In the Bible who were the parents of Cain & Abel? Q: In which film does a nun, on the run from the Nazis, and accompanied by a group of children, sing at the Salzburg Festival? Q: Which food item has a museum dedicted to it's history and is located in Pontedassio, Italy? Q: ibiya's flag is the only flag in the world which consists of a single solid color. Which Colour? Q: Which part of a man’s body enlarges by up to 8 times when he sees an attractive female? Q: Which British monarch was persuaded by Prime Minister Disraeli to take the title 'Empress Of India' ? Q: What is the highest score draw ever recorded in the Football League? Q: Who did Lyndon johnson succeed as President of the United States in 1963 after his assassination? Q: What is the name of the ferocious fish, shaped like a torpedo which is found in warm seas and is closely related to the sea-perch? Q: In Tennis Pam Shriver holds the record for the most Ladies doubles trophies who was her partner? Q: From which trees do conkers come? Q: Name the song from these lyrics “These vagabond shoes are longing to stray” Q: Which British TV programme is the World's longest running TV sci-fi series? Q: What's the name of the Swiss wax modeller who made death masks during the French Revolution and died in 1850. Q: Which U.S City is the home of the Motown Record Company? Q: What is a shoemaker's model of the human foot called? Q: A mahout is a person who works with and rides what? Q: What was the maiden name of Diana, Princess of Wales? Q: In Children's cartoons, who does Sylvester chase? Q: Mr and Mrs Smith have 6 daughters, each daughter has one brother, how many people are in the family? Q: In bingo calls, what number is "trombones"? Q: What is the longest race in men's athletics? Q: Which country was invaded by Iraq in 1990? Q: In which month is VE Day? Q: Who was Anne Hathaway married to? Q: Which of the following is the odd one out: Ming, Royal Doulton, Chippendale, and Wedgwood? Q: Which cocktail consists of Tia Maria, Vodka and Coke? Q: What movement did Lord Baden Powell found? Q: Where in the body is the Scapula? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Rugby Union Piccolo Peacock Rises from the floor (staligtite hangs down) Gunpowder 60's (Dec 3rd 1967) The mayflower Hillman Toy Story Louis Armstrong The Berlin wall Adam and Eve A: The sound of music A: The historical museum of spaghetti A: Green A: The pupil of his eye A: Queen Victoria A: 6 - 6 (Charlton v Middlesborough 22 Oct 1960 A:John F Kennedy A: Barracuda A:Martina Navaratilova A: Horse Chestnut A: New York, New York by Frank Sinatra A: Dr. Who A: Madame Tussaud A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Detroit A Last Elephants Spencer Tweetie Pie Nine. 6 daughters plus ONE brother plus Mr a 76 50 Kilometre Walk Kuwait May (8th May 1945) William Shakespeare Chippendale (It's furniture). The rest are pott Black Russian Boy scouts Shoulder blade Q: How many straight lines are there on a football pitch? Q: In polite circles what drink is always passed to the left? Q: What is the name of Sydney ’s famous beach? Q: According to the title of the Hans Christian Anderson story who had new clothes? Q: In which country is the huge game reserve the Masai Mara? Q: Which country does Sambuca originate from? Q: Who was the first Merseybeat group to have a UK number one single? Q: What Age followed the Bronze Age? Q: Who were: Peter Tork, Mike Nesmith, Micky Dolenz, and Davy Jones collectively known as? Q: What is the common name for nitrous oxide? Q: What does a cartographer do? Q: Which cartoon character came from Mexico and was the fastest mouse in the world? Q: How many numbers are there on a traditional bingo card? Q: In the human body, what is the patella better known as? Q: What is a 'half-hunter'? Q: In which TV series did the brothers Hoss, Adam and Little Joe appear? Q: Brian Deane scored the first ever Premiership goal for which team? Q: How many consecutive questions would you have had to get right to become a millionaire on the TV show? Q: Which French phrase means ' road closed at one end'? Q: How many laps are there in a normal speedway race - 3, 4 or 5? Q: Who was god of the sea in Greek Mythology? Q: Which tennis player was stabbed while playing against Steffi Graf in Hamburg in 1993? Q: Who cut off the tails of the three blind mice? Q: Which famous movie star was Mr Universe between 1978 and 1980? Q: What word links a group of whales with a group of peas? Q: What were the gangs called in West Side Story? Q: What’s the title of the person who gives the results of elections in Britain? Q: Which parts of your body are said metaphorically to burn when someone is talking about you? Q: True or false…electric eels actually produce electricity? Q: Vespa and Lambretta are famous manufacturers of what? Q: Arsenal did it 2003/4, Preston did it in 1888/89. What did both clubs do? Q: Two main London railway stations have the word “Cross” in their names. Name both. Q: What was the name of Sir Clive Sinclair's electric tricycle, launched in 1985? Q: Which Gladiator led a Revolt against Rome in 73 BC? Q: In which city were the 2008 Olympics be held? Q: What is the name of Yogi Bear’s best friend? Q: Who was the last British Prime Minister not to have a wife? Q: What name is given to the Spanish drink that consists of sweetened red wine and lemonade or soda water and decorated with fruit? Q: Which Sport is played by the Boston Red Sox? Q: What colour is the M on the Mcdonald’s logo? Q: In cricket how many ways can a batsman be dismissed? Q: Which trio topped the Christmas charts in the 60s with the song “Lily The Pink”? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: 17 Port Bondi Beach The Emperor Kenya Italy Gerry & the Pacemakers Iron Age The Monkees Laughing Gas Makes maps Speedy Gonzales Fifteen The kneecap A type of pocket watch Bonanza Sheffield United 15 Cul de sac 4 Poseidon Monica Selles The Farmer’s Wife Arnold Schwarzenegger Pod the Sharks and the Jets Returning Officer Ears True Scooters Go through an entire top flight league season Kings Cross & Charing Cross The C5 Spartacus Beijing Boo Boo Margaret Thatcher Sangria Baseball Yellow 10 The Scaffold Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Which South American country has an Inca name meaning 'Cold Winter'? Who was manager of Manchester United immediately before Sir Alex Ferguson? Who lived at 221B Baker Street? Which working class cartoon character was created by Reg Smythe? In which city would you find the Wailing Wall? In Legend, which bird rose from its own ashes? 'Sing Sing' is located in New York city. What is it? On which day of the week are British elections held? Adam West and Burt Ward played which characters in a tv series? Why are some soccer teams in England allowed triangular corner flags while others are not? In which city did gangster Al Capone operate? Who was the first person pictured on a British postage stamp? Which famous race takes place annually between Putney and Mortlake? In the 1984 Olympics, who did Zola Budd accidentally trip up? Which war’s 1st Land Battle was at Goose Green? In children's literature, complete the title of the story by CS Lewis, 'The lion, the Witch and the what? How many strings are there on a Cello? Who was the italian WWII leader who was executed and then exhibited by his own people? In which city is the San Siro stadium? How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have, 23 ,46 or 92? Long haul air travellers are in danger of developing which condition commonly known as DVT? The Jazz singer staring Al Jolson was the first hollywood movie using what? What are the surnames of the Three Tenors? What are dried plums called? Why was Louise Brown famous in 1978? According to the nursery rhyme how many blackbirds were baked in a pie? What is the capital of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia and also a town in Northern England? Which bowler has taken more test wickets than any other? Tenerife is part of which island group? 'Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks into mine' - What movie is that line from? How many hurdles are there in 110m? In Roald Dahl’s children’s book BFG, what does BFG stand for? Which American family live at 742 Evergreen Terrace? Which of Disney's 7 dwarfs' is last alphabetically? In which sport do women compete for the Federation Cup? What sort of creature is a Chester White? What is the usual main meat ingredient of Shish Kebab? What is the capital of Jamaica? In the Order of the British Empire what does the 'C' stand for in CBE? If you were riding on an AMTRAC in the USA on what would you be riding? Who was the first footballer to be knighted? What nationality was George Bernard Shaw? In which 1988 film would you find a villain called Hans Gruber? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Chile Ron Atkinson Sherlock Holmes Andy Capp Jerusalem The Phoenix NY State Prison Thursday Batman and Robin If they have won the F. A. Cup they are allow Chicago Queen Victoria The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race Mary Decker Falklands Wardrobe 4 Mussolini Milan 23 Deep vein thrombosis the first feature-length talking motion picture Pavarotti, Carraras, Domingo Prunes She was the first test-tube baby Four and twenty or 24. Halifax Muttiah Muralitharan (Sri Lanka). He took his Canary Islands Casablanca 10 Big Friendly Giant The Simpsons Sneezy Tennis Pig Lamb Kingston Commander Train. USA national train line Sir Stanley Mathews Irish Die Hard Q: What was the name of the queen mother's London home? Q: What fruit did Little Jack Horner pull out of his pie? Q: What was Michelangelo's first name? Q: In 'Star Trek', what colour is Mr. Spock's blood? Q: Where in the body would you find the cochlea and the stirrup? Q: Where would wear a bicorn? Q: What is the longest river in the UK? Q: From which American state does the drink Jack Daniels come? Q: Leeds United’s football strip changed from blue and gold (to all white) in 1961 after manager Don Revie wanted to model them on which team? Q: What colour is the centre scoring zone on an archery target? Q: Hermit, spider and blue are all types of which creature? Q: In the rhyme What eventually killed the old lady who swallowed a fly? Q: In bingo what number is snakes alive? Q: Put these people in order of rank, highest 1st, Jack Jones, George Mainwaring and Arthur Wilson. From dad’s army of course. Q: What is the collective name for a group of Camels? Q: Which of the Apollo space missions was the first to land on the moon? Q: In which classic film did Sylvester Stallone act as goalkeeper, while Michael Caine and footballing legend Pele, were also on the pitch? Q: What do you call the underground systems in both Paris and Newcastle? Q: Michael Bond wrote about which famous animal in a series of books for children? Q: How many balls are on the table at the start of a Snooker game? Q: What was introduced by Barclays Bank for the 1st Time on June 17th 1967? Q: Which sportsman was nicknamed 'Pistol Pete'? Q: The Rock, is the nickname of which US federal prison that opened in 1934? Q: Mark Knopfler, David Knopfler, John Illsley and Pick Withers are all members of which Band? Q: What is the name of the Flintstones’ daughter? Q: Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote about which jungle character? Q: What is traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday? Q: What do the British call what Americans call a faucet? Q: What is the world's longest river? Q: A nicker was slang for which British pre-decimal currency unit? Q: Which anniversary is celebrated upon 25 years of marriage? Q: How many hulls does a catamaran have? Q: What type of protective equipment was issued to all the people in Britain in 1939? Q: Who had 'the face that launched a thousand ships'? Q: Who replaced Pierce Brosnan as James Bond? Q: What was the name of the Uncle named after a european country in 'The Wombles'? Q: In folklore a Werewolf can only be killed by what? Q: What nationality is tennis player Michael Chang? Q: What breed of dog advertises Dulux Paint' on TV? Q: The Patron Saint of lovers St Valentine came from which European Country? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Clarence house Plum Michelangelo Green Ear On your head. A crescent shaped hat as worn Severn Tennessee Real Madrid Gold Crab There was an old lady who swallowed a horse 55 A: 1. Captain George Mainwaring 2. Sergeant Ar A: Train A: Appollo 11 A: Escape To Victory A: Metro A: Paddington Bear A: 22 A: First Cash Dispenser (ATM) A: Pete Sampras A: Alcatraz A: Dire Straits. A: Pebbles A:Tarzan A: Pancakes A: tap A: The Nile A: A pound A: Silver A: 2 A: A gass mask. A: Helen of Troy A: Daniel Craig A: Uncle Bulgaria A: Silver Bullets. A: American A: Old English sheepdog A: Rome/Italy Q: Which horror movie actor's real name was William Pratt? Q: What was the show girl’s name in Barry Manilow's hit Copa cabaña? Q: How do the snakes known as Boas kill their prey? Q:Peter Sellers, Michael Bentine, Spike Milligan and Harry Secombe were collectively known as Who? Q: Which musical featured the song 'Climb Every Mountain'? Q: What colour is traditionally associated with envy? Q: What do you do with a futon? Q: Which brewery stands at Saint James’ Gate Dublin in 1759? Q: In an opera when is the overture played? Q: In who's footsteps did Buzz Aldrin follow in to become the second man to do this? Q: Which silent screen comedy actor in his autobiography said 'All I need to make a comedy is a park, a policeman and a pretty girl'? Q: Which Prime Minister immediately preceded Margaret Thatcher? Q: What is the national flower of Wales? Which legendary Rock Concert began on August 15, 1969 on Max Yasgur's dairy farm? Which comic/movie character used to live in Smallville? What is a male bee called? Which planet shares its name with a type of carnivorous plant? Who was Julie Andrew playing when she sang 'A spoon full of sugar helps the medicine go down'? Which marooned character did Daniel DeFore write about? What kind of cheese is made backwards? How many centimetres make a kilometre? Which metal is added to Gold to make White Gold? Which ex Premier league manager was European Footballer of the Year in 1978 and 1979? True or False a Lettuce is a member of the Daisy Family. Errol Brown was the lead singer of which 1970's pop band? At which venue is the Scottish Cup Final traditionally played? Vienna is the capital of which country? How many players are there in a water polo team? In which game do you draw part of a gallows for every wrong answer? Which ex-President declared 'I am not a crook'? What is the national airline of Ireland? What is Frigophobia the fear of? Olfactory relates to which of the senses? Who was the most famous blonde in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes? Lindsay Wagner played which female superhero? What animal lives in an Eyrie? Who solves the crime in 'Death on the Nile'? Which ‘rodent’ first appeared on desk tops in January 1983? Who wrote the Savoy operas? In the United States what is the difference between cider and hard cider? What is the Culinary term for ‘According to the menu’? What is the largest fruit crop on earth? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Boris Karlov Lola Crush or squeeze The Goons The Sound of Music Green Sleep on it. It’s a bed Guinness The Beginning Neil Armstrong, walked on the moon A: Charlie Chaplin A: James Callaghan A: Daffodil Woodstock Clark Kent (Superman). A drone. Venus (flytrap) Mary Poppins Daniel Defoe. Edam 100 000 Silver Kevin Keegan TRUE Hot Chocolate Hampden Park Austria 7 Hangman Richard Nixon Aer Lingus Cold Smell Marilyn Monroe. Bionic Woman Eagle Hercule Poirot Mouse Gilbert and Sullivan Cider is non alcoholic. A La carte Grapes, followed by bananas. What was the name of Lady Penelope's Chauffeur? Which Japanese sport involves fencing with bamboo swords? A Beluga is a type of which sea creature? What is the name given to the thin veil worn by Moslem women in public? The Rio Grande separates which 2 countries? Gothenburg is the chief seaport of which country? Which Footballer scored a record 6 International Hat Tricks for England? What is the first name of Dr. Frankenstein? Which is the largest planet in the solar system? What sort of family pet is a Flemish giant? What did the British government do on the roads in order to reduce accidents in 1925? In which 20th-century decade was Barbie's boyfriend Ken first made? Roe fallow and sika are all kinds of which animal? What sits on a dolly in a television studio? What according to Scott McKenzie did you wear in your hair in San Francisco? Richard Starkey is the real name of which famous musician? In what year was the first episode of Doctor Who broadcast? 1959, 1963or 1967? Fenchurch Street, Liverpool Street, Kings Cross,... what completes this set? Captain Jack Sparrow was played by Johnny Depp in which series of movie? Jonathan Swift wrote about which Giant Traveller? Steve McQueen, Charles Bronson, James Coburn, Clint Eastwood,Robert Vaughn.Name the odd one out? Only Fools & Horses, 1991, Derek & Raquel What was the name of their baby? Georges Pompidou was President of which European Country from 1959 to 1969? What colour is the bullseye on a standard dartboard? According to the old proverb all roads lead to which capital city? What colour is Sonic the Hedgehog? The Owl and the Pussycat sailed off in which coloured Boat? Who is the all-time best-selling fiction writer in the world, whose 78 crime novels have sold an estimated 2 billion copies? In the 1990 film 'The Hunt For Red October', who or what is Red October? How many numbered compartments are there on a roulette wheel? Who is missing, Porthos, Athos and D'Artagnan? Which sweets advertising tune was "Made to make your mouth water" ? Who was the original presenter of TV's University Challenge? In which country is Acapulco? By what name did the Empire Stadium become known? Who was known as the Maid of Orleans? How did Judith Keppel make television history in November 2000? Peter Simple, Jack Horner and Ben Nevis have all won which famous sporting event? Bandleader Edward Ellington was known by what nickname? In Peter Pan, what is the name of Captain Hook`s ship? In Which part of the body is the Thyroid Gland ? Which animals young is called a joey? Parker Kendo Whale Yashmak USA and Mexico Sweden Jimmy Greaves Victor Jupiter Rabbit Paint white lines. 60s. Deer A camera Flowers Ringo Starr 1963 Marylebone (thay are stations on a Monopoly bo Pirates of the Carribean Gulliver Clint Eastwood was not in The Magnificent Seven Damien France Red Rome Blue PEA GREEN Agatha Christie Submarine 37 (0 to 36) Aramis Opal fruits Bamber Gascoigne Mexico Wembley Joan of Arc She won a million on 'Who Wants To Be A Million The Grand National Duke The Jolly Roger The Neck Kangaroo In which decade did the Great Train Robbery take place? What was introduced into the English football league in 1981 rewarding winning teams? By what name was the serial killer Albert DeSalvo, who killed 13 women between 1962 and 1964, better known? What type of food is gazpacho? What nationality was Pablo Picasso? Morticia and Gomez are the parents of which TV family? What astral event takes place every 76 years? Which current member of the Royal Family qualified as a motor mechanic during World War 2? Which football team did Alf Garnett support? In which American city was the TV show 'Cheers' set? The ancient city of Troy is in which modern country? After which American President was the teddy bear named? Which player won the Wimbledon women's singles most times in the 1980s? What word goes before glove, hound and trot to make 3 new words? What sort of food is a rollmop? In Britain what must a location have to qualify for being a city? After how many points do players change service in table tennis? Why was the muppet show banned in Saudi Arabia? Named after a Premiership football team what is the name of Bill Clinton's daughter? On how many stone tablets were the Ten Commandments engraved? Which Britishactress played Alexis Carrington in 'Dynasty'? In which TV show did Bill and Ben appear? If you have 'mal de mer' what are you suffering from? What name is given to a baby elephant? Where is the New York Stock Exchange? In which sport might you see a Chinaman and a Maiden? In the USA what does the I stand for in CIA? In which country is La Stampa a national newspaper? The House of Keys ceremony is held nightly at which London landmark? Eric Morley founded Which Competition in 1951? Where in your body is your “fibula”? Which Pink bird turns its head upside down to eat? Which island was discovered on Christmas day? An Indian Mahout rides on what type of animal? How many legs has a tarantula? Mary’s father has got four daughters, the first is called Ann, the second is called Anna and the third is called Annie, what is the fourth daughter called? In the Movie "The Sound of Music" how many children were in the Von Trapp Family? Which now seperated american singing duo was originally known as Tom and Jerry? What distance is 1760 yds or 1609.347 meters long? In Japanese, what does the english translation "Devine Wind" mean? Which two colours appear on the flag of Denmark? Who played Lurcio in 'Up Pompeii'? 1960's - 1963 year either side the 3 points system The Boston Strangler Soup - served Cold Spanish Addams family Haley's Comet The Queen West Ham Boston Turkey Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt Martina Navratilova Fox Fish (It’s an uncooked pickled herring fillet) A cathedral (although Roman Catholic cathedrals 5 Because one of it's stars is a pig Chelsea Two Joan Collins The flowerpot men (and 2 point 4 children) Sea sickness Calf Wall street Cricket Intelligence Italy The tower of london Miss World Leg The flamingo Cristmas island Elephant Eight Mary 7 Simon and Garfunkle Mile Kamakazie Red and white Frankie Howerd What was the name of the Hunchback of Notre Dame? What type of instrument is a Tympani? In a French hotel, which letter would indicate the cold water tap? What bodily function can exceed speeds of 200mph? What is the highest rank available in the British Army? Who played the title role in the film Spartacus? Who resigned as leader of the Conservatives in 1990? The song ‘If I were a rich man’ comes from which musical? What did the American settlers caller British troops during the War of Independence in reference to the colour of their uniforms? In which country is the Hockenheim F1 Grand Prix circuit? Which organisation has the motto Fidelity, Bravery and Integrity? Which female singer sang with Meatloaf on the hit record ‘Dead Ringer for Love’? Under which Parisian monument is the French tomb of the Unknown Soldier? Which mountain range runs through Columbia, Peru, Venezuela and Argentina? How many rings are there in the Olympic games symbol? Which nation has won the Eurovision Song Contest more than any other? What is the most common gas in the air we breathe? The theme tune to which TV show starts with the line "Stick a pony in me pocket"? Which soap opera is set in the fictional county of Borsetshire? Who did Sue Barker replace as host of the BBC quiz show "A Question Of Sport"? Which "Generation Game" presenter was famous for his catchphrase "Shut That Door"? "No Mean City" by Maggie Bell is the theme tune to which long running Scottish TV detective show? Anthony, Barbara, Dave, Denise, Jim and Norma make up which famous family on British TV? What was the Titanic’s first port of call after it left Southampton? Which mountain overshadows Fort William in scotland ? How many pieces are there in a standard set of dominoes? Oscar is the first name of which of the famous songwriting duo Rogers and Hammerstein? On 11th February 1990, which famous person was released from Victor-Verster prison? Which Eastenders actor has played the policeman Nick Rowan on TV? Which patron saint's day is observed on November 30th? What is a more common name for the Aurora Borealis? If you were eating escargots in a French restaurant what would you be eating? From which American state does the drink Jack Daniels come? In which American city was John Lennon shot? In which book does a blind beggar, David Pew, appear? In which British city would you find Arthur's Seat? Lord Justice Taylor led the enquiry into which sporting disaster? Which sweet was "Made to make your mouth water" ? Mary Nichols and Anne Chapman were two of the six victims of who? Agneta, Bjorn, Benna, Anna-Freda are collectively known as Who ? Which "Doctor" was arrested in 1910 on board the SS Montrose for the murder of his wife and is regarded as the first criminal to be arrested with the help of radio comunication? Quazimodo Drum F Sneeze Field Marshall Kirk Douglas Margaret Thatcher Fiddler on the roof Redcoats Germany The FBI Cher Arc de triomph Andes 5 Ireland Nitrogen Only Fools And Horses The Archers David Coleman Larry Grayson Taggart The Royle Family Cherbourg Ben Nevis 28 Hammerstein Nelson Mandela Nick Berry (in "Heartbeat") St Andrew's The Northern Lights Snails Tennessee New York City (Treasure Island) Edinburgh 1989 Hillsborough Disaster Opal fruits Jack The Ripper Abba Dr. Crippen During which TV game show were the contestants invited by Dale Winton to go "wild in the aisles"? At the age of 42, which Cameroon player became the oldest ever to play in the World Cup Finals? In which year did the Channel Tunnel open 1992, 1994, 1996/ What is the name given to the tail of a fox? Why was professional footballer Maribel Dominguez forbidden by FIFA to play for Mexican side Celaya, having signed in 2009? Who sang the million record selling song "I Walk The Line"? What is name of the official national anthem of the USA.? In what profession would you use the acronym "SOCO"? Which weather phenomenon translates from the Spanish for 'little boy'? Which N. African seaport's name is Spanish for white house and the name of a classic movie? With which sport would you most associate the commentator Ted Lowe? What is the speed of sound at sea level called? In the drink, what are the components of a Screwdriver? What is the official language of Brazil? In Bram Stoker's book Dracula Where idid Dracula come ashore in England? What license cost 37 pence when it was abolished in 1988? Lending her name to a famous sports brand, who was the Greek Goddess of Victory? Which race begins at Putney and ends at Mortlake? In which county is Keswick ? In which year was the Falklands War? (Year either side) Which character did Johnny Brigg's play in Coronation Street? How many people take part in the dance of a quadrille? What does a Milliner make? Which British city has the most canals ? A Goldfish kept in a dark room will eventually turn white, True or False? The 'Green Jacket' is presented to the winner of which sporting event? Which is the only vowel on a standard keyboard that is not on the top line of letters? What letter is given to a car number plate when the age or identity of the vehicle is unknown or if it may have been built from parts? Who famously said "you'll never win anything with kids," in 1995? In what sport do players take long and short corners? Which famous 50's 60's TV cook had the first names Phyliss Fanny ? Where would you find a Plimsole Line? Richard Madeley was the first man seen on which TV channel? Which Superhero lived in the town of smallville Who fronted the band ‘Culture Club’? What does a bad workman always blame? For which country did Gavin Hastings play Rugby Union? Is Sweden a Kingdom or a Republic? Loriners and farriers take care of which type of animals? Which religious army is headed by General John Gowans? Which musician was known as ‘Satchmo’? Supermarket Sweep Roger Milla 1994 Brush She was a woman Johnny Cash Star Spangled Banner Police Work Scene of Crime Officers EL NINO CASABLANCA Snooker Mach I Vodka and orange juice Portugese Whitby Dog Licence Nike Oxford - Cambridge Boat Race Cumbria 1982 Mike Baldwin Eight Hats Birmingham TRUE US MASTERS A Q Alan Hanson Hockey Craddock On a Ship Channel 4 Superman Boy George His Tools Scotland Kingdom Horses The Salvation Army Louis Armstrong What is the London Orbital Motorway better known as? What meat is used in Cock-a-Leekie soup? In medicine what do the initials E N T mean? What world famous fizzy drink did Dr John S. Pemberton concoct in his backyard in 1886? Where are the Scottish Crown jewels held? M25 Chicken Ear, Nose & Throat Coco Cola Edinburgh Castle
| Owen Hargreaves |
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Chemically pure gold contains how many carats? What is the tallest and thickest type of grass? What was the surname of the family who employed Julie Andrews' character in 'The Sound Of Music'? Which nation has won the Eurovision Song Contest more than any other? What is the most common gas in the air we breathe? Which three different actors played Batman in the movies between 1989 and 1997? What colour is Bart's skateboard in the introduction? The theme tune to which TV show starts with the line "Stick a pony in me pocket"? Which soap opera is set in the fictional county of Borsetshire? Who did Sue Barker replace as host of the BBC quiz show "A Question Of Sport"? Which "Generation Game" presenter was famous for his catchphrase "Shut That Door"? "No Mean City" by Maggie Bell is the theme tune to which long running Scottish TV detective show? Anthony, Barbara, Dave, Denise, Jim and Norma make up which famous family on British TV? Which part did Deforest Kelley play in the TV series Star Trek? True or False In space it is impossible to cry? Famous sitcom actor Kelsey Grammar provides the voice for for a character in which famous cartoon TV Series The largest ever picnic for a childs toy was held in Dublin in 1995 where 33,573 of the toys were there . What was the toy ? Which American state comes first alphabetically? In Greek legend, what is the name given to the creature that is half man and half bull? Which country has the airline KLM? The sinking of which famous German battleship was portrayed in the title of a 1960 film? What organisation is also known as "La Cosa Nostra"? What was the Titanic’s first port of call after it left Southampton? Which mountain overshadows Fort William in scotland ? What was the name of the 1995 film starring Sandra Bullock as a computer expert whose identity is erased? A penguin called Wheezy was a character in which film ? Who played Vince in the 1980s TV series "Just Good Friends"? In which 1994 film did Whoopi Goldberg provide the voice of a hyena called Shenzi? What is the only venomous snake in Britain? How many pieces are there in a standard set of dominoes? James Earl Ray was responsible for who's death in 1968? In which city in England is the National Railway Museum? In the music world, which group sacked Simon Fuller in 1997? Which Roman God is one of the symbols of St Valentine's Day? What was the challanging method of catching a fly asked of Daniel in the film "The Karate Kid"? Actor Richard Kiel is best known for playing which character in two bond films ? Which is the odd one out, Comet, Dixon, Cupid, Vixen? Which planet in the solar system is named after the Roman messenger to the Gods? What product did Coke invented in 1982? Which Japanese word, also used in the English language, means "empty orchestra"? On which date does Halloween fall? Oscar is the first name of which of the famous songwriting duo Rogers and Hammerstein? 24 Bamboo Von Trappe Ireland Nitrogen Michael Keaton, Val Kilmer and George Clooney Green Only Fools And Horses The Archers David Coleman Larry Grayson Taggart The Royle Family Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy True (there is no gravity, so tears cannot flow) The Simpsons Teddy Bear Alabama Minotaur The Netherlands The Bismark The Mafia Cherbourg Ben Nevis The Net Toy Story 2 Paul Nicholas "The Lion King" The Adder 28 Martin Luther King's York Manager of the Spice Girls Cupid Using chopsticks to do it Jaws (in two James Bond films) Dixon - the others are Santa's reindeer Mercury Diet Coke Karaoke October 31st Hammerstein On 11th February 1990, which famous person was released from Victor-Verster prison? What are the names of Donald Duck's three nephews? In which 1993 film does a boy called Jonah write to a woman called Annie, asking her to meet his father at the Empire State building on St. Valentine's Day? What was unique aboutAlfred Hitchcock's movie "Rope"? Born Stanley Burrell in 1963, who had a top ten hit in 1990 called "U Can't touch This"? What colour is Sonic the Hedgehog? What is the colour of the flag of Libya, which is the only national flag consisting of only one colour? In which city did gangster Al Capone operate? Which Superhero comic character appeared in 1938 for the first time? Which pop star played Adrian Mole's mother on TV? On arriving in New York, which writer famously said... "I have nothing to declare but my genius"? With which game would you use a "squidger", a circular disc between 25mm and 51 mm? What was Muhammed Ali's name before he changed it? How many scottish football league teams names end in United? Which Bee Gee died while undergoing emergency surgery in January 2003? What is the Latin name for the constellation that is commonly known as the Great Bear? Who played Hutch in the TV series 'Starsky and Hutch'? Which of "The Simpsons" can play the saxophone? By what name is Cherilyn Sakasian La Pierre better known? Which Eastenders actor has played the policeman Nick Rowan on TV? Which patron saint's day is observed on November 30th? Which "Pop Idol" had a number one hit in 2004 called "All This Time"? From which country does the drink Pernod originate? What is the alcoholic ingredient of Irish coffee? Which TV comedy character had the saying "This time, next year, we'll be millionaires" (character)? What is a more common name for the Aurora Borealis? In which year did Wimpey open the first burger restaurant in Britain? (5 Years either way) Which drink is advertised on TV with the slogan ‘Come out to play’? What mythical creature has the head and wings of an eagle and the body of a lion? What song marked the chart debut of singer Cyndi Lauper? Which detective from New Mexico who rode a horse in the opening sequences had a boss called Chief Peter B Clifford? the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo sparked the start of which war ? Who plays thief Neil McCauley in the 1995 film "Heat"? Which University in the UK has the largest number of students? With which Christmas film would you associate the character of Jack Skellington? Who commanded the Scottish army at the Battle Of Bannockburn? In April 1980, what was the name of first British TV series to feature a female police detective starring Jill Gascoine as the leading character? Which 1996 film was based on a novel by Jane Austen and featured Gwyneth Paltrow in the leading role? What is the most common street name in Britain? On which BBC TV show did the plasticine character Morph first appear? Nelson Mandela Huey, Dewey and Louie "Sleepless In Seattle" first colour movie M.C. Hammer Blue Green Chicago 193Superman Lulu Oscar Wilde Tiddlywinks Cassius Clay 3 (Dundee United, Ayr United and Airdrie United Maurice Gibb Ursa Major David Soul Lisa Cher Nick Berry (in "Heartbeat") St Andrew's Michelle McManus France Whiskey Derek Trotter The Northern Lights 1954 Archers Griffin Girls Just Wanna Have Fun Deputy Marshall Sam McCloud World War I Robert De Niro The Open University The Nightmare Before Christmas Robert The Bruce The Gentle Touch Emma High Street Take Hart Which Doctor did the author Hugh Lofting write about in a series of children's books? Which animal's name means river horse? If you were eating escargots in a French restaurant what would you be eating? From which American state does the drink Jack Daniels come? Which England international footballer started his footballing career at Canadian club Calgary Foothills FC? What is the most frequently sung song in the language of English? What are the surnames of the Three Tenors? In which European country is Dalmatia, from where the Dalmation dog gets its name? For what event in history is baker Thomas Farynor known? Which Scottish football team is an anagram of "Normal Kick"? Who scored 185 goals for Arsenal a club record until it was beaten by Theirry Henry? What is the capital of Canada? Who is the all-time best-selling fiction writer in the world, whose 78 crime novels have sold an estimated 2 billion copies? From which country does the drink Stella Artois originate? Which 1974 sequel starring Marlon Brando won six Oscars? What is the only country which is crossed by both the equator and the tropic of capricorn? In the novel "20,000 Leagues Under The Sea" what was the name of the captain of the submarine "Nautilus"? Which fruit is distilled to make Calvados? Which male singer sang the opening line of the original Band Aid single "Do They Know It's Christmas"? In what year did the first Eurovision Song Contest take place? Which footballer won the Golden Boot for scoring the most goals at 1986 World Cup Finals? What is the largest of the West Indian islands? In the novel "20,000 Leagues Under The Sea" what was the name of the captain of the submarine "Nautilus"? In which famous book would you come across a Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster? Pirate Edward Teach was better known by what nickname? Where in the body would you find the hallux? What is the lightest weight category in boxing? What was Madonna's first UK number one? "Buenos dias" is a greeting in which language? What is Britain's largest lake? Which famous character was created by Michael Bond in a series of books for children? Which toy had the sales slogan "Real tough toys for real tough boys" Actress who played the heroine in Casablanca? Czechoslovakia became the first country in 1969 to make the wearing of what compulsory? Who was the first unseeded player to win the Wimbledon Mens Singles title? What was introduced into the English football league in 1981 rewarding winning teams? What number on the Beaufort scale represents a hurricane? In which year were three points for a win introduced into the English football league? Desmond Llewelyn play which character in 17 Bond Filmsof ? Which film did Elvis Presley play the character of Lucky Jackson in, and had a title which was also a hit single for Elvis? What two letters are worth the most in a game of Scrabble? Doctor Doolittle Hippopotamous Snails Tennessee Owen Hargreaves Happy Birthday To You Pavarotti, Carraras, Domingo Croatia The Great Fire Of London Kilmarnock Ian Wright Ottawa Agatha Christie Belgium "The Godfather: Part 2" Brazil Captain Nemo Apples (Apple Brandy) Paul Young's 1956 Gary Lineker Cuba Captain Nemo The Hitch-Hikers Guide To The Galaxy Blackbeard On your foot (it's your big toe) Light Flyweight "Into The Groove" Spanish Loch Lomond Paddington Bear Tonka Ingrid Bergman Seat Belts Boris Becker the 3 points system 12 1981 Q Viva Las Vegas "Q" and "Z" (both worth 10 points) Who created havoc in 1938, when his radio broadcast of "The War Of The Worlds" was believed to be true? What is the world's most southerly capital? Which of the Teletubbies is the smallest? Who played Ororo Munroe, a.k.a. Storm, in the 2000 film X-Men? How are twin sisters Monica and Gabriela Irimia better known in the music world? Alfred Nobel, the man after whom the Nobel Prizes are named, was originally well known for inventing what? Which famous ship was damaged by fire in May 2007 while undergoing restoration at Greenwich in London? What type of animal lives in a sett? With which comic would you associate Beryl the Peril and Korky the Cat? Which london landmark was sold in 1962 to an American entrepreneur, and moved to Arizona? What product has the slogan "Tell 'em about the honey, Mummy" ? An emerald is normally what colour? What is the name given to a group of witches? Which country's national symbol is a Lotus flower? By what stage name did William Claude Dukenfield achieve fame? During which TV game show were the contestants invited to go "wild in the aisles"? In the 1994 film "The Flintstones", which legendary actress played Fred Flintstone's mother-in-law? In September 2003, Fathers 4 Justice campaigner Jason Hatch caused an embarrassing security breach at Buckingham Palace dressed as who? What is the largest planet in our Solar System? Which famous footballer left Tottenham in 1992 to join Japanese side Grampus Eight? What distance is covered in one circuit of a modern outdoor running track? How many players are there in a hockey team? Issac Hayes provides the voice of Chef in which animated TV comedy series ? Which movie features a space ship called the Nostromo? What country had the Roman name Hibernia? Who appeared on the world's first postage stamp, the Penny Black? In which country was Marie Curie born? Poland, Austria or Switzerland? What is Homer's local bar called? International Nurses Day is held on May 12, the anniversary of the birth of which famous nurse? What 1984 film starred Bill Murray, Dan Aykroyd and Sigourney Weaver? On a standard dart board, what is the lowest number that cannot be scored with a single dart? Who had a top ten hit with “I Love Rock ‘N’ Roll" in April 1982? Which three sports make up the triathlon? Which 1973 hit single includes the lyrics "and the man in the back said everyone attack"? What was the name of author A. A. Milne's son, the name of whom he used in his "Winnie The Pooh" books? Which gift is traditionally given on a 15th wedding anniversary? China, Crystal or Tin? Which "P" is the correct technical term for the art of making and displaying fireworks? Which British city has more miles of canal than Venice? What was the name of Captain Nemo’s submarine? Which TV family live at 742 Evergreen Terrace? Who received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Song from the film “Live and Let Die”? Orson Welles Wellington Po Halle Berry The Cheeky Girls Dynamite The Cutty Sark Badger The Dandy London Bridge Sugar Puffs Green A coven India W. C. Fields Supermarket Sweep Elizabeth Taylor Batman Jupiter Gary Lineker 400 metres 11 South Park Alien Ireland Queen Victoria Poland Florence Nightingale "Ghostbusters" 23 Joan Jett & The Blackhearts Running, Cycling and Swimming "Ballroom Blitz" (by Sweet) Christopher Robin Crystal Pyrotechnics Birmingham Nautlius The Simpsons Paul McCartney What nickname was given to the 7th Armoured Division in 1940? "It's Hebrew, it's from the Talmud. It says, Whoever saves one life, saves the world entire." from which book and movie did this appear? Robbie Lewis was the sidekick to which Detective Chief Inspector? What are the main four blood groups? Which cricketer captained England's Ashes winning team of 2005? What nationality was Christopher Columbus? Based on characters from Greek mythology, the 1963 film "Jason And The Argonauts" is centred around a quest to find what? What is the largest lake in the Lake District? How many bottles of champagne are there in a magnum? Who was the first snooker player to score a maximum 147 break in World Championship snooker? In 1978, which country became the first to receive "nul points" overall, with their entry "Mil Etter Mil"? If the cheetah is the fastest thing on four legs, what is the fastest on two legs? The book "The Satanic Verses" by Salman Rushdie caused controversy after it was claimed it was blasphemous against which religion? Who wrote the musical "We Will Rock You" in collaboration with Queen members Brian May and Roger Taylor? Which two boxers were involved in the "Rumble In The Jungle" world title fight in 1974? The burning of what substance produces most of the world's electricity? What name is given to a male swan? In which film did Roger Moore first play James Bond? The binary system of numbers uses which two numerical digits? How did Judith Keppel make television history in November 2000? What was the first city in the Southern hemisphere to host the Olympic Games? Which shop did Anita Roddick open in Brighton in 1976, leading to a highly successful chain of stores now trading in over 40 countries worldwide? What number in Bingo is sometimes referred to as "Heinz varieties"? What are the three primary colours of light? How many verses make up the national anthem "God Save The Queen"? Which actress wore a animal-skin bikini for a famous publicity shot for the 1966 film "One Million Years B.C."? goalkeeper Rene Higuita's who cleared a shot against England, when he dived under the ball and back-heeled it while airborne. What was his nationality ? What sign of the zodiac would you be if you were born on St. Valentine's Day? Who, in 1984, won the BBC Sports Personality Of The Year Award, the only time it has been awarded to two people? Which historical figure is reputed to have laid his cloak over a muddy puddle so that Queen Elizabeth I would not get her feet dirty? What colour is the cross on the flag of Switzerland? In which Formula One team did Damon Hill replace Nigel Mansell? Which actor did Jennifer Anniston marry in July 2000? In the film "Home Alone", to which country do Kevin's family fly to for Christmas, leaving him behind? Who bought Chelsea football club for £1 in 1982? The Desert Rats Schindler's List Inspector Morse A, B, AB and O Michael Vaughn Italian The Golden Fleece Lake Windemere 2 Cliff Thornburn Norway The ostrich Islam Ben Elton Muhammad Ali and George Foreman Coal Cob Live And Let Die 1 and 0 She won a million on 'Who Wants To Be A Million Melbourne The Body Shop 57 Red, Blue and Green Three Raquel Welch Columbia Aquarius Torvill and Dean Sir Walter Raleigh White Williams Brad Pitt France Ken Bates Which "Doctor" was arrested in 1910 on board the SS Montrose for the murder of his wife and is regarded as the first criminal to be arrested with the help of radio comunication? Who was the first snooker player to score a maximum 147 break in World Championship snooker? Which American athlete won 4 gold medals at the 1984 Olympic games? Who was Britain's first million pound footballer? At the age of 42, which Cameroon player became the oldest ever to play in the World Cup Finals? Who ended Bjorn Borg's reign of five consecutive Wimbledon titles, when he beat him in the final in 1981? Which famous sportsman lit the torch at the opening ceremony of the 1996 Olympic Games? In the 1984 Olympics, who did Zola Budd accidentally trip up? Which footballing duo sang "Diamond Lights" in 1987? What is the national sport of Japan? After the 1994/95 Premiership season, which Tottenham Hotspur player became the first foreigner to win the footballer of the year award? Which famous race takes place annually between Putney and Mortlake? How long is an Olympic sized swimming pool? Which sport, of Celtic origin, uses a ball called a sliotar? How many premiership league football teams have names which start and end with the same letter? Who won 94 singles titles, including the US Open, French Open and Australian Open titles in the 1980s, but never won at Wimbledon? With which sport would you associate Greg Le Mond? How many players in total get down in a normal rugby union scrum? The winner of which sporting event is awarded the "Venus Rose Water Dish"? Playing for Leeds United in August 1992, who became the first player to score a hat-trick in the Premiership? How many kilometres long is the "walk" - the longest race in men's athletics? What did the English international football team do in October 1961 and in November 1981, but never in between? How many players are there in a Rugby League team? Who won the gold medal for Britain at the 100 metres breaststroke in 1980? Which three footballers won the BBC Sports Personality Of The Year Award in the 20th century? Steve Davis reached every final of the Snooker World Championship between 1983 and 1989, but who were the two players who beat him? What is the final event in a decathlon? In 1976, which gymnast scored 7 maximum scores of 10 as she won three gold medals, one silver and one bronze? What colour is the centre scoring zone on an archery target? Chukkas are periods of play in which sport? In the Olympic Games, what five sports make up the modern pentathlon? Brian Deane scored the first ever Premiership goal for which team? Chukkas are periods of play in which sport? How many hurdles must a runner jump over in the 110m men’s hurdles race? How many times are a team allowed to touch a volleyball before it crosses the net? Which European football club is nicknamed "La Vicchia Signora", which translates as "the old lady"? At which distance did Sally Gunnell win her gold medal for hurdling at the 1992 Olympics? Dr. Crippen Cliff Thornburn Carl Lewis Trevor Francis Roger Milla John McEnroe Muhammed Ali Mary Decker Chris Waddle and Glenn Hoddle Sumo Wrestling Jurgen Klinsmann The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race 50 metres Hurling 2 - Aston Villa, Liverpool, Ivan Lendl Cycling 16 Ladies Singles at Wimbledon Eric Cantona 50 Qualified for the world cup finals 13 Duncan Goodhew Bobby Moore, Paul Gasgoine and Michael Owen Dennis Taylor and Joe Johnson 1500 metres Nadia Comaneci Gold Polo Running, Fencing, Swimming, Horse Riding and Sheffield United Middlesex 10 3 Juventus 400 metres In what year did Steve Redgrave win his first gold medal at the Olympics? Charlotte Edwards led England`s women to World Cup glory in which sport in March 2009? How many players make up an Australian rules football team? What is the maximum number of horses allowed to run in the Grand National? What is the most common street name in Britain? 617 squadron where better known as what in reference to their mission in world war 2 Which Doctor did the author Hugh Lofting write about in a series of children's books? Which animal's name means river horse? If you were eating escargots in a French restaurant what would you be eating? From which American state does the drink Jack Daniels come? Which England international footballer started his footballing career at Canadian club Calgary Foothills FC? What is the most frequently sung song in the language of English? What are the surnames of the Three Tenors? In which European country is Dalmatia, from where the Dalmation dog gets its name? For what event in history is baker Thomas Farynor known? What was the name of the Brighton hotel bombed by the IRA in 1984 Who scored 185 goals for Arsenal a club record until it was beaten by Theirry Henry? What is the capital of Canada? Who is the all-time best-selling fiction writer in the world, whose 78 crime novels have sold an estimated 2 billion copies? From which country does the drink Stella Artois originate? Where is the Ceremony Of The Keys held each evening? What is the only country which is crossed by both the equator and the tropic of capricorn? In the novel "20,000 Leagues Under The Sea" what was the name of the captain of the submarine "Nautilus"? Which fruit is distilled to make Calvados? Which male singer sang the opening line of the original Band Aid single "Do They Know It's Christmas"? In what year did the first Eurovision Song Contest take place? Which footballer won the Golden Boot for scoring the most goals at 1986 World Cup Finals? What is the largest of the West Indian islands? In the novel "20,000 Leagues Under The Sea" what was the name of the captain of the submarine "Nautilus"? How many english counties start with the letter "N" Pirate Edward Teach was better known by what nickname? Where in the body would you find the hallux? What is the lightest weight category in boxing? Which Prime Minister introduced the National Lottery to Britain? "Buenos dias" is a greeting in which language? What is Britain's largest lake? Which famous character was created by Michael Bond in a series of books for children? Which toy had the sales slogan "Real tough toys for real tough boys" Which current member of the Royal Family qualified as a motor mechanic during World War 2? Czechoslovakia became the first country in 1969 to make the wearing of what compulsory? Who was the first unseeded player to win the Wimbledon Mens Singles title? 1984 Cricket 18 40 High Street Dam Busters Doctor Doolittle Hippopotamous Snails Tennessee Owen Hargreaves Happy Birthday To You Pavarotti, Carraras, Domingo Croatia The Great Fire Of London The Grand Ian Wright Ottawa Agatha Christie Belgium Tower Of London Brazil Captain Nemo Apples (Apple Brandy) Paul Young's 1956 Gary Lineker Cuba Captain Nemo 5 - Norfolk, Northumberland, North Yorkshire, N Nottinghamshire Blackbeard On your foot (it's your big toe) Light Flyweight John Major (1994) Spanish Loch Lomond Paddington Bear Tonka The Queen Seat Belts Boris Becker What was introduced into the English football league in 1981 rewarding winning teams? What number on the Beaufort scale represents a hurricane? Which is the only English Football League Club with five letter “R’s” in its name? In centimetres, how high is a table tennis table? Desmond Llewelyn play which character in 17 Bond Filmsof ? Which film did Elvis Presley play the character of Lucky Jackson in, and had a title which was also a hit single for Elvis? What two letters are worth the most in a game of Scrabble? Who created havoc in 1938, when his radio broadcast of "The War Of The Worlds" was believed to be true? What is the world's most southerly capital? Which of the Teletubbies is the smallest? Who played Ororo Munroe, a.k.a. Storm, in the 2000 film X-Men? How are twin sisters Monica and Gabriela Irimia better known in the music world? Alfred Nobel, the man after whom the Nobel Prizes are named, was originally well known for inventing what? Which famous ship was damaged by fire in May 2007 while undergoing restoration at Greenwich in London? What type of animal lives in a sett? With which comic would you associate Beryl the Peril and Korky the Cat? Which london landmark was sold in 1962 to an American entrepreneur, and moved to Arizona? What product has the slogan "Tell 'em about the honey, Mummy" ? An emerald is normally what colour? What is the name given to a group of witches? Which country's national symbol is a Lotus flower? By what stage name did William Claude Dukenfield achieve fame? During which TV game show were the contestants invited to go "wild in the aisles"? In the 1994 film "The Flintstones", which legendary actress played Fred Flintstone's mother-in-law? In September 2003, Fathers 4 Justice campaigner Jason Hatch caused an embarrassing security breach at Buckingham Palace dressed as who? What is the largest planet in our Solar System? Which famous footballer left Tottenham in 1992 to join Japanese side Grampus Eight? What distance is covered in one circuit of a modern outdoor running track? How many players are there in a hockey team? Issac Hayes provides the voice of Chef in which animated TV comedy series ? Which movie features a space ship called the Nostromo? What country had the Roman name Hibernia? Who appeared on the world's first postage stamp, the Penny Black? In which country was Marie Curie born? Poland, Austria or Switzerland? On which BBC TV show did the plasticine character Morph first appear? International Nurses Day is held on May 12, the anniversary of the birth of which famous nurse? What 1984 film starred Bill Murray, Dan Aykroyd and Sigourney Weaver? On a standard dart board, what is the lowest number that cannot be scored with a single dart? Who had a top ten hit with “I Love Rock ‘N’ Roll" in April 1982? Which three sports make up the triathlon? Which 1973 hit single includes the lyrics "and the man in the back said everyone attack"? the 3 points system 12 Kidderminster Harriers 76 Q Viva Las Vegas "Q" and "Z" (both worth 10 points) Orson Welles Wellington Po Halle Berry The Cheeky Girls Dynamite The Cutty Sark Badger The Dandy London Bridge Sugar Puffs Green A coven India W. C. Fields Supermarket Sweep Elizabeth Taylor Batman Jupiter Gary Lineker 400 metres 11 South Park Alien Ireland Queen Victoria Poland Take Hart Florence Nightingale "Ghostbusters" 23 Joan Jett & The Blackhearts Running, Cycling and Swimming "Ballroom Blitz" (by Sweet) What was the name of author A. A. Milne's son, the name of whom he used in his "Winnie The Pooh" books? Which gift is traditionally given on a 15th wedding anniversary? China, Crystal or Tin? Which "P" is the correct technical term for the art of making and displaying fireworks? Desmond Llewelyn play which character in 17 Bond Filmsof ? Which film did Elvis Presley play the character of Lucky Jackson in, and had a title which was also a hit single for Elvis? What two letters are worth the most in a game of Scrabble? Who created havoc in 1938, when his radio broadcast of "The War Of The Worlds" was believed to be true? What is the world's most southerly capital? Which of the Teletubbies is the smallest? Who played Ororo Munroe, a.k.a. Storm, in the 2000 film X-Men? How are twin sisters Monica and Gabriela Irimia better known in the music world? Alfred Nobel, the man after whom the Nobel Prizes are named, was originally well known for inventing what? Which famous ship was damaged by fire in May 2007 while undergoing restoration at Greenwich in London? What type of animal lives in a sett? With which comic would you associate Beryl the Peril and Korky the Cat? Which london landmark was sold in 1962 to an American entrepreneur, and moved to Arizona? What product has the slogan "Tell 'em about the honey, Mummy" ? An emerald is normally what colour? What is the name given to a group of witches? Which country's national symbol is a Lotus flower? By what stage name did William Claude Dukenfield achieve fame? During which TV game show were the contestants invited to go "wild in the aisles"? In the 1994 film "The Flintstones", which legendary actress played Fred Flintstone's mother-in-law? In September 2003, Fathers 4 Justice campaigner Jason Hatch caused an embarrassing security breach at Buckingham Palace dressed as who? What is the largest planet in our Solar System? Which famous footballer left Tottenham in 1992 to join Japanese side Grampus Eight? What distance is covered in one circuit of a modern outdoor running track? How many players are there in a hockey team? Issac Hayes provides the voice of Chef in which animated TV comedy series ? Which movie features a space ship called the Nostromo? What country had the Roman name Hibernia? Who appeared on the world's first postage stamp, the Penny Black? In which country was Marie Curie born? Poland, Austria or Switzerland? On which BBC TV show did the plasticine character Morph first appear? International Nurses Day is held on May 12, the anniversary of the birth of which famous nurse? What 1984 film starred Bill Murray, Dan Aykroyd and Sigourney Weaver? On a standard dart board, what is the lowest number that cannot be scored with a single dart? Who had a top ten hit with “I Love Rock ‘N’ Roll" in April 1982? Which three sports make up the triathlon? Which 1973 hit single includes the lyrics "and the man in the back said everyone attack"? What was the name of author A. A. Milne's son, the name of whom he used in his "Winnie The Pooh" books? Christopher Robin Crystal Pyrotechnics Q Viva Las Vegas "Q" and "Z" (both worth 10 points) Orson Welles Wellington Po Halle Berry The Cheeky Girls Dynamite The Cutty Sark Badger The Dandy London Bridge Sugar Puffs Green A coven India W. C. Fields Supermarket Sweep Elizabeth Taylor Batman Jupiter Gary Lineker 400 metres 11 South Park Alien Ireland Queen Victoria Poland Take Hart Florence Nightingale "Ghostbusters" 23 Joan Jett & The Blackhearts Running, Cycling and Swimming "Ballroom Blitz" (by Sweet) Christopher Robin Which gift is traditionally given on a 15th wedding anniversary? China, Crystal or Tin? Which "P" is the correct technical term for the art of making and displaying fireworks? Which bird is known worldwide as the symbol of wisdom? The film and book ‘Ring of Bright Water’ told the story of which kind of creature? In which town is Fawlty Towers set? Who is the father of Fifi Trixibelle, Peaches and Pixie? Which company was founded in Southampton during 1969 by David Quale and Richard Block? Which British ladies tennis player won the French Open in 1976? What is the highest mountain in Africa? In which country is Auschwitz concentration camp? From which country did the Soviet Union withdraw in 1988 ending a 10-year war? Which motorcar shares its name with a Spanish born painter and sculptor? Which Islands did Captain Cook name The Friendly Islands? Chartwell in Kent was the home of which former Prime Minister? Who was the Greek Gladiator who raised an army of his fellow slaves in a revolt against Roman rule in 73 BC and was latter crucified? The main square in Venice is named after which saint? In which month is the Notting Hill Carnival held? Who was the first soccer player to score 100 league goals in the Premier League? With which classic song did Bruce Willis have a UK No.2 hit in 1987? On which Apollo mission did Armstrong and Aldrin land on the moon? Which three people presented the Generation Game before Jim Davidson? In which county is the seaside town of Westward Ho!? Name the 3 female suspects in a game of Cluedo? At the age of 42, which Cameroon player became the oldest ever to play in the World Cup Finals? At which resort did Billy Butlin establish his first holiday camp? True or False: St. Patrick was born in Ireland? What colour is the centre scoring zone on an archery target? Which footballing duo sang "Diamond Lights" in 1987? Who had a number one hit in 1974 called "Billy Don't Be A Hero"? The loganberry is a cross between which 2 fruits? Which ship carried the Pilgrim Fathers to America? If you were celebrating your China Wedding Aniversary how many years would it be? In the cartoon strip What is Andy Capps wife called In which ocean is 'Easter Island' Mount Olympus is the largest mountain in which country Whose real name is Annie Mae Bullock Which Brighton hotel was bombed during the Conservative Party Conference in 1984? In which country did Victoria Beckham marry David Beckham? What do they call Barney Rubble’s son in The Flintstones? Name the Biblical father of Shem, Ham and Napeth? What bird lays the smallest eggs? Which TV Sports presenter was associated with the catch phrase “Up and Under”? Crystal Pyrotechnics The Owl Otter Torquay Bob Geldof (B & Q) (Sue Barker) (Mt Kilimanjaro) Poland (Afghanistan) (The Citroen Xsara Picasso) (Tonga) (Winston Churchill) (Sparticus) (St. Mark) (August) (Alan Shearer) (Under The Boardwalk) (Apollo 11) (Bruce Forsyth, Larry Grayson & Roy Castle) (Devon) Miss Scarlet / Mrs. Peacock / Mrs. White Roger Milla (Skegness) False (he was born in Wales) Gold Chris Waddle and Glenn Hoddle Paper Lace Raspberry and blackberry The Mayflower 20 Years Flo South Pacific Ocean Greece Tina Turner The Grand Luttrellstown Castle, Republic of Ireland Bam Bam Noah Hummingbird Eddie Waring Which confectionary currently has the slogan “The Lighter way to enjoy chocolate”? In which northern city was Eddie Stobbart’s haulage founded? Which film saw Sylvester Stallone, Pele, Bobby Moore and Michael Caine playing as football team mates? In 1983, breakfast television came to Britain. Francis Wilson was the regular presenter on BBC’s’ Breakfast Time’, now to be found on Sky News Which feature did he present? The Worlds largest Mobile Phone maker, Nokia, is based In which country? Which Birmingham born comedian was born Robert Davies? Who pleaded for a Royal Pardon in 1977, saying that he had done nothing wrong since 1965? The 1993 movie Free Willy was centred around what type of animal? What is sake made from? What does a somnambulist do? According the the Bible how many of each type of animal did Moses take on the Ark? How many dots are there in total on a pair of Dice The Savoy Grill, the Boxwood Café at the Berkeley Hotel and Maze are all restaurants owned by which famous chef? According to the old proverb all roads lead to which capital city? February is the shortest month in the year, but which is the longest? Who did Bill Clinton famously admit to having an affair with during his time as President of the USA? Who discovered penicillin on Valentine's Day in 1929? Who founded the Metropolitan Police Force in 1829? Who is the only actor to appear in The Magnificent Seven and The Dirty Dozen? Who in the House of Lords sits on the ‘Woolsack”? The ‘Bonneville’ Motorbike is made by whom? Which drink was advertised as "The Cream of Manchester" Out of all the animals which make up the Chinese horoscope, which comes first alphabetically? Playing for Leeds United in August 1992, who became the first player to score a hat-trick in the Premiership? Maximus Decimus Meridius was the main character in which film? Nairobi is the capital of which African country? International Nursing Day was chosen as May 12th as it is the anniversary of the birth of which famous person from history? In which hand does the Statue Of Liberty hold a torch? Left or Right? In which city is the famous Spanish Riding School? In which British city was Guy Fawkes born and Dick Turpin killed? In what year did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbour? In the 1984 Olympics, who did Zola Budd accidentally trip up? In nature, what does a dendrologist study? In 1989, which ship hit a reef in Prince William Sound in Alaska, causing a major oil spill? Which TV Personality has the cash phrase "Chase me" According to the nursery rhyme, what type of food would Jack Sprat not eat? By what name was the serial killer Albert DeSalvo, who killed 13 women between 1962 and 1964, better known? Death`s-head, large yellow underwing, tiger, and peppered are all types of which creature? Frascati, Chianti and Lambrusco are all wines from which country? How did Judith Keppel make television history in November 2000? Maltesers Carlisle Escape to Victory Weather Finland Jasper CARROTT (Ronald Biggs) Killer Whale (Orca). Rice Sleepwalk None (Noah did) 42 Gordon Ramsey Rome October, because the clocks go back so it lasts 3 Monica Lewinsky Sir Alexander Fleming Robert Peel Charles Bronson (The Lord Chancellor) Triumph Boddingtons Dog Eric Cantona "Gladiator" Kenya Florence Nightingale Right (Vienna) York 1941 Mary Decker Trees Exxon Valdez Duncan Norvelle Fat The Boston Strangler Moth (Italy) She won a million on 'Who Wants To Be A Million Which singer got his name from the Black and Yellow striped top he often wore? Hermit, spider and blue are all types of which creature? How is the character, Geraldine Granger better known in a BBC TV comedy series? How is the gas Nitrous Oxide better known? How many babies did Janet Walton give birth to in November, 1983? How many bottles of champagne are there in a magnum? Who was suspended in a Plexiglas above Potters Field in London for 44 Days in 2003 ? From which country does the dish paella originate? How many yards wide is a soccer goal? Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu who founded the Missionary of Charity in Calcutta is better known as who? In 1985, Manchester United player Kevin Moran became the first player to do what in an FA Cup final? Jerry Hall bared all at the Gielgud Theatre replacing Kathleen Turner in the role of Mrs Robinson in which play ? In football, who was Liverpool's captain when they first won the European cup final in 1977? In George Orwell's "Animal Farm" what type of animal was "Napoleon"? In the 1990 film 'The Hunt For Red October', who or what is Red October? In the series of children's "Noddy" books, what is the name of the policeman? Which highwayman was hanged in 1739? In which American city was John Lennon shot? In which book does a blind beggar, David Pew, appear? In which British city would you find Arthur's Seat? Which French Museum is the most visited in the world ? In which chain of holiday camps are staff known as Bluecoats? In which children's TV show could you have seen the character of Windy Miller? In which city would you find O'Hare International Airport? Which world famous department store is in the Knightsbridge area of London ? In which English county is the Lake District? In which film did Roger Moore first play James Bond? Which well known momument can be found at Acra, India ? Joe Dimaggio asked for a fresh rose to be placed on her grave, every week, forever. Whose grave? King Edward, Jersey Royal and Maris Piper are different varieties of what type of food? Kingston is the capital city of which island in the West Indies? Lanzarote and Tenerife are part of which group of islands? Lord Justice Taylor led the enquiry into which sporting disaster? Which sweet was "Made to make your mouth water" ? Mary Nichols and Anne Chapman were two of the six victims of who? Agneta, Bjorn, Benna, Anna-Freda are collectively known as Who ? Which is the Odd, Obne Out - Oboe, Trumpet, Flute, Clarinet? On which British island would you find the Great Wheel of Laxey? Originally made in a drugstore in Waco, Texas and still enjoyed today, what is America's oldest soft drink? Peter Simple, Jack Horner and Ben Nevis have all won which famous sporting event? Which singer got his name from the Black and Yellow striped top he often wore? Hermit, spider and blue are all types of which creature? How is the character, Geraldine Granger better known in a BBC TV comedy series? Sting Crab (The Vicar of Dibley) Laughing gas 6 2 David Blaine Spain 8 Mother Theresa Get sent off The Graduate Emlyn Hughes A pig Submarine Mr. Plod (PC) Dick Turpin New York City (Treasure Island) Edinburgh The Louvre (Pontins) Camberwick Green Chicago Harrods Cumbria Live And Let Die Tag Mahal Marilyn Monroe Potato Jamaica Canary Islands 1989 Hillsborough Disaster Opal fruits Jack The Ripper Abba Trumpet - the others are woodwind instruments. (Isle of Mann) Dr. Pepper The Grand National Sting Crab (The Vicar of Dibley) How is the gas Nitrous Oxide better known? How many babies did Janet Walton give birth to in November, 1983? How many bottles of champagne are there in a magnum? Who was suspended in a Plexiglas above Potters Field in London for 44 Days in 2003 ? From which country does the dish paella originate? How many yards wide is a soccer goal? Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu who founded the Missionary of Charity in Calcutta is better known as who? In 1985, Manchester United player Kevin Moran became the first player to do what in an FA Cup final? Jerry Hall bared all at the Gielgud Theatre replacing Kathleen Turner in the role of Mrs Robinson in which play ? In football, who was Liverpool's captain when they first won the European cup final in 1977? In George Orwell's "Animal Farm" what type of animal was "Napoleon"? In the 1990 film 'The Hunt For Red October', who or what is Red October? In the series of children's "Noddy" books, what is the name of the policeman? Which highwayman was hanged in 1739? In which American city was John Lennon shot? In which book does a blind beggar, David Pew, appear? In which British city would you find Arthur's Seat? Which French Museum is the most visited in the world ? In which chain of holiday camps are staff known as Bluecoats? In which children's TV show could you have seen the character of Windy Miller? In which city would you find O'Hare International Airport? Which world famous department store is in the Knightsbridge area of London ? In which English county is the Lake District? In which film did Roger Moore first play James Bond? Which well known momument can be found at Acra, India ? Joe Dimaggio asked for a fresh rose to be placed on her grave, every week, forever. Whose grave? King Edward, Jersey Royal and Maris Piper are different varieties of what type of food? Kingston is the capital city of which island in the West Indies? Lanzarote and Tenerife are part of which group of islands? Lord Justice Taylor led the enquiry into which sporting disaster? Which sweet was "Made to make your mouth water" ? Mary Nichols and Anne Chapman were two of the six victims of who? Agneta, Bjorn, Benna, Anna-Freda are collectively known as Who ? Which is the Odd, Obne Out - Oboe, Trumpet, Flute, Clarinet? On which British island would you find the Great Wheel of Laxey? Originally made in a drugstore in Waco, Texas and still enjoyed today, what is America's oldest soft drink? Peter Simple, Jack Horner and Ben Nevis have all won which famous sporting event? A cantaloupe belongs to which family of fruits? How many counties make up Northern Ireland? 4, 6 or 8? For which newspaper does Clark Kent work in Superman? In which city are the headquarters of Interpol? Nicknamed the "Black Panther", who was the top scorer in the 1966 World Cup finals? Polyvinyl chloride is more commonly known as what ? Laughing gas 6 2 David Blaine Spain 8 Mother Theresa Get sent off The Graduate Emlyn Hughes A pig Submarine Mr. Plod (PC) Dick Turpin New York City (Treasure Island) Edinburgh The Louvre (Pontins) Camberwick Green Chicago Harrods Cumbria Live And Let Die Tag Mahal Marilyn Monroe Potato Jamaica Canary Islands 1989 Hillsborough Disaster Opal fruits Jack The Ripper Abba Trumpet - the others are woodwind instruments. (Isle of Mann) Dr. Pepper The Grand National Melon 6. Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londond The Daily Planet Paris Eusebio PVC The De Lorean car is featured in which trilogy of films ? Which organisation has the motto Fidelity, Bravery & Integrity? What is the Hindu classic book on etiquette, home making, marriage and the art of lovemaking called? The BBC Sports Personality of the Year has only once been shared by two people in 1984. Who were they? From which animal does Haggis come? Which American river is 3860 miles long ? What 1968 film features the characters Caractacus Potts and Truly Scrumptious? How many players make up a netball team? Who is the Greek god of the Sea? What is Fred Flintstone's wife called? Which is the largest bird of these two, Swift or Swallow? Tim Robbins played the part of the city banker, Andy Defresne, who was wrongly imprisoned in which film ? Which American city is nicknamed "The Windy City"? What is the more common name for the book called The Modern Prometheus written by Mary Shelley Which Fast Food Chain first started trading in Miami in 1954 What is the capital of Finland? Who has appeared in more Alfred Hitchock films than any one else? What article of clothing is a Homburg? If you had a beard you would not be allowed to compete in the Olympics at what sport? Who played the Bionic Woman? The newspaper tychoon Jan Ludvic Hock is better known as who, who mysteriously died in 1991? How many Nobel Prizes are awarded annually? Which sport takes place in Happy Valley, Hong Kong? Which 5 letters were never used as a prefix on a British car registration plate to, show the age of the vehicle? What are the five flavours you'd find in a packet of Rowntrees pastilles Alaska borders how many other American states? Which pop group had hits with Rubber Bullets & Dreadlock holiday? Which female won a tennis 'Golden Slam' in 1988 by winning the singles titles at the Australian, French, Wimbledon and United States tennis championships and winning a gold medal at the Olympic games? In which country is Auschwitz concentration camp? What was built for the 1889 Universal Exhibition in Paris and remained the World’s tallest structure until New York’s Chrysler Building opened in 1930? Which piece of horse racing equipment was used fir the first time in the UK during the Chesterfield Stakes at Newmarket in 1965? Beefsteak, Brandywine, and Bill’s Heart are all varieties of which edible object? The English actor Tony Booth is the father of which Prime Ministers wife? What does it mean about the taste if a wine is described as "brut"? What is the name of Tony Blair's Daughter? What is the capital of Jamaica? Who Lived at 221B Baker Street? What was first manufactured in 1830 by William Perrins & John Lea? Back to the Future The FBI The Kamasutra Torville & Dean Sheep Mississippi Chitty Chitty Bang Bang 7 Poseidon Wilma Swift The Shawshank Redemption Chicago Frankenstein Burger King Helsinki Alfred Hitchcock A Soft Felt Hat Boxing Lindsay Wagner Robert Maxwell 6 - Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, L Horse racing I, O, Q, U, Z Strawberry, Blackcurrant, Orange, Lemon, Lime. None 10CC Steffi Graf (Poland) The Eiffel Tower Starting Stalls Tomato Tony Blair - wife Cherie It is very dry Kathryn Kingston sherlock holmes Worcester Sauce In which month of the year does the 'American Superbowl' take place? Which Politician/Writer took part in a Play called 'The Accused' in the year 2000? What is the Sunday before Easter called? What star sign would you be if you were born on June 1st? Pete Best & Stuart Sutcliffe played with which band in their early career tours of Germany? Which car manufacturer makes the Micra? What was Picasso's first name ‘Better to die than to be a coward’ is the motto of which famous British Army fighting force made up totally of foreign soldiers? Leghorn, Orpington & Sussex are Breeds of which animal? On which motorway would you find the Dartford Tunnel? Michael Bond created which childrens character from Peru ? In maths what is greater, a yard or a metre? In which country of the UK would you find the Brecon Beacons? What is the world’s largest tea producing nation? In the Bible, who’s wife was turned into a pillar of salt? Rapid Vienna were beaten by which English Football team in the Final of the 1985 European Cup Winners Cup? Which King turned everything he touched to Gold In which American state is Amarillo? In baseball, how many innings does each team have? What connects Anne Frank, Samuel Pepys and Adrian Mole? In a 147 break how many points are scored potting the black? Who’s address is 16, Lancaster Gate? What colour are Harrods’s shopping bags Which gas makes people who breathe it talk with squeaky voices Which English City was named European City of Culture for 2008 Which Cartoon Character has the catchphrase “Tha's all I can stands, and I can't stands no more!" The ex England soccer goalkeeper, David Seaman played his first England international match whilst he was playing with which club? What is the capital of the Isle of Man? What nationality is Jockey Frankie Dettori? In May 1994 The Channel Tunnel was officially opened at which English port? Which county is associated with a breed of bull terrier? What are the first names of the Mom and Dad in The Adams Family? Which cut of beef is found between the rump and the fore rib? What is the world’s most southerly capital? What disease is the BCG vaccine used to combat? Which Queen song was the Christmas number one in the UK in both 1975 and 1991? What is the name of Tony Blair's Daughter? What is the capital of Jamaica? Who Lived at 221B Baker Street? What was first manufactured in 1830 by William Perrins & John Lea? January Jeffrey Archer Palm Sunday Gemini Beatles Nissan Pablo Ghurkas Hens M25 Paddington Bear Metre Wales India Lot’s Everton King Midas Texas Nine They all wrote diaries 112 The Football Association Green Helium Liverpool Popeye Queens Park Rangers Douglas Italian Folkestone Staffordshire (Morticia and Gomez) (Sirloin) (Wellington, New Zealand) (Tuberculosis) "Bohemian Rhapsody" Kathryn Kingston sherlock holmes Worcester Sauce In which month of the year does the 'American Superbowl' take place? Which Politician/Writer took part in a Play called 'The Accused' in the year 2000? What is the Sunday before Easter called? What star sign would you be if you were born on June 1st? Pete Best & Stuart Sutcliffe played with which band in their early career tours of Germany? Which car manufacturer makes the Micra? What was Picasso's first name ‘Better to die than to be a coward’ is the motto of which famous British Army fighting force made up totally of foreign soldiers? Leghorn, Orpington & Sussex are Breeds of which animal? On which motorway would you find the Dartford Tunnel? Michael Bond created which childrens character from Peru ? In maths what is greater, a yard or a metre? In which country of the UK would you find the Brecon Beacons? What is the world’s largest tea producing nation? In the Bible, who’s wife was turned into a pillar of salt? Rapid Vienna were beaten by which English Football team in the Final of the 1985 European Cup Winners Cup? Which King turned everything he touched to Gold In which American state is Amarillo? In baseball, how many innings does each team have? What connects Anne Frank, Samuel Pepys and Adrian Mole? In a 147 break how many points are scored potting the black? Who’s address is 16, Lancaster Gate? What colour are Harrods’s shopping bags Which gas makes people who breathe it talk with squeaky voices Which English City was named European City of Culture for 2008 Which Cartoon Character has the catchphrase “Tha's all I can stands, and I can't stands no more!" The ex England soccer goalkeeper, David Seaman played his first England international match whilst he was playing with which club? What is the capital of the Isle of Man? What nationality is Jockey Frankie Dettori? In May 1994 The Channel Tunnel was officially opened at which English port? Which county is associated with a breed of bull terrier? What are the first names of the Mom and Dad in The Adams Family? Which cut of beef is found between the rump and the fore rib? What is the world’s most southerly capital? What disease is the BCG vaccine used to combat? Which Queen song was the Christmas number one in the UK in both 1975 and 1991? IN THE BOOK WRITTEN BY JONATHAN SWIFT WHO VISITED THE FLYING ISLAND OF LAPUTA ON HIS TRAVELS? WHICH COUNTRY WAS FORMERLY KNOWN AS PERSIA? IN WHICH MUSEUM IS THE MONA LISA KEPT? WHAT IS THE MORE COMMON NAME FOR THE AURORA BOREALIS? January Jeffrey Archer Palm Sunday Gemini Beatles Nissan Pablo Ghurkas Hens M25 Paddington Bear Metre Wales India Lot’s Everton King Midas Texas Nine They all wrote diaries 112 The Football Association Green Helium Liverpool Popeye Queens Park Rangers Douglas Italian Folkestone Staffordshire (Morticia and Gomez) (Sirloin) (Wellington, New Zealand) (Tuberculosis) "Bohemian Rhapsody" GULLIVER IRAN THE LOUVRE THE NORTHERN LIGHTS THE ACTRESS BETTY GRABLE HAD HER WHAT INSURED BY 20TH CENTURY FOX FOR 1 MILLION DOLLARS? HOW MANY ROUNDS ARE THERE IN AN OLYMPIC BOXING MATCH? THE WINCHESTER WAS THE NAME OF THE PUB IN WHICH COMEDY TV SERIES? THE TASMIN SEA LIES BETWEEN WHICH TWO COUNTRIES? HOW MANY WINGS DOES A BEE HAVE? CHARLOTTE EDWARDS LED THE ENGLISH WOMAN'S TEAM TO WORLD CUP GLORY IN 2009. IN WHICH SPORT? TYNWALD IS THE NAME OF THE PARLIAMENT OF WHICH ISLAND? BY WHAT NAME IS SODIUM CHLORIDE BETTER KNOWN? WHICH BIRD LAYS THE BIGGEST EGG IN THE WORLD? IF A BRITISH OWNED AREOPLANE CRASHES ON THE BORDER BETWEEN GERMANY AND POLAND IN WHICH COUNTRY WOULD THE SURVIVORS BE BURIED? IF A SOW IS A FEMALE PIG, WHAT IS A MALE PIG KNOWN AS? WHICH IS THE FURTHEST PLANET FROM THE SUN? WHAT IS THE WORLDS NORTHERN MOST CAPITAL CITY? LOUISE BROWN IS FAMOUS FOR BEING THE FIRST WHAT IN 1978? HIPPOMANIA IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE OBCESSION OF WHICH ANIMALS? WHICH STATUE OF A CHARACTER BY HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSONS SITS ON A ROCK IN COPENHAGEN HARBOUR HOW MANY PLAYERS MAKE UP A AUSTRALIAN RULES FOOTBALL TEAM? IN A CRICKET MATCH IF ALL THE BATSMAN ARE BOWLED OUT IN CONSECUTIVE BALLS WHICH NUMBER BATSMAN WOULD BE NOT OUT? ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME IS MORE COMMONLY KNOWN AS WHAT? WHAT IS THE LONGEST BONE IN THE HUMAN BODY? THE CHIHAUHAU DOG GETS IT'S NAME FROM A TOWN IN WHICH COUNTRY? BUZZ ALDRIN WAS THE SECOND ASTRONAUT TO DO WHAT? WHAT WAS THE NICKNAME GIVEN TO THE FAMOUS BOXING MATCH BETWEEN MUHAMMED ALI AND JOE FRAZIER IN 1975? WHO WAS KNOWN AS THE MAID OF ORLEANS? WHAT WAS SIGNIFICANT ABOUT THE DEATH OF RUTH ELLIS IN 1955? WHAT ARE THE FIVE COLORS OF THE OLYMPIC RINGS IN A CARTOON BOOK SERIES GETAFIX THE DRUID PROVIDES POTIONS FOR WHICH FAMOUS GAUL? IN WHICH CITY WAS THE TITANIC BUILT? THE MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS WERE THE FIRST TO INVENT WHAT IN FRANCE IN 1783? WHICH FAMOUS INDIAN LEADER WAS ASSASINATED BY NATHURAM GODSE IN 1948? CARDIFF CITY ARE THE ONLY WELSH FOOTBALL CLUB TO HAVE TRIANGLE CORNER FLAGS. WHY? WHAT ASTRAL EVENT APPEARS EVERY 76 YEARS OVINE RELATES TO WHICH TYPE OF ANIMAL? CHRIS PATTON WAS THE LAST GOVERNER OF WHICH BRITISH COLONY? IN WHICH SPORT DO THE PLAYERS TAKE LONG AND SHORT CORNERS? WHAT IS THE NAME OF POSTMAN PAT'S BLACK CAT? Who won the 2009 BBC Sports Personality Award? In which decade were TV licences introduced in the UK? HER LEGS FOUR MINDER NEW ZEALAND & AUSTRALIA 4 CRICKET ISLE OF MAN SALT OSTRICH NEITHER. YOU DON'T BURY SURVIVORS A BOAR PLUTO REYKJAVIK FIRST TEST TUBE BABY HORSES THE LITTLE MERMAID 18 NO 8 AIDS FEMUR (THIGH BONE) MEXICO WALK ON THE MOON THRILLER IN MANILLA JOAN OF ARC LAST WOMAN TO BE EXECUTED IN BRITAIN RED, GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, BLACK ASTERIX BELFAST THE HOT AIR BALLOON MAHATMA GHANDI THEY ARE THE ONLY WELSH TEAM TO WIN THE HALEY'S COMET SHEEP HONG KONG HOCKEY JESS Ryan Giggs 1940's - 1946 Arctic King, Saladin and Tom Thumb are which types of vegetable? By what name is the motorway system at Gravelly Hill Interchange, Birmingham better known? What is the oldest university in the USA? Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor of which European country ? Who played the Ringo Kid in the original Stagecoach film? Yeomen Warders at the Tower of London are commonly known by what other name? Which London store was first to have an escalator installed? In which ocean is Ascension Island? Which two European countries are connected by the Simplon Pass? Which artist/sculptor said, "When we love a woman we don't start measuring her limbs" ? What was the Polish born German World War One Fighter Pilot Manfred von Richtofen's nickname? Which is the largest of the Channel Islands? What does NATO stand for? Which fashion items does Jimmy Choo design? Which British prime minister had a bag named after him? What is the title of the film about a Scottish village that awakens once every 100 years? In which country was actor Mel Gibson born? What did the Warren Commission investigate in the US in the 1960's? In which part of the body is the smallest bone? Which is the oldest football (soccer) club in London? A Crozier is the name of the hooked staff carried by whom? Which British patriotic song is the work of the composer Thomas Arne? Which is the longest mountain range in the world? Golda Meir was the famous female prime minister of which country? Who beat seven foot tall boxer Nikolay Valuev to become the new WBA heavyweight champion? The statue of which Royal person was unveiled in London's The Mall in February 2009? Rachel Riley succeeded which long-standing Countdown celebrity in January 2009? Yootha Joyce and Brian Murphy played the title roles in which UK 1970s TV sitcom? A Howdah is the name of the seat used for riding on the back of which animal? What pub paraphernalia does a tegestologist collect? Which of the British armed forces is known as the Senior Service? La Scala is the name of a opera house which opened in which Italian city in 1778? What is the longest nerve in the human body? What famous sportsman starred in the 2009 film Looking for Eric? What is the chemical formula of snow? What is the title of the first James Bond film in 1962? What was the name and call-sign of the Apollo Eleven lunar module which landed on the moon in 1969? Which World War Two leader was nicknamed the Desert Fox? Andy Robinson succeeded which historic England rugby union coach? Which womans accessory would you have bought if it had been designed by Hermes? The Galápagos Islands are a provincial territory of Equador, How many miles are they apart? (50 Either side) Which Gilbert & Sullivan Opera based in Japan is also known as the "Little Town of Titipu" Lettuce Spaghetti Junction Harvard Germany John Wayne Beefeaters Harrods Atlantic Switzerland and Italy Pablo Picasso The Red Barron Jersey North Atlantic Treaty Organization Shoes Gladstone Brigadoon USA. New York The assassination of John F Kennedy In the ear - the stirrup Fulham (est. 1879) A Bishop Rule Britannia The Andes (7,240km) Israel (1969-74) David Haye (England) The Queen Mother (Queen Elizabeth the Queen M Carol Vorderman George and Mildred Elephant Beermats Royal Navy Milan Sciatic nerve Eric Cantona H2O Dr No Eagle Rommel (Field Marshal Erwin Rommel) Sir Clive Woodward A Handbag (kelly Bag) 600 miles (50 either side) The Mikado Which singer is nicknamed "The Boss"? "You're gonna need a bigger boat." is a quote from which movie? Which American President was the teddy bear named? Who held Arsenals all time goal scoring record prior to being overtaken by Thierry Henry in 2007 Chantilly, Lille and Honiton are all types of what? How did St. Patrick drive the snakes from Ireland? By playing the flute, by playing the harp or by banging a drum? Which "Doctor" was arrested in 1910 on board the SS Montrose for the murder of his wife and is regarded as the first criminal to be arrested with the help of radio comunication? During which TV game show were the contestants invited by Dale Winton to go "wild in the aisles"? At the age of 42, which Cameroon player became the oldest ever to play in the World Cup Finals? Which actor did Jennifer Anniston marry in July 2000? Campanology is the proper term for the art of What? The Rainbow warrior was a trawler that which was sunk in July 1985to which organisation did it belong? Behind Asia, what is the second largest continent in the world? From which country does the lambada dance originate? Which Scotsman's birthday is celebrated throughout the world on 25th January? Goalkeeper Rene Higuita's who cleared a shot against England, when he dived under the ball and back-heeled it while airborne. What was his nationality ? In which year did the Channel Tunnel open 1992, 1994, 1996/ What is the name given to the tail of a fox? Which cocktail consists of Tia Maria, Vodka and Coke? Football team Benfica come from which country? Does the tropic of cancer run North or South of the equator? What colour is the zero on a roulette wheel? Prior to 1664, which american city was called New Amsterdam? Before the Euro, what was the unit of currency of the Netherlands? Florence Nightingale was a nurse during which war? What does a cutler make, sell or repair ? Which is the highest civilian award for bravery in this country? Erie, Huron, Michigan, Superior and Ontario are collectivly known as what ? Which car company makes a 4 x 4 model called the Grand Vitara? Which company made the first tea bags? What happened in Ireland 1847 that is sometimes referred to as "Black Forty Seven"? How many times are a team allowed to touch a volleyball before it crosses the net? What was significant about the words "Watson, please come here, I want you." when spoken in 1876? What is the largest mammal in the world and can reach a length of 100 foot? If all the American states were listed in alphabetical order, which would come last? Who discovered the law of gravity? Legend says that lovers will be assured eternal love if they kiss at sunset under the Bridge of Sighs in Which European City? What language is spoken in the country of Lichenstein? Topiary is the traditional centuries old art of clipping what into various ornamental shapes? Bruce Springsteen Jaws Theodore Roosevelt (Teddy) Ian Wright Lace Banging a drum Dr. Crippen Supermarket Sweep Roger Milla Brad Pitt Bell Ringing GreenPeace Africa Brazil Robert Burns Columbian 1994 Brush Black Russian Portugal North Green New York Guilder The Crimean War knives George Cross The Great Lakes Suzuki Tetley The potato famine 3 It was the first complete sentence spoken over t The Blue Whale Wyoming Sir Isaac Newton Venice German Hedges What type of tweed is exclusively spun and woven in the Outer Hebrides exclusively? What is the pirate's flag with the skull and cross-bones called ? What type of weapon is a Kukri carried Gurka soldiers? Yom Kippur is the other name for the day of Atonement in Which Religion? Which bandleader died in an air crash over the English Channel during World War II ? Which creatures live in a formicary ? What is measured on the Beaufort scale ? Which two letters are worth ten points in the board game Scrabble ? What colour is a New York taxi ? Who was the captain of the Pequod in Moby Dick ? Where would you find the 'Ocean of Storms'? With a total drop of 948 meters (3,110 feet) in five free-leaping falls, Tugela Falls is the world's second highest waterfall. They are located in the Drakensberg (Dragon's Mountains) range in which country? Which two elements make up water ? On January 27, 1984, while filming a commercial for which company in Los Angeles did Michael Jackson suffer second degree burns to his scalp after pyrotechnics accidentally set his hair on fire? For navagation and locational information What does GPS stand for? What is the name of the world's oldest international auction house founded in 1744 in continuous operation? Which tennis star received knife wounds to her back whilst playing in a quarter- final match in Hamburg in April 1993? Which brand of Volkswagen was named after a wind that blows from the Sahara? What did Christopher Cockerel invent? If you were eating calemare, what are you snacking on? Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia and Kosovo.Were all originally part of which Country In which country is the Kimberly Gold Field? How did Detective Chief Superintendent John Coles make the news in May 2001? How many strings has a Ukulele? Which tribe did Geronimo lead? Which of London’s soccer clubs are nearest to the Thames? In which London borough are the 'Houses of Parliament' situated? Which Cheese is traditionally used in the topping of Pizza's? What is the female alter ego name used by 'Paul O'Grady' ? Which country shares its name with a popular high street shopping chain? Bill Clinton admitted having an ‘inappropriate relationship’ with whom in August 1998? Steve Redgrave made British history by winning his fifth consecutive Olympic gold medal in the coxless 4’s at the 2000 Olympics. Can you name 1 of the other rowers in the crew? In 1984, the Gillette Company reportedly offered members of which rock band $1 million dollars apiece to shave their beards for a television commercial (but they declined)? In March 1987, a car ferry capsized just outside the port of Zeebrugge with the loss of 49 passengers. What was the name of the ferry? What sport is played by the LA Lakers? Leather, Mirror and Scale are breeds of which common freshwater fish? Harris Jolly Roger Large Knife Jewish Glenn Miller Ants Wind Velocity Q and Z Yellow Captain Ahab On the Moon South Africa Hydrogen and Oxygen Pepsi Cola Global Positioning System Sotheby's Monica Seles Scirocco Hovercraft Squid Yugoslavia (Australia) (He arrested Ronnie Biggs on his return to Engla 4 (Apache) (Fulham) Westminster Mozzarella Lily Savage Iceland Monica Lewinsky Matthew Pinsent, Tim Foster and James Crackne ZZ Top The Herald of Free Enterprise Basketball Carp The Carpathia was the name of the ship that was first to appear on the scene of which nautical disaster? Legend says that lovers will be assured eternal love if they kiss at sunset under the Bridge of Sighs in Which European City? What language is spoken in the country of Lichenstein? Topiary is the traditional centuries old art of clipping what into various ornamental shapes? What type of tweed is exclusively spun and woven in the Outer Hebrides exclusively? What is the pirate's flag with the skull and cross-bones called ? What type of weapon is a Kukri carried Gurka soldiers? Yom Kippur is the other name for the day of Atonement in Which Religion? Which bandleader died in an air crash over the English Channel during World War II ? Which creatures live in a formicary ? What is measured on the Beaufort scale ? Which two letters are worth ten points in the board game Scrabble ? What colour is a New York taxi ? Who was the captain of the Pequod in Moby Dick ? Where would you find the 'Ocean of Storms'? With a total drop of 948 meters (3,110 feet) in five free-leaping falls, Tugela Falls is the world's second highest waterfall. They are located in the Drakensberg (Dragon's Mountains) range in which country? Which two elements make up water ? On January 27, 1984, while filming a commercial for which company in Los Angeles did Michael Jackson suffer second degree burns to his scalp after pyrotechnics accidentally set his hair on fire? For navagation and locational information What does GPS stand for? What is the name of the world's oldest international auction house founded in 1744 in continuous operation? Which tennis star received knife wounds to her back whilst playing in a quarter- final match in Hamburg in April 1993? Which brand of Volkswagen was named after a wind that blows from the Sahara? What did Christopher Cockerel invent? If you were eating calemare, what are you snacking on? Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia and Kosovo.Were all originally part of which Country In which country is the Kimberly Gold Field? How did Detective Chief Superintendent John Coles make the news in May 2001? How many strings has a Ukulele? Which tribe did Geronimo lead? Which of London’s soccer clubs are nearest to the Thames? In which London borough are the 'Houses of Parliament' situated? Which Cheese is traditionally used in the topping of Pizza's? What is the female alter ego name used by 'Paul O'Grady' ? Which country shares its name with a popular high street shopping chain? Bill Clinton admitted having an ‘inappropriate relationship’ with whom in August 1998? Steve Redgrave made British history by winning his fifth consecutive Olympic gold medal in the coxless 4’s at the 2000 Olympics. Can you name 1 of the other rowers in the crew? The Sinking of the Titanic Venice German Hedges Harris Jolly Roger Large Knife Jewish Glenn Miller Ants Wind Velocity Q and Z Yellow Captain Ahab On the Moon South Africa Hydrogen and Oxygen Pepsi Cola Global Positioning System Sotheby's Monica Seles Scirocco Hovercraft Squid Yugoslavia (Australia) (He arrested Ronnie Biggs on his return to Engla 4 (Apache) (Fulham) Westminster Mozzarella Lily Savage Iceland Monica Lewinsky Matthew Pinsent, Tim Foster and James Crackne In 1984, the Gillette Company reportedly offered members of which rock band $1 million dollars apiece to shave their beards for a television commercial (but they declined)? In March 1987, a car ferry capsized just outside the port of Zeebrugge with the loss of 49 passengers. What was the name of the ferry? What sport is played by the LA Lakers? Leather, Mirror and Scale are breeds of which common freshwater fish? The Carpathia was the name of the ship that was first to appear on the scene of which nautical disaster? Who was the youngest player (as at 2009) to win the Wimbledon Men's Singles Final? What is the Japanese art of fencing which uses bamboo swords? Kendo Which Movie star model was the first to appear on the cover of the first issue of Playboy magazinein 1953? Name two of the three years In which Red Rum won the Grand National? What is a Palendrome? Grenache is a variety of which fruit? What is a mazurka - a Polish folk dance; an Italian picnic table; a Chinese fighting snail? Oxford and Cambridge reserve crews which compete before the Thames Boat Race main event are known as Isis and Goldie Which is Which? In cricket what is a batsman's score of zero commonly called? Basra is the second largest city in which country? Which footballer scored the first ever goal in the English Premiership? What merchant bank collapsed in 1995 due to unauthorised debts accumulated by trader Nick Leeson? Who's official residence is Holyroyd House in edinburgh Scotland? What is the official currency of the Netherlands? What is 'La Manche' in French and what does it typically refer to? Which countries two main islands are seperated by the Cook strait? What is CAMRA a society in appreciation of? Which financial catastrophere devastated america in New York in 1929? Russian-born Igor Sikorsky designed the first successful what? What is 'Port Salut' ? How many symbols are there in the Chinese calendar? What would you expect a cooper to make? What is the name of Britain's leading annual dog show? With which English county cricket club did Ian Botham finish his playing career? What do the initials SAS stand for? What gas is in the bubbles of sparkling drinks such as fizzy lemonade and champagne? The kimono is a traditional robe of which country? What was the name of the Thunderbirds' ex-con chauffeur who drove a pink Rolls-Royce? Which country sold Alaska to the USA? Leanardo, Rafael, Michaelangelo, Donatello were collectively known as which cartoon characters? What name is given to a building containing a cycle-racing track? Complete the TV theme tune…..It's Friday..It's 5 O'clock…It's What is the main language of Cuba? Prince wrote the Bangle's first big hit. What was it? ZZ Top The Herald of Free Enterprise Basketball Carp The Sinking of the Titanic Boris Becker Kendo Marilyn Monroe 1973, 1974, 1977 Word which reads the same backwards as forwa Grape Polish folk dance Isis (Oxford) and Goldie (Cambridge) A duck Iraq Brian Deane Barings The Queens Euro English Channel New Zealand Real Ale Wall Street Crash Helicopter Cheese 12 Barrels Crufts Durham Special Air Service Carbon dioxide (CO2) Japan Parker Russia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Velodrome Crackerjack Spanish Manic Monday Which famous Bay in Sydney, Australia was the site of a landing by Captain James Cook of HMS Endeavour and sparked Britian's interest in Australia? Where is a 'Kippah' worn by Jews? What type of food is gazpacho? Cartoonist and screenwriter Millard Kaufman, who died in March 2009, created which short-sighted character? Which american President did John Hinkley attempt to assassinate in 1982? In Chinese philosophy, what is the complementary force to Yin? Traditionally finishing with a Vixen Break, and often using a Concorde roll, which 9 strong team have been entertaining the public for 40 years? In American Universities what is a 2nd year student called? In which building is the Kohinoor Diamond kept? The clothes logo DKNY is short for what? From which country does Nokia, the mobile phone company, originate? Which TV Chef plays drums in the pop group Scarlet Division? Nicholas Breakspear was the first and only British what? What country is nearest to the site of the sinking of the Titanic? What did Dennis Tito pay £14m for? In Dad's army, what was Private Frazier's day- time job? Aboard which ship did Captain Scott sail to the Antarctic in 1901? Why was professional footballer Maribel Dominguez forbidden by FIFA to play for Mexican side Celaya, having signed in 2009? Which footballers autobiography is called “Blessed”? What football team has the nickname The Royals ? In which year did the £1 note cease to be legal tender? How many segments make-up a Terry’s Chocolate Orange? In music, how is James Jewel Osterberg better known? An Archimedes screw is a device for moving what? Which English Palace was built by Cardinal Wolseley and presented to Henry VIII? During which war was the Battle of Marne? On which river does Balmoral Castle stand? Which US state contains Yosemite National Park? In which year was the death penalty abolished in the UK? Who composed the opera "The Barber Of Seville"? A film star & musician, born on Jan.8th. 1947, how is David Robert Jones better known? What is the only US state which borders one other state only? Which celebrity Chef started life running a disco, before buying a nightclub in Padstow In which game can you score one point for a 'behind'? Before becoming independent, the Cameroons were administered by which country? In which sport do you score three points for a goal scored? Which Premiership Team are nicknamed the Blues How high in feet is the crossbar on a football goal? Who wrote the Opera "The Magic Flute"? Who was given the name 'Fourth Man' when he was revealed as a spy in 1979? Botany Bay On the head Soup - served Cold Mr Magoo Ronald Reagan Yang The Red Arrows Sophomore The Tower of London Donna Karan New York Finland Jamie Oliver Pope Canada Trip into Space Undertaker The Discovery She was a woman George Best Reading 1988 20 Iggy Pop Water Hampton Court First World War River Dee in Scotland. California 1965 Mozart David Bowie Maine Rick Stein Australian Rules Football France Hurling Birmingham City 8 ft Rossini Anthony Blunt Which footballers autobiography is called “My side”? Before becoming a writer, what was the occupation of Dick Francis ? In which city are the Spanish Steps located? Which football team plays at the JJB stadium? Which American state has a Capital city called Carson City? By what name did the Empire Stadium become known? Turin lies on which river? How many sides does a rhombus have? What is the main vegetable ingredient in the Ukranian dish Borsht? What trophy is played for at the US Superbowl? In which decade were TV licences introduced in the UK? What type of food is Quark? What is the collective noun for a group of crows? The headquarters of Greenpeace is in which European city? What is the largest artery in the human body? Which city hosted the 1992 Summer Olympic games? What are Blue Mountain, Caturra, and Mocca types of? What is a village without a church called? Which British disc jockey's nickname was 'Fluff'? Alicante, Golden Boy and Piranto are types of what? What word represents the letter K in radio communications? What is Bill Clinton's middle name? Which river passes through all these countries Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Moldova, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Ukraine? In which country was John McEnroe Born? 15. In anatomy what is the technical term for the kneecap? Who played the Ringo Kid in the original Stagecoach film? What number is a hurricaine on the Beaufort Scale? What was the nuclear power station Sellafield previously known as? During the siege of which African city did General Gordon die? What is a Maori ceremonial war-dance called? Which group had three consecutive UK Christmas number ones in 1996, 97 and 98? Whose autobiography is entitled 'Take It Like A Man? In which european city did Italy beat france 5 - 3 on penalties to win the 2006 FIFA World Cup? What was Capability Brown famous for designing? In which ocean is Ascension Island? What is the US state capital of Mississippi? John Adams was the american vice-president to which president? What is the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain more popularly known as? What is the technical term for the collar bone? How did soul singer Otis Redding die in 1967? What is the title of the film about a Scottish village that awakens once every 100 years? In the TV comedy Dad's Army what is Captain Mainwaring's first name? David Beckham Jockey Rome Wigan Nevada Wembley Po Four Beetroot The Lombardi Trophy 1940's A Soft Cheese A murder Amsterdam The Aorta Barcelona Coffee Hamlet Alan Freeman Tomato Kilo Jefferson Danube West Germany, Wiesbaden Patella John Wayne Twelve Windscale Khartoum Haka Spice Girls Boy George Berlin Gardens Atlantic Jackson Washington Eros The clavicle Plane crash Brigadoon George If a creature is edentulous what has it not got? Rome is on which river? Which Trophy is given to the most outstanding player in collegiate football? With which country did the UK have the long-running 'Cod War' disputes over fishing rights? What is the minimum age for driving a car or van in the UK? How many individual pieces are there in a set of dominoes? Which war took place between 1618 - 1648? Richard Attenborough played Chris Pringle in the 1947 Christmas Film "Miracle on which street"? What was David Beckham's shirt number which he requested when he played for Real Madrid & LA Galaxy as a tribute to Michael Jordan? If Prince William became King, what number William would he be? In Profesional Cricket what is the name of the shortest form of the sport? What is the legal drinking age in the USA? How much would you expect to receive if you were given a Pony? The months January, March, May, July, August, October and December have what in common? How many players does an American Football team normally have on the field at one time? What number is not used on Formula 1 cars since 1976? What is the Normal human Body Temperature in Degrees Centigrade? Keifer Sutherland played Jack Baeur the main character in which American TV series? On which day in July is Bastille day celebrated? How many letters are in the German alphabet? Other than 78 and 45 which speed could be played on an old record player? A methuselah of wine holds the equivalent of how many bottles? For how many years would you celebrate a Coral Wedding Anniversary? How many teaspoons make a tablespoon? Neil Sedaka sang about Happy Birthday Sweet What in 1961? How many games will a team play in a full Premiership season? How many players are there in a netball team? How many national teams have participated the the FIFA World Cup Finals Tournament since 1998? There are :9 darts needed to score 501, but what is the minimum number needed to score 301? How many labours were performed by Hercules? How many inches are there in a Yard? What date in July is St Swithin's Day? How many players are there in a Baseball Team? How many sides has a decahedron? What is the British Board of Film Classification for a film above a Fifteen Certificate? How many balls are there on a snooker table at the start of a game? What is the number of the Paul Hardcastle number One hit in 1985? What is the number of a form to claim unemployment adopted by a British Band? An Eagle is how many shots under Par? How many hearts does an octopus have? Launched in 1960, what was the name of the first US communications satellite was callled Echo What? Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison all died at the same age. What was it? Teeth The Tiber Heisman Memorial Trophy Award Iceland Seventeen Twenty-Eight Thirty Years War Thirty-Fourth Twenty-Three Five Twenty Twenty-One Twenty-Five Thirty-One Days Eleven Thirteen Thirty-seven Twenty-Four Fourteen Twenty-Six thirty-Three Eight Thirty-Five Four Sixteen Thirty-Eight Seven Thirty-Two Six Twelve Thirty-Six Fifteenth Nine Ten Eighteen Twenty-Two Nineteen Forty Two Three One Twenty Seven How many steps are there in John Buchan? The 2008 (XXIX) Summer Olympics in Bejing were which number olympics? Gorgonzola, Stilton, and Roquefort are all types of what? What are the colour of the horses in the Spanish Riding School based in Vienna? Mars is more commonly known as the "What" Planet? The "What Sea" is the largest inland sea in Europe connected the Atlantic by the Mediterranean and Agean Sea? What is the largest living Mammal in the world? What colour woman did Chris de Burgh sing about? What river is the second biggest river in China after the Yangtze River? The Owl and the Pussycat sailed off in which coloured Boat? What is the name of the character played by Vivien Leigh in Gone With The Wind? What is the colour of the centre ring on the Olympic Flag? Only 3 horses with a colour in the name has won the Grand National Red Rum, Silver Birch and which other? What colour ribbon did Dawn tie to the Old Oak Tree? The notorious Pirate Edward Leach was more famously known as who? In a Formula One Race which coloured flag is shown to tell a slow driver to allow a driver behind to pass? Which Fruits did the Belles of St Clemnet's ring out in the nursery rhyme? In the song by Sheb Wooley in 1958 what was the colour of the One Eyed, One Horned People Eater? During the Tour De France what colour shirt is worn by the winner of a Sprint during a stage? What was the nickname of the character played by Morgan Freeman in the Shawshank Redemption? What colour would you associate with the traditional gemstone for September? What colour is the bullseye on a standard dartboard? In the board game monopoly, what colour is Bond Street? The Heavyweight Boxing World champion joe Louis was nicknamed the "What" Bomber? What colour are the stars on the Chinese flag? What was the name of Dick Turphin's Horse? Professor Plum, Miss Scarlett and Mrs White are characters in the gane of Cludeo. Which other character is named after a colour? Which Soul Singer is referred to as the "Godfather of Soul"? Which precious metal is measured in "Troy Ounces"? What is the main colour traditionally worn by an Indian bride? Traditionally what colour is the drink Absinthe? What colour of beret do the special forces of the American Army wear? What was the name of the movie starring Whoopi Gpldburg, Danny Glover and Oprah Winfrey? The Circle Line on the London Underground is represented by which colour? What is the colour of the Front Door at 10 Downing Street? Which TV Captain was indestructable? Which player scored the only goal of the 1980 Football League Cup final, when Wolves beat Nottingham Forest 10? What is the colourful Stage name of American singer Alecia Beth Moore who's hits include "So What" and "God is a DJ"? What colour is Saffron? Thirty-Nine Twenty-Nine BLUE CHEESE WHITE RED BLACK BLUE WHALE RED YELLOW PEA GREEN SCARLETT O'HARA BLACK RED ALLIGATOR YELLOW BLACKBEARD BLUE FLAG ORANGES AND LEMONS PURPLE GREEN RED BLUE RED GREEN BROWN YELLOW BLACK BESS REVEREND GREEN JAMES BROWN GOLD RED GREEN GREEN THE COLOR PURPLE YELLOW BLACK SCARLET ANDY GRAY PINK YELLOW In the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory What colour skin did the Oompa Loompas have? Which of the following colours does not appear on the flag of Algeria? Green, Red or Yellow? What was the Surname of Lady Jane known as "The Nine Days Queen" who reigned after Edward VI? In 1963, which band became the first to reach number one with their first three singles? Which is the largest Canary Island? Which child like named US gangster's original name was Lester Gillis? A failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby in 1605 was more famously known as what? How many years are in a Millenium? What was Tom Jones' first UK number one single? What is a baby seal called? Ramsey McDonald became British Prime Minister in 1924 the first from which political party? What is the name of the character played by Angela Lansbury in 'Murder, She Wrote'? In the song `The Twelve Days Of Christmas`, how what did my true love give to me on the 12th day? Louis Bleriot was the first person to cross the English Channel in What? Which detective had a housekeeper named Mrs Hudson? Which US organisation's headquarters is situated in Langley, Virginia? Who was the original presenter of TV's University Challenge? What type of animal is a Border Leicester? What word represents the letter J in the UK Police radio communications? In the human body what is the Trachea? Who invented the revolver (handgun)? If Arnold Schwarzenegger signs up for another "Terminator" movie, How Many would be in the Series? David Trimble became the First Minister of which Country in 1998? In which country are the Sutherland Falls? What does the 'H' in H bomb represent? If I take two apples out of a basket of six. How many Apples do I have? Which is the odd one out, Queen, King, Bishop, Cardinal? What is the Worlds Smallest Bird? The Hudson River flows through which American City? Patrick Macnee and Diana Rigg played the original John Steed & Emma Peel in which TV series? Who was known as 'Old blues Eyes'? George Washington, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson and which other American President are Featured on Mount Rushmore? How many Tentacles does a Squid Have? In roman Mythology Aphrodite is the Goddess of What? in which year did the Berlin Wall come down? (1 point Year either side - 2 points for exact Year) What are the five human senses? Who was British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990? Which planet did Superman come from? In the nursery Rhyme What jumped over the moon? What is the largest Man made structure on earth? In which country was ex-England cricket captain Tony Greig born? ORANGE GREEN GREY Gerry and the Pacemakers Tenerife Baby Face Nelson Gunpowder Plot 1000 It's Not Unusual Pup Labour Jessica Fletcher 12 Drummers Drumming Plane Sherlock Holmes The CIA Bamber Gascoigne Sheep Juliet Windpipe Samuel Colt 4 - (Terminator 1,2 & Terminator 3 Rise of the m Northern Ireland New Zealand Hydrogen 2 Cardinal the rest are Chess Pieces Bee Hummingbird New York The Avengers Frank Sinatra Abraham Lincoln Ten Love 1989 sight, taste, hearing, smell,touch Margaret Thatcher Krypton The Cow The Great Wall of China South Africa Which animal lives in a 'Lodge'? Christopher Wren designed which London Cathedral? Which British Driver won the Formula One World Championship in 1992? Luxembourg has borders with three other countries. Name Them? Melanie, Victoria, Geri, emma and Melanie were the original members of which Group? What is a Sampan? Who is Third in succesion for the British Throne? What is a Baby Swan Called? Arachnophobia is the fear of What? What was the name of the first cloned Sheep? Which out of the world event took place on 20th July 1969? which Animal is the symbol of the World Wildlife fund? What was the Maiden Name of Princess Diana? What is the Nationality of Bjorn Borg? Who had a Hit with 'Puppy Love' in 1972? Who played Clarice Starling in 'Silence of the Lambs'? What was the name of the Lone Rangers Horse? What is the largest park in London? What is the Maximum score you can achieve in Ten Pin Bowling? the River Taff flows through which Capital City? What is the name of the French Underground System? what was the name of Ray Allen's Dummy In electronics a Light Emitting Diode is more commonly known as what? Roald Amundsen was the first person to reach the South Pole in which decade of the last century? On which part of the body would you wear a deer-stalker? What is the title of the lowest order of the British nobility? Which Beatle led the way across the zebra crossing on the Abbey Road album cover? Which character in Eastenders owned a dog called Willy? Asa Chandler founded which world famous drinks company? Who was the first Briton to win the US Open tennis title? Who murdered George Cornell in the Blind Beggar pub in london in March 1966? Angela Merkel was first female chancellorof which European country? What is the first sign of the Zodiac? What is the green pigment found in most plants that is responsible for absorbing light energy? Which two European countries are connected by the Simplon Pass? What was Manfred von Richtofen's nickname? Which is the largest of the Channel Islands? The Cenotaph is situated in which London street? Which is the largest Castle in England situated in Berkshire? Which North African country has the international car registration ET? On a standard UK monopoly board what are the names of the four stations? The Sorbonne in Paris is what type of establishment? Which British prime minister had a bag named after him? Beaver St Paul's Nigel Mansell Belguim, France and Germany (1 Point for each) Spice Girls Boat Prince Harry Cygnet Spiders Dolly Man walked on the Moon The Giant Panda Spencer Swedish Donny Osmond Jodie Foster Silver Hyde Park 300 - 12 Strikes Cardiff Metro Lord Charles LED 1910's (1911) The head Baron/Baroness John Lennon Ethel (Skinner) Coca Cola Fred Perry Ronnie Kray Germany Aries Chlorophyll Switzerland and Italy The Red Baron Jersey Whitehall Windsor Castle Egypt Kings Cross,Marylebone,Fenchurch Street ,Liverp University Gladstone Which controversial english pop star of the 80's has the autobiography entitled 'Take It Like A Man? The name Wendy was first made up in which famous book? Which pop singer did Debbie Rowe marry? Who had a 70s No 1 with If You Leave Me Now? What did the Warren Commission investigate in the US in the 1960's? Who is the only character to appear in the first ever Coronation Street who is still in the show as at 2009? 212 degrees is the Fahrenheit boiling point of what? Where in the human body would you find the smallest bone? The stirrup (in the ear) Catherine Bach played the original Daisy Duke in which TV' series? Which member of the clergy would carry a hooked staff called a Crozier? Poets Corner is situated in which London landmark? Only one country has hosted the Olympic Games on Four occasions which country? Iota, Epsilon and Beta are letters from which Alphabet? Who was Governer of Arkansas when he became President in 1993? Which British poet wrote `The Charge Of The Light Brigade` and `Maud`? Tennyson, Shelley or Byron? The Irish Derby is held at which racecourse? Which of the Beatles was the first to be widowed? Which nation won the European Football Championship in 1992 after first failing to qualify for the finals tournament? Bandleader Edward Ellington was known by what nickname? Which is the longest mountain range in the world? Dauphin were the names of the eldest sons who became the Kings of which european country? P&O, the shipping line, stands for what? To which Scottish island did Bonnie Price Charlie escape, dressed as a maid, in 1746? In the Book what was Baron Frankenstein`s first name? Willie John McBride is a name associated with which sport? Who sang the million record selling song "I Walk The Line"? Which Body Builder born in 1892 promised that, "You too can have a body like mine?" Andrew Carnegie developed the iron and steel industry in which American city? Which country has more tractors per head, Canada, Iceland or Japan? What nationality was Christopher Colombus? Vladivostock and Moscow are the two station at each end of which railway line? What is the minimum number of musicians a band must have to be considered a "big band"? The Aphartied political system was gradually dismantled in which country, starting in 1989? Who said after successfully testing the nuclear bomb. "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds"? Which female Argentinean was buried in a Milan cemetery under the pseudonym Maria Maggi? What's the ballet term for a 360-degree turn on one foot? Which annually honored irishman is believed by many to be buried in Downpatrick under a tombstone marked with the letter "F"? What can Germans publicly deny the existence of can earn them five years in prison? What sort of animal was World Cup Willie, the mascot for the 1966 World Cup? The island of Rhodes belongs to which Mediterranean country? Boy George Peter Pan Michael Jackson Chicago The Assassination of John F Kennedy Ken Barlow Water (100 degrees centigrade) In the Ear (The stirrup) Dukes of Hazard A Bishop Westminster Abbey America - 1904 - St Louis, Los Angeles -1932, Los Angeles - 1984, Atlanta - 1996 Greek Bill Clinton Tennyson The Curragh (County Kildare) Paul McCartney. Denmark (in 1992, Denmark took the place of Y Duke The Andes (7,240km) France Peninsular and Oriental Skye Victor Rugby Union Johnny Cash Charles Atlas Pittsburgh Iceland Italian Trans Siberian Railway 10 South Africa J. Robert Oppenheimer Eva Peron (Evita - Little Eva) Pirouette St Patrick The Holocaust A Lion Greece Which island in San Francisco Bay was the site of an almost escape-proof prison? In TV series "The Adventures of Champion" what type of animal was Champion? "Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head" was an Oscar winner from which movie with Robert Redford & Paul Newman? Which female tennis player was stabbed at the German Tennis Open in Munich 1993? Which company invented Blue Jeans in 1853 in San Francisco? Yeomen Warders at the Tower of London are commonly known by what other name? In the 1971 movie Charlie And The Chocolate Factory, Willy Wonka is played by Gene Wilder. Who plays him in the 2005 film? Which US Serial Killer who killed at least 33 boys in Chicago between 1972 - 1978 last words at his execution in 1994 were "Kiss My Arse"? In which country was actor Mel Gibson born? Which famous guitarist's original name was Brian Rankin? Which football club did Alan Sugar own? What is the name of the transparent layer forming the front of the eye, which transmits and focuses light into the eye? What condiment brand features the Palace of Westminster on its label? What was Gillian Duffy involvement in the run up to the last general election covered by TV? How many degrees is each angle in an equilateral triangle? Which footballer scored all of England's five goals in their 1975 5-0 defeat of Cyprus? What is the common name for Nitrous Oxide? A heptahedron is a solid figure with how many plane sides? Who was the next president of the USA after Gerald Ford? Which Italian fashion designer was shot and killed outside his Miami home in 1997? The Yas Marina Grand Prix circuit is in which Arab country? Which Scandinavian country was the first european country to abolish slavery in 1792? What T was the name of George’s dog in the Enid Blyton “Famous Five” stories? Which island was awarded the George Cross in 1942? What colour does acid turn Litmus paper? What colour is LaLa of Teletubbies? Who played the part of the toymaker in the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang? Whose autobiography was entitled 'Losing my Virginity'? What were the name's of Donald Duck's nephews? In which year did Margaret Thatcher resign as leader of the Conservatives? How is Frances Gumm the actress better known? Which volcano caused the destruction of Pompeii? Before Tony Blair, who was the last leader of the Labour Party to win a general election? Which Carthaginian general led his army across the Alps with a contingent of elephants? What was the name of the Duke of Wellingtons horse at the Battle of Waterloo named after a danish city? In a standard game of Monopoly, what colour are the two cheapest properties? Gorgonzola cheese comes from which country? At what age does a Jewish boy celebrate his Bar Mitzvah? Which comedian has the nickname `the big yin`? Alcatraz Horse Butch Cassidy & The Sundance Kid Monica Seles Levi Strauss Beefeaters Johnny Depp John Wayne Gacy USA Hank Marvin Tottenham Hotspur Cornea HP Sauce Rochdale pensioner whom Gordon Brown was he 60 Malcolm MacDonald Laughing Gas Seven Jimmy Carter Gianni Versace Abu Dhabi Denmark Timmy Malta Red Yellow Benny Hill Richard Branson Huey, Duey & Lewy 1990 Judy Garland Vesuvius Harold Wilson Hannibal Copenhagen Brown Italy 13 Billy Connolly Which of these wedding anniversaries would you celebrate first? Lace, Tin or Ivory? How is Eldrick Wood`s better known? On which side of the road would you drive in Australia? On which corner of a motorway sign do junction exit numbers appear? Commonly found at circuses, what would a funambulist be better known as? The sale of which drink accounts for 10% of the income of the government in Russia? What is the world`s largest man-made structure? What is the normal colour of a black box used in aeroplanes? What colour are the seats in the House of Lords? Red, Blue or Green? A dagger, lead piping, a revolver, rope and a candlestick, which murder weapon is missing from the game of Cluedo? What license cost 37 pence when it was abolished in 1988? What company is said to be responsible for Santa Claus being dressed in the colours red & white? Who was the Full England manager before Sven Goran Ericsson took the job ? What is the name given to a poker hand where all cards are of the same suit, but not in running order? In Britain, in which month does the longest day occur? "Old Glory" is the one of the names of which country's flag? Who wears `The Fisherman`s Ring`? What type of fruit is a cantaloup? If you asked for `Trojans` in America, what would you get? Cigarettes, Stamps or Condoms? What is the common term for the type of people who prefer to be called `Inuit` or `Yupik`? Which country traditionally provides Britain with a Christmas tree for Trafalgar Square in London? What is the name of the aeroplane that the American President rides in? What does the term `brut` mean when applied to wine? By what name is the International Criminal Police Organisation better known? What is sold by a costermonger? Igor Sikorsky designed and flew the first practical version of what flying machine? If you were born on July 4th, what star sign would you be? From which country does the dish Enchilada come? What does the letter `N` stand for in `NATO`? Which comedy series is set on Craggy Island? Whose face is referred to in `The face that launched a thousand ships`? Where is the one place that the American flag flies 24 hours a day, but is never raised or lowered and is never saluted? What surname is common to the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1961 to 1974 and an ex-England football manager? Who did Margaret Thatcher replace as leader of the Conservative party? Out of all the animals which make up the Chinese horoscope, which comes first alphabetically? In New Orleans, the Mardi Gras festival occurs each year in which month? In which city in England is the National Railway Museum? In `The Twelve Days Of Christmas`, if you add up the number of swans-a-swimming and geese-a-laying, what do you get? 13, 14 or 15? Which number is referred to as `Doctor`s Orders` in Bingo? Tin (10) (lace 13, ivory 14) Tiger Woods Left Bottom left Tight-rope walker Vodka The Great Wall of China Orange Red Spanner Dog Licence Coca-Cola Kevin Keegan A flush June USA The Pope A melon Condoms Eskimos Norway Air Force One Very dry Interpol Fruit The helicopter Cancer Mexico North Atlantic Treaty Organization `Father Ted` Helen Of Troy The Moon Ramsey Edward Heath Boar February York 13 (7 Swans, 6 Geese) No 9 was a laxative pill given out by army docto From which country does the drink Pernod originate? In which London park is London Zoo situated? In which year did the Woolworths Group chain of shops cease trading and go into liquidation? Which of the following would a phillumenist collect? Bottle tops, Matchbox labels or Dolls? From what country does the chihuahua dog originate? What famous childrens train character would you find on the Island of Sodor? On which famous award do the two words `For Valour` appear? In which hand does the Statue Of Liberty hold a torch? Left or Right? Which is the only country to have played in every World Cup since it started in 1930? By what name is the Central Criminal Court in London better known? In the NATO phonetic alphabet, what word is used for `N`? What is the one place in all of Great Britain that the Queen cannot visit? `Gregory Peck` is cockney rhyming slang for what? Which Beatle led the way across the zebra crossing on the Abbey Road album cover? How is the Cockney double act of David Peacock and Charles Hodges better known? `Flowers in the Rain` by the Move was the first recorf to be played on which radio station? Which singer won the Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland in 1980 and 1987? How many faults does a competitor get if they knock a fence down in showjumping? In which decade did the Great Train Robbery take place? In Peter Pan, what is the name of Captain Hook`s ship? Which famous fictional detective first came tp prominence in the book "Study in Scarlett"? Where was the 1986 World Cup held? What football club did Gordon Banks play for when he won his 1966 World Cup medal? Fill in the missing name in this sequence of England managers: Ramsey, Mercer, Revie, ? , Robson Where are the headquarters of FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association)? Who was England's goalkeeper in the losing game against Germany in the 1970 World Cup? Who scored England's dying seconds winner against Belgium in the 1990 World Cup? Who is the Lev Yashin award given to at the end of World Cup finals? Which manager was in charge of the Scotland team in the 1986 World Cup Finals? Which German is currently the overall top scorer in the history of World Cup Finals with 14 goals? At the age of 42, which Cameroon player became the oldest ever to play in the World Cup Finals? Which British team were knocked out of the 1974 World Cup Finals on goal difference, but ended up the only unbeaten side in the competition? How many times has the host nation won the football World Cup? Grzegorz Lato won the Golden boot at the 1974 football World Cup Which country did he play for? Which 2 teams contested the only World Cup final to end 0-0 before penalties? Who were the last team to be runners-up in 2 consecutive World Cups? Which is the only non European country to host the World Cup more than once? What was the name of the mascot for the 1966 World Cup finals held in England? Who was David Beckham sent off for kicking in the 1998 World Cup game against Argentina? What was the scoreline when Brazil beat Italy in the 1970 World Cup final? Who was the first black footballer to win a full England cap? Which of the following teams was not in England`s group in the 2002 World Cup? Poland, Sweden or Nigeria? France Regent`s Park 2009 Matchbox labels Mexico Thomas the tank engine The Victoria Cross Right. Brazil The Old Bailey November The House Of Commons Cheque John Lennon Chas `n` Dave Radio One Johnny Logan Four 1960's - 1963 year either side The Jolly Roger Sherlock Holmes Mexico Leicester City Ron Greenwood (1977-82) Zurich, Swizerland Peter Bonetti David Platt goalkeeper voted the best in the tournament Alex Ferguson Gerd Muller Roger Milla Scotland 6 (Uruguay 1930, Italy 1934, England 1966, We Poland Brazil and Italy (1994 in USA) West Germany (in 1982 and 1986) Mexico (in 1970 and 1986) World Cup Willie Diego Simeone Four - One Viv Anderson, 1978 Poland Which Italian won the golden boot in the 1982 World Cup scoring 6 goals? Which football team lost both the 1974 and 1978 World Cup finals? Why was Scottish footballer Willie Johnstone sent home from the 1978 World Cup? What was the title of the England Football teams` 1970 World Cup song? Which two countries have only won the football World Cup once? Which Portugese footballer won the golden boot in the 1966 World Cup scoring 9 goals? Who was the only England player sent of during the 1986 World Cup Finals? In which country did the first football World Cup take place? Which two England footballers missed penalties in the shoot-out against Germany in the 1990 World Cup semifinal? Who was the first person to Captain and Manage a World Cup winning Football team? When Brazil won the 1994 soccer World Cup, to which famous Brazillian sportsman who died in this year persuing his own sport did they dedicate the win to? How many goals did Gary Lineker score for England in the 1986 World Cup finals? Geoff Hurst scored 3 goals in the 1966 World Cup final who scored the other goal for England? What English-speaking Carribean nation qualified for the soccer world cup finals in France in 1998? Which is the only country to have played in every World Cup since it started in 1930? What football club did Nobby Stiles play for when he won his 1966 World Cup medal? Which Countries World Cup Qualifiers have the nickname Bafana Bafana? Which referee gave a penalty to holland in the opening minutes of the 1974 world cup final? Which French footballer scored twice in the 1998 World Cup final? What is the traditional timing device used by musicians which clicks at a selected rate? During which war was the Battle of Anzio? The port of Drammen is in which scandanavian country? Which Three times Formula One Champion 1975/77/84 and airline founder, nicknamed the Rat and Clockwork Mouse, featured on an Austrian postage stamp in 2005? Spencer Perceval (1762-1812) is the only British Prime Minister to have been what: a professor; deaf; assassinated; or ginger? Jazz musician Stephane Grappelli was famous for playing which instrument? The Wombles made their debut television appearance on which children's Story Telling TV programme? What gas do humans breathe out? What ball is worth three points in snooker? Bibliomania is the compulsive collecting or hoarding of what? What is the name of Mick Hucknell's band? Caroline Lucas became the first parliamentary MP of which party, when she won the Brighton Pavilion seat in the UK May 2010 general election? In Japan the word Mikado originally referred to what: the emperor; a theatre; an early form of electoral proportional representation; or sushi rice? A clowder is a collective term for which creatures: dogs; cats; horses; or sheep? Which British football team is nicknamed the Blades? Who called a Rochdale pensioner whom Gordon Brown was heard to call 'a sort of bigoted woman' after meeting Paolo Rossi Holland For taking drugs `Back Home` England and France Eusebio Ray Wilkins Uruguay Chris Waddle and Stuart Pearce Franz Beckenbauer Ayrton Senna 6 Martin Peters Jamaica Brazil Manchester United South Africa Jack Taylor Zinedine Zidane Metronome Second World War Norway Niki Lauda Assassinated Violin Jackanory (1973) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Green Books Simply Red The Green Party The emperor Cats Sheffield United Gordon Brown her on a pre-election walkabout? What Maryland presidential retreat, previously called Shangri-la, was renamed by Dwight D Eisenhower after his grandson? On 1st April 1980 a 25-day riot and siege began at what UK prison? Prince Andrew served for twenty-two years with which organization? Which fictional Detective solves the crime in `Death on the Nile`? In which country does the story `The Pied Piper Of Hamelin` take place? According to Bram Stoker`s original novel, by which seaside town did Count Dracula enter England? In which country is the wine-growing Barossa Valley? Which country lies to the north of Austria and to the south of Poland? Which french landmark is 984 ft high? Okinawa is a volcano in which country? What is the largest country in South America? Which show about Danny and Sandy was made into a film with John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John? By what name is the motorway Gravelly Hill Interchange better known? Who played the Ringo Kid in the original Stagecoach film? What does a hippophobic fear? In which Decade was TV's Channel 4 launched? Which Australian won the men's singles at Wimbledon in 1987? In which sport would a niblick be used? In which art gallery is the Mona Lisa kept? What skin and eye colouring is associated with jaundice? What nationality was Pablo Picasso? Which literary character travelled around the world in 80 days with Pass Partout? In George Orwell`s `Animal Farm` what type of animal was `Napoleon`? When spoken by a police officer, what do the letters RTA stand for? Nick Leeson lost £208 million by the end of 1994 bringing which bank into bankruptcy Brothers Richard and Maurice opened their first fast food restaurant in 1940 in San Bernardino, California. What was the name of the restaurant? In which town was William Shakespeare born? Gala, Jonagold and Pink Lady are varieties of which fruit? What is sake made from? What type of material is produced in a ginnery? What's the oldest university in the USA? What is a blini? If you landed on the Short Fast Line, B&O Railroad, Seashore Lines or Reading Railroad What US version of a board game would you be playing? Who did Chris Chataway set pace for to create a World Record on 6 May 1954? What is the fictional brewery associated with the Rovers Return pub in TV's Coronation Street serial? Golda Meir was the famous female prime minister of which country? How many valves does a trumpet have? What is the name of the RAF's aerobatics team? In which ocean are the Canary Islands? Camp David Strangeways Royal Navy Hercule Poirot Germany Whitby Australia A: Czech Republic Eiffel Tower Japan Brazil Grease. Spaghetti Junction John Wayne Horses 1980's (1982) Pat Cash Golf The Louvre Yellow Spanish Phileas Fog A pig Road Traffic Accident Barings Mcdonalds Stratford-upon-Avon Apple Rice Cotton Harvard A Pancake Monopoly Roger Bannister Newton and Ridley Israel (1969-74) Three The Red Arrows Atlantic What type of weapon is a Falchion? The Trip To Jerusalem in Nottingham claims to be the oldest what in Britain? Which American horse race is run at Churchill Downs? Known as The Clones Cyclone which irishman won the World Featherweight Champion in 1985? What is a 'half-hunter'? Tanner was the slang term for which pre-decimal British coin? Which ice-skating sporting duo was coached by Betty Calloway? Which TV Soap began in 1985? Which French singer was known as Little Sparrow? In which country is Interpol based? Who was the first leader of Polish trade union Solidarity? In the UK military what does SAS stand for? On which part of the body would you wear a sabot? What is the name of the prison in the British TV comedy series Porridge? What is the largest city in Australia? What was the first name of the fictional New York detective Kojak? Which English Kate became the face of L'Oreal in 1998? Croatia and Slovenia used to be part of which country? Which sport in the Olympics includes pikes, tucks and twists? Which controversial American sportsman had the first names Orenthal James? What is the main color on the Chinese flag? Rupert Murdoch comes from which country? Abraham Saperstein started which world famous basketball team in January 1927? The 90s Good Friday Agreement sought peace in which country? Which singer was known as the 'Forces' Sweetheart'? Which establishment opened in Baker Street, London 1835. Which depicts life size replicas of famous people throughout history? What is the speed limit on a German motorway? James Baulmgarner changed his name slightly to become which actor? Which English cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1666? In which decade were luncheon vouchers introduced in the UK? Which caped crusader operated in Gotham city? What is the name of the horse in the only book written by Anna Sewell? Marty McFly came back to where? What colour is the bullseye on a standard dartboard? Which famous British group performed the first ever song on Top Of The Pops in 1964? Which Competition palyed every four years first took palce in Uruguay in 1930? How Long Does it take for light from the moon to reach the Earth 1.26 secs, 1.26 mins or 1.26 hours? What is the name of Tintin's wire haired terrier? If I take 2 apples out of a basket containing 6 apples how many apples do I have ? Which Bear grows larger Brown Grizzly or Polar ? For How long did Queen Victoria Reign for ? (2 years either side) Which country features a maple leaf on its flag ? Sword Pub The Kentucky Derby Barry McGuigan A type of pocket watch Sixpence Torvill and Dean Eastenders Edith Piaf France Lech Walesa Special Air Service Foot (it's a wooden shoe) Slade Sydney Theo Moss Yugoslavia Diving O J Simpson Red Australia Harlem Globetrotters N. Ireland Vera Lynn Madame Tussaud's There is no limit James Garner St Pauls 1950's (1955) Batman Black Beauty Future Red Rolling Stones World Cup Finals 1.26 secs Snowy Two Polar Bear (Twice as big) 64 Canada "Anyone Can Fall In Love" was a chart hit set to the theme tune of which British Soap Opera TV show? On Mount Rushmore which US president is missing George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Theodore Roosevelt? Aphrodite was the Goddess of what in Roman Mythology? How many rounds are there in an Olympic boxing match? Who did Elton John originally duet with on the No1 hit "Don't Go Breaking My Heart"? Martina Navratilova has been on the winning side in the Federation Cup for which two countries? Which actor is the dad of Jamie Lee Curtis? In which decade was Madonna born? In American football, where do the Chargers come from? What was the Russian President Yeltsin's first name? Who is the only character to appear in the first ever Coronation Street who is still in the show as at 2009? Churchill, Sherman and Panzer were all developed as types of what? If you were watching Hawkeye Pierce, Radar, Margaret Houlihan,Trapper and Colonel Henry Blake which american TV series would you be enjoying? The disastrous poison gas leak at Bhopal took place in which country? Dick Francis novels revolve around which sport? What does the C stand for in LCD? American Playwright Arthur Miller was married to which famous Hollywood blond actress? On a computer keyboard what letter is between Q and E? Lord Mountbatten was murdered off the coast of which country? In a speak to the Conservative Party Conference what was the finishing line to this address by Margaret Thatcher "To those waiting with bated breath for that favourite media catchphrase, the 'U-turn', I have only one thing to say: "You turn if you want to." ? What was Elvis Presley's daughter called? Who collaborated with Andrew Lloyd Webber on the musicals Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, Jesus Christ Superstar, Evita and many others? Which team were beaten 7-0 by portugal in the recent world cup finals? What numeric term describes perfect eyesight and a form of cricket? In Cluedo, How many rooms are there in which the murder can take place? According the the Bible how many of each type of animal did Moses take on the Ark? Which British Prime Minister had the maiden name Roberts ? What is the purpose of the black stripe on a school crossing warden`s `lollipop`? Barwick Green is the name of the title music to which Long Running Radio show? The Savoy Grill, the Boxwood Café at the Berkeley Hotel and Maze are all restaurants owned by which famous chef? Eli Wallach played which of the three from the film The Good, The Bad and the Ugly? In which city would you find Canada`s largest Stock Exchange? What was the name of the car which was known as Luxury Export United States after it`s intended market - the U.S.A ? According to the lyrics of the song by the Weather Girls, it will start raining men at just about what time? According to the old proverb all roads lead to which capital city? Eastenders Abraham Lincoln Love 4 Kiki Dee Czechoslovakia & USA Tony Curtis 1950's (1958) San Diego Boris Ken Barlow Tank M.A.S.H India Horse Racing Liquid CRYSTAL Display Marilyn Monroe QWERTY IRELAND The lady's not for turning." Lisa Marie Tim Rice North Korea (Korea DPR) 20/20 9. Kitchen, Billiard Room, Ballroom, Conservator None, Noah took the animals. Margaret Thatcher To write in chalk the registration number of traff The Archers Gordon Ramsay The Ugly Toronto Lexus Half past ten Rome Which Hollywood Actress has Three Children called Maddox, Zahara and Shiloh ? February is the shortest month in the year, but which is the longest? Where would you find an Aglet ? The French character Bibendum has more than one spare tyre, but by what name do we know him better as? If you were a `chalkie` in Australia, what would your profession be? In which English county is the Queen`s private residence, Sandringham House? What colour was Coca-Cola originally? In which religion is Vishnu worshipped as the God of creation? In May 2006, Belfast Airport officially changed its name in honour of which famous Irishman? In `Coronation Street`, what was Stan Ogden`s occupation? What starts with `T`, ends with `T` and has `T` in it? How much liquid does a flagon hold? Which European country is the largest consumer of beer per head? Which famous building has the address 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue? Which chocolate bar was launched in 1978 by a long distance lorry driver called Martin Fisk? By what name are Dominican Monks also known as? Whitefriars, Blackfriars or Greyfriars? In money slang, how much is a `Pavarotti`? Which famous fictional character lives at 4 Privet Drive, Little Whinging? What is the top colour on a rainbow? In which country was the organisation Greenpeace founded? Lord David Sutch was the founder of which UK political party? Which sign of the zodiac is represented by the Ram? In the order of the British Empire, what does the letter `C` stand for in CBE? What are the three primary colours of light? What is comic book hero Played for and managed Melchester Rovers? What was Sarah, the Duchess of York`s maiden name? In which country did the dish of goulash originate? What is the national dance of Brazil? To the nearest million, what did Census 2001 reveal was the population of the UK (5 Million each way)? What is the main language spoken in Chile? Helmut Kohl was the chancellor of which country during the 80s and 90s? The sale of what was prohibited in America during prohibition? Who beat Trevor Berbick (WBC) then James Smith (WBA) then Tony Tucker (IBF) to become undisputed World Boxing Champion in 1990? In the game of draughts, how many men does a player start with? What type of pastry is used in profiteroles? B&Q stores nationwide broke British law in 1989 by doing what? Which city is 402 miles from Cardiff, 156 miles from Newcastle and 149 miles from Aberdeen? Exmoor, Welsh Mountain and Shetland are varieties of what type of animal? What is the colour of the dragon on the Welsh flag? From which country does the game of mah-jong originate? Which member of the royal family married Timothy Lawrence in 1992? Between which two cities did the train `the Flying Scotsman` run? Angelina Jolie October, because the clocks go back so it lasts 3 shoe lace it is the hard tag at the end The Michelin Man Teaching Norfolk Green Hinduism George Best Window Cleaner A Teapot Two pints Germany The White House Yorkie Blackfriars £10 (a tenor) Harry Potter Red Canada Official Monster Raving Loony Party Aries Commander Red, Blue and Green. Roy Race (Roy of the Rovers) Ferguson Hungary The samba 59 million Spanish Germany. Alcohol. Mike Tyson 12 Choux Opening on a Sunday Glasgow Pony Red China Princess Anne London and Edinburgh How many numbered compartments are there on a roulette wheel? Dr. Banner is the alter-ego of which comic book hero? In which German city does the Oktoberfest beer festival take place? Which comedian has the real name of Royston Vasey? What is France`s largest vehicle manufacturer? Which American building became the tallest building in the world when it opened in 1931? A quadricentennial event would take place once every how often? What cocktail consists of Tia Maria, Vodka and Coke? How old do you have to be to legally buy a lottery ticket in the UK? What was the first name of O.J. Simpsons` wife who was killed in 1994? Lending her name to a famous sports manufacturer, who was the Greek Goddess of Victory? Robert Zimmerman is the real name of which famous person? Which company makes the chocolate biscuit Kit Kat? How many zeros are in a one trillion when written out in numerical form? What are the three colours which make up the Dutch flag? Which religious organistation`s badge bears the logo `Blood and Fire`? In the British Army, which of these ranks is the highest? Major, Captain or Colonel? Who is Liverpool Airport named after? How many points does a `Star of David` have? With what game would you associate Bobby Fischer? What are Oxford Bags? Trousers, Socks or Shoes? What is the average of the numbers 1, 2, 4 and 5? The Bolero is the national dance of Which European country? What is the name given to someone who makes arrows? Where in the body is the patella? From which animal does Cashmere wool come from? How many eyes does a cyclops have? What is Frigophobia the fear of? In which Ocean are the group of islands called the Seychelles? Which Russian leader had a pronounced birth mark on his forehead? Which Royal couple were divorced in february 1996? What was the name of the oil platform which exploded in the north sea oil field in July 1988? Which spinach-eating sailor has Robin Williams played on the film? The cephalothorax and the opisthosoma are body sections of what: arachnids (spiders, etc); humans; birds; or fire-engines? Which famous book was Credited with popularising the girl's name Wendy? In which European country is the Caledonian Canal? Budapest lies on which river? What is the name of Bill Sikes` dog in Charles Dickens` `Oliver Twist` and a TV game Show? Which East Sussex Seaside Town was the name of a Grahame Greene novel? Renee Zellweger played which part in the film based on the characters diary? Who is missing, Porthos, Athos and D'Artagnan? What was the landscape painters Constable`s first name? 37 (0 to 36) The Incredible Hulk Munich Roy Chubby Brown Renault Empire State Building 400 years Black Russian 16 Nicole Nike Bob Dylan Rowntrees 12 Red, White and Blue The Salvation Army Colonel John Lennon 6 Chess Trousers 3 Spain Fletcher The knee Goat 1 The cold The Indian Ocean Gorbachev. Diana Princess of Wales and Prince Charles Piper Alpha Popeye. Arachnids Peter Pan Scotland Danube Bullseye Brighton Rock Bridget Jone's Aramis John What was author Dick Francis` profession before he took up writing? In which American state is Hollywood? Which toll bridge joins the counties of East Riding of Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire? In which Scottish city would you find the Royal Mile and Holyrood Palace? In which country was Charlie Chaplin born? What country is only bordered by Spain? Solidarity was the mass movement of the people in which country? What does H stand for in the video system VHS as launched by JVC in 1976 ? The William Tell Overture provided the title music to which 1950's - 60's Cowboy Cult TV western ? Which American singer's first solo No 1 in the UK was "One Day In your Life" ? Where is the Valley of the Kings, the scene of a terrorist attack in 1997 ? In Which year did we convert to decimilastion ? The river Tiber flows through which European City ? What TV series featured Emma Peel ? Who set to sea in a beautiful pea green boat ? Who was the Prime Minister in the Faulklands War ? What is the common name for sodium chloride ? Who in a famous speech Said "I have a dream"? Which is the longest river in Britain? What document was Signed by King John in 1215? Gangsters Mr Barrow and Miss Parker were better known by their first names What were they? What was the actor name of Marrion Morrison? In Which part of the body is the Thyroid Gland ? Andorra, Belguim, germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Monaco, Spain and Switzerland all have a border with which country ? In which 1993 film does a boy called Jonah write to a woman called Annie, asking her to meet his father at the Empire State building on St. Valentine's Day? If you were eating escargots in a French restaurant what would you be eating? The Worlds largest Mobile Phone maker, Nokia, is based In which country? How many babies did Janet Walton give birth to in November, 1983? Which Beatle led the way across the zebra crossing on the Abbey Road album cover? In the Book what was Baron Frankenstein's first name? Which island was awarded the George Cross in 1942? Who bought Chelsea football club for £1 in 1982? How many players make up an Australian rules football team? What was the name and call-sign of the Apollo Eleven lunar module which landed on the moon in 1969? In Spain is a Senorita a married or single woman? According to the proverb, when should you not count your chickens? What colour does acid turn Litmus paper? What's the largest Scandinavian country? What was the name of the Benedictine monk who legend has it invented Champagne? In which Country is the concentration camp Auschwitz ? Who was Kate Winslett 's male co-star in Titanic? Jockey Hollywood The Humber Bridge Edinburgh London, England Portugal Poland. Video Home System The Lone Ranger. Michael Jackson Egypt. 1971 Rome The Avengers The Owl & The Pussycat Maggie Thatcher Salt Martin Luther King Jnr River Severn Magna Carta Bonnie and Clyde John Wayne The Neck France "Sleepless In Seattle" Snails Finland 6 John Lennon Victor Malta Ken Bates 18 Eagle Single Before they've hatched Red Sweden Dom Perignon Poland Leonardo di Caprio What is calcium carbonate normally known as? Who holds the record as being Britain's youngest ever Formula 1 Driver? How many holes are there in a ten pin bowling ball? Which childrens fictional character lives in the land of Honalee ? What nationality was Salvadore Dali? In Basketball it’s called a Tip Off, in Football a Kick off what is it called in Ice Hockey? Which country voted in a referendum to keep the Queen as their sovereign in 1999? In the movies Daniel Radcliffe plays which character? Two main London railway stations have the word "Cross" in their names. Name both? Who was the last English born manager to manage/coach an FA Cup winning side? If you were playing darts and got a 'Shanghai' score of 72 with 3 darts which number have you scored on? Which character had a valet called Kato? What is the name of the RAF's aerobatics team? In which ocean are the Canary Islands? The phrase ‘mind your p’s and q’s’ originally meant to watch how much you had to drink, but what did the letters p & q stand for? What units are used to measure sound intensity? What flavour is the liqueur Cointreau? What nationality was the famous spy Mata Hari - Dutch, Austrian, French? Which Saint's Day is 17th March? Whose catchphrase was 'Ooo you are awful but I like you'? What was first crossed by tightrope by Charles Blondin in 1859? Which animals young is called a joey? In All The Presidents Men, Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman play journalists investigating which break-in? Which two teams contested the first Post World War Two Wembley FA Cup Final? What is the worlds Northern most capital? Which game might you be watching if you were at The Belfry? How many squares are there on a snakes and ladders board? Which childrens cartoon character had a ship called the Black Pig? How many sheets of paper are there in a ream? What title is giving to the wife of an Earl called? Who played Corporal Jones in 'Dad's Army'? What does an 'Anemometer' measure ? Ankara is the capital of which country? In Pop music, which two herbs go with 'Parsley & Sage'? What sort of creature is a bustard? In the USA if you were a bootlegger what would you be selling illegallyl? In the Hans Christian Andersen story, which little girl was found inside the petals of a flower? Which is the only US state to begin with the letter 'P'? What nationality is the worlds oldest airline Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappi? Which spirit is the base for a Black Russian cocktail? In motoring terms what does OHC stand for? Chalk Jensen Button 3 Honalee Spanish Face off Australia Harry Potter Kings cross and Charing cross Harry Rednapp (2008 - portsmouth beat Cardiff 12 Inspector Clousseau Red Arrrows Atlantic Pints & Quarts Decibels Orange Dutch St. Patrick Dick Emery Niagara Falls Kangaroo Watergate Chelsea v Leeds (1970) Reykjavik, Iceland Golf 100 Captain Pugwash 500 Countess Clive Dunn Windspeed Turkey Rosemary and Thyme - Scarborough fair A bird Alcohol Thumbelina Pennsylvania Dutch (KLM) Vodka Overhead Camshaft The Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratory is better known by which name? How many countries are still members of the British Commonwealth (five either side)? Pershore, Victoria and Washington are types of which fruit? How many times in succession did Bjorn Borg win the Men's Tennis Singles at Wimbledon? The character Shylock appears in the Merchant of Venice written by whom? P&O, the shipping line, stands for what? Who wrote the novel Dracula? How many valves does a trumpet have? Apart from London name one other city in Britain have an underground railway system? How many players are there in an Australian Rules football team? What is a person who shoes horses called? Which team was Liverpool playing in the 1985 European Cup Final when the Heysel stadium disaster happened, banning all English clubs from European Football for 6 years? What is the UK equivalent of the American Army Delta Force? What was the first name of the movie character Indiana Jones? Which comedian was born 'Maurice Cole'? In which country is Acapulco? Which Disney film features the song 'The Bear Necessities'? What type of animal is a Wessex Saddleback? Which game can be 'lawn' or 'crown green'? How many balls are on the table at the start of a frame of snooker? In Australian slang, what is a 'Thunder Box'? Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid are better known as who? In the song, 'The House of the Rising Sun' is in which city? Who invented the bouncing bomb? Which animal lives in a Drey? What does "Five-O" stand for in the TV series Hawaii Five 0? In the phonetic alphabet, what word represents the letter H ? Which is the oldest club in the Football League, founded in 1862? What American state is Silicon Valley in? From what musical did the song "I'm gonna wash that man right out of my hair" come ? How high is the basket in Basketball in feet? Who was married too Cassandra in "Only Fools & Horses"? In the 20th century, how many England internationals have be named European footballer of the year? How many shillings were in a sovereign? Which musical instrument has 47 strings? Originally registered as the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, what is it now called? What was the family name of the Beverly Hillbillies? What is the colour of the number 13 on a roulette wheel? What is done to a herring to make it into a kipper? What is an ‘Alto Cumulus’? In which European country would you find Tuscany? What type of animal is a cottontail? Jodrell Bank 53 Plum 5 Shakespeare Peninsular and Oriental Bram Stoker 3 Glasgow, Liverpool, Newcastle 18 Farrier Juventus Delta Force Henry Walton "Indiana" Jones, Jr Kenny Everett Mexico The Jungle Book A pig Bowls 22 (fifteen reds, 6 colours, 1 white) Toilet Abba New Orleans Barnes Wallis Squirrel Hawaii was the 50th State of America Hotel Notts County California South pacific 10 ft (3.05 metres) Rodney Three. Kevin Keegan, Bobby Charlton, Stanley M 20 Harp OXFAM The Clampetts Black It is smoked A cloud Italy A Rabbit Which musician was known as ‘Satchmo’? Which British royal was once married to Lord Snowden? Which ice dance partnership performed to Ravel’s Bolero? Which was the only non-European nation to win the men's football world cup in the 90's? What relationship is Queen Elizabeth II to Prince William? Who were Andy Pandy's two best friends? What is the name of the Israeli Secret Service? Which hollywood actress married nine times won the 1936 'Miss Hungary' title but had to give it up because she was under 16? Who has managed both England and Australia's national football team? What does a chandler make and/or sell? What is Dennis the Menace's dog called? Who won seven gold medals at the 1974 Olympics? In athletics field events, what weighs sixteen pounds (7.25kg)? Which country is Luxembourg the capital of? In which three Olympic sports do men and women compete together? Which detective shares his name with a chocolate covered ice-cream bar? Which of the world's capital cities stands on the Potomac River? In which film was the song 'Raindrops are falling on my Head' a theme tune? In speedway racing, how many laps of the track does a race consist of? Which out of this world historic event happened on Sunday, July 20, 1969? Which historical event started with the storming of the Winter Palace, St Petersburg in 1917? A Skulk is the collective noun for a group of What? Which river starts in switzerland and runs through Litchenstein, Austria, Germany, France, Netherlands Who played Emma Peel in the Avengers? What colour is calamine lotion? Buster Crabbe, Johnny Weissmuler and Ron Ely have all played which Movie/TV character? Who was known in the Second World War, as ‘The Forces Sweetheart’? Who wrote the lyrics for the stage musicals Evita and Jesus Christ Superstar? The Colorado River flows through which mountain range? How many square miles is the City of London? Which is the only sport you are not allowed to play left-handed? How many consonants are there in the English alphabet? Which vegetable can be oyster, chestnut or shitaki? Which of the 7 dwarfs has the longest name? What boy's name is also a grade of proficiency in judo? What did the crocodile swallow in Peter Pan? What type of creature is a painted lady? How many strings does a Spanish guitar have? In the novel Animal Farm which animals took over the farm? Who was the 'Maid of Orleans'? How many chambers has the heart? Steamboat Willy introduced which famous character to the silver screen in 1928? Louis Armstrong Princess Margaret Torvill & Dean Brazil Grandmother Teddy and Looby Loo Mossad Zsa Zsa Gabor Terry Venables Candles Gnasher Mark Spitz Shot Putt Luxembourg Yachting, shooting, equestrianism Magnum (P.I.) Washington DC Butch Cassidy and the Sundance kid 4 Neil Armstrong walked on the moon. The Russian Revolution. Foxes Rhine Diana Rigg Pink Tarzan Vera Lynn Tim Rice The Rockies One. Polo 21 Mushrooms Bashful, Dopey, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Doc Dan An alarm clock. Butterfly 6 Pigs Joan of Arc 4 Mickey Mouse In which country are Saab cars manufactured? What is the official bird of Britain? What is the currency of Turkey? What do you call an eight sided figure? In which US city is the Sears tower? Whose first Secret Diary was written when he was 13 3/4? What is the name of the cat that chases Tweetie Pie? Who is the only non-league side (now a London Premiership team) to win the FA Cup? What were the little people in the Wizard of Oz called? Who is the Greek God of the sea? What is the main ingredient of risotto? Which major sporting event began on 17 June 1994 at Soldier Field, Chicago? In which English city was the boxer Prince Naseem Hamed born? How many fences are there in the Grand National? Which London landmark was named after Sir Benjamin Hall? Ring of Bright Water' is a book about which creatures? What is Del Boys local called in only fools and horses? What was the name of Thor Heyerdahl's balsa wood raft on which he crossed the Pacific in 1947 covering 6920km, hoping to prove that Native South Americans could have migrated to the Pacific islands? Released in 1997 What is the Top selling UK single of all time an adaptation of the original to commmemorate a famous British icon? Who was Passepartout's travel companion? In which year did Queen Elizabeth the second of England come to the throne? What nationality was the explorer Christopher Columbus? In which country is the Masai Mara game reserve? What was the name of the family in the Sound of Music? What goods were for sale from the Dublin street vendor, Molly Malone? Which weather phenomenon translates from the Spanish for 'little boy'? What's the name of the dog in the Tom and Jerry cartoons? Name Gladys Knights backing group? In London, the Cambridge, the Lyric and the Adelphi are all what? What sport was the subject of the film 'National Velvet'? Who is the first female in line to the British throne? In which series did Steve Garrett say 'Book 'em Danno!'? Name the Greenpeace trawler which was sunk in July 1985. What does a cooper make? Which tribe did Geronimo lead? Which fruit is the main ingredient of Spanish gazpacho soup? How many children were in Enids Blytons Famous Five? Which country's team always leads the Olympic opening procession? Which country's team is always last at the Olympic opening procession? What is the one place in all of Great Britain that the Queen cannot visit? Sweden Robin Lira Octagon Chicago Adrian Mole Sylvester Tottenham Hotspur. They were elected to the lea Munchkins Poseidon. Rice Football World Cup Sheffield 32 (2 circuits of 16) Big Ben Otters The Nags Head KonTiki. Candle in the wind Phileas Fogg 1952 Italian Kenya Von Trapp Cockles and mussels El Nino Spike The Pips Theaters Horse racing Princess Beatrice Hawaii Five-O Rainbow Warrior Barrels The Apache Tomato 4 (1 dog) Greece The Host Nation House of Commons The Yeomen of the Guard are known by what other name? Which is the odd wine out? Sherry, Retsina, Champagne, Port or Bordeaux In sport what can be a maximum of 38 inches long & 4 inches wide? Name 3 of the five James Bond films that have titles of only one word? What is the name of the international agreement that established a code for the treatment of prisoners of war? What was the name of Bruce Wayne’s butler? Who managed the first English side to win the European Cup? What is the national bird of New Zealand? What is the maximum number of men allowed in a tug-of-war team? Which country did boxer Lennox Lewis represent at the Olympics? Which film studio had a lion as its symbol? In which city was John F Kennedy assassinated? Which football team did Alf Garnett support? Which American Athlete said, 'That business with Hitler didn't bother me, I didn't go there to shake hands with him anyway'? What type of transport did Steve McQueen use to escape in the film 'The Great Escape'? Who had a hit with "The Fastest Milkman in the West"? In which country was the Battle of El Alamain fought? Where did Tony Bennett leave his heart? Q: How many degrees are there in a circle? Q: Near which European Capital city is Orly airport? Q: What is the name of the butler in the Addams family? Q: In 1929, who ordered the infamous St Valentines Day Massacre Q: What do vertebrates have that invertebrates do not? Q: In movies what was Marrion Morrison’s stage name? Q: What was Beethoven's first name? Q: Which sport are Dick Francis' novels about? Q: What is a young kangaroo called? Q: Name the ranch where the Cartwright's lived in Bonanza. Q: Name the geological fault that runs the length of California? Q: Who rolled down the hill last, Jack or Jill? Q: Which ex sportsman links the films Swordfish, Gone In 60 Seconds and Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels? Q: Who led the "Dirty Dozen" in the film of the same name? Q: Which soap pub sells Newton and Ridley? Q: What is a period of play in polo called? Q: Who was the last Briton to win a men's singles title at Wimbledon? Q: What is mined at Kimberley, Australia ? Q: Which American President did John Hinckley Junior shoot? Q: Which English Pop Star played Ned Kelly in the 1970 film of the same name? Q: Which soccer team did Ian Botham play for? Q: Macaroni, Gentoo, Chinstrap and Emperor are types of which sea creature? Q: In a modern 3 pin electrical plug, what is the colour of the live or positive wire? Beefeaters Retsina (describes the flavour) All the others des Cricket bat Goldfinger, Goldeneye, Moonraker, Octopussy, T Geneva convention Alfred Matt Busby The kiwi Eight Canada MGM Dallas West Ham Jesse Owens (after Hitler refused to shake his ha Motorbike Benny Hill Egypt San Francisco A: 360 A: Paris A: Lurch A: Al Capone A: A backbone A: John Wayne A: Ludwig A: Horse racing A: Joey A: Ponderosa A: San andreas fault A: Jill A: Vinnie Jones A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Lee Marvin Rovers' Return Chukka Fred Perry Gold Ronald Reagan Mick Jagger Scunthorpe United Penguins Brown Q: Who was Queen of England for only 9 days before she was beheaded? Q: How many square inches are there in a square foot? Q: Which famous sports person married his fiancé Elin Nordegren in Barbados in October 2004? Q: Which musical is the name of a US state? Q: Who recorded the 70's disco song "You're My First, My last, My Everything"? Q: What is the official residence of the French President? Q: Who was the first Black soccer captain for England? Q: In the cartoon, who is Andy Capp’s wife? Q: In which 70's series did you see the characters Reagan & Carter? Q: How many strings has a Ukulele? Q: WhIch female tennis player won a 'Golden Slam' in 1988 by winning the singles titles at the Australian, French, Wimbledon and United states tennis championships and the Olympic games? Q: What nationality is the violinist, Yehudi Menuhin? Q: What 3 colours are the national flag of Belgium? Q: Which politician, born in Tredegar, Monmouthshire, in 1942 was leader of the British Labour Party from 1983 to 1992? Q: What currency is used in Japan? Q: How is the Aurora Australis better known? Q: In May 1984, Alan Pettigrew of Loch Lomond gained the world record from throwing what item with a distance of 55.11 metres? Q:Willie John McBride is a name associated with which sport? Q:In the nursery rhyme, who were the Three Men in a Tub? Q: Who did Mark Chapman kill in New York? Q: The picture of which American President appears on the 1 dollar bill? Q: In the phonetic alphabet, what word represents the letter Z ? Q: What three flavours make up a neopolitan ice cream? Q: Which brown bear befriended Mowgli? Q: What colour lenses are required to view a "3-D" film? Q: What number is opposite a one on a dice? Q: In which sport would you have an Eskimo roll? Q: How many sides has a dodecagon? Q: On which Island is Wall Street? Q: In which novel does Fagin appear? Q: The spray WD-40 is often used to help cars start, and free locks – what does the WD stand for? Q: What is the name of the medical oath taken by doctors? Q: Who was Liza Minnelli's mother? Q: Which golden land or city was believed by the Spanish conquistadores to exist in the Amazon? Q: What two colours is a Piebald Horse? Q: What number does the Roman numeral D stand for? Q:What orbital body last appeared in our skies in 1986? Q: How many colours are there in the rainbow? Q: Which extremely popular TV and movie series was originally created by Gene Roddenberry? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Lady Jane Grey 144 Tiger Woods Oklahoma Barry White Elysée Palace Paul Ince Flo The Sweeny 4 Steffi Graff A: American A: Black, Yellow and Red A: Neil Kinnock A: Yen A: The southern lights A: A haggis A:Rugby Union A: Butcher, Baker, Candlestick Maker A: John Lennon A: Goerge Washington A: Zulu A: Vanilla, chocolate, stawberry A: Baloo A: Red & Green A: Six A: Canoeing A: 12 A: Manhattan A: Oliver Twist A: Water Dispersant A: Hippocratic oath A: Judy Garland A: El Dorado A: Black and White A: 500 A:Haley's comet A: Seven A: Star trek Q: What is a female deer called? Q: Which Agatha Christie fictional detective lives in St Mary Mead? Q: Who's fist number one uk hit in 1962 was "From me to you"? Q: The initials TC stand for which cartoon character? Q: Tawny, Ruby & Vintage are 3 styles of which Drink? Q: What is the correct name for a coffin made from stone? Q: Who was the first footballer to captain three FA Cup winning teams at Wembley? Q: What is the collective noun for a group of owls? Q: From which country does Grolsch lager originate? Q: What did the Tin Man ask the Wizard of Oz for? Q: What’s the highest civilian award for heroism in Britain? Q: Admiralty Arch is at one end of the Mall in London, what is at the other end Q: What is the official diameter of the centre circle on a soccer pitch? Q: To which document did King John set his seal to at Runnymede in 1215? Q:Sheffield United won the Football League Cup 1991, Manchester United won it in 1992, But which sponsers had the cup named after them in these years? Q: What is the famous five-word catchphrase of American boxing MC Michael Buffer? Q: What is the name of the dog in the Magic Roundabout? Q: In which Dickens novel is the character Bill Sykes? Q: Who was comic strip Melchester Rovers most famous player? Q: Which house furnishing is associated with the town of Kidderminster? Q: Which baseball fielding position is behind home plate? Q: Who won an Oscar for Best Actress for the film Sophie’s Choice? Q: Which is the shortest circuit in Formula 1 Q: There are only 4 gemstones that can be called precious – the rest are semi-precious, what are the 4? Q: What word is used for the letter 'O' in the phonetic alphabet? Q: What is the nearest English city to Dublin, Eire? Q: What name is given to the document given out by a political party before an election, setting out its policies? Q: To get a break of 147 in snooker, how many balls would you have to pot? Q: During World War Two What were Little Boy and Fat Man? Q: What is another name for ground almond paste? Q: In the Bible, what battle will take place at the end of the world? Q: What unit of measure is usually used to describe sounds? Q: Which piece of kitchen equipment contains a magnetron? Q: What colour is the cross on the Swedish Flag? Q: Which two numbers used in conjunction mean ‘Message Understood’? Q: Whose official residence is Lambeth Palace in London? Q: What is the name of the line that cuts a circle in half? Q: Before its independence Bangladesh was part of which Asian Country? Q: What links the football world cup winners of 1930, 1934, 1966, 1974, 1978 and 1998? Uruguay, Italy, England, West Germany, Argentina and France. Q: Where in London is Traitor’s Gate? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Doe Miss Marple Beatles Top cat Port Sarcophagus Bryan Robson A parliament Netherlands A heart George cross Buckingham palace 20 yards (18.3 metres) Magna Carta A:Rumbelows A: Let's get ready to rumble A: Dougal A: Oliver Twist A: Roy Race A: Carpets A: Catcher A: Meryl Streep A: Monaco A: Diamond, Emerald, Ruby and Sapphire A: Oscar A: Liverpool A: Manifesto A: 36 A: The 2 Atomic Bombs dropped on Japan A: Marzipan A: Armageddon A: Decibel A: Microwave oven A: Yellow A: 10/4 A: Archbishop of Canterbury A: Diameter A: Pakistan A: They were all host nations A: Tower of london Q: In which sport (exact name) would you play for the william Ellis Trophy? Q: What is the highest pitched woodwind instrument? Q: What is the name of the captain in "Are you being served" Q:Does a Staligmite hang down from a ceiling of a cave or rise up from the floor? Q: What do you get if you mix potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulphur? Q: The first Successful Heart Transplant was performed in Cape Town, South Africa in which decade? Q: What was the name of the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers set sail in 1620? Q: Which British car manufacturer produced the Avenger and Minx? Q: What movie launched Buzz Lightyear on the world? Q: Which entertainer was nicknamed Satchmo? Q: Which famous landmark was built on the 13th August 1961 and came down on 9th November 1989? Q: In the Bible who were the parents of Cain & Abel? Q: In which film does a nun, on the run from the Nazis, and accompanied by a group of children, sing at the Salzburg Festival? Q: Which food item has a museum dedicted to it's history and is located in Pontedassio, Italy? Q: ibiya's flag is the only flag in the world which consists of a single solid color. Which Colour? Q: Which part of a man’s body enlarges by up to 8 times when he sees an attractive female? Q: Which British monarch was persuaded by Prime Minister Disraeli to take the title 'Empress Of India' ? Q: What is the highest score draw ever recorded in the Football League? Q: Who did Lyndon johnson succeed as President of the United States in 1963 after his assassination? Q: What is the name of the ferocious fish, shaped like a torpedo which is found in warm seas and is closely related to the sea-perch? Q: In Tennis Pam Shriver holds the record for the most Ladies doubles trophies who was her partner? Q: From which trees do conkers come? Q: Name the song from these lyrics “These vagabond shoes are longing to stray” Q: Which British TV programme is the World's longest running TV sci-fi series? Q: What's the name of the Swiss wax modeller who made death masks during the French Revolution and died in 1850. Q: Which U.S City is the home of the Motown Record Company? Q: What is a shoemaker's model of the human foot called? Q: A mahout is a person who works with and rides what? Q: What was the maiden name of Diana, Princess of Wales? Q: In Children's cartoons, who does Sylvester chase? Q: Mr and Mrs Smith have 6 daughters, each daughter has one brother, how many people are in the family? Q: In bingo calls, what number is "trombones"? Q: What is the longest race in men's athletics? Q: Which country was invaded by Iraq in 1990? Q: In which month is VE Day? Q: Who was Anne Hathaway married to? Q: Which of the following is the odd one out: Ming, Royal Doulton, Chippendale, and Wedgwood? Q: Which cocktail consists of Tia Maria, Vodka and Coke? Q: What movement did Lord Baden Powell found? Q: Where in the body is the Scapula? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Rugby Union Piccolo Peacock Rises from the floor (staligtite hangs down) Gunpowder 60's (Dec 3rd 1967) The mayflower Hillman Toy Story Louis Armstrong The Berlin wall Adam and Eve A: The sound of music A: The historical museum of spaghetti A: Green A: The pupil of his eye A: Queen Victoria A: 6 - 6 (Charlton v Middlesborough 22 Oct 1960 A:John F Kennedy A: Barracuda A:Martina Navaratilova A: Horse Chestnut A: New York, New York by Frank Sinatra A: Dr. Who A: Madame Tussaud A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Detroit A Last Elephants Spencer Tweetie Pie Nine. 6 daughters plus ONE brother plus Mr a 76 50 Kilometre Walk Kuwait May (8th May 1945) William Shakespeare Chippendale (It's furniture). The rest are pott Black Russian Boy scouts Shoulder blade Q: How many straight lines are there on a football pitch? Q: In polite circles what drink is always passed to the left? Q: What is the name of Sydney ’s famous beach? Q: According to the title of the Hans Christian Anderson story who had new clothes? Q: In which country is the huge game reserve the Masai Mara? Q: Which country does Sambuca originate from? Q: Who was the first Merseybeat group to have a UK number one single? Q: What Age followed the Bronze Age? Q: Who were: Peter Tork, Mike Nesmith, Micky Dolenz, and Davy Jones collectively known as? Q: What is the common name for nitrous oxide? Q: What does a cartographer do? Q: Which cartoon character came from Mexico and was the fastest mouse in the world? Q: How many numbers are there on a traditional bingo card? Q: In the human body, what is the patella better known as? Q: What is a 'half-hunter'? Q: In which TV series did the brothers Hoss, Adam and Little Joe appear? Q: Brian Deane scored the first ever Premiership goal for which team? Q: How many consecutive questions would you have had to get right to become a millionaire on the TV show? Q: Which French phrase means ' road closed at one end'? Q: How many laps are there in a normal speedway race - 3, 4 or 5? Q: Who was god of the sea in Greek Mythology? Q: Which tennis player was stabbed while playing against Steffi Graf in Hamburg in 1993? Q: Who cut off the tails of the three blind mice? Q: Which famous movie star was Mr Universe between 1978 and 1980? Q: What word links a group of whales with a group of peas? Q: What were the gangs called in West Side Story? Q: What’s the title of the person who gives the results of elections in Britain? Q: Which parts of your body are said metaphorically to burn when someone is talking about you? Q: True or false…electric eels actually produce electricity? Q: Vespa and Lambretta are famous manufacturers of what? Q: Arsenal did it 2003/4, Preston did it in 1888/89. What did both clubs do? Q: Two main London railway stations have the word “Cross” in their names. Name both. Q: What was the name of Sir Clive Sinclair's electric tricycle, launched in 1985? Q: Which Gladiator led a Revolt against Rome in 73 BC? Q: In which city were the 2008 Olympics be held? Q: What is the name of Yogi Bear’s best friend? Q: Who was the last British Prime Minister not to have a wife? Q: What name is given to the Spanish drink that consists of sweetened red wine and lemonade or soda water and decorated with fruit? Q: Which Sport is played by the Boston Red Sox? Q: What colour is the M on the Mcdonald’s logo? Q: In cricket how many ways can a batsman be dismissed? Q: Which trio topped the Christmas charts in the 60s with the song “Lily The Pink”? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: 17 Port Bondi Beach The Emperor Kenya Italy Gerry & the Pacemakers Iron Age The Monkees Laughing Gas Makes maps Speedy Gonzales Fifteen The kneecap A type of pocket watch Bonanza Sheffield United 15 Cul de sac 4 Poseidon Monica Selles The Farmer’s Wife Arnold Schwarzenegger Pod the Sharks and the Jets Returning Officer Ears True Scooters Go through an entire top flight league season Kings Cross & Charing Cross The C5 Spartacus Beijing Boo Boo Margaret Thatcher Sangria Baseball Yellow 10 The Scaffold Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Q: Which South American country has an Inca name meaning 'Cold Winter'? Who was manager of Manchester United immediately before Sir Alex Ferguson? Who lived at 221B Baker Street? Which working class cartoon character was created by Reg Smythe? In which city would you find the Wailing Wall? In Legend, which bird rose from its own ashes? 'Sing Sing' is located in New York city. What is it? On which day of the week are British elections held? Adam West and Burt Ward played which characters in a tv series? Why are some soccer teams in England allowed triangular corner flags while others are not? In which city did gangster Al Capone operate? Who was the first person pictured on a British postage stamp? Which famous race takes place annually between Putney and Mortlake? In the 1984 Olympics, who did Zola Budd accidentally trip up? Which war’s 1st Land Battle was at Goose Green? In children's literature, complete the title of the story by CS Lewis, 'The lion, the Witch and the what? How many strings are there on a Cello? Who was the italian WWII leader who was executed and then exhibited by his own people? In which city is the San Siro stadium? How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have, 23 ,46 or 92? Long haul air travellers are in danger of developing which condition commonly known as DVT? The Jazz singer staring Al Jolson was the first hollywood movie using what? What are the surnames of the Three Tenors? What are dried plums called? Why was Louise Brown famous in 1978? According to the nursery rhyme how many blackbirds were baked in a pie? What is the capital of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia and also a town in Northern England? Which bowler has taken more test wickets than any other? Tenerife is part of which island group? 'Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks into mine' - What movie is that line from? How many hurdles are there in 110m? In Roald Dahl’s children’s book BFG, what does BFG stand for? Which American family live at 742 Evergreen Terrace? Which of Disney's 7 dwarfs' is last alphabetically? In which sport do women compete for the Federation Cup? What sort of creature is a Chester White? What is the usual main meat ingredient of Shish Kebab? What is the capital of Jamaica? In the Order of the British Empire what does the 'C' stand for in CBE? If you were riding on an AMTRAC in the USA on what would you be riding? Who was the first footballer to be knighted? What nationality was George Bernard Shaw? In which 1988 film would you find a villain called Hans Gruber? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Chile Ron Atkinson Sherlock Holmes Andy Capp Jerusalem The Phoenix NY State Prison Thursday Batman and Robin If they have won the F. A. Cup they are allow Chicago Queen Victoria The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race Mary Decker Falklands Wardrobe 4 Mussolini Milan 23 Deep vein thrombosis the first feature-length talking motion picture Pavarotti, Carraras, Domingo Prunes She was the first test-tube baby Four and twenty or 24. Halifax Muttiah Muralitharan (Sri Lanka). He took his Canary Islands Casablanca 10 Big Friendly Giant The Simpsons Sneezy Tennis Pig Lamb Kingston Commander Train. USA national train line Sir Stanley Mathews Irish Die Hard Q: What was the name of the queen mother's London home? Q: What fruit did Little Jack Horner pull out of his pie? Q: What was Michelangelo's first name? Q: In 'Star Trek', what colour is Mr. Spock's blood? Q: Where in the body would you find the cochlea and the stirrup? Q: Where would wear a bicorn? Q: What is the longest river in the UK? Q: From which American state does the drink Jack Daniels come? Q: Leeds United’s football strip changed from blue and gold (to all white) in 1961 after manager Don Revie wanted to model them on which team? Q: What colour is the centre scoring zone on an archery target? Q: Hermit, spider and blue are all types of which creature? Q: In the rhyme What eventually killed the old lady who swallowed a fly? Q: In bingo what number is snakes alive? Q: Put these people in order of rank, highest 1st, Jack Jones, George Mainwaring and Arthur Wilson. From dad’s army of course. Q: What is the collective name for a group of Camels? Q: Which of the Apollo space missions was the first to land on the moon? Q: In which classic film did Sylvester Stallone act as goalkeeper, while Michael Caine and footballing legend Pele, were also on the pitch? Q: What do you call the underground systems in both Paris and Newcastle? Q: Michael Bond wrote about which famous animal in a series of books for children? Q: How many balls are on the table at the start of a Snooker game? Q: What was introduced by Barclays Bank for the 1st Time on June 17th 1967? Q: Which sportsman was nicknamed 'Pistol Pete'? Q: The Rock, is the nickname of which US federal prison that opened in 1934? Q: Mark Knopfler, David Knopfler, John Illsley and Pick Withers are all members of which Band? Q: What is the name of the Flintstones’ daughter? Q: Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote about which jungle character? Q: What is traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday? Q: What do the British call what Americans call a faucet? Q: What is the world's longest river? Q: A nicker was slang for which British pre-decimal currency unit? Q: Which anniversary is celebrated upon 25 years of marriage? Q: How many hulls does a catamaran have? Q: What type of protective equipment was issued to all the people in Britain in 1939? Q: Who had 'the face that launched a thousand ships'? Q: Who replaced Pierce Brosnan as James Bond? Q: What was the name of the Uncle named after a european country in 'The Wombles'? Q: In folklore a Werewolf can only be killed by what? Q: What nationality is tennis player Michael Chang? Q: What breed of dog advertises Dulux Paint' on TV? Q: The Patron Saint of lovers St Valentine came from which European Country? A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Clarence house Plum Michelangelo Green Ear On your head. A crescent shaped hat as worn Severn Tennessee Real Madrid Gold Crab There was an old lady who swallowed a horse 55 A: 1. Captain George Mainwaring 2. Sergeant Ar A: Train A: Appollo 11 A: Escape To Victory A: Metro A: Paddington Bear A: 22 A: First Cash Dispenser (ATM) A: Pete Sampras A: Alcatraz A: Dire Straits. A: Pebbles A:Tarzan A: Pancakes A: tap A: The Nile A: A pound A: Silver A: 2 A: A gass mask. A: Helen of Troy A: Daniel Craig A: Uncle Bulgaria A: Silver Bullets. A: American A: Old English sheepdog A: Rome/Italy Q: Which horror movie actor's real name was William Pratt? Q: What was the show girl’s name in Barry Manilow's hit Copa cabaña? Q: How do the snakes known as Boas kill their prey? Q:Peter Sellers, Michael Bentine, Spike Milligan and Harry Secombe were collectively known as Who? Q: Which musical featured the song 'Climb Every Mountain'? 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Peter Simple, Jack Horner and Ben Nevis have all won which famous sporting event? Bandleader Edward Ellington was known by what nickname? In Peter Pan, what is the name of Captain Hook`s ship? In Which part of the body is the Thyroid Gland ? Which animals young is called a joey? Parker Kendo Whale Yashmak USA and Mexico Sweden Jimmy Greaves Victor Jupiter Rabbit Paint white lines. 60s. Deer A camera Flowers Ringo Starr 1963 Marylebone (thay are stations on a Monopoly bo Pirates of the Carribean Gulliver Clint Eastwood was not in The Magnificent Seven Damien France Red Rome Blue PEA GREEN Agatha Christie Submarine 37 (0 to 36) Aramis Opal fruits Bamber Gascoigne Mexico Wembley Joan of Arc She won a million on 'Who Wants To Be A Million The Grand National Duke The Jolly Roger The Neck Kangaroo In which decade did the Great Train Robbery take place? What was introduced into the English football league in 1981 rewarding winning teams? By what name was the serial killer Albert DeSalvo, who killed 13 women between 1962 and 1964, better known? What type of food is gazpacho? What nationality was Pablo Picasso? Morticia and Gomez are the parents of which TV family? What astral event takes place every 76 years? Which current member of the Royal Family qualified as a motor mechanic during World War 2? Which football team did Alf Garnett support? In which American city was the TV show 'Cheers' set? The ancient city of Troy is in which modern country? After which American President was the teddy bear named? Which player won the Wimbledon women's singles most times in the 1980s? What word goes before glove, hound and trot to make 3 new words? What sort of food is a rollmop? In Britain what must a location have to qualify for being a city? After how many points do players change service in table tennis? Why was the muppet show banned in Saudi Arabia? Named after a Premiership football team what is the name of Bill Clinton's daughter? On how many stone tablets were the Ten Commandments engraved? Which Britishactress played Alexis Carrington in 'Dynasty'? In which TV show did Bill and Ben appear? If you have 'mal de mer' what are you suffering from? What name is given to a baby elephant? Where is the New York Stock Exchange? In which sport might you see a Chinaman and a Maiden? In the USA what does the I stand for in CIA? In which country is La Stampa a national newspaper? The House of Keys ceremony is held nightly at which London landmark? Eric Morley founded Which Competition in 1951? Where in your body is your “fibula”? Which Pink bird turns its head upside down to eat? Which island was discovered on Christmas day? An Indian Mahout rides on what type of animal? How many legs has a tarantula? Mary’s father has got four daughters, the first is called Ann, the second is called Anna and the third is called Annie, what is the fourth daughter called? In the Movie "The Sound of Music" how many children were in the Von Trapp Family? Which now seperated american singing duo was originally known as Tom and Jerry? What distance is 1760 yds or 1609.347 meters long? In Japanese, what does the english translation "Devine Wind" mean? Which two colours appear on the flag of Denmark? Who played Lurcio in 'Up Pompeii'? 1960's - 1963 year either side the 3 points system The Boston Strangler Soup - served Cold Spanish Addams family Haley's Comet The Queen West Ham Boston Turkey Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt Martina Navratilova Fox Fish (It’s an uncooked pickled herring fillet) A cathedral (although Roman Catholic cathedrals 5 Because one of it's stars is a pig Chelsea Two Joan Collins The flowerpot men (and 2 point 4 children) Sea sickness Calf Wall street Cricket Intelligence Italy The tower of london Miss World Leg The flamingo Cristmas island Elephant Eight Mary 7 Simon and Garfunkle Mile Kamakazie Red and white Frankie Howerd What was the name of the Hunchback of Notre Dame? What type of instrument is a Tympani? In a French hotel, which letter would indicate the cold water tap? What bodily function can exceed speeds of 200mph? What is the highest rank available in the British Army? Who played the title role in the film Spartacus? 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Which "Generation Game" presenter was famous for his catchphrase "Shut That Door"? "No Mean City" by Maggie Bell is the theme tune to which long running Scottish TV detective show? Anthony, Barbara, Dave, Denise, Jim and Norma make up which famous family on British TV? What was the Titanic’s first port of call after it left Southampton? Which mountain overshadows Fort William in scotland ? How many pieces are there in a standard set of dominoes? Oscar is the first name of which of the famous songwriting duo Rogers and Hammerstein? On 11th February 1990, which famous person was released from Victor-Verster prison? Which Eastenders actor has played the policeman Nick Rowan on TV? Which patron saint's day is observed on November 30th? What is a more common name for the Aurora Borealis? If you were eating escargots in a French restaurant what would you be eating? From which American state does the drink Jack Daniels come? In which American city was John Lennon shot? 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Quazimodo Drum F Sneeze Field Marshall Kirk Douglas Margaret Thatcher Fiddler on the roof Redcoats Germany The FBI Cher Arc de triomph Andes 5 Ireland Nitrogen Only Fools And Horses The Archers David Coleman Larry Grayson Taggart The Royle Family Cherbourg Ben Nevis 28 Hammerstein Nelson Mandela Nick Berry (in "Heartbeat") St Andrew's The Northern Lights Snails Tennessee New York City (Treasure Island) Edinburgh 1989 Hillsborough Disaster Opal fruits Jack The Ripper Abba Dr. Crippen During which TV game show were the contestants invited by Dale Winton to go "wild in the aisles"? At the age of 42, which Cameroon player became the oldest ever to play in the World Cup Finals? In which year did the Channel Tunnel open 1992, 1994, 1996/ What is the name given to the tail of a fox? Why was professional footballer Maribel Dominguez forbidden by FIFA to play for Mexican side Celaya, having signed in 2009? Who sang the million record selling song "I Walk The Line"? What is name of the official national anthem of the USA.? In what profession would you use the acronym "SOCO"? Which weather phenomenon translates from the Spanish for 'little boy'? Which N. African seaport's name is Spanish for white house and the name of a classic movie? With which sport would you most associate the commentator Ted Lowe? What is the speed of sound at sea level called? In the drink, what are the components of a Screwdriver? What is the official language of Brazil? In Bram Stoker's book Dracula Where idid Dracula come ashore in England? What license cost 37 pence when it was abolished in 1988? Lending her name to a famous sports brand, who was the Greek Goddess of Victory? Which race begins at Putney and ends at Mortlake? In which county is Keswick ? In which year was the Falklands War? (Year either side) Which character did Johnny Brigg's play in Coronation Street? How many people take part in the dance of a quadrille? What does a Milliner make? Which British city has the most canals ? A Goldfish kept in a dark room will eventually turn white, True or False? The 'Green Jacket' is presented to the winner of which sporting event? Which is the only vowel on a standard keyboard that is not on the top line of letters? What letter is given to a car number plate when the age or identity of the vehicle is unknown or if it may have been built from parts? Who famously said "you'll never win anything with kids," in 1995? In what sport do players take long and short corners? Which famous 50's 60's TV cook had the first names Phyliss Fanny ? Where would you find a Plimsole Line? Richard Madeley was the first man seen on which TV channel? Which Superhero lived in the town of smallville Who fronted the band ‘Culture Club’? What does a bad workman always blame? For which country did Gavin Hastings play Rugby Union? Is Sweden a Kingdom or a Republic? Loriners and farriers take care of which type of animals? 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| i don't know |
Which famous song includes the line my shavin' razor's cold and it stings? | References To Other Songs Or Musicians - TMBW: The They Might Be Giants Knowledge Base
References To Other Songs Or Musicians
From This Might Be A Wiki
TMBG often make obvious or subtle references to other songs and musicians, bands, or performers. This list includes many of those references. However, without the Johns' stamp of validation, it must be admitted that some of them may just be guesses.
Contents
Lyrical references[ edit | edit source ]
Ana Ng - "All alone at the '64 World's Fair / Eighty dolls yelling 'Small girl after all'" - Disney's It's a Small World song and ride repeats the line "It's a small world after all" in . The ride was unveiled at the fair and eventually moved to Disneyland.
Ana Ng - "It's like a whirlpool and it never ends" is a reference to the Tommy Roe song "Dizzy": "My head is spinning, like a whirlpool it never ends."
The Biggest One - Lyrics play on Gloria Gaynor 's "I Will Survive" ("Change the lock, throw away the key, I will survive")
Birdhouse In Your Soul (Demo) - "Give me something to write on" and "I don't feel thirty" both play on extemporaneous lines from Van Halen 's "Hot For Teacher", in which David Lee Roth exhorts, "I don't feel tardy."
Birds Fly - The line about "a good luck charm hanging off my arm" refers to the Elvis Presley song "Good Luck Charm."
Brain Problem Situation - The line "Wake up / Put on my makeup / And pick the rake up / And rake my hair" could be a reference to " Chop Suey! " by System of a Down ("Wake up / Grab a brush and put a little makeup"), or " I Say A Little Prayer " by Bacharach and David ("The moment I wake up / Before I put on my makeup").
Cage & Aquarium - Contains the line "This is the spawning of the Cage and Aquarium" in the chorus; a skewed match to the song " Age of Aquarius " which contains the line "This is the dawning of the Age of Aquarius" in its chorus. Age of Aquarius is originally from the 60's musical " Hair ", but is a well-known oldies song in its own right.
Circular Karate Chop - The lyric " short sharp shock " originally appeared in Gilbert and Sullivan 's 1885 comic opera The Mikado . The same phrase has also been used in other musical and literary works.
Damn Good Times - "She acts like David Lee Roth when he turned 21", song itself a reference to David Lee Roth's "Damn Good" from the 1987 DLR album Skyscraper.
Damn Good Times - "I know a girl who's got a record machine" is almost exactly the same as a line from "20 Flight Rock" by Eddie Cochran .
Free Bird's Rebirth - Reference to the Lynyrd Skynyrd song.
Hey, Mr. DJ, I Thought You Said We Had A Deal - last verse in which TMBG makes references to several of their own songs "Well, I told you about the world - its address", "Chess Piece Face's patience must be wearing thin", etc., mimics the Beatles' "Glass Onion" ("I told you about Strawberry Fields", etc, in which the Beatles reference themselves)
I Hope That I Get Old Before I Die - Twist on "Hope I die before I get old" from The Who 's "My Generation"
Impossible - "Well I'd like to be an octofish" may refer to the Captain Beefheart song "Neon Meate Dream of a Octafish" from the 1969 album Trout Mask Replica .
Iowa - "And if that broom don't fly / I'm gonna buy you / a Dustbuster" is a play on the traditional lullaby " Hush Little Baby ".
It's Not My Birthday - "When this grey world crumbles like a cake / I'll be hanging from the hope / that I'll never see that recipe again" is a play on "Someone left the cake out in the rain...and I'll never have that recipe again" from "MacArthur Park" by Richard Harris .
Lucky Ball & Chain - A modified quote of Darlene Love 's song "(Today I Met) The Boy I'm Gonna Marry" ("playing 'Here Comes the Bride' when he walks in the door"), which itself references "The Wedding March (Here Comes the Bride) ".
Maine - "Shaving razor's rusty, but the sting brings you exactly back to Maine" is probably a reference to the Monkees song "Daydream Believer" ("The shaving razor's cold, and it stings").
Mainstream U.S.A. - We Are the World (which TMBG have covered ), Ringo Starr 's " Back Off Boogaloo ", guitar lick also sounds like Tequila
Memo To Human Resources - The line "Nevermind the furthermore, the plea is self-defense" can be found in the Monkees songs " Zilch " and "No Time".
Nanobots - reference to the 1967 hit song " Pictures of Matchstick Men " originally by the English rock band Status Quo . It was covered by TMBG in 1992 after being requested.
New Orleans - "There is a house in New Orleans" is a direct quote from the traditional lamentation "House Of The Rising Sun," made perhaps most famous by The Animals '; style parody of Ozzy Osbourne
Nothing's Gonna Change My Clothes - The title is a reference to "nothing's gonna change my world," a line from the Beatles song "Across The Universe."
Pencil Rain - "The possible dream" is a parody of the famous line "The impossible dream" from the musical version of " Don Quixote " (a cinematic reference to which being, of course, TMBG's namesake)
Put Your Hand Inside The Puppet Head - "Quit my job down at the carwash, didn't have to write no one a goodbye note" similar to "I quit my job down at the carwash, left my mother a goodbye note" in "Guitar Man" by Elvis Presley
Sally Boy Candy Bar - Quotes lyrically and melodically from the line "I've been told when a boy kiss a girl" from the song "Boys" by The Shirelles and The Beatles.
Sapphire Bullets Of Pure Love - The title is borrowed from a song by Mahavishnu Orchestra on their 1973 album Birds of Fire .
Sapphire Bullets Of Pure Love - The lyric "Done someone wrong/And I fear that it was me" seems to be an interpolation of the line "Broke somebody's heart/And I fear that it was mine" from the song "It Happened In Monterey" by Frank Sinatra .
Scott Bower - "My lifestyle determines my deathstyle" is borrowed from the Metallica song " Frantic ."
See The Constellation - The first line, "I lay my head on the railroad track" is almost the same as the first line from "Poor, Poor Pitiful Me," by Warren Zevon .
(She Was A) Hotel Detective In The Future - "She walks with the beard of a rainbow" refers to the Cream song "SWLABR" from the 1967 album Disraeli Gears . "SWLABR" stands for "She Walks Like A Bearded Rainbow," and the song includes the line "The rainbow has a beard" (also used in " Upside Down Frown ").
Sleepwalkers - The line "Perhaps when they awake they'll remember everything" refers to The Band 's 1969 song "When You Awake" off their self-titled second album , whose chorus begins "When you awake you will remember everything..."
Snowball In Hell - "If it wasn't for disappointment, I wouldn't have any appointments" is a play on the line "If it wasn't for bad luck, I wouldn't have no luck at all", which appears in a number of blues songs, including Lightnin' Slim's "Bad Luck Blues" (1954) and Albert King's " Born Under a Bad Sign " (1967).
South Carolina - The line "Lift that fork, eat that snail" is a reference to the song " Ol' Man River ."
They Might Be Giants (1989 Rough Mix) - The line "They might be yelling out albatross" is a reference to Monty Python 's "Albatross" sketch, which shows up in several places including the Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl movie.
Thunderbird - The line "We'll have fun, fun, fun until T-bird takes her dad away" has some fun with The Beach Boys ' song " Fun, Fun, Fun " - "And she'll have fun fun fun 'til her daddy takes the T-bird away."
Upside Down Frown - "The rainbow has a beard" references the Cream song "SWLABR" from their 1967 album Disraeli Gears. "SWLABR" stands for "She Walks Like A Bearded Rainbow," also referenced in " (She Was A) Hotel Detective In The Future ."
We Just Go Nuts At Christmastime - The spelling out of "divorce" and "hell" comes from the song "D-I-V-O-R-C-E," written by Bobby Braddock and Curley Putman, and performed by both Tammy Wynette and Dolly Parton .
We Want A Rock - References the 1967 song "If I Were a Carpenter" by Tim Hardin, which was famously covered by many artists including Johnny Cash.
Weep Day - The names of "Tambo" and "Urine Man", when put together, form "Tambourine Man", which of course refers to " Mr. Tambourine Man ", by Bob Dylan, which has even been covered by TMBG.
Welcome To The Jungle - Title borrowed from Welcome to the Jungle by Guns N' Roses
West Virginia - According to John Linnell , the line "There's another deep inside you" is a reference to " Georgy Girl " by The Seekers , which has even been covered by TMBG.
The World's Address - uses "Tonight" (Bernstein/Sondheim) from West Side Story as a central reference point: "Today the world was just an address / a place for me to live in..."
Why Does The Sun Shine? (live versions) - When introducing the rocking version of this song at a show, John Flansburgh has been know to announce, "We want you to want the sun!" which is a reference to Cheap Trick 's "I Want You To Want Me."
Why Does The Sun Really Shine? - Refutes the obsolete science in Hy Zaret 's lyrics to " Why Does The Sun Shine? " (written in the 1950s) about the state of the sun.
Why Must I Be Sad? - "I understand the words that Alice said." A healthy chunk of the lyrics are titles to Alice Cooper songs.
The World Before Later On - "Where's our space face" references the term coined by David Bowie in "Moonage Daydream".
You'll Miss Me - "It must be raining 'cause a man ain't supposed to cry" is a reference to Dee Clark 's 1961 hit "Raindrops."
You're On Fire - "The lights are low / The music is extremely loud" would appear to be an oblique reference to ABBA 's " Dancing Queen ": "Lights are low and the music's high"; John Linnell has expressed an undesired affection for the song
Your Own Worst Enemy - reference to Sonny Geraci of the band Climax singing "Precious and Few"
Boat Of Car - The Johnny Cash sample "Daddy sang bass" or "Daddy'll sing bass".
Dallas - The Yes song "We Have Heaven" begins "Tell the Moon-dog, tell the March-hare", which inspired TMBG, already using the three opening words, to borrow this song's starting melody as well. The whole song is essentially a Yes style parody/tribute.
Didn't Kill Me - Reminiscent of how " Her Majesty " by The Beatles ends the Abbey Road album in a similar way - both are simple, 25-second songs that feel tacked onto the end of the album.
Happy Doesn't Have To Have An Ending - "Got a Valentine for Mr. Peter Tork" - the rhythm of this line is also similar to the Monkees song " Zilch "
Maine - The intro to the song is lifted from The Beatles' " Good Day Sunshine " (note the identical keyboard intro and the copy of Ringo Starr's opening drum fill).
Minimum Wage - backing track borrows heavily from Frank Sinatra 's cover of Petula Clark 's " Downtown ," from his 1966 album Strangers in the Night .
Particle Man (Live At XM Studio) - imitates the style of The Beatles; the intro in particular is recognizable as that of "Strawberry Fields Forever."
Rhythm Section Want Ad - Borrows the accordion solo from Raymond Scott 's "Powerhouse".
S-E-X-X-Y - The end of the song suddenly shifts into a minor orchestra piece, a la the Beatles "Glass Onion."
| Daydream Believer |
Who is the chubbiest out of all of Snow White's seven dwarfs? | References To Other Songs Or Musicians - TMBW: The They Might Be Giants Knowledge Base
References To Other Songs Or Musicians
From This Might Be A Wiki
TMBG often make obvious or subtle references to other songs and musicians, bands, or performers. This list includes many of those references. However, without the Johns' stamp of validation, it must be admitted that some of them may just be guesses.
Contents
Lyrical references[ edit | edit source ]
Ana Ng - "All alone at the '64 World's Fair / Eighty dolls yelling 'Small girl after all'" - Disney's It's a Small World song and ride repeats the line "It's a small world after all" in . The ride was unveiled at the fair and eventually moved to Disneyland.
Ana Ng - "It's like a whirlpool and it never ends" is a reference to the Tommy Roe song "Dizzy": "My head is spinning, like a whirlpool it never ends."
The Biggest One - Lyrics play on Gloria Gaynor 's "I Will Survive" ("Change the lock, throw away the key, I will survive")
Birdhouse In Your Soul (Demo) - "Give me something to write on" and "I don't feel thirty" both play on extemporaneous lines from Van Halen 's "Hot For Teacher", in which David Lee Roth exhorts, "I don't feel tardy."
Birds Fly - The line about "a good luck charm hanging off my arm" refers to the Elvis Presley song "Good Luck Charm."
Brain Problem Situation - The line "Wake up / Put on my makeup / And pick the rake up / And rake my hair" could be a reference to " Chop Suey! " by System of a Down ("Wake up / Grab a brush and put a little makeup"), or " I Say A Little Prayer " by Bacharach and David ("The moment I wake up / Before I put on my makeup").
Cage & Aquarium - Contains the line "This is the spawning of the Cage and Aquarium" in the chorus; a skewed match to the song " Age of Aquarius " which contains the line "This is the dawning of the Age of Aquarius" in its chorus. Age of Aquarius is originally from the 60's musical " Hair ", but is a well-known oldies song in its own right.
Circular Karate Chop - The lyric " short sharp shock " originally appeared in Gilbert and Sullivan 's 1885 comic opera The Mikado . The same phrase has also been used in other musical and literary works.
Damn Good Times - "She acts like David Lee Roth when he turned 21", song itself a reference to David Lee Roth's "Damn Good" from the 1987 DLR album Skyscraper.
Damn Good Times - "I know a girl who's got a record machine" is almost exactly the same as a line from "20 Flight Rock" by Eddie Cochran .
Free Bird's Rebirth - Reference to the Lynyrd Skynyrd song.
Hey, Mr. DJ, I Thought You Said We Had A Deal - last verse in which TMBG makes references to several of their own songs "Well, I told you about the world - its address", "Chess Piece Face's patience must be wearing thin", etc., mimics the Beatles' "Glass Onion" ("I told you about Strawberry Fields", etc, in which the Beatles reference themselves)
I Hope That I Get Old Before I Die - Twist on "Hope I die before I get old" from The Who 's "My Generation"
Impossible - "Well I'd like to be an octofish" may refer to the Captain Beefheart song "Neon Meate Dream of a Octafish" from the 1969 album Trout Mask Replica .
Iowa - "And if that broom don't fly / I'm gonna buy you / a Dustbuster" is a play on the traditional lullaby " Hush Little Baby ".
It's Not My Birthday - "When this grey world crumbles like a cake / I'll be hanging from the hope / that I'll never see that recipe again" is a play on "Someone left the cake out in the rain...and I'll never have that recipe again" from "MacArthur Park" by Richard Harris .
Lucky Ball & Chain - A modified quote of Darlene Love 's song "(Today I Met) The Boy I'm Gonna Marry" ("playing 'Here Comes the Bride' when he walks in the door"), which itself references "The Wedding March (Here Comes the Bride) ".
Maine - "Shaving razor's rusty, but the sting brings you exactly back to Maine" is probably a reference to the Monkees song "Daydream Believer" ("The shaving razor's cold, and it stings").
Mainstream U.S.A. - We Are the World (which TMBG have covered ), Ringo Starr 's " Back Off Boogaloo ", guitar lick also sounds like Tequila
Memo To Human Resources - The line "Nevermind the furthermore, the plea is self-defense" can be found in the Monkees songs " Zilch " and "No Time".
Nanobots - reference to the 1967 hit song " Pictures of Matchstick Men " originally by the English rock band Status Quo . It was covered by TMBG in 1992 after being requested.
New Orleans - "There is a house in New Orleans" is a direct quote from the traditional lamentation "House Of The Rising Sun," made perhaps most famous by The Animals '; style parody of Ozzy Osbourne
Nothing's Gonna Change My Clothes - The title is a reference to "nothing's gonna change my world," a line from the Beatles song "Across The Universe."
Pencil Rain - "The possible dream" is a parody of the famous line "The impossible dream" from the musical version of " Don Quixote " (a cinematic reference to which being, of course, TMBG's namesake)
Put Your Hand Inside The Puppet Head - "Quit my job down at the carwash, didn't have to write no one a goodbye note" similar to "I quit my job down at the carwash, left my mother a goodbye note" in "Guitar Man" by Elvis Presley
Sally Boy Candy Bar - Quotes lyrically and melodically from the line "I've been told when a boy kiss a girl" from the song "Boys" by The Shirelles and The Beatles.
Sapphire Bullets Of Pure Love - The title is borrowed from a song by Mahavishnu Orchestra on their 1973 album Birds of Fire .
Sapphire Bullets Of Pure Love - The lyric "Done someone wrong/And I fear that it was me" seems to be an interpolation of the line "Broke somebody's heart/And I fear that it was mine" from the song "It Happened In Monterey" by Frank Sinatra .
Scott Bower - "My lifestyle determines my deathstyle" is borrowed from the Metallica song " Frantic ."
See The Constellation - The first line, "I lay my head on the railroad track" is almost the same as the first line from "Poor, Poor Pitiful Me," by Warren Zevon .
(She Was A) Hotel Detective In The Future - "She walks with the beard of a rainbow" refers to the Cream song "SWLABR" from the 1967 album Disraeli Gears . "SWLABR" stands for "She Walks Like A Bearded Rainbow," and the song includes the line "The rainbow has a beard" (also used in " Upside Down Frown ").
Sleepwalkers - The line "Perhaps when they awake they'll remember everything" refers to The Band 's 1969 song "When You Awake" off their self-titled second album , whose chorus begins "When you awake you will remember everything..."
Snowball In Hell - "If it wasn't for disappointment, I wouldn't have any appointments" is a play on the line "If it wasn't for bad luck, I wouldn't have no luck at all", which appears in a number of blues songs, including Lightnin' Slim's "Bad Luck Blues" (1954) and Albert King's " Born Under a Bad Sign " (1967).
South Carolina - The line "Lift that fork, eat that snail" is a reference to the song " Ol' Man River ."
They Might Be Giants (1989 Rough Mix) - The line "They might be yelling out albatross" is a reference to Monty Python 's "Albatross" sketch, which shows up in several places including the Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl movie.
Thunderbird - The line "We'll have fun, fun, fun until T-bird takes her dad away" has some fun with The Beach Boys ' song " Fun, Fun, Fun " - "And she'll have fun fun fun 'til her daddy takes the T-bird away."
Upside Down Frown - "The rainbow has a beard" references the Cream song "SWLABR" from their 1967 album Disraeli Gears. "SWLABR" stands for "She Walks Like A Bearded Rainbow," also referenced in " (She Was A) Hotel Detective In The Future ."
We Just Go Nuts At Christmastime - The spelling out of "divorce" and "hell" comes from the song "D-I-V-O-R-C-E," written by Bobby Braddock and Curley Putman, and performed by both Tammy Wynette and Dolly Parton .
We Want A Rock - References the 1967 song "If I Were a Carpenter" by Tim Hardin, which was famously covered by many artists including Johnny Cash.
Weep Day - The names of "Tambo" and "Urine Man", when put together, form "Tambourine Man", which of course refers to " Mr. Tambourine Man ", by Bob Dylan, which has even been covered by TMBG.
Welcome To The Jungle - Title borrowed from Welcome to the Jungle by Guns N' Roses
West Virginia - According to John Linnell , the line "There's another deep inside you" is a reference to " Georgy Girl " by The Seekers , which has even been covered by TMBG.
The World's Address - uses "Tonight" (Bernstein/Sondheim) from West Side Story as a central reference point: "Today the world was just an address / a place for me to live in..."
Why Does The Sun Shine? (live versions) - When introducing the rocking version of this song at a show, John Flansburgh has been know to announce, "We want you to want the sun!" which is a reference to Cheap Trick 's "I Want You To Want Me."
Why Does The Sun Really Shine? - Refutes the obsolete science in Hy Zaret 's lyrics to " Why Does The Sun Shine? " (written in the 1950s) about the state of the sun.
Why Must I Be Sad? - "I understand the words that Alice said." A healthy chunk of the lyrics are titles to Alice Cooper songs.
The World Before Later On - "Where's our space face" references the term coined by David Bowie in "Moonage Daydream".
You'll Miss Me - "It must be raining 'cause a man ain't supposed to cry" is a reference to Dee Clark 's 1961 hit "Raindrops."
You're On Fire - "The lights are low / The music is extremely loud" would appear to be an oblique reference to ABBA 's " Dancing Queen ": "Lights are low and the music's high"; John Linnell has expressed an undesired affection for the song
Your Own Worst Enemy - reference to Sonny Geraci of the band Climax singing "Precious and Few"
Boat Of Car - The Johnny Cash sample "Daddy sang bass" or "Daddy'll sing bass".
Dallas - The Yes song "We Have Heaven" begins "Tell the Moon-dog, tell the March-hare", which inspired TMBG, already using the three opening words, to borrow this song's starting melody as well. The whole song is essentially a Yes style parody/tribute.
Didn't Kill Me - Reminiscent of how " Her Majesty " by The Beatles ends the Abbey Road album in a similar way - both are simple, 25-second songs that feel tacked onto the end of the album.
Happy Doesn't Have To Have An Ending - "Got a Valentine for Mr. Peter Tork" - the rhythm of this line is also similar to the Monkees song " Zilch "
Maine - The intro to the song is lifted from The Beatles' " Good Day Sunshine " (note the identical keyboard intro and the copy of Ringo Starr's opening drum fill).
Minimum Wage - backing track borrows heavily from Frank Sinatra 's cover of Petula Clark 's " Downtown ," from his 1966 album Strangers in the Night .
Particle Man (Live At XM Studio) - imitates the style of The Beatles; the intro in particular is recognizable as that of "Strawberry Fields Forever."
Rhythm Section Want Ad - Borrows the accordion solo from Raymond Scott 's "Powerhouse".
S-E-X-X-Y - The end of the song suddenly shifts into a minor orchestra piece, a la the Beatles "Glass Onion."
| i don't know |
Which Liverpool player is currently the record FA Cup final goalscorer, with 5 goals to his name? | 50 Greatest Goal Scorers in World Football History | Bleacher Report
50 Greatest Goal Scorers in World Football History
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Herein lies who I consider to be the greatest 50 goal scorers in World Football History.
They aren't all strikers, they aren't all retired and some of them have certainly fallen from grace.
Nevertheless they all could find the back of the net at some point in their careers and that value should never be overlooked.
Enjoy.
Ronaldo
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Brazilian striker Ronaldo played for some of Europe's elite clubs including Inter Milan, Real Madrid, AC Milan, Barcelona and PSV Eindhoven.
Ronaldo still holds the record for most World Cup goals with 15 and is considered by some to be the best striker of all time.
Alan Shearer made his name in England playing for Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United.
The striker is still the top goalscorer in Premier League history with 260 goals.
Lionel Messi
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Barcelona striker Lionel Messi is now within five strikes of becoming the Catalan club's all time leading goalscorer.
Currently on 230, Messi recently broke the record for goals in a Champions League match by scoring five in one game against Bayer Leverkusen.
Messi is only 24 years of age and is being touted as the best player of all time.
Period.
Cristiano Ronaldo
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Portuguese winger-cum-forward Cristiano Ronaldo is the current rival to Lionel Messi's title as the best player in modern football.
Ronaldo has scored 98 goals in 89 league matches for current club Real Madrid.
A quite incredible statistic.
Thierry Henry
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New York Red Bull's striker Thierry Henry recently had an honorary statue unveiled at Arsenal's Emirates Stadium in honour of his services to the London club.
Ian Rush
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Former Liverpool legend Ian Rush is the record FA Cup final goalscorer, joint record League Cup goalscorer, record Welsh international goalscorer, record Liverpool goalscorer and record Merseyside Derby goalscorer.
Rush was clinical in his heyday.
Andy Cole
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Andy Cole sits only behind Alan Shearer in the Premier League list of all time goalscorers with an impressive 187 strikes to his name.
Cole is most famous for playing for Newcastle and Manchester United.
Jurgen Klinsmann
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Jurgen Klinsmann may have has a reputation as a bit of a diver, but he was also an excellent goalscorer in his day.
Klinsmann scored 47 times for the German national team.
Robin Van Persie
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Arsenal striker Robin Van Persie is one of the most prolific strikers in Europe right now.
The Dutchman has struck 26 times in 28 league games this season so far.
Pele
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Brazil legend Pele is considered by most to be the best player of all time, but Lionel Messi is slowly beginning to turn hardened followers.
Pele had a league goalscoring record of 1152 in 1220 games for Santos and New York Cosmos combined, as well as notching 77 goals in 92 appearances for Brazil.
He has won three World Cups.
Gary Lineker
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Tottenham Hotspur striker Gary Lineker was prolific enough for his club, but he really impressed at national level for England.
Lineker scored 48 goals in 80 international appearances as a striker and won the World Cup golden shoe in 1986.
Miroslav Klose
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Miroslav Klose is a German national team legend and is still going strong for Lazio at the age of 33.
Klose is currently joint second in the all time rankings of World Cup goalscorers with 14 strikes to his name.
Samuel Eto'o
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Cameroon striker Samuel Eto'o is the most decorated African player of all time and has scored 53 international goals in 109 games for his country.
Eto'o was perhaps at his best when playing for Barcelona where he scored 108 league goals in 145 league games.
Barcelona striker David Villa is one of the most feared strikers in modern day football.
The Spanish World Cup winner has scored 51 goals in 82 appearances for his country.
Romario
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Former Brazilian international striker Romario is one of the few footballers in history that have claimed to have passed the 1,000 goal mark in league football.
This is disputable with FIFA claiming the accurate figure to be 929 goals, but either way it is an incredible achievement.
Romario won the World Cup in 1994 and has scored 55 goals in 70 international games.
Ferenc Puskas
If you think Romario's scoring feats were impressive then Ferenc Puskas' are incredible.
Puskas has scored an amazing 84 goals in 85 international appearances for Hungary, coupled with 509 goals in 523 league appearances throughout his career.
Diego Maradona
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Whilst Diego Maradona may be more famous for his "hand of god" goal than his overall goal tally, his league record still makes impressive reading.
After stints at Boca Juniors, Barcelona and Napoli—to name but a few—Maradona scored 258 goals in 492 league games in his career.
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Eusebio.
41 goals in 64 international appearances for Portugal, and 319 goals in 313 appearances for Benfica.
Nothing more needs to be said.
Netherlands striker Marco Van Basten only played for two clubs during his senior career.
Spells at Ajax and AC Milan yielded 218 goals in 280 league appearances.
Gerd Muller
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German striker Gerd Muller is tied with Miroslav Klose as being the second most prolific World Cup striker ever with 14 goals.
Muller scored 68 goals in 62 international games for West Germany, coupled with 487 strikes in 555 league appearances.
Next »
Fernando Peyroteo
Fernando Peyroteo may have only managed 14 goals in 20 international games for Portugal, but his strike rate for Sporting Lisbon is out of this world.
Peyroteo managed to score 331 goals in 187 league games for the club.
Yes, you're reading that statistic correctly.
Ruud Van Nistelrooy
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Ruud Van Nistelrooy is still playing top flight football in La Liga for Malaga despite being 35 years of age.
The Dutchman has a great league record of 344 goals in 572 appearances to date, and is the second highest goal scorer in Champions League history with 60 strikes.
Next »
Arthur Friedenreich
There is a dispute raging about whether Arthur Friedenreich scored 1329 goals in 1239 games, or whether it was 1239 goals in 1329 games.
Either way, it's pretty good going by the former Brazil international.
Alfredo Di Stefano possesses a league goal scoring record that rivals anybody.
The former Real Madrid striker scored 526 goals in 660 league games throughout his career.
He also managed to play internationally for Argentina, Colombia and Spain.
Go figure.
Mario Jardel
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Brazilian striker Mario Jardel may have tarnished his reputation slightly by signing for Bolton Wanderers, but the hitman still had an excellent strike rate at FC Porto, Galatasaray and Sporting CP beforehand.
In his 198 league games for those clubs, Jardel notched 205 goals.
Rivaldo
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86 goals in 157 league games at a time when Barcelona were at a low is quite alright with me.
Oh he was a midfielder?
Even better.
Johan Cruyff
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Johan Cruyff's record for Ajax and Netherlands is testament to why he is considered one of the best footballers of all time.
You could argue he wasn't even a striker for large parts of his career but he still managed 190 goals in 240 league games for Ajax, alongside 33 goals in 48 matches for his country.
Gabriel Batistuta
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Gabriel Batistuta had an international record that was just as impressive as his superb league record.
Fiorentina was where the Argentinian made his name scoring 168 goals in 269 league games coupled with 56 international goals in 78 matches.
A bronze statue was erected in his honour in 1996.
Filippo Inzaghi
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AC Milan and Italy striker Filippo Inzaghi is one of the greatest poachers that has ever graced a football pitch.
Inzaghi is the second top goalscorer in the history of European football with 70 strikes, and is the fourth highest goalscorer in Italian football history.
He still plays—aged 38—for Milan.
Jean Pierre Papin
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Jean Pierre Papin perhaps pinnacled his professional poaching practise at French club Marseille in the late 1980's.
The French international notched up 30 goals in 54 games for his country.
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Before Michel Platini annoyed the world by becoming UEFA President, he wasn't a bad footballer.
For France, Platini notched a respectable 41 goals in 72 games and was for the most part considered an attacking midfielder.
What differentiates a good goalscoring record from a great one?
I'd say 52 goals in 72 games for Brazil was a great one.
That's what Zico achieved.
Next »
Gunnar Nordahl
Gunnar Nordahl is probably the best striker Sweden has ever produced, even topping the achievements of Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Henrik Larsson.
Nordahl played 504 league matches in his senior career, scoring 442 goals.
His international record was even better with 43 goals in 33 games.
Yes, you read that correctly.
Davor Suker was one of Croatia's stars during his time as a player.
The popular striker scored 45 goals in 69 appearances for his country.
Robbie Fowler
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Nicknamed "God" by the Liverpool faithful, Robbie Fowler was one of the most natural goalscorers that England has ever produced.
Fowler in fourth in the all time Premier League goalscorers chart with 163 strikes.
Rudi Voller
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Rudi Voller terrified defenders throughout Europe in the 1980s and 1990s, but that was just because of his perm.
The German international was an impressive striker and scored 258 league goals in 557 games in a stellar career.
Voller also struck 47 times in 90 games for his national team.
Who?
Exactly.
No doubt highly famous in Argentina, Hector Yazalde amassed a league goal tally throughout his career which reads 256 in 393 appearances.
At Sporting CP, Yazalde managed 104 in 104 league games.
Definitely prolific.
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When it comes to goals, Frank Lampard knows where the back of the net is.
The Chelsea and England midfielder is the only player to score 10 goals or more in nine consecutive seasons in the Premier League, and is the highest scoring midfielder in Premier League history with 145 strikes.
Raul
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Former Real Madrid striker and current Schalke hitman Raul is the top goalscorer in European competition history with 74 goals.
Enough said really.
Andriy Shevchenko
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Ukrainian international Andriy Shevchenko has an excellent goalscoring record at whichever club he has played for, aside from a short stint at Chelsea FC.
Shevchenko made his reputation at Dynamo Kyiv and AC Milan where he scored 187 league goals in 325 league games combined.
Shevchenko is also the third highest goalscorer in European competition history with 67 strikes.
Henrik Larsson
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Some may argue that most of his goals came whilst playing in a lower standard of league with Celtic, but Henrik Larsson won't care.
The Swedish international managed 325 goals in 580 league appearances in his career, and is tied for seventh place with Thierry Henry for goals scored in European competition.
Roberto Baggio
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Italy's ponytailed hitman was a cult favourite in his playing days and his goalscoring record was pretty good too.
218 goals in 488 Serie A appearances, coupled with 27 goals in 56 international games for Italy means he earns his place.
Josef Bican
According to Wikipedia, Josef Bican could run 100m in 10.8 seconds.
That's probably why he managed to score 607 league goals in just 406 league games during his career.
Outrageous stats by the Austrian Hungarian.
Next »
Dixie Dean
Having his shorts pulled up to his chest didn't seem to stop Dixie Dean from finding the back of the net.
The striker became one of the most prolific English players in history after scoring 349 goals in 399 league games for Everton, as well as notching 18 in 16 games for England.
Next »
Giuseppe Meazza
Italian striker Giuseppe Meazza scored 241 in 348 games for Inter Milan, as well as 33 in 53 games for Italy.
Meazza is the second highest goalscorer in Italian football history.
Next »
Silvio Piola
Going one better than Giuseppe Meazza is Silvio Piola who can boast being the top goalscorer in Serie A history with 274 goals.
Piola is also third in the goal scoring records for the Italian national team.
Sigurd Rushfeldt
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Sigurd Rushfeldt is the top goalscorer in Norwegian footballing history with 246 league strikes to his name.
Somehow he only managed 38 international caps.
Next »
Telmo Zarro
Telmo Zarro was a Spanish striker who managed to score 20 goals in 20 appearances for his country.
Add that to the 252 league strikes in 278 league games for Athletic Bilbao and you've got yourself one impressive match winner.
Ronald Koeman
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Strange addition you may think, but bearing in mind Ronald Koeman was a defender his goal scoring record is superb.
The two-time Dutch footballer of the year managed 176 league goals during his career as well as 14 international goals.
Michael Owen
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England striker Michael Owen completes this round up due to his great goal scoring feats for his country.
The Manchester United player has managed 40 goals in 89 appearances for England which puts him fourth in the all time England goalscoring charts.
Next »
Afterthoughts
There will ALWAYS be a player that someone doesn't agree with on this list, and there will ALWAYS be a player missing from the list that perhaps should be there.
When it comes to naming the best of best, people get omitted purely by forgetfulness.
It's just inevitable.
Having said that, I would like to hear who you think should make this list that isn't on it already, so please leave your comments below.
| Ian Rush |
Which two word rhyming name is the common name for the plant called the Impatiens Walleriana? | Ian Rush - Liverpool FC
Ian Rush
Just one word is needed to describe Ian Rush's Liverpool career: goals.
The Welshman scored 346 of them in 660 appearances, a club record which will take some beating.
Nothing shakes the Kop more than a goal, and no one has caused quite so much structural damage to the famous stand as Rush.
More importantly, his predatory instincts were instrumental in the Reds dominating the game for most of the 1980s. He was loved at Anfield, feared at every opposition ground and renowned throughout Europe.
It's hard to believe that such a glittering Liverpool career had such an inauspicious start.
Signed from Chester in 1980 for £300,000 (then a British transfer record for a teenager), Rush initially felt he wasn't getting a fair crack under Bob Paisley. He even asked for a transfer.
A possible move to Crystal Palace was discussed, though Paisley had no intention of sanctioning the deal. He knew that Rush's time would come.
Tall, thin and ungainly, the young striker looked anything but a future striking hero when he broke into the team, but looks can be deceptive.
It actually took nine games for him to register a first senior goal, but the floodgates opened from there.
It was in 1981-82 that Rushie fully established himself as a Reds regular. Paisley was in the process of rebuilding his team and the new boy's tally of 30 goals in 49 appearances helped deliver an ominous message to Liverpool's rivals. Oh, and there were two new additions to the Anfield trophy room to boot.
In November 1982, an awesome display of finishing by the boyhood Evertonian sunk the shell-shocked Toffees during an unforgettable afternoon at Goodison. The name Ian Rush was now etched indelibly into Merseyside folklore. No wonder Europe's big fish were starting to circle.
Often described by his teammates as Liverpool's first line of defence, the Wales international was not just a goalscorer but a hard-working, selfless runner who never gave up the chase.
Electric pace and eagle-eyed anticipation meant he was also a nightmare to mark and his attacking partnership with Kenny Dalglish is regarded as one of the best ever.
The 1983-84 season was perhaps Rush's finest. A remarkable 47-goal haul (50 if you count his spot kick conversion in Rome and two goals for Wales) was enough to see him become the first British player to win Europe's Golden Boot. This was a perfect accompaniment to an unprecedented treble of league title, European Cup and Milk Cup, not to mention double player of the year recognition.
Running on to perfectly threaded throughballs was Rush's forte and when one-on-one with a keeper you'd bet your mortgage on him netting. But what made him stand out from the rest was the variation in his goals. Of course there were countless close-range tap-ins, but also in his locker were many well-timed volleys, the odd 25-yard pile-driver and occasional header.
One of his finest displays of finishing came on an icy night at Villa Park in January 1984 when he bagged a memorable hat-trick.
Liverpool's master marksman netted against almost every team he faced but it was neighbours Everton on whom he inflicted most damage.
His memorable double against our Mersey rivals in the 1986 Cup final secured the club's first domestic double but, as the dust settled on that triumph, the blue half of the city was given reason to dance with joy when it was announced that Liverpool's lean, mean, goalscoring machine had agreed to join Juventus.
Unsurprisingly, news of his move, which was to go through the following summer, shook the Kop to its core and a 'Rushie Must Stay' campaign was launched in a futile bid to keep their hero at Anfield.
Determined to bow out on a high, Rush signed off by breaching the 40-goal barrier for only the second time in his career and left for the land of the lira with everyone's best wishes.
After just one season in Italy, however, he was to make a sensational return. Having been made aware that their former star had failed to fully settle in Turin (it was like living in a foreign country, said Rush at the time), Liverpool jumped at the chance to sign him once more.
The predator responded by picking up where he left off, scoring goals for fun and proceeding to smash any goalscoring record he hadn't yet broken.
Everton remained high on his hit-list and another brace in the 1989 FA Cup final saw him finally overtake the legendary Dixie Dean as the most prolific derby goalscorer.
Three years later he became the most fruitful forward in Cup final history after netting his fifth during the 2-0 victory over Sunderland.
All this was small fry compared to what Rush was to achieve in October 1992, however, when he netted for a 287th time in a Liverpool jersey and in doing so surpassed Roger Hunt as the leading scorer in Anfield history.
The same year saw him handed the captaincy by manager Graeme Souness and in 1995 he fulfilled a personal dream by lifting the Coca Cola Cup.
Rush's work on Merseyside was still not done, though, and his last act before leaving for Leeds on a free in the summer of 1996 was to pass on his goalscoring wisdom to striking prodigy Robbie Fowler.
While records are there to be broken, it's likely that the number nine's phenomenal tally of Liverpool goals will go unsurpassed well into the new millennium.
Even if it is eventually beaten, the fact Rush left the Kop with 346 heart-thumping memories means he'll forever be renowned as one of the all-time Anfield greats.
Other Clubs:
| i don't know |
Which song gave Vic Reeves and The Wonder Stuff a number one hit in 1991? | The Wonder Stuff — Listen for free on Spotify
The Wonder Stuff
Play on Spotify
Somewhere between the mid-'80s and mid-'90s, the Wonder Stuff were one of the biggest bands in the U.K.
Starting as a revved-up guitar pop band, later adding offbeat folk influences while occasionally nodding to the excess of the Madchester scene, cleverness and eclecticism were the Wonder Stuff's calling cards. The group was also blessed/cursed with a frontman, Miles Hunt , who had a gift of arrogant gab, delivering bitingly witty lyrics and lively interviews that won plenty of space in the U.K. music press.
The Wonder Stuff were formed in Stourbridge, West Midlands, England in 1986. The original lineup featured Miles Hunt on vocals and guitar, Malcolm Treece on guitar and vocals, Rob Jones aka The Bass Thing on bass, and Martin Gilks on drums. The group began rehearsing in March, and in September they went into the studio to cut their debut EP, A Wonderful Day. Positive press from the EP and early gigs helped the Wonder Stuff land a record deal with Polydor in 1987. After hitting the U.K. singles chart with the song "It's Yer Money I'm After, Baby," the group released its first album, The Eight Legged Groove Machine, in August 1988. The album's modest success led to the Wonder Stuff's first headlining tour of the U.K., as well as appearances at the Reading and Glastonbury Festivals.
In September 1989, the single "Don't Let Me Down Gently" broke into the U.K. Top 20, and one month later, the Wonder Stuff dropped their second album, Hup! A more eclectic effort that debuted new banjo and fiddle man Martin Bell, Hup! rose to number five on the U.K. albums chart. Near the end of 1989, Rob Jones quit the Wonder Stuff and relocated to the United States; Paul Clifford signed on as their new bassist a few months later. (Jones died in July 1993; he was only 29.) After a stretch of U.K. touring, the Wonder Stuff began work on their third album. Never Loved Elvis appeared in June 1991, and became the band's highest-charting album, peaking at number three in the U.K. It featured the single "The Size of a Cow," which became a number five hit in England and a college radio favorite in America. The Wonder Stuff also cut a cover of Tommy Roe 's "Dizzy" with comedian Vic Reeves that became a number one British hit.
In October 1993, the Wonder Stuff's fourth album appeared in shops, Construction for the Modern Idiot. While the album went to number four on the U.K. charts, it didn't enjoy the same success as Never Loved Elvis, and reviews were lukewarm. A massive tour followed, and the band, worn out and at loose ends, opted to cancel upcoming jaunts to Australia and the Far East. In June 1994, the Wonder Stuff announced in their fan club newsletter that they were calling it a day. For their final show, they headlined the Phoenix Festival in Stratford-on-Avon, a gig booked far in advance. Miles Hunt toured as a solo act and formed the band Vent 414, while Malcolm Treece, Martin Gilks, and Paul Clifford worked together in the group Weknowwhereyoulive.
In 2000, the Wonder Stuff reunited for a one-off show in London, with Hunt , Treece, Gilks, and Bell joined by new bassist Stuart Quinell and keyboardist Pete Whittaker, who had toured with the group in the '90s. Demand for tickets led to the single show expanding into a five-night run, in addition to two nights in the Midlands. The band toured sporadically until 2004, when Gilks and Bell had a falling out with Hunt . While the Wonder Stuff were believed to be defunct, Hunt assembled a new lineup of the band and cut a studio album, Escape from Rubbish Island, that was released in September 2004. Hunt 's new Wonder Stuff released another studio album, Suspended by Stars, in 2006. That same year, Martin Gilks lost his life in a motorcycle accident at the age of 41. While the Wonder Stuff's lineup became increasingly fluid from this point onward, Miles Hunt remained the group's frontman and constant presence, and they toured regularly in the U.K. and Europe. In 2016, the Wonder Stuff celebrated the 30th anniversary of their founding with the release of their first album in ten years, 30 Goes Around the Sun. ~ Mark Deming, Rovi
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| Dizzy |
Which 1999 Oscar winning film was directed by Mike Leigh and starred Jim Broadbent as Gilbert of Gilbert and Sullivan fame? | UK Top 100 Hits of 1991
UK Top 100 Hits of 1991
UK Top 100 Hits of 1991
1991-001 Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You.mp3 6.0MB [6:29]
1991-002 Cher - The Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss).mp3 2.6MB [2:53]
1991-003 Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only.mp3 3.4MB [3:40]
1991-004 Right Said Fred - I'm Too Sexy.mp3 2.6MB [2:50]
1991-005 The Simpsons - Do The Bartman.mp3 3.7MB [3:59]
1991-006 Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up.mp3 3.7MB [4:00]
1991-007 Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do.mp3 MB [3:50]
1991-008 Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy.mp3 3.1MB [3:20]
1991-009 The KLF feat. The Children Of The Revolution - 3AM Eternal.mp3 6.1MB [4:24]
1991-010 2 Unlimited - Get Ready For This.mp3 2.6MB [2:50]
1991-011 Oceanic - Insanity.mp3 3.8MB [4:07]
1991-012 Salt-N-Pepa - Let's Talk About Sex.mp3 5.2MB [5:42]
1991-013 James - Sit Down.mp3 3.8MB [4:06]
1991-014 Michael Jackson - Black Or White.mp3 5.9MB [4:15]
1991-015 George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me.mp3 5.3MB [5:47]
1991-016 Extreme - More Than Words.mp3 7.6MB [5:34]
1991-017 The Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go.mp3 4.4MB [3:11]
1991-018 Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody.mp3 13.6MB [5:56]
1991-018 Queen - These Are The Days Of Our Lives.mp3 6.2MB [4:13]
1991-019 Amy Grant - Baby Baby.mp3 5.4MB [3:57]
1991-020 Enigma - Sadness Part 1.mp3 4.5MB [4:56]
1991-021 Heavy D & The Boyz - Now That We've Found Love.mp3 3.9MB [4:16]
1991-022 Nomad feat. MC Mikee Freedom - (I Wanna Give You) Devotion.mp3 3.8MB [4:07]
1991-023 Diana Ross - When You Tell Me That You Love Me.mp3 3.8MB [4:10]
1991-024 The Scorpions - Wind Of Change.mp3 6.0MB [5:12]
1991-025 Beverley Craven - Promise Me.mp3 4.9MB [3:34]
1991-026 The KLF feat. The Children Of The Revolution - Last Train To Trancentral.mp3 3.4MB [3:41]
1991-027 The KLF feat. Tammy Wynette - Justified And Ancient.mp3 5.0MB [5:28]
1991-028 Kenny Thomas - Thinking About Your Love.mp3 6.2MB [4:25]
1991-029 Seal - Crazy.mp3 8.1MB [5:52]
1991-030 Rod Stewart - Rhythm Of My Heart.mp3 5.9MB [4:15]
1991-031 Zoe - Sunshine On A Rainy Day.mp3 3.6MB [3:58]
1991-032 Hale & Pace & The Stonkers - The Stonk.mp3 4.9MB [5:17]
1991-033 Crystal Waters - Gypsy Woman (La Da Dee).mp3 3.3MB [3:36]
1991-034 Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark - Sailing On The Seven Seas.mp3 3.4MB [3:44]
1991-035 The Source feat. Candi Staton - You Got The Love.mp3 12.8MB [8:44]
1991-036 The Prodigy - Charly.mp3 4.8MB [5:12]
1991-037 Kiri Te Kanawa - World In Union.mp3 5.5MB [4:01]
1991-038 Roxette - Joyride.mp3 5.5MB [4:01]
1991-039 The Shamen - Move Any Mountain.mp3 8.7MB [4:46]
1991-040 Guns N' Roses - You Could Be Mine.mp3 1.3MB [5:45]
1991-041 Two In A Room - Wiggle It.mp3 3.8MB [4:05]
1991-042 Erasure - Chorus.mp3 6.2MB [4:29]
1991-043 The Waterboys - The Whole Of The Moon.mp3 6.9MB [5:02]
1991-044 C & C Music Factory feat. Freedom Williams - Things That Make You Go Hmmm....mp3 4.9MB [5:23]
1991-045 Oleta Adams - Get Here.mp3 6.3MB [4:33]
1991-046 Paula Abdul - Rush Rush.mp3 6.7MB [4:52]
1991-047 Salt-N-Pepa - Do You Want Me.mp3 3.5MB [3:52]
1991-048 Zucchero feat. Paul Young - Senza Una Donna (Without A Woman).mp3 6.11MB [4:27]
1991-049 Madonna - Crazy For You.mp3 3.4MB [3:45]
1991-050 Erasure - Love To Hate You.mp3 3.6MB [3:55]
1991-051 PM Dawn - Set Adrift On Memory Bliss.mp3 7.2MB [5:13]
1991-052 Altern 8 - Activ 8 (Come With Me).mp3 3.2MB [3:27]
1991-053 Julian Lennon - Saltwater.mp3 3.8MB [4:08]
1991-054 Color Me Badd - All 4 Love.mp3 3.2MB [3:31]
1991-055 Rozalla - Everybody's Free (To Feel Good).mp3 7.6MB [5:33]
1991-056 Cathy Dennis - Touch Me (All Night Long).mp3 3.2MB [3:26]
1991-057 U2 - The Fly.mp3 5.7MB [4:29]
1991-058 Monty Python's Flying Circus - Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life.mp3 3.4MB [3:42]
1991-059 Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter.mp3 4.3MB [4:43]
1991-060 Quartz feat. Dina Carroll - It's Too Late.mp3 3.7MB [3:59]
1991-061 C & C Music Factory feat. Freedom Williams - Gonna Make You Sweat.mp3 9.4MB [6:48]
1991-062 East Side Beat - Ride Like The Wind.mp3 3.6MB [3:55]
1991-063 REM - Shiny Happy People.mp3 6.0MB [3:46]
1991-064 Queen - Innuendo.mp3 5.9MB [6:25]
1991-065 The Bee Gees - Secret Love.mp3 3.4MB [3:42]
1991-066 Madonna - Rescue Me.mp3 5.1MB [5:31]
1991-067 John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John - The Grease Megamix.mp3 4.5MB [4:53]
1991-068 Vanilla Ice - Ice, Ice Baby.mp3 6.1MB [4:26]
1991-069 Utah Saints - What Can You Do For Me.mp3 8.4MB [6:06]
1991-070 K-Klass - Rhythm Is A Mystery.mp3 7.9MB [3:26]
1991-071 Stevie B - Because I Love You (The Postman Song).mp3 4.9MB [3:45]
1991-072 Prince & The New Power Generation - Gett Off.mp3 3.9MB [4:31]
1991-073 Kym Sims - Too Blind To See It.mp3 4.7MB [5:04]
1991-074 Right Said Fred - Don't Talk Just Kiss.mp3 4.4MB [3:12]
1991-075 Bomb The Bass - Winter In July.mp3 9.9MB [7:11]
1991-076 Soft Cell feat. Marc Almond - Tainted Love.mp3 2.5MB [2:45]
1991-077 Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark - Pandora's Box.mp3 3.8MB [4:06]
1991-078 Sabrina Johnston - Peace.mp3 5.6MB [4:05]
1991-079 Xpansions - Move Your Body (Elevation).mp3 6.6MB [7:15]
1991-080 Praise - Only You.mp3 5.7MB [6:15]
1991-081 Brian May - Driven By You.mp3 3.8MB [4:09]
1991-082 Bizarre Inc - Playing With Knives.mp3 12.3MB [5:24]
1991-083 Kylie Minogue - What Do I Have To Do?.mp3 4.9MB [3:32]
1991-084 Martika - Love... Thy Will Be Done.mp3 5.6MB [4:18]
1991-085 Bette Midler - From A Distance.mp3 6.4MB [4:38]
1991-086 Incognito feat. Jocelyn Brown - Always There.mp3 3.1MB [2:30]
1991-087 The Farm - All Together Now.mp3 5.2MB [5:43]
1991-088 The Wonder Stuff - The Size Of A Cow.mp3 2.9MB [3:12]
1991-089 Free - All Right Now.mp3 6.3MB [5:29]
1991-090 Soho - Hippy Chick.mp3 2.9MB [3:07]
1991-091 Gary Clail On-U Sound System - Human Nature.mp3 4.2MB [3:39]
1991-092 Divinyls - I Touch Myself.mp3 3.4MB [3:44]
1991-093 The Simpsons - Deep Deep Trouble.mp3 5.4MB [5:50]
1991-094 Kylie Minogue & Keith Washington - If You Were With Me Now.mp3 4.4MB [3:10]
1991-095 Simply Red - Stars.mp3 3.8MB [4:07]
1991-096 Pet Shop Boys - Where The Streets Have No Name.mp3 6.2MB [4:32]
1991-097 Dannii Minogue - Love And Kisses.mp3 5.1MB [3:40]
1991-098 Arnee & The Terminaters - I'll Be Back.mp3 2.5MB [2:45]
1991-099 Bassheads - Is There Anybody Out There?.mp3 8.2MB [5:58]
1991-100 Living Colour - Love Rears Its Ugly Head.mp3 8.5MB [6:13]
Total file size: 523MB Total run-time: 7:34:15
Downloads:
| i don't know |
Which phrase was first used in a novel by William Burroughs in 1962 and is now commonly used to describe a type of music? | Transcript | This American Life
@bargainsnfinds : This American Life #286 : MindGames https://t.co/ASlo1fkhgU
@ItsJustNotThere : RT @sethmoulton : Thanks @iraglass @thisamerlife for having me on to talk about the SIV program and my friend, Mohammed. Tune in: https://t.
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@Jodi_Weinberger : Listening to @TigNotaro "something only I can see," - cheeks hurt, can't breathe @ThisAmerLife
@basbleucrb : Seriously - This American Life, Sara Bareilles, and Leslie Odom, Jr. https://t.co/hy9v1ebRCL
@HassanPRG : RT @BlackManPodcast : Nikole Hannah-Jones looks at a district that accidentally launched a desegregation program. @ThisAmerLife .' https://t
@writeousness : See this! https://t.co/0cnqwNzxZp with @leslieodomjr from @ThisAmerLife Seriously.
@sarigoodfriend : "No I'm not calling [Trump] 'like' a draft dodger. I'm calling him a draft dodger." @ThisAmerLife episode 607: https://t.co/OVS91p7OuV
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@cmcatalinaz : I also found This American Life!!! I think I'm giving up on music for the next 150 hrs lol
@BlackManPodcast : Nikole Hannah-Jones looks at a district that accidentally launched a desegregation program. @ThisAmerLife .' https://t.co/C5jggevB64. [3/3].
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@posaune76 : RT @kev_mcg : Thinking about this story from a 2001 @ThisAmerLife episode about a 4-year-old learning about MLK https://t.co/uPuVRtqxgD http
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I'm ready.
Iggy Pop
Now I've met William Burroughs once, and have been inspired by him, but I am not an expert on Burroughs, unlike this guy.
Oliver Harris
I'm Oliver Harris. I'm a professor of American literature. I'm the author and editor of 10 books on or about William Burroughs. The strange thing is that a million people who never heard of William Burroughs can sing lines from The Ticket That Exploded, and that's because Burroughs' book is where Iggy Pop found the raw materials of Lust for Life.
It's where Johnny Ann comes from, along with those hypnotizing chickens and the flesh gimmick and the strip tease and the torture film. Pop responded to the way Burroughs was working back in the 1960s in a kind of montage way that we now take for granted in a digital era, but Burroughs was pioneering it.
Iggy Pop
This is coming out of some Lust for Life, all right. He's not just in my music. Burroughs is everywhere. He's in Dylan's Tombstone Blues. He's on the cover of Sergeant Pepper's two rows behind Paul, right next to Marilyn Monroe.
He inspired band names like the Soft Machine, a great band, and Steely Dan, which is named after a strap-on dildo in Naked Lunch. I didn't know that. The world was introduced to the phrase "heavy metal" in the book Nova Express.
He worked with Kurt Cobain on a spoken word track, The Priest, They Called Him. Fight tuberculosis, folks. As Lou Reed said, without William, there is nothing.
William Burroughs
I am writing for people who are interested in exploring unexplored psychic areas.
Iggy Pop
This month, it has been 100 years since the birth of William Seward Burroughs II. By the time he died, the man left behind a humongous body of work. Bear with us. It's going to get weird. There will be drugs, sex, violence, aliens, the beats, of course, Tangiers, Paris, New York, and cats.
We'll play around with cut ups too, but that will be explained. We've trawled through Burroughs' work and the archives, particularly Burroughs, The Movie, a film directed by Howard Brookner, which is being rereleased later this year. We've also spoken to many people that have been permanently touched by William Burroughs.
John Waters
I'm looking at my little collection here. I have the book Queer by William Burroughs. And it's autographed, "To John Waters, with admiration and friendship, William Burroughs, November 3, 1985 at the Mary Boone gallery."
Iggy Pop
Exhibit A, director John Waters. Burroughs gave him a name that stuck, The Pope of Trash.
John Waters
Yes, I've been shamelessly milking that title, The Pope of Trash, for years. Matter of fact, as I'm sitting here, I'm wearing a long cloak to the floor and an imperial marjoram crown that says "The Pope of Trash" on it as we speak. But I grew up reading William Burroughs. I mean, I went to Catholic school and sat there and read Junkie, and the Christian brothers were so stupid, they had never heard of William Burroughs and thought, isn't it nice? He's reading. But they had no idea what I was reading.
He was a role model for all of us. We all grew up reading him. When we were in high school, when we were stuck in suburbia somewhere trying to get away, we read him, and he ignited our imaginations. He let us dare to try something that we had been told we should never do. He was a bad guardian angel that got us out of the house.
Iggy Pop
But besides the writing, Burroughs the man is legendary. His hobbies, his personality, the way he lived his life became mythic. He was conformist America's dark nemesis.
William Burroughs
The mugwump slips the noose over the boy's head and tightens the knot--
Iggy Pop
He wrote graphically about sex.
William Burroughs
Moves in behind the boy and shoves his cock up the boy's ass. He stands there, moving in circular gyrations.
Iggy Pop
He was openly gay.
William Burroughs
We are a precarious minority. We've got to fight for our lives. If they're opposed, the gay state, we're going to find him, track him down, and kill him.
John Waters
I think Burroughs was the first militant gay person really that would dare to say that. So even the other beatniks were scared of him, I think. I think William out-hipped all of them, really, because he was so alarming and so scary and so macabre.
William Burroughs
Well, I would use any weapons at my disposal in order to defend my premises.
Iggy Pop
Despite having shot his wife, Burroughs was obsessed with guns and weapons.
William Burroughs
You had a razor sharp, double edge knife. You could whip it out and cut someone's throat before he knew what was happening. I'm not anticipating any trouble, because I don't like violence.
Iggy Pop
And he was a heroin addict.
William Burroughs
The whole drug problem started when they made drugs illegal.
Reader
He slid the needle in. A red organ bloomed at the bottom of the dropper, watching the solution rush into the boy's veins, sucked by silent thirst of blood.
John Waters
I mean, he was everything. He took drugs. He was gay. He did things that no one dared mention, especially together, because gay people were kind of square then, the ones that people knew about. So he was a junkie gay person, which really caused a lot of trouble-- and unashamed.
Iggy Pop
The mythic Burroughs was an old man in a three piece suit with this nasal voice rising up like this, railing against the world with one hand on the typewriter and the other pushing a needle into his arm. I can do him pretty good.
Colin Mcnulty
Yeah, you do a damn good Burroughs impression.
John Waters
I only shot heroin once in my life, because I had to, in respect of William Burroughs. I mean, that's a terrible thing to say. But I did try it once. And you shouldn't because you can get hepatitis C from trying it just once. I don't have it, but I know people that do. William Burroughs was a bad influence on me. And I thank him for that.
Iggy Pop
But not everyone appreciates the Burroughs myth.
Oliver Harris
I don't just take the Burroughs myth with a pinch of salt. I view it as a unpleasant slug crawling across the lawn of literature. And I like to pour salt on it.
Iggy Pop
Do you like his stuff? You said you did.
Iggy Pop
I told you I did, yeah, yeah. Known smart ass.
Will Self
When I was at school, I got the English prize when I was 16. And I asked for a copy of The Naked Lunch. I used to have it with the sort of school coat of arms on a book plate in the front of it.
Colin Mcnulty
Having used heroin yourself--
Will Self
I think used is a bit of an understatement. I was a heroin addict on and off for pushing a quarter of a century. For myself, I find the whole Burroughs myth pretty repulsive, actually. Because I understand what happened to me. I was an addict in waiting. I got my form prize or my English prize at The Naked Lunch. And a year and a half later, I was sticking needles in my arm.
Colin Mcnulty
Was it that direct for you?
Will Self
Well, I'm not saying it made me do it. I'm saying that my attraction to Burroughs' work was very much to do with the mythos, and particularly to do with the mythos that surrounded him because of being a heroin addict. And that's the point about Burroughs, is that he exists. You could be lying in some pestilential piss-soaked squat in the bowels of the city listening to some moron totaled on drugs drooling on and talking about Burroughs, because Burroughs was their Leon Trotsky. He was their Archbishop of Canterbury. He was the Pope. I'd rather belong to the priesthood than be with the guy who was lying on the carpet drooling about-- that's all. That's all there is to it, though.
Iggy Pop
One day Burroughs found himself in the possession of some morphine syringes, and he tried junk for the first time.
Reader
Morphine hits the backs of the legs first, then the back of the neck, a spinning wave of relaxation, slackening the muscles away from the bone so that you see the bloat without outlines.
William Burroughs
I became addicted to drugs before I'd written anything. And actually, my first book, Junkie, was simply an account of my experiences.
Iggy Pop
I think it was medicine for the dude. It's painful. It's painful to be a human being. I'm not even half anymore. I can't take it. I've never been more than half at one time.
Will Self
I think that his genius, in as much as he has any-- and you see it in ample evidence in Junkie-- is that he makes of the condition of the addict a synecdoche for the condition of everybody.
Iggy Pop
There are all sorts of things you can get out of this guy's books without having to be interested in whatever he thought about opiates.
Will Self
I think the way to read Junkie is not as a book about heroin addiction at all. It's a book about the condition of modern man that developed capitalistic societies.
Iggy Pop
William was on and off junk for the rest of his life. His addiction followed and pushed him everywhere. Flash forward to Burroughs living in his New York home, the bunker.
Victor Bockris
Yeah, I saw Bill take junk. It almost seemed like someone had put a junk supermarket right smack in the middle of the punk world to destroy them.
Iggy Pop
Writer and biographer, Victor Bockris.
Victor Bockris
Everyone had a copy of Junkie. They read them over and over again, but they didn't seem to get the real message of it because they seemed to think it was really cool to take heroin with William Burroughs.
James Grauerholz
Hi, there. Colin, are we going to tape?
Iggy Pop
James Grauerholz was Burroughs' friend and manager for over 20 years.
James Grauerholz
Every time we went to New York, I saw a slightly out of control scene. Running the bank accounts, I could see it flowing out of the ATM down the street from the bunker. He was looking for a pastoral retreat, and I was looking to lure him to it for his sake to get him away from all the young wannabe hipsters ringing the buzzer of the bunker, breaking out the baggies of dope, and saying, hey, I brought you a gift.
Victor Bockris
It was a very constructive move, and absolutely the right thing to do. At the time, of course, we were all really pissed off that Burroughs was leaving New York. But god, he thrived in Kansas. He really thrived out there.
James Grauerholz
I got him on methadone maintenance, and he remained on that until the end of his days, and it was very heightening for his productivity. And it needs to be difficult to see Burroughs, and it's not going to prevent people that deserve to see him from seeing him to make them come to Lawrence most times. After all, Voltaire lived 25 years in the tiny town of Ferney in Switzerland, and the crowned heads of Europe made their way to his estate.
Iggy Pop
We'll leave Burroughs on his methadone program in Kansas for now. OK, where next? Outer space. Space! Space!
Colin Mcnulty
That's good. Can you just say outer space?
Iggy Pop
Outer space.
William Burroughs
I am attempting to create a new mythology for the space age. I feel that the old mythologies are definitely broken down and are not adequate at the present time. The Nova mob, Sammy the butcher, green Tony.
Iggy Pop
This is the Nova trilogy, told as only Burroughs could tell it. It depicts a space age war between the Nova police, the good guys, and the Nova mob, a band of aliens from outer space who want to enslave human beings through the virus power.
William Burroughs
This is science fiction, but it is science fiction in terms of what is actually here now. I have Nova conspiracies, Nova police, Nova criminals. The virus power manifests itself in many ways, in the construction of nuclear weapons. This is war to extermination. In practically all the existing political systems, which are aimed at curtailing inner freedom. The Earth is a slave planet. It manifests itself in the extreme drabness of everyday life in Western countries. Are these the words of the all-powerful boards, syndicates, cartels of the Earth? You must learn who and what the enemy is, their weapons and methods of operation.
Iggy Pop
The alien enemy was in him.
William Burroughs
Like Burroughs, that proud American name. The enemy is in you. Proud of what, exactly? Play it all, play it all, play it all back. Pay it all, pay it all, pay it all back.
Iggy Pop
The key to Burroughs' obsession with power is in his own biography, his love/hate relationship with American culture, and his affluent Saint Louis upbringing.
Radio Host
But before we look ahead, let's turn backward for a moment to consider how all this began.
Iggy Pop
This might surprise you.
Radio Host
It began with this, the world's first practical adding machine. William Seward Burroughs invested 10 years of his brief life in its development.
Iggy Pop
William's namesake and grandfather invented the first mechanical adding machine. By 1920, the Burroughs Adding Machine company is worth over $400 million. Oliver Harris.
Oliver Harris
Both sides of his family tied Burroughs to pioneering capitalists in business and military computing, as the Burroughs adding machine, and also public relations. His uncle, Poison Ivy Lee, was a press agent for Rockefeller and for Standard Oil. He also supposedly was going to work for Hitler, so he was your classic press agent with no values and no morals.
Iggy Pop
That's Burroughs' ancestors, capitalists and spin doctors.
Oliver Harris
I think Burroughs reacted to that in his own work.
Iggy Pop
The type of people that would become his enemies.
William Burroughs
Are these the words of the all-powerful boards, syndicates, cartels of the Earth?
Oliver Harris
Burroughs put his privileged, haute bourgeois background, his classical education, to very good use by taking it back on itself. And that's really key to the work that came afterwards.
William Burroughs
I was born February 5, 1914 in Saint Louis, Missouri.
Iggy Pop
Like Burroughs, that proud American name.
William Burroughs
Now I never felt that I really belonged at all in the whole Saint Louis social structure. There was just something wrong there.
Iggy Pop
Well, you can't mention Burroughs without mentioning the other members of the holy trinity. Beep beep. On the drums, William Burroughs. On bass, Allen Ginsberg. On the trumpet, Jack Kerouac. I won't do that again. They were a group Burroughs fit in with, pretty much.
Colin Mcnulty
Basically, he was a man without a mission at age 29, 30, when he met Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac. They're portrayed as a merry band of artistic, smiling, laughing pranksters. They were all miserable. These guys 13 all the time. That's what I would say.
Iggy Pop
Burroughs, Kerouac, and Ginsberg formed a triangular friendship that would become the heart of an entire literary movement. Allen Ginsberg. I had matzah ball soup once with Allen Ginsberg.
Colin Mcnulty
Did you?
Allen Ginsberg
It was possible to be gay without having to be ashamed of it in that generation in that community. Burroughs was gay. I was gay. Kerouac was straight.
Iggy Pop
It was a tolerant extended New York family, hell bent on personal freedom.
Allen Ginsberg
We began experimenting-- myself, Burroughs, Kerouac, and Hunky and others with Benzedrine inhalers. And those were kind of interesting.
Iggy Pop
While Burroughs was wallowing in drugs and young men in Tangier, the rest of the Beat generation was in full swing.
Allen Ginsberg
There was no doubt about the Beat generation, at least the core of it, being a swinging group of new American men intent on joy.
Iggy Pop
Ginsberg's poem "Howl" was published in 1956.
Allen Ginsberg
I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness.
Iggy Pop
Kerouac's On the Road was published in 1957.
Jack Kerouac
All that road going. Think of Dean Moriarty. I even think of old Dean Moriarty, the father we never found. Think of Dean Moriarty. I think of Dean Moriarty.
[APPLAUSE]
Iggy Pop
Though Burroughs wouldn't consider himself a Beat writer, the three of them stuck together and supported each other's careers. By the late '50s, they were in Paris, keeping the bohemian theme going.
Jean-jacques Lebel
I was one of the very rare Frenchman that they knew because I'm half American and I speak English.
Iggy Pop
They met artist Jean-Jacques Lebel.
Jean-jacques Lebel
And I would take them around to North African bars, mostly to buy some hash and [INAUDIBLE].
Iggy Pop
Their base would become known as the Beat Hotel.
Jean-jacques Lebel
It was a sort of paradise and hell at the same time. It was definitely the cheapest hotel in Paris. It wasn't very clean. And there was only one phone. So when Madame Rachou, the lady who was running the place, had to call Brian, for instance, she went out into the street and said, Brian, telephone! And he would put on his pants and run down. It was wonderful.
David Delannet
I'm David Delannet. I co-manage the bookstore Shakespeare and Company in Paris. What happened here is that very quickly, when this bookstore opened, it became a center for expatriates. They decided they'd do a reading here, especially for "Howl," in this room actually on the first floor of the bookstore, which is more like a lending library than a commercial space. And at the end of the reading, Burroughs did a reading of a work in progress, which was at the time the Naked Lunch.
William Burroughs
I just want to rub up against you and get fixed. Ugh, well, all right, but why can't you just get physical like a human?
Colin Mcnulty
Yeah. Naked Lunch oozes sex. Seems like a good time to get libidinal.
James Grauerholz
He didn't start life with any insecurity about whether his desires were legitimate.
Iggy Pop
James Grauerholz.
James Grauerholz
So I'm sure it came as a great shock to him when he realized that his interest in other boys sexually was a great horror and either a crime or a sin, an illness, or all three.
Iggy Pop
The spindly, sickly looking teenage Burroughs was sent to Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico.
William Burroughs
Where they later made the atom bomb. It seems so right, somehow, like the school song, far away and high on the mesa's crest. Here's the life that all of us love the best.
James Grauerholz
And in his diary, apparently, he entered his emotions and feelings and factual accounts of sexual contacts with at least one other boy at the ranch school. The boy with whom he had some involvement turned on him and outed him and pointed at him, and he became ostracized and black balled. He contacted his parents and got himself yanked out of school on some medical pretext within 48 hours. But his belongings didn't go home to Saint Louis with him. They had to be packed and shipped, including the diary.
William Burroughs
I used to turn cold, thinking maybe the boys are reading it aloud to each other. When the box finally arrived, I pried it open and threw everything out without even a glance at those appalling pages. That was to put me off writing for many years.
James Grauerholz
And he never really tried to write again until 1950.
Iggy Pop
After Harvard and medical school in Vienna, Burroughs ended up in New York and met his first boyfriend, who would loudly cheat on him while William listened through a thin wall. To retaliate, he cut off the top joint of his left little finger with poultry shears.
Marcus Ewert
I think on Wikipedia, they say I'm widely acknowledged to be the last lover of William Burroughs. But I'm not-- I'm not sure what scholarship that's based on.
Iggy Pop
In the late '80s, Burroughs met Marcus Ewert. He was 18. William was 74.
Marcus Ewert
So how much detail did you want?
Iggy Pop
Marcus met William in the bunker.
Marcus Ewert
So I arrived at the bunker. It's like 2:00 or 3:00 in the afternoon. And William is showing me all these different things on his desk, like a scorpion and a paperweight and some old dented bullets that had some story attached to them. And then I was like, oh wait. He's nervous.
I think finally we sit on the edge of the bed. He's sitting about half a foot away from me, and we're not talking. It's very, very quiet. And then he moves his hand slowly onto my knee, and he takes the big leap.
And then I reach over and put my hand on his knee. I give his knee a little squeeze. And then I threw my arm around him and kind of pulled him into me, like come here, you little William Burroughs, you. So at the very end of this sexual experience, the very first one in the bunker, he came. And I think I came too. And he said, "Oh, that was great. That was the first time that's happened in years."
Iggy Pop
Marcus kept up the relationship in William's Kansas years.
Marcus Ewert
We're getting into bed, and I'm sticking my legs down under the covers. There's this bump that my legs feel. And I'm like, "Oh, what's this hard thing my legs are bumping against, William?" And he said, "Oh, that's the gun." I said, "Is it a loaded gun?" He said, "Of course it's loaded." You'd sleep with a lover with a loaded gun in your bed. That's kind of a metaphor waiting to happen.
William Burroughs
A hum of sex and commerce shakes the soul like a vast hive.
Iggy Pop
Naked Lunch. Yeah.
William Burroughs
I had been occluded from space time like an eel's ass occludes when he stops eating on the way to Saragasso. The heat was on me from here on out, to a landlocked junk past where heroin is always $28 an ounce, and you can score for yen pox in the chink laundry of Sioux Falls.
Iggy Pop
A naked lunch, it sounds like a Gwyneth Paltrow cooking special.
Colin Mcnulty
I know.
Iggy Pop
Yes I'm having a wonderful naked lunch with my children named after vegetables, and we're all so-- everything's beautiful. Pass the money.
Eventually, the book was Burroughs' biggest success.
John Waters
Naked Lunch. What better title could that be? Could you go into a store and say, "Excuse me, do you have Naked Lunch?" No wonder it was a best seller.
Iggy Pop
In 1962, Naked Lunch was banned in Boston for obscenity, a decision that was reversed by the Massachusetts Supreme Court in '66. It was the last literary censorship trial in the United States. John Waters.
John Waters
And it got banned. That always really helped. And because it was experimental in the real sense of the word, it was hallucinary.
William Burroughs
The brain, front, middle, and rear, must follow the adenoid, the wisdom tooth, the appendix.
John Waters
You know, people hadn't had hallucinations yet. They hadn't taken drugs. So they read this, and it was like, wow.
William Burroughs
I give you my master work, the complete all-American deanxietized man.
John Waters
And it scared people, and it delighted people, and it was like no other book anybody had ever written. And that always works.
William Burroughs
The man wriggles. His flesh turns to a viscous, transparent jelly that drifts away in green mists, unveiling a monster black centipede.
Iggy Pop
Wait. We haven't even mentioned Joan yet. OK, it's time to talk about how Burroughs shot his wife.
Kathleen Gray
My name is Kathleen Gray. I met William in 1974, and I knew him for 23 years.
Iggy Pop
In the '70s, artist Kathleen Gray invited Burroughs to give a talk in New Mexico. She asked him a couple questions.
Kathleen Gray
What is your attitude towards women? And he said, "I killed the only woman I ever loved." We just stared at each other for possibly a full minute. Then he started to sob, and I just held him. And he was crying. And then he was whispering how much he loved her, how she'd actually saved his life on a couple of occasions. I don't know if there was ever an hour that went by without him thinking about it and his regret at what had happened.
Iggy Pop
In 1946, Burroughs met Joan Vollmer through Ginsberg.
Allen Ginsberg
Jack and I decided that Joan and Bill would make a great couple, that they were a match for each other, fit for each other, equally tuned and equally witty and equally intelligent, equally well read.
Iggy Pop
It wasn't uncommon for gay men to marry women then.
William Burroughs
One time, she said, "Well, you're supposed to be a faggot, but you're as good as a pimp in bed." Well, I thought this was nonsense, and I still do.
Iggy Pop
Joan was into Benzedrine. William was, of course, into heroin. In New York, he began dealing and stealing from drunks on the subway to finance his habit. Oliver Harris.
Oliver Harris
He went to Mexico City in late '49. It was the perfect place for Burroughs. He could be a queer. He could be a heroin addict. And it didn't matter because he could still flaunt the privileges of being an American abroad. And in a way, it did him a lot of good to unleash a dark side of him, which was crucial to his becoming a great writer.
Allen Ginsberg
Joan was not making it with Bill, and I was a little irritated with him. Bill had been off with a young friend.
William Burroughs
That day, I knew something awful was going to happen. I remember I was working down the street, and tears started just streaming down my face. Well, if that happens to you, watch out, baby.
Iggy Pop
The "something bad" happened at a party they went to that night. James Grauerholz.
James Grauerholz
It appears to me clear that Joan was teasing him or taunting him. And there's the boyfriend, secretly, known to Joan. And evidently, he said, "We're going to move to the deep jungle in South America. That way, I'll kick my habit." And she apparently said something like, "How will we survive?" "Oh, I'll shoot wild boars and game." And she said, "Oh, with your marksmanship, we'll starve to death." And he says, "Oh, well why don't we show the boys what kind of a shot old Bill really is?"
William Burroughs
Then I said to Joan, it's about time for our William Tell act. And she put a glass on her head. I fired the shot. The glass hadn't been touched. Joan started sliding down towards the floor. Then Marcus said-- walked over and took one look at her. He said, "Billy, your bullet just hit her forehead." I said, "Oh my god."
Man
Had you done the William Tell thing before?
William Burroughs
Never. Just an absolute piece of insanity.
Iggy Pop
When I first heard about it way back when, the cynical view, well of course, what a great place to do it. You get away with it down there. But upon reflection, I would say this. When you've been drinking, drugging, or doping, there's something that kicks in that involves a disregard for human life. Yes, there sure is.
He called it ugly spirit, or whatever. And so it may lead your hand in a bad way. Do I think that he was in any way consciously thinking at that moment, "Well, this is a good chance. Maybe I'll miss." No. No, no, no, no, no, no. Not this person.
Will Self has an opinion.
Will Self
Well, Burroughs murdered his wife. And that's not necessarily a fashionable or accepted view. When I wrote a new introduction to the Penguin Modern Classic of Junkie, I had a very close look at it again. I had a cold case investigation. And I simply do not think you can rule out the very strong possibility, or indeed likelihood, that there was some element of intentionality involved in him aiming a loaded gun at his wife's head when she had a shot glass on top of it, a gun that he knew to be inaccurate.
Either way, the apologists for Burroughs who say it was a dreadful accident and so forth are just like the apologists for Burroughs that there are in every area. And what we call apologists in the addiction world are enablers. And I think that enabling somebody to escape the reality of their homicidal actions is probably the worst kind of enabling you can engage in. Enabling his addiction is almost besides the point.
Iggy Pop
Burroughs wrote Queer while he was awaiting trial. In the introduction, he wrote, "I am forced to the appalling conclusion that I would never have become a writer but for Joan's death. The death of Joan brought me into contact with the invader, the ugly spirit, and maneuvered me into a lifelong struggle in which I had no choice except to write my way out."
James Grauerholz
When he talked about writing his way out of it, I think that in order for his recognition as a writer to exceed his notoriety as an uxoricide, he had to become a really good writer. That's what I mean by write his way out of it.
Will Self
Well, I'd rather have the woman than the books. I mean, I think that's-- the artistic defense only really cuts any ice with the kind of enablers.
Iggy Pop
All right. I'm going to take a break here. Take 5 or 10 minutes, and I'll be back. You can cut up the sentences or put them all together. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up project. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up project. Cut up. Cut up montage.
Colin Mcnulty
So can you tell me just what do you make of the cut up method?
Iggy Pop
How different is the cut up method really from what they used to call the magic eight ball? Do you know what that is? Or a Ouija board. It's a Ouija board for art people, is what it is. Language is a virus. Language is a virus. Virus is a language human scummery control is a virus.
Language control the virus. Language is a virus. Power and the things that we want to express using a language are not as interesting, as useful, or as dynamic as things that the language could say itself, if only you would let the language talk. The pretenses don't have much weight if you just give them a little push. But that was what I took the cut up to be, basically.
Jean-jacques Lebel
Brion Gysin was living with William Burroughs at the time in the Beat Hotel in Paris.
Iggy Pop
One way Burroughs would describe him as "the only man I ever respected."
Jean-jacques Lebel
It's while he was doing his artwork that he discovered the cut up.
Brion Gysin
It occurred because I had a number of sheets of newspaper, and I took a Stanley blade and cut through them, and little bits and pieces looked so amusing to me that I started jiggling them around as one would in a collage.
Jean-jacques Lebel
And he showed it to William Burroughs, and Burroughs immediately started using that technique.
Iggy Pop
Cut up. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up created a new way of writing a novel. To help explain, we'll need a true Burroughs obsessive.
Ian Macfayden
When I see Naked Lunch in a charity shop or a junk shop on the shelf, I don't want it to be there on its own. I just want to bring it home to daddy.
Iggy Pop
Burroughsian, Ian MacFayden.
Ian Macfayden
The cut up books contain within themselves the descriptions of the methods of their own creation.
William Burroughs
This is a technique. And like any technique, it will of course be useful to some writers and not to others.
Ian Macfayden
What is produced is uncanny. You read through it. You read underneath it. You get the back of the mask.
William Burroughs
These colorless sheets are empty. You ever existed at all. Goodbye to William.
Ian Macfayden
He used the cut up technique as a way of examining the media.
William Burroughs
Then police keep all boardroom reports, and we are not allowed to proffer the disaster accounts.
Ian Macfayden
Discourses of the police, of government, of authority, but also the gibbering voice inside each of us.
William Burroughs
Oh my god, show them how ugly the ugly American can be.
Ian Macfayden
Which frustrated Burroughs throughout his life.
William Burroughs
Me, I am looking around. And the more I look, the less I like what I see.
Iggy Pop
Burroughs wrote The Soft Machine, The Ticket That Exploded, and Nova Express using cut up.
Oliver Harris
It's not just the writing which was well known.
Iggy Pop
Oliver Harris.
Oliver Harris
It was the photo montages, the tapes, the artwork. Rather than cut up being a dead end, it was incredibly-- it proliferated, overran expectations and possibilities.
William Burroughs
Now, here are some tapes which Brion made with all the technical facilities of the BBC in London. And they show, I think, what can be done with the human voice and one phrase.
Brion Gysin
All actors. Calling all-- calling all reactive agents. Calling all active agents re. Calling all active agents re. Calling all active re agents. Calling. All agents reactive. Calling all re agents active.
William Burroughs
I'm also working on a short film with Mr. Anthony Balch, Towers, Open Fire.
Tony
The total taste is here. Have a happy-- have a happ--
Bill
Is this machine recording? Is this machine recording? Is this machine recording?
Man
Johnson, addressing a meeting of editorial cartoonists of the White House, once held three maids at gunpoint and proceeded to ransack the apartment.
Oliver Harris
The cut up project was, in Burroughs' own terms, a disastrous success in the sense that it was impossible. But they have something which is ferocious about them, and yet very funny. They're experimental. They're obscene. They're political. They're spiritual, a great call to arms against the 1%, who, in his view, were screwing the planet.
Iggy Pop
With the '60s hippies transforming into '70s punks, the Burroughs effect multiplied.
Colin Mcnulty
Why do you think the punks found such an affinity for Burroughs?
Iggy Pop
There's this undercurrent of, all this shit is a bunch of shit. You people are a bunch of shit. I don't have to respect the shit out of your-- a disrespect.
David Bowie
This is the what I do cut ups. I don't know if it's like the way Brion Gysin does his or Burroughs does his. I don't know. But this is the way I do it.
Iggy Pop
David Bowie.
David Bowie
What I've used it for more than anything else is igniting anything that might be in my imagination. And you can often come up with very interesting attitudes to look into.
Iggy Pop
Burroughs is now affecting everyone, all the big names. Musicians, artists, hipsters, they all love him. And for once, it's back home in America. That's my swift cover voice.
David Bowie
It was a wonderful time. Don't forget, we just got rid of Nixon.
Iggy Pop
New York City, 1974.
David Bowie
It was a whole rebirth of this sensibility because the Nixon administration had tried really hard and quite effectively to destroy the counterculture. And so Burroughs' return was almost seen as the king returns to take his throne now that the evil king has fallen. Burroughs was the king of the underground.
Iggy Pop
Victor Bockris was then a journalist and close associate of Andy Warhol and Burroughs.
Victor Bockris
I remember a great scene at the St. Mark's Poetry Project. Patti Smith on stage in '74 finishing a reading by saying, "Guess who moved back to New York? William Burroughs. Isn't that great?" And I thought at that moment, "How wonderful." Because this new, vibrant movement of punk is not going to try and kill its fathers, but it's going to actually welcome them and salute them on their way to their own success.
Iggy Pop
Not long after he settled in New York, William met the most important person in his late American career, James Grauerholz. James was 21. Burroughs was 60.
Allen Ginsberg
So James had come to offer his services to me as a secretary.
Iggy Pop
Ginsberg.
Allen Ginsberg
And I was hoping lover because he was kind of cute. He was 21, 20. And Bill had just come back, and I was worried about Bill getting straight. So I said, OK, if you want to be my secretary, the first thing to do is go down and see Burroughs.
James Grauerholz
I went up and met him. We had some drinks, and within a week or so, he invited me to move in with him. And I did roommate with him and sleep with him for about six weeks. And then I met someone closer to my own age whom I moved in with. I told William, if we can be friends, I think we can be friends for life. Little did I know.
Iggy Pop
James was William's manager for the rest of his life.
James Grauerholz
I was his reader, his audience, the person who couldn't wait to see what he had written, to go over it with him, to discuss it with him, to bring him more things to write the next part of it. I was the one who cared what he had spent the day doing.
Iggy Pop
Grauerholz organized public readings for Burroughs. The young punks crowded in to see their long lost crazy uncle. It all climaxed with the Nova Convention.
Woman
This is the Nova Convention. Welcome to the Nova Convention. This is a test.
Victor Bockris
The Nova Convention was a very important event in New York. It was the first time which was a public meeting where all the elements of the Beat punk generation came together.
Woman
LadiesFRANK and gentlemen, William Burroughs.
[APPLAUSE]
William Burroughs
This is the Space Age, and we are here to go. Only those who are willing to leave everything they've ever known in time need apply.
Victor Bockris
And the people who organized it tried to invite a number of artists from different mediums, such as Patti Smith. Keith Richards was supposed to be involved. Frank Zappa came to it. All sorts of people came.
William Burroughs
Just setting up for the great Frank Zappa.
Frank Zappa
Did I ever tell you about the man who taught his asshole to talk?
John Waters
William was one of the first people that ever branded himself, before there was such a word as that, by how he looked, how he talked, how he baited people. He was almost predictable in his macabre sense of humor. But it wasn't a lie. William really was like that. I mean, I think he was like that when nobody was there too. I don't think it was an act. But at the same time, he lent himself very well to fame.
Iggy Pop
In 1981, William appeared on Saturday Night Live, graciously introduced by the actress Lauren Hutton.
Lauren Hutton
I'm very pleased tonight to introduce a man who, in my opinion, is the greatest living writer in America. In his first television appearance ever, here is Mr. William Burroughs.
[APPLAUSE]
William Burroughs
Doctor Benway ships doctor drunkenly added two inches to a four inch incision with one stroke of his scalpel. "Perhaps the appendix is already out, doctor," the nurse said, peering dubiously over his shoulder. I saw a little scar. The appendix out? I'm taking the appendix out. What do you think I'm doing here? He lifts the abdominal wall and searches along the incision, dropping ashes from his cigarette.
Iggy Pop
100 million views, laughter, respect, a literary halo.
Colin Mcnulty
We're getting into the cat section. It's almost like, all right, we got to the point where Burroughs is at his height. It's almost like we should stop there, but we're not.
Iggy Pop
Oh, what haven't we covered yet? Hate. Cats.
Colin Mcnulty
Right. We're getting into the cat section now. And the good news is, it's the last section.
William Burroughs
Evidence indicates that cats were first tamed in Egypt. The Egyptians stored grain, which attracted rodents, which attracted cats. I postulate that cats started as psychic companions, as familiars, and have never deviated from this function.
Colin Mcnulty
Do you like cats?
Iggy Pop
I do like cats. I feed so many cats that I'm a little bit pissed off at them right now because I spend a lot of time and money feeding them all the time. What they do, the way they get me to feed them, and my wife too-- I feed them here and in the islands. They just come and stare at you.
William Burroughs
I find this desperate attempt to win a human protector deeply moving. The cat does not offer services. The cat offers itself.
Iggy Pop
He has this line where he just says, cats give you themselves.
Colin Mcnulty
Yeah, I have that bit in there.
Iggy Pop
That's a deep line. In one of his last books, The Cat Inside, William writes about some of the many cats he owned, like Ruskie, Ginger, and Calico. Burroughs' young lover Marcus visited him.
Marcus Ewert
I think he had at least six cats while I was there. And he had this one cat that would really pretty much hug you. It would stand up on your-- I've never seen a cat do this. If you're sitting on the sofa, it would stand up on its hind legs on your lap and put a paw, its front paws, one on either side of your head and just look right at you and press its head in close to you. It was the damnedest thing.
And William just loved his cats. I mean, he loved his cats so much. And I'm not trying to-- he loved people, too. But I think it was a much more scary and fraught and frightening thing for him.
Iggy Pop
Toward the end of his life, Burroughs became more concerned about the environment. It was like his childhood in Saint Louis was fading away, the old beautiful Midwestern America. William could feel the loss.
William Burroughs
The magical medium is being bulldozed away. No more green reindeer in Forest Park. The angels are leaving all of the alcoves everywhere as the forests fall to make way for motels and Hiltons and McDonald's. The whole magic universe is dying. The rain forests of Borneo and South America are going to make way for what?
Marcus Ewert
I think he was a deeply sad person, deeply, deeply, deeply, deeply sad person. So I think William did have this deep, deep, deep skepticism about people being able to connect. And I think specifically, people being able to connect with him.
William Burroughs
There must have been a split between the cats who accepted domestication and those who did not.
James Grauerholz
One day, one of his closest friends, Tom Peschio, went to see him at dinnertime, and William was having a coughing fit and had been having chest pains. And within a few minutes, Tom had convinced him to let Tom call 9-1-1, and me. He went to the hospital. He was not conversing. And then they got him stabilized. His eyes were open. He seemed to hear. But he wasn't speaking.
William had made a no extraordinary measures instruction. In other words, I'm going to say do not resuscitate. And William simply took his last breath. And that is how he died.
Kathleen Gray
He was gentlemanly. He was an old school gentleman. He had manners. He loved to have friends around him. He loved to carry on. He loved to meet new people. He loved his fans. In the media, there is this other stereotypical presentation of who William Burroughs was, the guy in a three piece suit with a needle in his arm. But that's not the William I saw. That wasn't him. He was a very complex human.
Ian Macfayden
But none of this biographical stuff is of any interest apart from the actual writing. And what worries me in the centenary year is that everybody's talking about how they met Bill, and Bill said this, and Bill said that. Actually, no. I mean, people should really read the books.
Allen Ginsberg
He had this image, a kind of cold, blue, almost ray-like, almost alien image. And of course, he could be like that. He was like that in performances in public. It was his persona. But the real William Burroughs was just a wonderful gentleman and a great artist and a great friend. I miss him very much. I'm really glad to talk about him. It means a lot to me.
James Grauerholz
I miss him. I miss him. I miss him bad.
Allen Ginsberg
| Heavy metal |
Who first coined the words madcap, hobnob and swagger? | Transcript | This American Life
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I'm ready.
Iggy Pop
Now I've met William Burroughs once, and have been inspired by him, but I am not an expert on Burroughs, unlike this guy.
Oliver Harris
I'm Oliver Harris. I'm a professor of American literature. I'm the author and editor of 10 books on or about William Burroughs. The strange thing is that a million people who never heard of William Burroughs can sing lines from The Ticket That Exploded, and that's because Burroughs' book is where Iggy Pop found the raw materials of Lust for Life.
It's where Johnny Ann comes from, along with those hypnotizing chickens and the flesh gimmick and the strip tease and the torture film. Pop responded to the way Burroughs was working back in the 1960s in a kind of montage way that we now take for granted in a digital era, but Burroughs was pioneering it.
Iggy Pop
This is coming out of some Lust for Life, all right. He's not just in my music. Burroughs is everywhere. He's in Dylan's Tombstone Blues. He's on the cover of Sergeant Pepper's two rows behind Paul, right next to Marilyn Monroe.
He inspired band names like the Soft Machine, a great band, and Steely Dan, which is named after a strap-on dildo in Naked Lunch. I didn't know that. The world was introduced to the phrase "heavy metal" in the book Nova Express.
He worked with Kurt Cobain on a spoken word track, The Priest, They Called Him. Fight tuberculosis, folks. As Lou Reed said, without William, there is nothing.
William Burroughs
I am writing for people who are interested in exploring unexplored psychic areas.
Iggy Pop
This month, it has been 100 years since the birth of William Seward Burroughs II. By the time he died, the man left behind a humongous body of work. Bear with us. It's going to get weird. There will be drugs, sex, violence, aliens, the beats, of course, Tangiers, Paris, New York, and cats.
We'll play around with cut ups too, but that will be explained. We've trawled through Burroughs' work and the archives, particularly Burroughs, The Movie, a film directed by Howard Brookner, which is being rereleased later this year. We've also spoken to many people that have been permanently touched by William Burroughs.
John Waters
I'm looking at my little collection here. I have the book Queer by William Burroughs. And it's autographed, "To John Waters, with admiration and friendship, William Burroughs, November 3, 1985 at the Mary Boone gallery."
Iggy Pop
Exhibit A, director John Waters. Burroughs gave him a name that stuck, The Pope of Trash.
John Waters
Yes, I've been shamelessly milking that title, The Pope of Trash, for years. Matter of fact, as I'm sitting here, I'm wearing a long cloak to the floor and an imperial marjoram crown that says "The Pope of Trash" on it as we speak. But I grew up reading William Burroughs. I mean, I went to Catholic school and sat there and read Junkie, and the Christian brothers were so stupid, they had never heard of William Burroughs and thought, isn't it nice? He's reading. But they had no idea what I was reading.
He was a role model for all of us. We all grew up reading him. When we were in high school, when we were stuck in suburbia somewhere trying to get away, we read him, and he ignited our imaginations. He let us dare to try something that we had been told we should never do. He was a bad guardian angel that got us out of the house.
Iggy Pop
But besides the writing, Burroughs the man is legendary. His hobbies, his personality, the way he lived his life became mythic. He was conformist America's dark nemesis.
William Burroughs
The mugwump slips the noose over the boy's head and tightens the knot--
Iggy Pop
He wrote graphically about sex.
William Burroughs
Moves in behind the boy and shoves his cock up the boy's ass. He stands there, moving in circular gyrations.
Iggy Pop
He was openly gay.
William Burroughs
We are a precarious minority. We've got to fight for our lives. If they're opposed, the gay state, we're going to find him, track him down, and kill him.
John Waters
I think Burroughs was the first militant gay person really that would dare to say that. So even the other beatniks were scared of him, I think. I think William out-hipped all of them, really, because he was so alarming and so scary and so macabre.
William Burroughs
Well, I would use any weapons at my disposal in order to defend my premises.
Iggy Pop
Despite having shot his wife, Burroughs was obsessed with guns and weapons.
William Burroughs
You had a razor sharp, double edge knife. You could whip it out and cut someone's throat before he knew what was happening. I'm not anticipating any trouble, because I don't like violence.
Iggy Pop
And he was a heroin addict.
William Burroughs
The whole drug problem started when they made drugs illegal.
Reader
He slid the needle in. A red organ bloomed at the bottom of the dropper, watching the solution rush into the boy's veins, sucked by silent thirst of blood.
John Waters
I mean, he was everything. He took drugs. He was gay. He did things that no one dared mention, especially together, because gay people were kind of square then, the ones that people knew about. So he was a junkie gay person, which really caused a lot of trouble-- and unashamed.
Iggy Pop
The mythic Burroughs was an old man in a three piece suit with this nasal voice rising up like this, railing against the world with one hand on the typewriter and the other pushing a needle into his arm. I can do him pretty good.
Colin Mcnulty
Yeah, you do a damn good Burroughs impression.
John Waters
I only shot heroin once in my life, because I had to, in respect of William Burroughs. I mean, that's a terrible thing to say. But I did try it once. And you shouldn't because you can get hepatitis C from trying it just once. I don't have it, but I know people that do. William Burroughs was a bad influence on me. And I thank him for that.
Iggy Pop
But not everyone appreciates the Burroughs myth.
Oliver Harris
I don't just take the Burroughs myth with a pinch of salt. I view it as a unpleasant slug crawling across the lawn of literature. And I like to pour salt on it.
Iggy Pop
Do you like his stuff? You said you did.
Iggy Pop
I told you I did, yeah, yeah. Known smart ass.
Will Self
When I was at school, I got the English prize when I was 16. And I asked for a copy of The Naked Lunch. I used to have it with the sort of school coat of arms on a book plate in the front of it.
Colin Mcnulty
Having used heroin yourself--
Will Self
I think used is a bit of an understatement. I was a heroin addict on and off for pushing a quarter of a century. For myself, I find the whole Burroughs myth pretty repulsive, actually. Because I understand what happened to me. I was an addict in waiting. I got my form prize or my English prize at The Naked Lunch. And a year and a half later, I was sticking needles in my arm.
Colin Mcnulty
Was it that direct for you?
Will Self
Well, I'm not saying it made me do it. I'm saying that my attraction to Burroughs' work was very much to do with the mythos, and particularly to do with the mythos that surrounded him because of being a heroin addict. And that's the point about Burroughs, is that he exists. You could be lying in some pestilential piss-soaked squat in the bowels of the city listening to some moron totaled on drugs drooling on and talking about Burroughs, because Burroughs was their Leon Trotsky. He was their Archbishop of Canterbury. He was the Pope. I'd rather belong to the priesthood than be with the guy who was lying on the carpet drooling about-- that's all. That's all there is to it, though.
Iggy Pop
One day Burroughs found himself in the possession of some morphine syringes, and he tried junk for the first time.
Reader
Morphine hits the backs of the legs first, then the back of the neck, a spinning wave of relaxation, slackening the muscles away from the bone so that you see the bloat without outlines.
William Burroughs
I became addicted to drugs before I'd written anything. And actually, my first book, Junkie, was simply an account of my experiences.
Iggy Pop
I think it was medicine for the dude. It's painful. It's painful to be a human being. I'm not even half anymore. I can't take it. I've never been more than half at one time.
Will Self
I think that his genius, in as much as he has any-- and you see it in ample evidence in Junkie-- is that he makes of the condition of the addict a synecdoche for the condition of everybody.
Iggy Pop
There are all sorts of things you can get out of this guy's books without having to be interested in whatever he thought about opiates.
Will Self
I think the way to read Junkie is not as a book about heroin addiction at all. It's a book about the condition of modern man that developed capitalistic societies.
Iggy Pop
William was on and off junk for the rest of his life. His addiction followed and pushed him everywhere. Flash forward to Burroughs living in his New York home, the bunker.
Victor Bockris
Yeah, I saw Bill take junk. It almost seemed like someone had put a junk supermarket right smack in the middle of the punk world to destroy them.
Iggy Pop
Writer and biographer, Victor Bockris.
Victor Bockris
Everyone had a copy of Junkie. They read them over and over again, but they didn't seem to get the real message of it because they seemed to think it was really cool to take heroin with William Burroughs.
James Grauerholz
Hi, there. Colin, are we going to tape?
Iggy Pop
James Grauerholz was Burroughs' friend and manager for over 20 years.
James Grauerholz
Every time we went to New York, I saw a slightly out of control scene. Running the bank accounts, I could see it flowing out of the ATM down the street from the bunker. He was looking for a pastoral retreat, and I was looking to lure him to it for his sake to get him away from all the young wannabe hipsters ringing the buzzer of the bunker, breaking out the baggies of dope, and saying, hey, I brought you a gift.
Victor Bockris
It was a very constructive move, and absolutely the right thing to do. At the time, of course, we were all really pissed off that Burroughs was leaving New York. But god, he thrived in Kansas. He really thrived out there.
James Grauerholz
I got him on methadone maintenance, and he remained on that until the end of his days, and it was very heightening for his productivity. And it needs to be difficult to see Burroughs, and it's not going to prevent people that deserve to see him from seeing him to make them come to Lawrence most times. After all, Voltaire lived 25 years in the tiny town of Ferney in Switzerland, and the crowned heads of Europe made their way to his estate.
Iggy Pop
We'll leave Burroughs on his methadone program in Kansas for now. OK, where next? Outer space. Space! Space!
Colin Mcnulty
That's good. Can you just say outer space?
Iggy Pop
Outer space.
William Burroughs
I am attempting to create a new mythology for the space age. I feel that the old mythologies are definitely broken down and are not adequate at the present time. The Nova mob, Sammy the butcher, green Tony.
Iggy Pop
This is the Nova trilogy, told as only Burroughs could tell it. It depicts a space age war between the Nova police, the good guys, and the Nova mob, a band of aliens from outer space who want to enslave human beings through the virus power.
William Burroughs
This is science fiction, but it is science fiction in terms of what is actually here now. I have Nova conspiracies, Nova police, Nova criminals. The virus power manifests itself in many ways, in the construction of nuclear weapons. This is war to extermination. In practically all the existing political systems, which are aimed at curtailing inner freedom. The Earth is a slave planet. It manifests itself in the extreme drabness of everyday life in Western countries. Are these the words of the all-powerful boards, syndicates, cartels of the Earth? You must learn who and what the enemy is, their weapons and methods of operation.
Iggy Pop
The alien enemy was in him.
William Burroughs
Like Burroughs, that proud American name. The enemy is in you. Proud of what, exactly? Play it all, play it all, play it all back. Pay it all, pay it all, pay it all back.
Iggy Pop
The key to Burroughs' obsession with power is in his own biography, his love/hate relationship with American culture, and his affluent Saint Louis upbringing.
Radio Host
But before we look ahead, let's turn backward for a moment to consider how all this began.
Iggy Pop
This might surprise you.
Radio Host
It began with this, the world's first practical adding machine. William Seward Burroughs invested 10 years of his brief life in its development.
Iggy Pop
William's namesake and grandfather invented the first mechanical adding machine. By 1920, the Burroughs Adding Machine company is worth over $400 million. Oliver Harris.
Oliver Harris
Both sides of his family tied Burroughs to pioneering capitalists in business and military computing, as the Burroughs adding machine, and also public relations. His uncle, Poison Ivy Lee, was a press agent for Rockefeller and for Standard Oil. He also supposedly was going to work for Hitler, so he was your classic press agent with no values and no morals.
Iggy Pop
That's Burroughs' ancestors, capitalists and spin doctors.
Oliver Harris
I think Burroughs reacted to that in his own work.
Iggy Pop
The type of people that would become his enemies.
William Burroughs
Are these the words of the all-powerful boards, syndicates, cartels of the Earth?
Oliver Harris
Burroughs put his privileged, haute bourgeois background, his classical education, to very good use by taking it back on itself. And that's really key to the work that came afterwards.
William Burroughs
I was born February 5, 1914 in Saint Louis, Missouri.
Iggy Pop
Like Burroughs, that proud American name.
William Burroughs
Now I never felt that I really belonged at all in the whole Saint Louis social structure. There was just something wrong there.
Iggy Pop
Well, you can't mention Burroughs without mentioning the other members of the holy trinity. Beep beep. On the drums, William Burroughs. On bass, Allen Ginsberg. On the trumpet, Jack Kerouac. I won't do that again. They were a group Burroughs fit in with, pretty much.
Colin Mcnulty
Basically, he was a man without a mission at age 29, 30, when he met Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac. They're portrayed as a merry band of artistic, smiling, laughing pranksters. They were all miserable. These guys 13 all the time. That's what I would say.
Iggy Pop
Burroughs, Kerouac, and Ginsberg formed a triangular friendship that would become the heart of an entire literary movement. Allen Ginsberg. I had matzah ball soup once with Allen Ginsberg.
Colin Mcnulty
Did you?
Allen Ginsberg
It was possible to be gay without having to be ashamed of it in that generation in that community. Burroughs was gay. I was gay. Kerouac was straight.
Iggy Pop
It was a tolerant extended New York family, hell bent on personal freedom.
Allen Ginsberg
We began experimenting-- myself, Burroughs, Kerouac, and Hunky and others with Benzedrine inhalers. And those were kind of interesting.
Iggy Pop
While Burroughs was wallowing in drugs and young men in Tangier, the rest of the Beat generation was in full swing.
Allen Ginsberg
There was no doubt about the Beat generation, at least the core of it, being a swinging group of new American men intent on joy.
Iggy Pop
Ginsberg's poem "Howl" was published in 1956.
Allen Ginsberg
I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness.
Iggy Pop
Kerouac's On the Road was published in 1957.
Jack Kerouac
All that road going. Think of Dean Moriarty. I even think of old Dean Moriarty, the father we never found. Think of Dean Moriarty. I think of Dean Moriarty.
[APPLAUSE]
Iggy Pop
Though Burroughs wouldn't consider himself a Beat writer, the three of them stuck together and supported each other's careers. By the late '50s, they were in Paris, keeping the bohemian theme going.
Jean-jacques Lebel
I was one of the very rare Frenchman that they knew because I'm half American and I speak English.
Iggy Pop
They met artist Jean-Jacques Lebel.
Jean-jacques Lebel
And I would take them around to North African bars, mostly to buy some hash and [INAUDIBLE].
Iggy Pop
Their base would become known as the Beat Hotel.
Jean-jacques Lebel
It was a sort of paradise and hell at the same time. It was definitely the cheapest hotel in Paris. It wasn't very clean. And there was only one phone. So when Madame Rachou, the lady who was running the place, had to call Brian, for instance, she went out into the street and said, Brian, telephone! And he would put on his pants and run down. It was wonderful.
David Delannet
I'm David Delannet. I co-manage the bookstore Shakespeare and Company in Paris. What happened here is that very quickly, when this bookstore opened, it became a center for expatriates. They decided they'd do a reading here, especially for "Howl," in this room actually on the first floor of the bookstore, which is more like a lending library than a commercial space. And at the end of the reading, Burroughs did a reading of a work in progress, which was at the time the Naked Lunch.
William Burroughs
I just want to rub up against you and get fixed. Ugh, well, all right, but why can't you just get physical like a human?
Colin Mcnulty
Yeah. Naked Lunch oozes sex. Seems like a good time to get libidinal.
James Grauerholz
He didn't start life with any insecurity about whether his desires were legitimate.
Iggy Pop
James Grauerholz.
James Grauerholz
So I'm sure it came as a great shock to him when he realized that his interest in other boys sexually was a great horror and either a crime or a sin, an illness, or all three.
Iggy Pop
The spindly, sickly looking teenage Burroughs was sent to Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico.
William Burroughs
Where they later made the atom bomb. It seems so right, somehow, like the school song, far away and high on the mesa's crest. Here's the life that all of us love the best.
James Grauerholz
And in his diary, apparently, he entered his emotions and feelings and factual accounts of sexual contacts with at least one other boy at the ranch school. The boy with whom he had some involvement turned on him and outed him and pointed at him, and he became ostracized and black balled. He contacted his parents and got himself yanked out of school on some medical pretext within 48 hours. But his belongings didn't go home to Saint Louis with him. They had to be packed and shipped, including the diary.
William Burroughs
I used to turn cold, thinking maybe the boys are reading it aloud to each other. When the box finally arrived, I pried it open and threw everything out without even a glance at those appalling pages. That was to put me off writing for many years.
James Grauerholz
And he never really tried to write again until 1950.
Iggy Pop
After Harvard and medical school in Vienna, Burroughs ended up in New York and met his first boyfriend, who would loudly cheat on him while William listened through a thin wall. To retaliate, he cut off the top joint of his left little finger with poultry shears.
Marcus Ewert
I think on Wikipedia, they say I'm widely acknowledged to be the last lover of William Burroughs. But I'm not-- I'm not sure what scholarship that's based on.
Iggy Pop
In the late '80s, Burroughs met Marcus Ewert. He was 18. William was 74.
Marcus Ewert
So how much detail did you want?
Iggy Pop
Marcus met William in the bunker.
Marcus Ewert
So I arrived at the bunker. It's like 2:00 or 3:00 in the afternoon. And William is showing me all these different things on his desk, like a scorpion and a paperweight and some old dented bullets that had some story attached to them. And then I was like, oh wait. He's nervous.
I think finally we sit on the edge of the bed. He's sitting about half a foot away from me, and we're not talking. It's very, very quiet. And then he moves his hand slowly onto my knee, and he takes the big leap.
And then I reach over and put my hand on his knee. I give his knee a little squeeze. And then I threw my arm around him and kind of pulled him into me, like come here, you little William Burroughs, you. So at the very end of this sexual experience, the very first one in the bunker, he came. And I think I came too. And he said, "Oh, that was great. That was the first time that's happened in years."
Iggy Pop
Marcus kept up the relationship in William's Kansas years.
Marcus Ewert
We're getting into bed, and I'm sticking my legs down under the covers. There's this bump that my legs feel. And I'm like, "Oh, what's this hard thing my legs are bumping against, William?" And he said, "Oh, that's the gun." I said, "Is it a loaded gun?" He said, "Of course it's loaded." You'd sleep with a lover with a loaded gun in your bed. That's kind of a metaphor waiting to happen.
William Burroughs
A hum of sex and commerce shakes the soul like a vast hive.
Iggy Pop
Naked Lunch. Yeah.
William Burroughs
I had been occluded from space time like an eel's ass occludes when he stops eating on the way to Saragasso. The heat was on me from here on out, to a landlocked junk past where heroin is always $28 an ounce, and you can score for yen pox in the chink laundry of Sioux Falls.
Iggy Pop
A naked lunch, it sounds like a Gwyneth Paltrow cooking special.
Colin Mcnulty
I know.
Iggy Pop
Yes I'm having a wonderful naked lunch with my children named after vegetables, and we're all so-- everything's beautiful. Pass the money.
Eventually, the book was Burroughs' biggest success.
John Waters
Naked Lunch. What better title could that be? Could you go into a store and say, "Excuse me, do you have Naked Lunch?" No wonder it was a best seller.
Iggy Pop
In 1962, Naked Lunch was banned in Boston for obscenity, a decision that was reversed by the Massachusetts Supreme Court in '66. It was the last literary censorship trial in the United States. John Waters.
John Waters
And it got banned. That always really helped. And because it was experimental in the real sense of the word, it was hallucinary.
William Burroughs
The brain, front, middle, and rear, must follow the adenoid, the wisdom tooth, the appendix.
John Waters
You know, people hadn't had hallucinations yet. They hadn't taken drugs. So they read this, and it was like, wow.
William Burroughs
I give you my master work, the complete all-American deanxietized man.
John Waters
And it scared people, and it delighted people, and it was like no other book anybody had ever written. And that always works.
William Burroughs
The man wriggles. His flesh turns to a viscous, transparent jelly that drifts away in green mists, unveiling a monster black centipede.
Iggy Pop
Wait. We haven't even mentioned Joan yet. OK, it's time to talk about how Burroughs shot his wife.
Kathleen Gray
My name is Kathleen Gray. I met William in 1974, and I knew him for 23 years.
Iggy Pop
In the '70s, artist Kathleen Gray invited Burroughs to give a talk in New Mexico. She asked him a couple questions.
Kathleen Gray
What is your attitude towards women? And he said, "I killed the only woman I ever loved." We just stared at each other for possibly a full minute. Then he started to sob, and I just held him. And he was crying. And then he was whispering how much he loved her, how she'd actually saved his life on a couple of occasions. I don't know if there was ever an hour that went by without him thinking about it and his regret at what had happened.
Iggy Pop
In 1946, Burroughs met Joan Vollmer through Ginsberg.
Allen Ginsberg
Jack and I decided that Joan and Bill would make a great couple, that they were a match for each other, fit for each other, equally tuned and equally witty and equally intelligent, equally well read.
Iggy Pop
It wasn't uncommon for gay men to marry women then.
William Burroughs
One time, she said, "Well, you're supposed to be a faggot, but you're as good as a pimp in bed." Well, I thought this was nonsense, and I still do.
Iggy Pop
Joan was into Benzedrine. William was, of course, into heroin. In New York, he began dealing and stealing from drunks on the subway to finance his habit. Oliver Harris.
Oliver Harris
He went to Mexico City in late '49. It was the perfect place for Burroughs. He could be a queer. He could be a heroin addict. And it didn't matter because he could still flaunt the privileges of being an American abroad. And in a way, it did him a lot of good to unleash a dark side of him, which was crucial to his becoming a great writer.
Allen Ginsberg
Joan was not making it with Bill, and I was a little irritated with him. Bill had been off with a young friend.
William Burroughs
That day, I knew something awful was going to happen. I remember I was working down the street, and tears started just streaming down my face. Well, if that happens to you, watch out, baby.
Iggy Pop
The "something bad" happened at a party they went to that night. James Grauerholz.
James Grauerholz
It appears to me clear that Joan was teasing him or taunting him. And there's the boyfriend, secretly, known to Joan. And evidently, he said, "We're going to move to the deep jungle in South America. That way, I'll kick my habit." And she apparently said something like, "How will we survive?" "Oh, I'll shoot wild boars and game." And she said, "Oh, with your marksmanship, we'll starve to death." And he says, "Oh, well why don't we show the boys what kind of a shot old Bill really is?"
William Burroughs
Then I said to Joan, it's about time for our William Tell act. And she put a glass on her head. I fired the shot. The glass hadn't been touched. Joan started sliding down towards the floor. Then Marcus said-- walked over and took one look at her. He said, "Billy, your bullet just hit her forehead." I said, "Oh my god."
Man
Had you done the William Tell thing before?
William Burroughs
Never. Just an absolute piece of insanity.
Iggy Pop
When I first heard about it way back when, the cynical view, well of course, what a great place to do it. You get away with it down there. But upon reflection, I would say this. When you've been drinking, drugging, or doping, there's something that kicks in that involves a disregard for human life. Yes, there sure is.
He called it ugly spirit, or whatever. And so it may lead your hand in a bad way. Do I think that he was in any way consciously thinking at that moment, "Well, this is a good chance. Maybe I'll miss." No. No, no, no, no, no, no. Not this person.
Will Self has an opinion.
Will Self
Well, Burroughs murdered his wife. And that's not necessarily a fashionable or accepted view. When I wrote a new introduction to the Penguin Modern Classic of Junkie, I had a very close look at it again. I had a cold case investigation. And I simply do not think you can rule out the very strong possibility, or indeed likelihood, that there was some element of intentionality involved in him aiming a loaded gun at his wife's head when she had a shot glass on top of it, a gun that he knew to be inaccurate.
Either way, the apologists for Burroughs who say it was a dreadful accident and so forth are just like the apologists for Burroughs that there are in every area. And what we call apologists in the addiction world are enablers. And I think that enabling somebody to escape the reality of their homicidal actions is probably the worst kind of enabling you can engage in. Enabling his addiction is almost besides the point.
Iggy Pop
Burroughs wrote Queer while he was awaiting trial. In the introduction, he wrote, "I am forced to the appalling conclusion that I would never have become a writer but for Joan's death. The death of Joan brought me into contact with the invader, the ugly spirit, and maneuvered me into a lifelong struggle in which I had no choice except to write my way out."
James Grauerholz
When he talked about writing his way out of it, I think that in order for his recognition as a writer to exceed his notoriety as an uxoricide, he had to become a really good writer. That's what I mean by write his way out of it.
Will Self
Well, I'd rather have the woman than the books. I mean, I think that's-- the artistic defense only really cuts any ice with the kind of enablers.
Iggy Pop
All right. I'm going to take a break here. Take 5 or 10 minutes, and I'll be back. You can cut up the sentences or put them all together. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up project. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up project. Cut up. Cut up montage.
Colin Mcnulty
So can you tell me just what do you make of the cut up method?
Iggy Pop
How different is the cut up method really from what they used to call the magic eight ball? Do you know what that is? Or a Ouija board. It's a Ouija board for art people, is what it is. Language is a virus. Language is a virus. Virus is a language human scummery control is a virus.
Language control the virus. Language is a virus. Power and the things that we want to express using a language are not as interesting, as useful, or as dynamic as things that the language could say itself, if only you would let the language talk. The pretenses don't have much weight if you just give them a little push. But that was what I took the cut up to be, basically.
Jean-jacques Lebel
Brion Gysin was living with William Burroughs at the time in the Beat Hotel in Paris.
Iggy Pop
One way Burroughs would describe him as "the only man I ever respected."
Jean-jacques Lebel
It's while he was doing his artwork that he discovered the cut up.
Brion Gysin
It occurred because I had a number of sheets of newspaper, and I took a Stanley blade and cut through them, and little bits and pieces looked so amusing to me that I started jiggling them around as one would in a collage.
Jean-jacques Lebel
And he showed it to William Burroughs, and Burroughs immediately started using that technique.
Iggy Pop
Cut up. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up. Cut up created a new way of writing a novel. To help explain, we'll need a true Burroughs obsessive.
Ian Macfayden
When I see Naked Lunch in a charity shop or a junk shop on the shelf, I don't want it to be there on its own. I just want to bring it home to daddy.
Iggy Pop
Burroughsian, Ian MacFayden.
Ian Macfayden
The cut up books contain within themselves the descriptions of the methods of their own creation.
William Burroughs
This is a technique. And like any technique, it will of course be useful to some writers and not to others.
Ian Macfayden
What is produced is uncanny. You read through it. You read underneath it. You get the back of the mask.
William Burroughs
These colorless sheets are empty. You ever existed at all. Goodbye to William.
Ian Macfayden
He used the cut up technique as a way of examining the media.
William Burroughs
Then police keep all boardroom reports, and we are not allowed to proffer the disaster accounts.
Ian Macfayden
Discourses of the police, of government, of authority, but also the gibbering voice inside each of us.
William Burroughs
Oh my god, show them how ugly the ugly American can be.
Ian Macfayden
Which frustrated Burroughs throughout his life.
William Burroughs
Me, I am looking around. And the more I look, the less I like what I see.
Iggy Pop
Burroughs wrote The Soft Machine, The Ticket That Exploded, and Nova Express using cut up.
Oliver Harris
It's not just the writing which was well known.
Iggy Pop
Oliver Harris.
Oliver Harris
It was the photo montages, the tapes, the artwork. Rather than cut up being a dead end, it was incredibly-- it proliferated, overran expectations and possibilities.
William Burroughs
Now, here are some tapes which Brion made with all the technical facilities of the BBC in London. And they show, I think, what can be done with the human voice and one phrase.
Brion Gysin
All actors. Calling all-- calling all reactive agents. Calling all active agents re. Calling all active agents re. Calling all active re agents. Calling. All agents reactive. Calling all re agents active.
William Burroughs
I'm also working on a short film with Mr. Anthony Balch, Towers, Open Fire.
Tony
The total taste is here. Have a happy-- have a happ--
Bill
Is this machine recording? Is this machine recording? Is this machine recording?
Man
Johnson, addressing a meeting of editorial cartoonists of the White House, once held three maids at gunpoint and proceeded to ransack the apartment.
Oliver Harris
The cut up project was, in Burroughs' own terms, a disastrous success in the sense that it was impossible. But they have something which is ferocious about them, and yet very funny. They're experimental. They're obscene. They're political. They're spiritual, a great call to arms against the 1%, who, in his view, were screwing the planet.
Iggy Pop
With the '60s hippies transforming into '70s punks, the Burroughs effect multiplied.
Colin Mcnulty
Why do you think the punks found such an affinity for Burroughs?
Iggy Pop
There's this undercurrent of, all this shit is a bunch of shit. You people are a bunch of shit. I don't have to respect the shit out of your-- a disrespect.
David Bowie
This is the what I do cut ups. I don't know if it's like the way Brion Gysin does his or Burroughs does his. I don't know. But this is the way I do it.
Iggy Pop
David Bowie.
David Bowie
What I've used it for more than anything else is igniting anything that might be in my imagination. And you can often come up with very interesting attitudes to look into.
Iggy Pop
Burroughs is now affecting everyone, all the big names. Musicians, artists, hipsters, they all love him. And for once, it's back home in America. That's my swift cover voice.
David Bowie
It was a wonderful time. Don't forget, we just got rid of Nixon.
Iggy Pop
New York City, 1974.
David Bowie
It was a whole rebirth of this sensibility because the Nixon administration had tried really hard and quite effectively to destroy the counterculture. And so Burroughs' return was almost seen as the king returns to take his throne now that the evil king has fallen. Burroughs was the king of the underground.
Iggy Pop
Victor Bockris was then a journalist and close associate of Andy Warhol and Burroughs.
Victor Bockris
I remember a great scene at the St. Mark's Poetry Project. Patti Smith on stage in '74 finishing a reading by saying, "Guess who moved back to New York? William Burroughs. Isn't that great?" And I thought at that moment, "How wonderful." Because this new, vibrant movement of punk is not going to try and kill its fathers, but it's going to actually welcome them and salute them on their way to their own success.
Iggy Pop
Not long after he settled in New York, William met the most important person in his late American career, James Grauerholz. James was 21. Burroughs was 60.
Allen Ginsberg
So James had come to offer his services to me as a secretary.
Iggy Pop
Ginsberg.
Allen Ginsberg
And I was hoping lover because he was kind of cute. He was 21, 20. And Bill had just come back, and I was worried about Bill getting straight. So I said, OK, if you want to be my secretary, the first thing to do is go down and see Burroughs.
James Grauerholz
I went up and met him. We had some drinks, and within a week or so, he invited me to move in with him. And I did roommate with him and sleep with him for about six weeks. And then I met someone closer to my own age whom I moved in with. I told William, if we can be friends, I think we can be friends for life. Little did I know.
Iggy Pop
James was William's manager for the rest of his life.
James Grauerholz
I was his reader, his audience, the person who couldn't wait to see what he had written, to go over it with him, to discuss it with him, to bring him more things to write the next part of it. I was the one who cared what he had spent the day doing.
Iggy Pop
Grauerholz organized public readings for Burroughs. The young punks crowded in to see their long lost crazy uncle. It all climaxed with the Nova Convention.
Woman
This is the Nova Convention. Welcome to the Nova Convention. This is a test.
Victor Bockris
The Nova Convention was a very important event in New York. It was the first time which was a public meeting where all the elements of the Beat punk generation came together.
Woman
LadiesFRANK and gentlemen, William Burroughs.
[APPLAUSE]
William Burroughs
This is the Space Age, and we are here to go. Only those who are willing to leave everything they've ever known in time need apply.
Victor Bockris
And the people who organized it tried to invite a number of artists from different mediums, such as Patti Smith. Keith Richards was supposed to be involved. Frank Zappa came to it. All sorts of people came.
William Burroughs
Just setting up for the great Frank Zappa.
Frank Zappa
Did I ever tell you about the man who taught his asshole to talk?
John Waters
William was one of the first people that ever branded himself, before there was such a word as that, by how he looked, how he talked, how he baited people. He was almost predictable in his macabre sense of humor. But it wasn't a lie. William really was like that. I mean, I think he was like that when nobody was there too. I don't think it was an act. But at the same time, he lent himself very well to fame.
Iggy Pop
In 1981, William appeared on Saturday Night Live, graciously introduced by the actress Lauren Hutton.
Lauren Hutton
I'm very pleased tonight to introduce a man who, in my opinion, is the greatest living writer in America. In his first television appearance ever, here is Mr. William Burroughs.
[APPLAUSE]
William Burroughs
Doctor Benway ships doctor drunkenly added two inches to a four inch incision with one stroke of his scalpel. "Perhaps the appendix is already out, doctor," the nurse said, peering dubiously over his shoulder. I saw a little scar. The appendix out? I'm taking the appendix out. What do you think I'm doing here? He lifts the abdominal wall and searches along the incision, dropping ashes from his cigarette.
Iggy Pop
100 million views, laughter, respect, a literary halo.
Colin Mcnulty
We're getting into the cat section. It's almost like, all right, we got to the point where Burroughs is at his height. It's almost like we should stop there, but we're not.
Iggy Pop
Oh, what haven't we covered yet? Hate. Cats.
Colin Mcnulty
Right. We're getting into the cat section now. And the good news is, it's the last section.
William Burroughs
Evidence indicates that cats were first tamed in Egypt. The Egyptians stored grain, which attracted rodents, which attracted cats. I postulate that cats started as psychic companions, as familiars, and have never deviated from this function.
Colin Mcnulty
Do you like cats?
Iggy Pop
I do like cats. I feed so many cats that I'm a little bit pissed off at them right now because I spend a lot of time and money feeding them all the time. What they do, the way they get me to feed them, and my wife too-- I feed them here and in the islands. They just come and stare at you.
William Burroughs
I find this desperate attempt to win a human protector deeply moving. The cat does not offer services. The cat offers itself.
Iggy Pop
He has this line where he just says, cats give you themselves.
Colin Mcnulty
Yeah, I have that bit in there.
Iggy Pop
That's a deep line. In one of his last books, The Cat Inside, William writes about some of the many cats he owned, like Ruskie, Ginger, and Calico. Burroughs' young lover Marcus visited him.
Marcus Ewert
I think he had at least six cats while I was there. And he had this one cat that would really pretty much hug you. It would stand up on your-- I've never seen a cat do this. If you're sitting on the sofa, it would stand up on its hind legs on your lap and put a paw, its front paws, one on either side of your head and just look right at you and press its head in close to you. It was the damnedest thing.
And William just loved his cats. I mean, he loved his cats so much. And I'm not trying to-- he loved people, too. But I think it was a much more scary and fraught and frightening thing for him.
Iggy Pop
Toward the end of his life, Burroughs became more concerned about the environment. It was like his childhood in Saint Louis was fading away, the old beautiful Midwestern America. William could feel the loss.
William Burroughs
The magical medium is being bulldozed away. No more green reindeer in Forest Park. The angels are leaving all of the alcoves everywhere as the forests fall to make way for motels and Hiltons and McDonald's. The whole magic universe is dying. The rain forests of Borneo and South America are going to make way for what?
Marcus Ewert
I think he was a deeply sad person, deeply, deeply, deeply, deeply sad person. So I think William did have this deep, deep, deep skepticism about people being able to connect. And I think specifically, people being able to connect with him.
William Burroughs
There must have been a split between the cats who accepted domestication and those who did not.
James Grauerholz
One day, one of his closest friends, Tom Peschio, went to see him at dinnertime, and William was having a coughing fit and had been having chest pains. And within a few minutes, Tom had convinced him to let Tom call 9-1-1, and me. He went to the hospital. He was not conversing. And then they got him stabilized. His eyes were open. He seemed to hear. But he wasn't speaking.
William had made a no extraordinary measures instruction. In other words, I'm going to say do not resuscitate. And William simply took his last breath. And that is how he died.
Kathleen Gray
He was gentlemanly. He was an old school gentleman. He had manners. He loved to have friends around him. He loved to carry on. He loved to meet new people. He loved his fans. In the media, there is this other stereotypical presentation of who William Burroughs was, the guy in a three piece suit with a needle in his arm. But that's not the William I saw. That wasn't him. He was a very complex human.
Ian Macfayden
But none of this biographical stuff is of any interest apart from the actual writing. And what worries me in the centenary year is that everybody's talking about how they met Bill, and Bill said this, and Bill said that. Actually, no. I mean, people should really read the books.
Allen Ginsberg
He had this image, a kind of cold, blue, almost ray-like, almost alien image. And of course, he could be like that. He was like that in performances in public. It was his persona. But the real William Burroughs was just a wonderful gentleman and a great artist and a great friend. I miss him very much. I'm really glad to talk about him. It means a lot to me.
James Grauerholz
I miss him. I miss him. I miss him bad.
Allen Ginsberg
| i don't know |
What two word phrase is Sweeney Todd Cockney rhyming slang for? | Cockney Rhyming Slang
Cockney Rhyming Slang
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Cockney rhyming slang is a form of English slang which originated in the East End of London . Many of its expressions have passed into common language, and the creation of new ones is no longer restricted to Cockneys. Up until the late 20th Century, rhyming slang was also common in Australian slang, probably due to the formative influence of cockney on Australian English.
It developed as a way of obscuring the meaning of sentences to those who did not understand the slang , though it remains a matter of speculation whether this was a linguistic accident, or whether it was developed intentionally to assist criminals or to maintain a particular community.
Rhyming slang works by replacing the word to be obscured with the first word of a phrase that rhymes with that word. For instance, "face" would be replaced by "boat," because face rhymes with "boat race." Similarly "feet" becomes "plates" ("plates of meat"), and "money" is "bread" (a very common usage, from "bread and honey"). Sometimes the full phrase is used, for example "Currant Bun" to mean "The Sun" (often referring to the British tabloid newspaper of that name). There is no hard and fast rule for this, and you just have to know whether a particular expression is always shortened, never shortened, or can be used either way.
Other examples of Cockney Rhyming Slang, or phrases inspired by it, are:
Adam and Eve = believe = as in "would you Adam and Eve it?"
Almond Rocks = socks
Aris = Aristotle = bottle & glass = arse (a two-stage rhyme) [see Plaster below]
Artful Dodger = lodger
Berk or Burk = Berkshire Hunt = cunt (used as an insult, never as an anatomical reference)
Boat = boat race = face
Bob Hope = soap
Boracic (freq. contracted to brassic) = boracic lint = skint (i.e. penniless)
Bottle = bottle and glass = arse (i. e. courage; Courage also happens to be the name of a brewery)
Brahms = Brahms and Liszt (classical composers) = pissed (i.e. drunk)
Brass Tacks = facts
Bristol = Bristol City = titty (i.e. breast)
Brown bread = dead
Chalfonts = Chalfont St Giles = piles (i.e. haemorrhoids)
Chalk Farm = arm
China = china plate = mate
Cobblers = cobblers' awls = balls or 'bollocks' (i.e. testicles , but usually meant in the sense of 'rubbish' as in "You're talking a load of cobblers")
Cock and Hen = ten
Creamed = cream crackered = knackered (i.e. exhausted or beaten)
Currant bun = sun or The Sun newspaper
Daisies = daisy roots = boots
Darby and Joan = moan
Dicky = dicky dirt = shirt
Dicky or Dickie = dickie bird = word = as in "not a dickie", or even "not a dickie bird"
Dog = dog and bone = phone
Duck and Dive = skive
Ducks and Geese = F--k-in' Police
Duke of Kent = rent
Dukes = Duke[s] of York = fork, i.e. hand, now chiefly when balled into a fist
Dustbin Lid = kid
Emmas = Emma Freud (English author and columnist) = haemorrhoids
Farmers = Farmer Giles = piles (slang for haemorrhoids )
Flowery Dell = ( prison ) cell
Gregory = Gregory Peck = neck, or cheque
Gypsy's = Gypsy's kiss = piss
Hampton Wick = prick (i.e. penis)
Half-inch = pinch (i.e. steal)
Jack = Jack Jones = alone ("On my Jack" = "On my own")
Jam jar = car
Jam tart = heart
J. Arthur = J. Arthur Rank (1930s UK flour magnate and film producer) = wank (i.e. masturbate)
Jimmy = Jimmy Riddle (unknown person, not the character killed during the Waco siege)= piddle or widdle (urinate)
Jugs = jugs of beer = ears
Khyber = Khyber Pass = arse
Lady Godiva = fiver (i.e. five- pound note)
Lionels = Lionel Blairs (English variety performer) = flares (as in flared trousers)
Loaf = loaf of bread = head ("use your loaf")
Lucy Lockett = pocket
Mickey Bliss = piss (as in "take the Mickey" = "take the piss" = satirise)
Minces (or mincers) = mince pies = eyes
Mutton = Mutt and Jeff = deaf = named after Mutt and Jeff , two early 20th century comic strip characters
Nobbies = Nobby Stiles (English footballer) = piles (haemorrhoids)
North and South = mouth
Oily rag = fag (i.e. cigarette)
Ones and twos = shoes
Orchestras = orchestra stalls = balls (Orchestra stalls = part of a concert or other hall. Example = "A kick in the orchestras.") [Coincidentally, "orchi-" is also the Greek root meaning "testicle."]
Peckham Rye = tie (i.e. necktie)
Pen and Ink = stink
Pigs ears = big beers (large glasses of Ale )
Plaster = Plaster of Paris = Aris = Aristotle = bottle = bottle and glass = arse (a three-stage rhyme)
Plates = plates of meat = feet
Porky = pork pie = lie, e.g. "He's telling porkies!"
Pony = pony and trap = crap (note: Cockneys also use "pony" to mean £25 - hopefully the meaning is clear from the context)
Rabbit = rabbit and pork = talk
Raspberry = raspberry tart = fart (as in "blowing raspberry/ies" = making rasping noises with your mouth)
Richard = Richard the Third = turd (lump of faeces)
Richard = Dicky Bird = bird (slang for girl) but also Dicky Bird = word
Rosie = Rosie Lee = tea e.g. "Have a cup of Rosie"
Round the houses = trousers
Ruby = Ruby Murray (popular singer in the 1950s born in Belfast ) = curry
Salmon and Trout = snout
Scarper = Scapa Flow = go (as in "run for it!")
Septic = septic tank = Yank (slang for an American)
Sexton Blake = cake
Skin = skin and blister = sister
Sky = sky rocket = pocket
sweaty = sweaty sock = jock = Scottish person
Syrup / sirrup = syrup of figs = wig(s)
Tea leaf = thief
The Sweeney = Sweeney Todd =Flying Squad , a special division of the Metropolitan Police ; used as the title of TV series The Sweeney
Taters = Potatoes in the mould = cold
Titfer = tit for tat = hat
Tod = Tod Sloane = own (as in "on your tod", meaning "alone")
Tom and Dick = sick
Treacle = treacle tart = sweetheart
Trouble = trouble and strife = wife
Vera = Vera Lynn (famous British wartime singer)= 'skin' or cigarette paper, eg, "got any Veras?", or chin, or gin
Whistle = whistle and flute = suit = as in "a nice whistle"
| Flying Squad |
Which word in the NATO Phonetic Alphabet would score the most points in a game of Scrabble? | Rhyming slang
R
Rhyming slang
Rhyming slang is a form of slang in which a word is replaced by a rhyming word , typically the second word of a two-word phrase (so stairs becomes "apples and pears"). The second word is then often dropped entirely ("I'm going up the apples"), meaning that the association of the original word to the rhyming phrase is not obvious to the uninitiated. For example: "Sherman" for an American (Sherman tank = Yank),.
History
The exact origin of rhyming slang is unclear, partly because it exists to some extent in many languages. In English , rhyming slang is strongly associated with Cockney speech from the East End of London. Up until the late 20th Century, rhyming slang was also common in Australian slang, probably due to the formative influence of Cockney on Australian English.
John Camden Hotten in his 1859 Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant and Vulgar Words states that (English) rhyming slang originated in the 1840s with costermongers .
It remains a matter of speculation as to whether rhyming slang was a linguistic accident, a game, or a cryptolect developed intentionally to confuse non-locals. If deliberate, it may have been used to maintain a sense of community. It is possible that it was used in the marketplace to allow vendors to talk amongst themselves in order to facilitate collusion , without customers knowing what they were saying. Another suggestion is that it may have been used by criminals (see thieves' cant) to confuse the police.
The proliferation of rhyming slang allowed many of its traditional expressions to pass into common usage. Some substitutions have become relatively widespread in Britain, for example "scarper", meaning to run away is derived from "Scapa Flow" meaning "to go". "To have a butcher's", which means to have a look, from "butcher's hook". Examples of this kind are often now used without awareness of their origins. Many English speakers are oblivious of the fact that the term "use your loaf" is derived from "loaf of bread", meaning head. This also holds for varieties of rhyming slang in other parts of the world: in the United States a common slang expression, "brass tacks", may be a rhyme for "the facts" and to blow a raspberry may come from "raspberry tart" to rhyme with fart; the most common Australian slang term for an English person is "pommy", which is believed to have originated as pomegranate - rhyming slang for immigrant - though there are alternative possibilities.
Some words are much less taboo than their etymology would suggest. Some popular terms have their origins in obscenity, like "berk" (often used to mean "foolish person") and "cobblers" (often used to mean "what you just said is rubbish"), are actually from Berkeley Hunt, meaning "cunt," and "cobbler's awls", meaning "balls", respectively.
The non-native speaker needs to be cautious in using rhyming slang to "fit in". The extent of the use of the slang is often exaggerated. In addition, since the original purpose was to encode or disguise speech from the comprehension of bystanders, terms that become too 'well-known' still have a tendency to lose actual currency fairly quickly, putting whatever usage the slang enjoys into a constant flux.
This style of rhyming has spread through many English-speaking countries, where the original phrases are supplemented by rhymes created to fit local needs. Creation of rhyming slang has become a word game for people of many classes and regions. The term 'Cockney' rhyming slang is generally applied to these expansions to indicate the rhyming style; though arguably the term only applies to phrases used in the East End of London. Similar formations do exist in other parts of the United Kingdom; for example, in the East Midlands , the local accent has formed "Derby Road", which rhymes with "cold": a conjunction that would not be possible in any other dialect of the UK.
A good introduction to the phenomenon is found in "Up the frog: the road to Cockney rhyming slang", by Sydney Thomas Kendall.
Rhyming slang in popular culture
The British comedy series Mind Your Language (1977) features a character (caretaker Sid) who uses Cockney rhyming slang extensively. The show also had a whole episode dedicated to Cockney rhyming slang.
The British police drama The Sweeney contains numerous examples of Cockney rhyming slang, one of which is its title: the show regards the special task force designated "The Flying Squad ," which in Cockney rhyming slang is "The Sweeney Todd."
Musical artists from South London such as Audio Bullys and Chas & Dave (and even some from other parts of the UK like The Streets who is from Birmingham), regularly use rhyming slang in their songs. The UK punk scene of the late 70s brought along bands that glorified their working-class heritage: Sham 69 had a hit song "The Cockney Kids are Innocent;" often audience members would chant the words "If you're proud to be a Cockney, clap your hands" in between songs. The term "Chas and Dave" is also rhyming slang for "shave". Ian Dury who used rhyming slang throughout his career, even wrote a song for his solo debut New Boots and Panties! entitled Blackmail Man, an anti-racist song that utilized numerous derogatory rhyming slang for various ethnic minorities. The idiom even briefly made an appearance in the UK-based DJ reggae music of the 80s, in the hit "Cockney Translation" by Smiley Culture of South London; this was followed a couple of years later by Domenick & Peter Metro's "Cockney and Yardie".
Rhyming slang is often used in feature films , such as Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998) (the United States DVD version comes with a glossary to assist the viewer), and on television (e.g., Minder, Only Fools and Horses, EastEnders) to lend authenticity to an East End setting. Ray Winstone declares "I'm Lee Marvin," to indicate to his dinner companions that he's "starvin' " in Sexy Beast (2000). In To Sir With Love, Sidney Poitier 's students baffle him with their use of rhyming slang. Austin Powers in Goldmember features a dialogue between Powers and his father Nigel entirely in rhyming slang. The theme song to The Italian Job, composed by Quincy Jones, contains many rhyming slang expressions; the lyrics by Don Black amused and fascinated the composer.
The film Green Street Hooligans (2005) features a brief explanation of the process by which rhyming slang is derived.
Ocean's Eleven (2001) contains a piece of made-up rhyming slang, when a character uses "barney" to mean "trouble," and is derived from Barney Rubble. However, the use of "barney" to mean an argument or a fight far precedes the Flintstones cartoon character Barney Rubble though the origin is unclear. While the usage of "barney" to mean altercation may or may not have originally been rhyming slang, its usage in the movie in a way that is dependent on a 1960s era cartoon to get to the meaning of "trouble" is a good example of the ever-changing nature of speech.
The film The Limey (1999) features Terence Stamp as Wilson, a Cockney man recently released from prison who spices his conversations with rhyming slang:
Wilson: Can't be too careful nowadays, y'know? Lot of tea leaves about, know what I mean?
Warehouse Foreman: Excuse me?
Wilson: Eddy... yeah, he's me new china.
Elaine: What?
Wilson: "China plate"... "mate".
In the film The Football Factory (2004) the character of Zebedee is berated for his occasional use of "that fucking muggy rhyming slang" by Billy Bright.
Anthony Burgess uses rhyming slang as a part of the fictitious "Nadsat" argot in his book A Clockwork Orange.
Cockney rhyming slang is used frequently in the novels and short stories of Kim Newman, for instance in the short story collections The Man from the Diogenes Club (2006) and Secret Files of the Diogenes Club (2007), where it is even explained at the end of each book..
In the Discworld novel Going Postal, rhyming slang is parodied with "Dimwell arrhythmic rhyming slang," which is like rhyming slang, but doesn't rhyme. An example of this is a wig being a prune, as wig doesn't, possibly by a complex set of unspoken rules, rhyme with "syrup of prunes." (In Britain a widely used example of real rhyming slang is syrup = syrup of fig(s) = wig).
In the film Mr. Lucky (1943), Cary Grant's character teaches rhyming slang to his female companion. However, the character describes this as Australian rhyming slang.
On September 19, 2006, the comic strip Get Fuzzy introduced a new character: Mac Manc McManx, a Manx cat and cousin of Bucky Katt. McManx uses a speech pattern heavily based around Cockney rhyming slang and other London slang, despite being from Manchester. These speech patterns often make it almost impossible for the other characters, especially Satchel, to understand him.
The title character in the China Miéville novel King Rat (1998 novel) uses Cockney rhyming slang in the vast majority of his dialogue.
Ronnie Barker wrote a classic sketch for the comedy series The Two Ronnies in which a vicar delivers an entire sermon in rhyming slang, a large portion of which refers to a "small brown Richard the Third", the true meaning of which remains unclear until the vicar reports that it flew back to its nest .
Cockney rhyming slang is occasionally featured as a category on Jeopardy!.
The Irish series of books and columns Ross O'Carroll-Kelly frequently uses variations on rhyming slang popular (or allegedly so) among members of the Dublin 4 population (for example, "battle cruiser" = "boozer").
The Disney movie One Hundred and One Dalmatians features some Cockney rhyming slang by the two puppy thieves. Note that the rhyming word is also included, for example "A lovely pair of turtle doves".
In Garth Ennis' The Boys, Billy Butcher refers to Americans as Septics, then explains "Septic Tank: Yank".
On the London Weekend Television situation comedy from the 70s, No, Honestly, air-headed character Clara referred to one woman "with the big Birminghams." Her romantic partner, C.D., incredulous, asked her what she meant, not recognizing a valid rhyming slang reference (Birmingham City = Titty). Clara's explanation was, "Oh, C.D., it's rhyming slang - Birmingham town bosoms!" which, of course, neither rhymes nor is slang. This is a play on words from the real rhyming slang word for Titty which is "Bristols" derived from another English place beginning with B - Bristol City.
In the novel The Woman Between the Worlds by F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre, the protagonist purchases two railway tickets to Bristol Temple Meads by requesting "a pair of Bristols". This is an oblique reference to the rhyming slang term "Bristol Cities" = "titties".
In the new series of Doctor Who, in episode one of the 2nd season, " New Earth ", originally broadcast on April 15 2006, Cassandra (who is 'inhabiting' Rose's body) asks Chip how Rose speaks. He replies, "Old earth Cockney." She then uses several examples of Cockney rhyming slang, including "I'm proceeding up the apples and pears" (stairs) and "I just don't Adam and Eve it" (believe it)
Sex Pistol Steve Jones, on his Indie 103.1 radio program Jonesy's Jukebox, refers to advertising breaks as "visiting the Duke." (Duke of Kent = pay the rent.)
The Kinks' album Something Else by The Kinks features a song called "Harry Rag" (the correct spelling is "Harry Wragg" who is a famous, long deceased jockey), which is slang for a "fag" or cigarette.
In most versions of the game Dungeons and Dragons, the language 'thieves cant' by description uses rhyming slang.
In the book The Mystery of the Dead Man's Riddle by William Arden, a man left a riddle in his will containing clues in Cockney rhyming slang directing his heirs to his treasure.
In episode 5 of Alan Partridge Knowing Me Knowing You series, Alan uses several cockney rhyming terms when interviewing character Terry Norton and uses several well known terms such as Dog and bone (phone) and Bowler Hat (chat). Alan uses his own new term of Antique Edwardian Tea Chest to describe the term Guest when first introducing Terry.
A Spike Jones song called "So 'Elp Me" featured a Cockney telling a story laden with examples of rhyming slang, the translations for which would be yelled in the background by members of the City Slickers as they occurred: "I went up the apples and pears..." ("Stairs!")
The 1950s BBC radio programme The Goon Show featured a character called Hugh Jampton, whose name is a pun on the rhyming slang for penis (from "Hampton Wick", meaning "prick"). This joke was missed entirely by the strict BBC internal censors of that time who would never have allowed even an oblique reference to a 'Huge Penis'. This is in the true spirit of the original Cockney rhyming slang.
In 2009, ATMs in East London started giving instructions in rhyming slang (Wikipedia)
| i don't know |
Beelzebub is Hebrew for what phrase, which is also the title of a famous novel? | "Why Did William Golding Name His Novel 'The Lord of the Flies'?" - A-Level English - Marked by Teachers.com
Lord of the Flies, on the surface, may resemble any other children adventure story. ...
5 star(s)
Toward the end, Jack who is atrocious and animalistic replaces Ralph who is sensible and far-sighted as chief on the island, suggesting the complete collapse of morality, both within the characters and on the island. The novel ends with the return of order and sanity only when a British naval officer comes to their rescue.
To what extent can Lord of the Flies be considered a Marxist piece?
3 star(s)
allies (he was on the ship that sank the German ship Bismarck.) Golding said in his essay 'Fable' - originally given as part of a lecture series in 1962 - "My book was to say: you think that now the war is over and an evil thing destroyed, you are safe because you are naturally kind and decent.
The Beast in Lord of the Flies
3 star(s)
Later Simon discovers that the beast is nothing more than a dead airman and takes the man down to free the boys of "the beast" but by this time the beast is alive and well inside many of the boys.
What does chapter one of &quot;The Spire&quot; reveal about Jocelin and his attitude to ...
reminds the reader that Jocelin is a man of God and that he has immense faith in Him. This contrasts with the previous paragraph about Goody Pangall where it seemed that Jocelin had become so immersed in his thoughts about her that he had forgotten about who, and where, he was.
Lord of the Flies Summary
Ralph is furious when he finds that a ship is passing, and the fire at the top of the mountain is out. The hunter's were so excited over their first pig kill that they forgot about the fire. Piggy insults Jack, who hits Piggy, causing him to break one of the lenses of his glasses.
Higher - Lord of the Flies - Character not in harmony with his society
best for the job, and would seize it by force if necessary. Jack is also the first to partially break the codes of civilisation imposed on the boys by our society. When Ralph, Simon, and he go out, he is the only one who even contemplates killing a pig: "Jack drew his knife again with a flourish.
Human Nature in Lord of the Flies
are still too strong for him to give in completely to his savage urges. At this point, Roger still feels constrained by ?parents and school and policemen and the law??the figures and institutions that enforce society?s moral code. Before long, Roger and most of the other boys lose their respect for these forces.
Lord of the Flies: The Darkness of Man's Heart
The first time Ralph blows the conch, the boys dispersed all over the island automatically respond and rush toward the sound, and the group is unified. Ralph sets a new rule regarding the conch: anyone with possession of the shell has the right to speak.
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| Lord of the Flies |
What three letter word was removed from decimal coins in 1982? | Lord of the Flies definition | English definition dictionary | Reverso
3 sometimes not cap an exclamation of dismay, surprise, etc.
Good Lord!, Lord only knows!
Lord Advocate
n (in Scotland) the chief law officer of the Crown: he acts as public prosecutor and is in charge of the administration of criminal justice
Lord Chamberlain
n (in Britain) the chief official of the royal household
Lord Chancellor
n (Brit. government) the cabinet minister who is head of the judiciary in England and Wales and Speaker of the House of Lords
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Lord High Chancellor
n another name for the → Lord Chancellor
Lord Howe Island
n an island in the Tasman Sea, southeast of Australia: part of New South Wales. Area: 17 sq. km (6 sq. miles). Pop.: 300 (1981 est.)
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n an ordinary judge of the Court of Appeal
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1 (in Britain) the representative of the Crown in a county
2 (formerly) the British viceroy in Ireland
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n the mayor in the City of London and in certain other important boroughs and large cities
Lord Muck
Informal an ordinary man behaving or being treated as if he were aristocratic
See also → Lady Muck
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Lord of the Flies
n a name for → Beelzebub
(translation of Hebrew: see Beelzebub)
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Lord's
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Lord's Day
n the. the Christian Sabbath; Sunday
Lord's Prayer
n the. the prayer taught by Jesus Christ to his disciples, as in Matthew 6:9--13, Luke 11:2--4, (Also called) Our Father (esp. Latin version) Paternoster
Lord's Supper
n the. another term for Holy Communion (I Corinthians 11:20)
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In which year was the word homosexual first used? | The Term "Homosexual"
, homosexual men who have learned to act like heterosexual men, through force or habit
Uraniaster
or uranisierter Mann, heterosexual man who acts like a homosexual (often due to lack of women, e.g. in prisons or military environment)
All of these were matched by female counterparts for the Urningin.
Kennedy (1980) remarks that �the theory seems ready to collapse under the weight of its own complexities�, and the terminology of Uranismus was gradually dropped, although it lived on in England for almost half a century as �Uranian love� (and the modern gay tourist agency Uranian Travel). But let us honestly acknowledge that the system of descriptive classification used today is nearly the same as Ulrichs�s, though the terminology seems less absurd:
homosexual
closet or latent gay
situational homosexual
The main difference is that the concept of the �feminine soul� has been dropped since the 1960s, though in the 1990s it was revived in the term �transgender�. Many (perhaps most) folk cultures have a concept of a natural (biological) third sex in addition to male and female, and the most recent anthropological theorists are coming round once again to the possibility that there really is physiologically and psychologically a third sex or third gender (Herdt 1994). The motivating source or etiology of homosexuality has been debated ever since, and the �cause� of homosexuality or specific categories such as effeminacy are as hotly disputed today as they were in the 1890s.
The basic emancipationist argument was (and often still is) that homosexual desire is congenital and therefore it is inhumane for the law to punish homosexual acts as if they were crimes wilfully chosen. Ulrichs was not scientifically disinterested: he was politically motivated by a fear that the Prussians would invade Hanover and impose the anti-homosexual statute of the Prussian penal code (which had no equivalent in Hanover) which is precisely what happened when Prussia annexed Hanover in 1866.
Ulrichs was briefly imprisoned for expressing outspoken Social Democrat views, and in 1867 the police confiscated his collection of homosexual research material. He was ridiculed in the press, and forced to leave Hanover on his release from prison. He moved to Bavaria and in August 1867 at the Congress of German Jurists in Munich gave a speech for homosexual rights which Kennedy says �mark[s] the beginning of the public homosexual emancipation movement in Germany�. But by 1872 Prussia�s anti-homosexual legislation was extended to all of unified Germany. In 1880 Ulrichs felt compelled to leave his country, and he settled in Italy for the remaining fifteen years of his life.
The word Homosexualität was coined by the German-Hungarian Károly Mária Kertbeny (born Karl Maria Benkert; 182482). It is a compound of Greek homo, same, and Medieval Latin sexualis, sexual, and was coined along the lines of the late eighteenth-century French botanical terms unisexuel and bisexuel. There are no grounds for rejecting it as a �bastard� term, any more than innumerable Greek/Latin hybrids such as petroleum and automobile and television. It occurs first in a letter to Karl Heinrich Ulrichs dated 6 May 1868, and then in two pamphlets published in 1869 in Leipzig arguing for reform of Paragraph 143 of the Prussian Penal Code penalizing sexual relations between men (Paragraph 143 des Preussichen Strafgesetzbuches vom 14.4.1851 und seine Aufrechterhaltung als Paragraph 152 im Entwurf eines Strafgesetzbuches für den Norddeutschen Bund [Paragraph 143 of the Prussian Penal Code and its Maintenance as Paragraph 152 of the Draft of a Penal Code for the North German Confederation] and Das Gemeinschädliche des Paragraph 143 des Preussischen Strafgesetzbuches . . . [The Social Harm Caused by Paragraph 143 of the Prussian Penal Code]). Kertbeny�s noun for the male homosexual was Homosexualisten, and Homosexualistinnen for the female homosexual. The term �homosexualist� is used even today (e.g. by Gore Vidal), as a kind of provincial survival.
These terms were not used by anyone else until 1880, when a text written by Kertbeny was published in a popular-science book (Entdeckung der Seele) by a zoologist and anthropologist at the University of Stuttgart, Gustav Jaeger. At this time the word Heterosexualität first appeared, also taken from a paper by Kertbeny, here attributed to �Dr M�. Thus heterosexuals were invented eleven years later than homosexuals.
This pseudonym 'Dr M' helped to promote the mistaken belief that Kertbeny was a doctor or scientist. The wholly incorrect view that he was a physician is asserted, for example, by Lauritsen and Thorstad (1974), Bullough (1976), Bronski (1984), Spencer (1995) and others too numerous to cite. Kertbeny was in fact a writer, a translator, a journalist and a polemicist. He had no qualifications or experience in any medical or scientific profession, and he did not even write in these fields except in the limited area of homosexual law reform. We know little about his life, though he seems to have died of syphilis. He claimed to be a Normalsexualer, but he spent so many years campaigning against the German law code that penalized sex between men, either anonymously or using pseudonyms, that one suspects he was secretly homosexual.
Kertbeny invented the term �homosexuality� as part of an argument that it was natural, and a matter of private behaviour which should be beyond the interference of the law. He intended it to be used as a neutral, non-prejudicial term within legal arguments, which centred on the concept of equal rights and protection of minorities. �Homosexuality� thus originated not as a medical term, but rather as a neutral, legal, scientific term. The 1950s �homophile� and 1970s �gay and lesbian� communities have wrongly rejected the term because of its medical and clinical connotations, but such connotations were not integral to the word and the word did not originate in the clinic. It was coined precisely in order to serve the emancipationist needs of a network of gay-identified German men who for a dozen years at least had been advocating the reform of laws against them and the education of society regarding their modes of behaviour.
Thus, contrary to the labelling theory paradigm, the label clearly followed rather than preceded the identity. It was not something �constructed� by society in order to identify and thereby control a deviant group. On the contrary, it was for the sake of achieving public tolerance of the behaviour of an identifiable group that the label was invented, by that group themselves. The discourse about �homosexualität/homosexuality� came towards the end rather than at the beginning of the development of a gay consciousness.
An examination of the history of the term �homosexual� very clearly demonstrates the exact reverse of what is required by labelling and social control theory. The label �homosexual�, instead of being generated by society to control people, was self-generated by gay (or gay-friendly) men to empower individuals and set them on the road to freedom rather than enslavement. By retrospective analysis Ulrichs did claim to have discovered feminine traits within himself after he developed the third sex theory, which would accord with classic labelling theory: �not everyone arrives at a consciousness of this female element. I myself . . . became aware of it only very late, and I might never have arrived at it had I not pondered the riddle of Uranian love or become acquainted with other Urnings.� However, even if this assertion were true, the label nevertheless arose from within Ulrichs� struggle to solve a riddle about himself it was not imposed from without, by society, in order to control him. (In any case we are not compelled to believe Ulrichs on this point: it sounds like a rationalization to defend the absence of self-interest in his theory and hence its scientific objectivity.)
Ulrichs promoted his theory by analogy with the emerging science of embryology, but his labels themselves are rooted in the queer philosophy in Plato�s Symposium. To some extent Ulrichs became entrapped by the purely formal or logical requirements of classification (a �scientific� urge to which Germans often succumb). But his motivation and stated purpose were always queer-political: to resist the imposition of Prussian legal strictures against homosexual acts upon Hanover. In other words, the label used most often in the modern discourse on homosexuality originated from queer men, drawing upon queer culture, whose stated aim was queer liberation. So much for social control.
Ulrichs�s and Benkert�s theories were subverted by Richard von Krafft-Ebing, to whom Ulrichs had sent his publications in 1866. They inspired Krafft-Ebing�s own researches and he extracted from them some of the classifications but not the basic premise. Ulrichs�s theory that homosexuality was natural and congenital was significantly modified in accordance with a criminal/medical model which emphasized perversion, sickness, and deficiency. A theory that began as an effort to legitimate homosexuality was expropriated by theories used to justify a long tradition of repression and legal punishment. Ulrichs summed it up: �My scientific opponents are mostly doctors of the insane. Thus, for example, Westphal, v. Krafft-Ebing, Stark. They have observed Urnings in lunatic asylums. They have apparently never seen mentally healthy Urnings. The published views of the doctors for the insane are accepted by the others.� Unfortunately Ulrichs�s term �half-man�, though he did not use it for his final classification system, easily fell in with the view of homosexual men as being incomplete or defective.
Several writers have carefully examined the process and linguistic developments by which homosexuality came to be �medicalized� in the very late nineteenth century (notably Bleys 1996), but the issue I wish to focus upon here is the date at which social control of the masses of ordinary gay people became possible. Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (183390) used the term �Die Konträre Sexualempfindung�, �contrary sexual feeling�, in an article in Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten in 1869, thus defining homosexuality as a contradiction between desire and anatomy. In 1870 an American psychiatrist abstracted Westphal�s article using the phrase �inverted sexual feeling�, and in 1878 Arrigo Tamassia invented inversione dell�istinto sessuale in an article in an Italian medical journal. His phrase was simplified to �inversion�, which remained the standard medical term.
Westphal, who helped to popularize the views of Ulrichs and Kertbeny in his 1869 article, especially concentrated on the phrase drittes Geschlecht or �third sex�, which Ulrichs had coined in 1864 and which gained widespread popularity outside scientific circles. Magnus Hirschfeld�s book on the homosexual subculture of Berlin is titled Berlins drittes Geschlecht. But this phrase is by no means a new term of alleged social control. The Emperor Alexander Severus in the third century is supposed to have characterized eunuchs as the tertium genus hominum on the basis of Latin grammar, i.e. masculine, feminine, and neuter, and Balzac in Splendeur et misère des courtisanes (1847) calls the tante, or homosexual �auntie�, �le troisième sexe�. In any case the phrase �the third sex� was not used in English before the 1950s, when it was usually aligned with �the twilight world�. It was never a �medical� term.
Homosexualität
, �homosexuality�, was a very useful neutral way to refer to �same-sex love�, which �scientifically� defused such highly charged words as �bugger� or �sodomite� or �degenerate�. But it was not taken up very quickly by the scientifically minded community of physicians and anthropologists. It was confined almost entirely to a gay emancipationist discourse. The word �homosexual� did not appear in English until 1891, in John Addington Symonds� A Problem in Modern Ethics where he used the phrase �homosexual instincts�. No one seems to have remarked on the irony that the first English person to write the word �homosexual� already was a homosexual long before he put pen to paper.
Symonds was one of the very few men familiar with the so-called scientific writings on this subject, which he sought out to support his already well-developed sense of homosexual identity. Havelock Ellis and John Addington Symonds tried to revive some of Ulrichs�s theory in the 1880s. Symonds frequently corresponded with Ulrichs about �the slave-cause of the Urnings�. He knew himself to be an Urning when he wrote A Problem in Greek Ethics in 1883, and the footnotes to his Modern Ethics demonstrate that he did not discover most of the medical literature until after 1883. The 1891 book was privately printed in an edition of ten copies. This hardly popularized the word, although pirated editions were published from about 1900.
Havelock Ellis (together with Symonds, whose name was removed from the title page after the first edition) in Sexual Inversion, 1897, popularized the idea of �inversion� as an inborn non-pathological gender anomaly. Symonds privately despised the �authorities� on the subject: �The ignorance of men like Casper-Liman, Tardieu, Carlier, Taxil, Moreau, Tarnowsky, Krafft-Ebing, Richard Burton is incalculable, and is only equalled to their presumption. They not only do not know Ancient Greece, but they do not know their own cousins and club-mates� (letter to Havelock Ellis, 20 June 1892). Symonds strongly felt that homosexuals should be considered as a �minority� group, but he gave way to Ellis�s preference for viewing homosexuality as a neurosis and congenital abnormality in the hope, proven vain, that this would gain sympathy and tolerance from the public.
| 1869 |
As at 2006, who are the only team to have played in every World Cup? | The Bible actually contains no word for homosexuality or homosexual - Our Spirit | LGBT | The true basis of life and religion is love
Most Common Same-sex Confusion in the Bible
The Bible actually contains no word for homosexuality or homosexual
Some English – and Spanish, and Chinese, and Russian etc. – translations of the Bible include the word homosexual. That’s incorrect because the word homosexual is nowhere in the original Hebrew or the original Greek.
The word homosexual didn’t exist when the Bible was written. (New Testament about 2000 years ago, and parts of the Old Testament from 1,400 to 400 BCE.)
It wasn’t until 1869 that Dr. Karoly Benkert, a Hungarian physician created the term by combining the homo, the Greek word for same, with the Latin sexual.
The word homosexual did not come into use in the United States until the 1880’s.
The concept homosexual didn’t exist when the Bible was written
If you see the word homosexual or homosexuality in the Bible, it is because translators chose those words to reflect their own homophobic feelings and ideas.
Where in the Bible you might find the word homosexual used incorrectly:
The Hebrew word kedah means temple prostitute and is sometimes inaccurately translated at sodomite or homosexual.
In 1 Corinthians, sodomite or homosexual are sometimes used, but they are incorrect translations of the Greek malakos which means something closer to effeminate or the Greek practice of pederasty, which is older men having sex with boys and is not consensual gay sex between peers.
1 Corinthians also refers in Greek to arsenokaitai, which appears nowhere else in the Bible or in Greek writings about homoerotic sexuality, but probably means male prostitute.
Jude 7 sometimes refers to homosexual flesh that the Sodomites pursued. This is an inaccurate translation of hetera sarx which means, literally, strange flesh to describe the flesh of the angels who were sent by God to evaluate Sodom and Gomorrah.
In Timothy 1:9-10, translators sometimes use homosexual for the original Greek words, pornoi, arsenokoitai, and andrapodistai, meaning male prostitutes, males who hire male prostitutes or the slave dealers who procure them.
Including the word homosexual in the Bible is the choice of translators and is not a reflection of the Bible.
Love…that's the whole story.
The word homosexual didn’t exist when the Bible was written.
Copyright © 2016 Our Spirit | LGBT | The true basis of life and religion is love
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In which year were 3 points for a win first introduced to the group stages of the World Cup finals? | World Cup Football Firsts
1966 England
The FIRST time drug testing was introduced was in World Cup finals in 1966. Players banned after failing in drug testing include Haiti's Ernest Jean-Joseph (1974), Scotland's Willie Johnston (1978) and Argentina's Diego Maradona (1994).
The FIRST World Cup mascot was a lion-like boy called Willie used for the England 1966 World Cup.
The FIRST player to score a hat-trick in a World Cup Final was Geoff Hurst of England in 1966, with a goal in each of the first-half, second-half and extra-time..
The FIRST first team to score two own goals in the one tournament was Bulgaria. They did so in favour of Portugal and Hungary, losing both matches.
The FIRST Asian team to progress beyond the first round of the World Cup finals was North Korea in 1966.
1970 Mexico
The FIRST substitution of a goalkeeper was Romania's Necula Raducanu who replaced Steve Adamache in a match against Brazil on 10 June 1970.
The FIRST player to receive a yellow card was Lovchev of the USSR in the 1970 opening match against Mexico on 31 May 1970.
The FIRST substitute to score a goal was Mexico's Juan Basaguren in the match against El Salvador on 7 June 1970.
The FIRST time substitutes were used in World Cup finals matches was 1970. Before 1970, only injured players were allowed to be replaced.
The FIRST substitute in World Cup finals was Soviet player Anatoly Puzach who replaced Serebrannikov in the 1970 opening match against Mexico on 31 May 1970.
1974 Germany
The FIRST red-carded player was Chile's Carlos Caszely in a match against West Germany on 14 June 1974.
The FIRST time that the newly designed FIFA World Cup Trophy was awarded was in 1974, replacing the Jules Rimet Trophy.
The FIRST black African nation to play in a World Cup finals was Zaire (now called the Democratic Republic of Congo) in 1974.
The FIRST Oceanian nation to qualify the World Cup was Australia in 1974
1978 Argentina
The FIRST qualifying match played on artificial turf was between Canada and USA on 24 Sept 1976 in Vancouver, Canada.
The FIRST qualifying match played indoor was between USA and Canada on 20 Oct 1976 in Seattle, USA.
The FIRST team to win a qualifying match on penalty shootout was Tunisia, which won 4:2 on penalties over Morocco after a 1:1 tie at home on 9 Jan 1977.
The FIRST country to withdraw from the World Cup due to the inability to pay the entrance fee was Sri Lanka which withdrew from the 1978 World Cup.
The FIRST time penalty shootouts for tied games were introduced to the World Cup was in 1978 (though the first to occur was in 1982)
The FIRST player to score for both teams in a match was Ernie Brandts of the Netherlands. In a game in 1978, he first scored an own goal Italy, and then the equaliser for his own team.
1982 Spain
The FIRST match decided with a penalty shoot-out was the semi-final between West Germany and France on 8 July, 1982, in which the Germans won the shootout 5:4.
The FIRST player to take penalty in a shootout in World Cup finals was Alain Giresse of France, who scored the FIRST ever penalty in a shootout where France lost 4:5 to West Germany.
The FIRST substitute to score a hat-trick was Laszlo Kiss of Hungary in a match against El Salvador on 15 June 1982.
1994 Usa
The FIRST Final decided on penalty shoot-out was the 1994 Final in which Brazil beat Italy 3:2 on penalty shoot-out after the match finished in a 0:0 tie.
The FIRST player to take a penalty shootout in a final was Franco Baresi of Italy, taking the shootout in the 1994 final but blasted it over the bar.
The FIRST match played indoors was at the Pontiac Silverdome in Detroit, USA on 18 June 1994, in a match between USA and Switzerland.
The FIRST goalkeeper to be sent-off was Gianluca Pagliuca of Italy in a match against Norway on 23 June 1994.
The FIRST player to have scored five goals in a single match was Oleg Salenko during the 1994 FIFA World Cup match between Russia and Cameroon.
1998 France
The FIRST player to score a golden goal was France's Laurent Blanc in the 113th minute in the Second Round match against Paraquay on 28 June 1998.
The FIRST player to have scored for 2 different teams in World Cup finals was Robert Prosinecki, having scored for Yugoslavia in 1990 and for Croatia in 1998.
The FIRST French player to be sent off in World Cup finals was Zindine Zidane , in the first Round match against Saudi Arabia on 18 June 1998. France had kept a clean sheet for 68 years until France 98!
| 1994 |
What was the name of the dog who found the World Cup in 1966 after it had been stolen? | The all-time World Cup finals league table - BBC News
The all-time World Cup finals league table
11 December 2013
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The World Cup kicks off six months from today, hosted by five-times winners Brazil. As a nation, Brazil's knack of winning the tournament is well renowned and many supporters will have them as firm favourites to win a sixth trophy.
But what if the World Cup was a league? This chart imagines what an all-time league ranking might look like.
We've allocated three points for a win and a point for a draw for all group and knockout stages since 1930. You can search by team, total points and points per game. You might be surprised by some of the results.
Click on a picture or year
Brazil
2010
Brazil
Brazil are the only team to have appeared in every World Cup finals tournament. They won their first tournament in 1958, with a young Pele scoring two in the final. Using our scoring system, they also finished top in the slightly odd 1950 tournament which suffered from countries withdrawing. The actual winners were Uruguay.
Germany
Brazil's main contender for the title of most consistent World Cup performers is Germany. They have finished in the top eight every year since 1950, when the country was still under post-war occupation and not allowed to compete. Germany have won the tournament three times, including in 1974, though on our chart Poland come out on top that year, just edging it on goal difference.
UK teams
England are the only home nation to win the World Cup and also have the best record, frequently finishing in the top ten. Scotland's slow decline is evident, but all the home teams start to struggle as the game goes truly global and the tournament expands. The only year featuring all four nations was 1958, with both Wales - making their only finals appearance to date - and Northern Ireland finishing in the top eight.
Africa
Three-time winner Pele once famously predicted than an African team "would win the World Cup before the year 2000". No African team has yet progressed beyond the quarter-finals, but nearly all have shown an improvement in results in the last decade. Cameroon have the longest unbroken series of finals appearances but haven't quite re-captured the splash they made in 1990, where Roger Milla's goals won over many neutrals.
2010: Hosts South Africa, winners Spain
England were humiliated 4-1 by Germany in the last 16 after finishing second behind United States in the group stages, where Fabio Capello's team had drawn 1-1 with the Americans and 0-0 with Algeria, before beating Slovenia 1-0.
The biggest shock of the tournament came when Switzerland beat European champions Spain 1-0, but the Swiss failed to win another match - losing to 1-0 to Chile and drawing 0-0 with Honduras.
Italy finished bottom of their group, drawing 1-1 with Paraguay and New Zealand before losing 3-2 to Slovakia, while France also lost group matches to Mexico (2-0) and hosts South Africa (2-1) as they suffered an early exit.
The Netherlands beat Brazil 2-1 in the quarters and Uruguay 3-2 in the final four, while Spain won 1-0 against Germany in the semis before winning their first World Cup with a 1-0 extra-time victory over the Dutch.
2006: Hosts Germany, winners Italy
England progressed through the group stages unbeaten as they won 1-0 against Paraguay and 2-0 against Trinidad and Tobago before drawing 2-2 with Sweden. A 1-0 victory over Ecuador followed before Sven-Goran Eriksson's side lost on penalties to Portugal in the quarter-finals, England finishing with 10 men following Wayne Rooney's sending-off.
It was a competition of few shocks as six former champions reached the quarter-finals, where France beat Brazil 1-0 and hosts Germany eliminated Argentina on penalties.
That left four European teams in the semi-finals as Italy beat Germany 2-0 in extra time, before France knocked out Portugal 1-0.
Italy won the final on penalties, but not before legendary France midfielder Zinedine Zidane was sent off in extra-time for headbutting Italy's Marco Materazzi in the chest.
2002: Hosts Japan and South Korea, winners Brazil
In the first World Cup to be jointly hosted, England progressed after a nervy 1-0 group-stage victory over Argentina and draws with Sweden (1-1) and Nigeria (0-0). England, managed by Sven-Goran Eriksson, then hammered Denmark 3-0 in the next round before being eliminated 2-1 in the quarter-finals by Brazil, the winning goal a freakish free-kick from Ronaldinho which caught out goalkeeper David Seaman.
The Republic of Ireland also qualified, going through the group stages unbeaten as they drew 1-1 with Cameroon and Germany, before beating Saudi Arabia 3-0. Robbie Keane's 90th-minute strike helped them take Spain to penalties in the next round, where they lost 3-2 in the shootout.
From Senegal's 1-0 victory over defending champions France in the opening match, to South Korea's run to the semi-finals via victories over Italy (2-1) and Spain (5-3 on penalties), it was a tournament of shock results.
Germany finally ended Korea's run with a 1-0 win, but Rudi Voller's side were beaten 2-0 in the final by Brazil, with golden-boot winner Ronaldo scoring both to take his tournament tally to eight. Turkey were surprise third-place finishers.
1998: Hosts France, winners France
Scotland's last qualification to date ended in another group stage exit, with a 2-1 defeat to Brazil and 3-0 loss to Morocco sandwiching a 1-1 draw with Norway.
Glenn Hoddle's England were eventually knocked out by Argentina in the last 16 match, which went to a penalty shoot-out with scores locked at 2-2 after extra-time. A teenage Michael Owen scored a fine individual effort before David Beckham was sent off. In the group stages, England beat Tunisia 2-0 and lost 2-1 to Romania, before beating Colombia 2-0.
Spain failed to progress past the group stages after losing 3-2 against Nigeria, while Croatia made a surprise run to the semi-finals after they beat Germany 3-0 in the last eight.
Hosts France, who beat Italy on penalties in the quarters, ended Croatia's run with a 2-1 win in the last-four before enjoying a 3-0 victory over Brazil in the final, with Zinedine Zidane scoring twice.
1994: Hosts USA, winners Brazil
With England failing to qualify, the Republic of Ireland took centre-stage, shocking Italy 1-0 in their opening game before losing 2-1 to Mexico and drawing 0-0 with Norway. Their tournament ended in the last 16, when they lost 2-0 to Netherlands.
Bulgaria, aided by Hristo Stoichkov's six goals, were the tournament's surprise package as they beat Argentina 2-0 in the group stages, Mexico on penalties in the second round and then holders Germany 2-1 in the last eight. Romania also shone, beating Argentina 3-2 in the knockout stages, before losing to Sweden on penalties in the quarters.
Brazil, featuring the Romario-Bebeto strike partnership, beat Russia 2-0 and Cameroon 3-0 in the opening round, before knocking out the hosts USA 1-0, beating the Netherlands 3-2 and Sweden 1-0. Italy also impressed on their way to the final by beating Norway 1-0, Nigeria 2-1, Spain 2-1, and Bulgaria 2-1 in the semi-finals.
Brazil lifted the crown after beating Italy on penalties after a goalless final. Roberto Baggio missed the decisive spot-kick.
1990: Hosts Italy, winners West Germany
England enjoyed their best World Cup showing since 1966. After a slow start, with successive draws against the Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands, they beat Egypt 1-0 to progress to the knockout stages where they beat Belgium 1-0 and Cameroon 3-2, both after extra time. In a nerve-shredding semi-final, which saw midfielder Paul Gascoigne shed tears after being given a yellow card which would have barred him from the final, they lost 4-3 on penalties after extra time finished 1-1.
The Republic of Ireland recorded three draws in the group stages, against England, Egypt and the Netherlands, before beating Romania 5-4 on penalties in the next round. They were eliminated the quarter-final phase, losing 1-0 to hosts Italy. Scotland also qualified, but again failed to make it out of their group, losing 1-0 to Costa Rica and Brazil either side of a 2-1 win against Sweden.
Cameroon shocked the world by opening the tournament with a 1-0 win against defending champions Argentina, before beating Romania 2-1. Their run, powered by the goals of the evergreen Roger Milla, continued into the knockout stages when they beat Colombia 2-1, before losing to England.
Hosts Italy lost 4-3 on penalties to Argentina in the semis, before West Germany beat the South Americans 1-0 in an ill-tempered final.
1986: Hosts Mexico, winners Argentina
England's participation was infamously ended by Diego Maradona's 'Hand of God' 2-1 quarter-final defeat by Argentina. After losing their opening game 1-0 to Portugal, Bobby Robson's side had drawn with Morocco, and beaten both Poland and Paraguay 3-0 to reach the last-eight.
Scotland failed to win a match, losing 1-0 to Denmark and 2-1 to West Germany before drawing 0-0 with Uruguay. Similarly Northern Ireland drew 1-1 with Algeria, but lost 2-1 to Spain and 3-0 to Brazil.
Belgium impressed on their way to the semi-finals, beating the Soviet Union 4-3 in the last 16 and Spain on penalties in the quarters before losing 2-0 to Argentina in the semis.
West Germany, who beat France 2-0 in their semi-final, were Argentina's opponents in a thrilling final which the South Americans won 3-2. England's Gary Lineker won the Golden Boot with six goals.
1982: Hosts Spain, winners Italy
Northern Ireland were one of the surprise packages as they beat hosts Spain 1-0 in the group stages after drawing 1-1 against Honduras and 0-0 with Yugoslavia. However, they were knocked out in the second round after a 2-2 draw with Austria and a 4-1 defeat to France.
England, managed by Ron Greenwood, won all three first-round matches against France (3-1), Czechoslovakia (2-0) and Kuwait (1-0), but went out in the second group stage following goalless draws with West Germany and Spain.
Scotland did not make it past the first round despite opening with a 5-2 win over New Zealand. They lost their next match 4-1 to Brazil, and ended with a 2-2 draw against the Soviet Union.
European champions West Germany were humbled 2-1 by Algeria early in the tournament, but recovered to beat France on penalties in the semis, after the match ended 3-3. They lost 3-1 to Italy in the final.
1978: Hosts Argentina, winners Argentina
Scotland were once more the only home nation to reach Argentina in 1978, but again went home after the first group stage. They started with a 3-1 defeat against Peru, drew 1-1 with Iran, and beat the Netherlands 3-2, with Archie Gemmill scoring twice.
There were several early surprises, with Austria beating Spain 2-1 and Sweden 1-0 as they topped their group ahead of Brazil. Peru finished ahead of the Netherlands, while Poland topped a group also containing West Germany.
West Germany were eliminated in the second group stage after drawing 0-0 with Italy, 2-2 with the Netherlands, and losing 3-2 to Austria.
The Netherlands, who also beat Austria 5-1 and Italy 2-1 in the second round, played Argentina in the final but were beaten 3-1 after extra-time as Mario Kempes scored twice before the hosts lifted the trophy.
1974: Hosts West Germany, winners West Germany
With England failing to qualify, Scotland led the home nations' challenge, but went out in the first round despite being unbeaten. They won 2-0 against Zaire and drew with Brazil 0-0 and Yugoslavia 1-1.
Hosts West Germany finished runners-up to East Germany in the group stages, losing 1-0 to their neighbours who also beat Australia 2-0 and drew 1-1 with Chile. Poland also impressed in the first round, beating Argentina 3-2 and Italy 2-1.
With eight teams split into two groups in the second round, the Netherlands and West Germany came through to reach the final, both teams winning all three games.
West Germany came from behind to beat Netherlands 2-1 in the final, with Poland beating Brazil 1-0 to finish third.
1970: Hosts Mexico, winners Brazil
Holders England let a 2-0 lead slip and lost 3-2 in extra time to West Germany in the quarter-finals. In the earlier group stages, Alf Ramsey's side beat Romania 1-0 and Czechoslovakia 1-0, between a 1-0 defeat to a Pele-inspired Brazil.
The Soviet Union impressed in the group stages as they drew 0-0 with hosts Mexico, beat Belgium 4-1 and El Salvador 2-0. However, they lost 1-0 in extra-time to Uruguay in the last eight.
Italy impressed in the knockout stages, beating Mexico 4-1 and West Germany 4-3, while Brazil won 4-2 against Peru and 3-1 against Uruguay.
In a classic final, legendary Brazilians Pele, Jairzinho, Gerson and Carlos Alberto scored in a 4-1 victory over Italy.
1966: Hosts England, winners England
Held in England, won by England. Skippered by Bobby Moore, England drew 0-0 with Uruguay before beating Mexico 2-0 and France 2-0 in the group stages. They then beat Argentina 1-0 and Portugal 2-1 to set up a final against West Germany.
North Korea provided the shock of the tournament when they beat Italy 1-0. With Pele's genius blunted by brutal tackling, Brazil’s fortunes slumped and they made a group stage exit after defeats to Hungary and Portugal.
The Soviet Union won all three group matches against North Korea (3-0), Italy (1-0) and Chile (2-1) before beating Hungary 2-1 in the quarters. West Germany, who hammered Uruguay 4-0 at the last-eight stage, knocked out the Soviets with a 2-1 win in the final four.
England's Geoff Hurst scored a hat-trick in the final as Alf Ramsey's side beat West Germany 4-2 after extra-time in front of 98,000 fans at Wembley Stadium.
1962: Hosts Chile, winners Brazil
England, still managed by Walter Winterbottom, were knocked out in the quarter-finals 3-1 by Brazil. They opened with a 2-1 loss against Hungary but recovered to beat Argentina 3-1 and draw with Bulgaria 0-0 before their Brazil defeat.
Czechoslovakia reached the final, beating Spain 1-0 in the group stages and holding Brazil to a goalless draw. Their good form continued into the knockout stages as they defeated Hungary 1-0 and Yugoslavia 3-1.
Yugoslavia had ended West Germany's hopes in the quarter-finals (1-0), while Italy failed to make it past the group stage, a 2-0 defeat to hosts Chile proving costly.
Brazil beat Chile 4-2 in the semi-finals to ensure a final against Czechoslovakia, in which they came from behind to win 3-1.
1958: Hosts Sweden, winners Brazil
England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales all participated at the 1958 World Cup in Sweden.
Only Northern Ireland and Wales reached the quarter-finals, where Northern Ireland lost 4-0 against France, and lost 1-0 to Brazil. Northern Ireland had defeated Czechoslovakia 2-1 in a play-off to qualify from their group, while Wales beat Hungary 2-1 in their decisive first-round match.
Walter Winterbottom's England, who had drawn 2-2 against the Soviet Union, 0-0 with Brazil and 2-2 with Austria, lost 1-0 to the Soviets in their play-off. Scotland failed to win a match, drawing 1-1 with Yugoslavia and losing 3-2 to Paraguay and 2-1 to France.
Hosts Sweden beat the Soviet Union 2-0 and West Germany 3-1 in the knockout stages, while Brazil hammered France 5-2 in the semis to reach the final, where the South Americans won 5-2 against the Swedes, with Vava and Pele both scoring twice.
1954: Hosts Switzerland, winners West Germany
It was a 4-2 quarter-final defeat to Uruguay for Walter Winterbottom's England in 1954, following a group-stage 4-4 draw with Belgium and 2-0 victory over hosts Switzerland.
Hungary, with the legendary Ferenc Puskas in their ranks, were ruthless in the group stages as they beat South Korea 9-0 and West Germany 8-3. They won a fiery encounter against Brazil 4-2 in the quarters before beating Uruguay 4-2 to book their place in the final.
Austria beat Switzerland 7-5 in an amazing last-eight clash, but they fell 6-1 to West Germany in the final four.
West Germany, who were only reinstated as full Fifa members four years earlier, won an entertaining final against Hungary 3-2 despite going 2-0 down after just eight minutes.
1950: Hosts Brazil, winners Uruguay
With Scotland withdrawing before the draw was made, England were Britain's only representatives at Brazil 1950. However, the side, managed by Walter Winterbottom, only won one game, 2-0 against Chile, as they suffered a first-round exit. Surprise defeats to United States 1-0 and Spain 1-0 ended their participation.
The top four teams from each group - Uruguay, Brazil, Sweden and Spain - qualified for the final round
Brazil appeared on course for glory as they hammered Sweden 7-1 and Spain 6-1. Uruguay drew 2-2 with Spain and beat Sweden 3-2 to set up a decider for the title.
In one of the biggest World Cup shocks of all time, Uruguay came from behind in the second half to win the final match 2-1 and lift the title.
1938: Hosts France, winners Italy
None of the home nations played at the 1938 World Cup in France, where the tournament was a knockout from the very first round.
The Dutch East Indies were among the competitors, losing 6-0 to Hungary in the first round. Cuba also took part, knocking out Romania before losing 8-0 to Sweden in the next phase.
Defending champions Italy were the team to beat, winning against Norway 2-1, France 3-1 and Brazil 2-1 on their way to the final.
Hungary, who hammered Sweden 5-1 in the semi-finals, also made the final but were beaten 4-2 by the dominant Italians.
1934: Hosts Italy, winners Italy
Italy hosted the second World Cup, which involved none of the home nations as they instead played in their own championship. The Azzurri began with a convincing 7-1 victory over United States.
Perhaps the shock of the opening round came when Spain beat Brazil 3-1 while Sweden edged out Argentina 3-2.
Czechoslovakia made it all the way to the final, beating Romania 2-1, Switzerland 3-2 and Germany 3-1.
Italy, who needed a replay to beat Spain before they edged out Austria 1-0, also made the final and lifted the trophy following a 2-1 victory over the Czechs in extra time.
1930: Hosts Uruguay, winners Uruguay
The very first football World Cup was held in Uruguay, with 13 teams competing, none of them from the British Isles.
Argentina appeared the dominant side as they beat France 1-0, Mexico 6-3 and Chile 3-1 before hammering United States 6-1 in the final four.
The hosts Uruguay were also in good form as they won against Peru (1-0) and Romania (4-0) before also enjoying a 6-1 success in the semi-finals against Yugoslavia.
In front of 93,000 fans in Montevideo, Uruguay lifted the first World Cup courtesy of a 4-2 victory over rivals Argentina.
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Date: 13 July -30 July
Final: Argentina – Uruguay 2-4
Top scorer: Guillermo Stábile (Argentina) (8 goals)
World Cup 1930 Background
In the beginning of the 20th century, a global football tournament was always organised in the Summer Olympics. It was the 1900 Olympics which included this beautiful sport for the first time in history.
It was FIFA, founded in 1904, that started to manage the football tournaments in the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Olympics. Since FIFA and the IOC (international Olympics Committee) were disagreeing about the status of amateur players, FIFA became more eager to organize a global football tournament outside the Olympics, the official first FIFA World Cup.
Jules Rimet
On May 26 1928, it was in the capital of the Netherlands, Amsterdam, where the FIFA president Jules Rimet announced plans to organize a football tournament independent of the Olympics in 1930. On May 18 1929, FIFA announced in a Barcelona congress that the very first World Cup would be held in Uruguay. This tournament eventually contributed to the absence of a football tournament in the 1932 Olympics, the IOC did not include football in the schedule.
There were obvious reasons why Uruguay was chosen among other countries as a possible host country. Uruguay in that time was the champions of the 1924 and 1928 Olympics and the country was celebrating its 100th constitution birthday in 1930. When Uruguay’s national association offered to pay all the costs such as travel and accommodation costs of the participating teams, it was clear Uruguay would be chosen as the first country to host a World Cup. The countries Hungary, Netherlands, Sweden, Italy and Spain which were all interested in being the host, withdrew in favour of Uruguay.
World Cup 1930 Participants
1 host city in Uruguay
Only 13 countries participated in the first ever 1930 World Cup in Uruguay.
7 countries from South America participated: Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, Peru and Bolivia.
It was the highest amount of South American countries to have participated in a World Cup. This is also the only World Cup which contained more countries from South America than from Europe.
4 countries from Europe participated: France, Belgium, Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and Romania.
2 countries from North/Central America and Caribbean participated: USA and Mexico.
Every country affiliated with FIFA was invited to participate in the first ever World Cup. Many European countries however, declined since Uruguay was just too far away. We are talking about 1930; this means flying was not yet a common reasonable priced activity. The trip had to be made by ship.
With only 2 months to go before the kick-off, not 1 European country had announced to join the World Cup. Jules Rimet intervened and pulled some political strings. 4 European countries then decided last minute to participate in the 1930 World Cup.
Romania, Belgium and France were travelling with the same ship to Uruguay, the SS Conte Verde. They were picked up one by one. The ship also picked up three European referees and Jules Rimet who carried the World Cup trophy in his bag. The Brazilian team was picked up in Rio de Janeiro before arriving in Uruguay.
Yugoslavia travelled alone with a mail steamship called Florida.
SS Conte Verde
World Cup 1930 Pools
Since 13 is an uneven number, there was 1 pool which consisted of 4 countries. The other 3 pools consisted of 3 countries. The pool draw occurred in Montevideo after all teams had arrived.
There were 4 seed countries which were considered the top teams. They were kept apart from each other and were placed in different pools. The 4 seed countries were Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil and USA and were chosen by the FIFA organizing Committee.
The original idea was to choose the format of a straight knockout system. However since only 13 teams participated, the first-round pools were formed. This original format would however be implemented in the 2 upcoming World Cups in 1934 and 1938.
This was the first time the format of a round-robin tournament was chosen. A round-robin tournament means that a team had to play against the other teams in their pool. 2 points were rewarded for a win and 1 point for a draw.
This round-robin format implemented in the first round would only be used again in the 1950 World Cup. If 2 teams obtained equal points in the first round, a play-off had to be played.
The winner of each pool would continue to the Semi-Final where the knockout phase starts. In the knockout phase, 30 minutes of extra time would be played if there was no winner after 90 minutes. This was eventually not necessary in this World Cup.
Only the Final was played after the Semi-Finals. No match for the third place was yet introduced in this World Cup.
No play-offs or extra time were eventually played.
The pools were as followed:
Pool 1
Belgium
World Cup 1930 Stadiums
Only 3 stadiums have been used for the 1930 World Cup matches, the lowest amount in World Cup history. All the matches were held in 1 host city: Uruguay’s capital Montevideo. Estadio Centenario was specially built for the 1930 World Cup and the countries’ 100th birthday. It was planned for all the World Cup matches to be played in this stadium. However, the stadium was only finished 5 days after the World Cup started. Therefore Estadio Parque Central and Estadio Pocitos were used as well. All the Semi-Finals and the Final were held in the Estadio Centenario.
The following 3 stadiums were used:
Estadio Centenario
World Cup 1930 Memorable Matches
Pool Matches
France – Mexico 4-1
Estadio Pocitos, Montevideo – attendance: 3,000
The was the first World Cup match ever played together with the match USA against Belgium. It was in this match however where the first ever World Cup goal was scored. It was French player Lucien Laurent who scored this memorable goal in the 19th minute. Marcel Langiller and André Maschinot (2x) scored 3 goals in total for France. André Maschinot became the first person to have scored 2 goals in a World Cup match. Mexican Juan Carreño became the first Mexican to score for Mexico.
Lucien Laurent: The very first World Cup goal scorer
Argentina – France 1-0
Estadio Parque Central, Montevideo – attendance: 18,000
This was Argentina’s first ever World Cup match. France had a hard time stopping the fierce Argentinians and were not very lucky. Goalkeeper Alex Thépot had to leave the pitch due to a jaw injury after 20 minutes and was replaced by Augustin Chantrel. This was the first substitution in World Cup history. Lucien Laurent the first World Cup goal scorer was limping during the match due to a fierce tackle by midfielder Luis Monti. He was the player who made the first and only goal of the match for Argentina. A strange fact about this match, is that the referee erroneously blew the final whistle after 84 minutes, 3 minutes after the only goal and not after the full 90 minutes. Due to vigorous protests from the French players, the match continued. This however didn’t change anything regarding the final score.
The French team before the match
Argentina – Mexico 6-3
Estadio Centenario, Montevideo – attendance: 50,000
This is the first World Cup match where more than 5 goals have been scored in total. This match became famous for the Guillermo Stábile’s (nicknamed El Enfiltrador) hat-trick. It was believed that this was the first World Cup hat-trick ever, but this already happened 2 days before by American Bert Patenaude. Players Adolfo Zumelzú (2x) and Francisco Varallo also scored for Argentina.This match is also famous for the first awarded penalty scored in World Cup history. This record went to Mexican Manuel Rosas. He also scored Mexico’s 2nd goal and forward Roberto Gayón scored the 3rd goal.
Argentinian goalkeeper Ángel Bossio is beaten by the very first World Cup penalty kick: scored by Mexican Manuel Rosas
Pool 2
Yugoslavia – Brazil 2-1
Estadio Parque Central, Montevideo – attendance: 5,000
Brazil’s first ever World Cup match was lost with 2-1. It was also the first World Cup match which contained a South American country. It was expected for Brazil to become the pool winner, but this turned out to be Yugoslavia. Aleksandar Tirnanić and Ivan Bek scored the 2 goals for Yugoslavia. Brazilian striker Preguinho scored the only and first ever World Cup goal for Brazil.
The Brazilian team before the match (2nd below from the right is Preguinho)
Pool 3
Romania – Peru 3-1
Estadio Pocitos, Montevideo – attendance: 300
There were only around 300 people in the stadium. This is the lowest recorded attendance of any World Cup match. You can safely state that this record will never be broken again. It was Peruvian midfielder Plácido Galindo who became the first player to be sent off in a World Cup match. There were fights with Romanian players which had to be broken up by the police. Romania won with goals scored by Adalbert Deșu, Constantin Stanciu and Nicolae Kovács. Peruvian Luis de Souza Ferreira scored the first ever World Cup goal for Peru.
Peruvian goalkeeper Juan Valdivieso is beaten by a strong Romania
Uruguay – Romania 4-0
Estadio Centenario, Montevideo – attendance: 80,000
In Uruguay’s 2nd match they showed it would be a hard task to prevent them from winning the World Cup. Only in 1 match they have scored only 1 goal which was in their first match against Peru. In this match against Romania they scored 4 goals, an amount that would be scored in every upcoming match. Romania was unexpectedly crushed by goal scorers Pablo Dorado, Héctor Scarone, Peregrino Anselmo and Pedro Cea.
Romanian goalkeeper Ion Lǎpuşneanu dives to stop the ball
Pool 4
USA – Belgium 3-0
Estadio Parque Central, Montevideo – attendance: 10,000
This was the other first ever World Cup match together with the match France against Mexico. No one expected for the United States to win with such a high score. Belgium had a high reputation due to a great performance in the 1928 Olympics. However the United States players Bart McGhee, Tom Florie and Bert Patenaude were able to score a goal. Belgium complained and blamed the field and the referee’s decisions for the end score. The 2nd goal by Florie was offside according to them.
Belgian defender Nicolas Hoydonckx tries to get away from American forward Bert Patenaude
USA – Paraguay 3-0
Estadio Parque Central, Montevideo – attendance: 800
This pool match is memorable for the first hat-trick scored in World Cup history. This record and privilege goes to American forward Bert Patenaude. He scored the first 2 goals in 15 minutes after kick-off. The 3rd goal was scored in the 50th minute.
The 1930 World Cup USA team, with Bert Patenaude in the middle with the ball
Semi-Finals
Argentina – USA 6-1
Estadio Centenario, Montevideo – attendance: 72,886
Since Argentina was in pool 1, they played 1 more match than United States. United States played only 2 matches. With a strong Argentina and 2 3-0 wins by USA, it was pretty unclear which country would advance. This uncertainty continued till the end of the first half. In the first half only Luis Monti scored a goal. The 2nd half however was a completely different story. 5 goals were scored in a time span of 31 minutes by Alejandro Scopelli, Guillermo Stábile (2x) and Carlos Peucelle (2x). The only goal scored for United States occurred in the 89th minute by Jim Brown. It was a physical match where USA ended with only 8 fit players. Coincidentally, the next Semi-Final would end in an identical score. A funny myth, is that the USA coach knocked himself out when he ran onto the pitch to treat injured player Andy Auld who had a ripped lip. The coach accidentally dropped a bottle of chloroform and inhaled the fumes as he bent over to pick it up. Auld recovered without any treatment. Another story is that 1 of the players knocked the smelling salts out of the trainer’s hands and into Auld’s eyes, which temporarily blinded him.
Guillermo Stábile beats USA goalkeeper Jimmy Douglas to score Argentina’s 6th goal
Uruguay – Yugoslavia 6-1
Estadio Centenario, Montevideo – attendance: 79,867
For 14 minutes Yugoslavia was very hopeful in winning the 2nd World Cup Semi Final in history. However, after the first goal scored by Yugoslav forward Đorđe Vujadinović, it took 14 minutes before the 2nd Semi-Final massacre began. 3 goals were scored in the first half by Pedro Cea and Peregrino Anselmo (2x). 3 other goals were scored in the 2nd half by Pedro Cea (2x) and Santos Iriarte. Uruguay entered the first World Cup Final.
Uruguay captain Jose Nasazzi and Yugoslavia captain Milutin Ivkovic are receiving flowers before the match
World Cup 1930 Final
Referee John Langenus
The first ever World Cup Final was between 2 South American countries: Argentina and Uruguay. Both countries won every match before reaching the Final. The Final was coincidentally also the Final of the 1928 Olympics football tournament. This Final was also won by Uruguay.
The trainer of Uruguay Alberto Suppici was very strict and expected nothing but discipline from his players. Goalkeeper Andrés Mazali became the first player to be expelled from a World Cup team. He left the hotel at night while this was prohibited by the trainer. He would never play for the national team again. Although he was replaced, Uruguay still made it to the Final with ease.
The Final on the 30th of July was witnessed by 93,000 people in the stadium Estadio Centenario. The Belgian referee John Langenus who officiated the Final, demanded a quick escape route to his ship in case of emergency. The tension was high for the Final. Argentian player Luis Monti even received death threats.
Uruguayan captain José Nasazzi and Argentinian captain Manuel Ferreira lead their teams
The Final match contained 2 match balls. 1 was chosen by Argentina and was used in the first half. The 2nd ball was chosen by Uruguay and was used in the 2nd half. This was decided due to a dispute between both countries. It was the referee John Langenus who came up with this idea.
Left: chosen by Argentina (‘the “Tiento”)
Right: chosen by Uruguay (the “T-Model”)
Uruguay started positive by scoring the first goal in the 12th minute by Pablo Dorado. Argentina however, scored 2 goals after that in the first half. The first goal was scored by Carlos Peucelle (20′) and the 2nd goal by Guillermo Stábile (37′) which some say was off-side. The 2nd half started with a nervous Uruguay. Nevertheless just over 10 minutes after the 2nd half kick-off, Uruguayan Pedro Cea tied the score to 2-2 (57′). Uruguay was not yet satisfied and scored 2 extra goals by Santos Iriarte (68′) and Héctor Castro who lost his left arm in a childhood accident (89′). With these 2 goals Uruguay ensured ownership of the World Cup trophy with an impressive final score: 2-4.
Uruguay became the first country to win a World Cup and the first country to win a World Cup on home soil. It was then FIFA president Jules Rimet himself who presented the World Cup trophy to captain José Nasazzi. This trophy would be named after him in 1946. Uruguay declared the next day as a national holiday. It became obvious the FIFA World cup was an event that has huge potential in terms of worldwide entertainment, unity and joy.
Guillermo Stábile became the top scorer of the 1930 World Cup with 8 goals after his goal in the Final.
Uruguay would participate in 1 more Final 2 decades later. For Argentina it would take a while longer to reach their 2nd World Cup Final. 48 years in total to be exact.
Uruguay = Blue (Coach: Alberto Suppici)
Argentina = White (Coach: Francisco Olazar and Juan José Tramutola)
World Cup 1930 Records
Uruguay is the very first country to win a World Cup
Uruguay is the first country to win a World Cup as host country
Uruguay is the first country to win every match before winning the Final
Use of 3 stadiums is an all-time record of the least amount of stadiums used in a World Cup
Only World Cup which contains more South American countries than European countries
This World Cup contains the highest amount of South American countries which have participated in a World Cup
First World Cup where no extra-time matches have been played
Match Romania – Peru has the lowest recorded attendance of any World Cup match, around 300 spectators witnessed the match in the stadium
First World Cup goal ever scored was in the match France against Mexico in the stadium Estadio Pocitos, by French forward Lucien Laurent in the 19th minute
First World Cup goal scored by a South American country is scored by Brazilian Preguinho in the match against Yugoslavia (1-2)
First World Cup goal scored by a North, Central America and Caribbean country is scored by American Bart McGhee in the opening match against Belgium (3-0)
First World Cup hat-trick has been scored by Bert Patenaude of United States when playing against Paraguay
Peruvian player Plácido Galindo was the first player in World Cup history who was sent off (against Romania)
Mexican Manuel Rosas became the first player to have scored an own goal in a World Cup, in the pool match against Chile
Mexican Manuel Rosas also became the first player in World Cup history to have scored a penalty (against Argentina)
American goalkeeper Jimmy Douglas is the first keeper to post officially the first clean sheet, meaning no ball has entered his goal
Due to injury, French goalkeeper Alex Thépot became the first player in World Cup history who has been replaced by a different player (Augustin Chantrel) during a match (against Argentina)
Argentina and Chile had the youngest coaches in World Cup history: 27 years old Juan Jose Tramutola and 29 years old Gyorgi Orth
Did You Know
Only World Cup where no qualifications were held, every FIFA affiliate was invited
Only World Cup together with the 1950 World Cup which didn’t host a match for the third place
Peru would only qualify for their next World Cup in 1970
Since the Estadio Centenario construction was delayed, Uruguay only played their first match 5 days after the World Cup started, the first match played in this stadium
There were 2 opening matches at the same time, France against Mexico (4-1) and United States against Belgium (3-0)
In 1985 FIFA published a report including retrospective rankings based on overall results of all teams, showing United States marking the third place of the World Cup in Uruguay
The Bolivian team saluted Uruguay by wearing shirts which together spell: VIVA URUGUAY
The Romanian team was personally selected by King Carol II and promised them money and job guarantees after the tournament
Last surviving player of the 1930 World Cup was Francisco Varallo from Argentina, he died on Augustus 20 2010 at the age of 100, 80 years after the World Cup in Uruguay
The pool draw only happened when all the teams arrived in Uruguay, a few days before the World Cup started
Both Semi-Finals ended in the exact same score: 6-1
1930 World Cup balls were made from brown leather and had to be sewed with lace, which would only chance after the 1938 World Cup
French player Lucient Laurent was the only French player to have witnessed France winning the World Cup in France ’98
World Cup 1930 FIFA Awards
Golden Ball: José Nasazzi (Uruguay)
Silver Ball: Guillermo Stábile (Argentina)
Bronze Ball: José Leandro Andrade (Uruguay)
Golden Boot: Guillermo Stábile (Argentina) (8 goals)
Silver Boot: Pedro Cea (Uruguay) (5 goals)
Bronze Boot: Bert Patenaude (USA) (4 goals)
José Nasazzi (Uruguay)
World Cup 1930 FIFA All-Star Team
Of the 11 players selected for the 1930 World Cup FIFA All-Star Team, 7 players are from Uruguay. Each position contains a Uruguayan player which is pretty unique. What is more unique though is the fact that this happened again in the World Cup 1950 FIFA All-Star Team. So far Uruguay is the only country where this has happened twice.
Goalkeeper
| Montevideo |
What type of animal was World Cup Willie, the mascot for the 1966 World Cup? | What Happened in 1930 including Pop Culture, Significant Events, Key Technology and Inventions
The Yearly Inflation Percentage USA ?
UK - 2.8%
Average Cost of new house $7,145.00
Average wages per year $1,970.00
Cost of a gallon of Gas 10 cents
Average Cost for house rent $15.00 per month
A loaf of Bread 9 cents
A LB of Hamburger Meat 13 cents
Magic Chef Gas Cooker $195.00
Pontiac Big Six Car $745.00
Prices for UK guides in Pounds Sterling
Average House Price 590
United States -- Smoot-Hawley Tariff bill
President Herbert Hoover signs the 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff bill on June 17th which raised duties on imports
More Information and Timeline for the Smoot-Hawley Tariff
1. The world economy begins to enter the Great Depression in late 1929 when the stock market crashes.
2. Politicians panic and start to turn to protectionism in order to try to prevent further loss of American jobs and commerce from competition abroad.
3. US Senator Reed Smoot begins calling for an increase in tariffs in 1929 .
4. The Tariff Act of 1930 is passed by the United States Congress and it proposes an increase of tariffs on foreign imports.
5. 1,028 Economists try to convince President Hoover to veto the tariff bill, saying it will only cause more damage to the economy.
6. Despite personally disagreeing with the increase in tariffs, Hoover signs the bill due to party pressure and pressure from some business leaders.
7. Foreign countries retaliate with their own increased tariffs and trade alliances shift as an impact of the bill.
8. Both Reed Smoot and Willis Hawley lose their bids for re-election in 1932, partially due to the failure of the tariffs.
9. The tariffs were lowered under President Franklin Roosevelt's first term with the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934.
10. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raised US tariffs on foreign imports to one of their highest ever levels in the country's history. While the tariffs did not cause the Great Depression, many people thought that they contributed a lot to the failing economy. Many historians agree that while they were not helpful in repairing the economy during that time period, they did not have as large an impact as was first believed.
India -- 200 mile march to the salt beds of Jalalpur
Mahatma Gandhi and his followers begin a 200 mile march to the salt beds of Jalalpur.
More Information and Timeline for the Salt March
1. The Salt March was Mohandas Gandhi's non-violent protest that took place from March to April of 1930, they marched from Sabermati to Dandi.
2. This was the first of his acts of civil disobedience against British rule in India.
3. There was a British monopoly on salt and India was not allowed to produce or sell salt independently.
4. The march started on March 12th, 1930, on foot with a few dozen followers.
5. Hundreds of others joined in as they stopped in each town along the way.
6. They finished their journey on April 5th after traveling 240 miles.
7. On April 6th, Gandhi and others picked up salt on the shore of the Arabian Sea to "produce salt" and technically broke the law.
8. No one was arrested in this first act of civil disobedience.
9. Gandhi continued his protests and civil disobedience against the salt tax for two months afterwards.
10. He was arrested in May of 1930 after announcing plans to march on the Dharasana Salt Works.
11. News of Gandhi's arrest motivated thousands more to join in protest and the planned march took place on May 21st.
12. Up to 2,500 of the peaceful protesters were attacked by police.
13. By the end of 1930, over 50,000 people had been jailed.
14. In January of 1931 , Gandhi was released from prison and a truce was declared between himself and the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin.
The United States and the world suffer from the Great Depression.
More Information and Timeline for the Great Depression
1. The Wall Street crash happens in late 1929 and by 1930, 1,350 banks fail in the US.
2. Unemployment in the United Kingdom hits one million, while it reaches 8.7 percent in the United States (over 3.2 million people, nearly double what it was in previous years).
3. The Federal Reserve cuts interest rates to 4 percent, down from 6 percent.
4. Consumers and businesses panic and pull their money out of banks after the stock market crash.
5. The Worldwide economic decline reaches its worst point in 1933.
Haile Selassie I becomes the Emperor of Ethiopia.
More Information for Haile Selassie.
Tafari Makonnen, also known as Haile Selassie I, became the Emperor of Ethiopia during November of 1930. He was known for his efforts to bring Ethiopia into the international community by joining the League of Nations and, later, the United Nations. Selassie remained in power until 1974, despite having been exiled between 1936 and 1941. Selassie, while praised for his attempts to modernize the country was also criticized for maintaining poor political and civil rights standards.
France -- R101 crashes in Beauvais
Britain's Largest Airship the R101 crashes in Beauvais, France, killing all on board.
More Information and Timeline for R-101 Airship Crash
1. The R-101 airship was built in October of 1929 by the British government along with another airship, the R-100.
2. The airships were built with the purpose of long distance travel for civil purposes within the British Empire, such as passenger travel and transporting mail. At the time it was the largest airship ever built.
3. The R-101 crashed on October 5th of 1930 over France while on its very first overseas trip.
4. It was carrying 54 people and of these only 6 survived the crash.
5. The tragedy was one of the biggest of its kind and led to the eventual abandonment of the British on airship development.
Uruguay wins the 1930 World Cup in Uruguay defeating Argentina.
More Information for the first World Cup.
The very first FIFA World Cup takes place during July of 1930 in Montevideo, Uruguay. The World Cup was envisioned as an international tournament for soccer after it was announced that the sport would be dropped from the upcoming 1932 Olympic Games. The very first games in the World Cup were played between France against Mexico and the United States against Belgium. The entire tournament was won by the host Uruguay after they defeated Argentina. Unfortunately, several of the top European teams, including England, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Holland, missed the inaugural cup due to the Great Depression and the high cost of travel.
The cartoon character of Betty Boop makes her debut in "Dizzy Dishes."
More Information for Betty Boop.
The character of Betty Boop makes her debut during August of 1930 in "Dizzy Dishes" a part of Max Fleischer's "Talkartoon" animated series. The character was originally designed by Grim Natwick who would go on to become a lead animator in the production of other successful characters like Mickey Mouse, Felix the Cat, and Popeye. Betty Boop was believed to be modeled after several actresses that embodied the popular "Flapper" style of the 1920s, such as Helen Kane and Clara Bow. She was voiced by several notable actresses including Margie Hines, Ann Rothschild, and Mae Questel. The character soon grew in popularity throughout the 1930's and has remained a beloved cultural staple.
Military Coup In Argentina
More Information and Timeline for Argentina Coup
The Argentinean government is overthrown by a coup d'état on the 6th of September in 1930. Hipólito Yrigoyen was the president of the country but he was quickly forced out of power by General J�se Félix Uriburu as General Uriburu led his loyal troops to the capital and were met with very little opposition to the coup. Yrigoyen had been democratically elected in 1928, but had become unpopular as the Great Depression hit the world economies, causing high inflation and unemployment in Argentina. Future president Juan Perón was involved in the coup.
Calendar For The Year 1930
Public Works
The United States embarks on an ambitious programme of Public Works to regenerate the economy including the building of the Boulder Dam ( Hoover Dam )
1350 banks in the US fail
Following the Wall Street Crash 1350 banks in the US fail
January 20th -- Glen Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.
The Big Bopper
October 24th -- Sabine Pass, Texas, USA
Ray Charles
September 23rd -- Albany, Georgia, USA
Ray Charles
September 23rd -- Albany, Georgia, USA
Clint Eastwood
May 31st -- San Francisco, California, U.S.
Gene Hackman
January 30th -- San Bernardino, California, U.S
Princess Margaret
August 21st -- Glamis Castle, Scotland
Sandra Day O'Connor
March 26th -- El Paso, Texas, U.S
Harold Pinter
October 10th -- Hackney, East London, England
Technology
Australia
Amy Johnson lands in Darwin Australia on May 24th , becoming the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia
UK
For the first time anywhere in the world, a television drama is broadcast. The drama is a production of Luigi Pirandello's The Man With the Flower in His Mouth; it is broadcast by the BBC from Baird's studios at 133 Long Acre, London.
UK
Frank Whittle patents the Jet Engine
UK
Sliced bread Goes on Sale in England for the first time
U.S.
The Chrysler Building in New York is Completed
Space
Clyde Tombaugh Discovers Pluto the ninth planet in our solar system
Inventions Invented by Inventors and Country ( or attributed to First Use )
Jet Engine England by Frank Whittle
Sticky Tape USA
Frozen Food USA Clarence Birdseye
Australia -- Prime Minister -- James Scullin --
Brazil -- President -- Washington Lu�s -- Till 24 October
Brazil -- President -- Military Joint Tri -- From 24 October
Canada -- Prime Minister -- William Lyon Mackenzie King -- till August 6,
Canada -- Prime Minister -- Richard Bedford Bennett -- From August 7,
Italy -- Prime Minister -- Benito Mussolini --
Japan -- Prime Minister -- Osachi Hamaguchi --
Mexico -- President -- Emilio Portes Gil -- Till 5 February
Mexico -- President -- Pascual Ortiz Rubio -- From 5 February
Russia / Soviet Union -- General Secretary of the Central Committee -- Joseph Stalin --
South Africa -- Prime Minister -- James Barry Munnik Hertzog --
United States -- President -- Herbert Hoover --
United Kingdom -- Prime Minister -- Ramsay MacDonald --
Political Elections
Canadian Federal Election -- 1930 -- Richard Bennett ( Conservative ) defeats William Lyon Mackenzie King ( Liberal ).
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Which 40 year old captained the 1982 World Cup winners? | Italy and Germany: a one-way love affair - FIFA World Cup - News - UEFA.com
Italy and Germany: a one-way love affair
Published: Wednesday 13 November 2013, 12.11CET
As Italy face Germany in a Milan friendly on Friday, UEFA.com looks back at some notable past meetings and reflects on some truly miserable nights for the Nationalmannschaft.
by Paolo Menicucci
Sepp Maier is beaten by Gianni Rivera's winning goal in extra time in the 1970 World Cup semi-final ©Getty Images
Headlines
Published: Wednesday 13 November 2013, 12.11CET
Italy and Germany: a one-way love affair
As Italy face Germany in a Milan friendly on Friday, UEFA.com looks back at some notable past meetings and reflects on some truly miserable nights for the Nationalmannschaft.
Read more
Italian supporters are spoiled for choice when it comes to favourite past matches against Germany, but having failed to beat the Azzurri in eight competitive games, German fans regard Italy as a bogey team.
With both sides looking forward to next summer's finals in Brazil, four-time FIFA World Cup winners Italy take on three-time champions Germany in Milan on Friday: a great opportunity for UEFA.com's Italian team to reflect on four memorable victories, and for our German newsdesk to groan quietly in a corner.
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Italy 4-3 West Germany (aet)
17 June 1970, FIFA World Cup semi-final
This meeting at the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City famously featured five goals in a sensational 30 minutes of extra time, prompting fans (in Italy at least) to dub it the 'Match of the Century'. Italy took an early lead through Roberto Boninsegna, but Karl-Heinz Schnellinger levelled for Germany at the death despite Franz Beckenbauer playing with his injured arm in a sling.
Extra time was a frenzy: Gerd Müller scored, Tarcisio Burgnich replied, Luigi Riva put Italy in front and Müller responded before Gianni Rivera notched the winner for the Azzurri with nine minutes remaining. "No one has forgotten that match," Müller reflected. "It still drives me crazy thinking about it and I haven't recovered from it to this day." Scant consolation for Germany, but a few days later an exhausted Italy lost the final 4-1 to Brazil.
©Getty Images
Marco Tardelli's famous 1982 celebration
Italy 3-1 West Germany
11 July 1982, FIFA World Cup final
Exhaustion was to be a factor in the 1982 showpiece, with West Germany's semi-final against France having gone to penalties, leaving them ill prepared for the Santiago Bernabéu decider. "Our semi-final was a real ordeal," recalled goalkeeper Toni Schumacher. "When we met Italy three days later, we were still exhausted. They had a superb team and we had nothing to throw at them."
Antonio Cabrini missed a first-half penalty, yet then Paolo Rossi scored his sixth goal of the tournament – all of them coming in the last three games – and Marco Tardelli and Alessandro Altobelli added two more for Enzo Bearzot's side before Paul Breitner's consolation for Germany. Italy's 40-year-old captain Dino Zoff lifted the trophy, but left the partying to his younger team-mates. "I stayed in my hotel room," the keeper said. "Everybody was asking me to go out and dance and celebrate. Do you really think I could go out and dance at 40?"
©AFP
Gianluigi Buffon hugs goalscorer Fabio Grosso
Italy 2-0 Germany (aet)
4 July 2006, FIFA World Cup semi-final
While the 1970 and 1982 defeats were painful enough, at least they happened a good way from home. There was no such comfort in 2006 when the teams met in the semi-final in Dortmund. After a goalless 90 minutes, extra time was agonising: Gianluigi Buffon made great saves to deny Bernd Schneider and Lukas Podolski, while Italy hit the woodwork twice through Alberto Gilardino and Gianluca Zambrotta. With penalties looming, Fabio Grosso curled home the opener, heralding an explosive celebration reminiscent of Tardelli's famous scream after his goal in the 1982 final. Alessandro Del Piero added another soon afterwards, and Italy went on to beat France on penalties in the final.
"What a bitter pill to swallow," shattered Germany coach Jürgen Klinsmann said later. "I still feel a shiver running down my spine when I think about that game," remembered Grosso years later.
©AFP/Getty Images
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Who played Alex Forrest, the editor of a publishing company, in the 1987 film Fatal Attraction? | Euro 2016 - Italy looks to bounce back from poor performance at the World Cup - Panoram Italia
Euro 2016 - Italy looks to bounce back from poor performance at the World Cup
2016/06/14 - Written by Joey Strizzi
Gigi Buffon, Marco Verratti, Giorgio Chiellini and Manolo Gabbiadini posing with the new jersey of La Nazionale
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Euro 2016 - Italy looks to bounce back from poor performance at the World Cup
Gli Azzurri, les Bleus, la Furia Roja...
In international football, with a few exceptions, European nations are considered to be the cream of the crop. And although the World Cup is the most important tournament on the planet, the UEFA European Championships, also played every four years, may showcase better competition. The 2016 UEFA Euros, made up of 24 qualifying teams from across the continent, kicks off on June 10 in France.
For the Italian national team, winners of the title in 1968, this tournament represents opportunity for redemption following a lacklustre performance at the 2014 World Cup, hopefully rediscovering the form that propelled the Azzurri to the finals of the last edition of the Euros in 2012.
Fresh format
For the first time, the Euros will be contested by 24 teams, having been expanded from the 16-team format used since 1996. What this means is that the group stage will now consist of six groups of four teams, followed by three rounds of knockout games and then the final. The top two from each group still go through to the knockout stage, while the new format allows for the four best third-ranked sides to also progress.
Group E
Italy, the world’s 15th ranked team, will face some stiff competition in Group E, starting with Belgium, the second best country in the FIFA/ Coca-Cola rankings. With EPL stars Romelu Lukaku and Eden Hazard, and AS Roma’s Nainggolan on the roster, the Red Devils will be a force to be reckoned with.
The Republic of Ireland (31) and Sweden (36) are always tough competition. The Irish have played Italia to a 1-3-1 record in five meetings since 2009, while Sweden presents a unique challenge with the likes of Zlatan Ibrahimović, one of the premier goal scorers in recent history. “Ibra” scored 53 goals in 54 games this past season with Paris St-Germain and has a knack for breaking Italian hearts, scoring wonder goals like his unbelievable back heel in the 2004 Euros (with his back to goal) that floated into the top corner and eliminated Italy during group play.
He keeps going and going...
One man that will be pivotal to Italy’s success is 38-year-old captain Gianluigi Buffon. Considered to be one of the finest goalkeepers in the history of the beautiful game, Buffon, like a fine wine it seems, has gotten better with age, helping Juventus win its 5th consecutive Scudetto this season. Earlier this year, “San Gigi” announced that he planned to retire from professional football in two years, making this his final appearance at this tournament. It could possibly be the last time the most capped player (156) in Italian football dons the blue jersey for his country. He has mentioned he’d like to emulate one of his heroes, Dino Zoff, who captained Italy to its 1982 World Cup victory as a 40-year-old keeper, but that remains to be seen.
Coach Conte
While questions remain about Buffon’s future, the 2016 Euros will definitely be the swan song for Coach Antonio Conte, who becomes the new bench boss at Chelsea F.C. following the tournament.
Conte, winner of three consecutive Serie A titles with Juventus from 2012-2014, took over for Cesare Prandelli on a two-year deal after the dismal showing at the 2014 World Cup and has led his country to a 9-6-3 record since taking over.
With only three losses in 18 games, it is most certain that he’d love to end his tenure with a title, so look for some interesting tactical decisions throughout the tournament.
The Azzurri backline
No surprises here. Italy’s backline will be strong, and knowing Conte’s penchant for sound defensive play, the Juve trio of Leonardo Bonucci, Andrea Barzagli and Giorgio Chiellini will be relied upon to carry the load, especially since “the Italian Mourinho” is inclined to play three at the back. Their experience and chemistry with club teammate Buffon will make it tough for any team to bulge the old onion bag. Youngsters Matteo Darmian (Man U.) and Mattia De Sciglio (AC Milan) are available to slot in if their manager has a change of heart and decides four defenders is the way to go.
Centrocampisti
A couple of injuries to key players in the midfield may leave La Nazionale short on depth. Juve’s Claudio Marchisio, who would have been relied upon heavily during this competition, suffered a torn ACL in April and is out for a long time. Rising star Marco Verratti hasn’t featured regularly for Paris St-Germain since January as he’s been in and out of lineup battling a groin inju
Searching for scoring
The biggest question mark for Conte’s side lies in its ability to find goals. During qualifying, Italy showed signs of difficulty in penetrating the final third, managing just 16 goals in 10 qualifying games – with five of those goals coming in a lopsided victory over Azerbaijan. Graziano Pelle, a traditional target man with Southampton, has been inconsistent when on national team duty. With Mario Balotelli’s fall from grace, the Azzurri don’t have a prototypical number 9 and Conte has resorted to adding Oriundi (foreign-born naturalized players) like Inter Milan’s Éder for help.
Predictions and prognostications
As defending World Cup champions, Germany will be THE team to beat in this tournament. Despite a tough road through qualifications, Die Mannschaft will get its act together and be the juggernaut that all pundits expect them to be, with Toni Kroos manning the midfield and shredding defences with his precision passing. Spain are the two-time defending Euro champs and will be looking to bounce back from their own disturbing performance at that same World Cup, while host country France is young and vibrant, and could surprise if its players can overcome an alleged blackmail scandal involving star striker Karim Benzema, who will be left off the roster.
Despite its trouble scoring goals, La Nazionale went undefeated in 10 qualifying games (7-3-0) and demonstrated, as it always has, that it will field a formidable defensive lineup. If Pelle or any other striker can channel the spirit of Totò Schillaci and find their scoring touch, the Azzurri can do some damage.
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In which Sheffield stadium do the events take place in the Channel 4 TV show The Games? | Sport Sheffield | Our Location
Sport Sheffield
You’ll love our location
Sheffield, a city like no other
Did you know?
Sheffield is England's fourth largest city. It is famously friendly, and excellent for student social life and entertainment.
The Lyceum Theatre, the Crucible Theatre and the Studio Theatre make up the largest theatre complex outside of London.
As the National City of Sport, Sheffield has an enviable choice of world-class facilities
Sheffield has the world’s oldest football club “Sheffield FC”
It is located in the heart of the country - two hours from London by train.
Sheffield is one of the greenest cities in the country - 61% of Sheffield's entire area is green space.
It has 150 woodlands and 50 parks.
Sport Sheffield is only 11KM (7miles) away from the Peak district
Great transport links
Sheffield is well served by national road and rail networks and has excellent local transport. The university campus is on the western edge of the city centre and is easy to get to by car, bus and tram.
Sheffield Stagecoach Buses: Click here
Famously Friendly
Although Sheffield is a major city, and developing all the time, it has kept its sense of community. This is a friendly, safe and affordable place to make your home. Most University buildings are within walking distance from each other and the campus is a very short walk from the city centre.
Our students love Sheffield so much that they can't tear themselves away. Every year thousands of them set up home here after they've graduated and start to build a life.
Why? It's friendly, it's beautiful, it's modern, and it’s safe. Some people say it's the most creative city on the planet. There are two and a half million trees. And three and a half million amazing things to do.
Take your pick from theatre, cinema, art, music, museums, great shopping, thrilling outdoor activities and sport for all.
Sheffield is a city built on ideas, where you can go on experiencing new things every day. Expand your mind with cutting-edge theatre and film. Push your body harder and further with world-class sporting facilities. Or just forget about all that and go shopping.
Take a look……
Sheffield a city you’ll love: Click here
"Our favourite social and cultural spaces" by Eleven Design Sheffield: Click here
A day in the life of Sheffield (Student video using time lapse photography): Click here
Why Sheffield: Click here
A Cultural City
The Lyceum Theatre, the Crucible Theatre and the Studio Theatre make up the largest theatre complex outside of London. Click here for more information.
Sheffield Doc/Fest brings the international documentary family together to celebrate the art and business of documentary making for
five intense days in June. Sheffield is fast becoming known as one of the top places in the world for people from the documentary and digital industries to get together - to meet, to screen their work, share knowledge, do business, make new contacts and discuss innovations and challenges they are facing in the ever changing media landscape. Click here for more information.
You’ll love our location
Sport Sheffield is the University department that manages all aspects of sport, health and fitness at the University of Sheffield.
Our main site, the Goodwin Sport Centre, is located between the student residential areas and the main campus. This means it’s easy to call in to the pool, gym etc., on your way into lectures or, on your way back.
Interactive campus map - Click here
Campus map with A-Z index - Click here
Sport Sheffield is only 11KM (7miles) away from the Peak district. So, if you’re a climber, walker, and cyclist or just like the countryside we want to help you make the most of this natural resource. It is the first and largest of Britain's National Parks, and is a place of outstanding natural beauty.
Landscapes range from the gentle, limestone dales of the White Peak to the rugged rocky outcrops and open moorland of the dark Peak. Vast caves, natural springs and stone villages are easily accessible from Sheffield.
Walking Club: Click here
Our Links across the city
Sport Sheffield work with other facilities and services across the city. Our partners provide the services we don’t have to enable students to get the most out of being at the University of Sheffield.
Whether it’s about using their facilities for Varsity or getting a discount for students on tickets we will do our best to add value for our students.
The English Institute of Sport
The English Institute of Sport Sheffield (EISS) it is one of the country's most impressive indoor sports venues. This multi-sport venue has a range of high quality facilities that are used predominantly by the community. However it is also the home of the Yorkshire region of the English Institute of Sport and is used by a number of national governing bodies, including boxing, judo, badminton, netball, table tennis, handball and volleyball.
There is also a specific agreement in place with World Snooker in respect of the Snooker Academy.
The EIS has an extensive network of internal and external expertise focused solely on performance impact. Through their network of nearly 250 sport science and medicine practitioners, the EIS has a unique network of expertise throughout England.
Many of the Summer Varsity games between the University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam University take place at the EIS in March each year.
English Institue of Sport website - Click here
Ice Sheffield
Ice Sheffield is an ice arena in the Lower Don Valley area of Sheffield. It was completed in May 2003 at a cost of £15 million. It consists of two Olympic-size ice rinks built to world standards, with seating for 1,500 people.
The venue is capable of hosting world-class sporting events but it was also built to allow skaters of all abilities to experience premier ice conditions.
It is now home to most ice hockey teams in Sheffield with the exception being the Sheffield Steelers, who are still based at nearby Sheffield Arena, though the venue has hosted a number of Steelers games in recent seasons.
Ice Sheffield website - Click here
Don Valley Stadium
Don Valley Stadium is notable as being the second largest athletics stadium in the UK, with a seated capacity of 25,000, behind the London Olympic Stadium. It is a vibrant and modern arena with events ranging from international athletics to music concerts. The venue offers indoor and outdoor athletics facilities and training and professional sports coaching for all ages.
It has an athletics stadium which has hosted major UK Athletic events and the 1991 World Student Games. Sheffield Eagles RLFC also use the stadium. It is also used for Channel 4's celebrity sports show, “The Games”, as well as hosting “The BritBowl”, the championship finals of the British American Football League.
The stadium and facilities provide a training base for the City of Sheffield Athletic Club and is home to the Sheffield Half Marathon.
Don Valley Stadium website - Click here
Sheffield Wednesday FC
Sheffield Wednesday is one of the oldest professional clubs in the world and the fifth oldest in the English league. Known as the Owls with their ground at Hillsborough, their main rivals are Sheffield United, the two clubs having contested the Steel City derby on a regular basis for some 100 years.
Sheffield Wednesday FC website - Click here
Sheffield United FC
They were the first sporting team to use the name 'United' and are nicknamed 'The Blades', thanks to Sheffield's worldwide reputation for steel production. The Club play their home games at Bramall Lane, the oldest major stadium in the world still hosting football matches.
Sheffield United FC website - Click here
Experiences & Opportunities
Students choose the University of Sheffield because of its international reputation for high quality teaching and research excellence and because of the outstanding student experience that it offers.
But there's more to it than that. Whether you're after a bit of culture or just having fun and games, there's nowhere better to live than Sheffield.
High ropes - city course!
Aerial Extreme at Ice Sheffield is one of our new action packed urban high ropes courses designed to bring big thrill action adventure to the inner-city. It's compact, but fully loaded with 34 challenging obstacles. Situated behind Ice Sheffield and just up the road from Meadowhall Shopping Centre, we guarantee you'll have a jumping, dropping, laughing and screaming adventure.
Aerial Extreme website - Click here
Map Compass - Navigation course
Navigation is, and can be a part of everyday life. It can also be an essential skill to have. There are lots of courses in and near Sheffield for beginners, enthusiastic walkers, professional ramblers and individuals who want to improve their knowledge. This type of course can gain your confidence and build your map reading knowledge.
Pure Outdoor website - Click here
Cycling in the Peak District
The Peak District is a wonderful area for cycling and mountain biking. There are several cycling trails along former railways, and numerous tracks and bridleways for mountain biking. PLUS there are cycle hire centres offering bikes to suit all ages and abilities. There are miles of quiet country lanes to discover by bike. For experienced mountain bikers, the remote moorland bridleways can provide more of a challenge. Cycling is a fun, healthy way to explore and see the stunning countryside of the Peak District.
Visit and Cycle: Click here
Pedal the Peak District - 9 Journeys - video: Cli ck here
Ten great universities for climbers and walkers
Choosing where to go to university? There’s lots of things to consider including the all-important questions of how close it is to the hills and crags, whether it has an active climbing and walking club and whether it’s just the right distance away from home.
With a little help from Facebook friends, The BMC have selected ten university locations in England and Wales to take a closer look at that are considered good or even ‘the best’ for climbers and walkers. Some are listed for their proximity to crags, hills and mountains and others for their specialised outdoors courses.
They have stayed south of the Scottish border, but for those who want to head to the highlands there’s even a University of the Highland and Islands with campuses including Fort William, Inverness and Skye. Also, whilst Oxford and Cambridge both have active mountaineering clubs, the UCAS form deadline for Oxbridge this year has passed so They haven’t included them either.
| Don Valley Stadium |
Who played Fusilier Dave Tucker in Soldier Soldier? | Stagecoach Supertram: The Don Valley
You are here: Focus On » The Don Valley
The Don Valley
Situated on the Yellow route between Sheffield City Centre and Meadowhall, this area is unrecognisable to the Don Valley pre 1980's when the landscape was surrounded by factories involved in all aspects of the steel industry. Very few of these now remain and Sheffield has had to change with the times.
Much of this area was derelict brown field land prior to the arrival of Supertram but the frequent easy to use system has helped to attract business to the area.
Services to the Don Valley area from Meadowhall, Hillsborough, Middlewood and the City Centre operate every 10 minutes peak (07.30 - 19.30 Mon - Fri, 09.30 - 17.30 Sat ) and every 20 minutes at all other times. On Sundays a 20 minute service also operates on the Purple route to give a 10 minute frequency between the City Centre or Meadowhall and the Don Valley between 10:00AM & 18:00PM. To Access the Don Valley area from Sheffield Midland train station would usually involve boarding a tram to travel one stop from the station to Fitzalan Square/Ponds Forge and crossing to the opposite platform to board the Yellow route tram towards Meadowhall. All trams have a conductor on board who will be available to purchase tickets from as well as offering information and advice
The two major sites in the Don Valley; The Motorpoint Arena and the Don Valley Stadium host some major events and Supertram works closely with both locations to provide transportation to and from the area. Additional trams are usually made available after events to transport people quickly and safely away.
The Motorpoint Arena Sheffield is an arena hosting a variety of concerts and sporting events.
The building was officially opened by Her Majesty The Queen on 31st May 1991. The £34 million building was constructed in time to host the World Student Games, hosting concerts, ice shows, theatre style shows, ice hockey, sport, exhibitions and conferences.
The Motorpoint Arena is owned by Sheffield City Trust, an independent charity, and managed under contract by the US media giant Live Nation UK.
The building’s versatile indoor multi-purpose auditorium can easily accommodate audiences from theatre-style shows of 3,500 up to centre stage productions hosting audiences of 13,000.
All of the world's biggest touring artisites and shows have played at the Motorpoint Arena - From Paul Simon to Rod Stewart, Julio Iglesias, Bryan Adams, Sting, Eric Clapton, The Eagles, Harlem Globetrotters, KISS, Luciano Pavarotti, U2, Elton John, Neil Diamond, Torvill & Dean, Cliff Richard, Metallica, Shirley Bassey, Simply Red, Bruce Springsteen, Michael Bolton, Bon Jovi and Iron Maiden.
Visit www.motorpointarena.co.uk for more information
Don Valley Stadium
The Don Valley Stadium is an athletics stadium in Sheffield, England. It was designed by Sheffield City Council's Design & Building Services and built by RM Douglas Construction. The complex opened in 1990, ready for the 1991 World Student Games and has since become a profitable centre for athletics in the area. It is named after the River Don, near which it lies.
It is home for the Sheffield Eagles rugby league team and is also used for Channel 4's celebrity sports show, The Games and for concerts, hosting acts such as The Rolling Stones, Michael Jackson and Red Hot Chili Peppers.
The Stadium also hosts BritBowl, the championship finals of the British American Football League.
The stadium and facilities provide a training base for the City of Sheffield Athletic Club.
History
Completed in September 1990 at a cost of £29m, the Don Valley Stadium was the first completely new national sporting venue built outdoors in Great Britain since Wembley in the early twenties. It was built as the centre-piece of a £147m construction programme needed to provide the necessary sports and cultural facilities to enable the city to host the 1991 World Student Games.
The track is sunk five metres below ground level and is sheltered by banks of spectator seating, creating a 'bowl effect'. This not only gives ideal viewing conditions, but also offers athletes every opportunity of producing peak performances.
This record-breaking philosophy has even had a bearing on the angle at which the track is set and its positioning is relative to the prevailing winds and the rise and fall of the sun. The finishing line has been positioned at the east end of the stadium which means that in the afternoon and evening when most meetings are held the sun will always be at the athletes backs in the finishing straight, as is the prevailing westerly wind. Jan Zelezny threw 95.66m in the Javelin on the 29 Aug 1993 (which was a world record at the time) and infamously nearly skewered the TV commentators who were interviewing near the start/finish line !
The whole of the running track and its infield is illuminated by the strongest floodlighting system in the country. Each of the five lighting towers used is 45 metres above track level and carries a lighting head as tall as a typical three storey house (11 metres high). All amenities for competitors and officials are at track level with all spectator facilities at natural ground level. This means, for example, that disabled spectators have level access from the main car park straight through to the mid level of spectator seating.
VIP facilities are on a third level while the top-most of the four levels has been set aside for hospitality boxes and press areas.
The Stadium's major focal point is its grandstand which holds 10,000 spectators. The main canopy roof has an area of 6000 square metres and is made of Teflon coated glass fibre. It is supported by ladder masts reaching 12m above the top of the grandstand, the latter are painted yellow and give the stadium its unmistakeable appearance. They also give completly uninterrupted sight lines around the bowl although coverage from the rain in the bottom half of the stand can be problematic. Underneath the main stand is located an 85m indoor running/warm up track. Up to 15,000 spectators can also be accommodated on the open terracing making the seating capacity 25,000, although the stadium has a maximum capacity of 52,000 if the infield is used for standing. There were plans to use the stadium in a Sheffield bid for the 2002 Commonwealth games (which eventually went to Manchester) and also to use it as a potential joint ground for the city's two football teams. In both of these eventualities the seated capacity would have been raised to 45,000.
The Rolling Stones held a concert at the stadium on the 27th of August 2006, as part of their A Bigger Bang Tour.
Don Valley Bowl
Situated beside Don Valley Stadium and behind Ice Sheffield, this is the region's finest open air, greenfield site. The Bowl has played host to many spectacualr events including; Music in the Sun, Hallam FM Party in the Park 2001, The World Firefighter Games 2004, The BAFL Showjumping Event in May 2006, to mention but a few! The Bowl is also the regular venue for Sheffield's annual 'After Dark' celebration on Bonfire Night.
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Which darts player is known as The Power? | Can Phil Taylor, the greatest darts player of all time, step away from the game that made him? | Ed Caesar | Sport | The Guardian
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Phil Taylor does not remember how much his father made working at Platt’s tile factory in Stoke-on-Trent in the early 1960s, but he knows it was not enough. Like tens of thousands of other men in Stoke, his father worked in the potteries for which the city was famous, and expected his son to one day do the same. His dad got paid on a Friday, and the money rarely lasted the week.
For the first few years of Taylor’s life, his family lived in a dilapidated terraced house in Tunstall, a rundown area of Stoke, that his parents bought for £100. The whole family – Phil, his mum, his dad – slept on the ground floor because upstairs was condemned. Half the windows were boarded up; his father used to joke that they did not need a window cleaner, they needed a sander. Some days, when Taylor was very young, he and his mother scavenged for scrap metal to sell. When his family scraped together enough money to buy a television, the installer could not find anywhere to plug it in: the Taylors didn’t have electricity. Eventually, they ran a wire to a neighbour’s house and borrowed a plug socket.
Half a century later, on an ice-cold night in January, Taylor stood and waited on the stage at Alexandra Palace in north London, with three darts in his left hand, in the final set of the final match of the 2015 PDC World Darts Championships, with more than a million people watching on television, trying to win £250,000. He did not need the money – or at least, he did not need it in the way a poor man might need it. Taylor had utterly dominated the sport of professional darts for 25 years. He had won 16 world championships – an achievement unlikely ever to be surpassed, except by himself. (Nobody else has won more than five.) He continued to make more money than any other darts player – more than £2m a year. But he was 54, and he did not win as often or as easily as he used to. He was getting old. His eyesight was weakening. He was going through a divorce. His mother was dying. In the press box and in the players’ lounge, many wondered whether he would soon retire from the sport altogether – or why he had not already.
The darts that Taylor held in his hand mattered more than any others he had thrown that evening. There are various formats in darts, but at the Worlds, you win a leg by getting your score from 501 down to exactly zero quicker than your opponent. A perfect leg, rarely seen, uses only nine darts: seven treble 20s, followed by a treble 19 and a double 12, for instance. (Taylor has achieved this feat more than any other player, although he has never thrown a nine-darter at the Worlds.) The first player to win three legs wins the set, and the first player to win seven sets wins the match. Players throw three darts at a time from the oche – a line 7ft 9¼in from the board – and must finish on a double. (So, if you need 40 to reach exactly zero, you must land on a double 20.) The finishing is the key. The best professional players are adept at hitting treble 20, the highest score on the dartboard. It is the shot they practise the most. The difference between the good and the great is the ability to stay cool enough to locate the right doubles at the right time.
Right now, Taylor needed a double 16. It had been a topsy-turvy match. He and Gary Anderson, a cocksure Scotsman, had played some of the best darts anyone had ever seen in a world championship final. The score was six sets all in a first-to-seven-sets match. Taylor had lost the first leg of the final set, but now had three chances to tie the set at one-all. If he did so, most observers assumed Taylor would go on to win the match. Winning is Taylor’s superpower. There has been nobody like him for winning, in any sport – except, perhaps, for the Irish jockey AP McCoy, one of Taylor’s heroes, who has won more races than any other jockey in every season of his professional career, 19 years in a row.
Anderson retrieved his darts from the board and Taylor shuffled forwards to the oche. A grandfather with thinning close-cropped hair, stooped shoulders and a portly physique, Taylor may not look like a professional athlete, but he is perfectly designed for darts. He is almost the exact height from the floor to the bullseye, with a quick arithmetical brain, a tenacious attitude, and a smooth, deliberate throwing action that he has fine-tuned over tens of thousands of hours of practice – a motion he describes as “like butter”.
Taylor is unusual among professional players in that he holds his darts at the back of the barrel, rather than gripping around the widest part. To make this unorthodox grip more comfortable, he roughens the back of the barrels with sandpaper. Now, as he moved into position – his right foot flattened against the throwing line, his shoulder square on – he ran the fingers of his left hand around the sanded parts.
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Taylor’s nickname – ‘The Power’ – was given to him in 1995 by a Sky floor manager who liked Snap’s dance tune of the same name. Photograph: Jason Cairnduff/Action Images
He transferred one dart from his left hand to his right, raised his right arm to the perpendicular, and threw. At the moment of release, Taylor’s eyes widen dramatically, as if somebody has plucked a hair from him. His throwing expression appears particularly startled at big moments, as if he is imploring the missile to be true.
The first dart landed just outside the double 16. Sections of the crowd groaned. Others sang “There’s only one Phil Taylor”, to the tune of Walking In a Winter Wonderland. Two opportunities remained. Taylor went through the same routine again, without visible irritation. Eyes wide, he threw. Miss again. Groan again. He had one more chance. If he missed, Anderson would come to the oche with three good chances to win the leg, leaving Taylor down 2-0 in the final and deciding set.
In his pomp, between 1995 and 2006, when Taylor lost only one world championship in 12 years, these darts used to sail in. At pressurised moments in big matches, everybody knew that Taylor was ruthless. If he had three chances at double 16 to win a leg, he would win the leg. Trying to beat him in this period, the commentator Sid Waddell once said, was like “eating candy floss in a wind tunnel”. But now his instruments were less obedient, and his rivals had taken heart.
One dart. Taylor still had an opportunity. His two previous efforts had landed just outside the wire, meaning he could kiss the barrel of one of those two errant darts with his third, and steer his final dart into the double 16. Arm cocked, eyes like dinner plates, he threw.
* * *
There is no doubt that Taylor is the finest darts player of all time. If you win three times as many world titles as anybody else, and have a winning record against every other player, you are the best. But some observers have also described Taylor as Britain’s greatest living sportsman, and many find that label laughable. At the divide in opinion about Taylor is a question of what darts really is. To its detractors, darts is not really a sport – it’s a pub game, a pursuit for overweight men with negligible athletic talent.
Bubbling underneath these discussions is the question of class. Unlike most of the sports we watch on television, which developed on the playing fields of Victorian private schools, darts is a working-class game. Some suggest it started centuries ago as a pastime for sailors and soldiers, who would throw missiles at marks on an upturned barrel, or the bottom of a tree. Whatever its origins, the sport became standardised in the working men’s pubs of early-20th-century British cities.
Darts has been looked down upon from its inception. To the authorities in Edwardian England, pub games were dangerous because they encouraged gambling. In 1908, a publican was summoned to Leeds magistrates court, charged with allowing a game of chance – darts – to take place at his bar. According to a widely circulated tale, which has undoubtedly seen some embellishment, the publican brought along a local darts champion called William “Bigfoot” Annakin. A dartboard was produced. To show darts was a game of skill, Annakin threw three 20s, and challenged the clerk of the court to do the same. None of the clerk’s darts hit the target, and only one stayed in the board. The landlord won his case.
Darts used to be an intimate spectator sport: a few blokes watching their friends throw. As it has moved out of pubs and into arenas, it has become an increasingly odd live experience. The contest takes place on a raised stage, and the players throw with their backs to the audience. In the great hall at Alexandra Palace, as at most darts events, almost nobody can see where the darts land. (They can hear them, though; the action unfolds to the irregular thunk-thunk-thunk heartbeat of darts landing near a microphone.) Fans rely on the announcer onstage and a live feed from several enormous screens to know what is happening. Before the advent of this technology, audiences were sometimes kept abreast of the action by a large wooden board, into which pegs were placed to indicate the destination of each shot. Now, going to the darts is like watching darts on television in the rowdiest tent at Munich Oktoberfest.
Darts has remained a working-class game, despite the increasingly large proportion of metropolitan ironists who attend the two-week world championships: advertising executives in wigs, city traders dressed as Big Bird. Most of the spectators are white, male and unfit to drive. The place swims in lager. Fancy dress is encouraged. Communal singing is mandatory. When Prince Harry first watched the Worlds in 2011, drinking his lager from a plastic pint glass, it was proof for some that darts had finally “gone posh”. A more convincing analysis was that Harry, like many privately educated young men before and since, had “gone darts”.
As a spectator sport, darts has never been more popular. Many tournaments sell out months in advance. Viewing figures for darts on Sky television beat every other sport except for football. Those numbers spike when Phil Taylor is playing, because “The Power” is still the biggest star in darts – and, despite his everyman looks, its most recognisable figure. Shortly before this world championship, Taylor told me that he had given little thought to retirement.
“The game still needs me,” he said.
‘The game still needs me,’ Taylor said. Darts, however, is preparing for life after Taylor
Darts, however, is preparing for life after Taylor. Barry Hearn – Taylor’s manager and the chairman of the Professional Darts Corporation – told me that Sky’s audience used to drop by as much as 40% when Taylor’s matches finished. Now, that figure is only around 20%. There is a group of younger players with large followings. They include the ebullient, bald Dutchman, Michael van Gerwen, or “MVG” to his fans; Adrian “Jackpot” Lewis, Taylor’s protege from Stoke, who won two world championships in 2011 and 2012; and Gary Anderson, Taylor’s opponent in the final in January.
Hearn told me that Taylor was in denial about the ageing process. He was, Hearn said, “on the shores trying to send the waves back, and you can’t win” – King Canute at the oche. “We’ve got to get it to the stage where the game gets bigger and bigger and the other personalities get bigger, so that we’ve got a replacement,” he said. “I mean, that’s a fact of life. You know, sooner or later Phil will lose the appetite.”
* * *
In mid-December, shortly before the start of the world championships, I visited Taylor at home in Werrington, a town on the outskirts of Stoke-on-Trent. He was going through a divorce from his wife, Yvonne, the mother of his four children, to whom he had been married for 23 years. They no longer lived together. Instead, Taylor stayed in a four-bedroom, newly built house on a close a few miles from where he grew up. The house, he told me, was one of 14 he owned, including the large house in Stoke his wife still lives in. Most of Taylor’s properties are in the Midlands; one is a villa in Tenerife; one is a holiday chalet near Blackpool. Each property was bought for cash. He has never had a mortgage.
A burly man named Shaun Rutter, who was missing half his right ear, answered the door. Rutter is an old friend from Stoke who now lives in the spare room of the house, helps out with odd jobs, and practices darts with Taylor. He invited me in and asked if I would like coffee. The house was immaculate, like a show home. Taylor cannot abide clutter. (He mentioned more than once that his house was filling up with ladders sent to him by his sponsor, Werner ladders.) There were some pictures of his children and grandchildren around, but not much darts memorabilia and no trophies.
Taylor sat on a large corner sofa, in tracksuit bottoms and a polo shirt from under which a parcel of his white flesh protruded. He has struggled with his weight for years, and is a faddy dieter. He often embarks on “juice” programmes, eating nothing solid for weeks on end – with dramatic but unsustainable results. (Sid Waddell believed that one of Taylor’s crash diets, in 2003, cost him that year’s world championship because the weight loss unsettled his balance.) His many tattoos were on show, including the vivid red “Power” stamp on his right forearm and the “Glory” on the left. (His nickname, “The Power”, was given to him in 1995 by a Sky Sports floor manager who liked Snap’s dance tune of the same name; Taylor was previously known as “The Crafty Potter”.)
A vast flat-screen TV took up several square feet of wall in between two display cabinets and was at that moment tuned to Bargain Hunt. Taylor muted it. He has a friendly, boyish demeanour and we happily chatted about this and that: Taylor’s new movie-streaming software, the weather, the work he and Shaun had recently done to the wiring in the house. Without prompting, and without a discernible change in register, he told me that his mother, Liz, was gravely ill. Taylor had moved her into a nursing home a third of the mile from the Werrington house, somewhere she could get 24-hour care. He visited her every day. “Mum’s getting older and she’s going, you know what I mean?” he said. “She’s like your right arm, she is. You know, she’s not well. She’s not going to get better anyway.”
From there, Taylor’s life story tumbled out. He was born in 1960, the only child of Liz and Doug, a ceramics worker. For the first years of Phil’s life, the Taylors lived in the terrace in Tunstall, before the house was the subject of a compulsory purchase order and demolished. The family were then moved to a more comfortable council house. Taylor has good memories of his early years. It was, he says, a “bit like Coronation Street. But the houses were knackered, you know, nobody had anything. Nobody had any money. All the men went to work, the ladies stayed at home, looked after the kids and what-not. And the front doors were open.”
Taylor progressed through school with no great distinction, leaving when he was 15. In the 1970s, there were still many mines and potbanks where young men could find work. The mines did not appeal to Taylor. He had hoped to become a policeman, but the cut-off height for entry into the local force was 5ft 8in, and he missed out by a quarter-inch. He finished school on a Friday and started on the Monday as a sheet-metal worker, earning £9 a week. (His mother worked next door, in a pottery, and Phil told me he got the job because the boss of the sheet-metal factory fancied her.) After a couple of years of being a “general dogsbody” he progressed to being an engineer, and then working on the lathe in a ceramics factory making beer pumps and toilet handles.
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Taylor at a practice session in Manchester. He began playing darts with his father at the age of 12. Photograph: Christopher Thomond for the Guardian
Meanwhile, Taylor was discovering that he possessed a natural talent for darts. His mum and dad had a board in the house and both enjoyed the game. From the age of 10, Taylor started to play with his father, whose pub team regularly won the local leagues. But he could trounce the older men. “I used to say, how come you lot keep winning everything? I used to beat them easy. I was only a lad.”
Taylor didn’t start playing regularly until his mid-20s. In his late teens and early 20s, he was more interested in spending his weekend evenings in the discotheques of Stoke. It was in this period he met Yvonne. But after he took a second job behind the bar at a pub called The Huntsman, three nights a week, he began to play for the pub’s team in the Working Men’s Club League.
Occasionally he would have a drink and a game at The Crafty Cockney, a pub in Stoke that was owned by Eric Bristow, a Londoner who had for a long period been the best darts player in the world, but who was suffering at the time from “dartitis” – a condition similar to the “yips” in golf, where players become almost too nervous to throw the darts. Bristow was trying to cure himself by practising in marathon sessions. He said Taylor could keep him company.
“I needed someone to practice with, eight hours, 10 hours a day,” Bristow told me recently, in his slurred accent. “I invited a couple of other people, but they couldn’t do it. They were knackered. People can’t play eight hours a day … Phil could. And he got better.”
Soon, Taylor was playing darts for his county, Staffordshire. Bristow decided to sponsor Taylor to play at professional tournaments in north America, advancing him several thousand pounds for flights and hotels, in the expectation that Taylor would repay him when he started winning. It was the start of a complicated and sometimes fractious relationship between the two men that continues to this day. “We’re like brothers,” Bristow said. “We argue but we get on all right.”
Bristow could be a hard taskmaster. In the early days, when Taylor was at his first overseas tournaments, he would sometimes call Bristow up to tell him that he had been beaten in the final of a tournament. Bristow would tell him to call him back when he had won something, and put the phone down. “Second place is no good,” he told me. “Anyone can come second. I had to get his mind strong.”
More damaging to their future relationship was the issue of money. (“It’s all money with Phil,” said Bristow. “He’ll be the richest man in the graveyard.”) When I spoke to him, Bristow rebuffed one aspect of the Taylor story that has become almost folkloric – that Bristow was assiduous in recouping the loan from his protege. The narrative goes that he would turn Taylor’s pockets out as he was walking offstage with prize-money at championships. It is a story Taylor has told to Jonathan Ross, as well as to other interviewers. But Bristow told me that Taylor had never paid him back the loan. (Taylor says: “It’s completely untrue. And if I did owe him money I’d be the first to know.”)
Taylor went on to achieve much more than his mentor. When he beat Bristow in 1990 to win his first world championship final, Bristow got a call from his own father, who said: “Never teach someone how to do your job.” But 25 years later, Bristow says he loves it when Taylor wins big matches: “It’s a part of me winning up there.”
* * *
When Taylor says the game needs him, he is barely exaggerating. His rise and the rise of darts have been inseparable. In 1960, when Taylor was born, darts barely existed as a professional sport. Since 1927, there had been a de facto national championship, sponsored by the News of the World, but there was no meaningful circuit. The idea of being a full-time darts player would have been laughable.
Colour television changed and made darts. In 1970, ITV began showing the annual News of the World championship, and from 1972 a wonderful programme called Indoor League featured darts alongside a number of other pub games including bar billiards and shove ha’penny. It was clear that while shove ha’penny might not have a big future as entertainment for the masses, darts – with its close-ups and its frequent high-stakes shots – was made for TV. One of the sport’s champions was Sid Waddell , a Cambridge-educated son of a Geordie miner and a producer of Indoor League. Waddell became the voice of darts and perhaps the funniest commentator in television. (Of Eric Bristow’s fourth world title, Waddell famously said : “When Alexander of Macedonia was 33, he cried salt tears because there were no more worlds to conquer. Bristow’s only 27.”)
From 1973 onwards, a new body called the British Darts Organisation (BDO) began to formalise darts competition. By the early 1980s, about 14 tournaments were covered on the BBC and ITV. Prize money at each tournament wasn’t life-changing, but because of the large viewing figures, players could make money by performing in exhibitions. Suddenly, the idea of being a professional darts player wasn’t so silly. The British public warmed to darts’ effervescent characters: the short, bibulous Scot, Jocky Wilson; Bristow, the arrogant, chain-smoking popinjay.
By the end of the 1980s, however, viewing figures had dwindled and advertisers had fled. Sponsors were put off by the reputation of darts as a game for fat, boozy men. When Taylor started his professional career, television coverage of darts had shrunk to a single tournament: the Embassy world championships. In 1992, a downbeat Waddell told a reporter from the Daily Mail: “I think the game has had its day as a TV sport. I do not see any light at all in the gloom.”
The players were frustrated. Tournaments were well-attended, but the stars found it difficult to make money. Taylor won the 1990 and 1992 Embassy, but often competed in America in this period, splitting prize money with his friend Dennis “The Menace” Priestley to mitigate the cost of travel. Priestley remembers the two men would share a room for the duration of a cash-prize tournament, and then dump whatever money they had won on the bed on the night the competition ended and evenly split the dollars between them.
In the early 1990s, a group of 16 of the world’s best players, including Taylor, formed a breakaway organisation that became known as the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). They began to hold their own world championships, broadcast by Sky. When the sports promoter Barry Hearn walked into the Circus Tavern in Purfleet, Essex during the 1995 world championship, he looked around and said: “I love it. I smell money.”
Before he had his first whiff of darts, Hearn had transformed snooker, another working man’s sport, and had helped to make its best players rich. He changed Taylor’s professional life in the same way. Hearn would soon become the sport’s dominant impresario, and – from 2001 – the chairman of the PDC. He also became Taylor’s manager. “Every second of every day, 24 hours a day – I completely control him,” Hearn told me when we spoke in January.
Hearn said that Taylor’s importance to the success of the breakaway league could not be overestimated. He was, said Hearn, the sport’s “flagbearer”. When I asked Hearn why Taylor had been so much better than anybody else on the circuit, he gave me a straightforward answer: “He works harder.” He also believed he knew what motivated Taylor. “Phil loves a pound note,” said Hearn.
Certainly, Taylor is unusually driven. After his experiences with Bristow, he thought it was normal to practice for several hours a day. Back then, very few other darts players threw so many darts. (Now, Taylor’s rivals have adopted his professionalism.) There was even a board in the bedroom Phil shared with Yvonne. Some nights he refused to go to bed until he had hit a particular milestone: three 180s, for instance. On the day he was married, he played a county darts match in the afternoon before returning for the wedding reception in the evening.
If Hearn is right, and money is Taylor’s chief motivation, why is he still playing? He could continue to earn good money as a darts pundit or ambassador of some kind. Taylor often complains about the demands placed upon him by his schedule. But when we met for the first time last year, Taylor told me that his commitment to practice had not dipped – despite the stress of his divorce and the worsening health of his mother. In fact, he said that darts had helped him navigate these crises, because of the intense concentration required to play well. When I was at his house, he and Rutter began a marathon practice session in the spare room. Taylor said that process of playing darts was “escapism” for him. While the physical process of throwing darts may be soothing for Taylor, it does not explain his willingness to continue as a pro. He could just throw darts at home.
When you see Taylor in public, it is clear that his sense of self is intimately connected to darts. He is a genuine celebrity, unable to walk down a street without being asked for an autograph or a selfie. His professional success is only part of his appeal. In an era of Ferrari-crashing Premiership footballers, Taylor seems attuned to earlier, more modest generations of British sportsmen: Stanley Matthews, Gordon Banks, Steve Davis. He rarely drinks alcohol. He is polite. Although he has a terrible memory for names, he covers by calling people “bud” or “buddy”. (If he really should know the person’s name he calls them “Reggie”.) He hates to say no to autograph-hunters, and has developed a code with his driver to prise him from difficult crowd situations: if he asks for “oatcakes” then his driver will intervene.
Taylor still considers himself working-class. To him, it is more about your state of mind than your bank statement
Taylor wants to stand for something beyond darts. Not only has he, unlike most professional sportspeople, actually worked at low-paid manual jobs, but he sees no shame in having done so. In fact, he revels in his background. Taylor told me a story about his mother, Liz, who had always wanted more children, but was never successful. (He remembers her saying to him years later: “I only had one, but I had a champ.”) She miscarried on four occasions. Taylor said that each time, the family’s neighbours stepped in to help: “One would come in and do my mother’s washing. Another one would look after my mother, another one would feed me. Another neighbour would give me dad his tea when he got in.” This decency has stuck with Taylor. It’s one of the reasons – along with his distrust of mortgages – that he still considers himself working-class. To him, the classification is more about your state of mind than your bank statement.
Taylor balks at any suggestion that he has forgotten his roots. When he beat Chris Mason in the early rounds of the 2007 PDC world championships, he left the stage fuming at the obscenities Mason had uttered in his ear at the end of the match. In a post-game interview, he said he would walk away from darts if he was subjected to any more of the same treatment. “I’ve never heard such filth in all me life,” said Taylor. “I ain’t going to have it.”
Taylor, who had played in pubs and clubs all his adult life, had assuredly heard filth like it. His anger on that occasion stemmed from what Mason had recently told the newspapers – that Taylor was a “Bertie Big Bollocks” who flaunted his wealth over the other players. This characterisation infuriated Taylor. He told the interviewer: “They don’t work hard enough. You’ve got to put the effort in. You’ve got to make sacrifices … I’m just a working class man who’s done well for himself.”
Taylor may have done well out of darts, but he admits that his success has corroded his family life. “It’s hard to keep a marriage when you’re on the road all the time,” he told me. And, despite his unwillingness to leave the spotlight, his existence now seems oddly lonely. Because of the volume of requests he receives, he changes his phone number often. The people who spend the most time with him are connected to his work. Rutter’s presence in his house suggests he does not want to live alone. Sometimes, when Taylor is on the road, he will share a twin room with his driver Bob Glenn – a shaven-headed Midlander who used to work for Eric Bristow – just for the company.
* * *
Taylor’s third dart left his right hand. Whatever its destination, he had proved many people wrong at this world championships. Throughout the tournament, the view in the press tent was that this was his last opportunity to win a world championship, but that he was not playing well enough to challenge Anderson or Van Gerwen in the final. In the third round, against the fiery Belgian player Kim Huybrechts, Taylor had come close to being knocked out of the tournament. (Backstage, one journalist could be heard on the phone taking instructions from his editor: “Right, nothing if he wins, eight pars if he goes out?”) But Taylor rallied that night, and on every subsequent night. He seemed to win matches through willpower alone.
His opponent in the final, Gary Anderson, had played magisterial darts for two weeks. In the semi-finals, Anderson had dominated many people’s favourite for the tournament, Michael van Gerwen. Afterwards, the Dutchman was so upset he kicked the tarpaulin of the press tent – a moment of frustration that was captured by a Dutch photographer and led to a confrontation. The two men were eventually separated by officials after the photographer agreed to delete his picture. There were no such fireworks after Taylor beat his longtime rival, Raymond van Barneveld – a tall, bespectacled Dutchman with a broad belly and the wistful manner of a publican running an unprofitable establishment. Backstage, the two old friends embraced and Taylor said, very quietly: “Well played, Barn.”
On 4 January, the night of the final, Taylor said he felt relaxed. Deep in the bowels of Alexandra Palace, cordoned off from the players’ bar, is a practice area where only competitors and one guest are allowed. Taylor warmed up on the boards there for two hours while his driver, Bob Glenn, kept him company. When the call came, Anderson walked out of the practice area first. Taylor and Glenn followed, up three flights of stairs underneath a mirrored ceiling, through some large double doors and then a black cloth curtain.
After Anderson had walked onstage to House of Pain’s Jump Around, accompanied by two security guards and a brunette “walk-on girl” in a tight gold minidress, it was Taylor’s turn. He shuffled to the end of the walkway, fans calling his name, and his eyes scanning the room. John McDonald, the announcer, bellowed: “Now, ladies and gentlemen, here he is: the record-breaking, history-making, 16-time champion of the world … It’s Phil … The Power … Taylor!” Snap’s The Power played, artificial lightning flashed, and Taylor smiled and fistbumped his way down the runway to the stage. He looked faintly embarrassed by the attention. There is just no way for a 54-year-old to bump fists convincingly.
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Taylor during the PDC world darts final against Gary Anderson at Alexandra Palace. Photograph: Sean Dempsey/EPA
The action onstage was mesmerising. Darts is a repetitive sport. Like taking penalties in football, it is what sports scientists call “a closed skill”. So much of its drama is related to expectation. Everybody knew Taylor had hit double 16 thousands of times in his career. But could he do it this time, with the tournament on the line? Truly great darts matches are contests of self-control. Can one player react to brilliant darts thrown by the other? Taylor told me that the secret to his success as a match player had been to “play the man not the board”. Every time his opponent scored big, he forced himself to do the same.
By the time Taylor reached the deciding set with three darts for double 16 to tie the match, he felt that he had played Anderson into a corner. Much later, after the match had ended, he would tell me that in this moment he thought: “I had him by the bollocks.” But Taylor missed his first dart, and then his second. When his third landed a millimetre or two wide of the double 16, he stood still for a moment and stared at the errant missiles. It was as if they had somehow done him wrong. Anderson quickly punished the mistake. Taylor lost the final leg, the final set, the match, and the world championship.
When Anderson threw his winning dart, Taylor turned and slumped his shoulders, and methodically put his darts back in a little leather wallet. It was a few seconds before he could bring himself to congratulate the victor. This was only the fourth world final he had lost in 20 he had contested. As he walked off stage after the trophy ceremony – which must have salted the wound for Taylor, as his hero AP McCoy was handing out the prizes – he told me: “It’s me own fault.”
The final finished late. It was well after midnight by the time Taylor had completed his duties with the press, at which point Glenn drove him home to Werrington. They arrived at two in the morning. The next day, Taylor went to see his mother at the hospital, before packing a bag for New Zealand, where he had been booked to go on an exhibition tour. The plane left at 9pm from Heathrow.
Two weeks later, while Taylor was in Australia, his mother died of a lung infection at the age of 74. He cut short the tour and came home on the next flight. She was buried on Wednesday 4 February at St Mark’s Church in Basford. It was, said Taylor, “the worst day of me life”.
It would have been understandable if he had taken some time off from his professional duties. But the next day, he travelled to Bournemouth to compete in a Premier League event. His match was against Adrian Lewis – a fellow Stoke man and double world champion whom Taylor had mentored through his early career. During the match, the crowd, who knew about the week their hero had endured, sang “There’s only one Phil Taylor” with feeling. Taylor responded by thrashing Lewis with the best darts he had played in months. At the end of the match, Lewis planted a single kiss on Taylor’s head.
• Follow the Long Read on Twitter: @gdnlongread
Ed Caesar is a freelance journalist who lives in Manchester. His first book, Two Hours: The Quest To Run the Impossible Marathon, will be published later this year
This piece was amended on 7 April to correct a factual error.
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Even for a deceptively simple sport, darts is deceptively simple. Forget any ideas about technique or tactics. Forget Ronnie "The Rocket" Baxter and Wayne "Hawaii Five-O-One" Mardle. Darts is about keeping your bottle. The rest is just nicknames and spangly shirts.
Sky One's Darts Players' Wives had billed itself as a slice of kitsch glamour. The reality was far more beer and bingo. Rachel, wife of Ronnie, was introduced as having "the biggest mouth in darts", but it was not really that big. Peter "One Dart" Manley and his wife Crissy are known as the Posh and Becks of darts. But Posh does not cut 16-stone Becks' straggly hair on a stool in the kitchen.
The most interesting darts player was also the quietest and most successful. For the last 20 years, the 12-times world champion Phil Taylor has practised in his old bedroom at his mum's house. Elizabeth Taylor (not that one) cut straight to the point. "To me, second is nothing. Second is absolute crap."
Dutifully, Phil "The Power" arrived at the Circus Tavern in Purfleet this week to defend his Ladbrokes.com world title live on Sky Sports 1. He was up against a fresh-faced challenger in Mark "Flash" Dudbridge. Flash strolled out to Queen's "Ah-aah!" Flash Gordon theme. The Power emerged to Snap's I've got the Power. Neither seemed hampered by the fact that they both sound as if they are named after cleaning products. Fittingly, Flash had seen off somebody called Ovens in the quarter-finals.
Taylor looks like a champion. Something in his eyes suggests he is constantly turning over doubles, trebles, pick-offs and checkouts. Dudbridge, on the other hand, looks as if he works in Phones4U. Asked for his prediction, Eric Bristow confirmed that he is still the Crafty Cockney. "Dudbridge? E's ge'in' be'er an' be'er an' be'er."
On commentary Sid Waddell stayed away from epic similes and stuck to the darts. Later he pointed out a famous face in the crowd: Bob Russell, Liberal Democrat MP for Colchester, who wants to introduce darts to the Olympics. "It really is refreshing to see a member of parliament taking so much interest in darts," he said. Only up to a point, Sid.
Dudbridge started off throwing tremendous. Taylor was only throwing so-so. " Wanhhandradanfowtay !!!" Before long the Power was throwing incredible. He hopped around like a puppy dog after taking a 5-3 lead. The mood in the commentary box was rueful. "Dudbridge is still championship material. Because of his form, because of his nerve, because of his shape."
Darts is always hungry for younger, slimmer stars. It is still touchy about its shape; and the fact that, whichever way you look at it, the whole thing takes place in a pub. The Circus Tavern was like the bar on a cross channel ferry. Families drank beer and ate crisps. People danced. Kids waved. More than anything it looked like a really good laugh.
Taylor threw the winning dart and a blizzard of shiny fag papers flooded the oche. He paid warm tribute to Flash before wandering sleepily off stage. The Power looked as if he could do with a drink - and maybe a quick game of 501 down.
Over on the BBC there was another world darts champi onship going on, but it was not as sleek or as much fun as Sky's production.
There has been dismay recently at terrestrial TV narrowing its sporting portfolio. With the loss of Test cricket, the absence of Richie Benaud from the British summer after next has been generally mourned. Happily, the reigning Voice of Cricket can still be enjoyed in the winter via satellite. This week he was fronting up Channel 9's night-time coverage of Australia against Pakistan, introduced by Sky's Ian Ward, from what looked like the inside of a broom cupboard.
If you happen to live with a colicky, three-week-old baby, Benaud's voice has a remark ably soothing effect - not on the baby, unfortunately, but he made me feel better.
Channel 9 is like a less evolved version of Sky. The graphics look cheaper and the commentators do not goof around in the same relaxed way. Watching England against South Africa in Cape Town for Sky, Ian Botham announced that during the second Test the crowd had drunk 22,000 litres of beer on the first day alone. "That's more than for the entire five days last year," he said, with the reverence normally reserved for Don Bradman's batting average.
There is no Beefy or Bumble on Channel Nine. Instead they just talk about cricket. Each ball is minutely analysed. Sometimes in between overs they do not say anything .
Back in Cape Town David Gower introduced a teatime interview with the Harrow School cricket coach Stephen Jones. Jones had a hair-raising story to tell. Over Christmas Harrow were on tour in Sri Lanka. When the first tsunami wave struck, they were warming up on the Test pitch in Galle. As Jones described it, "the wave came at us from a third man position". The boys were rushed from the field and up to the top floor of the clubhouse, while at ground level their team bus was hurled from one end of the ground to the other. They were safely back home a few days later.
Cricket has been particularly responsive to the disaster. The Channel 9 team were plugging the Asia v Rest Of The World benefit match at the MCG. During the game you can contribute via the red button on your remote. At last someone has found something useful to do with it.
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Which mobile phone company was established in 2001 when a Japanese company merged with a Swedish company? | Sony Ericsson Repair Services | Dr. Cell Phone
Sony Ericsson Repair Services
Sony Ericsson Repair Services
Sony Ericsson was established on October 3, 2001 by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to make mobile phones. By 2008, Sony Ericsson became the fifth-largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world after Nokia, Samsung, LG and Motorola.
The Sony Ericsson Walkman Series music phones, which launched in 2005, was a great source of success for Sony Ericsson. Sony Ericsson became notable globally for its emphasis on the fusion of mobile and music. On May 28, 2009, Sony Ericsson unveiled the Satio—the first 12 Megapixel camera phone. Sony Ericsson’s mobile phone division is certainly on the uprise.
Dr. Cell Phone repairs all types and models of Sony Ericsson phones including the world-renown Walkman series. Specializing in cracked screens, flex cables, housing replacements, speaker and mic issues, and charging port replacements, Dr. Cell Phone can repair any Sony Ericsson phone!
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The worlds largest spider is named after which biblical character? | It all began with a failed rice cooker - a glimpse at Sony�s history - GSMArena blog
Sony
It's a well known fact that Sony, a multinational conglomerate head-quartered in Tokyo, Japan, is one of the leading brands in the consumer as well as professional electronics market today. However, what is not widely known is how it all began. In this article, we�ll take a brief look at the company's history - it�s journey from the beginning to where it is today, as well as some its milestone products.
The Beginning
Around 70 years ago, in the year 1945, defense contractor Masaru Ibuka established a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kenkyujo"(Totsuken), or Tokyo Telecommunications Research Institute. This was the time when the World War II had just ended. Ibuka�s firm operated from the third floor of the damaged Shirokiya Department Store (shown below) in Tokyo.
Although the company mainly focused on radio repairs, it also came up with its own product: an electric rice cooker.
Made by interlocking aluminum electrodes connected to the bottom of a wooden tub, the product lacked innovation, and mostly produced either overcooked or undercooked rice - the result depended on the type of rice as well as the quantity of water used. Overall, it was a failed attempt, and the cooker never hit the market.
Tape recorders and transistors
In May 1946, Ibuka joined hands with former naval lieutenant Akio Morita to launch a new business called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation), also known as Totsuko.
Based in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, the firm was started with an initial investment of 190,000 yen (around $1,500 today), and also incorporated Ibuka�s radio repair business along with its entire staff. Totsuko focused on research and manufacture of telecommunications and measuring equipment.
The company�s first creation was a 'Power megaphone' that went on sale in October 1947. Three years later, the firm launched Japan�s first magnetite-coated, paper-based recording tape, dubbed Soni-Tape.
A few months later, the country�s first magnetic tape recorder, the G-Type was also launched. Interestingly, the device was viewed as a product for government use, hence the G in G Type.
The product didn�t sell well initially, primarily because people knew little about tape recorders and how they can be useful. This led to Ibuka and Morita personally visiting places like government agencies, schools, and universities to market the product, and convince people that they need one. Eventually, their efforts bore fruit, and the product sales picked up.
The very next year, Totsuko launched the P-Type portable tape recorder, which was not only smaller and lighter than G-Type, but was also less expensive. It was also commercially successful.
In 1952, Ibuka and Morita learned about transistor (developed by Bell Laboratories) on their trip to the US. They wasted no time in applying for its license, which they obtained in 1953. Given the fact that transistors were a smaller, durable, and less expensive alternative to vacuum tubes (which were used in Totsuko�s products till now), the company started working on a small radio that could be carried in hand or pocket.
Meanwhile, with an aim to go global, both Ibuka and Morita decided to have a short brand name that could be easily remembered - they zeroed down on SONY, a mix of the Latin word "Sonus" (which meant sound) and "Sonny", an American name for boys mostly used in 1950s. This happened in the year 1955, when the company finally released TR-55 , the country�s first transistor radio. Measuring in at just 14 x 8.9 x 3.4cm, the device was an instant hit.
The Sony brand became immensely popular, so much so that the company changed its own name to Sony Corporation in 1958. A couple of years later the company launched a transistorized television, and also established trade offices in the US and Switzerland.
The early 1960s saw the company developing transistor based products including the TC-777 amp tape recorder, world�s smallest and lightest TV dubbed TV5-303 , country�s first stereo amplifier, the TA-1120 , as well as the TC-357, a tape recorder featuring automatic recording adjustment.
In the second half of the decade, Sony launched products like its first cassette tape recorder, the Magazine-matic 100 TC-100, world's first IC radio, the ICR-100 , as well as a Chromatron-type 19-inch color TV, 19C-70, and Trinitron color TV dubbed KV-1310 (shown below).
This was also the decade when the Japanese company entered into a 50-50 joint venture with America�s CBS Inc. The entity would become Sony Music Entertainment in a few decades.
VCR, Betamax, and Walkman
The next decade brought along the cassette age. In 1971, Sony launched a 3/4-inch u-matic color video cassette player dubbed VP-1100 , and in the following year, a u-matic color video cassette recorder dubbed VO-1700 (shown below) was launched.
The year 1973 saw the company getting an Emmy award for developing the Trinitron color TV system - this was the first Emmy ever awarded to a Japanese company.
Meanwhile, the company was expanding globally - German, Spanish, and French subsidiaries were set up in the first few years of the decade.
In 1975, Sony launched a 1/2-inch �Betamax� VCR dubbed SL-6300 . While the VO-1700 catered to a limited audience such as television stations, the SL-6300 was aimed directly at the consumer market.
Unsurprisingly, the Japanese company was sued by leading US movie studios over piracy concerns. However, the final judgement was in favor of Sony.
Although Betamax video format was successful, Sony failed to establish it as an industry standard, allowing competitors to develop the VHS (video home system) format, which was in-fact technically superior to Betamax. Gradually, VHS not only overtook Betamax in popularity, but also rendered it obsolete.
Soon after Sony launched its first tape recorder in 1950, the company hired Norio Ohga - an opera student at the Academy of Art in Tokyo - who had suggested several improvements in the product. In the late 1970�s, on co-founder Masaru Ibuka�s desire to listen to music on a device more portable than the company�s existing TC-D5 cassette players, Ohga - who was the company�s Executive Deputy President then - started working on a compact cassette tape.
The year 1979 saw the company launch the TPS-L2 (shown above), the first model of the first-generation Walkman personal stereos. The product, which included headphones and a leather case (as well as a second earphone jack), became a roaring success. It�s worth mentioning that the device was launched as the Sound-About in the US and the Stowaway in the UK, but Sony later settled for the brand name Walkman - the term became so popular that it was even included in Oxford dictionary in 1986.
CD Players, Handycam, and Columbia Pictures acquisition
In the year 1982, Sony launched the world�s first compact disc player in Japan. Dubbed the CDP-101 , the $1,000 device was released in the US just a few months later.
In the same year, the company also launched the BVW-1 , a 1/2-inch Betacam integrated camera/VTR for analog-based professional broadcasting use.
The following year saw the company being split into five divisions: marketing and sales, manufacturing, service, engineering, and diversified operations. In 1984, Sony launched the world's first portable CD player dubbed D-50 . The device, which was approximately the size of four CD cases, was later called Discman.
1984 was also the year when the Japanese company bought the rights to use Apple�s hard-disk technology, a move that effectively allowed Sony to capture nearly one-fifth of the Japanese market for workstations, and PCs used in offices. The company also started manufacturing and marketing electronic components for other companies that year, something it had never done before.
The following year, an 8mm camcorder dubbed CCD-V8 was launched. Weighing in at 1.97kg, it was the world�s first video camcorder of its kind.
In the later half of the decade, Sony launched the MVC-C1 , a consumer-use still camera that was marketed as an electronic camera for the TV age. It offered features like auto-strobe, fast successive shooting, timer functions, and TV screen display.
In the year 1989, the CCD-TR55 was launched. Nicknamed Handycam, the device was a compact and lightweight passport-sized 8mm camcorder.
This was also the year when Sony purchased American film company Columbia Pictures for $3.4 billion in cash. This was the largest US acquisition by a Japanese firm to that date. A few years later, the entity was renamed Sony Pictures Entertainment.
PlayStation, Cybershot, and VAIO
The early 1990s brought a tough time for Sony as majority of the world's largest economies - including the US, Japan, and Europe - experienced a slowdown. Ohga - who had become the Sony�s CEO by then - along with Morita tried to steer the company out of this situation but couldn�t succeed completely - net income decreased 50% in 1994.
Meanwhile, the KW-3600HD, an HD-equipped, 16:9 wide aspect ratio, 36-inch consumer-use television launched in 1990, and Sony Computer Entertainment was established in 1993. Sony entered the Japanese gaming market the following year, introducing the 32-bit PlayStation. The console, which landed in the US a year later, was a huge success.
The year 1995 saw Sony's first consumer-use digital video camcorder DCR-VX1000 /DCR-VX700, a.k.a Digital Handycam. In addition, basic specifications of the DVD format were finalized this year, and Sony Communication Network Corporation was also established in 1995. The following year, Sony launched its digital still camera Cybershot DSC-F1 (shown below). The Japanese company also established it Chinese subsidiary this year.
1997 was an important year in the Sony history as it saw the launch of the company�s home-use PC VAIO series. The flat CRT WEGA series, as well as the world's first broadcast-targeted HD camcorder, HDW-700 and its first DVD player came this year.
Towards the end of the decade in 1999, the Japanese company launched the ERS-110 , the first-generation model of the AIBO four-legged autonomous entertainment robot, which could not only express but also learn emotions.
Unfortunately, this was also the year when co-founder Morita passed away.
Change in focus
With the advent of 2000s, Sony changed its strategy a bit, and started focusing on digital and gaming market, as well as emerging networks such as broadband, wireless, and home. In the year 2000, the Japanese company launched the sequel to its original PlayStation gaming console.
Dubbed PlayStation 2, the product was more of a home entertainment center as it could play audio CDs and DVD movies, as well connect to the Internet. The console was hugely successful.
Some other milestones that Sony achieved in this decade were:
Launch of the personal IT television Airboard IDT-LF1 in 2000.
Development of world's largest (13 inch) full color organic EL display and establishment of Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications in 2001.
Launch of world�s first Blu-ray recorder BDZ-S77 in 2003.
Establishment of Sony BMG Music Entertainment and development of world�s first mercury-free button-shaped silver-oxide battery in the year 2004.
Launch of BRAVIA brand HDTV-compatible flat-screen TVs in 2005.
Launch of world�s first Blu-ray Disc drive Notebook PC ( VAIO typeA ) as well as PlayStation 3 in 2006.
Development of Bio Battery (that generated electricity from glucose), and launch of world�s first OLED TV in 2007.
Launch of world's smallest full HD Handycam HDR-TG1 in 2008.
Development of finger vein authentication technology dubbed Mofiria and unveiling of new brand message make.believe in 2009.
Launch of Cyber-shot and NEX series still cameras, as well as Sony Internet TV in 2010.
Introduced its Xperia line of tablets in 2011
Launch of Playstation 4 in 2013.
Mobile Phones
As noted in the milestones above, the entity Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications was established in the year 2001. Clear from its name, the company was a joint venture formed by the Japanese company and Swedish-based Ericsson with an aim to manufacture top-quality multimedia mobile-phones. Here are some of the company�s handsets that deserve a mention:
The first handset that Sony Ericsson outed was the T68i in the year 2002. Based on Ericsson�s already-released T68 mobile phone, the device�s features included color display, a built-in e-mail client, bluetooth, GPRS, as well as two-way MMS, among others.
The $650 T68i, which came with a Joystick for navigation, also featured in the James Bond film Die Another Day.
In the year 2003, Sony Ericsson came up with the T610 . Sporting a premium design and a 65,000 color display with 128�160 pixels resolution, the device could also take 288 x 352 pixels resolution pictures.
It garnered praise from both critics as well as end users, and was one of the company�s most successful handsets.
The year 2005 saw the launch of the K750i mobile phone, which sported a 2MP rear camera with auto-focus. It also had an MP3 player and expandable storage.
This was also the year when Sony Ericsson launched the W800 , its first Walkman series phone. The device could play MP3 and AAC files, and lasted for up to 30 hours in Music mode.
It also featured Flight mode, Bluetooth v1.2 (with full Bluetooth 2.0 compliance), Infrared, and USB connectivity.
In 2006, the K800 was launched. It was the company�s first Cyber-shot-branded mobile phone. The handset sported a 3.2 MP camera with auto-focus and Macro mode, and offered 32x digital zoom and red-eye reduction.
It also featured the BestPic functionality that allowed users to take 9 successive images of the same subject in full resolution to choose the best shot.
The year 2007 saw Apple launching the first generation iPhone . Like many other mobile companies, Sony Ericsson failed to quickly respond to threat of the Cupertino-based company�s first handset, which brought along the touchscreen craze.
Like Nokia , Sony Ericsson first went ahead with Symbian (its P series phones), but then ditched it in favor of Android and Windows Mobile platforms citing lack of demand in the market. While the company debuted its Xperia series in 2008, the Xperia X10 (shown below) was its first Android phone that launched in the year 2010 - all previous models of the series ran Windows Phone OS.
This was followed by the launch of devices like the Xperia X10 mini pro , Xperia X10 mini , Xperia Arc , Xperia Play (shown below), and Xperia Ray .
In late 2011, Sony announced that it�s acquiring the Sony Ericsson joint venture for $1.5 billion. The famous Sony Ericsson branding ceased in the year 2012, when the acquisition completed, and the erstwhile joint venture was renamed Sony Mobile Communication. It was also decided that, moving forward, the entity will only concentrate on selling smartphones.
The Xperia S - that came out in 2012 itself - became the first smartphone to ship with the Sony branding. The device featured 32GB internal memory a 4.3-inch HD display and a 12MP rear camera.
Gradually, the Xperia brand encompassed Sony Mobile�s smartphone portfolio, with flagships including Xperia Ion and Xperia Acro , as well as Xperia Z1 , Z2 , and Z3 that launched in the following years.
This brings us to the company�s latest flagship smartphone: the Xperia Z4, which was announced in April this year and is available internationally as the Xperia Z3+ .
Unfortunately, the device�s sales were hampered by heating issues , although the company soon released an update to fix the problem.
Conclusion
Like any other company, Sony has had its share of hiccups - last year, the company sold off its struggling VAIO computer division and spun off its failing bravia TV business. There have even been reports of the company considering selling its mobile phone unit. And who could forget last year�s hack of Sony Pictures Entertainment and the subsequent troubles related to the release of the film The Interview.
But isn�t all this part of the game? Every company goes through rough phases, and Sony is no exception. However, what really matters is learning from your own mistakes and adapting to the changing times, which we hope Sony will continue doing.
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How many pairs of ribs does a human have? 8, 10 or 12? | The Ribs - The Human Skeletal System
The Human Skeletal System
References
The Ribs
The ribs are flat, thin bones that, together with the sternum , make up the ribcage. The ribs provide protection for vital organs in the upper body, including the heart and lungs. The ribs also help to protect major vessels in the upper body. There are twelve pairs of ribs, accounting for 24 total rib bones. The ribs are divided into the following three categories: true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs. The primary differences are size, and how they connect to the front of the skeleton. Below is a more detailed description of the three categories.
True Ribs
The first seven pairs of rib bones (beginning at the top of the sternum ) are called "true ribs." They connect to the spine (by ligaments) at the back, and connect to the sternum by costal cartilage in the front. Costal cartilage is elastic and allows the ribcage to expand during respiration.
False Ribs
The next three pairs of rib bones (8, 9 and 10) are called "false ribs." Like the true ribs, false ribs are connected to the spine at the back. The primary difference in true ribs and false ribs comes in where the false ribs connect at the front. Instead of connecting to the sternum , false ribs (which are also slightly shorter than true ribs) actually connect to the lowest true ribs (this may be observed in the picture, above).
Floating Ribs
The last two pairs of ribs (11 and 12) are the smallest of all of the rib bones, and are called "floating ribs." They get the name "floating rib" because they are connected to the spin at the back, but are not connected to anything at the front, thus appearing to "float."
In addition to protecting vital organs, such as the heart and lungs, the ribs serve other important purposes in the human body. The ribs give shape and support to the chest. They protect parts of other organs, including the stomach, spleen and kidneys. The ribs also help humans to breathe. The cartilage that connects the true ribs to the sternum allows the chest to expand when you inhale and the lungs fill with air. The rigidity and mass of the rib bones then help to contract the lungs and expel air when you exhale.
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Which is the only fish able to hold objects in its tail? | Chapter 19: The skeleton of the thorax
Figure legends
Chapter 19: The skeleton of the thorax
The skeleton of the thorax includes the sternum, ribs and costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs (fig. 19-1 ).
Sternum
The sternum, or breast bone, is a flat bone that, from superior to inferior, consists of three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process (figs. 19-1 and 19-2 ). It is useful to remember that the manubrium and body are approximately on the level of thoracic vertebrae 3-4 and 5 to 10, respectively (see figs. 20-8 and 21-1 ). Its subcutaneous location and the thinness of its compacta have made the sternum a common site for puncture by a needle to obtain marrow for study.
The upper border of the manubrium is marked by the jugular notch, which is easily palpable and is usually at the level of the T3 vertebrae. On each side of this is a notch for the medial end of the clavicle. The first costal cartilage is attached to the side of the manubrium. Below, the manubrium articulates with the body of the sternum at the sternal angle, which is marked by a palpable (and sometimes visible) transverse ridge about 5 cm below the jugular notch. The sternal angle is an important bony landmark at the T4 or 5 vertebral level. It indicates not only the manubriosternal junction but also the level of the second costal cartilages; hence it is a reference point in counting ribs. Rarely, however, the sternal angle is at the level of the third costal cartilages. The manubriosternal junction (i.e., the union of the manubrium with the body of the sternum) is usually fibrocartilaginous, but it may become ossified.
The body of the sternum, about twice as long as the manubrium, is notched on each side to receive costal cartilages 2 to 7. Transverse ridges may indicate its development from several pieces. The xiphosternal joint (i.e., the union of the body of the sternum with the xiphoid process) is usually fibrocartilaginous, but it too may become ossified. It is at the apex of the infrasternal angle and is usually at the level of thoracic vertebra 10 or 11.
The xiphoid process is a small and variable piece of hyaline cartilage that contains a bony core. It lies in the epigastric fossa, or "pit of the stomach."
The sternum develops bilaterally in the embryo, and it later ossifies from a variable number of bilateral and median centers.
Ribs
There are usually 12 ribs on each side of the body (fig. 19-3 ). They are elongated yet flattened bones that curve inferior and anterior from the thoracic vertebrae. The ribs, as well as the costal cartilages, increase in length from the first to the seventh, and their obliquity increases from the first to the ninth. Generally, ribs 1 to 7 are connected to the sternum' by their costal cartilages and are called true ribs, whereas ribs 8 to 12 are termed false ribs. Usually, ribs 8 to 10, by means of their costal cartilages, join the costal cartilage immediately above, whereas ribs 11 and 12, which are free, are known as floating ribs. A supernumerary rib may be found in either the cervical or lumbar region. In thoracic surgery, a portion of a rib can be excised, leaving its periosteum, which later allows regeneration of the bone.
Ribs 3 to 9.
Ribs 3 to 9 have certain features in common and are known as typical ribs (figs. 19-4 and 19-5 ). Each has a head, neck, and shaft. The head presents two articular surface: one for the corresponding vertebral body and one for the vertebra immediately superior. The junction of the neck and shaft is marked by a tubercle, which articulates with the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra. The shaft, which is curved and twisted, presents an angle posteriorly, which indicates the lateral extent of the erector spinae and is the weakest part of the rib. The curvature of the rib is such that a person lying on his back is supported by the spinous processes and the angles of the ribs. The concave, inner surface of the shaft is marked inferiorly by the costal groove, which gives attachment to the internal intercostal muscle and shelter to the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve (from superior to inferior). The ribs ossify from a primary center for the shaft and secondary centers for the head and tubercle.
The first rib.
The first rib (fig. 19-6 ) is short and forms part of the thoracic inlet. The head articulates with the T1 vertebra, and the neck lies behind the apex of the lung. The flat upper surface faces superiorly and may present a groove for the subclavian artery and the lower trunk of the brachial plexus, anterior to which is the tubercle for the scalenus anterior muscle. Further anteriorly is a shallow groove for the subclavian vein. The first rib is difficult to palpate in vivo, but the first intercostal space can be identified immediately below the clavicle. The second rib, which is much longer than the first, is curved but not twisted. It articulates with T1 and 2 vertebral bodies and presents a tuberosity for the serratus anterior muscle.
Ribs 10 to 12.
Rib 10 usually articulates with the tenth thoracic vertebrae, only. Rib 11, which articulates only with the T11 vertebrae, has an indistinct tubercle, angle, and costal groove. Rib 12, which articulates with the T12 vertebra, is small, slender, and variable in length. The differences in length have to be kept in mind in surgical approaches to the kidney.
The costal cartilages are comprised of hyaline cartilage, which later may become ossified. They fit into depressions in the anterior ends of the ribs, and the upper seven or eight articulate with the sternum. The costal cartilages impart resiliency to the chest wall. They often become partly ossified later in life.
Thoracic vertebrae (figs. 39-5 , 39-6 and 39-7 )
The thoracic vertebrae are described with the back. The superior costal facet of a typical thoracic vertebra, together with the intervertebral disc and the inferior costal facet of the vertebra immediately superior, forms a socket for the head of the corresponding rib.
Questions
19-1 What is the vertebral level of the manubrium sterni?
19-1 The manubrium is approximately on the level of thoracic vertebrae 3 and 4. A horizontal section between these vertebrae would pass through the great vessels of the neck, the trachea, esophagus, and upper part of the lungs. A horizontal section through the lower end of the sternum (approximately T10 vertebral level) would be expected to pass through the lower part of the heart and lungs but might easily include a portion of the right lobe of the liver. Thus pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities might be opened in one section.
19-2 What lies on the upper surface of the first rib?
19-2 The subclavian vein (anterior to the anterior scalene muscle) and the subclavian artery and lower trunk of the brachial plexus (posterior to the anterior scalene muscle) lie on the upper surface of the first rib. If a cervical rib is present, angulation of the subclavian artery, brachial plexus, or both over such a rib may cause such features as pain on movement of the arm and numbness of the fingers. This is one example of the "neurovascular compression syndrome" of the upper limb.
19-3 How are ribs counted?
19-3 Ribs are counted from above down, beginning with the second, which is generally (but not always) opposite the sternal angle. The first ribs are concealed by the clavicles.
Figure legends
Figure 19-1 The bones of the thorax. Note that the upper two and a half and the lower two and a half thoracic vertebrae are visible.
Figure 19-2 The sternum and its muscular attachments.
Figure 19-3 Photograph of the ribs.
Figure 19-4 The internal aspect of the right seventh rib. Note the slope inferior and anterior and the twist of the shaft.
Figure 19-5 The right seventh rib from inferior and posterior.
Figure 19-6 The superior surface of the first rib, showing grooves for vessels as well as muscular and ligamentous attachments. The scalenus minimus (not shown) is also inserted into the first rib.
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What is the plural of mongoose? | Mongoose | Definition of Mongoose by Merriam-Webster
noun mon·goose \ˈmän-ˌgüs, ˈmäŋ-ˌgüs\
Definition of mongoose for Students
plural
mongooses
: a long thin furry animal with sharp claws that eats small animals (as snakes and mice), eggs, and fruit
Learn More about mongoose
Spanish Central: Translation of mongoose Nglish: Translation of mongoose for Spanish speakers Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about mongoose
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up mongoose? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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Which animal has the Latin name of Lupus? | The Plural of Mongoose
The plural of mongoose is mongooses or mongeese.
The Plural of Mongoose
The plural of mongoose is mongooses or mongeese.
Mongooses live in southern Asia, Africa, and southern Europe.
Mongeese mostly feed on insects, crabs, earthworms, lizards, birds, and rodents.
The table below shows the standard rules for forming the plurals of nouns in English.
Type
Noun Ending s, sh, ch, x or z
bus
add either s or es
(There are no rules for this - you have to know.)
mangoes or mangos
change the y to an i and add es
stories
Nouns ending f or fe
dwarf
(There are no rules - you have to know.)
dwarfs
some nouns undergo a vowel or letters change
mongeese
some nouns do not change at all
salmon
sheep
Why Is There Confusion over the Plural of Mongoose?
Confusion arises over the plural of mongoose because many believe that it should have the same ruling as the plural of goose.
Both mongooses and mongeese are acceptable. Of note, mongooses is by far the more common plural. ( See the evidence in Google's Ngram Viewer .)
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No Mean City by Maggie Bell is the theme tune to which long running TV detective show? | 10 Things You Didn't Know About Taggart | Taggart | Alibi Channel
Taggart
10 Things You Didn't Know About Taggart
You’ve watched Jardine, Robbie Ross and Taggart himself crack crime on the mean streets of Glasgow – but do you know who to credit with the creation of the series? And just why did Mark McManus once attack a co-star’s wig? Here's our list of 10 things you didn’t know about Taggart.
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1: The creator of Taggart, Glenn Chandler, "nicked" the detective's name from a gravestone.
It was in the early 80s that the controller of drama at Scottish Television invited Chandler to try his hand at writing a crime thriller about a Glaswegian cop. Chandler had a modest reputation thanks to some TV plays he'd written, and relished the chance to write a major show. Shortly after getting the job, he went out for a walk in Edinburgh and, crossing through a cemetery, glimpsed the name Taggart on a headstone. And his hero was born.
2: Taggart was actually called "Killer" when it was first broadcast in 1983. This is because it was initially intended to be a mini-series following one story over three episodes. This explains why it lacks the Taggart theme, opening with an oddly gentle piece of classical music instead. The story, which featured Jim Taggart working alongside his first sidekick Peter Livingstone, was so successful that the ITV network immediately commissioned a full series under the name Taggart.
3: Jim Taggart may have been a bit on the dour side, but Mark McManus was a practical joker – especially when co-stars annoyed him. One victim was Annette Crosbie – best-known as Victor Meldrew's long-suffering wife – who featured in a 1987 edition of Taggart. Being a perfectionist, she kept asking McManus to rehearse together. McManus, who usually read over his lines just once before filming, became so annoyed that during one scene he went to light her cigarette and "accidentally" burnt away part of her wig with an extra-long flame (a gaff which later featured on It'll be Alright on the Night). While making the next episode, McManus quipped to a co-star, "I hope you're not gonna be any trouble or I'll set you on fire like the last one!"
4: The famous theme song from Taggart is called No Mean City and has an illustrious pedigree. It was written by Mike Moran, an acclaimed musician who wrote the classic track Barcelona for Freddie Mercury. He also wrote a song called Snot Rap for Kenny Everett, but we won't dwell on that. No Mean City is sung by Maggie Bell, the former lead singer of the 70s Glasgow band, Stone the Crows. The band disbanded prematurely after their guitarist died after being electrocuted by his microphone during a gig – a tragic, freak accident.
5: James Macpherson, who played the trusted sidekick (and eventual leading character) DCI Jardine actually applied to become a policeman in real life. He even got as far as an interview, but abruptly decided to abandon that path and take up acting because he simply felt he wasn't tough enough to be a copper. Still, police roles have defined him as an actor – having starred in not only Taggart but The Bill as well. And he's played that other Scottish detective, Rebus, for spoken word books.
6: It's almost surprising just how many places around the world have been hungry for the mean streets of Glasgow. Taggart has been broadcast in over 60 countries, including Afghanistan, India, Japan, Sri Lanka, Brunei and Bosnia. Wonder how they all translated the word "murd'rrr"?
7: The Taggart crew certainly do their homework when it comes to the gorier side of policework. As well as having police officers on hand to provide insights on how crime scenes look, the team also consult the forensic department at Glasgow University – where the boffins show the make-up team slides of real wounds to inspire their rather disturbing "art". By the way, they often use minced beef and chicken bones to create realistic injuries. Bet you're glad we told you that.
8: Maryhill police station actually exists – but Taggart is never shot there, and the team have created many fictitious Maryhills over the years. Indeed, in just the past six years, five different buildings have served for exterior shots of Maryhill, and three different studios have served as the interior. They have nothing in common, which why the headquarters can look so different in various episodes. The different locations were used to fit in with filming schedules and cut out travel times.
9: The years 1993 and 1994 proved a time of great crisis for Mark McManus and the rest of the Taggart team. In October 1993, McManus's wife lost a long battle against cancer and, not long after, Mark himself was struck down by terminal pneumonia. It was an arduous, painful experience that series creator Glenn Chandler remembers clearly.
"We knew that Mark was going to die," he recalls. "And we also knew that Mark wanted us to carry on after him." And so they did – beginning the first post-McManus episode with Taggart's funeral. In real life, over 2,000 people gathered to give Mark a final send-off.
10: It's a testament to Taggart's popularity that, not only did it carry on after its central star passed away, but it's actually become the longest-running police show on TV. It's been going for 25 years, which beats The Bill (one year younger) and that other epic police series, Dixon of Dock Green, which managed 21 years. Mark McManus would have been proud.
| Taggart |
Which TV comedian has played characters including Stavros, Tim Nice But Dim and Wayne Slob? | Learn and talk about Maggie Bell, Atlantic Records artists, British blues singers, Living people, People from Glasgow
Career[ edit ]
From a musical family, she sang from her teenage years, leaving school at the age of fifteen, to work as a window dresser by day and singer at night. Bell was introduced to Leslie Harvey , by his older brother Alex , after getting up on stage to sing with the latter. Leslie Harvey was, at that time, a guitarist with the Kinning Park Ramblers. Bell joined the group as one of the vocalists. After the band split up, Bell moved to the Mecca Band at the Sauchiehall Street Locarno, and later to the Dennistoun Palais Band. [2]
Power[ edit ]
She then rejoined Harvey, forming Power initially known as The Power of Music and eventually The Power. Bell and The Power regularly performed at The Easterhouse Project, run by Archie Hind and Graeme Noble. They also toured United States Air Force bases Germany in the mid 1960s. Peter Grant , who was managing The Yardbirds at the time, heard Power playing at one of these bases and agreed to produce and manage them, impressed by the vocal ability of Bell and the guitar playing of Harvey. Power was then renamed as Stone the Crows , an expression used by Grant upon hearing this band. [3]
First solo album[ edit ]
Stone the Crows split up in 1973, after Leslie Harvey's accidental death from electrocution on 2 May 1972. Harvey had been an integral part of the band and its music. [4] Peter Grant remained as Bell's manager after the split, and along with Mark London offered to help Bell record a solo album. She subsequently recorded two further albums for Atlantic Records , one produced by Felix Pappalardi and the other produced by Felix Cavaliere . Neither has yet been released. [5] Grant then oversaw her first solo album release Queen of the Night (1973), which was recorded in New York City with record producer Jerry Wexler .
Swan Song and Midnight Flyer[ edit ]
Bell signed to the then newly formed Swan Song Records in 1974, along with Bad Company and The Pretty Things , as one of the first signings to the label. Jimmy Page contributed to her second album Suicide Sal (1975). [6] Bell then tried to capture past blues rock glories by fronting Midnight Flyer, [7] a phenomenal live act but their sole eponymous album released in 1981 was not a commercial success. [8]
Solo again and B. A. Robertson[ edit ]
Returning to a solo career, she had her biggest hit in the UK in 1981 duetting with B. A. Robertson on a cover version of " Hold Me " which reached No. 11 in the UK Singles Chart . Bell also performed at many charity gigs during this period.
Television and beyond[ edit ]
Bell sang the end credits theme for the late 1970s ITV detective drama Hazell , with lyrics written by Judy Forrest and music by Andy Mackay . Her song "No Mean City", written by Mike Moran , was the theme music to the TV crime drama Taggart . She also appeared in a single episode of Taggart called "Evil Eye" in 1990, playing a gypsy fortune teller named Effie Lambie who is murdered early in the episode.
In 2009 she provided the singing voice of rock singer Esme Ford (played by Joanna Lumley ) in the episode "Counter Culture Blues" of the ITV series Lewis . [9]
Netherlands and The British Blues Quintet[ edit ]
After living in the Netherlands for twenty years, Bell returned to the UK in early 2006 and joined The British Blues Quintet , sharing lead vocals with Zoot Money . Also featuring former Stone The Crows drummer Colin Allen and bassist Colin Hodgkinson , the band quickly became established on the UK and European live blues circuit. Their debut album, Live in Glasgow (2007), was recorded at one of their first gigs, on Glasgow's Renfrew Ferry in 2006. In addition, Bell toured with Chris Farlowe in the autumn of 2006 and The Manfreds during 2006 and 2008.
In January 2016, the Hamburg Blues Band featuring Maggie Bell and Krissy Matthews , performed at the Quasimodo Club in Berlin , Germany. [10]
With Stone The Crows (1968–1973)[ edit ]
Stone The Crows (1970)
Ode To John Law (1970)
Teenage Licks (1971)
BBC Radio 1 1971/72 (1998)
Coming on Strong (2004, also solo recordings)
Two singles with Bobby Kerr as Frankie and Johnny (1966)
Queen of the Night (1974)
Suicide Sal (1975)
Original courtesy of Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Bell — Please support Wikipedia.
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What was the nickname of Jimmy Nail's character in Auf Wiedersehen, Pet? | Auf Wiedersehen, Pet (TV Series 1983–2004) - IMDb
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The adventures of a gang of British workmen abroad. Combines black and white humour with moments of drama, poignancy and drunkenness. In series 1, the lads head to Germany seeking work, and... See full summary »
Creator:
Dennis returns to Newcastle where he meets up with Oz. Unhappy at not being met at the airport, Ally is even less pleased to find his Jaguar has had a run-in with a skip.
9.2
The magnificent seven are forced to camp out in Thornley Manor. Wayne is given the cold shoulder by the other lads and is forced to start thinking seriously about how to regain his popularity.
9.1
With his divorce proceedings underway Dennis is dating Dagmar from the site office and he takes her to spend the night at the Intercontinental hotel. Meanwhile Barry and Wayne chat up two Swedish air...
9.1
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a list of 25 titles
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a list of 26 titles
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Title: Auf Wiedersehen, Pet (1983–2004)
8.6/10
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4 wins & 8 nominations. See more awards »
Photos
Ken Boon and Harry Crawford are two middle-aged ex-firemen who start out in business together, initially in Birmingham and later in Nottingham. During the seven series (1986-1992), Ken ... See full summary »
Stars: Michael Elphick, David Daker, Neil Morrissey
Arthur Daley, a small-time conman, hires former boxer Terry McCann to be his 'minder', so Terry can protect him (Arthur) from other, small-time, crooks. While Terry is trying his hardest to... See full summary »
Stars: George Cole, Glynn Edwards, Dennis Waterman
Crocodile Shoes (TV Mini-Series 1994)
Drama
Jimmy Nail stars in the drama series about a Geordie factory worker who writes country songs. Looking for his big break in the music industry.
Stars: Jimmy Nail, Leonard Silver, Alex Kingston
This comedy series is all about two mates, Gary and Tony who share a two bedroom home. They are grown men who act like a couple of drunk two year olds, who spend their time either drinking ... See full summary »
Stars: Martin Clunes, Caroline Quentin, Leslie Ash
The prison life of Fletcher, a criminal serving a five-year sentence, as he strives to bide his time, keep his record clean, and refuses to be ground down by the prison system.
Stars: Ronnie Barker, Brian Wilde, Fulton Mackay
The series followed the wavering relationship between two ex-lovers, Penny Warrender, a secretary for an advertising firm, and Vincent Pinner, an ex ice cream salesman turned turf ... See full summary »
Stars: Paul Nicholas, Jan Francis, Sylvia Kay
The crazy and sometimes surreal comedic adventures of four very different students in Thatcher's Britain.
Stars: Rik Mayall, Adrian Edmondson, Nigel Planer
Comic goings on in this series set in an English holiday camp called Maplins. The title comes from the camp's greeting, which the staff are meant to say with enthusiasm but all too often ... See full summary »
Stars: Paul Shane, Ruth Madoc, Jeffrey Holland
Alcoholic and divorced father of a young daughter, DS Jim Bergerac is a true maverick who prefers doing things his own way, and consequently doesn't always carry out his investigations the way his boss would like.
Stars: John Nettles, Terence Alexander, Sean Arnold
In a parody of 1980s Conservatism, Rik Mayall is Alan B'Stard MP, the most machiavellian Tory of them all.
Stars: Rik Mayall, Michael Troughton, Marsha Fitzalan
A satire show using puppets that are charicatures of major public figures.
Stars: Steve Nallon, Kate Robbins, Chris Barrie
Edit
Storyline
The adventures of a gang of British workmen abroad. Combines black and white humour with moments of drama, poignancy and drunkenness. In series 1, the lads head to Germany seeking work, and are thrown together by virtue of shared nationality and a run-down wooden hut. The story follows the lads' relationships with women, Germans and each other, and their attempts at passing the time away from home, saving money and ordering food in a German curry house. The series ends with new employment legislation forcing some of the Brits having to choose between the UK and their new-found pleasures abroad. Two years later the gang are reunited for a second series, in which they travel to Wolverhampton to rebuild both the "magnificent seven" and Barry's home for his impending marriage. A further offer of work sees the lads head to a Derbyshire stately home in need of refurbishment. Here they fall foul of an irritable pub landlord, suspicious locals, a less than enlightened employer and the Inland ... Written by Mike Cryan
11 November 1983 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
Näkemiin vaan, muru See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Pat Roach developed throat cancer before the filming of series three began. Although he would appear in series' three and four, he was undergoing chemotherapy at the same time. In the third series, it's painfully obvious that Pat was ill, and some scenes of his had to be changed to accommodate his medical condition. Although he felt fit enough to appear in series four, his family were angry at him because of the physical toll it was taking out on his well-being. Pat was too ill to appear in what would be the last Auf Wiedersehen Pet series ("The Specials") in 2004. He sadly died during filming of that two-hour special. In a touching scene, Dennis reads a letter from Bomber to the rest of the group while they are all dining in a restaurant, where he explains his reasons for not having joined them. The group lift their glasses and drink a toast; "To Bomber!" See more »
Goofs
The Russian characters in series 3 speak Russian with Balkan accents. See more »
Quotes
See more »
Crazy Credits
Final Episode of Series 3: "The Transporter Bridge Is Still In Middlesborough" - so convincing were the digital effects of the dismantling and reassembling of the bridge, many people in the UK were reported to have visited Middlesborough to check the bridge was still in place. See more »
Connections
(Widnes, England) – See all my reviews
Auf Wiedersehen Pet is a story of the rise and fall of seven very different people. There are three Geordies, one Scouser, one Brummie, one Cockney and one from Bristol. Auf Wiedersehen Pet shows what life was really like for self - employed workers in the 1980's. The first series is set in Dusseldorf in Germany and it shows how the lads struggle along living in a wooden hut on a building site. The three Geordies are Oz, Neville and Dennis. Oz is the funniest of all, he is a bricklayer and loves to get drunk and have fights. Dennis is seen as the leader and has to sort out all the trouble caused, mainly by Oz. Neville hates being away from his wife and acts a good part as a home sick gadgie. From Bristol there is Bomber who likes a fight but is also a leadership figure. Wayne is a Cockney who spends all his free time chasing after women and looking in the mirror. Moxey is the Scouser who has bad acne and a tendency to start fires. Barry is the Brummie and was thought of as the boring one. Throughout the series the lads get up to a lot of mischief and have a few run ins with the police and punch ups in bars. ( along with a large intake of beer and Vindaloo's). All this results in the best British comedy of all time.
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| Oz |
Who was the original presenter of Juke Box Jury? | Auf Wiedersehen, Pet Cast
Cast
The Auf Wiedersehen, Pet Cast might be household names now, but back in 1983 when the show first aired, many viewers were
watching these fresh faced builders for the first time! The Cast have gone on to many things in the past 30 years, starring in
Hollywood Blockbusters with Johnny Depp, Tom Cruise and most recently one of them winning the Palme d’Or in Cannes.
Jimmy Nail - Oz
Name - James Michael Aloysius Bradford Born - March 16th 1954, Benton, Newcastle Upon Tyne. Character - Leonard “Oz” Osborne Since starring in Auf Wiedersehen Pet in 1983, Jimmy has gone on to become one of England's greatest TV actors, singers and TV producers. First starring in Get Carter in 1971 as an uncredited extra, Jimmy went on to sing in the band, The King Crabs in the 1970’s. His wife Miriam, persuaded him to go for a part in a new show, and turning up, telling everyone he didn’t want to be there, is how he got the part of Oz. Classic quote - “Aww Bollocks Man”. Trivia - Jimmy is one of only 4 characters to appear in all 40 episodes.
Tim Healy - Dennis
Name - Timothy Malcolm Healy Born - January 29th 1952, Benwell, Newcastle Upon Tyne. Character - Dennis Patterson Tim Healy appeared in Coronation Street in 1976 as a Bingo Caller, and since then, being Dennis in Auf Wiedersehen pet has made Tim one of the UK’s most well known actors. Currently starring as Les/Lesley in the hit ITV comedy Benidorm, Tim has continued to be on our screens for the past 30 years. Tim was heavily involved with the 30th Anniversary Convention in 2013, and narrates and walks fans through the ‘Back With The Boys’ DVD. Classic quote - “I’m still the gaffer, so get gan!!” Trivia - Tim originally went for the part of Oz, but as we now know this went to Jimmy Nail, and Tim got the part of reluctant leader Dennis Patterson.
Tim Spall - Barry
Name - Timothy Leonard Spall Born - February 27th 1957, Battersea, South London Character - Barry Spencer Taylor Timothy Spall is one of the UK’s leading character actors, appearing in some of the biggest TV shows and Movies ever made. First appearing on screen in “Quadrophenia” in 1979, and then in 1982 “Home Sweet Home”, which was his first working with Mike Leigh. In 1983, Tim hit the big time, and gave UK viewers one of the most lovable, but slightly boring and annoying characters in Barry Taylor. Since then, Tim has appeared in some of the highest grossing films ever made. Classic Quote - “Would you like to come back to our hut?” Trivia - Tim bought his motorbike as featured in Series 1, it was eventually stolen.
Kevin Whately - Neville
Name - Kevin Whately Born - February 6th 1951, Hexham, Northumberland. Character - Neville Hope Kevin Whately, has been on UK TV screens for the past 30 years. He first appeared on screen in Shoestring in 1979, and then a few years later got the part of Neville Hope in Auf Wiedersehen Pet. Kevin then went on to play a big part of the hit show, Inspector Morse, playing the “sidekick” to John Thaws Morse. Kevin has starred in hit shows such as Peak Practice, and can now be seen on ITV1 in Lewis, the spin off to Inspector Morse. Classic Quote - “I’ve got Brenda in case you forgot!” Trivia - Kevin’s daughter Catherine Whately appeared as Neville’s daughter Debbie in Series 2.
Pat Roach - Bomber
Name - Francis Patrick Roach Born - May 19th 1937, Birmingham, Warwickshire, England. Died July 17th 2004 Character - Brian “Bomber” Busbridge Pat Roach appeared in many TV shows and Movies, including Indiana Jones, Robin Hood - Prince of Thieves and Superman 3, to name just a few. Pat was a wrestler, and you can see a Grandstand appearance in the opening titles of Series 2. Pat sadly died in 2004, and did not appear in the final 2 episodes of The Special. Classic Quote - “Bombers ready, Bombers away!” Trivia - Pat did actually break his foot in Last Rites, and this had to be written into the script, where Oz, accidentally tells the German Crane operative to lower the bricks onto Bombers foot.
Gary Holton - Wayne
Name - Gary Frederick Holton Born - September 22, 1952, London, England. Died 25th October 1985 Character - Wayne Winston Norris Before starring in Auf Wiedersehen, Pet Gary starred in “The Knowledge” in 1979, before going on to star with Tim Spall in “Quadrophenia”. A spell in The Damned, The Heavy Metal Kids & Casino Steel were all parts of Gary’s career at being a rock star, and was even offered lead singer in AC/DC, but he turned it down. Gary died before filming of Auf Wiedersehen Pet Series 2 finished, the last episode of Series 2 being dedicated to Gary. Classic Quote - “What’s the word then?...” Trivia - Gary Holton was offered the part of Nasty Nick Cotton in EastEnders
Chris Fairbank - Moxey
Name - Christopher Fairbank Born - October 4th 1953, Hertfordshire, England. Character - Albert Arthur Moxey/Brendan Mulcahy/Francis Foggarty Christopher Fairbank has been on UK TV screens since 1978, first starring in Z-Cars. Parts in The Professionals, Sapphire and Steel, Bergerac and then finally in Auf Wiedersehen Pet in 1983. Christopher has starred in many Hollywood blockbusters, and also voiced some of the biggest video games of recent times. Christopher has starred alongside Jimmy Nail in many TV shows, such as Spender and Crocodile Shoes. Classic Quote - “Am gonna get a Donut...” Trivia - Christopher graduated from RADA in 1974.
Noel Clarke - Wyman
Name - Noel Anthony Clarke Born - December 6th 1975, London, England. Character - Wyman Ian Norris Noel Clarke’s first starring role was in Metrosexualtiy in 1999, with roles in The Bill and Casualty and the Auf Wiedersehen Pet in 2002. Playing Wyman Norris is one of the roles Noel is famous for, that and Mickey Smith in Doctor Who. Noel Clarke is now a producer, writer and director of such films as 4.3.2.1, Kidulthood and Adulthood. Classic Quote - “Tina’s got nicer knockers.....” Trivia - Noel Clarke is among the 22 actors to have acted in both the Star Trek franchise and The Doctor Who franchise.
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What is the name of the fictional borough in which Eastenders is set? | Albert Square, Walford | EastEnders Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Albert Square at night from High Up, February 2015
Albert Square at Night on Halloween 2014. Seen from No. 31's Roof.
Albert Square at night (February 2015).
Albert Square in Walford is a typical Victorian East London square of houses with a street leading off one side called Bridge Street with a pub on the corner called The Queen Vic . Another road leading to and from the square is a small road in between Albert Square and Victoria Road near the car lot. It has housed many residents over the years. The square has a garden in the middle.
Contents
[ show ]
About
Albert Square is the fictional location of the popular BBC soap opera EastEnders. It is ostensibly located in the equally fictional London borough of Walford in London's East End. The square's design was based on the real life Fassett Square in the East End, and was given the name Albert Square after the real life history of Prince Albert and the then deprived East End. The public house, The Queen Victoria, was also given its name due to this. One of the key characteristics of the pub is the window twitching by any of the occupants throughout the years. They are often known to look out of the windows, giving a view of the whole Square. This is especially common in dramatic storylines.
Central to the Square are the gardens. The garden is home to Arthur Fowler's bench, which was placed there in memory of him. The bench is also known as the Bench of Tears, as it is often the place where characters will go and cry.
The square is the centre for all of the everyday drama in all of Walford's residents' lives, most of the characters on EastEnders live on the square. Although a major place on the show, there are other places which are used in the show, like the market.
In 2011 it was revealed that Albert Square's postcode is E20 6PQ, despite previously having used E20 6RF on Dot Branning 's Driving Licence.
Famous Deaths
In June 2001, 17-year-old Ashley Cotton was killed instantly when he crashed a stolen motorbike in the Square. New Year's Day has seen two deaths in the Square. In 1999, Tiffany Mitchell was knocked down and killed by Frank Butcher's car. In 2006, Dennis Rickman was stabbed to death by a mysterious hooded attacker (later revealed to be Danny Moon).
On Christmas Day 2006, Walford matriarch Pauline Fowler died in Albert Square, next to Arthur's bench, under the Christmas tree after suffering a fatal brain haemorrhage.
On April 2, 2009 Danielle Jones was killed by Janine Butcher when Ronnie Mitchell found out Danielle was her daughter
Albert Square within the EastEnders set
In reality, the exterior set for the fictional Albert Square is located in the permanent backlot of the BBC's Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire at 51°39′32″N 0°16′40″W / 51.65889, -0.27778. The set is outdoors and open to the weather, and much of it consists of full-scale practical buildings and street furniture. As the show is filmed up to six weeks in advance, the trees need to have extra leaves stuck on them during the Spring to make them look like they would in Summer.
It is mooted that Albert Square, will transfer to Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire where a new set will be built as the current set is looking rather shabby, with its flaws showing up on High-definition television broadcasts.
Gallery
| Walford |
What was the name of the bar in which the TV show Cheers was set? | EastEnders set to be rebuilt at £15m cost to the licence fee payer | Daily Mail Online
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The residents of Albert Square have been struggling to make ends meet for almost three decades.
Now, thanks to the BBC, they are set to get a massive cash injection, as it emerged a new EastEnders set will cost licence fee payers £15million.
The corporation was accused of trying to hide the enormous cost of the work until it was revealed in a secret tender document yesterday.
The Queen Vic: The set, which was built in 1984, will be demolished and rebuilt
A project codenamed E20 – after the postcode of the fictional borough of Walford in EastEnders – will see the current set, built in 1984, demolished and rebuilt from scratch at the BBC’s studios in Elstree, Hertfordshire.
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The tender document said the BBC was prepared to spend ‘in excess of £15million’ on the new lot, which will include a temporary set in which the soap will be filmed until a permanent home is built. The corporation is currently seeking specialist designers and architects to make sure the current set is exactly replicated, including its ‘weathered and damaged building/structure facades’.
It had previously refused to reveal the cost of the new site, which will be 20 per cent larger than the existing set, claiming the information was ‘commercially sensitive’.
Secret: The project is codenamed E20 ¿ after the postcode of the fictional borough of Walford in EastEnders
The cost was criticised by Tory MP Rob Wilson, who has repeatedly questioned the amount the BBC spends on its huge property portfolio. He said: ‘Why is the existing set so unsuitable that they need to fork out £15million on a replacement?’ Last month, EastEnders executive producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins – who took charge of the show last year – revealed he wants the new Albert Square to ‘reflect the modern world’.
The new set will have a new high street and police station. Show bosses said it would allow ‘greater editorial ambition and improve working conditions for staff’.
A BBC spokesman said: ‘EastEnders is hugely important to licence fee payers. This is purely a tender document to give an indication of the scale of the project.’
Location: The new set will be built at the BBC studios in Elstree, Hertfordshire
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In a game of snooker, what colour ball is worth 3 points? | How many points are the snooker balls worth? | Reference.com
How many points are the snooker balls worth?
A:
Quick Answer
Each color ball in snooker is worth a different number of points with the highest value ball being the black ball, which is worth seven points. The red ball is worth one point, yellow is worth two points, green is worth three points, brown is worth four points, blue is worth five points and pink is worth six points.
Full Answer
In the game of snooker the red balls must be hit into a pocket first. Once a red ball has been potted, the player has the opportunity to try and pot a colored ball of their choice. If they are successful, they can then pot another red ball followed by another color. Once all the red balls are potted in the pockets, the players must then try and pot the colored balls in order of their value, from lowest to highest.
| Green |
Which 21 year old model did Rod Stewart marry in 1990? | Appendix:Glossary of pool, billiards and snooker - Wiktionary
Appendix:Glossary of pool, billiards and snooker
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Wikipedia
The following is a glossary of traditional terms used in the three main cue sport disciplines: pool , which denotes a host of games played on a table with six pockets such as straight pool , eight-ball , nine-ball , one-pocket and bank pool ; carom billiards referring to the various carom games played on a table without pockets such as straight-rail, three-cushion , balkline and artistic billiards ; and snooker played on a special table which, like a pool table, has six pockets, but is significantly larger and has specialized refinements. The term billiards is sometimes also used to refer to all of the cue sports.
See 8 ball , under " E ", for the ball. See eight-ball main article for the game.
9 (nine) ball
A[ edit ]
Above
Used in snooker in reference to the position of the cue ball . It is above the object ball if it is off-straight on the baulk cushion side of the imaginary line for a straight pot (e.g. "he'll want to finish above the blue in order to go into the pink and reds "). It is also common to use the term high instead [1]
Action
# Gambling or the potential for gambling (US).
Lively results on a ball (usually the cue ball) from the application of english .
Ahead race or session
A match format in which a player has to establish a lead of an agreed number of racks in order to win (e.g. in a ten ahead race a player wins when she/he has ten more racks than the opponent). [1]
Aiming line
An imaginary line drawn from the desired path an object ball is to be sent (usually the center of a pocket ) and the center of the object ball.
Angle of incidence
The angle at which a ball approaches a rail , as measured from the perpendicular to the rail. The phrase has been in use since as early as 1653. [1]
Angle of reflection
The angle from which a ball rebounds from a rail, as measured from the perpendicular to the rail. [1]
Arc
The arc of the cue ball is the extent to which it curves as a result of a semi-massé or massé shot .
Same as draw . Contrast topspin .
Baize
A cloth material used to cover billiard tables, usually green in colour and sometimes called felt based on a similarity on appearance, though very different in makeup. [1] See Baize main article.
Balance point
The point, usually around 18″ from the bottom of a cue , at which the cue will balance when resting on one hand. [1]
Balkline
#A type of carom billiards game created to eliminate very high runs in straight-rail .
A line drawn horizontally from a point on the billiard table's long rail to the corresponding point on the opposite long rail, from which the game of balkine takes its name. [1]
Not to be confused with baulk line .
Ball-in-hand
The option of placing the cue ball anywhere on the table prior to shooting. Usually only available to a player when the opposing player has committed some type of foul under a particular game's rules. [1] (Cf. the free throw in basketball by way of comparison.)
Ball-on
Any legally strikable ball on the table in British terminology. For example, in WEPF/ UK eight-ball [2] , if a player is playing yellows , any yellow ball (or any solid, from 1 to 7, if using a solids and stripes ball set) can be the "ball-on" until they are all potted , in which case the 8 ball is the ball-on. In snooker , at the beginning of a player's turn, unless all are already potted, any red ball can be the "ball-on". Plural: "balls-on". Compare object ball . [1]
Banger
A derogatory term for a recreational or beginning player who "bangs" the balls without any thought for position nor attempt to control the cue ball ; also a reference to the predilection of beginners to often hit the cue ball far harder than necessary. See also potter .
Bank shot/bank
A shot in which an object ball is driven to one or more rails prior to being pocketed (or in some contexts, prior to reaching its intended target; not necessarily a pocket). Sometimes "bank" is conflated to refer to kick shots as well, and in the UK it is often called a double. [1]
Bar player or Bar league player
A player that predominantly plays in bars or is in a bar-based pool league. Often used pejoratively by pool room players to refer to a perceived lesser skill level of such players.
Bar pool
Also bar rules.
Pool, almost always a variant of eight-ball , that is played by bar players on a bar table . Bar pool has rules that vary from region to region, sometimes even from pub to pub in the same city, especially in the U.S. It is thus always a good idea to understand/agree to rules before engaging in a money game under bar rules. Typical differences between bar pool and tournament eight-ball are the lack of ball-in-hand after a foul, the elimination of a number of fouls, and (in U.S. bar pool) the requirement that most aspects of a shot (rails and other balls to be contacted) be called, not just the object ball and pocket. Bar pool has evolved into this "nitpicky" version principally to make the games last longer, since bar pool is typically played on coin-operated tables that cost money per-game rather than per-hour. Competitive league pool played on bar tables, however, usually uses international, national or local/regional league rules, and is not what is usually meant by "bar pool". Depending on local dialect may also be called tavern pool, pub pool, etc. Not to be confused with the game of Bar billiards .
Bar table
Also bar box.
Distinctive pool tables found in bars / taverns . They are almost always coin-operated and smaller than regulation-sized tables (3.5 ft. x 7 ft. is typical of bar boxes, though 4x8 and even 3x6 examples can sometimes be found). Most North American brands of bar tables have pocket proportions confusingly opposite those of regular tables — the side pockets are remarkably tight, while the corners are more generous than those of pool hall tables. Because they are coin-operated and capture pocketed balls, they employ one of several mechanisms to return a scratched cue ball . The oversized, and extra-dense cue ball methods are deprecated, because these cue balls do not play correctly (especially with regard to cut and stop / draw shots, respectively; cf. smash-through ). Modern bar tables make use of a magnet and a regulation or near-regulation size and weight cue ball with an iron core, to separate the cue ball from the others and return it to the players. [3] Pool hall players complain also that the cloth used on bar tables is often greatly inferior (in particular that it is "slow" and that english does not "take" enough), and also often find that the cushions are not as responsive as they are used to. [1]
Baulk
The playing area of a table, exclusive of the cushions . [1]
Below
Used in snooker in reference to the position of the cue ball . It is "below" the object ball if it is off-straight on the top cushion side of the imaginary line for a straight pot (e.g. he'll want to finish below the black in order to go into the reds ). This may seem counterintuitive, see above for an explanation.
Big
Also bigs, big balls, big ones.
In eight-ball , to be shooting the striped suit ( group ) of balls (9 through 15); "you're big, remember", "you're big balls" or "I've got the big ones". [1] Compare stripes , yellows , high ; contrast little . Not to be confused with the carom billiards concept of a big ball .
Big ball
A carom billiards metaphor, it refers to an object ball positioned and being approached in such a manner that a near miss will rebound off a cushion and still score. It is as if the ball were larger than normal, making it easier to contact. Normally a ball a couple inches from a rail is a big ball, but only if being approached from an angle and if all the prerequisite rails have already been contacted. A ball near a corner can effectively be a foot wide.
Not to be confused with the eight-ball term "the big balls". In older British usage the concept was referred to as "large ball". [1] See also " big pocket ".
Big pocket
A pocket billiards term (inherited from carom billards by way of " big ball ", above), it is a metaphor for a shot that is very difficult to miss pocketing for any of a number of reasons, most commonly either because the object ball is positioned such that a near miss on one side of it will likely cause the cue ball to rebound into the object ball off of the rail and pocket it anyway, or another ball is positioned such that if the target ball does not go straight in, it is still likely to go in off of the other ball in a kiss . It is as if the pocket, for this one shot, had become larger. The term can also refer to the angle of shot toward a pocket, especially a side pocket; the pocket is said to be "bigger", for example, on a shot that is only a 5-degree angle away from straight on, than on a 45-degree angle shot which is much more likely to hit one of the cushion points and bounce away.
Billiard
Also billiard shot.
Any shot in which the cue ball is caromed off an object ball to strike another object ball (with or without contacting cushions in the interim). [1]
In certain carom billiards games such as three-cushion , a successful attempt at making a scoring billiard shot under the rules for that game (such as contacting three cushions with the cue ball while executing the billiard). A failed attempt at scoring would, in this context, not be called "a billiard" by players of such games even if it satisfied the first, more general definition.
Billiards
In the US, generally refers to the carom games , or sometimes to all cue sports . In the UK, it usually means the game of English billiards . In Europe and otherwise outside the US and UK, it usually refers to carom games. Historically, it universally meant cue sports in general.
Black ball
Also the black.
In snooker , the highest-value colour ball on the table, being worth seven points. [1] In some (especially American) snooker ball sets it is numbered "7" on its surface.
Same as Break and run . (Chiefly British.)
Break and run
Also break and run out.
In pocket billiards , when a player breaks the balls, pockets at least one ball on the break, and commences to run out the remaining balls without the opponent getting a turn at the table. Multiple break-and-runs occur quite frequently in professional play, but anything higher than five racks in a row is considered very good (Earl Strickland once broke and ran eleven racks in a row to win $1,000,000 during a tournament that had a promotion that anyone who could break and run ten in row would win the million. [citation needed]) See also run the rack .
Break down one's cue
To take one's two-piece cue stick apart, often indicating that the game is over or conceded. [1]
Bridge
Either the player's hand or a mechanical bridge used to support the shaft end of the cue stick during a shot. Also the particular hand formation used for this purpose. [1]
Bridge hand
The hand used by a player as a bridge during a normal shot that doesn't involve a mechanical bridge . The bridge hand is usually a player's non-dominant hand. [1]
Brown
C[ edit ]
Calcutta
A player's auction at a pool tournament. Each player is called and players and spectators bid on the player. The highest bidder pays their bid to the calcutta, and then essentially has invested in that player's success. The highest bidder(s) on the player(s) that win or advance far enough in the tournament is/are entitled to their share of all money used for bids.
Call
Any instance of a player having to say what they are about to do, or have already done. For example, in eight ball a player must call the pocket in which a ball is intended to be potted. Contrast fish .
Call-shot
Also called-shot.
Any game in which during normal play a player must call the ball to be hit and the intended pocket; "eight-ball is a call-shot game." Sometimes referred to as "call[ed] pocket" to distinguish it from the common American bar pool practice of requiring every aspect of shots to be called.
Cannon
The (usually unmarked) spot at the geometric center of the bed of a table.
Centre pocket
In the UK, one of the two pockets one either side of a pool , snooker or English billliards table halfway up the long rails . They are cut shallower than corner pockets because they have a 180 degree aperture, instead of 90 degrees. Also commonly called a middle pocket. The term is not generally used in the US where "side pocket" prevails.
Century
In snooker , a break of 100 points or more, which involves potting at least 26 balls consecutively.
Chalk
A powdered substance placed on a cue stick's tip to increase its friction and thereby decrease slippage between the tip and cue ball. See also hand chalk .
Chasing one's money
The inability of some players to stop gambling once they have lost money because they "have" to get their money back.
Cheat the pocket
To aim at an object ball such that it will enter one side or the other, rather than the center, of a pocket. This permits the cue ball to strike the object ball at a different contact point than the most obvious one. Employed for position play and to prevent scratches on dead-straight shots in cases where draw is not desirable (or may not be dependable; see smash-through .
Check side
A type of spin imparted to the cue ball to make it rebound from a cushion at a shallower angle than it would if the spin had not been used.
Chinese snooker
Chinese snooker on the red ball
A situation where the cue ball is directly in front of another ball in the line of the shot such that the player is hampered by it, having to bridge over it awkwardly. This term is most commonly used in the game of snooker .
Choke
black (7 points).
Although the full term includes "ball" after the colour, they are most commonly referred to with the omission of "ball", just stating the colour (e.g. "he's taken 5 blacks with reds so far").
2. In WEPF/ UK eight-ball , a generic, collective term for the red and yellow groups of object balls , corresponding to the (originally American, but used much more widely today) solids and stripes , respectively. [2]
Combination shot
Also combination, combo.
Any shot in which the cue ball contacts an object ball, which in turn hits one or more additional object balls (which in turn may hit yet further object balls) to send the last-hit object ball to an intended place, usually a pocket. In the UK this is often referred to as a plant .
Contact point
A person who loses money gambling and keeps coming back for more;
Sometimes, a poor player;
As a verb, to hit the balls hard with no intention in mind other than to get lucky. Compare slop ; contrast mark and call .
Flagrant foul
A foul where the rules are blatantly, intentionally violated, with a stiffer penalty (e.g., loss of game) than normal.
Fluke
A shot that has a positive outcome for the player, although it was not what the player intended. Examples of flukes include an unexpected pot off several cushions or other balls having missed the pocket aimed for, or perhaps a lucky safety position after having missed a pot.
Follow
The forward rotation of the cue ball that results from a follow shot . Also called follow.
Also known as topspin , a type of spin applied to the cue ball by hitting it above its equator , causing it to spin more rapidly forward than it would simply by rolling on the cloth from a center-ball hit. Follow speeds the cue ball up, increases its travel, and widens both the carom angle after contact with an object ball , and angle of reflection off of a cushion . "Top" and "topspin" are other terms for "follow".
Follow shot
A shot in which the cue ball is struck above its equator with sufficient draw to cause the cue ball to travel forward after it contacts an object ball . When the object and cue balls are lined up square, the travel will be directly forward (and can sometimes even be used to pocket a second ball), while on a cut shot, the effect will alter the carom angle. Can also refer to any shot to which follow is applied, as in "follow it off the foot rail just to the left of the center diamond".
Follow-through
On a shot, the extension of the cue through the cue ball position during the end of a player's stroke in the direction originally aimed.
Foot rail
G[ edit ]
Game ball
The ball required to win the rack . In snooker it is called the frame ball . See also money ball .
Games on the wire
To give a handicap to an opponent where they have to win a specified number less games than the other player in order to triumph in the match.
Gapper
An agreement between two players in a tournament, one of whom will advance to a guaranteed money prize if the match is won, to give a certain percentage of that money to the loser of the match.
Gather shot
In the carom games, any shot where the end result is all the balls near each other; ideally, in position for the start of a nurse on the next stroke.
Ghost ball
A common aiming method in which a phantom ball is imagined frozen to the object ball at the point where an imaginary line drawn between their centers is aimed at the desired target; the cue ball may then be shot at the center of the "ghost" ball and, ideally, impact the object ball at the proper aiming contact point.
Go off
Describes the propensity of a player losing small money at gambling to suddenly sharply increase the stakes; often continuing to lose until broke. Compare chasing your money .
Golden break
In nine-ball , especially in the UK, a break shot that pots the #9 ball without fouling , in which case the player wins in one shot. See also on the snap .
Goose neck
H[ edit ]
Half-ball hit
A shot aimed such that the center of the cue ball is in line with the edge of the object ball, eclipsing half of the ball. "Hit it just a little thinner than half ball." Also notable because the carom angle the cue ball takes is more consistent than at other contact points.
Half-century
In snooker , a break of 50–99 points (100 points or more being called a century), which involves potting at least 12 consecutive balls.
Hand chalk
Powdery white chalk placed on a player's bridge hand to reduce moisture so that a cue 's shaft can slide more easily. It is not provided in many establishments as many recreational players will use far more than is necessary and transfer it all over the table's surface.
Handicapping
Modification of the rule and/or scoring of a game to enable players of differing abilities to compete on more even terms. Examples of handicapping include spotting balls and giving games on the wire to an opponent.
Hanger
L[ edit ]
Lag
To determine the order of break, players (representing only themselves, or a team/partnership) each shoot a ball (usually a cue ball) from the #Kitchen to the end rail and back toward the bottom rail. This pre-game mini-competition is known as "the lag", or "lagging for the break". Whichever shooter's ball comes to rest closest to the bottom rail gets to choose who breaks. (In nine-ball and eight-ball the winner of the lag would usually keep the break, while in straight pool would likely require the loser of the lag to break.) It is permissible but not required for the lagged ball to touch or rebound from the bottom rail. Lagging is usually a two-party activity, though there are games such as cutthroat (pool) in which three players might lag. In the case of a tie, the tying shooters re-lag. The lag is most often used in tournament play or other competitions; the opponents who have been chosen to lag will each, side-by-side, strike their lagging ball at or about the same time. When playing recreationally in pool rooms or at home, where having two or more cue balls is less likely, it is not uncommon to lag with object balls, or to take turns on lagging with a single cue ball (in which case the subsequent lag[s] is taken with the resting destination of the previously lagged ball marked using a coin, chalk, object ball, etc. The cue ball that remains closest to the opposite cushion will determine which player will break the rack. It is permissible for the lagged ball to strike the cushion on its return, although doing so is not required.
Leave
The cue ball's position after a shot. A "good" leave would describe an advantageous position for the next shot.
Lemonade stroke
Intentionally playing with an amateurish stroke to disguise one ability to play. Compare on the lemonade .
Let out
To allow an opponent to stop playing a set for money in exchange for something. If a player is winning a set by a large amount with $100 on the line, the player could say, "I'll let you out now for $75." This is usually meant to save pride.
Little
Also littles, little ones, little balls.
In eight-ball , to be shooting the solid suit ( group ) of balls (1 through 7); "you're little, remember", "you're the little balls" or "I've got the littles". Compare small , solids , reds , low , spots , dots ; contrast big .
Lock
A game that basically cannot be lost based on disparity of skill levels; "this game is a lock for him."
Lock artist
N[ edit ]
Nap
The direction in which the small fibers that project upward from the cloth lie. The convention in most billiards games is to brush the cloth along the table in the same direction of the nap, usually from the end that a player break . In snooker and UK eight-ball especially (American tables usually employ a napless weave), this creates the effect of creep in the direction of the nap, the most-affected shot being a slow roll into a center pocket against the nap. It is commonly referred to in the fuller term "nap of the cloth."
Natural
In pocket billiards, an easy shot requiring no english. In three cushion billiards, the most standard shot where the third ball is advantageously placed in a corner.
9 ball
Also the 9.
The money ball ( game ball ) in a game of nine-ball . It is the last ball that must be pocketed, after the remaining eight object balls have been pocketed, or may be pocketed early to win the game so long as the lowest-numbered ball on the table is struck before the 9. In other games, such as eight-ball , the 9 is simply one of the regular object balls (a stripe , in particular.)
Nip draw
A short, jabbed draw stroke usually employed so as to not commit a foul (i.e. due to following through and hitting the #Cue ball twice) when the cue ball is very near to the target object ball .
Nit
Someone who wants too high a handicap or refuses to wager any money on a relatively fair match; a general pool room pejorative moniker. Probably derived from "nitwit".
Nurse
Also nurse shot.
In carom games such as straight rail , balkline and cushion caroms , where all the balls are kept near each other and a cushion, and with very soft shots, can be "nursed" down a rail on multiple successful shots that effectly replicate the same ball setup so that the nurse shot can be repeated again (and again, etc.) Excessive use of nurse shots by players skilled enough to set them up and pull them off repeatedly at will is what lead to the development of the balkline game variations.
Any ball that may be legally struck by the cue ball (i.e., any ball-on );
Any ball other than the cue ball.
Usage notes: When speaking very generally, e.g. about the proper way to make a kind of shot, any ball other than the cue ball is an object ball. In narrower contexts, this may not be the case. For example when playing eight-ball one might not think of the 8 ball as an object ball unless shooting for the 8.
On the hill
Describes a player who needs only one more game win to be victorious in the match. See also hill, hill .
On the lemonade
Disguising the level of one's ability to play; also known as sandbagging or hustling (though the latter has other meanings). Compare lemonade stroke .
On the snap
Literally "on the break shot"; usually used in reference to pocketing the money ball on the break. See also golden break .
Open bridge
A bridge formed by the hand where no finger loops over the shaft of the cue. Typically, the cue stick is channeled by a "v"-shaped groove formed by the thumb and the base of the index finger.
Open table
In eight ball, when choice of group has not yet been decided. Often shortended to just "open".
Orange crush, the
R[ edit ]
Race
A set number of games players agree to play to; "a race to seven" means whomever wins seven game first wins the match.
Rack (noun)
#A geometric form, usually wooden or plastic, used to assist in setting up balls in games like eight-ball , nine-ball , and snooker . The rack allows for more consistently tight grouping of balls, which is necessary for a successful break shot. In most games a triangle-shaped rack, capable of holding fifteen balls is employed, even if the game calls for racking less than a full ball set, such as in the game of nine-ball.
Used to refer to a racked group of balls before they have been broken.
In some games, refers to a single frame .
S[ edit ]
Safety
#An intentional defensive shot, the most common goal of which is to leave the opponent either no plausible shot at all, or at least a difficult one.
A shot that is called aloud as part of a game's rules; once invoked, a safety usually allows the player to pocket his or her own object ball without having to shoot again, for strategic purposes. In games such as seven-ball , in which any shot that does not result in a pocketed ball is a foul under some rules, a called safety allows the player to miss without a foul resulting. A well-played safety may result in a snooker .
Scratch
Pocketing of the cue ball in pocket billiards. In many games a scratch is a type of foul. Scratch is sometimes used to refer to all types of fouls. See, more generally, foul .
Screw
Describes a cue ball sliding on the cloth without any topspin or backspin on it.
Slip Stroke
A stroking technique in which a player release his gripping hand briefly and re-grasps the cue farther back on the butt just before hitting the cue ball.
Slop
Also slop shot. A luck shot. Compare fish ; contrast mark and call .
Also sloppy. Descriptive of any game where the rules have been varied to allow luck shots not normally allowed or where no foul rules apply.
Small
Also smalls, small ones, small balls.
In eight-ball , to be shooting the solid suit ( group ) of balls (1 through 7); "you're the small one" or "I've got the smalls". Compare little , solids , reds , low , spots , dots ; contrast big .
Smash-through
The effect of shooting regulation-weight object balls with an old-fashioned over-weight bar table cue ball , such that the cue ball moves forward to occupy (sometimes only temporarily), or go beyond, the original position of the object ball, even on a draw or stop shot, because the mass of the cue ball exceeds that of the object ball. Players who understand smash-through well can use it intentionally for position play, such as to nudge other object balls nearby the target ball. Smash-through also makes it dangerous in bar pool (when equipped with such a cue ball) to pocket straight-on ducks with a stop shot instead of by cheating the pocket because of the likelihood of scratching the cue ball. [3]
Sneaky pete
Any two-piece cue constructed to resemble a house cue .
Snick
A UK term for a pot that requires very fine contact between cue ball and object ball . See also feather .
Snooker
#(noun) The game of snooker .
(verb) To leave the opponent (accidentally or by means of a safety ) so that a certain shot on a preferred object ball cannot be played directly in a straight line by normal cueing. It most commonly means that the object ball cannot be hit, because it is hidden by another ball or, more rarely, the knuckle of a pocket (see corner-hooked ). It can also refer to the potting angle or another significant point of contact on the object ball, blocking an otherwise more straightforward shot, even if an edge can be seen. A common related adjective describing a player in this situation is snookered. Also known as " to hook ", for which the corresponding adjective "hooked" is also common. See also free ball .
(noun) An instance of this situation (e.g. "she's put him in a difficult snooker"). A player can choose a range of shots to get out of a snooker; usually a kick shot will be implemented but semi-massés are often preferred, and in games where it is not a foul , jump shots may be employed that often yield good results for skilled players. "Snooker" is used loosely (when used at all; "hook" is favored) in the US, but has very specific definitions and subtypes (such as the total snooker ) in WEPF eight-ball. [2]
Snookers required
A phrase used in snooker to describe the scenario whereby there are not enough available points on the table to level the scores for the frame , therefore the trailing player needs his/her opponent to foul in order to be able to make up the deficit. The name comes from the fact that this would normally have to be achieved by placing the leading player in foul-prone situations such as difficult snookers .
Solids
Also solid, solid ones, solid balls.
The non-striped ball suit ( group ) of a fifteen ball set that are numbered 1 through 7 and have a solid color scheme (i.e., not including the 8 ball). As in, "I'm solid", or "you've got the solids". Compare low , small , little , reds , spots , dots ; contrast stripes .
Speed
A player's skill level.
Speed control
Use of the correct amount of cue ball speed to achieve proper position for a subsequent shot.
Spider
Also spider rest.
A type of rest , similar to a common American-style rake bridge but with longer legs supporting the head so that the cue is higher and can reach over and around an obstructing ball to reach the cue ball . See also swan .
Split
In pool, the degree to which the balls move apart upon impact by the cue ball as a result of a break shot .
Spot (noun)
#In pool games such as nine-ball , a specific handicap given (e.g., "what spot will you give me?").
In snooker , any of the six designated points on the table on which a colour ball is replaced after it has left the playing surface (usually after it has been potted ).
In UK eight ball , (when not playing with a reds -and- yellows colour ball set) any of the group of seven balls, other than the 8 , that are a solid colour with just a circled number on the surface. In the US, these balls are usually referred to as solids or more colloquially as lows , littles or smalls . Another UK term is dots . Contrast stripes .
Spot (verb)
#In pool, return an illegally pocketed object ball to the table by placement on the foot spot or as near to it as possible without moving other balls (in ways that may differ from ruleset to ruleset).
In snooker , return a colour ball to its designated spot on the table. Also called re-spot.
In nine-ball , the giving of a handicap to the opponent where they can also win by making a ball or balls other than the 9 ball (e.g. "she spotted me the seven ball").
In eight-ball , one-pocket and straight pool , the giving of a handicap to the opponent where they have to make fewer balls than their opponent does.
In some variants of pool, to place the cue ball on the head spot or as near to it as possible inside the kitchen / baulk , after the opponent has scratched it.
Spot shot
The situation arising in many pool games where a ball is spotted to the table's foot spot and the cue ball must be shot from the kitchen . There is a known diamond system aiming technique for pocketing such shots without scratching the cue ball.
Squeeze shot
A type of combination that can be played when the second object ball is frozen to the first and lined up at one of the knuckles of the target pocket . It can normally be pocketed by hitting the first object ball on the same side as the knuckle and second object ball at a medium to hard pace. It is a somewhat counterintuitive shot because if there is the slighest gap between the two object balls the only way to pocket the second would be to hit the opposite side. The phenomenon occurs as a result of throw .
Squirt
Pocketing easily and controlling the cue ball well; "he's in stroke."
Stun run-through
A shot played with stun , but not quite enough to completely stop the cue ball , allowing for a little follow . It is played so that a follow shot can be controlled more reliably, with a firmer strike than for a slow roll. It is widely considered as one of the most difficult shots in the game to master, but an excellent weapon in a player's armory once it has been.
Stun shot
A shot where the cue ball has no topspin or backspin on it when it impacts an object ball, and "stuns" out along the tangent line . Commonly shortened to just "stun."
Sucker shot
A shot that only a novice or fool would take. Usually because it is a guaranteed scratch or because it has a low percentage of being pocketed and is likely to leave the opponent in good position.
Suit
A (principally American) term in eight-ball for either of the set of seven balls ( stripes or solids ) that must be cleared before sinking the 8 ball. Borrowed from card games . Generally used in the generic, especially in rulesets or articles, rather than colloquially by players. See also group for the British equivalent.
Surgeon
A player skilled at very thin cut shots , and shots in which a ball must pass cleanly through a very narrow space (such as the cue ball between two of the opponent's object balls with barely enough room) to avoid a foul and/or to pocket a ball. Such shots may be referred to as "surgery", "surgical shots", "surgical cuts", etc. (Chiefly US, colloquial.) See also feather (US) or snick (UK).
Swan
Also swan rest.
A type of rest , similar to a spider in that the head is raised by longer supporting legs, but instead of a selection of grooves on the top for the cue to rest in there is only one, on the end of an overhanging neck, so that a player can get to the cue ball more easily if the path is blocked by two or more obstructing balls. Also known as the goose neck [2]
Sweaters
Those who are stakehorsing a match or have side bets on it and are "sweating the action ."
Swerve
An unintentional and often barely perceptible curve imparted to the path of the cue ball from the use of english without a level cue .
Swerve shot
Same as #Follow . Contrast backspin .
Total clearance
A term used in snooker for the potting of all the balls that are racked at the beginning of the frame in a single break . The minimum total clearance affords 72 points. See also maximum .
Total snooker
In UK eight-ball and WEPF international rules [2] , a situation where the player cannot see any of the balls she/he wants to hit due to obstruction by other balls or the knuckle of a pocket . The player must call "total snooker" to the referee , which allows a dispensation to the player from having to hit a cushion after contacting the object ball , which is otherwise a foul .
Touching ball
In snooker , where the cue ball is resting in contact with another ball. If this ball is a ball that may legally be hit, then it is allowable to simply hit away from it and it counts as having hit it in the shot. If the ball moves, then a push shot must have occurred, in which case it is a foul .
Triangle
Form of rack that is triangle-shaped. There are different sizes of triangle for different games, the smallest being employed in snooker and UK eight-ball and a larger triangle being used in American eight-ball (because of the different ball sizes). Template:further
Trick shot
An exhibition shot designed to impress either by a player's skill or knowledge of how to set the balls up and take advantage of the angles of the table; usually a combination of both. A trick shot may involve items otherwise never seen during the course of a game, such as bottles, baskets, etc., and even members of the audience being placed on or around the table.
Two-shot carry
A rule in common WEPF/ UK eight-ball [2] whereby after an opponent has faulted and thus yielded two shots , if the incoming shooter pots a ball on the first shot, (s)he is still allowed to miss in a later shot and take a second shot in-hand (from the "D" or from baulk , or if the opponented potted the cue ball, from anywhere) — even on the black , in most variants. Also called the "two visits" rule; i.e., the two penalty shots are considered independent visits to the table, and the limiting variants discussed at two shots below cannot logically apply.
Two shots
In common UK eight-ball and WEPF rules [2] , a penalty conceded by a player after a fault . The incoming opponent is then allowed to miss twice before the faulting player is allowed another visit . Many local rules state the in-hand from the "D" or baulk (or if the opponented potted the cue ball, from anywhere) nature of the second shot is lost if a ball is potted on the first shot, that it is lost if the ball potted in the first shot was that player's last coloured ball ( object ball in their group ), and/or that there is only ever one shot on the black after a fault. See two-shot carry for more detail on a sub-rule that may apply (and eliminate the variations discussed here).
Two visits
U[ edit ]
Umbrella shot
A three cushion billiards shot in which the cue ball first strikes two cushions before hitting the first object ball then hits a third cushion before hitting the second object ball. So called because the shot opens up like an umbrella after hitting the third rail. Umbrella shots may be classified as inside or outside depending on which side of the first object the cue ball contacts.
Undercut
Hitting the object ball with not enough of a cut angle; hitting the object ball too full or "fat". It is a well-known maxim that overcutting is preferable to undercutting. See also professional side of the pocket .
V[ edit ]
Velcro
A UK term describing when a ball is tight on the cushion and a player sends the cue ball to hit both the object ball and the rail at nearly the same time; the object ball, ideally, stays tight to the rail and is thus "velcroed" to the rail. Running english is often employed to achieve this effect, hitting slightly before the ball. Velcroing is also called hugging the rail in the UK, which is the main expression used to describe this effect in the US.
Visit
One of the alternating turns players are allowed at the table, before a shot is played that concedes a visit to his/her opponent (e.g. he cleared up in one visit).
W[ edit ]
Warrior, a
A ball positioned near a pocket so that a particularly positioned object ball shot at that pocket will likely go in off it, even if aimed so imperfectly that if the warrior was absent, the shot would likely result in a miss. Usually arises when a ball is being banked to a pocket.
Way
#Term for object balls in the game of Chicago that are each assigned as having a set money value; typically the 5, 8, 10, 13 and 15.
In games where multiple balls must be pocketed in succession to score a point, such as Cribbage or 30-ball, when the last ball necessary to score has been potted, the points given is referred to as a way.
Weight
To "give someone weight" is to give them a handicap so the game is more even in skill level.
White ball
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Which actress famously stripped off her bikini top in slow motion in the 1982 film Fast Times At Ridgemont High? | Phoebe Cates Biography
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Phoebe Cates Biography
Phoebe Cates (born July 16, 1963) is an American film actress who, by her description, has retired from acting to be a full-time mother.
Biography
Phoebe Cates is the daughter of American director Joseph Cates and his Filipina wife of Chinese and Russian descent. She is also the niece of Gilbert Cates, also a director. She is a native of New York City, where she attended the Professional Children's School. She is the goddaughter of actress Joan Crawford.
Cates's birth name was Phoebe Belle Katz. She followed in the steps of her father and uncle in changing her surname for professional reasons.
Phoebe Cates achieved icon status in the early 1980s for her role in the teen comedy Fast Times at Ridgemont High, in which she stripped off the top of her bikini in a slow-motion fantasy scene.
That same year, in the romance film Paradise, and in contrast to the coyness of Brooke Shields in the similarly themed and more popular The Blue Lagoon, Cates appeared nude, although she was said to have used a body double in some of the close-ups. In a People magazine article, Cates said she had expressed reservations about this situation to her father, who advised her to play it in whatever way she felt was artistically honest.
Phoebe Cates's later roles were more modest and largely oriented toward younger audiences, who remember her best as the female lead in the two Gremlins films. Her face made the covers of teen magazines such as Tiger Beat, 16, Teen Beat and others.
In 1989, Phoebe Cates married actor Kevin Kline, whom she had originally met while auditioning for the part that Meg Tilly ultimately won in The Big Chill. In 1991, she was slated to be in Father of the Bride, but dropped out due to pregnancy.
Kline and Phoebe Cates make their home in New York City and have two children, Owen, born in 1991 (who recently received rave reviews for his performance in The Squid and the Whale) and Greta, born in 1994. They all appeared in Cates' most recent film, The Anniversary Party (2001). The film was an ensemble comedy written and directed by Scottish actor Alan Cumming and Cates' real-life best friend of the past 25 years, Fast Times at Ridgemont High co-star Jennifer Jason Leigh, and in it Cates played, fittingly enough, a Hollywood actress who has retired from acting to be a full-time mother.
In 2005, Phoebe Cates opened her own gift store/boutique emporium called Blue Tree in New York's Madison Avenue.
Film List
Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982)
Private School (1983)
Date with an Angel (1987)
Bright Lights, Big City (1988)
Shag (1989)
I Love You to Death (1990)
Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990)
Drop Dead Fred (1991)
Bodies, Rest and Motion (1993)
Princess Caraboo (1994)
| Phoebe Cates |
Which female tennis player won the French Open and U.S. Open in both 1991 and 1992, but didn't compete in either of these events in 1993 or 1994? | Top 10 Famous Breasts - Toptenz.net
Toptenz.net
Posted by Shell Harris on
October 19, 2012
in Humor , People | 116,356 Views | 19 Responses
Whether they are respected as objects of beauty or admired for their efficient milk production, or- on the other end of the spectrum- erroneously used to gauge a woman’s IQ, there is no question that breasts are a popular and controversial part of our culture.
This is my list of 10 famous breasts (20, actually). The famous melons of Venus de Milo, Jessica Rabbit’s jugs, and the 3-breasted woman from Total Recall‘s ta-tas were all bounced out because they are not real people, while others were allowed in even though their funbags are fake.
10. Timmie Jean Lindsey: Historical Hoo-Ha’s
Historically significant, Timmie Jean Lindsey should probably be higher on this list since she got the very first implants, ever. However, she is not that famous, so here she is at spot number 10.
According to an article at radaronline.com, “2012 marks the 50th anniversary of the boob job.” In 1962, Timmie Jean Lindsey went to see a doctor about tattoo removal, but ended up with a breast augmentation instead. She is now a great-great grandmother and currently holds the record for the oldest breast implants .
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9. Susan G. Komen
For a body part that is so universally celebrated, so loved, and so objectified, there is one thing that we don’t always remember: boobs can also be deadly. Estimates predict that “226,870 women will be diagnosed with and 39,510 women will die of cancer of the breast in 2012.” Also, 1 in 8 women and 1 in 1000 men will be diagnosed with cancer of the breast during their lifetime. ( National Cancer Institute , breastcancer.org ).
So, this spot on the list is reserved for Susan G. Komen and it’s not very funny, but dead serious. You’ve seen the famous pink ribbons, but you might not know who Susan G. Komen is (I actually thought she was the woman who ran the foundation, but that’s her sister). In 1980, Susan G Komen lost her three-year battle with breast cancer “after nine operations, three courses of chemotherapy and radiation.” Spurred on by a promise made to her dying sister, Nancy G. Brinker started the Susan G. Komen for the Cure in her living room with $200 and a shoebox full of names in 1982. Today, they are “the largest source of nonprofit funds dedicated to the fight against breast cancer in the world”: over 1.9 billion dollars so far ( ww5.komen.org ).
8. Teri Hatcher: They’re Real and Spectacular
Teri Hatcher’s final line as Sidra Holland in the Seinfeld episode ‘the Implant’ is “they’re real.. and they’re spectacular.” Elaine tells Seinfeld that Sidra has implants, but accidentally grabs them in a sauna and discovers that they are real.
Over 76 million viewers got another chance to decide whether Sidra’s sweater puppies were purebred when she retold the story during Seinfeld’s final episode a few years later (seinfeld.wikia.com).
7. Phoebe Cates: Golden Globes
And the award for best breasts in a movie scene, go to: … Phoebe Cates and a swimming pool in Fast Times at Ridgemont High.
It takes Cates less than 60 seconds to climb out of the pool and take her bikini top off, yet her boobs are burned into everyone’s brain forever. Close your eyes: you can see them, can’t you? This scene is intensified by the fact that every viewer experiences it from the perspective of a horny teenage boy (Judge Reinhold’s character, Brad). I bet a lot of Betamaxes went to the repair shop with broken pause buttons when this came out on video in 1984 – it was ranked 12th for rentals and 23rd for purchases on Billboard’s Videocassette Top 40 (both VHS and Beta).
Twenty-three years later Cates’ bee stings were still causing a buzz – having been named among the Top 50 Breasts in Film History ( GQ.com , 2007).
6. Jane Russell and Jayne Mansfield: The Girls
Two Janes are famous for their boobs, so I’ve decided to put them together on this list that is already bursting with buxomness. Jane Russell and Jayne Mansfield are queens of the bullet boob era- a time when girdles were girlie and bumps were beautiful. Any woman who wants to eat cheesecake (or, frankly, just cheese) wistfully looks back on those days where wide hips were admired as the balanced bottom to any big top.
Jane Russell
When Howard Hughes discovered Jane Russell she was working as a receptionist. He had his engineers design a new underwire bra to seamlessly support her 38 D breasts for her role in the Outlaw. Her most famous film role was opposite Marilyn Monroe in Gentleman Prefer Blondes; where according to nndb.com, “Russell matched her tit for tat as best friend Dorothy Shaw, the been-around-the-block brunette.”
Jayne Mansfield
Jayne Mansfield once said, “A forty-one inch bust and a lot of perseverance will get you more than a cup of coffee-a lot more.” Mansfield reportedly had an IQ of 153, proving that just because your blonde and busty, it doesn’t mean your a boob (Stephen Hawking and Einstein are both said to have scores of 160).
5. Cassandra Peterson: Boob Tube
Cassandra hosted a TV show called Movie Macabre in the 80s as the character Elvira: Mistress of the Dark. Her cleavage was more interesting than many of the horror B-movies the show featured (and her “quick-lipped quips” were often more entertaining). They- I mean, she– continues to make appearances today – at a wide variety of events, such as conventions and film festivals. Of course she is very busy during October appearing at events, such as the Los Angeles Haunted Hay Ride, Haunted Knotts Berry Farm, and Circus Circus’ Fright Dome in Las Vegas according to her website .
4. Janet Jackson: The Half-Off Show
Thanks to Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake’s 2004 Super Bowl Half-Time performance, the term wardrobe malfunction “appeared in 5,028 stories in major US consumer and business publications, newspapers, and major TV and radio broadcasts” (wikipedia).
Janet Jackson brings the total number of famous breasts on this list down to 19 from 20, since only her right breast is famous. It certainly has received a lot of attention for just one star appearance that lasted only nine-sixteenths of a second.
Jackson’s questionably unintentional fashion fudge popped back into the news in June 2012, when the Supreme Court dismissed government fines against CBS and 20 of its affiliates for the incident, which the FCC declared “obscene” ( cnn.com ).
3. Pamela Anderson: Pink Mountaintops
Hailing from the province of British Columbia in the Great White North, Pamela Anderson’s chesticles first became famous when she was shown on a stadium screen at a BC Lions game (that’s a Canadian football team). Constant exposure in Baywatch, Playboy, and her infamous sex tape with Tommy Lee guarantees her a spot high on this list.
Real or not? She eventually had implants put in, and then reportedly removed, and then put in again. It’s hard to keep track, but nevertheless her bosom is famous.
2. Madonna: Twin Peaks
During the early 1990s, Madonna took things to the extreme to attract attention, and her crazy chest cones were no exception.
They were designed by Jean Paul Gauthier and used during her 1990 Blonde Ambition tour. Singing ‘Like A Virgin’ from a red velvet bed that she shared with two men would be shocking enough for some, but- just in case- she also simulated masturbation. If that didn’t get everyone’s attention, then perhaps some giant cone-like boobs… to be followed by some robed figures and candles to get the Catholics into a tizzy.
And, before anyone complains that this is a famous bra and not famous breasts, I’d like to point out that this was just a prelude to the exposure they would get in her 1992 book, Sex. Merely a visual depiction of many of the same activities described in 50 Shades of Grey , it caused quite a ruckus when it came out twenty years ago and remains one of the most sought after out of print books to this day. Sex “sold a record 150,000 US copies on its first day of release” and “generated a net profit of nearly $20 million.” (Numbers and other facts from absolutemadonna.com; opinions mine.)
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1. Dolly Parton: Islands in the Stream
Whether Dolly Parton’s 40DD chest has been artificially enhanced or not has been a subject of debate for many years. One theory is that, after Parton lost weight in the 70s, her bra size went down- so she had her breasts pumped back up to her public’s expectations. In her own words, “I’m in showbiz. I look at my boobs like they’re show horses or show dogs. You’ve got to keep them groomed.” She has also said that “plastic surgeons are always making mountains out of molehills.”
I’ve put her in first place because her mountains have been famous for over half a century. And, unlike many of the other women on this list, Dolly Parton is arguably equally famous for her songs and her bust size.
Her sense of humor, make-up, fashion taste, and big blonde wig add to her overall larger-than-life persona. Don’t forget, Dolly is so much fun that she even has her own theme park – where you can take rides on her Adventure Mountain and splash around in her Beaver Creek (yes, these are real attractions at Dollywood!).
On a more serious note, October is Breast Cancer Awareness month and this list’s writer is donating the money earned writing this list to a local Cancer Society and TopTenz has agreed to match it with a donation to the Susan G. Komen For The Cure. If you love your mom, your sister, your girlfriend, or -heck- if you just love boobs in general, please consider donating, too: ww5.komen.org .
We Love Lists About Body Parts
There are more than a few famous penises, here are 10 important male genitals . Or, play it safe and look at this article about amazing cats .
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What C is a name given to someone who makes or sells candles? | A List of Occupations
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A List of Occupations
ACATER - supplied food provisions, e.g. a ships chandler
ACCIPITRARY - falconer
ACCOUCHEUR / ACCOUCHEUS - assisted women in childbirth
ACCOUTREMENT MAKER / ACCOUTRE - supplier of military accessories
ACKERMAN / ACREMAN - ploughman, an oxherder
ACTUARY - kept public accounts of business
ADMINISTRATOR - directed the affairs of another
ADVERTISEMENT CONVEYANCER - sandwich board man
ADVOCATE DEPUTE - Scottish law officer who could act a public prosecutor
ADVOWEE - normally a nobleman, who had the right to present a clergyman to a benefice
AERONAUT - balloonist or a trapeze artist in the circus or music halls
AFFEEROR - official in the manorial courts who assessed the monetary penalty and also collected taxes and dues and were also called Assessor
AGISTER - official of the Royal Forests or in the New Forest it is the title for the one in charge of the ponies
ALABASTERER - worked with alabaster
ALCHEMIST - medieval chemist who claimed to be able to turn base metals into gold
ALDERMAN - senior councillor one position down from Mayor in the local council
ALE-CONNER / ALE FOUNDER - official who tested quality and measure of ale served in public houses
ALE DRAPER - seller of ale
ALE TASTER - tested ale and beer for quality first recored in 1377 in London. Appointed by the Manor and forerunner of the Inspector for Weights & Measures
ALE TUNNER - employed by the brewery to fill ale casks (tuns} with ale
ALEWIFE - woman who keeps an alehouse or tavern
ALL SPICE - name for a grocer
ALMANAC MAN - official appointed by the Court of Sewers who warned the inhabitants of the Trent River area of higher than normal tides
ALMONER - gave out alms or charity to the poor on behalf of the parish
ALMSMAN - received alms
ALNAGER - official who examined the quality of woolen goods and stamped them with the town seal of approval
AMANUENSIS - secretary or stenographer
AMBER & JET CUTTER - cut and polished amber for jewelry
AMBLER - officer of the Royal Stable who broke in horses
AMEN MAN - parish clerk
ANCHORESS - female hermit or religious recluse
ANCHORITE - male hermit or religious recluse
ANILEPMAN - smallholder (tenant of the manor)
ANGLE IRON SMITH - made angle iron ie. flat iron bars bent at right angles lengthways
ANKLE BEATER - young person who helped to drive the cattle to market
ANNATTO MAKER - worked in the manufacture of dyes for paint or printing
ANTIGROPELOS MAKER - made waterproof leggings
ANVIL SMITH - made anvils and hammers for blacksmiths
APIARIAN - beekeeper
APOTHECARY - prepared and sold medicines or drugs; pharmacist
APPARITOR - official who summoned witnesses in the ecclesiastical courts
APPRENTICE - was bound to a skilled worker for a specified time to learn a trade
APRONEER - term used in London for a shopkeeper
APRONMAN - mechanic
ARCHIL MAKER - made a violet dye from lichens, used in the textile industry
ARKWRIGHT - skilled craftsman who produced "arks" (wooden chests or coffers)
ARMIGER - squire who carried the armour of a knight
ARMOURER - made suits of armour or plates of armour for buildings or ships etc.
ARTIFICER - highly respected skilled or artistic worker or craftsman or one that makes or contrives
ASHMAN - dustman
ASSAYER - determined the proportions of metal in ore
ASSAY MASTER - determined the amount of gold or silver to go in coins
AUGER MAKER - made the carpenters augers (used for boring holes in wood)
AULNAGER - see Alnager
AVENATOR (PLANTIFENE) - hay and forage merchant
AVOWRY - term for the lord of the manor
AXEL TREE MAKER / AXEL TREE TURNER - made axels for coaches and wagons
BACKMAKER - made "backs", vats, tubs, a Cooper
BACKMANN / BACKSTER / BAXTER / BECK / BECKER - baker
BACK'US BOY - kitchen servant (from "back of the house")
BACK WASHER - employed to clean the wool in the worsted manufacturing industry
BADGER - licensed pauper who wore a badge with the letter P on it and could only work in a defined area (the term "Badgering comes from this"). A corn miller or dealer or an itinerant food trader
BADGY FIDDLER - boy trumpeter in the military
BAGMAN - travelling salesman
BAGNIOKEEPER - n charge of a bath house or brothel
BAILIFF / BAILIE / BAILLIE / BAILLEE - officer of the sheriff, a land steward acting on behalf of the Landowner or Landlord and in Scotland a magistrate of the burgh, also looked after the fishing rights on certain rivers
BAIRMAN / BAREMAN - pauper or beggar
BALER - bales hay and in the mills one who bailed wool or cotton goods
BALISTER - archer most commonly a crossbowman
BALLAST HEAVER - loaded ballast into the hold of empty ships
BALLARD MASTER - in charge of loading the ballast into the hold of empty ships
BALLER / BALLER UP - assisted the potter by measuring out the balls of clay
BAL MAIDEN - female mine worker who worked on the surface (also a Pit Brow Lass)
BAND FILER - metal worker in the gun making industry
BANDSTER - bound the wheat sheaves after harvest
BANG BEGGAR - officer of the parish who controlled the length of stay of any stranger to the parish
BANKER - dug trenches and ditches to allow drainage of the land, placing the surplus earth in banks around the edge
BANKSMAN - employed in the mining industry being in charge of the cages at the pit head (sometimes known as a bank manager)
BARBER / BARBER SURGEON - a barber also also a surgeon (an Act was passed that limited Barbers to hair-cutting, shaving, dentistry and blood letting in the 18th century)
BARD - poet or minstral
BARGEE / BARGEMAN - worked on or owned and operated a barge
BARGE MATE - Naval officer
BARILLA MANUFACTURER - made barilla, a substance obtained from burning saltworts, the resulting mixture of sodium salts being used in the glass and ceramics industry
BARKEEPER - another name for a tollkeeper
BARKER - tanner
BARTONER - in charge of the monastic farm, also known as a barton
BASIL WORKER - worked with sheep and goat skins
BASKETMAN - made baskets and furniture from wicker, and also employed to empty the basket of coal being offloaded from the colliers into the barges
BASS / BAST DRESSER - employed in dressing fibre or matting
BATHING MACHINE PROPRIETOR - owned and hired the changing huts used at the seaside in the by bathers
BATMAN - officers servant in the army
BATT MAKER - made the wadding used in quilt and mattress making
BATTER OUT - sliced a short cylinder of clay (a bat) from a "pug" and threw it onto a mold shaped for the face of a ceramic plate
BATTLEDORE MAKER - made the beaters used on clothes carpets etc to remove the dust (later made the paddles used in washing machines)
BAYWEAVER - who wove bay (a fine woollen fabric also known as baize)
BEADLE / BEDEL / BEDELL - officer of the parish whose principle duty was to keep order, also was the town crier
BEADMAN / BEADSMAN / BEDESMAN - employed to pray for his employer, inhabitant of an almshouse / poorhouse / hospital or tenant employed by the manor for a specific service
BEAD PIERCER - employed to drill the holes in beads
BEAMER - winds the warp on the roller before putting it on the loom in the textile industry
BEARER - worked undergrpound carrying the coal to the bottom of the pit shaft and placed it in the containers for uplifting to the surface
BEATER - cleansed and thickened the cloth by treading it underwater with fullers earth (aka Fuller)
BEAVER - made felt used in hat making
BEDMAN - sexton
BEDRAL - in Scotland a minor church official
BEDWEVERE - made the webbing for bed frames and also a one who wove quilts
BEESKEPMAKER - made beehives
BEETLER - operated a beetling machine, used in the textile trade for embossing fabric
BELLEYETERE - bellfounder
BELLFOUNDER / BELTER / BILLITER - made bells
BELL HANGER - installed bells in churches
BELLMAN - employed as a watchman or town crier or who worked for the post office and collected letters for the mail coach by walking the streets and ringing a bell
BELLOWFARMER - responsible for the care and maintenance of the church organ
BELLOWS MAKER - made bellows used for organs or blacksmiths fires
BELLY BUILDER - built and fitted the interiors of pianos
BENDER - cut leather
BESSWARDEN - appointed by the parish to look after its animals
BESOM MAKER - made brooms
BEVER - beverage maker
BIDDY - female servant usually of Irish stock
BILLIER / BILLYMAN - operated a Billy Roller, a machine used in the cotton industry to prepare the cotton for spinning
BILL POSTER - put up notices, signs and advertisements
BINDER - bound items, e.g., books, hats etc .
BIRD BOY - employed to scare away birds from crops
BIRD CATCHER - caught birds for selling
BIRDS NEST SELLER - sold bird nests collected from the wild complete with eggs which were then hatched by domestic birds and sold as pets
BIRLYMAN - in Scotland a ground officer or parish arbiter
BLACK TRAY MAKER - made Japanned trays
BLACKING MAKER - made polish for shoes
BLACK BORDERER - made black edged stationery for funerals
BLADESMITH - swordmaker or knife maker
BLAXTER / BLEACHER - bleached cloth or paper pulp
BLEMMERE - plumber
BLENTONIST - water diviner
BLINDSMAN - employed by the Post Office to deal with incorrectly addressed letters and parcels
BLOCKCUTTER / BLOCKER - made wooden blocks used in the hat trade or laid down the blocks on which a ships keel was laid; a blockcutter was also a person who made and cut the patterns into wooden blocks for textile printing
BLOCK MAKER - engraved the blocks used in the printin
BLOCK PRINTER - printer who used wooden blocks for printing
BLOODMAN / BLOODLETTER - used leeches for letting blood, this was thought to be a cure for many ailments
BLOOMER - produced iron from ore, a bloom smithy
BLOWER - glass blower, one who operated a "blowing machine" used to clean and separate fibres in the textile trade, one who operated the bellows at a blacksmiths
BLOWFEEDER - fed the fibres into a "blowing machine"
BLUESTOCKING - female writer
BLUFFER - innkeeper or landlord of a pub
BOARDING OFFICER - inspected ships before entering port
BOARDMAN - truant officer who checked school attendance. a tenant of manorial land who paid rent by maintaining the manor's table
BOARDWRIGHT - made tables and chairs aka carpenter
BOATMAN - worked on a boat, predominately on rivers and canals also the name given to a boat repairer
BOATSWAIN - ship's officer in charge of riggings & sails
BOBBER - who polished metals one who helped to unload fishing boats
BOBBIN CARRIER - worked in spinning and weaving sections of the mills
BOBBIN TURNER - made the bobbins used in the spinning and weaving industry
BOBBY - policeman usually of constable rank
BODEYS / BODY MAKER - made bodices for womens garments
BODGER - craftsman who made wooden chair legs and the spars and usually worked in the actual woodland that they cut the timber in
BOILERMAKER - worked with metal in any industrial setting
BOILER PLATER - made rolled iron plate used to make boilers for steam engines etc
BOLL - looked after power looms in the weaving industry
BOLTER - sifted meal
BONDAGER - female worker on a farm who was bonded
BONDMAN - bonded to a master for the purpose of learning a skill or trade
BONDSMAN - stood bond or surety for another where a bond was required by law
BONE BUTTON TURNER - made buttons using a lathe
BONE LACE MAKER - made pillow lace
BONE MOULD TURNER - made the moulds for button manufacturers
BONE PICKER - collected rags and bones aka Rag and Bone Man
BONESETTER - set broken bones
BONIFACE - keeper of an inn
BOOK GILDER - decorated books with gold leaf
BOOKHOLDER - prompter in the theater
BOOK KEEPER - looked after the accounts for businesses
BOOKMAN - student
BOONMASTER - surveyor of roads with the responsibilities of maintaining and repairing the road
BOOTBINDER - employed to operate the machines which bound footware
BOOT CATCHER - servant at inn who pulled off traveler's boots
BOOT CLOSER - worked in the shoe trade stitching together all the parts of a shoe upper
BOOTHMAN - corn merchant
BORLER - who made cheap coarse clothing
BORSHOLDER - regional name (Kent) for a constable
BOTCHER - tailor or cobbler
BOTTILER / BOTTLER - made leather containers for holding liquids eg wine flasks or water bottles
BOTTLE BOY - pharmacists assistant
BOTTOM MAKER - moulded the bottoms for saggers in the pottery industry
BOTTOM KNOCKER - sagger makers assistant in the pottery industry
BOTTOMER - worked down the pits moving the ore etc to the bottom of the shaft for removal
BOWDLER - worked with iron ore
BOWKER - bleached yarn. A local term in some parts of Lancashire for a butcher
BOWLER - made bowls and dishes and also a term used for those who made the rounded part of spoons before casting
BOWLMAN / BOWLWOMAN - dealer in crockery
BOWLMINDER - in charge of the vats used for washing raw wool before processing
BOWYER / BOWER - made bows used in archery
BOZZLER - parish constable
BROTHERER / BROWDERER / BRODERER / BROIDERER - embroiderer
BROW GIRL - female employed at the pit head
BROWNSMITH - works with copper or brass
BUCKLER / BUCKLESMITH - made buckles
BUCKLE TONGUE MAKER - made the metal points that go in the holes of a belt
BUCKRAM MAKER - worked with buckram (used in stiffening materials) e.g. belts, lapels and collars
BUCK WASHER - laundress
BUDDLEBOY - employed to use and maintain the vats used in the lead and tin mines for washing the ore
BUDDLER - women and children who washed the ore at the copper mines in Allihies, Berehaven
BUFFALO SOLDIER - soldier serving in a black regiment in the US Army in the West
BULLWHACKER - oxen driver
BULLOCKY - attended to the daily needs of cattle and may also have lent a hand with general farm duties, especially during busy periods
BUMBOAT MAN - met ships at anchor with goods for passengers and crew to purchase
BUMMER - army deserter
BUMMAREE - middle man between the wholesaler and the retailer at the fish markets
BUNTER - female rag & bone collector
BURGESS - represented a borough at official levels
BURELER - made borel, a woollen cloth with a coarse feel
BURGOMASTER - mayor
BURLER - quality inspector for clothing
BURMAIDEN - chambermaid or lady-in-waiting
BURNEMAN - carrier of barm or water for brewers
BURYE MAN - grave digger
BUSS MAKER - maker of guns
BUSKER - hair dresser
BUTTER CARVER - made imprints in butter pats
BUTTON BURNISHER - button polisher
BUTTY - negotiated mining contracts and supplied the labor
CADDY BUTCHER - butcher that dealt in horse meat
CADDIE - messenger or errand boy
CADGER - beggar
CAFFLER - rag and bone collector
CAINER - made walking sticks
CAIRD - another term for a tinker
CALCINER - burnt bones to make powdered lime
CALENDER - listed documents
CALENDERER / CALENDERMAN / CALENDER WORKER - operated a machine which pressed using two large rollers (calender) used to press and finish fabrics or paper
CALICO PRINTER - dyed and colored calico
CAMBRIC MAKER - made a fine linen or cotton fabric called cambric
CAMISTER - minister of the cloth
CANDLE MAKER / CANDLER - who made and sold candles
CAMBIST - banker
CAMLET MERCHANT - seller of camlet, cloth used to make cloaks & petticoats
CAMPANER - bell maker
CANDY MAN - traveling candy salesman and also slang name for a baliff
CANCELLARIUS - chancellor
CANER / CHAIR BOTTOMER - made the seats for chairs out of woven cane
CANNALLER - canal boat worker
CANTER - religious speaker who uses cant
CANTING CALLER - auctioneer
CAPILLAIRE MAKER - made orange flavored syrup
CAPITALIST - investor
CAPPER / CAP MAKER - made caps usually worn by the working class
CAPTAIN - in charge of a ship or a group of soldiers and also term for an overseer
CARDROOMER - term for anyone who worked in the carding room of the mills
CARDER - cards wool
CARDMAKER - maker of cards or instruments for combing wool
CARMAN / CHARMAN / CARTER / CARRIER - drove a vehicle used to transport goods
CARD NAILER / NAILORA - maintained the teeth (nails) on the carding machine used for preparing wool and cotton for weaving
CARETAKER - takes care of another's property
CARNER - granary keeper
CARRY-IN-BOY - took finished bottled (products) to the tempering oven
CARTER - carries or conveys in or as if in a cart
CART WHEELER - made cart wheels
CARTOGRAPHER - map maker
CARTOMANCER - fortune teller who used cards
CARTWRIGHT - maker of carts & wagons
CASHMARIE - sold fish usually at inland markets
CASTER / CASTORA - made small bottles used for sprinkling salt, pepper, sugar etc
CASTRATOR - who castrated farm animals aka gelder
CATAGMAN - cottager
CATCHPOLE / CATCHPOLLA - sheriff's assistance or bailiff
CATECHISTA - teacher of religion
CATTLE JOBBER - buys and sells cattle
CAULKER - filled up cracks (in ships or windows) or seams to make them watertight
CEILER - puts up the ceilings in buildings
CELLARMAN - looked after the beer, wines and spirits in public houses or the warehouse
CEMMER - hand combed the yarn before weaving
CHAFF CUTTER - made chaff by cutting straw
CHAFFERER - dealer in chaff
CHAIR BODGER - traveling chair repairman
CHAISE MAKER - made carts from wicker
CHALONER - dealer in shalloon, a material made in Chlons
CHAMBERLAIN - steward to either royalty or nobility, in charge of the household
CHAMBERMAID - female servant attending to bedrooms in houses or inns
CHAMBER MASTER - shoemaker that worked from home as an outworker or selling direct
CHAUNTER - street entertainer who sung ballads
CHEESE FACTOR / CHEESEMAN / CHEESE MONGER - dealer in cheeses
CHANDLER - candle seller, grocer, provisioner, usually associated with provisioning ships
CHANTY MAN - sailor that led the singing of shanties on board ship
CHAPELER - made and sold hats
CHAPMAN / COPEMAN / PETTY CHAPMAN / CEAPMAN - dealer or peddler of goods usually itinerant going from village to village.
CHARCOAL BURNER - made charcoal usually in the woods where the trees were cut
CHARTMASTER - middleman that negotiated mining contracts and suppiled the labour
CHARWOMAN - cleaning woman
CHATELAINE - mistress of a castle or house
CHIFFONIER - wig maker or ragpicker
CHILDBED LINEN WAREHOUSE KEEPER / DEALER - hired bedlinen for childbirth as most children were born at home
CHIMNEY SWEEP - chimney cleaner
CHINGLOR - rooftiler who used wooden shingles
CHIP - shipwright or carpenter
CHIPPERS LABOURER - assistant to a shipwright or ships carpenter
CHIROPODIST - treats diseases of the feet & hands
CHIRUGION or CHIRURGEON - apothecary or surgeon (usually learned by apprenticeship)
CHOWDER - fish monger
CHRONOLOGIST - recorded official events of historical importance
CINDER WENCH - female who collected the cinders from gas works and sold them door to door
CLAKER - magician/astrologer
CLAVIGER - servant
CLAY CARRIER - assistant to the shot firer in the pits
CLAYMAN / CLEYMAN - worked in the clay pits usually preparing the clay for making bricks and also one who coated the outside of buildings with clay to make them water proof
CLERICUS - clerk
CLERK - clergyman or cleric
CLICKER - worked in the shoe trade cutting out the uppers made the shoelace holes and one in charge of the final stage of layout before printing in printing industry
CLIPPER / CLIPPER ON / CLIPPER OFF - attached the coal carts to the wire or rope which was used to drag the carts to and from the coal face
CLOD HOPPER - plowman
CLOGGER - maker of wooden shoes
CLOTH LAPPER - took the cloth from the carding machine readied it for the next process
CLOTH LINTER / CLOTH PICKER - removed unwanted threads and lint from the finished material
CLOTHIER / CLOTHESMAN / CLOTHMAN - who made or sold clothes
CLOUTER / CLOWER - made nails also another term for a shoemaker for the former term
COACHMAN / COACH DRIVER - drove any coach
COAL BACKER - carried the sacks of coal from the coal barge to the coal wagons
COAL BURNER - made charcoal
COAL DRAWER - worked in the mines pushing or dragging the coal carts to the bottom of the pit
COAL HEAVER - unloaded coal COALMAN / COAL MERCHANT / COAL HIGGLER - sold coal usually from a horse and cart, house to house.
COALMETER - measured the coal
COAL RUNNER - attended the coal carts underground
COAL WHIPPER - unloaded coal from ships using baskets attached to a simple form of crane
COAST SURVEYOR / WAITER - customs officer who watched over the ofloading off goods on the coast
COBBLER - shoemaker
COBLEMAN - used a flat bottomed boat for fishing
COCUS - cook
COD PLACER - put fire proof containers which held the pottery for firing into the kiln
COHEN - a priest
COINER - worked at the mint stamping out coins
COLLAR MAKER - made horse collars and one who made shirt collars
COLLIER - coal miner, a coal merchant or one who worked on the coal barges
COLONUS - Latin for farmer or husbandman
COLPORTEUR - traveling Bible or religious book salesman
COLOURATOR / COLORATORA - worked with dyes
COLOUR MAN - mixed the dyes in the textile trade and also assistant to a house painter
COMBER or COMBERE - combs wool
COMB MAKER - made combs either for the textile industry for combing wool etc. or the maker of hair combs
COMPOSITOR - set the type ready for printing
CONDER / CONNER - gave steering instructions to the steersman and also gave directions to inshore fisherman of fish movements on shoals (usually from the top of cliffs or rocks)
CONEY CATCHER - rabbit catcher
COOPER or CUPER - maker of barrels
COPEMAN / COPER - dealer in goods and also dishonest dealer in horses in the latter case
COPPERBEATER / COPPERBETER - coppersmith
COPPERSMITH - worked with copper
CORACLE MAKER - made coracles, a small round boat used for fishing
CORDINER / CORDWAINER / CORVINER / CORVISOR - originally term used for one who worked with Cordovan (a special leather from Spain) but later term used for shoemaker
COSTERMONGER - fruit seller
COSTER WIFE - female fruit seller
COTILER - cutler
COTTIER - landless farmer in the Irish midland estates that farmed at will, not year to year
COUPER - buys & sells
COURANTEER - journalist
COWHERD - cow tender
COWKEEPER - kept one or more cows (a common source of livelihood in cities) when a cow was kept in the back yard of a house, providing milk which was sold at the front door or window, forerunner of the local dairy
COXWAIN - ship or boat helmsman
CRATCH MAKER - made cratches (mangers, cribs, or frames) for hay
CRIER - law court officer, auctioneer, town announcer
CRIMPER - member of navy press gang
CROCKER - potter
CROFTER - tenant of a small piece of land
CROPPER - tenant who is paid with a share of the crop
CROSIER / CROZIER - bearer of the pastoral staff of a bishop or the bearer of the cross before the archbishop in the church
CROWNER - coroner
CURRIER - cures or tans hides
CUSTOMER - customs tax collector
CUTLER - knife seller or sharpener
DAGUERREOTYPE ARTIST - early name for a photographer (from the Daguerreotype method)
DAIRYMAN - worker or owner of a dairy farm or seller of dairy products
DAMSTER - builder of dams for logging purposes
DANTER - female overseer in the winding rooms of a silk mill
DATELER / DAY MAN / DAYTALEMAN - casual worker, usually employed by the day
DEATHSMAN - executioner
DECIMER / DOZENER - elected by the householders in a street to act as their representative at the borough's Court Leet
DECOYMAN - employed to decoy the wild fowl, animals etc into a trap or within shooting range
DECRETIST - knowledgeable in decrees, decretals
DEEMER / DEEMSTER / DEMSTER / DEMPSTER - judge, usually in the Channel Isles or Isle of Man
DELVER - dug ditches
DEPUTY - safety officer for the pit crew in the mining industry
DERRICKMAN - worked on an oil well handling the tubes and rods used in drilling
DEVIL - printer's errand boy
DEVILLER - operated the devil, a machine that tore rags used in the textile industry
DEXTER - dyer
DEY WIFE - female dairy worker
DEXTER - dyer
DIKEMAN / DYKEMAN - hedger or ditcher
DIPPER - who worked in the pottery trade and was responsible for the glazing of items
DISHER / DISH THROWER - who made bowls and dishes
DISH TURNER - who made wooden bowls or dishes
DISTILLER - maker of alcoholic beverages
DISTRIBUTOR - parish official attached to the workhouse / poorhouse who looked after the secular needs of the poor
DOCKER / DOCK WALLOPER - dock worker, longshoreman
DOCK MASTER - in charge of a dockyard
DOG LEECH - veterinarian
DOG-WHIPPER - drove dogs away in a village
DOMESMAN - judge
DONKEY BOY / DONKEY MAN - driver of a carriage for passengers
DOOR KEEPER - guard, janitor, or porter
DOUBLER - operated a machine used to twist together strands of fibre (cotton, wool etc)
DOWSER / DIVINER - water finder
DRAGMAN - fisher man who fished by dragging a net along the bottom of the water
DRAGOMAN - acted as interpreter or guide in Turkish or Arabic
DRAGSMAN - driver of a small stage coach or carriage used for public transport or private hire
DRAGOON - mounted infantryman
DRAINER - made drains
DRAPER - dealer in fabrics and sewing needs
DRAWBOY - weavers assistant in the shawl making mills , they sat atop the looms and lifted the heavy warps.
DRAYMAN - cart driver
DREDGERMAN - one who in a boat to collect the bits and pieces that had fallen overboard from other vessels which then were sold (London occupation)
DRESSER - one who dresses another, surgeon's assistant and also one who operated a machine which prepared threads in the textile industry
DRESSING MACHINE MAKER - made sewing machines
DRIFT MAKERA - made drift nets, used in the fishing industry
DRIPPING MAN - dealer in dripping (the fat collected during the cooking of meats)
DRIVER - slave overseer
DROVER - sheep or cattle driver
DRUGGER - pharmacist
DRUMMER - traveling salesman
DRY SALTER - dealer in pickles, dried meats, and sauces or a dealer in dyes and colors used in the dying trade
DUBBERE - cloth dubber, i.e., one who raises the nap of cloth
DUFFER - peddler of cheap goods
DUSTMAN / DUSTBIN MAN - collected domestic refuse
DRY STONE WALLER (DRY STANE DYKER in Scottish) - built stone walls usually using the stones removed from the fields as building materials. The art was in not using any cement or mortar and generally not cutting the stone, but being able to see where variuos stones would fit together
DYER - employed in the textile mills to color fabric prior to weaving
DYKER - Scottish term for a stonemason
EALDORMAN - n official of the shire courts who acted as the King's deputy taking payment from the profits of the court
EBONITE TURNER - one who worked with ebonite or vulcanite, making combs or ornaments etc
EARER - plowwman
EARTH STOPPER - one who plugs up animal holes
EGG FACTOR / EGGLER - egg or poultry dealer
ELEPHANTS TEETH DEALER - who dealt in ivory ornaments etc
ELLERMAN / ELLIMAN - who sold oil used for lamps and known as an oilman
ELYMAKER - oilmaker
EMBOSSER - who moulded or carved designs that were raised above the surface of the material
EMPRESARIO - land broker, settlement scheme promoter, showman
ENDHOLDERNN - inn keeper
ENGINEMAN - employed at a mine to be in charge of the machinery used to crush the ore
ENGINE TENTER - who operated the machine which stretched the cloth whilst drying in a woolllen mill
ENSIGN - commissioned officer in the navy
ENUMERATOR - who collected the information for the census from the householder and recorded it
EQUERRY - officer of the royal household usually responsible for the royal horses
EREMITE - hermit
ERITE - heretic
ESQUIRE - one who attended a knight, which later became a title for a man of standing in society
ESTAFETTE - mounted courier
EXPRESSMAN - person employed in the express business
EYER - one who made eyes in needles used for sewing. Sometimes called a Holer
FABER - artisan or workman
FABRICATOR - maker
FACTOR - an agent employed by merchants to transact business of buying and selling and a Scottish term for the steward of an estate responsible for collection of land rents
FAGETTER - made up faggots into bundles, seller of firewood
FAKER - photographic assistant who added color to photographs by hand before color film was available
FALCONER - breeds, trains, or hunts with hawks
FANCY-PEARL WORKER - worked in mother-of-pearl making buttons or fancy goods
FANCY MAN - pimp
FANWRIGHT - maker and repairer of fans or winnowing baskets
FARANDMAN - traveling merchant
FARMER - often descendant of the gentry and, ultimately, noble classes; usually having servants and farm workers, e.g., husbandmen, groomsmen, etc
FARRIER / FERROUR - horse shoer or blacksmith
FAWKNER - trainer of falcons
FEAR-NOTHING MAKER - weaver of special kind of thick woollen cloth known as fear-nought, used for protective clothing and lining portholes, walls, and doors of powder magazines on board ships.
FEATHER BEATER / FEATHER DRIVER - cleanser of feathers
FEATHER-DRESSER - who cleaned and prepared feathers for sale
FEATHERMAN - dealer in feathers and plumes
FEATHER-WIFE - woman who prepared feathers for use
FEEDER - herdsman
FELL MONGER - remover of hair or wool from hides in leather making
FELTER - worker in the hatting industry
FERONER - ironmonger
FERRETER - dealer in or manufacturer of ferret, ie. silk tape
FETTLER - cleaned the machinery in woollen mills, removing accumulated fibres, grease, etc., sharpened the fustian cutters knives or needlemaker who filed the needle to a point
FEVER - blacksmith
FEWSTER - maker of saddletrees
FEWTERER - keeper of hounds, for hunting or coursing
FIDDLER - used a fiddle (small knife) to remove the flashing from cast clay forms such as bowl, creamers, cups or pitchers
FILE CUTTER - a maker of files, involved the cutting of grooves on the file surface
FILIBUSTER - American mercenaries in South America, gun runners
FILLER - who filled bobbins in mills
FINE DRAWER - employed in tailoring to repair tears in the cloth (invisible mending)
FINISHER - operated machine giving final touches to a manufactured article in various trades
FIREBEATER - tended the boilers that powered the machinery in a cotton mill
FIREMAN - inspected for, and removed explosive gasses underground in mining or stoked the boilers on ships and locomotives
FIRST HAND - silk weaver who had his own loom (an outworker)
FISCERE - fisherman
FISH FAG - female fish monger
FITTER - coal broker
FLAUNER - confectioner
FLASHER - specialist process worker in the glass industry
FLATMAN / FLOATMAN - navigated a flat, a broad flat-bottomed boat used for transport, especially in shallow waters
FLAXDRESSER - prepared flax prior to spinning
FLESHMONGER / FLESHER - butcher or one who worked in a tannery
FLESHEWER - butcher
FLETCHER - arrowsmith (from French fleche).
FLOATER - vagrant or one who regulated the year-round workings of the watermeadows in winter by adjusting the hatches on the channels to flood or float the meadows with a shallow covering of water to protect them from frost and encourage the early growth of new grass mainly for early feed for sheep and other animals. The sheep were pastured on the new grass by day and driven up on to the downs to be folded by night to provide the manure needed for the coming season's grain crops
FLUSHERMAN - who cleaned out water mains
FLYCOACHMAN - driver of one-horse carriage hired by the day
FLYING STATIONER - street broadsheet seller
FLYMAN - driver of a light vehicle hired out for carriage of passenger or Theatre stage hand
FOGGER - peddler or low class lawyer
FOISTER / FOISTERER - joiner
FOOT MAN - servant who ran errands
FOOT PAD - robber
FOOT-POST - letter carrier or messenger who travelled on foot
FOOT STRAIGHTENER - one who assembled watch and clock dials in watchmaking
FORESTER - game warden or forest ranger
FORGEMAN - blacksmith or assistant (coachsmith 18th century Derbyshire)
FORGER - blacksmith, worker at a forge
FOSSETMAKER - who made faucets for ale-casks, etc
FOWER - street cleaner, sweeper
FOWLER / FOGLER / FUGLER / VOWLER / VOGELER / VOGLER / VAGELER / VOGELAAR / VOGLER - keeper or catcher of birds
FRAME SPINNER - worker on a loom
FRAMER - one who frames houses
FRAMEWORKER KNITTER - operator of machine which made hosiery
FREEDMAN - one released from slavery
FREEMASON - stonecutter
FRESER - maker of frieze, a rough plaster
FRESHWATER MAN - sailed boat on fresh water only or in the coastal trade
FRIPPERER - buyer & seller of old clothes
FRISEUR - hair dresser
FROBISHER / FURBISHER / FURBER / FURBOUR - remover of rust, a polisher of metal, eg. armour
FRUITERER - fruit seller
GARLEKMONGER - garlicmonger; dealer in garlic
GARTHMAN - owner or worker of a fish trap
GAS MANAGER - forman position in charge of checking for poisonous gas in coal mine shafts
GATER - watchman
GATHERER - glassworker who inserted the blow iron into the molten glass ready for the blower
GATHERERS BOY - held a shovel to shield the gatherer's face from the heat
GATWARD - goat keeper
GAUGER - customs official who measured the capacity of imported barrels of liquor in order to calculate the customs duty
GAUNTER - glover
GAVELLER - userer and in the Forest of Dean, an officer fo the Crown who granted gales or the right to work a mine and in Suffolk a harvest worker, usually female
GELDER - castrator of animals, especially horses
GEOMETER - skilled in geometry
GIMLER - machinist involved in making a gimp, a kind of card
GINOUR - engineer
GIRDLER - leather worker who made girdles and belts, chiefly for the Army
GLASS COACHMAN - driver of two-horse carriage hired out for the day
GLASSEWRYGHT - glasswright; maker and mender of glassware
GLAZIER - glass cutter or window classman
GLIMMER MAN - in Dublin, the man who would turn out (or down) the gas street-lights and also warn people turn out lights in their houses to ensure blackouts during bombing raids at War time
GLOVER - one that makes or sells gloves
GOAT CARRIAGE MAN - driver of small passenger carriage
GOLDSMITH - maker of gold articles, banker
GOOSE HERD - tends geese
GORZEMAN - seller of gorse or broom
GRACE WIFE - midwife
GRAINER - painted wood to make it look like great and exotic woods
GRANGER - farmer
GRAVER - carver or sculptor, engraver of images or dockside worker who cleaned ship bottoms by burning and tarring
GRAZIER - pastures and raises cattle
GREAVE / GRIEVE - bailiff, foreman, sheriff
GREEN GROCER - fruit and vegetable seller
GREENSMITH - worker in copper or latten
GRIMBRIBBER - lawyer
GROUNDSEL & CHICKWEED SELLER - streetseller of common weeds, used to feed pet songbirds
GUINEA PIG - an unattached, or roving person whose fee was usally a guinea
GUMMER - one who improved old saws by deepening the cuts
GUTTA-PERCHA MANUFACTURER - makes a tough plastic substance derived from latex and percha scrap used especially as insulation and in dentistry
GYNOUR - engineer
GYP - college servant especially one attending undergraduates
HABERDASHER - seller of men's clothing
HACKER - maker of hoes
HACKLER / HACKMAN / HECKLER - one who separated the coarse part of flax or hemp with a hackle, an instrument with teeth in linen industry
HACKNEY MAN - renter of horses & carriages
HAIR SEATING & CURLED HAIR MERCHANT - dealer in horse-hair stuffing used in upholstery
HAIRWEAVER / HAIRMAN - weaver of cloth composed wholly or partly of horsehair
HALBERT CARRIER - soldier or halberdier, armed with a halberd, a combination spear and battleaxe (a ceremonial officer)
HAMMERMAN - hammerer, a smith
HAND FLOWERER - ladies living mainly in rural locations who embroidered flowers or similar designs on muslin or cambric
HANDLE STICKER - put handles on cast ceramic cups, pitchers, etc
HANDSELLER - street vendor
HANDWOMAN - midwife or female attendant
HANKYMAN - a travelling magician in Victorian/Edwardian England
HANSARD - weapon maker or seller
HARLOT - vagabond, beggar, rogue, 14th century male servant, attendant or menial, and 15th century, loose woman
HARMER BECK - constable
HARPER - performer on the harp
HATCHLER - combed out or carded flax
HATTER - maker of or dealer in hats
HAWKER / HUCKSTER - peddler
HEADSMAN - executioner
HEADSWOMAN - midwife
HEALD KNITTER - operator of a machine which produced a jersey type of fabric as opposed to woven fabric
HECK MAKER - maker of a part of a spinning machine by which the yarn is guided to the reels
HEDGE LOOKER - supervised good repair of fence and enclosures
HEDGER - hedge trimmer
HELLIER / HILLIER - tiler or slater
HELPER-UP - young boy employed in Durham pits to help other workers
HEMPHECKLER - flax worker
HENCHMAN / HENSMAN - horseman or groom
HENTER - thief
HETHELEDER - provider of heather for fuel
HEWER - miner who cut coal, stone, etc., a face worker in a mine
HIGGLER - one who haggles or bargains or itinerant dealer, similar to a cadger
HIGHWAYMAN - robber who preys on public roads
HILLARD / HILLER / HILLIER - covered houses with slate; tiler
HIND - farm laborer
HIRED MAN - gardener, farmhand, or stableman
HOBBLER - boat tower on a river or canal
HODSMAN - mason's assistant
HOLSTER - groom who took care of horses
HONEY DIPPER - extracted raw sewage from catch basins and out-houses
HOOFER - dancer
HOOKER - 16th century reaper, 19th century worker in textile industry who operated a machine which laid fabric flat in uniform folds of any required length
HOOPER - makes hoops for casks (not a cooper)
HORNER - worker in horn making spoons, combs, or musical horns
HORSE COURSER - owner of race horses
HORSE KNAVE - groom
HORSE MARINE - man-handled barges on canals when horses could not be used
HORSE-CAPPER - dealer in worthless horses
HORSE-HAIR CURLER - dressed horse hair which was used extensively in the upholstery trade
HOSIER - retailer of stockings, socks, gloves, nightcaps
HOSTELLER - innkeeper
HOSTLER / OSTLER - cares for horses, stableman, groom, repairer or railway engines
HOUSE JOINER - house framer
HOUSE WRIGHT - house builder
HOTPRESSER - worker in paper or textile industries where product was pressed between glazed boards and hot metal plates to obtain a smooth and shiny surface
HOYMAN - one who carries goods and passengers by water (Hoy - small coastal vessel or sloop)
HOWDY WIFE - midwife
HUISSHER - usher or door attendant
HURDLEMAN / HURDLER - hedge-maker, of wattled framework fencing
HURRIERS - term applied to the girls aged 5-18 who were employed as coal-drawers in the coal industry
HUSBANDMAN - tenant farmer
HUSH SHOP KEEPER - brewed and sold beer without a license (usually as a side line)
ICEMAN - seller or deliverer of ice
IDLEMAN - gentleman of leisure
INFIRMARIAN - in charge of an infirmary
INTELLIGENCER - spy
INTENDENT - director of a public or government business
INTERFACTOR - murderer
IRON FOUNDER - one who founds or iron
IRON MONGER - dealer in hardware made of iron (also known as a feroner)
IRON MASTER - owner or manager of a foundry
IVORY WORKERS - included makers of combs, boxes, billard balls, buttons, and keys for pianofortes
JACK - young male assistant, sailor, or lumberjack
JACK-FRAME TENTER - cotton industry worker who operated a jack-frame, used for giving a twist to the thread
JACK-SMITH - maker of lifting machinery and contrivances
JAGGER - carrier, carter, pedlar or hawker of fish; 19th century, young boy in charge of 'jags'or train of trucks in coal mine; man in charge of pack horse carrying iron ore to be smelted
JAKES-FARMER - one who emptied cesspools
JAPANNER - one who covers with a hard brilliant coat of any of several varnishes
JERQUER - custom house officer who searched ships
JERSEY COMBER - worker in woollen manufacture (Jersey - wool which has been combed but not spun into yarn)
JIGGERMAN - operated a spinning wheel (Jigger) to form the foot (back side) of a ceramic plate
JOBBER - a buyer in quantity to sell to others, a pieceworker
JOBLING GARDENER - one employed on a casual basis
JOBMASTER - supplied carriages, horses and drivers for hire
JOYNER or JOINER - skilled carpenter
JONGLEUR - traveling minstrel
JOURNEYMAN / JORMAN - one who served his apprenticeship and mastered his craft; properly, one who no longer is bound to serve for years but is hired day to day
JOUSTER - fish monger
KEEKER - colliery official who checked quantity and quality of coal output or weighman
KEELER / KEELMAN - bargeman (from keel, a flat bottomed boat)
KEEPER - controlled the quantities of ore and fuel, regulated the blast and tapped the molten metal from the furnace
KEMPSTER - wool comber
KIDDIER - skinner or dealer in young goats
KILNER - limeburner, in charge of a kiln
KISSER - made cuishes and high armour
KNACKER - harness maker, buyer of old horses and dead animals
KNAPPERS - dressed and shaped flints into required shape and size
KNELLER / KNULLER - chimmney sweep who solicited custom by knocking on doors
KNOCKER-UP - man paid to wake up northern mill and factory workers on early shifts
KNOCKKNOBBLER - dog catcher
KNOLLER - toller of bells
LACE-DRAWER - child employed in lace work, drawing out threads
LACEMAN - dealer in lace, who collected it from the makers, usually only those who had bought his thread, and sold it in the lace markets
LACE-MASTER / MISTRESS - employed workers in factories or in their homes for the production of lace
LACE-RUNNER - young worker who embroidered patterns on lace
LACEWOMAN - lady's maid
LOBLOLLY BOY - ship's doctor's assistant or errand boy
LOCK KEEPER - overseer of canal locks
LONGSHOREMAN - stevedore
LONG SONG SELLER - street seller who sold popular songsheets printed on paper
LORIMER - maker of horse gear
LOTSELLER - street seller
LOTTER - one who bought odd lots of wool and consolidated them for sale
LUMPER - dock laborer who discharged cargo of timber employed by a master lumper (not the Dock Company) or fine-grain saltmaker, from practice of moulding salt into lumps
LUM SWOOPER - chimney sweep
LUNGS - alchemist's servant whose duty was to fan the fire
LUTHIER - maker and repairer of stringed musical instruments
MADERER - gathered and sold garlic
MAID - female domestic servant
MAIL GUARD - armed guard, frequently an ex-soldier, employed on the mail coach service
MAISE MAKER - one who made measures for weighing herring catch
MALEMAKER - maker of 'Males' or travelling bags
MALENDER - farmer
MALSTER - brewer, maker or seller of malts
MANCIPLE - steward
MANGLE KEEPER - woman who offered use of the mangle for a fee
MANGO - slave dealer
MARBLER - one who stained paper or other material, veined in imitation of marble
MARSHALL - horse doctor of shoesmith
MARSHMAN - paid by various landowners to look after marshlands and tend the animals put to graze there for the season
MASHMAKER - maker of the mash-vats or mashels used for mixing malt
MASON - stonecutter
MASTER - one of three grades of skill recognised by the Guild of Crafts
MASTER LUMPER - contractor of laborers at cheap rate of pay
MASTER MARINER - ship's captain
METERER - poet
MIDWIFE - experience woman who assists in child birth
MILESMAN / LENGTHSMAN - railway worker who had a length of railway track to keep in good order
MILLER - corn miller, cloth miller, saw miller
MILLERESS - miller's wife
MILLERS CARMAN - drove carrier to deliver the flour or seed to the customers
MILLPECK - sharpener of mill stones
MILLNER - maker of womens' hats
MILLWRIGHT - designer & builder of mills or mill machinery
MILSTONE INSPECTOR - vagrant, a gentleman of the road
MINTMAKER or MINTMASTER - issuer of local currency
MIXER - bartender
MOCADO WEAVER - weaver of woollen cloth used for making clothes 16-17th century
MOLD BOY -closed and held mold for glassblower, also weighed the bottles
MOLITOR - miller
MONDAYMAN - one who worked for landowner on Mondays in lieu of rent
MONGER - (i.e., fish) - dealer
MONTHLY NURSE - someone who assisted women during the first month after giving birth
MOULDER - maker of molds or castings, brickmaker
MOUNTEBANK - seller if ineffectual patent medicines
MUDLARK - sewer cleaner, riverbank scavenger
MUFFIN MAKER - maker who made muffins
MUFFIN MAN - itinerant seller of muffins
MUGGLER - pigman
MUGSELLER - seller of cups, mugs
MULE MINDER - minded the spinning mules in the cotton mills
MULESKINNER - teamster
MUSTARDER / MUSTARDMAN - made and dealt in mustard
NAGELSCHMIEDMEISTER - master nailsmith
NAGSMAN - a person who schools horses, usually for his employer
NAPERER - royal servant in charge of table linen
NAPIER - naperer
NARROW WEAVER - weaver of ribbons, tapes, etc
NAVIGATOR - laborer building canals or railways
NEATHERD - cowherder
NECKER - worker responsible for the feeding of cardboard into the machine the makes boxes
NEDELLER - needle maker
NECESSARY WOMAN - servant responsible for emptying and cleaning chamber pots
NETTER - net maker
NIGHT SOILMAN / NIGHTMAN - one who emptied cesspits, ashpits and backyard toilets
NIGHTWALKER - watchman or bellman
NIMGIMMER - doctor
NIPPER - lorry boy, a young person employed by the carter or wagoner to assist with the collection and delivery of goods
NOB THATCHER - wig maker
NOON TENDER - guarded the goods on the quay while the officers were a lunch
NOTERER - notary
OILMAN - sold the oil for lamps
OLITOR - kitchen gardener (from Olitory-a kitchen garden)
ORDERLY - soldier who functioned as a servant for an officer
ORDINARY KEEPER - innkeeper
ORRERY MAKER - made a mechanical apparatus for showing the movements of the planets (named after the Earl of Orrery the inventor)
ORRICE WEAVER - designer of lace patterns to be woven with silk thread and silk
OSIER PEELER - removed bark from willow rods or osiers which were used in basket weaving, usually women and children (also known as withy peelers)
OSTIARY - monastery door keeper
OSTLER - originally applied to an innkeeper/taverner or one who received guests especially in an monastery (13th century) but later on it came to mean stableboy or a person who looked after horses, coming from the old French 'hostelier'
OUT CRIER - auctioneer
OUTWORKER - worker who carried on their occupation at home, e.g., cotton or woollen weavers but it applies to many occupations
OVERLOOKER - superintendent or overseer, especially in the textile mills
OVERMAN - supervisor in a colliery who checked the miners work and the quality of the mined coal
OWLER - sheep or wool smuggler
OYSTER DREDGER - member of the crew on board an oyster fishing boat
PACKER - packs goods such as pickles or herring
PACKMAN - travelled around carrying goods for sale in a pack
PACK THREAD SPINNER - operator of the machine which made thread or twine
PAD MAKER - made small baskets used for measuring
PAGE - youth being trained for the medieval rank of knight and in the personal service of a knight or attendant upon someone of rank in the medieval period
PAINTRESS - woman employed in the pottery industry to hand paint the finished articles
PAPER-STAINER - one who made wallpaper
PALING MAN - seller of eels
PALISTER - one who ensured the parks were safe and well kept
PALMER - one who had been, or pretended to have been, to the Holy Land
PANNIER MAN - fish monger
PANNIFEX - somebody who worked in the cloth trade
PANTER - keeper of the pantry
PANTLER - butler
PAPERER - inserted the needles into the paper ready for sale in the needlemaking trade
PARDONER - seller of indulgences
PARFUMIER / PERFUMER - manufacturer and purveyor of scents such as perfumes, colognes and even incense
PARGETER - applied ornamental plaster to buildings
PARITOR - church officer who attended the magistrates and justices at court for the pupose of executing their orders
PARKER - park caretaker
PASSAGE KEEPER - kept passages and alleys clean
PASTELER - pastry chef
PASTOR - shepherd
PATTEN MAKER - clog maker or the person who made wooden soles (pattens) to fit under normal shoes to protect from wet and muddy ground
PAVER / PAVIOUR - laid paving stones
PAVYLER - put up pavilions or tents etc
PEDASCULE - schoolmaster
PEELER - policeman, constable, bobby (from Sir Robert Peel founder of the police force)
PELTERER - one who worked with animal skins
PERAMBULATOR - surveyor
PERCHEMEAR - one who made parchment
PEREGRINATOR - itinerant wanderer
PETTIFOGGER - shyster lawyer
PETTY CHAPMAN - itinerant dealer in small goods, a pedlar
PEWTERER - made pewter utensils (using any of various alloys having tin as chief component especially a dull alloy with lead)
PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENT MAKER - one who made scientific instruments
PHRENOLOGIST - diviner of a person's character based on the bumps on a person's head
PICKER - one who cast the shuttle on a loom
PIECENER / PIECER - one who worked in a spinning mill, employed to piece together any threads which broke (usually a child or woman)
PIGMAN - one who sold crockery or bred or looked after pigs on the farm
PIKELET MAKER - baker who specialised in making pikelets (a small pancake or crumpet)
PIKEMAN - miller's assistant
PINNER UP - dressmakers assistant or one who sold broadsheets or ballards in the streets
PINSETTER - one who manually set up bowling pins before the advent of automated pinsetting machines
PIPER - innkeeper
PIRN WINDER - wound the yarn onto large wheel like bobbins which were then ready to feed the looms in a cotton mill
PISTOR - baker
PIT BROW LASS - female worker who worked on the surface of the mines
PITMAN - coal miner
PLAITER - maker of straw plaits used in making hats etc
PLAYDERER - one who made plaid
PLAIN WORKER - performed plain sewing or needlework as opposed to an embroiderer
PLANKER - one who planks or kneads the body of the hat during felting
PLATELAYER - men who laid and maintained the railway tracks in Britain and the word actually predates railways being derived from the very old "plateways" which existed hundireds of years ago, mainly for moving coal
PLEACHER / PLAICHER / PLATCHER / PLASHER - hedge layer
PLOWMAN - farmer
PLOWWRIGHT - maker or repairer of plows
PLUMASSIER / PLUMER - made or sold plumes, ornamental feathers
PLUMBUM WORKER - plumber
POINTER - sharpened needles or pins or lace maker
POINTMAKER / POINTMAN - made the tips of laces
POINTSMAN - railway worker who operated the points, used to change the line on which the train was travelling
POLDAVE WORKER - made poldave, a coarse fabric
POLEMAN - surveyor's assistant
PONDERATOR - inspector of weights and measures
PORTABLE SOUP MAKER - converted soup into a dry form for transporting from place to place
PORTER - door or gatekeeper
POSTILLION - attacher of extra horses to wagons & coaches to help them up hills
POST BOY - carried mail from town to town, guard who travelled on the mail coach or outrider who travelled with the stagecoach as a postillion
POSTER - one who worked in the quarries breaking rocks
POTATO BADGER - seller of potatoes
POT BOY / MAN - one who worked in public houses washing and removing dirty pots also did other menial tasks
POTTER - maker or seller of pottery
POTTER CARRIER - chemist or pharmacist
POTTER THROWER - potter who used a wheel and therefore had to throw the clay
POULTER - seller of poultry
POWER LOOM TUNER - one who maintained the loom in mills
PRENTIS - apprentice
PRICKER - witch hunter, pattern maker or a horseman
PRICK LOUISE - tailor
PRICKER - used a type of wire brush to make small holes inside ceramic sewer pipe to prevent spalling during firing
PRIG NAPPER - horse thief
PROCTOR - official of a university
PROP BOBBY - worked in mines checking the pit props
PROTHONARY - law clerk
PUBLICAN - innkeeper
PUDDLER - worked clay into puddle, worked with puddle to make things water tight eg canal walls or worked in puddling iron
PUGGARD - thief
PUGGER - produce clay paste by treading like grapes, usually women and children in brick manufacturing
PUG MILL OPERATOR - operated a machine for mixing clay and water, which then exuded a "pug" (a cylinder of clay of any diameter and indefinate length)
PUNKY - chimney sweep
PUREFINDER - old women and young girls who went about the streets gathering dog droppings which were used for tanning leather
PURSER - ship's officer in charge of provisions & accounts
PUTTER IN - put things in to some form of mechanised process
QUARREL PICKER - glazier
QUILLER - one who operated a machine that wound yarn onto spools
QUILTER / QUILTRESS - one who quilted material
QUISTER - one who bleached things
QWYLWRYGHTE - wheelwright
RACK MAIDEN - girl employed in the tin mines of Cornwall to dress the ore
RAFFMAN - one who dealt in raff (saleable rubbish)
RAFF MERCHANT - seller of fibre used to make raffia bags etc
RAG CUTTER - one who cut up rags into small pieces to be used for making paper etc
RAG GATHERERS - employed to clear the rags from the machinery in the mills (usually children)
RAG MAN - one who went from street to street collecting and selling old clothes and rags
RAG AND BONE MAN - one who went from street to street with a cart and collected any old rubbish, usually in exchange for a small item, e.g. a block of soapstone
RAG PICKER - sorted through the left over rags to find re usable ones
RAKER - street sanitation worker
RECTIFIER - one who distilled alcoholic spirits
REDAR - interpreter of dreams
REDSMITH - goldsmith
REEDER - worked with reeds for hedging or thatching
REEDMAKER - made the pipe for a musical instrument or made a weavers implement (a reed) or reed cloth or the comb used in tapestry
REELER - operated the machine that wound the yarn onto the bobbin
REEVE - church warden
REGISTRAR - official who registers events such as land purchases or births
RENOVATOR - one who repaired clothing
REVENUER - taxman who enforces tax laws on liquor
RICKMASTER - Captain of Horse
RIFTERE - reaper
RIGGER - hoist tackle worker; works on a ship's rigging
RIPPER / RIPPIER - one who sold fresh water fish at the markets or maker and seller of baskets
RIVERMAN - worker on a river boat
ROCKMAN - worked in a quarry usually placing the charges on the rockface
ROCKGETTER - rocksalt miner
ROLLER COVERER - one who covered the rollers for the spinning process
ROLLEYWAY MAN - maintained the underground road in the mines
ROLL TURNER - carder of wool, cotton etc into rolls prior to spinning
ROMAN CEMENTER / PLASTERER - one who worked with roman cement used in stuccoing
ROPER - maker of rope or nets
ROVER - archer or operator of a machine used in cotton mills which prepared the carded fibre into rolls
RODMAN - surveyor's assistant
RUBBISHER / RUBBLER - sorted the small stones in the quarries
RUGMAN - dealer in rugs
RUNNER - smuggler, messenger and ironically one who worked for the magistrate best remembered as Bow Street Runners
RUSTLER - cattle thief
SADDLER - one who made saddles, harnesses, horse collars, bridles
SADDLE TREE MAKER - one who made the frames for saddles that the saddler used
SAGGAR (also SAGGER) MAKER - one who made the fireclay containers in which the stoneware was placed ready for firing
SAGGAR (also SAGGER) MAKER'S BOTTOM KNOCKER- was the saggar maker's assistant who tapped the bottom of the pots
SALT BOILER - one who obtained salt by boiling water
SALTER / DRYSALTER / SAUCER - one who made or dealt in salt
SARCINET WEAVER - silk weaver
SAND HOG - those who dug the tunnel under the river
SANDWICHMAN - wears a sandwich billboard for advertising
SAW DOCTOR - made, repaired, maintained and sharpened a wide range of cutting tools and saw blades and also maintained and aligned mechanical parts of a range of production machines
SAWYER - saws timber to boards
SAY WEAVER - one who made Say, material used for table cloths or bedding
SCAGIOLA MAKER - one who made imitation marble
SCALERAKER / SCAVENGER - employed by the parish to clean the streets
SCAPPLER - one who roughly shaped the stone prior to being finished by the stonemason
SCAVELMAN - employed to keep the waterways and ditches clear
SCHRIMPSCHONGER - artisan who carves in bone, ivory, or wood
SCHUMACKER - shoemaker
SCOTCH DRAPER / SCOTCHMAN - sold goods door to door with payment to be made by installments
SCREENER - screened the ore at the mines surface
SCRIBE - clerk
SCRIBLER - a minor or worthless author
SCRIMER - fencing master
SCRIVENER - clerk, notary
SCRIBBLER - employed in a scibbling mill where the wool was roughly carded before spinning
SCRIBER - employed at the docks to mark the cotton bales with the approximate weight ready for selling by the brokers
SCRIPTURE READER - employed by the local clergy to go from house to house reading parts of the bible to try and encourage people to attend church, also read scriptures during some services
SCRIVENER - wrote out legal documents etc
SCRUTINEER - election judge
SCUTCHER - beat the flax to soften the straw in the bundles
SCULLERY MAID - female servant who performed all the menial tasks
SCULLION - male servant who performed all the menial tasks
SEAL PRESSER - employed in the glass industry to seal the bath against air intake which could spoil the finished surface
SEARCHER - customs man
SECRET SPRINGER - one made watch springs
SEEDSMAN - sower of seeds
SEDGEMAN - skilled workman who applied sedge (type of grass) which was used as an early roofing material
SELF ACTING MINDER - one in charge of the automatic spinning mule in the mills
SEMI LORER - maker of leather thongs
SEMPSTER - seamstress
SENESCHAL - A senior steward at the Manor
SEWER HUNTER (also see TOSHHR) - scavenger who concentrated on the sewers trying to find valuable objects
SEWER RAT - bricklayer who specialised in making and repairing sewers and tunnels
SEWING CLERK - collector of clothing piecework
SEWSTER - seamstress
SEXTON - employee or officer of a church who cared and upkept church property and sometimes rang bells and dug graves
SHAGREEN CASE MAKER - one who worked with shagreen leather
SHANTY MAN - lumberman
SHARECROPPER - tenant farmer who would be paid with part of the crop
SHEARER - removed the fleece from sheep
SHEARGRINDER - sharpened shears, scissors
SHEARMAN or SHERMAN - shearer of cloth, metal
SHEATH MAKER - one who made scabbards for swords
SHEEPMAN - sheep herder
SHINGLER - A roof tiler who used wooden tiles (shingles)
SHIP HUSBAND - repairer of ships while in harbor
SHIP MASTER - owner or captain of a ship
SHIPWRIGHT - constructor or repairer or ships
SHOE FINDER - seller of shoe maker's tools
SHOESMITH - cobbler, one who shoed horses
SHOE WIPER - servant who polished shoes
SHOT FIRER - one in charge of blasting in mines or quarries
SHRAGER - one who trimmed and pruned trees
SHRIEVE - sheriff
SHUFFLER - yardman on the farms
SHUNTER - one who moved rolling stock around the railway yards
SHUSTER - shoe maker
SHUTTLE MAKER - made the shuttles for the weaving mills
SICKLEMAN - reaper
SIDESMAN - one who assisted the churchwarden
SILK ENGINE TURNER - turned the wheel on automatic silk weaving looms
SILK THROWER - worker in the silk industry
SILKER - sewed the ends of the fabric to prvent the layers from separating
SILK DRESSER - prepared the silk for weaving
SILK MERCER - sold silk cloth and items made from silk
SILK TWISTER - silk spinner
SIMPLER - agriculturist that we would call herbalist today
SILVERSMITH - worked with silver
SIZER - applied the size to cloth or worked in a paper mill
SKEINER MAKER - made wheels used in spinning industry upon which yarn was wound
SKEPPER / SKELPER - one who made and sold beehives
SKINKER - tapster in an ale house
SKINNER - dealer in hides, mule driver
SKIPMAKER - one who made the skips used in mining and quarrying for moving men or materials to the surface
SKIPPER - master of a ship
SLAPPER / SLAPER - one who worked in a pottery preparing the clay for the potter
SLATER - roofer
SLAYMAKER - apparently an Old English name meaning maker of slay's--wooden pegs used in weaving
SLOPSELLER - seller of readymade clothes in a slop shop
SLUBBER - operated the machine used to prepare cotton for spinning
SLUBBER DOFFER - removed the bobbins from the spindles in the mills
SMACKMAN - worked on a sailing ship (as a sloop or cutter) used chiefly in coasting and fishing
SMALLWARE MAKER - who made smallware, e.g. tapes, braids etc
SMELTER - worker in a metal smelter, smelt fisherman
SMIDDY - smith
SPALLIER - tin worker who performs chiefly menial tasks
SPERVITER - keeper of sparrows
SPICER - grocer or dealer in spices
SPINNER - spins yarn
SPLITTER - operated a splitting machine or one who split things by hand, e.g. stone, timber etc
SPOONER - made spoons
SPURRER or SPURRIER - maker of spurs
SQUIRE - (esquire) practitioner of a profession, a gentleman
SUPERCARGO - officer on merchant ship in charge of cargo
SUTLER - followed soldiers to encampments, set up tents to sell supplies, foodstuffs and dry goods
STABLER - ostler
STALLMAN - keeper of a market stall
STAMPMAN - worker of an ore crushing machine
STATIONER - bookseller, seller of paper & writing implements
STATIST - politician
STEEPLE JACKER - painted flag poles etc.
STEERSMAN - ship's helmsman
STENTERER - operated the cloth finishing machine
STEP BOY - employed to help passengers to enter or leave the coach
STEVEDORE - laborer who unloads and loads ships' cargoes
STEWARD - manager of property, purveyor of supplies or someone who attended passengers on conveyance
STICHER - one who does decorative stitching
STOCKINGER - knitter, weaver, or dealer in stockings
STOKER - tends the fire of an engine boiler
STONEMAN / STONEWARDEN - a surveyor of highways
STONE PICKER - employed to remove the stones from the farmers fields before planting
STONE WORKERS - worked with stone eg masons, quarriers etc
STOREMAN - one responsible for stored goods
STOWYER - one who stowed the nets away on fishing boats
STRAVAIGER - vagrant
STRAW JOINER - one who thatched roofs
STRAW PLAITER - one who made straw braids for the hat industry
STREAKER - one who prepared the body for burial
STREET ORDERLY / BOY - street cleaner
STRIKER - blacksmiths helper or harpooned the whale
STRIPPER - employed in the woollen trade to remove the rubbish from the carding machines
STRINGER - made the strings for bows
STUFF GOWSMAN - junior barrister
STUFF WEAVER - wove stuff (the coarse part of flax)
SUCKSMITH - one who made ploughshares
SUMNER - summoner or apparitor
SUTLER - merchant or peddler in an army camp
SWAILER - miller or dealer in grain
SWAIN - herdsman
SWELL MAKER - one who made shallow baskets
SWINEYARD / SWINEHERDER - pig keeper
SWINGLER - one who beats flax to remove woody parts
SWORD CUTLER - sword maker
TABLER - boarding house operator
TACKLER - an overlooker of power loom weavers
TACKSMAN - middleman who leased a large piece of land from the owner and sublet it in small lots
TAILOR - one who made or repaired clothes
TALLOW CHANDLER - made or sold candles
TALLY CLERK - kept count of goods arriving or departing from warehouses, docks etc
TALLYMAN / TALLYFELLOW - one who sold goods that were paid for in installments
TAN BARK STRIPPER - collected the bark that was used in the tanning process
TANNER - leather maker
TAPER WEAVER - one who made the wicks for candles
TAPITER / TAPICER - one who wove worsted cloth
TAPLEY - One who puts the tap in an ale cask
TAPPIOLOGIST - someone who taps the wheels of trains to check for cracks and flaws
TAPSTER - bartender or barmaid
TAR BOY - applied tar (as antiseptic) to sheep when they were nicked by shearers
TASKER - reaper
TASSELER - one who made tassels used in furnishings or nobleman
TAVERNER - innkeeper
TAWER / TAWYER - white leather maker
TEAMER / TEAMER MAN / TEAMSTER - person in charge of a team of horses
TEASER - one who opens up matted wool for carding
TEEMER - person who emptied grain from the cart or who poured the molten steel into the moulds
TENTER / TENTERER - one who stretched the cloth on a machine while it was drying or looked after and maintained the machine used in the process
TEXTOR - weaver
THATCHER - one who covered roofs with straw or reeds
THIRDBOROUGH - an underconstable
THRESHER - one who separated the grain from the husks and straw
THROWSTER - one in the textile trade who twisted the strands of fibre together into yarn
TICKET WRITER - person (usually female) who hand wrote or painted the price tickets on goods displayed for sale and painted the signs that go up to make a window display
TICKNEY MAN / WOMAN - sold earthenware from town to town
TIDE GAUGER / SURVEYOR - monitored the state of the tide
TIDESMAN / TIDE WAITER - customs official
TIEMAKER - one who made wooden railway ties
TIGER - small groom or pageboy in livery
TILER - one who put tiles in place either on the roof or floor
TILLER - farmer
TIMES IRONER - servant responsible for ironing the daily newspaper
TINCTOR - dyer
TINMAN - a tinsmith or tinker
TINNER - tin miner, tinsmith
TINTER OR TEINTER - artists who performs tinting
TIPPER - one who put the metal tips on arrows etc
TIPPLER - kept an ale house
TIPSTAFF - policeman
TIREWOMAN - female dresser, especially in the theater
TIXTOR - weaver
TOBACCO SPINNER - maker of cigars
TODHUNTER - employed by the parish to hunt foxes
TOE RAG - who worked at the docks as a corn porter
TOILINET MANUFACTURER - made toilinet (a kind of quilting)
TOLLER / TOLLGATE KEEPER / TOLLIE / TOLMAN / TURNPIKE KEEPER - worked at the toll gate to collect fees for use of the road
TONSOR - Latin for barber
TOOL HELVER - made tool handles
TOPMAN - sailor who works in the ship's rigging
TOP SAWYER - upper man in a saw pit
TOPSMAN - head cattle drover
TOUCH HOLER - one who worked in the gun manufacturing industry
TOSHER (also see SEWER HUNTER) - sewer hunters were formerly, and indeed still are, called by the name of toshers, the articles which they pick up in the course of their wanderings along the shore being known among themselves by the general term tosh
TOW CARD MAKER - one who made tow cards, used in the textile industry
TOWN CHABERLAIN - one who looked after the towns affairs
TOWN CRIER - one who made public announcments in the streets
TOWN HUSBAND - employed by the parish to collect the money from the fathers of illegitimate children for their upkeep
TOWNSWAITER - customs man
TOZER - worked in the wool mills employed to tose or tease the cloth
TRAMMER - young person who worked in the mines
TRAMPLER - lawyer
TRANQUETER - person who made hoops
TRANTER - peddler
TRAPPER - employed in the mines to open and shut the doors for the miners
TRAVERS - toll bridge collection
TREEN MAKER - made domestic articles from wood
TREENAIL MAKER - one who made the long wooden pins used in shipbuilding
TRENCHERMAKER - made wooden boards or platters for serving food from or cutting and slicing food on
TRENCHERMAN - cook
TREPANGER - one who used a circular saw to cut timber
TRIMMER - trims a ship by re-arranging its cargo
TROACHER - pedlar
TRONER - weighing official at the markets
TROTTER / TROTMAN / TROTT - messenger
TRUGGER - one who made long shallow baskets
TUBBER - one who made tubs and barrels ie a cooper
TUBMAN - English barrister
TUCKER - cleaner of cloth goods
TUCKER IN - maid who attended the bedroom and "tucked in the bedclothes"
TURNER - gymnast, lathe worker
TURNKEY - prison warder or jail keeper
TURNSPIT - one who operated the spit handle
TWEENIE / TWEENY - maid who worked "between the stairs" she assisted the cooks and the housemaids
TWISTER / TWISTERER - one who operated the machine used for twisting yarns and threads together
TWIST HAND - one who operated a lace machine
ULNAGER - one appointed to examine the quality of woollen goods to be sold
UPHOLDER - upholsterer and also a seller of secondhand goods
UPRIGHT WORKER - chimney sweep
VALET - male servant that attended a nobleman or gentleman
VALUATOR - who valued objects
VENATOR (VENUR) - huntsman
VASSAL - servant of the lowest order
VATMAN - one who put the paper pulp into the moulds in paper-making industry or worked with vats e.g. in beer and wine making
VERDERER - official in charge of the royal forest
VERGER - one who worked with the priest in the running the church
VERGE MAKER - one who made the spindles used in clocks and watches
VERRIER - glazier
VESTMENTMAKER - one who made the gowns worn by priests
VICTUALER - seller of food/drink
VIEWER - one who worked at the mines in a managerial capacity
VILLEIN - one who paid dues to the lord of the manor in return for use of the land
VINTAGER / VINEROON - grape farmer, wine maker
VINTNER / VINTER - wine merchant
VIRGINAL PLAYER - player of a musical instrument similar to a harpsichord
VULCAN - blacksmith
WABSTER - weaver
WADSETTER - under Scottish law a creditor to whom a wadset is made; a wadset is a right, by which lands, or other heritable subjects, are impignorated by the proprietor to his creditor in security of his debt
WAGONER - wagon or cart driver
WAILER - one employed in the mines to remove the impurities from the coal
WAINWRIGHT - builder or repairer of wagons
WAIT / WAKEMAN - night watchman
WALKER / WAULKMILLER - cloth worker (see also FULLER)
WALKING-STICK FILER - one who made walking sticks
WALLER - one who built walls either brick or dry stone, also a person who worked making coarse salt
WANTER / WANTCATCHER - mole catcher
WARDER -in charge of prisoners
WAREHOUSEMAN - in charge of or employee in a warehouse
WARPER - set the warp thread on the looms or employed to move boats by hauling on the warps (the ropes attached to the boats)
WARRENER - in charge of a portion of land used for breeding rabbits and other small game
WASHMAN - tin coater
WASTEMAN - checked the old workings for gas and maintaining them in the mines or employed to remove waste
WATCH FINISHER - assembled watches and clocks
WATCHMAN - town official who guarded the streets at night
WATER BAILIFF - official in charge of the fishing rights on a stretch of water
WATER CARRIER - carted and sold fresh water
WATER GILDER - trapped water fowl
WATER LEADER / LEDER / LODER - transported and sold fresh drinking water
WATERMAN - worked with or on boats usually on rivers
WATTLE HURDLE MAKER - made a type of fence from wattle to keep the sheep in
WAY-MAKER - employed to make roads
WAY MAN - surveyor of roads
WEATHERSPY - astrologer
WEBSTER / WEBBER - weaver (originally a female weaver)
WEIGHER - worked on the docks to weigh the cargo as it was unloaded
WELLMASTER - one in charge of the local well with the responsibility of ensuring clean water for the village
WELL SINKER - dug wells
WELL WRIGHT - made the winding equipment used to raise the bucket in the well
WET GLOVER - made leather gloves
WET NURSE - woman employed to suckle tthe child of another (common practice with the rich)
WETTER - dampened paper during the printing process or in the glass industry who detached the glass by wetting
WHARFINGER - owner of a wharf
WHEEL TAPPER - railway worker who checked for cracked wheels by striking them with a long handled hammer and listening for a clear ring
WHEELER - wheel maker, attended to the spinning wheel in the textile industry and one who led the pit ponies that pulled the tubs underground in the mines
WHACKER - horse or oxen team driver
WHEELWRIGHT / WRIGHT - maker or repairer of wagon wheels
WHEERYMAN - in charge of a wheery (a small light rowing boat)
WHIG - horse driver (Scottish term)
WHIPCORD MAKER / WHIPMAKER - made whips
WHIPPERIN - managed the hounds in a hunt
WHITEAR - hide cleaner
WHITE LIMER - plastered walls using lime and water plaster
WHITE SMITH - tin smith
WHITENING ROLL MAKER - made the whitening used in whitening walls of cottages
WHITTAWER - one who made saddles and harness
WHITENER / WHITESTER / WHITSTER - one who bleached cloth
WHITEWING - streetsweeper
WHITTAWER - preparer of white leather
WILLOW PLAITER / WEAVER - one who made baskets etc
WINDSTER - silk winder
WOODBREAKER - one who made wooden water casks
WOODRANGER / WOOD REEVE / WOODWARD - in charge of the forest or woods
WOOLCOMBER - operated machines that separate the fibres ready for spinning in woolen industry
WOOL DRIVER - one who brought the wool to market
WOOL FACTOR - wool merchants agent
WOOLEN BILLY PIECER - worked in the woolen mills to piece together the broken yarns
WOOL MAN /WOOL SORTER / STAPLER - one who sorted the wool into different grades
WOOLSTED MAN - a seller of woollen cloth (from worsted man)
WOOL WINDER - one who made up balls of wool for selling
WORSTED MANUFACTURER / SHEARMAN - one who made worsted
WRIGHT - builder or repairer
XYLOGRAPHER - one who used and made wooden blocks used in printing illustrations
YARDMAN - rail road yard worker
YATMAN - gate keeper
YEARMAN - one contracted to work for a year
YEOMAN - farmer who owns his own land
ZINCOGRAPHER - designer who etched in relief a pattern on zinc plates used for printing
ZITHERIST - player of a simple, flat many-stringed instrument
ZOETROPE MAKER - craftsman who made zoetropes, an optical toy in the form of a cylinder with a series of pictures painted on the inner surface which gave the impression of continuous motion when viewed through slits in the rotating cylinder
ZOOGRAPHER - described and classified
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A List of Occupations
ACATER - supplied food provisions, e.g. a ships chandler
ACCIPITRARY - falconer
ACCOUCHEUR / ACCOUCHEUS - assisted women in childbirth
ACCOUTREMENT MAKER / ACCOUTRE - supplier of military accessories
ACKERMAN / ACREMAN - ploughman, an oxherder
ACTUARY - kept public accounts of business
ADMINISTRATOR - directed the affairs of another
ADVERTISEMENT CONVEYANCER - sandwich board man
ADVOCATE DEPUTE - Scottish law officer who could act a public prosecutor
ADVOWEE - normally a nobleman, who had the right to present a clergyman to a benefice
AERONAUT - balloonist or a trapeze artist in the circus or music halls
AFFEEROR - official in the manorial courts who assessed the monetary penalty and also collected taxes and dues and were also called Assessor
AGISTER - official of the Royal Forests or in the New Forest it is the title for the one in charge of the ponies
ALABASTERER - worked with alabaster
ALCHEMIST - medieval chemist who claimed to be able to turn base metals into gold
ALDERMAN - senior councillor one position down from Mayor in the local council
ALE-CONNER / ALE FOUNDER - official who tested quality and measure of ale served in public houses
ALE DRAPER - seller of ale
ALE TASTER - tested ale and beer for quality first recored in 1377 in London. Appointed by the Manor and forerunner of the Inspector for Weights & Measures
ALE TUNNER - employed by the brewery to fill ale casks (tuns} with ale
ALEWIFE - woman who keeps an alehouse or tavern
ALL SPICE - name for a grocer
ALMANAC MAN - official appointed by the Court of Sewers who warned the inhabitants of the Trent River area of higher than normal tides
ALMONER - gave out alms or charity to the poor on behalf of the parish
ALMSMAN - received alms
ALNAGER - official who examined the quality of woolen goods and stamped them with the town seal of approval
AMANUENSIS - secretary or stenographer
AMBER & JET CUTTER - cut and polished amber for jewelry
AMBLER - officer of the Royal Stable who broke in horses
AMEN MAN - parish clerk
ANCHORESS - female hermit or religious recluse
ANCHORITE - male hermit or religious recluse
ANILEPMAN - smallholder (tenant of the manor)
ANGLE IRON SMITH - made angle iron ie. flat iron bars bent at right angles lengthways
ANKLE BEATER - young person who helped to drive the cattle to market
ANNATTO MAKER - worked in the manufacture of dyes for paint or printing
ANTIGROPELOS MAKER - made waterproof leggings
ANVIL SMITH - made anvils and hammers for blacksmiths
APIARIAN - beekeeper
APOTHECARY - prepared and sold medicines or drugs; pharmacist
APPARITOR - official who summoned witnesses in the ecclesiastical courts
APPRENTICE - was bound to a skilled worker for a specified time to learn a trade
APRONEER - term used in London for a shopkeeper
APRONMAN - mechanic
ARCHIL MAKER - made a violet dye from lichens, used in the textile industry
ARKWRIGHT - skilled craftsman who produced "arks" (wooden chests or coffers)
ARMIGER - squire who carried the armour of a knight
ARMOURER - made suits of armour or plates of armour for buildings or ships etc.
ARTIFICER - highly respected skilled or artistic worker or craftsman or one that makes or contrives
ASHMAN - dustman
ASSAYER - determined the proportions of metal in ore
ASSAY MASTER - determined the amount of gold or silver to go in coins
AUGER MAKER - made the carpenters augers (used for boring holes in wood)
AULNAGER - see Alnager
AVENATOR (PLANTIFENE) - hay and forage merchant
AVOWRY - term for the lord of the manor
AXEL TREE MAKER / AXEL TREE TURNER - made axels for coaches and wagons
BACKMAKER - made "backs", vats, tubs, a Cooper
BACKMANN / BACKSTER / BAXTER / BECK / BECKER - baker
BACK'US BOY - kitchen servant (from "back of the house")
BACK WASHER - employed to clean the wool in the worsted manufacturing industry
BADGER - licensed pauper who wore a badge with the letter P on it and could only work in a defined area (the term "Badgering comes from this"). A corn miller or dealer or an itinerant food trader
BADGY FIDDLER - boy trumpeter in the military
BAGMAN - travelling salesman
BAGNIOKEEPER - n charge of a bath house or brothel
BAILIFF / BAILIE / BAILLIE / BAILLEE - officer of the sheriff, a land steward acting on behalf of the Landowner or Landlord and in Scotland a magistrate of the burgh, also looked after the fishing rights on certain rivers
BAIRMAN / BAREMAN - pauper or beggar
BALER - bales hay and in the mills one who bailed wool or cotton goods
BALISTER - archer most commonly a crossbowman
BALLAST HEAVER - loaded ballast into the hold of empty ships
BALLARD MASTER - in charge of loading the ballast into the hold of empty ships
BALLER / BALLER UP - assisted the potter by measuring out the balls of clay
BAL MAIDEN - female mine worker who worked on the surface (also a Pit Brow Lass)
BAND FILER - metal worker in the gun making industry
BANDSTER - bound the wheat sheaves after harvest
BANG BEGGAR - officer of the parish who controlled the length of stay of any stranger to the parish
BANKER - dug trenches and ditches to allow drainage of the land, placing the surplus earth in banks around the edge
BANKSMAN - employed in the mining industry being in charge of the cages at the pit head (sometimes known as a bank manager)
BARBER / BARBER SURGEON - a barber also also a surgeon (an Act was passed that limited Barbers to hair-cutting, shaving, dentistry and blood letting in the 18th century)
BARD - poet or minstral
BARGEE / BARGEMAN - worked on or owned and operated a barge
BARGE MATE - Naval officer
BARILLA MANUFACTURER - made barilla, a substance obtained from burning saltworts, the resulting mixture of sodium salts being used in the glass and ceramics industry
BARKEEPER - another name for a tollkeeper
BARKER - tanner
BARTONER - in charge of the monastic farm, also known as a barton
BASIL WORKER - worked with sheep and goat skins
BASKETMAN - made baskets and furniture from wicker, and also employed to empty the basket of coal being offloaded from the colliers into the barges
BASS / BAST DRESSER - employed in dressing fibre or matting
BATHING MACHINE PROPRIETOR - owned and hired the changing huts used at the seaside in the by bathers
BATMAN - officers servant in the army
BATT MAKER - made the wadding used in quilt and mattress making
BATTER OUT - sliced a short cylinder of clay (a bat) from a "pug" and threw it onto a mold shaped for the face of a ceramic plate
BATTLEDORE MAKER - made the beaters used on clothes carpets etc to remove the dust (later made the paddles used in washing machines)
BAYWEAVER - who wove bay (a fine woollen fabric also known as baize)
BEADLE / BEDEL / BEDELL - officer of the parish whose principle duty was to keep order, also was the town crier
BEADMAN / BEADSMAN / BEDESMAN - employed to pray for his employer, inhabitant of an almshouse / poorhouse / hospital or tenant employed by the manor for a specific service
BEAD PIERCER - employed to drill the holes in beads
BEAMER - winds the warp on the roller before putting it on the loom in the textile industry
BEARER - worked undergrpound carrying the coal to the bottom of the pit shaft and placed it in the containers for uplifting to the surface
BEATER - cleansed and thickened the cloth by treading it underwater with fullers earth (aka Fuller)
BEAVER - made felt used in hat making
BEDMAN - sexton
BEDRAL - in Scotland a minor church official
BEDWEVERE - made the webbing for bed frames and also a one who wove quilts
BEESKEPMAKER - made beehives
BEETLER - operated a beetling machine, used in the textile trade for embossing fabric
BELLEYETERE - bellfounder
BELLFOUNDER / BELTER / BILLITER - made bells
BELL HANGER - installed bells in churches
BELLMAN - employed as a watchman or town crier or who worked for the post office and collected letters for the mail coach by walking the streets and ringing a bell
BELLOWFARMER - responsible for the care and maintenance of the church organ
BELLOWS MAKER - made bellows used for organs or blacksmiths fires
BELLY BUILDER - built and fitted the interiors of pianos
BENDER - cut leather
BESSWARDEN - appointed by the parish to look after its animals
BESOM MAKER - made brooms
BEVER - beverage maker
BIDDY - female servant usually of Irish stock
BILLIER / BILLYMAN - operated a Billy Roller, a machine used in the cotton industry to prepare the cotton for spinning
BILL POSTER - put up notices, signs and advertisements
BINDER - bound items, e.g., books, hats etc .
BIRD BOY - employed to scare away birds from crops
BIRD CATCHER - caught birds for selling
BIRDS NEST SELLER - sold bird nests collected from the wild complete with eggs which were then hatched by domestic birds and sold as pets
BIRLYMAN - in Scotland a ground officer or parish arbiter
BLACK TRAY MAKER - made Japanned trays
BLACKING MAKER - made polish for shoes
BLACK BORDERER - made black edged stationery for funerals
BLADESMITH - swordmaker or knife maker
BLAXTER / BLEACHER - bleached cloth or paper pulp
BLEMMERE - plumber
BLENTONIST - water diviner
BLINDSMAN - employed by the Post Office to deal with incorrectly addressed letters and parcels
BLOCKCUTTER / BLOCKER - made wooden blocks used in the hat trade or laid down the blocks on which a ships keel was laid; a blockcutter was also a person who made and cut the patterns into wooden blocks for textile printing
BLOCK MAKER - engraved the blocks used in the printin
BLOCK PRINTER - printer who used wooden blocks for printing
BLOODMAN / BLOODLETTER - used leeches for letting blood, this was thought to be a cure for many ailments
BLOOMER - produced iron from ore, a bloom smithy
BLOWER - glass blower, one who operated a "blowing machine" used to clean and separate fibres in the textile trade, one who operated the bellows at a blacksmiths
BLOWFEEDER - fed the fibres into a "blowing machine"
BLUESTOCKING - female writer
BLUFFER - innkeeper or landlord of a pub
BOARDING OFFICER - inspected ships before entering port
BOARDMAN - truant officer who checked school attendance. a tenant of manorial land who paid rent by maintaining the manor's table
BOARDWRIGHT - made tables and chairs aka carpenter
BOATMAN - worked on a boat, predominately on rivers and canals also the name given to a boat repairer
BOATSWAIN - ship's officer in charge of riggings & sails
BOBBER - who polished metals one who helped to unload fishing boats
BOBBIN CARRIER - worked in spinning and weaving sections of the mills
BOBBIN TURNER - made the bobbins used in the spinning and weaving industry
BOBBY - policeman usually of constable rank
BODEYS / BODY MAKER - made bodices for womens garments
BODGER - craftsman who made wooden chair legs and the spars and usually worked in the actual woodland that they cut the timber in
BOILERMAKER - worked with metal in any industrial setting
BOILER PLATER - made rolled iron plate used to make boilers for steam engines etc
BOLL - looked after power looms in the weaving industry
BOLTER - sifted meal
BONDAGER - female worker on a farm who was bonded
BONDMAN - bonded to a master for the purpose of learning a skill or trade
BONDSMAN - stood bond or surety for another where a bond was required by law
BONE BUTTON TURNER - made buttons using a lathe
BONE LACE MAKER - made pillow lace
BONE MOULD TURNER - made the moulds for button manufacturers
BONE PICKER - collected rags and bones aka Rag and Bone Man
BONESETTER - set broken bones
BONIFACE - keeper of an inn
BOOK GILDER - decorated books with gold leaf
BOOKHOLDER - prompter in the theater
BOOK KEEPER - looked after the accounts for businesses
BOOKMAN - student
BOONMASTER - surveyor of roads with the responsibilities of maintaining and repairing the road
BOOTBINDER - employed to operate the machines which bound footware
BOOT CATCHER - servant at inn who pulled off traveler's boots
BOOT CLOSER - worked in the shoe trade stitching together all the parts of a shoe upper
BOOTHMAN - corn merchant
BORLER - who made cheap coarse clothing
BORSHOLDER - regional name (Kent) for a constable
BOTCHER - tailor or cobbler
BOTTILER / BOTTLER - made leather containers for holding liquids eg wine flasks or water bottles
BOTTLE BOY - pharmacists assistant
BOTTOM MAKER - moulded the bottoms for saggers in the pottery industry
BOTTOM KNOCKER - sagger makers assistant in the pottery industry
BOTTOMER - worked down the pits moving the ore etc to the bottom of the shaft for removal
BOWDLER - worked with iron ore
BOWKER - bleached yarn. A local term in some parts of Lancashire for a butcher
BOWLER - made bowls and dishes and also a term used for those who made the rounded part of spoons before casting
BOWLMAN / BOWLWOMAN - dealer in crockery
BOWLMINDER - in charge of the vats used for washing raw wool before processing
BOWYER / BOWER - made bows used in archery
BOZZLER - parish constable
BROTHERER / BROWDERER / BRODERER / BROIDERER - embroiderer
BROW GIRL - female employed at the pit head
BROWNSMITH - works with copper or brass
BUCKLER / BUCKLESMITH - made buckles
BUCKLE TONGUE MAKER - made the metal points that go in the holes of a belt
BUCKRAM MAKER - worked with buckram (used in stiffening materials) e.g. belts, lapels and collars
BUCK WASHER - laundress
BUDDLEBOY - employed to use and maintain the vats used in the lead and tin mines for washing the ore
BUDDLER - women and children who washed the ore at the copper mines in Allihies, Berehaven
BUFFALO SOLDIER - soldier serving in a black regiment in the US Army in the West
BULLWHACKER - oxen driver
BULLOCKY - attended to the daily needs of cattle and may also have lent a hand with general farm duties, especially during busy periods
BUMBOAT MAN - met ships at anchor with goods for passengers and crew to purchase
BUMMER - army deserter
BUMMAREE - middle man between the wholesaler and the retailer at the fish markets
BUNTER - female rag & bone collector
BURGESS - represented a borough at official levels
BURELER - made borel, a woollen cloth with a coarse feel
BURGOMASTER - mayor
BURLER - quality inspector for clothing
BURMAIDEN - chambermaid or lady-in-waiting
BURNEMAN - carrier of barm or water for brewers
BURYE MAN - grave digger
BUSS MAKER - maker of guns
BUSKER - hair dresser
BUTTER CARVER - made imprints in butter pats
BUTTON BURNISHER - button polisher
BUTTY - negotiated mining contracts and supplied the labor
CADDY BUTCHER - butcher that dealt in horse meat
CADDIE - messenger or errand boy
CADGER - beggar
CAFFLER - rag and bone collector
CAINER - made walking sticks
CAIRD - another term for a tinker
CALCINER - burnt bones to make powdered lime
CALENDER - listed documents
CALENDERER / CALENDERMAN / CALENDER WORKER - operated a machine which pressed using two large rollers (calender) used to press and finish fabrics or paper
CALICO PRINTER - dyed and colored calico
CAMBRIC MAKER - made a fine linen or cotton fabric called cambric
CAMISTER - minister of the cloth
CANDLE MAKER / CANDLER - who made and sold candles
CAMBIST - banker
CAMLET MERCHANT - seller of camlet, cloth used to make cloaks & petticoats
CAMPANER - bell maker
CANDY MAN - traveling candy salesman and also slang name for a baliff
CANCELLARIUS - chancellor
CANER / CHAIR BOTTOMER - made the seats for chairs out of woven cane
CANNALLER - canal boat worker
CANTER - religious speaker who uses cant
CANTING CALLER - auctioneer
CAPILLAIRE MAKER - made orange flavored syrup
CAPITALIST - investor
CAPPER / CAP MAKER - made caps usually worn by the working class
CAPTAIN - in charge of a ship or a group of soldiers and also term for an overseer
CARDROOMER - term for anyone who worked in the carding room of the mills
CARDER - cards wool
CARDMAKER - maker of cards or instruments for combing wool
CARMAN / CHARMAN / CARTER / CARRIER - drove a vehicle used to transport goods
CARD NAILER / NAILORA - maintained the teeth (nails) on the carding machine used for preparing wool and cotton for weaving
CARETAKER - takes care of another's property
CARNER - granary keeper
CARRY-IN-BOY - took finished bottled (products) to the tempering oven
CARTER - carries or conveys in or as if in a cart
CART WHEELER - made cart wheels
CARTOGRAPHER - map maker
CARTOMANCER - fortune teller who used cards
CARTWRIGHT - maker of carts & wagons
CASHMARIE - sold fish usually at inland markets
CASTER / CASTORA - made small bottles used for sprinkling salt, pepper, sugar etc
CASTRATOR - who castrated farm animals aka gelder
CATAGMAN - cottager
CATCHPOLE / CATCHPOLLA - sheriff's assistance or bailiff
CATECHISTA - teacher of religion
CATTLE JOBBER - buys and sells cattle
CAULKER - filled up cracks (in ships or windows) or seams to make them watertight
CEILER - puts up the ceilings in buildings
CELLARMAN - looked after the beer, wines and spirits in public houses or the warehouse
CEMMER - hand combed the yarn before weaving
CHAFF CUTTER - made chaff by cutting straw
CHAFFERER - dealer in chaff
CHAIR BODGER - traveling chair repairman
CHAISE MAKER - made carts from wicker
CHALONER - dealer in shalloon, a material made in Chlons
CHAMBERLAIN - steward to either royalty or nobility, in charge of the household
CHAMBERMAID - female servant attending to bedrooms in houses or inns
CHAMBER MASTER - shoemaker that worked from home as an outworker or selling direct
CHAUNTER - street entertainer who sung ballads
CHEESE FACTOR / CHEESEMAN / CHEESE MONGER - dealer in cheeses
CHANDLER - candle seller, grocer, provisioner, usually associated with provisioning ships
CHANTY MAN - sailor that led the singing of shanties on board ship
CHAPELER - made and sold hats
CHAPMAN / COPEMAN / PETTY CHAPMAN / CEAPMAN - dealer or peddler of goods usually itinerant going from village to village.
CHARCOAL BURNER - made charcoal usually in the woods where the trees were cut
CHARTMASTER - middleman that negotiated mining contracts and suppiled the labour
CHARWOMAN - cleaning woman
CHATELAINE - mistress of a castle or house
CHIFFONIER - wig maker or ragpicker
CHILDBED LINEN WAREHOUSE KEEPER / DEALER - hired bedlinen for childbirth as most children were born at home
CHIMNEY SWEEP - chimney cleaner
CHINGLOR - rooftiler who used wooden shingles
CHIP - shipwright or carpenter
CHIPPERS LABOURER - assistant to a shipwright or ships carpenter
CHIROPODIST - treats diseases of the feet & hands
CHIRUGION or CHIRURGEON - apothecary or surgeon (usually learned by apprenticeship)
CHOWDER - fish monger
CHRONOLOGIST - recorded official events of historical importance
CINDER WENCH - female who collected the cinders from gas works and sold them door to door
CLAKER - magician/astrologer
CLAVIGER - servant
CLAY CARRIER - assistant to the shot firer in the pits
CLAYMAN / CLEYMAN - worked in the clay pits usually preparing the clay for making bricks and also one who coated the outside of buildings with clay to make them water proof
CLERICUS - clerk
CLERK - clergyman or cleric
CLICKER - worked in the shoe trade cutting out the uppers made the shoelace holes and one in charge of the final stage of layout before printing in printing industry
CLIPPER / CLIPPER ON / CLIPPER OFF - attached the coal carts to the wire or rope which was used to drag the carts to and from the coal face
CLOD HOPPER - plowman
CLOGGER - maker of wooden shoes
CLOTH LAPPER - took the cloth from the carding machine readied it for the next process
CLOTH LINTER / CLOTH PICKER - removed unwanted threads and lint from the finished material
CLOTHIER / CLOTHESMAN / CLOTHMAN - who made or sold clothes
CLOUTER / CLOWER - made nails also another term for a shoemaker for the former term
COACHMAN / COACH DRIVER - drove any coach
COAL BACKER - carried the sacks of coal from the coal barge to the coal wagons
COAL BURNER - made charcoal
COAL DRAWER - worked in the mines pushing or dragging the coal carts to the bottom of the pit
COAL HEAVER - unloaded coal COALMAN / COAL MERCHANT / COAL HIGGLER - sold coal usually from a horse and cart, house to house.
COALMETER - measured the coal
COAL RUNNER - attended the coal carts underground
COAL WHIPPER - unloaded coal from ships using baskets attached to a simple form of crane
COAST SURVEYOR / WAITER - customs officer who watched over the ofloading off goods on the coast
COBBLER - shoemaker
COBLEMAN - used a flat bottomed boat for fishing
COCUS - cook
COD PLACER - put fire proof containers which held the pottery for firing into the kiln
COHEN - a priest
COINER - worked at the mint stamping out coins
COLLAR MAKER - made horse collars and one who made shirt collars
COLLIER - coal miner, a coal merchant or one who worked on the coal barges
COLONUS - Latin for farmer or husbandman
COLPORTEUR - traveling Bible or religious book salesman
COLOURATOR / COLORATORA - worked with dyes
COLOUR MAN - mixed the dyes in the textile trade and also assistant to a house painter
COMBER or COMBERE - combs wool
COMB MAKER - made combs either for the textile industry for combing wool etc. or the maker of hair combs
COMPOSITOR - set the type ready for printing
CONDER / CONNER - gave steering instructions to the steersman and also gave directions to inshore fisherman of fish movements on shoals (usually from the top of cliffs or rocks)
CONEY CATCHER - rabbit catcher
COOPER or CUPER - maker of barrels
COPEMAN / COPER - dealer in goods and also dishonest dealer in horses in the latter case
COPPERBEATER / COPPERBETER - coppersmith
COPPERSMITH - worked with copper
CORACLE MAKER - made coracles, a small round boat used for fishing
CORDINER / CORDWAINER / CORVINER / CORVISOR - originally term used for one who worked with Cordovan (a special leather from Spain) but later term used for shoemaker
COSTERMONGER - fruit seller
COSTER WIFE - female fruit seller
COTILER - cutler
COTTIER - landless farmer in the Irish midland estates that farmed at will, not year to year
COUPER - buys & sells
COURANTEER - journalist
COWHERD - cow tender
COWKEEPER - kept one or more cows (a common source of livelihood in cities) when a cow was kept in the back yard of a house, providing milk which was sold at the front door or window, forerunner of the local dairy
COXWAIN - ship or boat helmsman
CRATCH MAKER - made cratches (mangers, cribs, or frames) for hay
CRIER - law court officer, auctioneer, town announcer
CRIMPER - member of navy press gang
CROCKER - potter
CROFTER - tenant of a small piece of land
CROPPER - tenant who is paid with a share of the crop
CROSIER / CROZIER - bearer of the pastoral staff of a bishop or the bearer of the cross before the archbishop in the church
CROWNER - coroner
CURRIER - cures or tans hides
CUSTOMER - customs tax collector
CUTLER - knife seller or sharpener
DAGUERREOTYPE ARTIST - early name for a photographer (from the Daguerreotype method)
DAIRYMAN - worker or owner of a dairy farm or seller of dairy products
DAMSTER - builder of dams for logging purposes
DANTER - female overseer in the winding rooms of a silk mill
DATELER / DAY MAN / DAYTALEMAN - casual worker, usually employed by the day
DEATHSMAN - executioner
DECIMER / DOZENER - elected by the householders in a street to act as their representative at the borough's Court Leet
DECOYMAN - employed to decoy the wild fowl, animals etc into a trap or within shooting range
DECRETIST - knowledgeable in decrees, decretals
DEEMER / DEEMSTER / DEMSTER / DEMPSTER - judge, usually in the Channel Isles or Isle of Man
DELVER - dug ditches
DEPUTY - safety officer for the pit crew in the mining industry
DERRICKMAN - worked on an oil well handling the tubes and rods used in drilling
DEVIL - printer's errand boy
DEVILLER - operated the devil, a machine that tore rags used in the textile industry
DEXTER - dyer
DEY WIFE - female dairy worker
DEXTER - dyer
DIKEMAN / DYKEMAN - hedger or ditcher
DIPPER - who worked in the pottery trade and was responsible for the glazing of items
DISHER / DISH THROWER - who made bowls and dishes
DISH TURNER - who made wooden bowls or dishes
DISTILLER - maker of alcoholic beverages
DISTRIBUTOR - parish official attached to the workhouse / poorhouse who looked after the secular needs of the poor
DOCKER / DOCK WALLOPER - dock worker, longshoreman
DOCK MASTER - in charge of a dockyard
DOG LEECH - veterinarian
DOG-WHIPPER - drove dogs away in a village
DOMESMAN - judge
DONKEY BOY / DONKEY MAN - driver of a carriage for passengers
DOOR KEEPER - guard, janitor, or porter
DOUBLER - operated a machine used to twist together strands of fibre (cotton, wool etc)
DOWSER / DIVINER - water finder
DRAGMAN - fisher man who fished by dragging a net along the bottom of the water
DRAGOMAN - acted as interpreter or guide in Turkish or Arabic
DRAGSMAN - driver of a small stage coach or carriage used for public transport or private hire
DRAGOON - mounted infantryman
DRAINER - made drains
DRAPER - dealer in fabrics and sewing needs
DRAWBOY - weavers assistant in the shawl making mills , they sat atop the looms and lifted the heavy warps.
DRAYMAN - cart driver
DREDGERMAN - one who in a boat to collect the bits and pieces that had fallen overboard from other vessels which then were sold (London occupation)
DRESSER - one who dresses another, surgeon's assistant and also one who operated a machine which prepared threads in the textile industry
DRESSING MACHINE MAKER - made sewing machines
DRIFT MAKERA - made drift nets, used in the fishing industry
DRIPPING MAN - dealer in dripping (the fat collected during the cooking of meats)
DRIVER - slave overseer
DROVER - sheep or cattle driver
DRUGGER - pharmacist
DRUMMER - traveling salesman
DRY SALTER - dealer in pickles, dried meats, and sauces or a dealer in dyes and colors used in the dying trade
DUBBERE - cloth dubber, i.e., one who raises the nap of cloth
DUFFER - peddler of cheap goods
DUSTMAN / DUSTBIN MAN - collected domestic refuse
DRY STONE WALLER (DRY STANE DYKER in Scottish) - built stone walls usually using the stones removed from the fields as building materials. The art was in not using any cement or mortar and generally not cutting the stone, but being able to see where variuos stones would fit together
DYER - employed in the textile mills to color fabric prior to weaving
DYKER - Scottish term for a stonemason
EALDORMAN - n official of the shire courts who acted as the King's deputy taking payment from the profits of the court
EBONITE TURNER - one who worked with ebonite or vulcanite, making combs or ornaments etc
EARER - plowwman
EARTH STOPPER - one who plugs up animal holes
EGG FACTOR / EGGLER - egg or poultry dealer
ELEPHANTS TEETH DEALER - who dealt in ivory ornaments etc
ELLERMAN / ELLIMAN - who sold oil used for lamps and known as an oilman
ELYMAKER - oilmaker
EMBOSSER - who moulded or carved designs that were raised above the surface of the material
EMPRESARIO - land broker, settlement scheme promoter, showman
ENDHOLDERNN - inn keeper
ENGINEMAN - employed at a mine to be in charge of the machinery used to crush the ore
ENGINE TENTER - who operated the machine which stretched the cloth whilst drying in a woolllen mill
ENSIGN - commissioned officer in the navy
ENUMERATOR - who collected the information for the census from the householder and recorded it
EQUERRY - officer of the royal household usually responsible for the royal horses
EREMITE - hermit
ERITE - heretic
ESQUIRE - one who attended a knight, which later became a title for a man of standing in society
ESTAFETTE - mounted courier
EXPRESSMAN - person employed in the express business
EYER - one who made eyes in needles used for sewing. Sometimes called a Holer
FABER - artisan or workman
FABRICATOR - maker
FACTOR - an agent employed by merchants to transact business of buying and selling and a Scottish term for the steward of an estate responsible for collection of land rents
FAGETTER - made up faggots into bundles, seller of firewood
FAKER - photographic assistant who added color to photographs by hand before color film was available
FALCONER - breeds, trains, or hunts with hawks
FANCY-PEARL WORKER - worked in mother-of-pearl making buttons or fancy goods
FANCY MAN - pimp
FANWRIGHT - maker and repairer of fans or winnowing baskets
FARANDMAN - traveling merchant
FARMER - often descendant of the gentry and, ultimately, noble classes; usually having servants and farm workers, e.g., husbandmen, groomsmen, etc
FARRIER / FERROUR - horse shoer or blacksmith
FAWKNER - trainer of falcons
FEAR-NOTHING MAKER - weaver of special kind of thick woollen cloth known as fear-nought, used for protective clothing and lining portholes, walls, and doors of powder magazines on board ships.
FEATHER BEATER / FEATHER DRIVER - cleanser of feathers
FEATHER-DRESSER - who cleaned and prepared feathers for sale
FEATHERMAN - dealer in feathers and plumes
FEATHER-WIFE - woman who prepared feathers for use
FEEDER - herdsman
FELL MONGER - remover of hair or wool from hides in leather making
FELTER - worker in the hatting industry
FERONER - ironmonger
FERRETER - dealer in or manufacturer of ferret, ie. silk tape
FETTLER - cleaned the machinery in woollen mills, removing accumulated fibres, grease, etc., sharpened the fustian cutters knives or needlemaker who filed the needle to a point
FEVER - blacksmith
FEWSTER - maker of saddletrees
FEWTERER - keeper of hounds, for hunting or coursing
FIDDLER - used a fiddle (small knife) to remove the flashing from cast clay forms such as bowl, creamers, cups or pitchers
FILE CUTTER - a maker of files, involved the cutting of grooves on the file surface
FILIBUSTER - American mercenaries in South America, gun runners
FILLER - who filled bobbins in mills
FINE DRAWER - employed in tailoring to repair tears in the cloth (invisible mending)
FINISHER - operated machine giving final touches to a manufactured article in various trades
FIREBEATER - tended the boilers that powered the machinery in a cotton mill
FIREMAN - inspected for, and removed explosive gasses underground in mining or stoked the boilers on ships and locomotives
FIRST HAND - silk weaver who had his own loom (an outworker)
FISCERE - fisherman
FISH FAG - female fish monger
FITTER - coal broker
FLAUNER - confectioner
FLASHER - specialist process worker in the glass industry
FLATMAN / FLOATMAN - navigated a flat, a broad flat-bottomed boat used for transport, especially in shallow waters
FLAXDRESSER - prepared flax prior to spinning
FLESHMONGER / FLESHER - butcher or one who worked in a tannery
FLESHEWER - butcher
FLETCHER - arrowsmith (from French fleche).
FLOATER - vagrant or one who regulated the year-round workings of the watermeadows in winter by adjusting the hatches on the channels to flood or float the meadows with a shallow covering of water to protect them from frost and encourage the early growth of new grass mainly for early feed for sheep and other animals. The sheep were pastured on the new grass by day and driven up on to the downs to be folded by night to provide the manure needed for the coming season's grain crops
FLUSHERMAN - who cleaned out water mains
FLYCOACHMAN - driver of one-horse carriage hired by the day
FLYING STATIONER - street broadsheet seller
FLYMAN - driver of a light vehicle hired out for carriage of passenger or Theatre stage hand
FOGGER - peddler or low class lawyer
FOISTER / FOISTERER - joiner
FOOT MAN - servant who ran errands
FOOT PAD - robber
FOOT-POST - letter carrier or messenger who travelled on foot
FOOT STRAIGHTENER - one who assembled watch and clock dials in watchmaking
FORESTER - game warden or forest ranger
FORGEMAN - blacksmith or assistant (coachsmith 18th century Derbyshire)
FORGER - blacksmith, worker at a forge
FOSSETMAKER - who made faucets for ale-casks, etc
FOWER - street cleaner, sweeper
FOWLER / FOGLER / FUGLER / VOWLER / VOGELER / VOGLER / VAGELER / VOGELAAR / VOGLER - keeper or catcher of birds
FRAME SPINNER - worker on a loom
FRAMER - one who frames houses
FRAMEWORKER KNITTER - operator of machine which made hosiery
FREEDMAN - one released from slavery
FREEMASON - stonecutter
FRESER - maker of frieze, a rough plaster
FRESHWATER MAN - sailed boat on fresh water only or in the coastal trade
FRIPPERER - buyer & seller of old clothes
FRISEUR - hair dresser
FROBISHER / FURBISHER / FURBER / FURBOUR - remover of rust, a polisher of metal, eg. armour
FRUITERER - fruit seller
GARLEKMONGER - garlicmonger; dealer in garlic
GARTHMAN - owner or worker of a fish trap
GAS MANAGER - forman position in charge of checking for poisonous gas in coal mine shafts
GATER - watchman
GATHERER - glassworker who inserted the blow iron into the molten glass ready for the blower
GATHERERS BOY - held a shovel to shield the gatherer's face from the heat
GATWARD - goat keeper
GAUGER - customs official who measured the capacity of imported barrels of liquor in order to calculate the customs duty
GAUNTER - glover
GAVELLER - userer and in the Forest of Dean, an officer fo the Crown who granted gales or the right to work a mine and in Suffolk a harvest worker, usually female
GELDER - castrator of animals, especially horses
GEOMETER - skilled in geometry
GIMLER - machinist involved in making a gimp, a kind of card
GINOUR - engineer
GIRDLER - leather worker who made girdles and belts, chiefly for the Army
GLASS COACHMAN - driver of two-horse carriage hired out for the day
GLASSEWRYGHT - glasswright; maker and mender of glassware
GLAZIER - glass cutter or window classman
GLIMMER MAN - in Dublin, the man who would turn out (or down) the gas street-lights and also warn people turn out lights in their houses to ensure blackouts during bombing raids at War time
GLOVER - one that makes or sells gloves
GOAT CARRIAGE MAN - driver of small passenger carriage
GOLDSMITH - maker of gold articles, banker
GOOSE HERD - tends geese
GORZEMAN - seller of gorse or broom
GRACE WIFE - midwife
GRAINER - painted wood to make it look like great and exotic woods
GRANGER - farmer
GRAVER - carver or sculptor, engraver of images or dockside worker who cleaned ship bottoms by burning and tarring
GRAZIER - pastures and raises cattle
GREAVE / GRIEVE - bailiff, foreman, sheriff
GREEN GROCER - fruit and vegetable seller
GREENSMITH - worker in copper or latten
GRIMBRIBBER - lawyer
GROUNDSEL & CHICKWEED SELLER - streetseller of common weeds, used to feed pet songbirds
GUINEA PIG - an unattached, or roving person whose fee was usally a guinea
GUMMER - one who improved old saws by deepening the cuts
GUTTA-PERCHA MANUFACTURER - makes a tough plastic substance derived from latex and percha scrap used especially as insulation and in dentistry
GYNOUR - engineer
GYP - college servant especially one attending undergraduates
HABERDASHER - seller of men's clothing
HACKER - maker of hoes
HACKLER / HACKMAN / HECKLER - one who separated the coarse part of flax or hemp with a hackle, an instrument with teeth in linen industry
HACKNEY MAN - renter of horses & carriages
HAIR SEATING & CURLED HAIR MERCHANT - dealer in horse-hair stuffing used in upholstery
HAIRWEAVER / HAIRMAN - weaver of cloth composed wholly or partly of horsehair
HALBERT CARRIER - soldier or halberdier, armed with a halberd, a combination spear and battleaxe (a ceremonial officer)
HAMMERMAN - hammerer, a smith
HAND FLOWERER - ladies living mainly in rural locations who embroidered flowers or similar designs on muslin or cambric
HANDLE STICKER - put handles on cast ceramic cups, pitchers, etc
HANDSELLER - street vendor
HANDWOMAN - midwife or female attendant
HANKYMAN - a travelling magician in Victorian/Edwardian England
HANSARD - weapon maker or seller
HARLOT - vagabond, beggar, rogue, 14th century male servant, attendant or menial, and 15th century, loose woman
HARMER BECK - constable
HARPER - performer on the harp
HATCHLER - combed out or carded flax
HATTER - maker of or dealer in hats
HAWKER / HUCKSTER - peddler
HEADSMAN - executioner
HEADSWOMAN - midwife
HEALD KNITTER - operator of a machine which produced a jersey type of fabric as opposed to woven fabric
HECK MAKER - maker of a part of a spinning machine by which the yarn is guided to the reels
HEDGE LOOKER - supervised good repair of fence and enclosures
HEDGER - hedge trimmer
HELLIER / HILLIER - tiler or slater
HELPER-UP - young boy employed in Durham pits to help other workers
HEMPHECKLER - flax worker
HENCHMAN / HENSMAN - horseman or groom
HENTER - thief
HETHELEDER - provider of heather for fuel
HEWER - miner who cut coal, stone, etc., a face worker in a mine
HIGGLER - one who haggles or bargains or itinerant dealer, similar to a cadger
HIGHWAYMAN - robber who preys on public roads
HILLARD / HILLER / HILLIER - covered houses with slate; tiler
HIND - farm laborer
HIRED MAN - gardener, farmhand, or stableman
HOBBLER - boat tower on a river or canal
HODSMAN - mason's assistant
HOLSTER - groom who took care of horses
HONEY DIPPER - extracted raw sewage from catch basins and out-houses
HOOFER - dancer
HOOKER - 16th century reaper, 19th century worker in textile industry who operated a machine which laid fabric flat in uniform folds of any required length
HOOPER - makes hoops for casks (not a cooper)
HORNER - worker in horn making spoons, combs, or musical horns
HORSE COURSER - owner of race horses
HORSE KNAVE - groom
HORSE MARINE - man-handled barges on canals when horses could not be used
HORSE-CAPPER - dealer in worthless horses
HORSE-HAIR CURLER - dressed horse hair which was used extensively in the upholstery trade
HOSIER - retailer of stockings, socks, gloves, nightcaps
HOSTELLER - innkeeper
HOSTLER / OSTLER - cares for horses, stableman, groom, repairer or railway engines
HOUSE JOINER - house framer
HOUSE WRIGHT - house builder
HOTPRESSER - worker in paper or textile industries where product was pressed between glazed boards and hot metal plates to obtain a smooth and shiny surface
HOYMAN - one who carries goods and passengers by water (Hoy - small coastal vessel or sloop)
HOWDY WIFE - midwife
HUISSHER - usher or door attendant
HURDLEMAN / HURDLER - hedge-maker, of wattled framework fencing
HURRIERS - term applied to the girls aged 5-18 who were employed as coal-drawers in the coal industry
HUSBANDMAN - tenant farmer
HUSH SHOP KEEPER - brewed and sold beer without a license (usually as a side line)
ICEMAN - seller or deliverer of ice
IDLEMAN - gentleman of leisure
INFIRMARIAN - in charge of an infirmary
INTELLIGENCER - spy
INTENDENT - director of a public or government business
INTERFACTOR - murderer
IRON FOUNDER - one who founds or iron
IRON MONGER - dealer in hardware made of iron (also known as a feroner)
IRON MASTER - owner or manager of a foundry
IVORY WORKERS - included makers of combs, boxes, billard balls, buttons, and keys for pianofortes
JACK - young male assistant, sailor, or lumberjack
JACK-FRAME TENTER - cotton industry worker who operated a jack-frame, used for giving a twist to the thread
JACK-SMITH - maker of lifting machinery and contrivances
JAGGER - carrier, carter, pedlar or hawker of fish; 19th century, young boy in charge of 'jags'or train of trucks in coal mine; man in charge of pack horse carrying iron ore to be smelted
JAKES-FARMER - one who emptied cesspools
JAPANNER - one who covers with a hard brilliant coat of any of several varnishes
JERQUER - custom house officer who searched ships
JERSEY COMBER - worker in woollen manufacture (Jersey - wool which has been combed but not spun into yarn)
JIGGERMAN - operated a spinning wheel (Jigger) to form the foot (back side) of a ceramic plate
JOBBER - a buyer in quantity to sell to others, a pieceworker
JOBLING GARDENER - one employed on a casual basis
JOBMASTER - supplied carriages, horses and drivers for hire
JOYNER or JOINER - skilled carpenter
JONGLEUR - traveling minstrel
JOURNEYMAN / JORMAN - one who served his apprenticeship and mastered his craft; properly, one who no longer is bound to serve for years but is hired day to day
JOUSTER - fish monger
KEEKER - colliery official who checked quantity and quality of coal output or weighman
KEELER / KEELMAN - bargeman (from keel, a flat bottomed boat)
KEEPER - controlled the quantities of ore and fuel, regulated the blast and tapped the molten metal from the furnace
KEMPSTER - wool comber
KIDDIER - skinner or dealer in young goats
KILNER - limeburner, in charge of a kiln
KISSER - made cuishes and high armour
KNACKER - harness maker, buyer of old horses and dead animals
KNAPPERS - dressed and shaped flints into required shape and size
KNELLER / KNULLER - chimmney sweep who solicited custom by knocking on doors
KNOCKER-UP - man paid to wake up northern mill and factory workers on early shifts
KNOCKKNOBBLER - dog catcher
KNOLLER - toller of bells
LACE-DRAWER - child employed in lace work, drawing out threads
LACEMAN - dealer in lace, who collected it from the makers, usually only those who had bought his thread, and sold it in the lace markets
LACE-MASTER / MISTRESS - employed workers in factories or in their homes for the production of lace
LACE-RUNNER - young worker who embroidered patterns on lace
LACEWOMAN - lady's maid
LOBLOLLY BOY - ship's doctor's assistant or errand boy
LOCK KEEPER - overseer of canal locks
LONGSHOREMAN - stevedore
LONG SONG SELLER - street seller who sold popular songsheets printed on paper
LORIMER - maker of horse gear
LOTSELLER - street seller
LOTTER - one who bought odd lots of wool and consolidated them for sale
LUMPER - dock laborer who discharged cargo of timber employed by a master lumper (not the Dock Company) or fine-grain saltmaker, from practice of moulding salt into lumps
LUM SWOOPER - chimney sweep
LUNGS - alchemist's servant whose duty was to fan the fire
LUTHIER - maker and repairer of stringed musical instruments
MADERER - gathered and sold garlic
MAID - female domestic servant
MAIL GUARD - armed guard, frequently an ex-soldier, employed on the mail coach service
MAISE MAKER - one who made measures for weighing herring catch
MALEMAKER - maker of 'Males' or travelling bags
MALENDER - farmer
MALSTER - brewer, maker or seller of malts
MANCIPLE - steward
MANGLE KEEPER - woman who offered use of the mangle for a fee
MANGO - slave dealer
MARBLER - one who stained paper or other material, veined in imitation of marble
MARSHALL - horse doctor of shoesmith
MARSHMAN - paid by various landowners to look after marshlands and tend the animals put to graze there for the season
MASHMAKER - maker of the mash-vats or mashels used for mixing malt
MASON - stonecutter
MASTER - one of three grades of skill recognised by the Guild of Crafts
MASTER LUMPER - contractor of laborers at cheap rate of pay
MASTER MARINER - ship's captain
METERER - poet
MIDWIFE - experience woman who assists in child birth
MILESMAN / LENGTHSMAN - railway worker who had a length of railway track to keep in good order
MILLER - corn miller, cloth miller, saw miller
MILLERESS - miller's wife
MILLERS CARMAN - drove carrier to deliver the flour or seed to the customers
MILLPECK - sharpener of mill stones
MILLNER - maker of womens' hats
MILLWRIGHT - designer & builder of mills or mill machinery
MILSTONE INSPECTOR - vagrant, a gentleman of the road
MINTMAKER or MINTMASTER - issuer of local currency
MIXER - bartender
MOCADO WEAVER - weaver of woollen cloth used for making clothes 16-17th century
MOLD BOY -closed and held mold for glassblower, also weighed the bottles
MOLITOR - miller
MONDAYMAN - one who worked for landowner on Mondays in lieu of rent
MONGER - (i.e., fish) - dealer
MONTHLY NURSE - someone who assisted women during the first month after giving birth
MOULDER - maker of molds or castings, brickmaker
MOUNTEBANK - seller if ineffectual patent medicines
MUDLARK - sewer cleaner, riverbank scavenger
MUFFIN MAKER - maker who made muffins
MUFFIN MAN - itinerant seller of muffins
MUGGLER - pigman
MUGSELLER - seller of cups, mugs
MULE MINDER - minded the spinning mules in the cotton mills
MULESKINNER - teamster
MUSTARDER / MUSTARDMAN - made and dealt in mustard
NAGELSCHMIEDMEISTER - master nailsmith
NAGSMAN - a person who schools horses, usually for his employer
NAPERER - royal servant in charge of table linen
NAPIER - naperer
NARROW WEAVER - weaver of ribbons, tapes, etc
NAVIGATOR - laborer building canals or railways
NEATHERD - cowherder
NECKER - worker responsible for the feeding of cardboard into the machine the makes boxes
NEDELLER - needle maker
NECESSARY WOMAN - servant responsible for emptying and cleaning chamber pots
NETTER - net maker
NIGHT SOILMAN / NIGHTMAN - one who emptied cesspits, ashpits and backyard toilets
NIGHTWALKER - watchman or bellman
NIMGIMMER - doctor
NIPPER - lorry boy, a young person employed by the carter or wagoner to assist with the collection and delivery of goods
NOB THATCHER - wig maker
NOON TENDER - guarded the goods on the quay while the officers were a lunch
NOTERER - notary
OILMAN - sold the oil for lamps
OLITOR - kitchen gardener (from Olitory-a kitchen garden)
ORDERLY - soldier who functioned as a servant for an officer
ORDINARY KEEPER - innkeeper
ORRERY MAKER - made a mechanical apparatus for showing the movements of the planets (named after the Earl of Orrery the inventor)
ORRICE WEAVER - designer of lace patterns to be woven with silk thread and silk
OSIER PEELER - removed bark from willow rods or osiers which were used in basket weaving, usually women and children (also known as withy peelers)
OSTIARY - monastery door keeper
OSTLER - originally applied to an innkeeper/taverner or one who received guests especially in an monastery (13th century) but later on it came to mean stableboy or a person who looked after horses, coming from the old French 'hostelier'
OUT CRIER - auctioneer
OUTWORKER - worker who carried on their occupation at home, e.g., cotton or woollen weavers but it applies to many occupations
OVERLOOKER - superintendent or overseer, especially in the textile mills
OVERMAN - supervisor in a colliery who checked the miners work and the quality of the mined coal
OWLER - sheep or wool smuggler
OYSTER DREDGER - member of the crew on board an oyster fishing boat
PACKER - packs goods such as pickles or herring
PACKMAN - travelled around carrying goods for sale in a pack
PACK THREAD SPINNER - operator of the machine which made thread or twine
PAD MAKER - made small baskets used for measuring
PAGE - youth being trained for the medieval rank of knight and in the personal service of a knight or attendant upon someone of rank in the medieval period
PAINTRESS - woman employed in the pottery industry to hand paint the finished articles
PAPER-STAINER - one who made wallpaper
PALING MAN - seller of eels
PALISTER - one who ensured the parks were safe and well kept
PALMER - one who had been, or pretended to have been, to the Holy Land
PANNIER MAN - fish monger
PANNIFEX - somebody who worked in the cloth trade
PANTER - keeper of the pantry
PANTLER - butler
PAPERER - inserted the needles into the paper ready for sale in the needlemaking trade
PARDONER - seller of indulgences
PARFUMIER / PERFUMER - manufacturer and purveyor of scents such as perfumes, colognes and even incense
PARGETER - applied ornamental plaster to buildings
PARITOR - church officer who attended the magistrates and justices at court for the pupose of executing their orders
PARKER - park caretaker
PASSAGE KEEPER - kept passages and alleys clean
PASTELER - pastry chef
PASTOR - shepherd
PATTEN MAKER - clog maker or the person who made wooden soles (pattens) to fit under normal shoes to protect from wet and muddy ground
PAVER / PAVIOUR - laid paving stones
PAVYLER - put up pavilions or tents etc
PEDASCULE - schoolmaster
PEELER - policeman, constable, bobby (from Sir Robert Peel founder of the police force)
PELTERER - one who worked with animal skins
PERAMBULATOR - surveyor
PERCHEMEAR - one who made parchment
PEREGRINATOR - itinerant wanderer
PETTIFOGGER - shyster lawyer
PETTY CHAPMAN - itinerant dealer in small goods, a pedlar
PEWTERER - made pewter utensils (using any of various alloys having tin as chief component especially a dull alloy with lead)
PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENT MAKER - one who made scientific instruments
PHRENOLOGIST - diviner of a person's character based on the bumps on a person's head
PICKER - one who cast the shuttle on a loom
PIECENER / PIECER - one who worked in a spinning mill, employed to piece together any threads which broke (usually a child or woman)
PIGMAN - one who sold crockery or bred or looked after pigs on the farm
PIKELET MAKER - baker who specialised in making pikelets (a small pancake or crumpet)
PIKEMAN - miller's assistant
PINNER UP - dressmakers assistant or one who sold broadsheets or ballards in the streets
PINSETTER - one who manually set up bowling pins before the advent of automated pinsetting machines
PIPER - innkeeper
PIRN WINDER - wound the yarn onto large wheel like bobbins which were then ready to feed the looms in a cotton mill
PISTOR - baker
PIT BROW LASS - female worker who worked on the surface of the mines
PITMAN - coal miner
PLAITER - maker of straw plaits used in making hats etc
PLAYDERER - one who made plaid
PLAIN WORKER - performed plain sewing or needlework as opposed to an embroiderer
PLANKER - one who planks or kneads the body of the hat during felting
PLATELAYER - men who laid and maintained the railway tracks in Britain and the word actually predates railways being derived from the very old "plateways" which existed hundireds of years ago, mainly for moving coal
PLEACHER / PLAICHER / PLATCHER / PLASHER - hedge layer
PLOWMAN - farmer
PLOWWRIGHT - maker or repairer of plows
PLUMASSIER / PLUMER - made or sold plumes, ornamental feathers
PLUMBUM WORKER - plumber
POINTER - sharpened needles or pins or lace maker
POINTMAKER / POINTMAN - made the tips of laces
POINTSMAN - railway worker who operated the points, used to change the line on which the train was travelling
POLDAVE WORKER - made poldave, a coarse fabric
POLEMAN - surveyor's assistant
PONDERATOR - inspector of weights and measures
PORTABLE SOUP MAKER - converted soup into a dry form for transporting from place to place
PORTER - door or gatekeeper
POSTILLION - attacher of extra horses to wagons & coaches to help them up hills
POST BOY - carried mail from town to town, guard who travelled on the mail coach or outrider who travelled with the stagecoach as a postillion
POSTER - one who worked in the quarries breaking rocks
POTATO BADGER - seller of potatoes
POT BOY / MAN - one who worked in public houses washing and removing dirty pots also did other menial tasks
POTTER - maker or seller of pottery
POTTER CARRIER - chemist or pharmacist
POTTER THROWER - potter who used a wheel and therefore had to throw the clay
POULTER - seller of poultry
POWER LOOM TUNER - one who maintained the loom in mills
PRENTIS - apprentice
PRICKER - witch hunter, pattern maker or a horseman
PRICK LOUISE - tailor
PRICKER - used a type of wire brush to make small holes inside ceramic sewer pipe to prevent spalling during firing
PRIG NAPPER - horse thief
PROCTOR - official of a university
PROP BOBBY - worked in mines checking the pit props
PROTHONARY - law clerk
PUBLICAN - innkeeper
PUDDLER - worked clay into puddle, worked with puddle to make things water tight eg canal walls or worked in puddling iron
PUGGARD - thief
PUGGER - produce clay paste by treading like grapes, usually women and children in brick manufacturing
PUG MILL OPERATOR - operated a machine for mixing clay and water, which then exuded a "pug" (a cylinder of clay of any diameter and indefinate length)
PUNKY - chimney sweep
PUREFINDER - old women and young girls who went about the streets gathering dog droppings which were used for tanning leather
PURSER - ship's officer in charge of provisions & accounts
PUTTER IN - put things in to some form of mechanised process
QUARREL PICKER - glazier
QUILLER - one who operated a machine that wound yarn onto spools
QUILTER / QUILTRESS - one who quilted material
QUISTER - one who bleached things
QWYLWRYGHTE - wheelwright
RACK MAIDEN - girl employed in the tin mines of Cornwall to dress the ore
RAFFMAN - one who dealt in raff (saleable rubbish)
RAFF MERCHANT - seller of fibre used to make raffia bags etc
RAG CUTTER - one who cut up rags into small pieces to be used for making paper etc
RAG GATHERERS - employed to clear the rags from the machinery in the mills (usually children)
RAG MAN - one who went from street to street collecting and selling old clothes and rags
RAG AND BONE MAN - one who went from street to street with a cart and collected any old rubbish, usually in exchange for a small item, e.g. a block of soapstone
RAG PICKER - sorted through the left over rags to find re usable ones
RAKER - street sanitation worker
RECTIFIER - one who distilled alcoholic spirits
REDAR - interpreter of dreams
REDSMITH - goldsmith
REEDER - worked with reeds for hedging or thatching
REEDMAKER - made the pipe for a musical instrument or made a weavers implement (a reed) or reed cloth or the comb used in tapestry
REELER - operated the machine that wound the yarn onto the bobbin
REEVE - church warden
REGISTRAR - official who registers events such as land purchases or births
RENOVATOR - one who repaired clothing
REVENUER - taxman who enforces tax laws on liquor
RICKMASTER - Captain of Horse
RIFTERE - reaper
RIGGER - hoist tackle worker; works on a ship's rigging
RIPPER / RIPPIER - one who sold fresh water fish at the markets or maker and seller of baskets
RIVERMAN - worker on a river boat
ROCKMAN - worked in a quarry usually placing the charges on the rockface
ROCKGETTER - rocksalt miner
ROLLER COVERER - one who covered the rollers for the spinning process
ROLLEYWAY MAN - maintained the underground road in the mines
ROLL TURNER - carder of wool, cotton etc into rolls prior to spinning
ROMAN CEMENTER / PLASTERER - one who worked with roman cement used in stuccoing
ROPER - maker of rope or nets
ROVER - archer or operator of a machine used in cotton mills which prepared the carded fibre into rolls
RODMAN - surveyor's assistant
RUBBISHER / RUBBLER - sorted the small stones in the quarries
RUGMAN - dealer in rugs
RUNNER - smuggler, messenger and ironically one who worked for the magistrate best remembered as Bow Street Runners
RUSTLER - cattle thief
SADDLER - one who made saddles, harnesses, horse collars, bridles
SADDLE TREE MAKER - one who made the frames for saddles that the saddler used
SAGGAR (also SAGGER) MAKER - one who made the fireclay containers in which the stoneware was placed ready for firing
SAGGAR (also SAGGER) MAKER'S BOTTOM KNOCKER- was the saggar maker's assistant who tapped the bottom of the pots
SALT BOILER - one who obtained salt by boiling water
SALTER / DRYSALTER / SAUCER - one who made or dealt in salt
SARCINET WEAVER - silk weaver
SAND HOG - those who dug the tunnel under the river
SANDWICHMAN - wears a sandwich billboard for advertising
SAW DOCTOR - made, repaired, maintained and sharpened a wide range of cutting tools and saw blades and also maintained and aligned mechanical parts of a range of production machines
SAWYER - saws timber to boards
SAY WEAVER - one who made Say, material used for table cloths or bedding
SCAGIOLA MAKER - one who made imitation marble
SCALERAKER / SCAVENGER - employed by the parish to clean the streets
SCAPPLER - one who roughly shaped the stone prior to being finished by the stonemason
SCAVELMAN - employed to keep the waterways and ditches clear
SCHRIMPSCHONGER - artisan who carves in bone, ivory, or wood
SCHUMACKER - shoemaker
SCOTCH DRAPER / SCOTCHMAN - sold goods door to door with payment to be made by installments
SCREENER - screened the ore at the mines surface
SCRIBE - clerk
SCRIBLER - a minor or worthless author
SCRIMER - fencing master
SCRIVENER - clerk, notary
SCRIBBLER - employed in a scibbling mill where the wool was roughly carded before spinning
SCRIBER - employed at the docks to mark the cotton bales with the approximate weight ready for selling by the brokers
SCRIPTURE READER - employed by the local clergy to go from house to house reading parts of the bible to try and encourage people to attend church, also read scriptures during some services
SCRIVENER - wrote out legal documents etc
SCRUTINEER - election judge
SCUTCHER - beat the flax to soften the straw in the bundles
SCULLERY MAID - female servant who performed all the menial tasks
SCULLION - male servant who performed all the menial tasks
SEAL PRESSER - employed in the glass industry to seal the bath against air intake which could spoil the finished surface
SEARCHER - customs man
SECRET SPRINGER - one made watch springs
SEEDSMAN - sower of seeds
SEDGEMAN - skilled workman who applied sedge (type of grass) which was used as an early roofing material
SELF ACTING MINDER - one in charge of the automatic spinning mule in the mills
SEMI LORER - maker of leather thongs
SEMPSTER - seamstress
SENESCHAL - A senior steward at the Manor
SEWER HUNTER (also see TOSHHR) - scavenger who concentrated on the sewers trying to find valuable objects
SEWER RAT - bricklayer who specialised in making and repairing sewers and tunnels
SEWING CLERK - collector of clothing piecework
SEWSTER - seamstress
SEXTON - employee or officer of a church who cared and upkept church property and sometimes rang bells and dug graves
SHAGREEN CASE MAKER - one who worked with shagreen leather
SHANTY MAN - lumberman
SHARECROPPER - tenant farmer who would be paid with part of the crop
SHEARER - removed the fleece from sheep
SHEARGRINDER - sharpened shears, scissors
SHEARMAN or SHERMAN - shearer of cloth, metal
SHEATH MAKER - one who made scabbards for swords
SHEEPMAN - sheep herder
SHINGLER - A roof tiler who used wooden tiles (shingles)
SHIP HUSBAND - repairer of ships while in harbor
SHIP MASTER - owner or captain of a ship
SHIPWRIGHT - constructor or repairer or ships
SHOE FINDER - seller of shoe maker's tools
SHOESMITH - cobbler, one who shoed horses
SHOE WIPER - servant who polished shoes
SHOT FIRER - one in charge of blasting in mines or quarries
SHRAGER - one who trimmed and pruned trees
SHRIEVE - sheriff
SHUFFLER - yardman on the farms
SHUNTER - one who moved rolling stock around the railway yards
SHUSTER - shoe maker
SHUTTLE MAKER - made the shuttles for the weaving mills
SICKLEMAN - reaper
SIDESMAN - one who assisted the churchwarden
SILK ENGINE TURNER - turned the wheel on automatic silk weaving looms
SILK THROWER - worker in the silk industry
SILKER - sewed the ends of the fabric to prvent the layers from separating
SILK DRESSER - prepared the silk for weaving
SILK MERCER - sold silk cloth and items made from silk
SILK TWISTER - silk spinner
SIMPLER - agriculturist that we would call herbalist today
SILVERSMITH - worked with silver
SIZER - applied the size to cloth or worked in a paper mill
SKEINER MAKER - made wheels used in spinning industry upon which yarn was wound
SKEPPER / SKELPER - one who made and sold beehives
SKINKER - tapster in an ale house
SKINNER - dealer in hides, mule driver
SKIPMAKER - one who made the skips used in mining and quarrying for moving men or materials to the surface
SKIPPER - master of a ship
SLAPPER / SLAPER - one who worked in a pottery preparing the clay for the potter
SLATER - roofer
SLAYMAKER - apparently an Old English name meaning maker of slay's--wooden pegs used in weaving
SLOPSELLER - seller of readymade clothes in a slop shop
SLUBBER - operated the machine used to prepare cotton for spinning
SLUBBER DOFFER - removed the bobbins from the spindles in the mills
SMACKMAN - worked on a sailing ship (as a sloop or cutter) used chiefly in coasting and fishing
SMALLWARE MAKER - who made smallware, e.g. tapes, braids etc
SMELTER - worker in a metal smelter, smelt fisherman
SMIDDY - smith
SPALLIER - tin worker who performs chiefly menial tasks
SPERVITER - keeper of sparrows
SPICER - grocer or dealer in spices
SPINNER - spins yarn
SPLITTER - operated a splitting machine or one who split things by hand, e.g. stone, timber etc
SPOONER - made spoons
SPURRER or SPURRIER - maker of spurs
SQUIRE - (esquire) practitioner of a profession, a gentleman
SUPERCARGO - officer on merchant ship in charge of cargo
SUTLER - followed soldiers to encampments, set up tents to sell supplies, foodstuffs and dry goods
STABLER - ostler
STALLMAN - keeper of a market stall
STAMPMAN - worker of an ore crushing machine
STATIONER - bookseller, seller of paper & writing implements
STATIST - politician
STEEPLE JACKER - painted flag poles etc.
STEERSMAN - ship's helmsman
STENTERER - operated the cloth finishing machine
STEP BOY - employed to help passengers to enter or leave the coach
STEVEDORE - laborer who unloads and loads ships' cargoes
STEWARD - manager of property, purveyor of supplies or someone who attended passengers on conveyance
STICHER - one who does decorative stitching
STOCKINGER - knitter, weaver, or dealer in stockings
STOKER - tends the fire of an engine boiler
STONEMAN / STONEWARDEN - a surveyor of highways
STONE PICKER - employed to remove the stones from the farmers fields before planting
STONE WORKERS - worked with stone eg masons, quarriers etc
STOREMAN - one responsible for stored goods
STOWYER - one who stowed the nets away on fishing boats
STRAVAIGER - vagrant
STRAW JOINER - one who thatched roofs
STRAW PLAITER - one who made straw braids for the hat industry
STREAKER - one who prepared the body for burial
STREET ORDERLY / BOY - street cleaner
STRIKER - blacksmiths helper or harpooned the whale
STRIPPER - employed in the woollen trade to remove the rubbish from the carding machines
STRINGER - made the strings for bows
STUFF GOWSMAN - junior barrister
STUFF WEAVER - wove stuff (the coarse part of flax)
SUCKSMITH - one who made ploughshares
SUMNER - summoner or apparitor
SUTLER - merchant or peddler in an army camp
SWAILER - miller or dealer in grain
SWAIN - herdsman
SWELL MAKER - one who made shallow baskets
SWINEYARD / SWINEHERDER - pig keeper
SWINGLER - one who beats flax to remove woody parts
SWORD CUTLER - sword maker
TABLER - boarding house operator
TACKLER - an overlooker of power loom weavers
TACKSMAN - middleman who leased a large piece of land from the owner and sublet it in small lots
TAILOR - one who made or repaired clothes
TALLOW CHANDLER - made or sold candles
TALLY CLERK - kept count of goods arriving or departing from warehouses, docks etc
TALLYMAN / TALLYFELLOW - one who sold goods that were paid for in installments
TAN BARK STRIPPER - collected the bark that was used in the tanning process
TANNER - leather maker
TAPER WEAVER - one who made the wicks for candles
TAPITER / TAPICER - one who wove worsted cloth
TAPLEY - One who puts the tap in an ale cask
TAPPIOLOGIST - someone who taps the wheels of trains to check for cracks and flaws
TAPSTER - bartender or barmaid
TAR BOY - applied tar (as antiseptic) to sheep when they were nicked by shearers
TASKER - reaper
TASSELER - one who made tassels used in furnishings or nobleman
TAVERNER - innkeeper
TAWER / TAWYER - white leather maker
TEAMER / TEAMER MAN / TEAMSTER - person in charge of a team of horses
TEASER - one who opens up matted wool for carding
TEEMER - person who emptied grain from the cart or who poured the molten steel into the moulds
TENTER / TENTERER - one who stretched the cloth on a machine while it was drying or looked after and maintained the machine used in the process
TEXTOR - weaver
THATCHER - one who covered roofs with straw or reeds
THIRDBOROUGH - an underconstable
THRESHER - one who separated the grain from the husks and straw
THROWSTER - one in the textile trade who twisted the strands of fibre together into yarn
TICKET WRITER - person (usually female) who hand wrote or painted the price tickets on goods displayed for sale and painted the signs that go up to make a window display
TICKNEY MAN / WOMAN - sold earthenware from town to town
TIDE GAUGER / SURVEYOR - monitored the state of the tide
TIDESMAN / TIDE WAITER - customs official
TIEMAKER - one who made wooden railway ties
TIGER - small groom or pageboy in livery
TILER - one who put tiles in place either on the roof or floor
TILLER - farmer
TIMES IRONER - servant responsible for ironing the daily newspaper
TINCTOR - dyer
TINMAN - a tinsmith or tinker
TINNER - tin miner, tinsmith
TINTER OR TEINTER - artists who performs tinting
TIPPER - one who put the metal tips on arrows etc
TIPPLER - kept an ale house
TIPSTAFF - policeman
TIREWOMAN - female dresser, especially in the theater
TIXTOR - weaver
TOBACCO SPINNER - maker of cigars
TODHUNTER - employed by the parish to hunt foxes
TOE RAG - who worked at the docks as a corn porter
TOILINET MANUFACTURER - made toilinet (a kind of quilting)
TOLLER / TOLLGATE KEEPER / TOLLIE / TOLMAN / TURNPIKE KEEPER - worked at the toll gate to collect fees for use of the road
TONSOR - Latin for barber
TOOL HELVER - made tool handles
TOPMAN - sailor who works in the ship's rigging
TOP SAWYER - upper man in a saw pit
TOPSMAN - head cattle drover
TOUCH HOLER - one who worked in the gun manufacturing industry
TOSHER (also see SEWER HUNTER) - sewer hunters were formerly, and indeed still are, called by the name of toshers, the articles which they pick up in the course of their wanderings along the shore being known among themselves by the general term tosh
TOW CARD MAKER - one who made tow cards, used in the textile industry
TOWN CHABERLAIN - one who looked after the towns affairs
TOWN CRIER - one who made public announcments in the streets
TOWN HUSBAND - employed by the parish to collect the money from the fathers of illegitimate children for their upkeep
TOWNSWAITER - customs man
TOZER - worked in the wool mills employed to tose or tease the cloth
TRAMMER - young person who worked in the mines
TRAMPLER - lawyer
TRANQUETER - person who made hoops
TRANTER - peddler
TRAPPER - employed in the mines to open and shut the doors for the miners
TRAVERS - toll bridge collection
TREEN MAKER - made domestic articles from wood
TREENAIL MAKER - one who made the long wooden pins used in shipbuilding
TRENCHERMAKER - made wooden boards or platters for serving food from or cutting and slicing food on
TRENCHERMAN - cook
TREPANGER - one who used a circular saw to cut timber
TRIMMER - trims a ship by re-arranging its cargo
TROACHER - pedlar
TRONER - weighing official at the markets
TROTTER / TROTMAN / TROTT - messenger
TRUGGER - one who made long shallow baskets
TUBBER - one who made tubs and barrels ie a cooper
TUBMAN - English barrister
TUCKER - cleaner of cloth goods
TUCKER IN - maid who attended the bedroom and "tucked in the bedclothes"
TURNER - gymnast, lathe worker
TURNKEY - prison warder or jail keeper
TURNSPIT - one who operated the spit handle
TWEENIE / TWEENY - maid who worked "between the stairs" she assisted the cooks and the housemaids
TWISTER / TWISTERER - one who operated the machine used for twisting yarns and threads together
TWIST HAND - one who operated a lace machine
ULNAGER - one appointed to examine the quality of woollen goods to be sold
UPHOLDER - upholsterer and also a seller of secondhand goods
UPRIGHT WORKER - chimney sweep
VALET - male servant that attended a nobleman or gentleman
VALUATOR - who valued objects
VENATOR (VENUR) - huntsman
VASSAL - servant of the lowest order
VATMAN - one who put the paper pulp into the moulds in paper-making industry or worked with vats e.g. in beer and wine making
VERDERER - official in charge of the royal forest
VERGER - one who worked with the priest in the running the church
VERGE MAKER - one who made the spindles used in clocks and watches
VERRIER - glazier
VESTMENTMAKER - one who made the gowns worn by priests
VICTUALER - seller of food/drink
VIEWER - one who worked at the mines in a managerial capacity
VILLEIN - one who paid dues to the lord of the manor in return for use of the land
VINTAGER / VINEROON - grape farmer, wine maker
VINTNER / VINTER - wine merchant
VIRGINAL PLAYER - player of a musical instrument similar to a harpsichord
VULCAN - blacksmith
WABSTER - weaver
WADSETTER - under Scottish law a creditor to whom a wadset is made; a wadset is a right, by which lands, or other heritable subjects, are impignorated by the proprietor to his creditor in security of his debt
WAGONER - wagon or cart driver
WAILER - one employed in the mines to remove the impurities from the coal
WAINWRIGHT - builder or repairer of wagons
WAIT / WAKEMAN - night watchman
WALKER / WAULKMILLER - cloth worker (see also FULLER)
WALKING-STICK FILER - one who made walking sticks
WALLER - one who built walls either brick or dry stone, also a person who worked making coarse salt
WANTER / WANTCATCHER - mole catcher
WARDER -in charge of prisoners
WAREHOUSEMAN - in charge of or employee in a warehouse
WARPER - set the warp thread on the looms or employed to move boats by hauling on the warps (the ropes attached to the boats)
WARRENER - in charge of a portion of land used for breeding rabbits and other small game
WASHMAN - tin coater
WASTEMAN - checked the old workings for gas and maintaining them in the mines or employed to remove waste
WATCH FINISHER - assembled watches and clocks
WATCHMAN - town official who guarded the streets at night
WATER BAILIFF - official in charge of the fishing rights on a stretch of water
WATER CARRIER - carted and sold fresh water
WATER GILDER - trapped water fowl
WATER LEADER / LEDER / LODER - transported and sold fresh drinking water
WATERMAN - worked with or on boats usually on rivers
WATTLE HURDLE MAKER - made a type of fence from wattle to keep the sheep in
WAY-MAKER - employed to make roads
WAY MAN - surveyor of roads
WEATHERSPY - astrologer
WEBSTER / WEBBER - weaver (originally a female weaver)
WEIGHER - worked on the docks to weigh the cargo as it was unloaded
WELLMASTER - one in charge of the local well with the responsibility of ensuring clean water for the village
WELL SINKER - dug wells
WELL WRIGHT - made the winding equipment used to raise the bucket in the well
WET GLOVER - made leather gloves
WET NURSE - woman employed to suckle tthe child of another (common practice with the rich)
WETTER - dampened paper during the printing process or in the glass industry who detached the glass by wetting
WHARFINGER - owner of a wharf
WHEEL TAPPER - railway worker who checked for cracked wheels by striking them with a long handled hammer and listening for a clear ring
WHEELER - wheel maker, attended to the spinning wheel in the textile industry and one who led the pit ponies that pulled the tubs underground in the mines
WHACKER - horse or oxen team driver
WHEELWRIGHT / WRIGHT - maker or repairer of wagon wheels
WHEERYMAN - in charge of a wheery (a small light rowing boat)
WHIG - horse driver (Scottish term)
WHIPCORD MAKER / WHIPMAKER - made whips
WHIPPERIN - managed the hounds in a hunt
WHITEAR - hide cleaner
WHITE LIMER - plastered walls using lime and water plaster
WHITE SMITH - tin smith
WHITENING ROLL MAKER - made the whitening used in whitening walls of cottages
WHITTAWER - one who made saddles and harness
WHITENER / WHITESTER / WHITSTER - one who bleached cloth
WHITEWING - streetsweeper
WHITTAWER - preparer of white leather
WILLOW PLAITER / WEAVER - one who made baskets etc
WINDSTER - silk winder
WOODBREAKER - one who made wooden water casks
WOODRANGER / WOOD REEVE / WOODWARD - in charge of the forest or woods
WOOLCOMBER - operated machines that separate the fibres ready for spinning in woolen industry
WOOL DRIVER - one who brought the wool to market
WOOL FACTOR - wool merchants agent
WOOLEN BILLY PIECER - worked in the woolen mills to piece together the broken yarns
WOOL MAN /WOOL SORTER / STAPLER - one who sorted the wool into different grades
WOOLSTED MAN - a seller of woollen cloth (from worsted man)
WOOL WINDER - one who made up balls of wool for selling
WORSTED MANUFACTURER / SHEARMAN - one who made worsted
WRIGHT - builder or repairer
XYLOGRAPHER - one who used and made wooden blocks used in printing illustrations
YARDMAN - rail road yard worker
YATMAN - gate keeper
YEARMAN - one contracted to work for a year
YEOMAN - farmer who owns his own land
ZINCOGRAPHER - designer who etched in relief a pattern on zinc plates used for printing
ZITHERIST - player of a simple, flat many-stringed instrument
ZOETROPE MAKER - craftsman who made zoetropes, an optical toy in the form of a cylinder with a series of pictures painted on the inner surface which gave the impression of continuous motion when viewed through slits in the rotating cylinder
ZOOGRAPHER - described and classified
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