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What is the capital of Tenerife and is also the name of a city in California?	Canary Islands travel guide - Wikitravel Demographics[ edit ] The islands have a population of 2 million. Since the Canary Islands are a major European tourist destination, all the major islands have well-developed communication systems, airports, and ports. Ethnically the population is mostly a mix of Spanish, European (German and British), South American, and especially Cuban and Venezuelan as well as Northern and Sub-Sahara African. There are also historical minorities such as Indians, Koreans and lately Russians. Pico del Teide (on Tenerife) at 3718 metres above sea level is the highest point in both the Canary Islands and Spanish territory. Each island speaks with a slightly different accent and there is a strong rivalry between the main islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Most of the accents in the Canary Islands are closer to Latin American Spanish than to Castililan Spanish spoken in continental Spain. For example, the use of the second person plural pronoun "vosotros" is used in most of the mainland but is almost nonexistent in the Canary Islands, and the "th" sound made by "c" and "z" in words like cenar and zapato heard in mainland Spain is pronounced as an "s" sound, just as it is in Latin America. The Canary Islands are very modern, very European, and extremely liberal. History[ edit ] Ancient legend claims the Canary Islands are the ‘lost islands’ of Atlantis. They have also been referred to as the lands without sorrow, holding on to the edge of the world. The first settlers were from North Africans. Known as Phoenicians, they arrived in the 10th century B.C. The main economic system was built around agriculture and animal farming. During the 14th century, the Islands were continuously invaded by different European countries. By plane[ edit ] The Canaries is a popular destination with Europeans, and swarms of charter and discount flights descend on the island year round. The two airports (North/TFN & South/TFS) on Tenerife and the Gran Canaria Airport (LPA) are the busiest, but it's also possible to fly to many of the other islands, albeit it's often more expensive. There are also regular flights from/to Marrakech, Casablanca, Agadir, Dakar, Laayoune, Banjul, Nuakchot, Cape Verde, Madeira and Azores operated by Binter Canarias [2] . By train[ edit ] A tram linking Santa Cruz bus station and La Laguna opened in in 2007 costing €2.35 return in about 40 minutes. There are also tentative plans for a train linking Santa Cruz and Los Cristianos. By bus[ edit ] Buses are the most common method of public transportation around the islands. Mile per mile they are expensive while compared to mainland Spain but you are not going to travel really far away. We are, after all, islands. Most buses in touristic routes are adequate. Do not expect the drivers to know more than a couple of sentences in English or German, though they would try to be helpful. By taxi[ edit ] Taxis can be expensive, and inside a city they are not worth the money unless you are in a real hurry or cannot balance yourself after a shopping day. By ship[ edit ] If you want to travel between the islands a good option might be to take a ship if you are in any particular hurry, specially between close by islands. Most ferries are now quite modern and cheap. The most important companies are Fred Olsen, Transmediterránea and Armas. SPAIN YACHTING GROUP S.L. [3] . Yacht charter and sailing - INTERNATIONAL YACHTING GROUP, one of the worlds largest yacht charter companies, can take care of all charter requirements, from bareboat to crewed in Spain and worldwide. By plane[ edit ] If you are afraid of the sea, or get sick just by staring at a ship, then a plane is what you need, and that usually means a turboprop ATR-72 by one of the airlines like Binter or Islas Airways. They are perfectly safe and adequately fast as you are likely to spend more time at the airport than in the plane itself. Lanzarote: There is a bustling nightlife in four main resorts... Arrecife, Costa Teguise, Puerto del Carmen and Playa Blanca. Gran Canaria: The main resorts on the Island are Las Palmas, Maspalomas,Puerto Rico and Playa del Ingles. Tenerife: The main resorts are Santa Cruz, Puerto de la Cruz, and Playa de las Americas. Fuerteventura: The main resorts of Fuerteventura are Corralejo, Caleta de Fuste and Morro Jable. Tenerife Auditorium: The Tenerife Auditorium is an incredible building designed by the famous Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. It is highly recommended to tourists to visit this incredible structure and even to enjoy any of the concerts and events held in it. Loro Parque: The amazing Loro Parque (Parrot Pak) will surely fascinate you no matter your age. A visit to the park can take you nearly a whole day, so reserve some time for it. The park which was originally devoted to parrots shows has now grown into Tenerife's second biggest attraction after mount Teide. The Loro parque is home to the world’s most important Parrot collection with over 300 species, an amazing seal show, Dolphin Show, Parrot Show, Aquarium with Shark tunnel, Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Tigers, Jaguars, Flamingos, Alligators, Tortoises, Orchid House, Gambian Market, a 'NaturaVision' Cinema and the worlds largest Penguinarium with a reproduction Antarctic climate within which 12 tons of snow falls a day. Puerto de la Cruz Puerto de la Cruz is one of the top resorts in the Canary Islands. It is also the longest established most complete of all resorts on Tenerife. The old part of the town keeps beautiful spots, one of the few places where the locals still work, eat and drink. Much of the area around the old fishing port is full of narrow cobbled streets packed with colonial architecture. British tourism arrived here over a century ago and today 'el Puerto' has a wide span of magnificent hotels to suit all tastes and budgets. In addition to its old world charms it offers some of the best visitor attractions in the islands. Tenerife Beaches The volcanic nature of the island of Tenerife meant that the land has few natural beaches. Those that exist are characterised by black sand created from the island's volcanic rocks. The demand for tourist sun-bathing space, however, has led to the creation of resorts and man-made beaches, with golden sand having been imported in some cases. Some of the best beaches of Tenerife are Los Gigantes and San Juan in the west and Fañabe, in the South with its golden sand, showers and excellent facilities. Also popular are Torviscas with its marina, Playa las Americas for its grey sandy stretches and los Cristianos' beach. Candelaria in the east has a small black shingle beach. Up north Puerto de la Cruz has a beach with fine black sand, and at Santa Cruz golden sand has been imported for its Terasitas beach. Boat Trips from Tenerife A large number of companies offer boat trips for tourists, varying from a 'booze cruise' on a cruiser offering lunch, drinks and water sports to a trip around the island on a sailing boat or catamaran. One of the main attractions is the chance to see whales and dolphins in the wild. Visitors on most trips spot whales; dolphins are not so much of a certainty but can be seen generally - often very close to the boat. Trips go from either Puerto Colon in Playa de las Americas, or from the port at Los Cristianos and most operators offer a free bus service from the larger hotels in the main resorts. Big Game Fishing around Tenerife The Canary Islands are one of the best spots in the world for big game fishing and a number of companies offer fishing trips in Tenerife. While blue marlin are the most highly prized trophy fish there are plenty of other species including white marlin, wahoo, dorado, yellowfin tuna, and mako and hammerhead sharks. Regular catches of blue marlin range from 331 to 496 pounds (150 to 225kg) with last year's record standing at 794 pounds (360kg). Trips cost around €45 including all equipment, but excluding lunch. Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] Canarian cuisine is a mix between Spanish, Latin and African cultures. Most of Canarian cuisine is a variety of fresh vegetables, fruit and fish, generally light meals, more easy to digest in a warm climate. Meat is usually consumed as a part of stews or as steaks. The local fish is quite good. You will find a wide variety of international recipes of fish and seafood, too. Two popular fish dishes from Tenerife are Caldereta, a meal with tomatoes, goat meat and potatoes and the Sancocho Canario, a salted fish, usually white, in a “mojo” sauce. The Tapas concept is one of the most delicious Spanish contributions to international gastronomy. A Tapa is a light and small piece of food that Spaniards have either before lunch or dinner, usually with a glass of wine or beer. The Tapa can be presented in several ways. It can be made as a pincho (with a stick), as a mini-dish of a traditional recipe, as a canapé, etc... The Canary Islands are Europe's only exporter of plantain bananas. They are famously delicious here. These bananas are usually fried and are also commonly found in the West Indies. Papas Arrugadas or papa sancochada - Potatoes boiled in very salty water until they are "wrinkly" -- hence the name -- and served with mojo picón, a spicy cold red sauce made with chili and garlic. These are often served as a tapa. Gofio - Grain flour used especially at breakfast or to accompany potaje, a local stew. Escaldón de gofio - Gofio mixed with broth. Conejo en salmorejo Miel de Palma - Palm honey. Arepas - tortas made from fine corn flour filled with minced meat, cheese, or sweet mango. Mousse de gofio or gofío amasado - a desert made from gofio, miel de palma, and plantains.	Santa Cruz
Which band released the album Second Coming in 1994, five years after their debut album?	Canary Islands travel guide - Wikitravel Demographics[ edit ] The islands have a population of 2 million. Since the Canary Islands are a major European tourist destination, all the major islands have well-developed communication systems, airports, and ports. Ethnically the population is mostly a mix of Spanish, European (German and British), South American, and especially Cuban and Venezuelan as well as Northern and Sub-Sahara African. There are also historical minorities such as Indians, Koreans and lately Russians. Pico del Teide (on Tenerife) at 3718 metres above sea level is the highest point in both the Canary Islands and Spanish territory. Each island speaks with a slightly different accent and there is a strong rivalry between the main islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Most of the accents in the Canary Islands are closer to Latin American Spanish than to Castililan Spanish spoken in continental Spain. For example, the use of the second person plural pronoun "vosotros" is used in most of the mainland but is almost nonexistent in the Canary Islands, and the "th" sound made by "c" and "z" in words like cenar and zapato heard in mainland Spain is pronounced as an "s" sound, just as it is in Latin America. The Canary Islands are very modern, very European, and extremely liberal. History[ edit ] Ancient legend claims the Canary Islands are the ‘lost islands’ of Atlantis. They have also been referred to as the lands without sorrow, holding on to the edge of the world. The first settlers were from North Africans. Known as Phoenicians, they arrived in the 10th century B.C. The main economic system was built around agriculture and animal farming. During the 14th century, the Islands were continuously invaded by different European countries. By plane[ edit ] The Canaries is a popular destination with Europeans, and swarms of charter and discount flights descend on the island year round. The two airports (North/TFN & South/TFS) on Tenerife and the Gran Canaria Airport (LPA) are the busiest, but it's also possible to fly to many of the other islands, albeit it's often more expensive. There are also regular flights from/to Marrakech, Casablanca, Agadir, Dakar, Laayoune, Banjul, Nuakchot, Cape Verde, Madeira and Azores operated by Binter Canarias [2] . By train[ edit ] A tram linking Santa Cruz bus station and La Laguna opened in in 2007 costing €2.35 return in about 40 minutes. There are also tentative plans for a train linking Santa Cruz and Los Cristianos. By bus[ edit ] Buses are the most common method of public transportation around the islands. Mile per mile they are expensive while compared to mainland Spain but you are not going to travel really far away. We are, after all, islands. Most buses in touristic routes are adequate. Do not expect the drivers to know more than a couple of sentences in English or German, though they would try to be helpful. By taxi[ edit ] Taxis can be expensive, and inside a city they are not worth the money unless you are in a real hurry or cannot balance yourself after a shopping day. By ship[ edit ] If you want to travel between the islands a good option might be to take a ship if you are in any particular hurry, specially between close by islands. Most ferries are now quite modern and cheap. The most important companies are Fred Olsen, Transmediterránea and Armas. SPAIN YACHTING GROUP S.L. [3] . Yacht charter and sailing - INTERNATIONAL YACHTING GROUP, one of the worlds largest yacht charter companies, can take care of all charter requirements, from bareboat to crewed in Spain and worldwide. By plane[ edit ] If you are afraid of the sea, or get sick just by staring at a ship, then a plane is what you need, and that usually means a turboprop ATR-72 by one of the airlines like Binter or Islas Airways. They are perfectly safe and adequately fast as you are likely to spend more time at the airport than in the plane itself. Lanzarote: There is a bustling nightlife in four main resorts... Arrecife, Costa Teguise, Puerto del Carmen and Playa Blanca. Gran Canaria: The main resorts on the Island are Las Palmas, Maspalomas,Puerto Rico and Playa del Ingles. Tenerife: The main resorts are Santa Cruz, Puerto de la Cruz, and Playa de las Americas. Fuerteventura: The main resorts of Fuerteventura are Corralejo, Caleta de Fuste and Morro Jable. Tenerife Auditorium: The Tenerife Auditorium is an incredible building designed by the famous Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. It is highly recommended to tourists to visit this incredible structure and even to enjoy any of the concerts and events held in it. Loro Parque: The amazing Loro Parque (Parrot Pak) will surely fascinate you no matter your age. A visit to the park can take you nearly a whole day, so reserve some time for it. The park which was originally devoted to parrots shows has now grown into Tenerife's second biggest attraction after mount Teide. The Loro parque is home to the world’s most important Parrot collection with over 300 species, an amazing seal show, Dolphin Show, Parrot Show, Aquarium with Shark tunnel, Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Tigers, Jaguars, Flamingos, Alligators, Tortoises, Orchid House, Gambian Market, a 'NaturaVision' Cinema and the worlds largest Penguinarium with a reproduction Antarctic climate within which 12 tons of snow falls a day. Puerto de la Cruz Puerto de la Cruz is one of the top resorts in the Canary Islands. It is also the longest established most complete of all resorts on Tenerife. The old part of the town keeps beautiful spots, one of the few places where the locals still work, eat and drink. Much of the area around the old fishing port is full of narrow cobbled streets packed with colonial architecture. British tourism arrived here over a century ago and today 'el Puerto' has a wide span of magnificent hotels to suit all tastes and budgets. In addition to its old world charms it offers some of the best visitor attractions in the islands. Tenerife Beaches The volcanic nature of the island of Tenerife meant that the land has few natural beaches. Those that exist are characterised by black sand created from the island's volcanic rocks. The demand for tourist sun-bathing space, however, has led to the creation of resorts and man-made beaches, with golden sand having been imported in some cases. Some of the best beaches of Tenerife are Los Gigantes and San Juan in the west and Fañabe, in the South with its golden sand, showers and excellent facilities. Also popular are Torviscas with its marina, Playa las Americas for its grey sandy stretches and los Cristianos' beach. Candelaria in the east has a small black shingle beach. Up north Puerto de la Cruz has a beach with fine black sand, and at Santa Cruz golden sand has been imported for its Terasitas beach. Boat Trips from Tenerife A large number of companies offer boat trips for tourists, varying from a 'booze cruise' on a cruiser offering lunch, drinks and water sports to a trip around the island on a sailing boat or catamaran. One of the main attractions is the chance to see whales and dolphins in the wild. Visitors on most trips spot whales; dolphins are not so much of a certainty but can be seen generally - often very close to the boat. Trips go from either Puerto Colon in Playa de las Americas, or from the port at Los Cristianos and most operators offer a free bus service from the larger hotels in the main resorts. Big Game Fishing around Tenerife The Canary Islands are one of the best spots in the world for big game fishing and a number of companies offer fishing trips in Tenerife. While blue marlin are the most highly prized trophy fish there are plenty of other species including white marlin, wahoo, dorado, yellowfin tuna, and mako and hammerhead sharks. Regular catches of blue marlin range from 331 to 496 pounds (150 to 225kg) with last year's record standing at 794 pounds (360kg). Trips cost around €45 including all equipment, but excluding lunch. Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] Canarian cuisine is a mix between Spanish, Latin and African cultures. Most of Canarian cuisine is a variety of fresh vegetables, fruit and fish, generally light meals, more easy to digest in a warm climate. Meat is usually consumed as a part of stews or as steaks. The local fish is quite good. You will find a wide variety of international recipes of fish and seafood, too. Two popular fish dishes from Tenerife are Caldereta, a meal with tomatoes, goat meat and potatoes and the Sancocho Canario, a salted fish, usually white, in a “mojo” sauce. The Tapas concept is one of the most delicious Spanish contributions to international gastronomy. A Tapa is a light and small piece of food that Spaniards have either before lunch or dinner, usually with a glass of wine or beer. The Tapa can be presented in several ways. It can be made as a pincho (with a stick), as a mini-dish of a traditional recipe, as a canapé, etc... The Canary Islands are Europe's only exporter of plantain bananas. They are famously delicious here. These bananas are usually fried and are also commonly found in the West Indies. Papas Arrugadas or papa sancochada - Potatoes boiled in very salty water until they are "wrinkly" -- hence the name -- and served with mojo picón, a spicy cold red sauce made with chili and garlic. These are often served as a tapa. Gofio - Grain flour used especially at breakfast or to accompany potaje, a local stew. Escaldón de gofio - Gofio mixed with broth. Conejo en salmorejo Miel de Palma - Palm honey. Arepas - tortas made from fine corn flour filled with minced meat, cheese, or sweet mango. Mousse de gofio or gofío amasado - a desert made from gofio, miel de palma, and plantains.	i don't know
Which TV personality announced he was gay in 1995 and split from his wife Cheryl?	Michael Barrymore tells Chrissy Iley, he's back, he thinks, from the brink \| Stage \| The Guardian Share on Messenger Close I read Michael Barrymore's book Awight Now all in one go. He describes his life as if watching himself in a car crash, and it's riveting. He's fearful about who he might really be, fearful that people will hate him for being gay and then when they don't, he carries on self-destructing anyway. As compelling a study as any of showbusiness Babylon. The Nineties was his kind of decade and he was, without a doubt, the entertainment king of his era. Phenomenally successful. Strike It Lucky certainly did and My Kind of People was the X Factor of its day, with a Saturday night audience of 13m. His talent lay in making hapless members of the general public feel that they were indeed his kind of people, and they loved him for it. He made them feel good about themselves while not necessarily feeling great himself. In 1994 he dramatically checked himself into rehab in America, followed, in 1995, by an equally dramatic 'coming out' onstage at the White Swan pub in London's East End. In his version of 'New York, New York' he sang, 'Start spreading the news, I'm gay today.' Certainly this was news to his wife Cheryl, his manager, his protector who had made him and - following this revelation - promised to break him. Then, in the early hours of 31 March 2001, the incident that changed everything. A young man drowned in his swimming pool, the 'death pool' as the tabloids called it. An impromptu party with a bunch of people he didn't really know carried on back at his place in Essex and Stuart Lubbock drowned in his pool. What followed was not just an inquest, it was a trial, a media frenzy. He was guilty until proven innocent and then guilty anyway. If a woman had drowned in his swimming pool would he have attracted all that lewd attention? Would it have been so punishing? Barrymore wasn't even allowed to accept his own Personality of the Year Award. (TV bosses said it would distract viewers.) He ended up getting away from it all to New Zealand, returning only for a final attempt at public rehab on Big Brother, where he was in equal parts funny and disturbing, self-pitying and bruised. I'm told we will meet in Dubai, which turns out to be Bahrain - to confuse the paps, apparently. Bahrain is very far, very hot and very clean. I check into my hotel room and soon enough it's his voice on the phone. His lazy, sprawling voice. It's as if his mouth wants to softly swallow all his words. A shy voice and an attention-seeking one all at the same time. He has someone collect me and drive me in a golf buggy to his villa, complete with infinity pool and a view of the turquoise ocean and pale, bleached-white sand. But it's a long way to go to escape the paps. 'Yeah, but it works, because if they know where you are they'll get you. I've seen them come up from the sea. I've seen them pretend to be taking pictures of their girlfriend. I remember being in Bora Bora with Shaun (Davis, his new partner, business manager, protector) and I was on a hammock asleep and they papped me just so that they could run the caption that I was "washed up".' He's staying here with his friends Tom Scott, the New Zealand playwright and cartoonist, and his wife. He is going to be in one of Scott's plays, The Daylight Atheist, a play that is by turns gloriously funny and gut-wrenchingly moving. He's also working on his part as Scrooge, which Bill Kenwright will tour later this year in the UK. He seems rested and focused, grateful, and savouring his moments out of the British media glare. He's bracing himself for a short book tour, Scrooge and then Scott's play, which will open in Dublin next year. It's been five years since Stuart Lubbock died, since Barrymore fell into the abyss. You can't really have a book coming out and be in hiding, though. Barrymore knows this and admits that he has been practising answering all the questions he thought he might be asked: 'I have nothing to be ashamed of, blah, blah, blah.' The book is something he can be proud of. 'Writing is like Shakespearean tragedy. You hate it. You wish it would go away. You fall in love with it, then you've got to stab it to death, then you've got to give it away. And there's a therapy side to it. I was angry. I put my anger on the page. Although some things about Cheryl I eventually took out.' His voice in the book is a driving one and it takes you to places you don't necessarily want to go. 'Bob Monkhouse said that to me years ago, although later on he fell out with me because, on an awards show, I looked over at Bob and said, "Fancy having a conversation without autocue?" He took it personally and I was just mucking about.' This is interesting; in order to get a laugh, in a heartbeat he sacrificed a friendship without even realising it. He nods. 'My naivety was dangerous. But the nature of comedy is that you have to take risks. You can't be safe, otherwise no one will laugh.' Barrymore always pushed and pushed and pushed some more, even when he was king of Saturday night, the family entertainer. 'I was always in trouble on Monday morning, but I hate bland television, and I didn't ask to be put on at 7pm ...' During one of his rehabs they got him to write letters, not to send, but as a way of working things through. 'I think that it's a good way to let go of baggage, but I'd like to meet a person who's let go of 100 per cent of their baggage. We always keep something back for ourselves. What the therapist tells you to do is impossible, isn't it? In that first book (Back in Business) there was so much fear. Not in this one. The first book was about what I genuinely felt as well, though. Of course I loved Cheryl. I loved her to death. And she loved me to death, almost literally.' Do you mean she suffocated you? 'Yes, and if I hadn't ended it when I did I would have been dead. There's 10 years in every decade, but I've managed to find 20. I don't like sleeping, I think it's a waste of time, I can't see the point of it.' Is that why cocaine was such a great drug for you? 'No, I could stay up without it. I just took it to change the way I felt.' He frequently goes off at tangents, sentences don't finish, but throughout our time together - a day and a night - we always come back to Cheryl. 'If the gay thing hadn't been part of my make-up I would probably never have left her till the day I died.' This seems a contradiction to his previous statement - 'If I stayed with her it would have killed me.' But somehow it isn't; both things are true. Michael Barrymore was born in Bermondsey, southeast London, in 1952. His father was an alcoholic who never kept a job. He had a brother and sister, and a mother who had to do several jobs. His parents didn't go in for expressions of love. 'It's a very Irish thing, that a parent might ruffle a child's hair and that's supposed to mean they love you. But you can't work that out when you're six or seven. They weren't tactile and in turn I'm not tactile either. I don't hold hands with Shaun and I didn't with Cheryl. I have learnt to make eye contact now, but that's because I'm an entertainer and I have to be a communicator.' He saw a Norman Wisdom film when he was eight and that's who he aspired to be, to escape by making people laugh, pulling the rug from under them. Comedians are traditionally vulnerable and controlling in equal parts. When he met Cheryl, then a dancer, he knew that she had a controlling personality. She was also the first girl to really show an interest in him. He seemed to enjoy the surrender. She became his manager and was ambitious for both of them, and her father Eddie became the dad he never had; a prisoner of war who ate coal to keep himself alive. Both were totally devoted to Cheryl. 'Eddie always made sure she had £800 in the bank, I don't know why £800 - in those days that was a lot. I think her mum thought she was marrying beneath her but Eddie always called me his son, not his son-in-law.' Indeed, when Eddie died, the glue of the Barrymores' relationship seemed to turn a different kind of sticky. 'When I came out, she was screaming for me to stay with her. I was trying to get down the stairs and it was like a surreal film, it seemed her arms were getting longer and longer, hanging on to me, and I was thinking, "In a minute the elastic is going to snap." I can clearly recall the rage. She would rather have had me there with her, even if I was gay. She told me, "We can work this out," but of course we tried and we couldn't.' Cheryl's way of working it out was to go to the Hotel Martinez in Cannes for a summit talk with Michael. This involved champagne and a chintzy suite. And bizarrely, it involved Michael having sex with her. Cheryl was, as always, in charge. 'She liked to make her mark on everything and in many ways it was just easier. I let her take control.' In Cannes he came downstairs one day wearing jeans and a T-shirt, and she said, 'This is Tuesday and you're wearing Thursday's outfit.' He says, 'I swear to God it was a pair of jeans and a T-shirt and on the rail was an almost identical jeans and T- shirt. Anybody else would just say, "Fuck off", but I didn't because I knew we were a double act. I felt nowhere without her. Cheryl organised the deals, organised the production, she was always on the phone.' Michael would have loved children. But is it now a bit of a relief that he never had any? 'No, I'm sad. But then I think that if I'd had children I wouldn't have dealt with the gay thing and I wouldn't be sitting here now, I'd have long gone.' He mumbles something, trying not to be dark, but referring to a moment where he sat on the edge of his bed thinking that he'd be better off out of this. There have been a few of those moments. Like when a tabloid newspaper called him 'a killer'. He constantly refers to 'the gay thing'. Later on, after dinner, when Shaun's around, he says, 'Shaun's much gayer than me.' How do you measure gayness? 'I don't know, he just is, he likes to be on the phone a lot, things like that.' There is a weird naivety to Michael Barrymore. When he first came out he went out with what is known as a muscle Mary. 'But I didn't know that at the time. We went on holiday to Bangkok and he walked around with his shirt off. You don't do that, and I was embarrassed. I didn't know what Old Compton Street was, it wasn't part of my world.' He's not sure what his world is. He never played golf with Jimmy Tarbuck. He doesn't like to go to showbusiness dinner parties 'where everybody slags each other off'. He was always a loner and always kind of lonely within himself. On stage he'll reveal everything. He has often said that when he is performing he knows who he is. 'I don't mind showing my vulnerability on stage. It'll Be Alright On The Night used to ring up and say, "Can we have your out-takes?" and I'd say, "There aren't any, we leave everything in. We don't tidy it up."' And the decision to go on Big Brother? 'I thought I should at least come back into a format that works,' he says. 'Punters hadn't seen me for five years. They were going to be, "What's he like? Is he thin, is he fat, has he changed?" I thought I would get that over with on something established.' I tell him I think his logic was flawed. 'Well, showbusiness is a business as well, and I had been wiped out, hounded out of my own country and I had to pay the rent like everybody else.' He tells me now he's all right for money, despite being 'fleeced' by the divorce, the U-turn in his popularity and being declared bankrupt in 2004. We order lunch - prawn cocktails and chicken caesar - and he says, 'You have wine, I don't mind. Do you know, when I told Cheryl, "I'm an alcoholic," she said, "No, it's just when you drink."' Cheryl, it seems, always knew how to rewrite the script. It was her mode of survival. Cheryl decided that he shouldn't speak to his family because they had invested money in a newsagent's and his brother ran it and ran off with the takings. He missed a lot of years with his mother on Cheryl's say-so. Even now he can't quite grapple with it. Do you think your relationships have had a pattern, I ask. Have you been with anyone after Cheryl who was similarly controlling? 'Shaun does it to a degree, but I speak about it instead of just letting him do it and it's all out in the open. He's anal about figures - he has a stockmarket background so I think he's better at that sort of thing, which is good for the business,' he justifies. 'If you've got two blokes going at each other in a domestic, it's quite different to a man and a woman. We're both stubborn, but we don't row that much. I think my vulnerability comes out in front of Shaun and he wants to protect me and I will have to say, "Shaun, I'm all right. You're doing what Cheryl used to do." He's a great guy, he's 31, funny as fuck, he knows how to make me laugh ... For all that, Cheryl had a great sense of humour, too. And she loved me too much.' Did you have proper sex with her? 'Yes,' he says brightening. 'So you can't really blame her for not believing I was gay. Of course, I still find women interesting.' Could you be with a woman? 'I don't know. Depends. Not really. But if there's a stunning woman, any bloke can see that; whether you want sex with her is another thing. I didn't spend 18 years with my wife going, "Crikey, this is dull." I was having sex with somebody I loved.' Did you expect to be punished for being gay? 'Yeah. Yeah.' He nods. And then when the public accepted it did you think that you had to punish yourself in some way? 'Yeah, yeah, a lot of it goes back to the Catholic thing, the way I was brought up.' It occurs to me that it's not being gay that causes him shame, but desire. 'That's right, because of my Catholic upbringing I couldn't even be demonstrative to Cheryl. It's alien to me. Even when I see young kids snogging in the street I think, "Ooh, get your tongue out her throat." I don't like it because I don't do that with people.' He's been with Shaun for seven years. Shaun is handsome and charming in an unpushy way. 'I tried to push him away at the beginning. I don't know why. He's the type of guy that I like, but I was working against myself and then Shaun didn't want to be with an addict.' When Barrymore came out of rehab for the second time he realised how much he'd missed Shaun and they got back together again. Today, though, we are still in the shadow of Cheryl. He tells me how bitter the divorce became, how all the arguing through lawyers cost thousands of pounds, till eventually he thought he would just give in and let it all go. After they split she would tell friends that she still thought of him every day and still loved him. She didn't tell him she had lung cancer. In April 2005, six weeks after diagnosis, she died. A package which was supposed to have been sent to him never arrived. He wonders if it was his wedding ring. He is still confused. 'A friend told me, "She loved you till the day she died. Every time I spoke to her she said that. She asked, 'Does he need money, or a job?'"' But it wasn't unconditional love. She could either help you or try to destroy you, it was all part of the same thing. She told the papers that he could swim and thus should have been able to save the drowning man. He has never been able to swim. She wrote an autobiography in which she alleged he hit her, and this came out in the midst of 'death pool' hysteria. He is quiet now and his mind is whirring. 'She wanted to help me and she wanted to hurt me, but she was still driving the same car. She was still thinking, "This is my motor and I can go in reverse or I can go forward. Do you want a bit of money, Michael? Do you want a project?" Anything to keep the contact going. Then, the monster man, see: "He hit me." I absolutely have never hit a woman in my life. I pushed her, though. She came at me. She had fucking long nails. But you know, she also made me feel fantastic about myself, different to the way anybody else had ever done. She was a one-off, she was quite something.' He tells me he struggles to define the nature of love. He's always testing himself on it. I think he had years of making himself unlovable. There are definitely some phases of his life where he wanted to be unlovable. To test those around him? To test himself? Or just to behave like a crazy teenager in his forties, discovering freewheeling sex for the first time? For Barrymore it seems not so much about sex as about winning someone over. In the rehab centre in Tuscon he was told to confront his charming behaviour. I think for a while he did. He became maudlin, mawkish, self-absorbed. Fortunately, now he's back to winning people over. 'I think I've found a balance in life.' This balance includes having a base in New Zealand, so isn't it a risk to upset that balance by coming back to the UK to perform? He doesn't know if he'll ever make a full-time return. He is clean, and definitely sober. He says he doesn't lust for the taste of wine or Jack Daniel's and he never liked the taste in the first place, only the effect. 'One day I might actually be able to have a glass of wine, but I don't know that I would want to because it could all go horribly wrong and I might just destroy myself.' The good thing is, he no longer wants to destroy himself and he doesn't invite other people to do the same. He tells me that Bahrain has some fabulous shopping malls and that he must take me shopping. In the shopping centre he says hello to everybody, little kids and women in burkas. He says that Strike It Lucky and My Kind of People were popular in Bahrain. Even if they don't know who he is, they enjoy him, his smile, his gawky walk, his haggling to get prices down, although I'm sure the pink Kosta glass vase he bought he might have actually haggled up. We go into a shop selling ethnic necklaces. He encourages me to try one on. He tells the assistant, 'I'm gay, so I can fasten it for her.' He grapples at the back of my neck and I tell him she doesn't care if he's gay or not. The necklace drops to the ground and I say, 'So what does that mean? You can't fasten a necklace. Does that mean you're not gay?' We move on to Zara. He knows where every item is. How gay is that? · Awight Now by Michael Barrymore is published by Simon and Schuster at £18.99	Michael Barrymore
Which animal's name means river horse?	Michael Barrymore tells Chrissy Iley, he's back, he thinks, from the brink \| Stage \| The Guardian Share on Messenger Close I read Michael Barrymore's book Awight Now all in one go. He describes his life as if watching himself in a car crash, and it's riveting. He's fearful about who he might really be, fearful that people will hate him for being gay and then when they don't, he carries on self-destructing anyway. As compelling a study as any of showbusiness Babylon. The Nineties was his kind of decade and he was, without a doubt, the entertainment king of his era. Phenomenally successful. Strike It Lucky certainly did and My Kind of People was the X Factor of its day, with a Saturday night audience of 13m. His talent lay in making hapless members of the general public feel that they were indeed his kind of people, and they loved him for it. He made them feel good about themselves while not necessarily feeling great himself. In 1994 he dramatically checked himself into rehab in America, followed, in 1995, by an equally dramatic 'coming out' onstage at the White Swan pub in London's East End. In his version of 'New York, New York' he sang, 'Start spreading the news, I'm gay today.' Certainly this was news to his wife Cheryl, his manager, his protector who had made him and - following this revelation - promised to break him. Then, in the early hours of 31 March 2001, the incident that changed everything. A young man drowned in his swimming pool, the 'death pool' as the tabloids called it. An impromptu party with a bunch of people he didn't really know carried on back at his place in Essex and Stuart Lubbock drowned in his pool. What followed was not just an inquest, it was a trial, a media frenzy. He was guilty until proven innocent and then guilty anyway. If a woman had drowned in his swimming pool would he have attracted all that lewd attention? Would it have been so punishing? Barrymore wasn't even allowed to accept his own Personality of the Year Award. (TV bosses said it would distract viewers.) He ended up getting away from it all to New Zealand, returning only for a final attempt at public rehab on Big Brother, where he was in equal parts funny and disturbing, self-pitying and bruised. I'm told we will meet in Dubai, which turns out to be Bahrain - to confuse the paps, apparently. Bahrain is very far, very hot and very clean. I check into my hotel room and soon enough it's his voice on the phone. His lazy, sprawling voice. It's as if his mouth wants to softly swallow all his words. A shy voice and an attention-seeking one all at the same time. He has someone collect me and drive me in a golf buggy to his villa, complete with infinity pool and a view of the turquoise ocean and pale, bleached-white sand. But it's a long way to go to escape the paps. 'Yeah, but it works, because if they know where you are they'll get you. I've seen them come up from the sea. I've seen them pretend to be taking pictures of their girlfriend. I remember being in Bora Bora with Shaun (Davis, his new partner, business manager, protector) and I was on a hammock asleep and they papped me just so that they could run the caption that I was "washed up".' He's staying here with his friends Tom Scott, the New Zealand playwright and cartoonist, and his wife. He is going to be in one of Scott's plays, The Daylight Atheist, a play that is by turns gloriously funny and gut-wrenchingly moving. He's also working on his part as Scrooge, which Bill Kenwright will tour later this year in the UK. He seems rested and focused, grateful, and savouring his moments out of the British media glare. He's bracing himself for a short book tour, Scrooge and then Scott's play, which will open in Dublin next year. It's been five years since Stuart Lubbock died, since Barrymore fell into the abyss. You can't really have a book coming out and be in hiding, though. Barrymore knows this and admits that he has been practising answering all the questions he thought he might be asked: 'I have nothing to be ashamed of, blah, blah, blah.' The book is something he can be proud of. 'Writing is like Shakespearean tragedy. You hate it. You wish it would go away. You fall in love with it, then you've got to stab it to death, then you've got to give it away. And there's a therapy side to it. I was angry. I put my anger on the page. Although some things about Cheryl I eventually took out.' His voice in the book is a driving one and it takes you to places you don't necessarily want to go. 'Bob Monkhouse said that to me years ago, although later on he fell out with me because, on an awards show, I looked over at Bob and said, "Fancy having a conversation without autocue?" He took it personally and I was just mucking about.' This is interesting; in order to get a laugh, in a heartbeat he sacrificed a friendship without even realising it. He nods. 'My naivety was dangerous. But the nature of comedy is that you have to take risks. You can't be safe, otherwise no one will laugh.' Barrymore always pushed and pushed and pushed some more, even when he was king of Saturday night, the family entertainer. 'I was always in trouble on Monday morning, but I hate bland television, and I didn't ask to be put on at 7pm ...' During one of his rehabs they got him to write letters, not to send, but as a way of working things through. 'I think that it's a good way to let go of baggage, but I'd like to meet a person who's let go of 100 per cent of their baggage. We always keep something back for ourselves. What the therapist tells you to do is impossible, isn't it? In that first book (Back in Business) there was so much fear. Not in this one. The first book was about what I genuinely felt as well, though. Of course I loved Cheryl. I loved her to death. And she loved me to death, almost literally.' Do you mean she suffocated you? 'Yes, and if I hadn't ended it when I did I would have been dead. There's 10 years in every decade, but I've managed to find 20. I don't like sleeping, I think it's a waste of time, I can't see the point of it.' Is that why cocaine was such a great drug for you? 'No, I could stay up without it. I just took it to change the way I felt.' He frequently goes off at tangents, sentences don't finish, but throughout our time together - a day and a night - we always come back to Cheryl. 'If the gay thing hadn't been part of my make-up I would probably never have left her till the day I died.' This seems a contradiction to his previous statement - 'If I stayed with her it would have killed me.' But somehow it isn't; both things are true. Michael Barrymore was born in Bermondsey, southeast London, in 1952. His father was an alcoholic who never kept a job. He had a brother and sister, and a mother who had to do several jobs. His parents didn't go in for expressions of love. 'It's a very Irish thing, that a parent might ruffle a child's hair and that's supposed to mean they love you. But you can't work that out when you're six or seven. They weren't tactile and in turn I'm not tactile either. I don't hold hands with Shaun and I didn't with Cheryl. I have learnt to make eye contact now, but that's because I'm an entertainer and I have to be a communicator.' He saw a Norman Wisdom film when he was eight and that's who he aspired to be, to escape by making people laugh, pulling the rug from under them. Comedians are traditionally vulnerable and controlling in equal parts. When he met Cheryl, then a dancer, he knew that she had a controlling personality. She was also the first girl to really show an interest in him. He seemed to enjoy the surrender. She became his manager and was ambitious for both of them, and her father Eddie became the dad he never had; a prisoner of war who ate coal to keep himself alive. Both were totally devoted to Cheryl. 'Eddie always made sure she had £800 in the bank, I don't know why £800 - in those days that was a lot. I think her mum thought she was marrying beneath her but Eddie always called me his son, not his son-in-law.' Indeed, when Eddie died, the glue of the Barrymores' relationship seemed to turn a different kind of sticky. 'When I came out, she was screaming for me to stay with her. I was trying to get down the stairs and it was like a surreal film, it seemed her arms were getting longer and longer, hanging on to me, and I was thinking, "In a minute the elastic is going to snap." I can clearly recall the rage. She would rather have had me there with her, even if I was gay. She told me, "We can work this out," but of course we tried and we couldn't.' Cheryl's way of working it out was to go to the Hotel Martinez in Cannes for a summit talk with Michael. This involved champagne and a chintzy suite. And bizarrely, it involved Michael having sex with her. Cheryl was, as always, in charge. 'She liked to make her mark on everything and in many ways it was just easier. I let her take control.' In Cannes he came downstairs one day wearing jeans and a T-shirt, and she said, 'This is Tuesday and you're wearing Thursday's outfit.' He says, 'I swear to God it was a pair of jeans and a T-shirt and on the rail was an almost identical jeans and T- shirt. Anybody else would just say, "Fuck off", but I didn't because I knew we were a double act. I felt nowhere without her. Cheryl organised the deals, organised the production, she was always on the phone.' Michael would have loved children. But is it now a bit of a relief that he never had any? 'No, I'm sad. But then I think that if I'd had children I wouldn't have dealt with the gay thing and I wouldn't be sitting here now, I'd have long gone.' He mumbles something, trying not to be dark, but referring to a moment where he sat on the edge of his bed thinking that he'd be better off out of this. There have been a few of those moments. Like when a tabloid newspaper called him 'a killer'. He constantly refers to 'the gay thing'. Later on, after dinner, when Shaun's around, he says, 'Shaun's much gayer than me.' How do you measure gayness? 'I don't know, he just is, he likes to be on the phone a lot, things like that.' There is a weird naivety to Michael Barrymore. When he first came out he went out with what is known as a muscle Mary. 'But I didn't know that at the time. We went on holiday to Bangkok and he walked around with his shirt off. You don't do that, and I was embarrassed. I didn't know what Old Compton Street was, it wasn't part of my world.' He's not sure what his world is. He never played golf with Jimmy Tarbuck. He doesn't like to go to showbusiness dinner parties 'where everybody slags each other off'. He was always a loner and always kind of lonely within himself. On stage he'll reveal everything. He has often said that when he is performing he knows who he is. 'I don't mind showing my vulnerability on stage. It'll Be Alright On The Night used to ring up and say, "Can we have your out-takes?" and I'd say, "There aren't any, we leave everything in. We don't tidy it up."' And the decision to go on Big Brother? 'I thought I should at least come back into a format that works,' he says. 'Punters hadn't seen me for five years. They were going to be, "What's he like? Is he thin, is he fat, has he changed?" I thought I would get that over with on something established.' I tell him I think his logic was flawed. 'Well, showbusiness is a business as well, and I had been wiped out, hounded out of my own country and I had to pay the rent like everybody else.' He tells me now he's all right for money, despite being 'fleeced' by the divorce, the U-turn in his popularity and being declared bankrupt in 2004. We order lunch - prawn cocktails and chicken caesar - and he says, 'You have wine, I don't mind. Do you know, when I told Cheryl, "I'm an alcoholic," she said, "No, it's just when you drink."' Cheryl, it seems, always knew how to rewrite the script. It was her mode of survival. Cheryl decided that he shouldn't speak to his family because they had invested money in a newsagent's and his brother ran it and ran off with the takings. He missed a lot of years with his mother on Cheryl's say-so. Even now he can't quite grapple with it. Do you think your relationships have had a pattern, I ask. Have you been with anyone after Cheryl who was similarly controlling? 'Shaun does it to a degree, but I speak about it instead of just letting him do it and it's all out in the open. He's anal about figures - he has a stockmarket background so I think he's better at that sort of thing, which is good for the business,' he justifies. 'If you've got two blokes going at each other in a domestic, it's quite different to a man and a woman. We're both stubborn, but we don't row that much. I think my vulnerability comes out in front of Shaun and he wants to protect me and I will have to say, "Shaun, I'm all right. You're doing what Cheryl used to do." He's a great guy, he's 31, funny as fuck, he knows how to make me laugh ... For all that, Cheryl had a great sense of humour, too. And she loved me too much.' Did you have proper sex with her? 'Yes,' he says brightening. 'So you can't really blame her for not believing I was gay. Of course, I still find women interesting.' Could you be with a woman? 'I don't know. Depends. Not really. But if there's a stunning woman, any bloke can see that; whether you want sex with her is another thing. I didn't spend 18 years with my wife going, "Crikey, this is dull." I was having sex with somebody I loved.' Did you expect to be punished for being gay? 'Yeah. Yeah.' He nods. And then when the public accepted it did you think that you had to punish yourself in some way? 'Yeah, yeah, a lot of it goes back to the Catholic thing, the way I was brought up.' It occurs to me that it's not being gay that causes him shame, but desire. 'That's right, because of my Catholic upbringing I couldn't even be demonstrative to Cheryl. It's alien to me. Even when I see young kids snogging in the street I think, "Ooh, get your tongue out her throat." I don't like it because I don't do that with people.' He's been with Shaun for seven years. Shaun is handsome and charming in an unpushy way. 'I tried to push him away at the beginning. I don't know why. He's the type of guy that I like, but I was working against myself and then Shaun didn't want to be with an addict.' When Barrymore came out of rehab for the second time he realised how much he'd missed Shaun and they got back together again. Today, though, we are still in the shadow of Cheryl. He tells me how bitter the divorce became, how all the arguing through lawyers cost thousands of pounds, till eventually he thought he would just give in and let it all go. After they split she would tell friends that she still thought of him every day and still loved him. She didn't tell him she had lung cancer. In April 2005, six weeks after diagnosis, she died. A package which was supposed to have been sent to him never arrived. He wonders if it was his wedding ring. He is still confused. 'A friend told me, "She loved you till the day she died. Every time I spoke to her she said that. She asked, 'Does he need money, or a job?'"' But it wasn't unconditional love. She could either help you or try to destroy you, it was all part of the same thing. She told the papers that he could swim and thus should have been able to save the drowning man. He has never been able to swim. She wrote an autobiography in which she alleged he hit her, and this came out in the midst of 'death pool' hysteria. He is quiet now and his mind is whirring. 'She wanted to help me and she wanted to hurt me, but she was still driving the same car. She was still thinking, "This is my motor and I can go in reverse or I can go forward. Do you want a bit of money, Michael? Do you want a project?" Anything to keep the contact going. Then, the monster man, see: "He hit me." I absolutely have never hit a woman in my life. I pushed her, though. She came at me. She had fucking long nails. But you know, she also made me feel fantastic about myself, different to the way anybody else had ever done. She was a one-off, she was quite something.' He tells me he struggles to define the nature of love. He's always testing himself on it. I think he had years of making himself unlovable. There are definitely some phases of his life where he wanted to be unlovable. To test those around him? To test himself? Or just to behave like a crazy teenager in his forties, discovering freewheeling sex for the first time? For Barrymore it seems not so much about sex as about winning someone over. In the rehab centre in Tuscon he was told to confront his charming behaviour. I think for a while he did. He became maudlin, mawkish, self-absorbed. Fortunately, now he's back to winning people over. 'I think I've found a balance in life.' This balance includes having a base in New Zealand, so isn't it a risk to upset that balance by coming back to the UK to perform? He doesn't know if he'll ever make a full-time return. He is clean, and definitely sober. He says he doesn't lust for the taste of wine or Jack Daniel's and he never liked the taste in the first place, only the effect. 'One day I might actually be able to have a glass of wine, but I don't know that I would want to because it could all go horribly wrong and I might just destroy myself.' The good thing is, he no longer wants to destroy himself and he doesn't invite other people to do the same. He tells me that Bahrain has some fabulous shopping malls and that he must take me shopping. In the shopping centre he says hello to everybody, little kids and women in burkas. He says that Strike It Lucky and My Kind of People were popular in Bahrain. Even if they don't know who he is, they enjoy him, his smile, his gawky walk, his haggling to get prices down, although I'm sure the pink Kosta glass vase he bought he might have actually haggled up. We go into a shop selling ethnic necklaces. He encourages me to try one on. He tells the assistant, 'I'm gay, so I can fasten it for her.' He grapples at the back of my neck and I tell him she doesn't care if he's gay or not. The necklace drops to the ground and I say, 'So what does that mean? You can't fasten a necklace. Does that mean you're not gay?' We move on to Zara. He knows where every item is. How gay is that? · Awight Now by Michael Barrymore is published by Simon and Schuster at £18.99	i don't know
In The Simpsons, what type of animal is Santa's Little Helper?	Santa's Little Helper \| Simpsons Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Santa's Little Helper races at the Springfield Downs . History Homer was relying on a Christmas bonus to buy presents, but didn't get it. He was relying on this bonus because the jar of Christmas money that Marge accumulates for the family's Christmas treats was disposed of to pay for the removal of a tattoo that Bart got on his arm. Homer took the small amount of Christmas money he made working as Santa Claus at the Springfield Mall and bet it at the dog track. He had inside information on what dog was going to win, but instead bet on the "long shot," Santa's Little Helper, believing his name to be a sign. Santa's Little Helper finished last (apparently, it was the latest in a long string of last-place finishes), and his frustrated owner abandoned him. Homer and Bart brought him home, and everyone was so happy with him that it was a merry Christmas after all. [1] Snowball II , Maggie and Santa's Little Helper together for a picture Sometimes, Santa's Little Helper can be seen chewing on the newspaper and other objects in the Simpson's household (sometimes ignored or tolerated by the family), tearing up the furniture, digging holes in the backyard and eating food from the living room table. It is stated that Homer and Santa's Little Helper's birthdays are on the same day. [2] With a few exceptions, Santa's Little Helper doesn't make any sound that resembles a bark. However, he does have an ability to think just like a person. Once, he made a sound similar to "chewy", and Homer writes it down in his review, amazed that the dog spoke English. [3] He is also shown to have ridden a circus ball on his hind legs and speak the phrase 'We love... you!' in an attempt to be given some attention from the Simpson family. [4] In addition, he was mascot of Duff Beer , and was known as Suds McDuff (a reference to a similar, real life mascot Spuds MacKenzie). [5] Santa's Little Helper licking Bart Santa's Little Helper's life with the Simpsons is not always easy. Due to his disobedience and destructive behavior nearly caused the Simpson family to give him away, but he passed an obedience class, thus he could stay. [6] Santa's Little Helper almost passed away from gastric torsion (referred to in the show as a "twisting of the stomach") because Homer initially couldn't afford $750 for the required operation. [7] He also broke two legs when Bart's treehouse was demolished by Mr. Burns ' slanted oil well drill (The latter of which caused Bart Simpson to hate Mr. Burns immensely). [8] Santa's Little Helper is sometimes a bad dog. At one time, Santa's Little Helper was shortly abandoned by Bart for Laddie , a purebred and very well-trained dog he bought from a mail-order catalog together with various other expensive gifts and gadgets. To do that, Bart used a credit card he applied for under the name of his dog, yet the credit card company misread the form and issued a card to Mr. "Santos L. Halper". Laddie learned many tricks that Santa's Little Helper was completely unable to perform (most notably a back flip, CPR and using a toilet). The Simpson family nearly forgot about their old pet, and Bart eventually gave him away instead of Laddie when repo men take back everything he fraudulently purchased. Feeling guilty about this disloyalty and bored with his too perfect new dog, Bart tried to get Santa's Little Helper back. When he finally found him, Santa's Little Helper was serving as a guide dog for a blind man named Mr. Mitchell, but eventually chose to return to his former owner, Bart. [9] Santa's Little Helper growling at the family Santa's Little Helper has also shown aptitude in other areas. When neglected by the Simpson family, he ran away, and was adopted by Mr. Burns, and made into a very fearsome guard dog. When Bart was searching for Santa's Little Helper, Bart managed to reawaken Santa's Little Helper's good memories of him. It shown that while the Simpson family sleeps in the night, Santa's Little Helper and Snowball II both watch old episodes of "Lassie" on TV. [10] When Homer and Marge are investigated by Child Protective Services, one of the things noted in the report is "dogs mating on dining room table." At which Santa's Little Helper shamefully turns away. [11] One time, Bart brings Santa's Little Helper to school for show and tell, and Mrs. Krabappel and the entire class, except for Martin Prince are fascinated by him. Mrs. Krabappel feeds him cookies, and the class dotes on him, but they later put him away, and Santa's Little Helper gets into the heating ducts. This later indirectly causes Skinner to be fired. [12] Homer and Santa's Little Helper sleeping on the floor He also becomes a great hero after he saves Homer in a cornfield maze, and then becomes enrolled as a police dog, teamed up with Officer Lou. Both Lou and Santa's Little Helper make a good team, foiling crimes together. After biting Bart's left leg (due to the fact he got furious when the court stated that he violated one of the police codes while catching Snake Jailbird ), Santa's Little Helper is sent off by the Simpson family to live with Lou . Later on, once Springfield Elementary is in danger and Bart isn't able to escape, Santa's Little Helper comes in to save him, and goes back to living with the Simpsons. [13] Unlike when he was the Duff mascot (which depicts the dog as a coward), Santa's Little Helper is depicted as a very brave and smart dog. Santa's Little Helper sleeping in his doghouse Santa's Little Helper has been implied to be bisexual. At the time, the Simpson family is watching a gay pride parade marching down Evergreen Terrace, and one of the groups marching is the Gay Dog Alliance. The marching dogs are clothed in a series of typically camp gay costumes, and Santa's Little Helper, showing excitement by panting, shows an interest in several of the dogs, one of whom winks at him. Santa's Little Helper's attempt to join the dogs is thwarted by the fact that he is currently on a leash, noticing his interest, Homer chooses to take the family away from the pride parade. [14] Physical Appearance	Dog
Other than humans, what are the only animals that have sex for pleasure?	LEGO Animals Mini Figure - The Simpsons Dog - Santa's Little Helper \| The Simpsons LEGO Minifigures \| LEGO Minifigures \| Firestartoys.com LEGO Animals Mini Figure - The Simpsons Dog - Santa's Little Helper \| The Simpsons LEGO Minifigures \| LEGO Minifigures \| Firestartoys.com 0800 917 4431 LEGO Animals Mini Figure - The Simpsons Dog - Santa's Little Helper Qty: £1.75 1 Earn 1 Star Points when you buy this item Find out more about Star Point rewards here LEGO Animals Mini Figure - The Simpsons Dog - Santa's Little Helper How would you rate us for service, experience and product range? Ian, Preston nice products, got my items faster than i had expected Freephone [email protected] LEGO® is a trademark of the LEGO Group of companies. The LEGO Group does not sponsor, authorize or endorse this website nor any of the customised/modified products or sets shown on it nor does it accept responsibility in any way, shape or form for any unforeseen and/or adverse consequences following from such customisation/modification.	i don't know
Which animal is the national emblem of India? The Tiger, The Elephant or The Snake?	National Symbols of India - Animal, Bird, Emblem, Fruit, Flower, Tree, Sport \| My India Home / India / National Symbols of India and Their Meaning National Symbols of India and Their Meaning April 23, 2013 by Ramandeep Kaur National symbols of India depict the country’s image and have been chosen very carefully. The national animal, tiger symbolises power; the national flower, lotus symbolises purity;the national tree, banyan symbolises immortality, the national bird, peacock symbolises elegance and the national fruit, mango symbolises the tropical climate of India. Similarly, our national song and national anthem were a source of inspiration during the freedom struggle. The national emblem of India depicts four lions standing back to back, symbolising power, courage, pride and confidence. Hockey was at its peak when it was adopted as the national game of India. Here is some more information about the national symbols of India: List of National Symbols of India National Bird of India: The peacock, commomly known as Indian peafowl was declared the national bird of India in 1963, because it was entirely a part of Indian custom and culture. A peacock is a symbol of grace and beauty. Another reason why the peacock was chosen as the national bird was because of its presence across the country, so much so that even common people are familiar with the bird. Moreover, no other country had the peacocok as its national bird either. The peacock fulfilled all these and hence became the national bird of India. National Animal of India: The tiger is known as the Lord of the Jungle and displays India’s wildlife wealth. Also strength, agility and power are the basic aspect of the tiger. The Bengal Tiger was declared as the national animal of India in April 1973, with the initiation of Project Tiger, to protect the tigers in India. Prior to this, the lion was the national animal of India. National Anthem of India: The national anthem of India is the Hindi version of an anthem which was originally composed in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore. It was adopted as the national anthem of India on 24 January 1950. Since the Bengali song ‘Vande Mataram’ faced opposition from non-Hindu segments of society, the Jana Gana Mana was adopted as the national anthem of India. National Flower of India: The lotus flower has a very significant position in Indian mythology. It is the flower of goddess Laxmi and symbolises wealth, prosperity, and fertility. Also, it grows very uniquely in dirty water with its long stalk far above the water, bearing the flower on the top. The lotus flower remains untouched from impurity. It symbolises purity, achievement, long life, and good fate. The National Fruit of India: Mangoes are native to India and thus truly Indian. Since time immemorial, mangoes have been cultivated in India. In ancient times as well, deliciousness of mangoes have been defined by many renowned poets. The great Mughal emperor Akbar had planted about 1,00,000 mango trees in Lakhi Bagh in Darbhanga. The National Song of India: India’s national song was composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra Chatterjee. It has inspired many freedom fighters during the freedom struggle. Initially ‘Vande Mataram’ was the national anthem of India, but after independence ‘Jana Gana Mana’ was adopted as the national anthem. This was done because non-Hindu communities in India had considered Vande Mataram as biased. These communities felt that the nation was represented by ‘Maa Durga’ in the song. So that is why it was made the national song of India and not the national anthem. National Flag of India: The national flag of India is horizontal rectangular in shape and has three colours – deep saffron, white and green with Ashoka chakra (Wheel of Law) at its centre. It was adopted on 22 July 1947 during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly. It is also called as tricolor. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. The National Game of India: In spite of cricket’s huge popularity in India, hockey is still the national game of India. Hockey when declared as the national game was very popular. The game has seen a golden era during 1928-1956, when India won 6 consecutive gold medals in the Olympics. Hockey was considered as the national game because of its unmatched distinction and incomparable talent at the time. At that time India had played 24 Olympic matches and won all of them. The National Tree of India: The Banyan tree represents eternal life, because of its ever-expanding branches. The country’s unity is symbolised by the trees huge structure and its deep roots. The tree is also known as Kalpavriksha, which means ‘wish fulfilling tree’.The Banyan tree is called so, because the Banyan tree has immense medicinal properties and is associated with longevity. The Banyan tree also gives shelter to many different kinds of animals and birds, which represent India and its people from different races, religions and castes. The National Emblem of India: The Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath is the national emblem of India. It consists of four Asiatic Lions standing back to back on a circular abacus. The abacus has sculptures of an elephant, a horse, a bull and a lion. These are separated by wheels in between. The national emblem stands on a full bloomed inverted lotus flower. National River of India: The Ganges or Ganga is the national river of India. According to the Hindus, this is the most sacred river on the earth. In fact, they perform many rituals on the bank of this river. The Indian cities which are famous for this river are Varanasi, Allahabad and Haridwar. Ganga flows over 2510 km of mountains, plains and valleys, and is the longest river in the country. National Currency of India: Indian Rupee is the official currency of the Republic of India. The flow of this currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. The symbol of Indian rupee is derived from the Devanagari consonant “र” (ra). The Indian rupee is named after silver coin, which is called rupiya. It was first issued by Sultan She Shah Suri in the 16th century and later the Mughal Empire continued it. National Heritage Animal of India: The national heritage animals of India is Elephant. The Indian elephant is a subspecies of the Asian elephant and found in the mainland Asia. It is listed as one of the endangered animals by IUCN. It can be spotted at four different regions in the country. National Aquatic Animal of India: The national aquatic animal of India is River Dolphin, which is also called as the Ganges river dolphin. The mammal once used to live in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna, Kamaphuli and Sangu rivers of India, Bangladesh and Nepal. However, the species is no more found in its early distribution ranges. The river dolphin is essentially blind and lives only in freshwater. National Reptile of India: With its length up to 18.5 to 18.8 ft (5.6 to 5.7 m), King Cobra is the national reptile of India. This venomous snake is found in forests in India through Southeast Asia. It preys on other snakes, lizards and rodents. It has its cultural significance as Hindus worship this reptile.	Tiger (disambiguation)
How many humps does a Bactrian camel have?	National Animal - Tiger National Animal Large Asiatic carnivorous feline quadruped, Panthera Tigris, maneless, of tawny yellow colour with blackish transverse stripes and white belly, proverbial for its power and its magnificence. There are very few tigers left in the world today. A decade ago the tiger population in India had dwindled to a few hundreds. The Government of India, under its Project Tiger programme, started a massive effort to preserve the tiger population. Today, thanks to Project Tiger, India's population of tigers has considerably increased.	i don't know
Who presented the childrens TV show Animal Magic from 1962 to 1983?	Animal Magic - 1962 - 1983 - British Classic Comedy Uncategorized They should bring this back with Paul O Grady. Animal Magic had to be one of the most imaginative children’s television programs ever. It combined education and a sense of fun in a way that gripped the viewer’s imagination. A wonderful way to teach children about animals. Set in Bristol Zoo and a BBC TV studio. The show’s main presenter was Johnny Morris but over the years there were many co-presenters each with their own area of expertise. These included Terry Nutkins who joined in the early eighties, he would talk about water based animals ie otters, sea lions. Other famous co-presenters included: Gerald Durrell, Tony Soper, Keith Shackleton, Sheila Young and David Taylor. The show first went out in 1962, every fortnight. It was an instant hit with children and adults alike and by 1964 the show was broadcast weekly. In 1967 Animal Magic reached it’s 100th edition. By 1983 the way the show gave animals human charaterisations (ie the voices used) fell out of favour and the show was subsequently dropped. Surprisingly in the early 1990’s the BBC deemed the show to be of no further use and subsequently junked many editions. Summary The show combined basic educational features in a studio with Johnny Morris the Zoo Keeper interacting with the animals at Bristol Zoo. Here Johnny Morris would apply jovial voiceovers to the various animals. In the early 1980’s technology had moved on and the show was updated using new video efects technology. This allowed them to do such things as “shrink” the presenters to allow them to see life from an ant’s viewpoint, or to swim in a riverbed for example. Clips	Johnny Morris
What type of animal is Shere Khan in The Jungle Book?	Animal Magic \| TVmaze Animal Magic Gallery (1) Follow Animal Magic was a BBC children's television series which ran from 1962 to 1983 from BBC Bristol. It began fortnightly and was transmitted weekly from 1964. The presenter was the avuncular Johnny Morris. Morris' co-presenters over the years were: Gerald Durrell, Tony Soper, Keith Shackleton, Roger Tabor, Sheila Young, David Taylor and Terry Nutkins. When Nutkins joined the show in the early 1980s, the producers tried to update it, using new video effects technology. This allowed them to do such things as "shrink" the presenters to allow them to see life from an ant's viewpoint, or to swim in a riverbed for example. Dottie the ring-tailed lemur appeared as a regular guest for eight years in the 1970s. Much to Morris' anger, the show was discontinued in 1983 when the programme's anthropomorphic treatment of animals fell out of fashion. The 100th edition was transmitted on 4 January 1967. Share this on:	i don't know
Considered as the oldest zoo in the world, in what year did the Vienna Zoo first open to visitors?	Schönbrunn Zoo - VIENNA – Now. Forever Schönbrunn Zoo add to my travel plan Schönbrunn Zoo in Vienna is the world’s oldest zoo still in existence and has already been voted Europe’s best zoo on four occasions. Each year more than two million visitors come to see the panda baby, newborn elephants and many other rare animals. In the summer of 1752, Emperor Franz I. Stephan von Lothringen, Maria Theresia's husband, took his royal guests to the newly constructed menagerie in the park at Schönbrunn Palace for the first time. Ever since then, the world's oldest zoo has been operating in Vienna. In 1906, Schönbrunn was the site of a sensational event: This zoo in Vienna was the first place worldwide to see the birth of an African elephant conceived in human care. The next world premiere followed in 2007: For the first time ever, a panda baby that was naturally conceived in a zoo by the name of Fu Long was born in Schönbrunn. In August 2010 the second bear cub was born, in August 2013 the third. And in 2016, twins were born. Today the Zoo at Schönbrunn is considered one of the best and most modern zoos in the world. The animal compounds have a particularly generous and natural design. More than 500 animal species - from Siberian tigers and hippos to one-horned rhinoceroses - live here. Highlights include the giant Rainforest House, the large South American Area and the ORANG.erie, which is the new home of Vienna's orang-utans. The Nature Experience Trail was opened in spring 2010. May 2014 witnessed the return of polar bears to the zoo: The new enclosure, called “Franz Josef Land", covers 1,700 m² and provides the white giants with enough space to romp around in. The bears can also be watched diving for the first time. New and extensive enclosures and animal houses are added each year. But the zoo's historic charm is always preserved. Special tours and workshops provide information about the animal kingdom. And the zoo is directly adjacent to the Desert House , where the flora and fauna of the driest regions on earth can be explored. Daily 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. February Daily 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. March Daily 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. April to September Daily 9 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. October to the end of October Daily 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. November to December Parking spaces for people with disabilities at Elisabethallee, entrance Tirolerhof Special offers for people with disabilities Tours for visitors with disabilities and special needs on request.	1752
Which alcoholic drink would you need to make the cocktail Tom Collins? Vodka, Whiskey or Gin?	Schönbrunn Palace - Free Entry and Grand Tour With Vienna PASS Additional info Deep rooted in Vienna’s imperial past, Schönbrunn Palace is one of the finest examples of Baroque architecture in Vienna. Under the reign of Maria Theresia in the 18th century Schönbrunn Palace was to become the magnificent focus of court life. From that time onwards it played host to the leading statesmen of Europe. In 1996 Schönbrunn Palace and park were put on the list of UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Sites. The cultural and picturesque Schönbrunn Palace is one of Vienna’s most popular historical attractions and is waiting to be discovered. There is so much to discover in Schönbrunn. Make sure you have enough time to stroll through the entire estate. Click here for a map of the Schonbrunn Palace and estate. Highlights: Did you know: - There were an impressive 1,441 rooms in the Schönbrunn Palace, each with a different style - Young Mozart gave his very first concert at the age of six to Empress Maria Theresa in the resplendent Mirror Room - An inventory of the palace gardens in 1900 counted 25,000 orchids of 1,500 different species which held the record as the largest collection in Europe at that time - Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Franz Stephan of Lorraine had sixteen children! Eleven daughters and five sons… TOP TIP You will need to get your free entry ticket in the visitor center (left of main entrance) before you can explore the world of the Habsburg family Things to see at Schönbrunn Palace and Estate: Grand Tour of the Palace Take part in the Grand Tour of Schönbrunn Palace to learn about the Viennese dynasty and get a glimpse into the old imperial world. Walk through the elaborate themed rooms from Sisi’s private chambers and beauty salon, to the Marie Antoinette room which was used to host family dinners. Marvel at the opulence of the Rococo décor that makes Schönbrunn Palace so unique – including the Room of Mirrors in which Mozart played his first performance as a child. Take in the plush carpets, huge paintings and silk wallpapers – there’s nothing underwhelming about this imperial summer residence! Children's Museum The Children's Museum at Schönbrunn Palace is a great way to get your kids involved in Vienna's imperial history. This museum looks at the world in which children lived during the Austrian Empire, both from here within the palace, to down in the poorer neighbourhoods of Vienna. It's a fascinating step back in time to learn about the society and demands of children over the changing hands of imperial power. Please note that the Children's museum has saisonal opening hours. Click here for details. Schönbrunn Zoo Schönbrunn Palace is so vast that it is home to Vienna’s zoo, which also holds the title of the oldest zoo in the world. Built in 1752 by Emperor Franz I Stephan, Maria Theresa’s husband, it started off as a mere menagerie – now it attracts over 2million visitors a year to view the collection of rare animals. Recent record breaking events include the rare, natural conception of a baby panda Fu Long. With over 500 animal species, the Schönbrunn Zoo is considered one of the best and most modern there is, with its historic charm ever present. Imperial Carriage Museum Vienna Marvel at the lavish carriages of the imperial family in the palace's Carriage Museum. The collection includes the elaborate carriage built for the coronation of Joseph II in 1764 - which weights 4000 kgs! - and was hand painted and carved by Franz Xaver Wagenschön. Attractions in the Palace gardens: Gloriette, Privy Garden, Orangery Garden, maze & labyrinth The Palace gardens and park were open to the public in 1779 by Josepf II. It was Maria Theresias who helped design the intricate style and landscaping still visible today. The gardens reflect the same Baroque style and concepts – architecture and nature should be intertwined – that extend from the palace itself. The gardens were meant to be a symbol of imperial power, so don’t miss the ordered, symmetrical beds of the Great Parterre and the Botanical Garden. Gloriette The crowning touch to the Baroque palace, the Gloriette was literally meant to be the icing on the cake. A colonnaded building flanked by wings, arches and topped with an imperial eagle – you can’t get much more impressive than this. The inner hall was originally used as a dining room in the 19th century and now there is a lovely café open to guests. Take in the spectacular views over the gardens and palace from this unique vantage point, perfect for some impressive photos. Privy Garden The Privy Garden, known originally as the Crown Prince Rudolf Garden, is home to some of the most spectacular plants and flowers in the summer time due to its sheltered location by the east palace façade. Arranged in manicured lawns and landscaped flower beds, the stunning Privy Garden is centred around an ancient yew tree. Adjacent to the Privy Garden is 'On the Cellar', where visitors can explore the oldest part of the gardens on the estate which date back to 1700. Orangery Garden Measuring 189m in length, the Orangery is one of the two largest Baroque orangeries in the world, alongside the one in Palace of Versailles, on the outskirts of Paris. Franz Joseph II used to use his Orangery, or as it was called, the 'winter garden', for imperial court festivities where he would decorate the citrus trees and exotic flowers to impress his guests! The Maze The maze in the park at Schönbrunn Palace actually consists of three parts: the maze, the labyrinth, and the Labyrinthikon playground. The maze was initially laid out around 1720 and then gradually abandoned until the last hedges were felled in 1892. In 1999, it was reconstructed based on historical models over an area of 1715 m². The labyrinth is a relaxing place filled with games and fun for young and old alike. The Labyrinthikon playground, designed by Günter Beltzig, is a playground where all generations can experiment. Please note that the attraction in the Palace gardens are closed during the winter month (mid November to mid March). For details on all opening hours click here.	i don't know
From which country does the dish paella originate?	The History of Paella The History of Paella Paella is a Spanish rice dish that includes different combinations of vegetables and meats, characteristically seasoned with saffron, but also has other spices depending on the recipe and area in Spain it comes from. Etymology The dish Paella is said to to be a perfect union between 2 cultures from Spain , the Romans, for the pan and the Arab, that brought rice. There is an old story of how the Moorish kings' servants created rice dishes by mixing the left-overs from royal banquets in large pots to take home. It is said by some that that word paella originates from the Arab word ï¿½baqiyahï¿½ meaning left-overs.The term Paella actually refers to the pan that it is cooked in. All the way back to the ancient Sanskrit language the term Pa means ï¿½to drink, and the Roman culture from the latin made words like Patera, Patina , Patella which could mean a container to drink, or perform other culinary functions. It would seem a natural dish, since rice is grown in Spain, and all meats, and seafood in some regions are plentiful, that this dish would be a natural. Since there are many workers in the fields, cooking it over an open fire also would be the most practical. Spain is not known for forests and lots of timber, so the small available twigs and branches from pruning that are green gave a quick hot fire instead of a slow burning one from logs. So the size of the pan grew instead of the depth, so you could get a hot fire a maximum evaporation. Most experts agree that the dish was developed in the Spanish city of Valencia. Valencia is where the Romans introduced irrigation and then the Arab conquerors that brought rice, prefected it. Many folks say the best Paella and most authentic still comes from Valencia. Also in Islamic Andalusia Spain symbolic dishes with rice and different meats and vegetables like a casserole were cooked for special occasions. Some of these dishes may be the roots of some of the Paella recipes. The Special Pan The Paella pan is characterized by being round with a flat bottom. The pan can be anywhere from a LP record 12 inches in diameter to several feet. The one thing that doesn't change is the height. It is about first joint in the thumb deep as the Spanish would say, so that the rice has maximum contact with the bottom of the pan. courtesy of the culture bite It evolved this way, starting with a rounded bottom, designed to hang over a fire. My guess is that as soon as some sort of grill or flat top burner was invented that the pans started to become more flat bottomed. I use to think when looking at Paella that it was just the Spanish version of Jambalaya, or the Italian Risotto. While there are similarities they really are quite different. Traditionally Jambalaya is cooked in a round pot over a fire, and Paella is cooked in a flat pan over high heat. Why the dimples in the pan ? Good question. The dimples serve several functions. They trap small amounts of liquid and thus promote even cooking, they make the pan rigid, and they prevent warping. They're also a nostalgic reminder of the days when paella pans were hand hammered. Some people claim that the dimples keep the rice from sticking to the pan, but I'm (Sarah Jay) not convinced. For one thing, rice sticking to the bottom of the pan is not something you want to avoid, since it helps foster one of the most succulent and seductive aspects of paella, something called socarrat ( the crusty bottom layer of rice) Cooking Paella over Fire The Paella traditionally is cooked over an open fire. The Mediterranean is known for developing the art of frying, because of the lack of good slow burning firewood. The available branches were of high acid content that made a very hot fire. The Rice Two types of rice of Spain is small rounded medium size grains that absorb the flavors and stock well, but keep their shape. This is different than the rice for Risotto that breaks up a bit and develops a creamy texture. The most popular rice is Bomba rice. The Meats and Vegetables Depending on the region in Spain , the meats and vegetables added to the Paella vary. Paella can have several or no meats in it, here are a few of the traditional ones. Rabbit, or chicken, snails, Spanish smoked sausage like Chorizo. Snails are common. Seafood can be shrimp, mussels, clams, lobster and crab. Vegetables onions and garlic are a must, and very often you will see fresh peas or beans as a garnish. Artichoke quarters and red bell peppers are often used. The Seasonings. Saffron is seen on every Paella recipe that I have looked at. It gives not only a nice background flavor that is earthy, but a nice color. Garlic is a must and often you see Spanish paprika, many chefs recommend the smoked paprika. The Style it is Eaten in Paella is served family style traditionally in Spain on a round table with the pan in the center. Usually eaten right out of the pan and not on plates. This way you don't over mix the congealed structure of the rice too much by agitation. Each guest starts at the perimeter of the Paella and works toward the center. Lemon wedges to accent the flavor. Recipe for Seafood Paella	Spain
Which company makes the chocolate sweets Smarties?	The History of Spanish Paella The History of Spanish Paella A little history of Spanish Paella. It originates from a region of Spain called Valencia, which is in Eastern Spain. These days paella can be found in most Western countries, from the Americas to Europe, and it is especially popular in Spain. The recipe has expanded over the years, and now many different varieties of paella are passed off as authentic. The most commonly accepted story of paella’s origins is that servants would take the leftovers from Moorish royal banquets and cook it up over open fires into delicious dishes they would take home to their families. The word “paella” may come from the Arab word “baqiyah”, which means “leftovers”. However, another speculation is that the word “paella” is derived from a Latin word “patella”, which was a flat plate used for religious offerings made to gods. One thing we know for sure is that paella gained popularity in the mid-nineteen hundreds when paella became a popular dish served to laborers. The workers would gather midday, combine leftovers with rice, and cook over an open fire. It is believed that most paella dishes at the time consisted of snails and whatever vegetables the workers could scrounge up, and meats like chicken or rabbit were only added for special occasions. Today, paella is usually cooked over an open fire in a traditional paella pan. It can be made with rice, chicken, fish, shellfish, eel, rabbit, squid, artichokes, snails, beans, peppers, or any other variety of vegetables you’d like to add in Classic paella usually is made with rabbit, chicken, snails, beans, and artichokes. It is seasoned with saffron, amongst other spices. If you order paella outside of Spain, you will probably be served a dish of rice, chicken, and seafood. When cooking paella, it’s best to use a large, flat pan that is open and has handles on either side for easy handling. You’ll need to make an open fire for authentic taste, and you’ll want to try for an even heat. You’ll want to brown the meat while the fire is at its peak, and then let the dish simmer as the fire dies down. You’ll add the seafood last, since it only needs to cook for a short time. Be sure to use medium grain rice (as this soaks up liquid better than long grain rice) and buy high quality saffron for best results. Guest Post by Heather Green Bio:Born and raised in North Carolina, Heather Green has worked as a fashion and beauty consultant as well as freelancing for various wedding, fashion, and health publications. She currently acts as the resident blogger for Online Nursing Degrees where she’s been researching rn to bsn programs as well as her online healthcare administration degree .	i don't know
What is the most popular fruit in the world?	Best Fruits \| Most Popular Fruit List The Most Delicious Fruits Originally By analise.dubner 55k votes 3.7k voters 122k views 118 items tags f t p @ List Criteria: No fruits that are commonly believed to be vegetables, like tomatoes, cucumbers and zucchini The most delicious fruits are edible, popular and easily accessible fruits. Fruit contains fiber, stimulates memory, has zero cholesterol and is delicious! How can you go wrong? Browse this list of popular fruit and vote for your favorites or take it a step further and rank your own version. If you see a fruit missing, add it! Fruits are not just good, they are also good for you containing a wide variety of vitamins and minerals to keep you healthy and happy. There's a reason why they say "an apple a day keeps the doctor away" or why someone might recommend drinking orange juice when sick. Apples contain Vitamin A and C, plus a good deal of fiber, great for reducing cholesterol and keeping that digestive tract healthy. Oranges, like other yummy citrus fruits like lemons, limes and grapefruits, contain a boatload of vitamin C, great for the immune system. But going beyond the health benefits of these best fruits, they're all delicious. What's better than a nice hot day with great summer fruits like watermelon, pineapple and strawberries for an afternoon snack? Bananas are great alone or sliced up in a bowl of cereal. Peaches, raspberries, pears, cherries and blueberries are all awesome too with just enough sweetness to make you forget you're eating healthy foods and enjoying it. Whichever fruit you think is the most delicious, they are all good choices for snacking, adding to a meal or using in other recipes. Choosing nutritious fruits over sugary processed snacks is always a wise decision and with the sweet deliciousness of these best fruits, the choice is easy. Chances are, almost all of us have a favorite fruit. With so much variety, it's not hard to find a top choice on this list. Still, it's hard to deny that certain fruits win any popularity contest hands down. Many of the top choices are also some of the best summer fruits to keep around : watermelon, strawberries, pineapples and peaches. In season, these fruits are almost impossible to resist. Of course, some great fruits can be found year-round in many areas, so fruit lovers are never without a favorite snack. Apples, bananas, pomegranates and oranges are almost always available, for example. And in terms of sheer health benefits, a lot of the fruits listed here are about way more than good taste. Some, like blueberries, grapes and apples, also double as some of the healthiest superfoods around , supplying essential nutrients that help our bodies run at optimum level. It also doesn't hurt that some of the best fruits are also among the best healthy snacks for kids . Don't believe it? Cut up a variety of some of these great fruits and see how fast they get consumed by the kiddos! 2 See list ranked by Z G Options B Comments & Embed 2rerank list 1 often listed & ranked high on reranks Why is this #39? Navel Orange ranked low on reranks Why is this #42? Gala Apple often listed & ranked high on reranks Why is this #47? Wild Black Cherry ranked low on reranks Why is this #50? Pink Lady Apple	Tomato
What type of food is John Montagu credited with inventing in 1765, who said that he liked this food because be could continue to gamble at the same time as eating it?	The Most Popular Vegetables \| List of the Best Veggies The Most Popular Vegetables 49k votes 3.5k voters 249k views 72 items tags f t p @ List Criteria: Includes all fresh produce that is commonly considered to be a vegetable. Vegetables that are technically fruits like cucumbers and tomatoes count too. List of the best vegetables, ranked by people like you. Veggies are the most versatile, most sustainable food source on the planet. Thank goodness they also taste awesome and there are endless options of ways you can prepare them. Which are your faves? Everyone has their personal favorite vegetables, but we bet we can all come to a consensus of the best of the best. Vote for your top vegetable choices, or re-rank you own list. Make sure to add anything you see missing. 2 See list ranked by Z G Options B Comments & Embed 2rerank list 1 ranked low on reranks Why is this #24? Iceberg Lettuce	i don't know
How is the chemical compound Polyvinyl Chloride better known?	polyvinyl chloride (PVC) \| chemical compound \| Britannica.com Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matter Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a synthetic resin made from the polymerization of vinyl chloride . Second only to polyethylene among the plastics in production and consumption , PVC is used in an enormous range of domestic and industrial products, from raincoats and shower curtains to window frames and indoor plumbing . A lightweight, rigid plastic in its pure form, it is also manufactured in a flexible “plasticized” form. Vinyl chloride is an organohalogen compound that has important industrial applications. When … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Vinyl chloride (CH2=CHCl), also known as chloroethylene, is most often obtained by reacting ethylene with oxygen and hydrogen chloride over a copper catalyst . It is a toxic and carcinogenic gas that is handled under special protective procedures. PVC is made by subjecting vinyl chloride to highly reactive compounds known as free-radical initiators. Under the action of the initiators, the double bond in the vinyl chloride monomers (single-unit molecules) is opened, and one of the resultant single bonds is used to link together thousands of vinyl chloride monomers to form the repeating units of polymers (large, multiple-unit molecules). The chemical structure of the vinyl chloride repeating units is: PVC was first prepared by the German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann in 1872, but it was not patented until 1912, when another German chemist, Friedrich Heinrich August Klatte, used sunlight to initiate the polymerization of vinyl chloride. Commercial application of the plastic was at first limited by its extreme rigidity; however, in 1926, while trying to dehydrohalogenate PVC in a high-boiling solvent in order to obtain an unsaturated polymer that might bond rubber to metal , Waldo Lunsbury Semon , working for the B.F. Goodrich Company in the United States , produced what is now called plasticized PVC. The discovery of this flexible, inert product was responsible for the commercial success of the polymer. Under the trademark Koroseal, Goodrich made the plastic into shock-absorber seals, electric-wire insulation, and coated cloth products. One of the best-known applications of the plastic was initiated in 1930, when the Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation (later the Union Carbide Corporation ) introduced Vinylite, a copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate that became the standard material of long-playing phonograph records. Similar Topics polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) Pure PVC finds application in the construction trades, where its rigidity, strength, and flame resistance are useful in pipes, conduits , siding , window frames, and door frames. It is also blow-molded into clear, transparent bottles. Because of its rigidity, it must be extruded or molded above 100 °C (212 °F)—a temperature high enough to initiate chemical decomposition (in particular, the emission of hydrogen chloride [HCl]). Decomposition can be reduced by the addition of stabilizers, which are mainly compounds of metals such as cadmium , zinc , tin , or lead . major industrial polymers: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) In order to arrive at a product that remains flexible, especially at low temperatures, most PVC is heated and mixed with plasticizers , which are sometimes added in concentrations as high as 50 percent. The most commonly used plasticizer is the compound di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), also known as dioctyl phthalate (DOP). Plasticized PVC is familiar to consumers as floor tile, garden hose, imitation leather upholstery, and shower curtains. Learn how tinsel evolved from a source of lead poisoning to its present polyvinyl chloride (PVC) … © American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner) Very fine particles of PVC can be dispersed in plasticizer in excess of the amount used to make plasticized PVC (e.g., 50 percent or more), and this suspension can be heated until the polymer particles dissolve. The resultant fluid, called a plastisol, will remain liquid even after cooling but will solidify into a gel upon reheating. Plastisols can be made into products by being spread on fabric or cast into molds. Flexible gloves can be made by dipping a hand-shaped form into plastisol, and hollow objects such as overshoes can be made by casting plastisol into a mold, pouring off the excess, and solidifying the material remaining on the walls of the mold. Britannica Stories	Polyvinyl chloride
Which three elements make up carbohydrates?	Chemical of the Week -- Polymers POLYMERS Polymers are substances whose molecules have high molar masses and are composed of a large number of repeating units. There are both naturally occurring and synthetic polymers. Among naturally occurring polymers are proteins, starches, cellulose, and latex. Synthetic polymers are produced commercially on a very large scale and have a wide range of properties and uses. The materials commonly called plastics are all synthetic polymers. Polymers are formed by chemical reactions in which a large number of molecules called monomers are joined sequentially, forming a chain. In many polymers, only one monomer is used. In others, two or three different monomers may be combined. Polymers are classified by the characteristics of the reactions by which they are formed. If all atoms in the monomers are incorporated into the polymer, the polymer is called an addition polymer. If some of the atoms of the monomers are released into small molecules, such as water, the polymer is called a condensation polymer. Most addition polymers are made from monomers containing a double bond between carbon atoms. Such monomers are called olefins, and most commercial addition polymers are polyolefins. Condensation polymers are made from monomers that have two different groups of atoms which can join together to form, for example, ester or amide links. Polyesters are an important class of commercial polymers, as are polyamides (nylon). POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or polyethylene terephthalic ester (PETE), is a condensation polymer produced from the monomers ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, a dialcohol, and dimethyl terephthalate, CH3O2CC6H4CO2CH3, a diester. By the process of transesterification, these monomers form ester linkages between them, yielding a polyester. PETE fibers are manufactured under the trade names of Dacron and Fortrel. Pleats and creases can be permanently heat set in fabrics containing polyester fibers, so-called permanent press fabrics. PETE can also be formed into transparent sheets and castings. Mylar is a trade name for a PETE film. Transparent 2-liter carbonated beverage bottles are made from PETE. (The opaque base on some bottles is generally made of HDPE.) One form of PETE is the hardest known polymer and is used in eyeglass lenses. POLYETHYLENE Polyethylene is perhaps the simplest polymer, composed of chains of repeating CH2 units. It is produced by the addition polymerization of ethylene, CH2=CH2 (ethene). The properties of polyethylene depend on the manner in which ethylene is polymerized. When catalyzed by organometallic com pounds at moderate pressure (15 to 30 atm), the product is high density polyethylene, HDPE. Under these conditions, the polymer chains grow to very great length, and molar masses average many hundred thousands. HDPE is hard, tough, and resilient. Most HDPE is used in the manufacture of containers, such as milk bottles and laundry detergent jugs. When ethylene is polymerized at high pressure (10002000 atm), elevated temperatures (190210°C), and catalyzed by peroxides, the product is low density polyethylene, LDPE. This form of polyethylene has molar masses of 20,000 to 40,000 grams. LDPE is relatively soft, and most of it is used in the production of plastic films, such as those used in sandwich bags. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE Polymerization of vinyl chloride, CH2=CHCl (chloroethene), produces a polymer similar to polyethylene, but having chlorine atoms at alternate carbon atoms on the chain. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is rigid and somewhat brittle. About two-thirds of the PVC produced annually is used in the manufacture of pipe. It is also used in the production of vinyl siding for houses and clear plastic bottles. When it is blended with a plasticizer such as a phthalate ester, PVC becomes pliable and is used to form flexible articles such as raincoats and shower curtains. POLYPROPYLENE This polymer is produced by the addition polymerization of propylene, CH2=CHCH3 (propene). Its molecular structure is similar to that of polyethylene, but has a methyl group (CH3) on alternate carbon atoms of the chain. Its molar masses falls in the range 50,000 to 200,000 grams. Polypropylene (PP) is slightly more brittle than polyethylene, but softens at a temperature about 40°C higher. Polypropylene is used extensively in the automotive industry for interior trim, such as instrument panels, and in food packaging, such as yogurt containers. It is formed into fibers of very low absorbance and high stain resistance, used in clothing and home furnishings, especially carpeting. POLYSTYRENE Styrene, CH2=CHC6H5, polymerizes readily to form polystyrene (PS), a hard, highly transparent polymer. The molecular structure is similar to that of polypropylene, but with the methyl groups of polypropylene replaced by phenyl groups (C6H5). A large portion of production goes into packaging. The thin, rigid, transparent containers in which fresh foods, such as salads, are packaged are made from polystyrene. Polystyrene is readily foamed or formed into beads. These foams and beads are excellent thermal insulators and are used to produce home insulation and containers for hot foods. Styrofoam is a trade name for foamed polystyrene. When rubber is dissolved in styrene before it is polymerized, the polystyrene produced is much more impact resistant. This type of polystyrene is used extensively in home appliances, such as the interior of refrigerators and air conditioner housing. [For more information about this polymer, see Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry, by Bassam Z. Shakhashiri, Volume 1 (1983), page 241.] POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE Teflon is a trade name of polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE. It is formed by the addition polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene, CF2=CF2 (tetrafluoroethene). PTFE is distinguished by its complete resistance to attack by virtually all chemicals and by its slippery surface. It maintains its physical properties over a large temperature range, -270° to 385°C. These properties make it especially useful for components that must operate under harsh chemical conditions and at temperature extremes. Its most familiar household use is as a coating on cooking utensils. POLYURETHANE This important class of polymers is formed by the addition polymerization of an diisocyanate (whose molecules contain two NCO groups) and a dialcohol (two OH groups). The polymer chain is linked by urethane groups (OCONH). The NH portion of the urethane group can react similarly to an OH group, producing cross-linking between polymer chains. Polyurethane is spun into elastic fibers, called spandex, and sold under the trade name Lycra. Polyurethane can also be foamed. Soft polyurethane foams are used in upholstery, and hard foams are used structurally in light aircraft wings and sail boards. The formation of some polyurethane (and polystyrene) foams exploits the exothermic nature of the polymerization reaction. A liquid with a low boiling point, called a blowing agent, is added to the monomers before the polymerization starts. As the polymerization proceeds, it releases enough heat to boil the liquid. The boiling liquid produces bubbles that create a foam. In the past, the most commonly used low-boiling liquids were chlorofluorocarbons. However, the damaging effect of chlorofluorocarbons on the stratospheric ozone layer has eliminated their use. Other low-boiling liquids have other disadvantages, such as flammability. Therefore, most polyurethane and polystyrene foams are manufactured by forcing a pressurized gas, such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide, into the polymerizing mixture. [For more information about this polymer, see Ibid., Volume 1, page 216.] POLYAMIDE Polyamides are a group of condensation polymers commonly known as nylon. Nylon is made from two monomers, one a dichloride and the other a diamine. One particular nylon is made from 1,6-diaminohexane, NH2(CH2)6NH2 and sebacoyl chloride, ClCO(CH2)8COCl. When these polymerize, the resulting molecules contain repeating units of NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)8CO. Molecules of HCl are released during the polymerization. This particular polymer is called nylon 6-10 because it contains alternating chains of 6 and 10 carbon atoms between nitrogen atoms. Nylon can be readily formed into fibers that are strong and long wearing, making them well suited for use in carpeting, upholstery fabric, tire cords, brushes, and turf for athletic fields. Nylon is also formed into rods, bars, and sheets that are easily formed and machined. In this form, nylon is used for gears and for automobile fuel tanks. [For more information about this polymer, see Ibid., Volume 1, page 213.] POLYACRYLAMIDE Polyacrylamide is a condensation polymer with an unusual and useful property. The structure of polyacrylamide is similar to that of polyethylene, but having a hydrogen on every other carbon replace by an amide group, CONH2. The molecule is composed of repeating CH2CH(CONH2) units. The amide groups allow for linking between polymer strands. The CONH2 group from one molecule can react with the same group of another molecule, forming a link between them with the structure CONHCO. This produces a network of polymer chains, rather like a tiny sponge. The free, unlinked amide groups, because they contain NH2 groups, can form hydrogen bonds with water. This gives the tiny cross linked sponges a great affinity for water. Polyacrylamide can absorb many times its mass in water. This property is useful in a variety of applications, such as in diapers and in potting soil. The polyacrylamide will release the absorbed water if a substance that interferes with hydrogen bonding is added. Ionic substances, such as salt, cause polyacrylamide to release its absorbed water. [For more information about this polymer, see Ibid., Volume 3 (1989), page 368.] City of Madison Plastic Recycling Guidelines Over the past few decades, the use of polymers in disposable consumer goods has grown tremendously. This growth is proving to be taxing on the waste disposal system, consuming a large fraction of available landfill space. Furthermore, the raw materials for these polymers are obtained from petroleum, a limited, non-renewable resource. To reduce the demand for landfill space and the consumption of limited petroleum reserves, the recycling of polymers has become a subject of concern. One of the problems faced in recycling polymers is the great variety of polymers in use. To help sort wastes by type of polymer, most disposable polymeric goods are labeled with a recycling code: three arrows around a number above the polymer's acronym. These are intended to help consumers separate the waste polymers according to type before disposing of them. In the city of Madison, currently only type 1 (PETE) polymers are being recycled – see below. The recycling of polymers is not a closed loop, where a material is reformed into new products repeatedly, such as in the case with aluminum. Most polymeric materials are recycled only once, and the product made of recycled polymer is discarded after use. To obtain the maximum benefit from recycled polymer, the products made from it generally are intended to have a relatively long useful life. Recycled polymers are used in products such as cafeteria trays, large plastic toys, impact absorbing highway pylons, and carpeting. Some recycled PETE is now used in 2-liter soft-drink containers. In general, products made from recycled polymers are more expensive than those made from virgin plastic. This is the case because current manufacturing facilities are geared to production from new materials. As more factories capable of using recycled plastics are constricted, the costs of using recycled polymers will decline; however, more factories will be built only if we are willing to pay "up front" the costs of recycling (as higher prices of consumer goods),rather than delaying costs of disposal (in the form of increased taxes) No product causes more confusion for users of the Madisonpride recycling program than plastic. Because plastic is expensive to collect and sort, recycling the wrong kinds of plastic is a waste of tax dollars. The Madisonpride recycling program accepts only those plastic containers marked . Remove and discard all lids or caps. Rinse all containers. Remove and discard sprayer tops. CRUSH all plastic bottles to save space. No 5 gallon pails. No containers with metal handles. What can be Recycled?	i don't know
Which famous scientist was born in Germany in 1879, became a Swiss citizen in 1901 and later became a US citizen in 1940?	Albert Einstein Collectibles Albert Einstein collectibles 0 0 Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was a German-born Swiss-United States scientist, regarded as being the most famous scientist of the 20th century. The most famous aspect of Einstein’s legacy is his "special theory of relativity," a groundbreaking notion which laid the foundation for much of modern physics theory (including his famous equation e=mc²). According to market analysis, Einstein's autograph has risen in value by 252.9% (from an average price of £1,750 to £6,000) over the last 10 years. Biography Albert Einstein was born to a Jewish family in Germany, and grew up in Munich. In 1894, he moved to Aarau, Switzerland, and later attended a technical school in Zürich. He graduated in 1900. Around this time, Einstein renounced his German citizenship, later becoming a Swiss citizen in 1901. It was in 1905, while working as a clerk in a Swiss patent office, that Einstein published a paper proposing his "special theory of relativity.”The paper won him worldwide fame, one of four articles he that year: on Brownian motion; the photoelectric effect; and two on his special theory of relativity (one including his famous e=mc² equation). Einstein’s renown led to him holding various professorships before becoming director of Berlin's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in 1913. His general theory of relativity was published in 1915, and he later received a Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect. (His work on relativity was still controversial at this time). His theories of relativity and gravitation were a profound advancement on Newtonian physics. When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1934, Einstein resigned from his position at the Prussian Academy and moved to Princeton, New Jersey, United States. There he joined the Institute for Advanced Study. In 1939, Einstein was instrumental in persuading President Franklin Roosevelt to begin the production of an atomic bomb, dubbed the Manhattan Project. His own theories furthered the development of the bomb – though Einstein didn’t work on it himself – and was key in producing the bomb which destroyed Hiroshima in 1945. He became a U.S. citizen in 1940 while retaining his Swiss citizenship, and later declined an offer to become the first prime minister of Israel. He died in April 18, 1955, in Princeton, United States. Notable collectibles Photograph (with inscription) A famous photograph of Einstein and his tongue sticking out was sold by RR Auctions for $74,000 in 2009. Said the auction house’s Head of PR, Bobby Livingstone: "When we had the German inscription translated, it explained his intentions for the photo which was basically freedom of expression." Signed manuscripts Manuscripts containing a revealing account by Einstein’s efforts to generalise his post-Newtonian General Theory of Relativity – considered to be among the most important Einstein documents to have appeared on the market – appeared at Christie’s on 22nd June, 2010. It sold for $578,500. Related to Einstein’s involvement in the nuclear bomb, in 2010 Heritage Auction Galleries' sold a signed and typed letter from 1952, written by Einstein to scientist and author Kenneth Heuer. It included the following: "About the technical development in the field of atomic energy: I was not interested in that matter for years but rather disgusted by the course it has taken in the hands of short-sighted politicians… To me it is enough to know that the continuation of the existence of human beings is in serious doubt if no supra-national solution can be achieved." The letter sold for a final price of $11,950 in Dallas, Texas. Unique collectibles X-rays of Einstein’s skull went under the hammer at Julien’s Auctions in 2010 with an estimated price of $1,000-2,000. In the end, the X-rays sold for $38,035.	Albert Einstein
Who discovered the law of gravity?	Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Einstein’s Early Life (1879-1904) Born on March 14, 1879, in the southern German city of Ulm, Albert Einstein grew up in a middle-class Jewish family in Munich. As a child, Einstein became fascinated by music (he played the violin), mathematics and science. He dropped out of school in 1894 and moved to Switzerland, where he resumed his schooling and later gained admission to the Swiss Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich. In 1896, he renounced his German citizenship, and remained officially stateless before becoming a Swiss citizen in 1901. Did You Know? Almost immediately after Albert Einstein learned of the atomic bomb's use in Japan, he became an advocate for nuclear disarmament. He formed the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists and backed Manhattan Project scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer in his opposition to the hydrogen bomb. While at Zurich Polytechnic, Einstein fell in love with his fellow student Mileva Maric, but his parents opposed the match and he lacked the money to marry. The couple had an illegitimate daughter, Lieserl, born in early 1902, of whom little is known. After finding a position as a clerk at the Swiss patent office in Bern, Einstein married Maric in 1903; they would have two more children, Hans Albert (born 1904) and Eduard (born 1910). Einstein’s Miracle Year (1905) While working at the patent office, Einstein did some of the most creative work of his life, producing no fewer than four groundbreaking articles in 1905 alone. In the first paper, he applied the quantum theory (developed by German physicist Max Planck) to light in order to explain the phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect, by which a material will emit electrically charged particles when hit by light. The second article contained Einstein’s experimental proof of the existence of atoms, which he got by analyzing the phenomenon of Brownian motion, in which tiny particles were suspended in water. In the third and most famous article, titled “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies,” Einstein confronted the apparent contradiction between two principal theories of physics: Isaac Newton’s concepts of absolute space and time and James Clerk Maxwell’s idea that the speed of light was a constant. To do this, Einstein introduced his special theory of relativity, which held that the laws of physics are the same even for objects moving in different inertial frames (i.e. at constant speeds relative to each other), and that the speed of light is a constant in all inertial frames. A fourth paper concerned the fundamental relationship between mass and energy, concepts viewed previously as completely separate. Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2 (where “c” was the constant speed of light) expressed this relationship. From Zurich to Berlin (1906-1932) Einstein continued working at the patent office until 1909, when he finally found a full-time academic post at the University of Zurich. In 1913, he arrived at the University of Berlin, where he was made director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. The move coincided with the beginning of Einstein’s romantic relationship with a cousin of his, Elsa Lowenthal, whom he would eventually marry after divorcing Mileva. In 1915, Einstein published the general theory of relativity, which he considered his masterwork. This theory found that gravity, as well as motion, can affect time and space. According to Einstein’s equivalence principle–which held that gravity’s pull in one direction is equivalent to an acceleration of speed in the opposite direction–if light is bent by acceleration, it must also be bent by gravity. In 1919, two expeditions sent to perform experiments during a solar eclipse found that light rays from distant stars were deflected or bent by the gravity of the sun in just the way Einstein had predicted. The general theory of relativity was the first major theory of gravity since Newton’s, more than 250 years before, and the results made a tremendous splash worldwide, with the London Times proclaiming a “Revolution in Science” and a “New Theory of the Universe.” Einstein began touring the world, speaking in front of crowds of thousands in the United States, Britain, France and Japan. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for his work on the photoelectric effect, as his work on relativity remained controversial at the time. Einstein soon began building on his theories to form a new science of cosmology, which held that the universe was dynamic instead of static, and was capable of expanding and contracting. Einstein Moves to the United States (1933-39) A longtime pacifist and a Jew, Einstein became the target of hostility in Weimar Germany, where many citizens were suffering plummeting economic fortunes in the aftermath of defeat in the Great War. In December 1932, a month before Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany, Einstein made the decision to emigrate to the United States, where he took a position at the newly founded Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey . He would never again enter the country of his birth. By the time Einstein’s wife Elsa died in 1936, he had been involved for more than a decade with his efforts to find a unified field theory, which would incorporate all the laws of the universe, and those of physics, into a single framework. In the process, Einstein became increasingly isolated from many of his colleagues, who were focused mainly on the quantum theory and its implications, rather than on relativity. Einstein’s Later Life (1939-1955) In the late 1930s, Einstein’s theories, including his equation E=mc2, helped form the basis of the development of the atomic bomb. In 1939, at the urging of the Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard, Einstein wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt advising him to approve funding for the development of uranium before Germany could gain the upper hand. Einstein, who became a U.S. citizen in 1940 but retained his Swiss citizenship, was never asked to participate in the resulting Manhattan Project, as the U.S. government suspected his socialist and pacifist views. In 1952, Einstein declined an offer extended by David Ben-Gurion, Israel’s premier, to become president of Israel. Throughout the last years of his life, Einstein continued his quest for a unified field theory. Though he published an article on the theory in Scientific American in 1950, it remained unfinished when he died, of an aortic aneurysm, five years later. In the decades following his death, Einstein’s reputation and stature in the world of physics only grew, as physicists began to unravel the mystery of the so-called “strong force” (the missing piece of his unified field theory) and space satellites further verified the principles of his cosmology. Tags	i don't know
In which year was the microscope invented?	What year was the microscope invented? \| Reference.com What year was the microscope invented? A: Quick Answer Although there is no single inventor of the microscope, in 1595, Zacharias Janssen and his father, Hans, invented the first compound microscope. Both glasses makers, their invention proved that a series of lenses inside a tube creates an enlarged image. Full Answer The Janssens' microscope was hand-held and consisted of bi-convex and plano-convex lenses that could magnify images up to 10 times their actual size. In the 1600s, Anton van Leeuwenhoek developed a simple microscope with a more powerful focus and magnification to view microorganisms and cells. Robert Hooke's compound microscope used illumination to observe plant and animal cells, minerals and fossils. In the 1800s, Carl Zeiss, Otto Schott and Ernst Abbe further studied magnification and improved the color accuracy and glass. Ernst Ruska invented the first electron lens in 1931.	one thousand nine hundred and thirty one
What are the next four words in the first line of the popular rhyme which starts Remember, remember the fifth of November?	History of the Electron Microscope < Introduction: History of Early Light Microscopes The introduction of the electron microscope in the 1930's filled the bill. Co-invented by Germans, Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska in 1931, Ernst Ruska was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986 for his invention. (The other half of the Nobel Prize was divided between Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig for the STM .) In this kind of microscope, electrons are speeded up in a vacuum until their wavelength is extremely short, only one hundred-thousandth that of white light. Beams of these fast-moving electrons are focused on a cell sample and are absorbed or scattered by the cell's parts so as to form an image on an electron-sensitive photographic plate. Power of the Electron Microscope If pushed to the limit, electron microscopes can make it possible to view objects as small as the diameter of an atom. Most electron microscopes used to study biological material can "see" down to about 10 angstroms--an incredible feat, for although this does not make atoms visible, it does allow researchers to distinguish individual molecules of biological importance. In effect, it can magnify objects up to 1 million times. Nevertheless, all electron microscopes suffer from a serious drawback. Since no living specimen can survive under their high vacuum, they cannot show the ever-changing movements that characterize a living cell. Light Microscope Vs Electron Microscope Using an instrument the size of his palm, Anton van Leeuwenhoek was able to study the movements of one-celled organisms. Modern descendants of van Leeuwenhoek's light microscope can be over 6 feet tall, but they continue to be indispensable to cell biologists because, unlike electron microscopes, light microscopes enable the user to see living cells in action. The primary challenge for light microscopists since van Leeuwenhoek's time has been to enhance the contrast between pale cells and their paler surroundings so that cell structures and movement can be seen more easily. To do this they have devised ingenious strategies involving video cameras, polarized light, digitizing computers, and other techniques that are yielding vast improvements in contrast, fueling a renaissance in light microscopy.	i don't know
Who had a hit single in 1989 with We Didn't Start The Fire?	“We Didn’t Start The Fire” was an accidental hit that captured craziness · We're No. 1 · The A.V. Club Share Tweet In We’re No. 1 , The A.V. Club examines a song or an album that went to No. 1 on the Billboard charts to get to the heart of what it means to be popular in pop music, and how that concept has changed over the years. In this installment, we cover Billy Joel’s “We Didn’t Start The Fire,” which went to No. 1 on December 9, 1989, where it stayed for two weeks. As the end of the ’80s approached, Billy Joel was at a crossroads. Career-wise, he was branching out successfully, between his 1987 concerts in the U.S.S.R. and his leading-dog appearance as Dodger in Disney’s 1988 cartoon Oliver & Company. His marriage to Christie Brinkley was also on seemingly solid ground. However, Joel’s financial life was another story. The piano man was enmeshed in a massive multimillion-dollar lawsuit with his ex-manager (and, to complicate things, ex-brother-in-law) Frank Weber—a lawsuit that, when filed in 1989, sought “more than $90 million in damages for fraud and breach of fiduciary duty,” reported Rolling Stone . Plus, he had a painful kidney stones episode the day before the suit was filed, just one in a long line of high-profile brushes with the affliction. In light of all this, it’s no surprise that Joel’s notoriously restless nature flared up as he geared up to write and release what would become his 11th studio LP, 1989’s Storm Front. “Billy’s the kind of guy that likes to change things,” says Liberty DeVitto, who drummed for Joel from the mid-’70s to the mid-’00s. “He doesn’t like to do the same thing. It doesn’t matter what it is—musicians, studios, wives, whatever. He doesn’t stick around with things too long. I think I was there the longest of anything he’s ever done.” In the case of Storm Front, Joel decided not to work with producer Phil Ramone—who had worked with him on every album from 1977’s The Stranger to 1986’s The Bridge—and instead chose Foreigner’s Mick Jones as producer. (Eddie Van Halen was also in the running, but the timing didn’t align.) “Billy was a formidable songwriter to start with, so going in and critiquing him, I had to summon up a bit of strength there to face doing that,” Jones recalled in 2013 . “But it worked very well.” Joel also shook up his touring band, replacing guitarist Russell Javors and bassist Doug Stegmeyer. “I remember we were in Australia,” DeVitto says, “and Billy got me in his dressing room at the Sydney Entertainment Centre, and said, ‘What do you think if I made an album with a whole new band and just you?’” The drummer was torn; Javors and Stegmeyer were long-time pals—in fact, he had known the former since he was 14 years old. “That statement threw me back, like, ‘Oh my God. These are my friends,” DeVitto recalls. “But you have kids to support—and his name’s on the cover—so what can I say, but, ‘Uh, yeah, okay.’ I thought hopefully he would tell them, but they found out on MTV, when MTV announced it.” Despite this turbulence, Storm Front emerged rather seamlessly, hitting the top of the Billboard charts two months after its release—the same week the album’s lead single, “We Didn’t Start The Fire,” was also at No. 1. “We Didn’t Start The Fire” was uncharacteristically aggressive for Joel, de-emphasizing piano and playing up flashy electric guitar squeals and shouted, forceful vocals. Lyrically, it was also intriguing—not a character study, mini-story, or a love song, but a stream-of-consciousness tune that recited major historical events, personalities, and trends stretching over four decades. For as complicated as the verses are, DeVitto took a relatively direct approach to his drumming on the song. “I just started playing straight ahead,” he says. “I laid down the basic drums that you hear during the verse—it’s just straight bass drum on the one and three, snare drum on the two and four and then in the chorus, I just go straight bass drums, straight fours. That’s the only thing that I do on that song.” Some of the song’s additional percussive sizzle comes courtesy of ex-John Cougar Mellencamp touring band member Crystal Taliefero; DeVitto says her audition for Joel’s band was actually playing the congas on the song. “When we recorded it, there was Crystal on congas, me on a snare drum and Billy on the timbales, and we did it all at once,” he says. “Billy said that he wanted that… world [music] sound. It’s purposefully not perfect. It’s not like if perfect studio musicians went in and recorded that part. It’s kind of sloppy.” According to DeVitto, “We Didn’t Start The Fire” was a last-minute addition to Storm Front. “The song turned up when we thought we were done,” he says. “We had recorded ‘I Go To Extremes’; everything else was recorded. CBS Records came in to hear what Billy had, and when he played the album for CBS, they said, ‘Well, we hear the second single, but we don’t hear a first one yet.’” Thankfully, Joel happened to have a song called “Jolene” handy—“It went, ‘Jolene / Won’t you take me as I am / Jolene/ Just an ordinary man,’ something like that,” DeVitto says—that he was able to use as a starting point for ‘We Didn’t Start The Fire.’” Interestingly, Mick Jones noted that this “Jolene” song wasn’t rock-leaning, but “kind of started out as a country song. I said to Billy, ‘This song sounds so familiar, it sounds like a Dolly Parton song,’ and he said, ‘What?’ He got really pissed and he locked himself away in a room with, like, a Time Life almanac of historical events since his date of birth, and that’s where he came up with the lyrics. He walked proudly back into the studio and said, ‘Well, take a look at this one.’ And I said, ‘Well, that’s more like it!’” Over the years, Joel himself has shared slightly different accounts of the lyrical impetus for “We Didn’t Start The Fire.” In 2001, he told Performing Songwriter the gathering of chronological facts and events was a “mental exercise” and “kind of a mind game. That’s one of the few times I’ve written the lyrics first, which should make it obvious why I usually prefer to write the music first, because that melody is horrendous. It’s like a mosquito droning. It’s one of the worst melodies I’ve ever written.” In 2003, he was quoted in Fred Bronson’s The Billboard Book Of Number One Hits as saying the song arose out of a discussion with a younger person lamenting the state of the world and crises such as AIDS, pollution and “the situation in Red China.” DeVitto’s recollection of how the lyrics to “We Didn’t Start The Fire” came about hews closely to the latter remembrance. “Some kid came up to him and said, ‘You know, we’ve got it pretty tough these days with everything that’s going on in the world. You guys had it really easy,’” he says. “Billy said, ‘What are you talking about? We came out of World War II, we had the Cold War,’ and he named all of this stuff that we went through—the Cuban Missile Crisis and all of that kind of stuff. Then he came up with the idea, ‘I’m going to write a song, that we didn’t start the fire—it’s been burning forever and it will go on and on.’ “I can remember him standing in the studio with this book called Chronicles, this really thick book about history, and he just kept flipping the pages from 1949 until the year Storm Front came out,” DeVitto continues. “He rearranged them so that they rhymed, but that’s how we got the song.” Musically, it didn’t seem like there was any question that with such weighty lyrics, “We Didn’t Start The Fire” would have to turn into a hard-hitting, accessible song. “It needed a good kick in the ass to get away from the pseudo-intellectual type of recording,” Joel was quoted in The Billboard Book Of Number One Hits. “It needed to be played like a rock & roll song.” Indeed, “We Didn’t Start The Fire” succeeded because of its contrasts, starting on a macro level with how its AP World History songwriting foundation juxtaposed with its straightforward, rather simple arena-rock flourishes. But the opposing forces within the song’s structure also made it compulsively listenable. There’s the airy, falsetto chorus clarifying its manifesto (“We didn’t start the fire / It was always burning / Since the world’s been turning”) sandwiched within the impeccably arranged verses, which crisply deliver a litany of facts; in addition, there are occasional sound effects (the Psycho soundtrack orchestral stab, a cheering baseball crowd) augmenting important lyrical points Joel makes. Even Joel’s own unorthodox way of composition created productive friction, especially when paired with his band members’ individual skills. “You know, Billy writes a lot of rock songs, but he writes in a classical form,” DeVitto explains. “There’s videos out there of him playing ‘The Longest Time’ like a classical player would play them. So his ideas are not necessarily written in a rock [form], but when you get into the studio, I’m a rock drummer—that was the combination that we had that was great. He was classically taught and I’m a rock drummer from the street. The combination made great songs, but palatable to the regular person.” More than anything, the intricacy of the lyrics (and the depth of the topics addressed) made “We Didn’t Start The Fire” a song that provoked. It invited listeners to be curious, to dig deeper—to learn who Roy Cohn or Syngman Rhee is, or the significance of “British politician sex” or why “homeless vets” and “hypodermics on the shore” matter. 1989’s other No. 1 singles were a mixed bag of sweeping ballads, danceable pop trifles and fluffy novelty tunes—for example, “We Didn’t Start The Fire” was preceded at No. 1 by Milli Vanilli’s “Blame It On The Rain”—and so the song’s ascension meant Joel was giving radio a stealth education in politics, history, and pop culture. In a global sense, it was the perfect song to put a bow on the ’80s, a decade where high/low culture really came to prominence. “We Didn’t Start The Fire” certainly felt like a career turning point for Joel. The song was his last No. 1 single, and seemed to amplify a creative stubbornness (if not contrariness) that would eventually signal his move away from recording and releasing popular music. “That song’s about my life,” Joel told Rolling Stone at the time. “Most of my mail I get about that song comes from teachers who have said this is the greatest teaching tool to come down the pike since Sesame Street, which means a lot to me, since I once wanted to be a history teacher. But I wish people could understand that I did not write that song to be a hit—I wrote that one for me. And nobody liked it at first. One person in the studio said it gave them a headache.” Joel’s deep affection for the song likely explained his reluctance to change or update it to change with the times; charmingly, “We Didn’t Start The Fire” remains frozen in time, ending with the now-quaint “rock-and-roller cola wars” of 1989. “Every time we went on tour after that, we tried to ask Billy to please update it and he just said, ‘I’m not doing [that]. Forget it,’” DeVitto says. “You know, he could have written more verses; the older the song gets, the more things happen. But he didn’t want to do it. It ends with the cola wars, that’s how long ago [it was]. “If it was a history textbook, you’d find it in a garage sale.” Yet for as dated as “We Didn’t Start The Fire” is, its underlying feelings of uncertainty and insignificance are timeless. The song represented a man facing his mortality as he examines the last 40 years of his life, someone who feels wary about what the future might bring—especially because he realizes how ephemeral life really is, and how powerless people are to change things: “We didn’t start the fire / But when we are gone / It will still burn on and on and on and on.” Certainly this outlook isn’t exactly cheery or optimistic. But by putting forth the idea that no generation is unique—each has its own crises and issues to tackle and contend with—”We Didn’t Start The Fire” ends up oddly comforting. As Joel himself put it in The Billboard Book Of Number One Hits: “What I wanted to do, lyrically, was sum up at the end of each of these years of names and faces and say, ‘Hey, we didn’t start this mess, we certainly did our best to make it better. It’s not something we started and it’s probably not something we’re going to be able to finish. “For the forseeable future, this kind of craziness is going to go on and on. That’s how life is.’”	Billy Joel
How many barrels of gunpowder were discovered in the cellars of Westminster Hall as part of Guy Fawkes' gunpowder plot? 36, 96 or 266?	Billy Joel forgets words to We Didn't Start The Fire then makes hilarious save \| Daily Mail Online comments He might be 64, but Billy Joel's latest performances have been universally praised for their energy and verve. The Piano Man, it would seem, can do no wrong; even when he forgets the words to one of his biggest hits AND says it's a bit rubbish. That's just what happened at Toronto's Air Canada Centre on March 9th when he stumbled over the tangle twisted that is 1989's We Didn't Start the fire. Scroll down for video... Billy Joel, blown away... what else do I have to say? Brooklyn's finest tripped up on his classic 1989 hit, We Didn't Start the Fire in Vancouver When he got to 'Rosenberg's H-Bomb, Sugar Ray, Panmunjom,' he lost his train of thought. 'Wait a minute,' he said and quieted his band. 'That ain't right. All you gotta do is fuck up one word in that song and it's a train wreck.' After the brief slip up, the Brooklyn born star attempted to move onto the next song but the crowd cheered him into continuing. 'F*** it, on to the next song,' he said to deafening entreaties to continue. 'It's the same thing verse after verse,' he argued. Stop the music: Joel halts the band after his vocal stumble 'It's one of the worst melodies I ever wrote': Billy isn't a fan of his 1989 hit Joel continued: 'Just the words change. It's one of the worst melodies I ever wrote.' Ever the people pleaser, however, Joel took one for the fans and segued into the 'Joseph Stalin, Malenkov' The rest of the song went down a storm. 'That'll be all over YouTube tomorrow,' he said. 'It's okay. It was an authentic rock and roll fuck up. We're not on tape. You don't see much of that anymore. Ok, let's hope we get through this one.' Joel's comeback hits Madison Square Garden every month for the foreseeable future.	i don't know
Which TV series featured Brett Butler playing the main character called Grace Kelly?	Grace Under Fire (TV Series 1993–1998) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Grace is a recovering alcoholic, now divorced from an abusive husband, struggling to bring up three children on her own. Creator: a list of 26 titles created 19 Feb 2012 a list of 28 titles created 09 Mar 2013 a list of 24 titles created 26 Dec 2013 a list of 26 titles created 30 Mar 2015 a list of 43 titles created 1 week ago Title: Grace Under Fire (1993–1998) 6.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 3 Golden Globes. Another 7 wins & 19 nominations. See more awards » Photos A struggling, middle-aged actress attempts to make a career in Hollywood, all while surrounded by her hard-drinking best friend Maryann, her two ex-husbands, Ira and Jeff, and her two daughters, headstrong Zoey and agreeable Rachel. Stars: Cybill Shepherd, Christine Baranski, Alicia Witt Ellen Morgan is a neurotic bookstore owner who deals with life through comedy and extensive rambling. Stars: Ellen DeGeneres, David Anthony Higgins, Joely Fisher Jack owns a magazine and is the former brother-in-law of Susan. After she runs out on her fiancé on their wedding day, Jack agrees to take her back at the magazine. Stars: Brooke Shields, Judd Nelson, Kathy Griffin Caroline Duffy is a successful cartoonist living in Manhattan whose comic strip "Caroline in the City" has become a huge hit. The strip is based on her own life, and the people in it - her ... See full summary » Stars: Lea Thompson, Malcolm Gets, Amy Pietz Drew is an assistant director of personnel in a Cleveland department store and he has been stuck there for ten years. Other than fighting with co-worker Mimi, his hobbies include drinking ... See full summary » Stars: Drew Carey, Diedrich Bader, Ryan Stiles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.3/10 X A free spirited yoga instructor finds true love in a conservative lawyer and they got married on the first date. Though they are polar opposites; her need of stability is fulfilled with him, his need of optimism is fulfilled with her. Stars: Jenna Elfman, Thomas Gibson, Joel Murray Veronica is the best romance expert around. Unfortunately, her expertise only works on others. After dumping her womanizing husband, she must build back her life and image through her ... See full summary » Stars: Kirstie Alley, Kathy Najimy, Dan Cortese Hot-tempered journalist Maya Gallo got herself fired from yet another job when she made an anchorwoman cry on the air with some gag copy on the teleprompter. Unable to find a job anywhere ... See full summary » Stars: Laura San Giacomo, Enrico Colantoni, George Segal The misadventures of a tough female television journalist and her friends. Stars: Candice Bergen, Grant Shaud, Robert Pastorelli Yes, Dear is a comedy about two young couples and their outrageously contrasting views on parenting. First-time parents, Greg and Kim Warner struggle on a daily basis to become perfect at ... See full summary » Stars: Anthony Clark, Liza Snyder, Jean Louisa Kelly Ned and Stacey get married after one week after meeting each other. He marries her to get a promotion. She marries him because she can't seem to find a place to live and likes his apartment... See full summary » Stars: Thomas Haden Church, Debra Messing, Greg Germann After his wife leaves him for his best friend, John Lacey joins the One Two One Club, a support group for divorced and widowed people. The group consists of its fiery British leader Louise,... See full summary » Stars: Judd Hirsch, Jere Burns, Jane Carr Edit Storyline After divorcing her abusive, alcoholic husband and recovering from her own alcoholism, Grace tries to rebuild her life and protect her children from making the same mistakes. Against this serious backdrop, this show is actually a comedy, finding humor in the relationships between Grace and her co-workers at the oil refinery, her neighbors Wade and Nadine, and Russel Norton, the bachelor pharmacist. Written by Jean-Marc Rocher <[email protected]> 29 September 1993 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Cans of President's Choice Cola can be seen being used by the fictional family of Grace Kelly. This brand of Cola is produced for Loblaw's food stores (mostly its subsidiary stores Real Canadian Superstore, Real Canadian Wholesale club and Extra foods) throughout Canada. Even tho President's Choice is sold and manufactured in Canada, they also have agreements to sell the "private label" brand in other supermarket chains. Two of those chains were Jewel Supermarkets (Chicago area grocery that is independent from Loblaw's - Grace Kelly's fictional St Louis area home, is in reality, located in a Chicago suburb. A show producer must have had a connection to Chicago, in some way, and was probably familiar with the President's Choice private label brand.) National Supermarkets, which was based in St Louis and was owned by Loblaw's, was the other chain that carried President's Choice. Grace Under Fire was filmed in L.A. but the show's location was in the St Louis area, which viewers can assume was where the fictional Grace Kelly See more » Quotes A Fire that needed stoking by the end 16 August 2001 \| by Flippitygibbit (Yorkshire, England) – See all my reviews I loved this series, starring Brett Butler as a strong, yet fallible, recovering alcoholic with three children and a history suitable for talk shows. Or I loved the first few seasons, anyway - my local station messed the show around so much that, when I finally got to see it again, the characters had changed, and most of the humour had gone. With the initial seasons of 'Grace Under Fire', I found it hard to believe the rumours about Butler's personal life intruding onto the set. In fact, I found it hard to believe that Grace Kelly (with a mother-in-law called 'Jean' Kelly - I loved those subtle references, and contradictions - how different could Grace have been from her film star namesake?) wasn't a real person. Everyone on the show in the early years were very believable and very, very funny, Butler and Dave Thomas (Russell, the pharmacist) especially. And far from being another cliched show about 'survivor'-type women, I admired the character of Grace in a way that I didn't with 'Roseanne', a show with a similar premise of a woman (and mother) battling against life. But, as with anything, I think Grace finally ran out of steam, and introducing an older, illegitimate son tipped the balance, in my opinion. 10 of 12 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Grace Under Fire
In what year did the Gunpowder Plot take place?	Peggy Rea \| Biography and Filmography \| 1921 Biography Character actress Peggy Rea's career started with a relatively minor recurring role on the classic sitcom "I Love Lucy. " She landed the part while working as a secretary for CBS radio, setting the tone for the rest of her television career playing heavy-set, motherly, sometimes domineering parts. Before her television debut on "I Love Lucy," and after she quit her job at CBS to pursue acting, Rea appeared in the Cole Porter Broadway musical "Out of this World" and, along with actor Anthony Quinn, toured in a national road company production of "A Streetcar Named Desire." After making several one-off, recurring appearances on a variety of sitcoms throughout the 1960s and '70s, including three episodes of "All in the Family" as Cousin Bertha, she joined the cast of "The Waltons" as cousin Rose Burton, who moves in to take care of the Walton children after John-Boy joins the military and his wife Olivia subsequently volunteers at the VA hospital. A year after she stepped into that role, Rea joined the cast of "The Dukes of Hazzard" as patriarch Boss Hogg's wife, Lulu, a food enthusiast who often challenged her husband's authority. In the 1990s, Rea had two major recurring roles on family-based sitcoms that would be the last ones in her career. The first was on "Step by Step" as the no-nonsense mother of Suzanne Somers's character, and the second was as the ex-mother-in-law of Brett Butler's character on "Grace Under Fire." SIMILAR ARTICLES	i don't know
What was Guy Fawkes real first name? Guido, Gundry or John?	Guy Fawkes Day: A Brief History - History in the Headlines Guy Fawkes Day: A Brief History November 5, 2012 By Jesse Greenspan Share this: Guy Fawkes Day: A Brief History Author Guy Fawkes Day: A Brief History URL Google Catholic dissident Guy Fawkes and 12 co-conspirators spent months planning to blow up King James I of England during the opening of Parliament on November 5, 1605. But their assassination attempt was foiled the night before when Fawkes was discovered lurking in a cellar below the House of Lords next to 36 barrels of gunpowder. Londoners immediately began lighting bonfires in celebration that the plot had failed, and a few months later Parliament declared November 5 a public day of thanksgiving. Guy Fawkes Day, also known as Bonfire Night, has been around in one form or another ever since. Though originally anti-Catholic in tone, in recent times it has served mainly as an excuse to watch fireworks, make bonfires, drink mulled wine and burn Guy Fawkes effigies (along with the effigies of current politicians and celebrities). Catholicism in England was heavily repressed under Queen Elizabeth I, particularly after the pope excommunicated her in 1570. During her reign, dozens of priests were put to death, and Catholics could not even legally celebrate Mass or be married according to their own rites. As a result, many Catholics had high hopes when King James I took the throne upon Elizabeth’s death in 1603. James’ wife, Anne, is believed to have previously converted to Catholicism, and his mother, Mary Queen of Scots, was Elizabeth’s Catholic archrival prior to being executed. There were even rumors, inspired by his diplomatic overtures to the pope, that James himself would become Catholic. It soon became clear, however, that James did not support religious tolerance for Catholics. In 1604 he publicly condemned Catholicism as a superstition, ordered all Catholic priests to leave England and expressed concern that the number of Catholics was increasing. He also largely continued with the repressive policies of his predecessor, such as fines for those refusing to attend Protestant services. Portrait of James I. English Catholics had organized several failed conspiracies against Elizabeth, and these continued under James. In 1603 a few priests and laymen hatched the so-called Bye Plot to kidnap James, only to be turned in by fellow Catholics. Another related conspiracy that year, known as the Main Plot, sought to kill James and install his cousin on the throne. Then, in May 1604, a handful of Catholic dissidents—Guy Fawkes, Robert Catesby, Tom Wintour, Jack Wright and Thomas Percy—met at the Duck and Drake inn in London, where Catesby proposed a plan to blow up the Houses of Parliament with gunpowder. Afterwards, all five men purportedly swore an oath of secrecy upon a prayer book. Eight other conspirators would later join what became known as the Gunpowder Plot. But although Catesby was the ringleader, Fawkes has garnered most of the publicity over the past 400-plus years. Born in 1570 in York, England, Fawkes spent about a decade fighting for Spain against Protestant rebels in the Spanish-controlled Netherlands. He also personally petitioned the king of Spain for help in starting an English rebellion against James. According to writings in the Spanish archives, Fawkes believed the English king was a heretic who would drive out his Catholic subjects. Fawkes also apparently expressed strong anti-Scottish prejudices. By 1605 Fawkes was calling himself Guido rather than Guy. He also used the alias John Johnson while serving as caretaker of a cellar—located just below the House of Lords—that the plotters had leased in order to stockpile gunpowder. Under the plan, Fawkes would light a fuse on November 5, 1605, during the opening of a new session of Parliament. James, his eldest son, the House of Lords and the House of Commons would all be blown sky-high. In the meantime, as Fawkes escaped by boat across the River Thames, his fellow conspirators would start an uprising in the English Midlands, kidnap James’ daughter Elizabeth, install her as a puppet queen and eventually marry her off to a Catholic, thereby restoring the Catholic monarchy. Nineteenth-century depiction of the Gunpowder Plot’s discovery. On October 26, an anonymous letter advising a Catholic sympathizer to avoid the State Opening of Parliament alerted the authorities to the existence of a plot. To this day, no one knows for sure who wrote the letter. Some historians have even suggested that it was fabricated and that the authorities already knew of the Gunpowder Plot, only letting it progress as an excuse to further crack down on Catholicism. Either way, a search party found Fawkes skulking in his cellar around midnight on November 4, with matches in his pocket and 36 barrels of gunpowder stacked next to him. For Fawkes, the plot’s failure could be blamed on “the devil and not God.” He was taken to the Tower of London and tortured upon the special order of King James. Soon after, his co-conspirators were likewise arrested, except for four, including Catesby, who died in a shootout with English troops. Fawkes and his surviving co-conspirators were all found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death in January 1606 by hanging, drawing and quartering. A Jesuit priest was also executed a few months later for his alleged involvement, even as new laws banned Catholics from voting in elections, practicing law or serving in the military. In fact, Catholics were not fully emancipated in England until the 19th century. After the plot was revealed, Londoners began lighting celebratory bonfires, and in January 1606 an act of Parliament designated November 5 as a day of thanksgiving. Guy Fawkes Day festivities soon spread as far as the American colonies, where they became known as Pope Day. In keeping with the anti-Catholic sentiment of the time, British subjects on both sides of the Atlantic would burn an effigy of the pope. That tradition completely died out in the United States by the 19th century, whereas in Britain Guy Fawkes Day became a time to get together with friends and family, set off fireworks, light bonfires, attend parades and burn effigies of Fawkes. Children traditionally wheeled around their effigies demanding a “penny for the Guy” (a similar custom to Halloween trick-or-treating) and imploring crowds to “remember, remember the fifth of November.” Guy Fawkes himself, meanwhile, has undergone something of a makeover. Once known as a notorious traitor, he is now portrayed in some circles as a revolutionary hero, largely due to the influence of the 1980s graphic novel “V for Vendetta” and the 2005 movie of the same name, which depicted a protagonist who wore a Guy Fawkes mask while battling a future fascist government in Britain. Guy Fawkes masks even cropped up at Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City and elsewhere. “Every generation reinvents Guy Fawkes to suit their needs,” explained historian William B. Robison of Southeastern Louisiana University. “But Fawkes was just one of the flunkies. It really should be Robert Catesby Day.” Tags	Guido
In 2002, which position was Guy Fawkes voted into in BBC's 100 Greatest Britons poll?	BBC - Who was the real Guy Fawkes Who was the real Guy Fawkes Guy Fawkes was born into a respectable Protestant family in York History's most infamous act of treachery against the English government was committed by a man from York. Guy Fawkes' effigy is burned on bonfires across the country in November; the man behind the myth was the only son of Protestant parents, Edward and Edith, both of York. Guy's father Edward worked as a notary of the ecclesiastical courts and an advocate of the court of the Archbishop of York. On his mother's side, Guy was descended from the Harrington family, eminent merchants and Aldermen of York. Both of his parents appear to have been Protestants, so how did this middle-class Yorkshireman become a famous Catholic traitor? Early years Guy served with the forces of the Spanish King in the Netherlands Young Guy was a pupil of St Peter's School, York, under a tutor named John Pulleyn, who was a suspected Catholic. It's believed the tutor may have had an early effect on the impressionable Fawkes. Another strong influence may have been some of his fellow pupils, among whom were the brothers John and Christopher Wright, who were later part of the Gunpowder Plot conspiracy. Guy's father died when he was still only seven years old. His mother remained a respectable widow for nine years, but when she did remarry, her new husband was a Catholic. In his mid-teens, Guy may have been influenced by his stepfather, Dennis Bainbridge, or fired with youthful zeal because of the perceived injustice that Catholics were subjected to under the rule of Elizabeth I. Catholic convert & plotter Whatever the reasons for his conversion, he became an ardent Catholic. In his early twenties, Guy went to Flanders and enlisted in the Spanish army. It was around this time that he changed his name to Guido. He spent almost ten years fighting with the Spanish forces, achieving an early post of command, and gaining a reputation as a good fighting man of strong Catholic beliefs. Concerned about the plight of Catholics in England, he travelled to Spain in 1603 to try to gain support for a Spanish invasion of England once the elderly Queen Elizabeth had died. This mission failed, but when he returned to Brussels, he was introduced to Thomas Wintour, another fellow conspirator. It's believed that Wintour may have used this opportunity to recruit Guy as one of the Gunpowder Plotters. The rest, as they say, is history. Guy Fawkes' life story shows how a reasonably wealthy, middle-class Protestant lad from York became embroiled in the annually remembered act of treachery for the Catholic cause. Bookmark with:	i don't know
What was the name of the 1995 film starring Sandra Bullock as a computer expert whose identity is erased?	The Net (1995) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A computer programmer stumbles upon a conspiracy, putting her life and the lives of those around her in great danger. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 35 titles created 08 Oct 2011 a list of 45 titles created 03 Nov 2012 a list of 40 titles created 27 Oct 2013 a list of 30 titles created 06 Mar 2014 a list of 21 titles created 6 months ago Search for " The Net " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 2 wins & 1 nomination. See more awards » Videos Two gifted high school students execute a "perfect" murder - then become engaged in an intellectual contest with a seasoned homicide detective. Director: Barbet Schroeder A big-city newspaper columnist is forced to enter a drug and alcohol rehab center after ruining her sister's wedding and crashing a stolen limousine. Director: Betty Thomas A hopeless romantic Chicago Transit Authority token collector is mistaken for the fiancée of a coma patient. Director: Jon Turteltaub A soon-to-be-married man encounters an exciting stranger after his plane suffers an accident on takeoff. Director: Bronwen Hughes An FBI agent must go undercover in the Miss United States beauty pageant to prevent a group from bombing the event. Director: Donald Petrie A young police officer must prevent a bomb exploding aboard a city bus by keeping its speed above 50 mph. Director: Jan de Bont Edit Storyline Angela Bennett's a software engineer type who works from home and has few friends outside of cyberspace. Taking her first vacation in years, she becomes embroiled in a web of computer espionage. Written by Rob Hartill See All (174) » Taglines: Imagine a world where everything about you is on record. A world where every trace of your existence is on computer... A world which could easily be erased... See more » Genres: Rated PG-13 for violence, some sexuality and brief strong language \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 28 July 1995 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia At the beach scene, the book Angela has in hands and throws down shortly is 'Love in the Time of Cholera' by Gabriel García Márquez . See more » Goofs When Angela receives the disc that Dale sent her, they are talking on the phone and he is looking at his computer screen that says she signed for the disc 3 minutes ago. The tracking activity of the package is listed with only a time and no date. Tracking a dateless package would be rather useless for an international courier such as FedEx, which could take days for long trips. See more » Quotes [Angela, who already sent the incriminating info to the FBI at the last second, is approached and caught by Devlin and Marx] Jack : [shoves Angela over] Get away from the computer. What did think you were trying to do? Save the world? Angela Bennett : No. Not the world. Just myself. Jack : Ah, I'm afraid it's too late for that. The offer's been withdrawn. Angela Bennett : Um, you might wanna look at the screen, because everything on that disk was just sent to the FBI. Everything. Very well done and thought out. 10 April 2005 \| by ([email protected]) (Lawrenceville, NJ) – See all my reviews If you're actually reading this review, I give you a lot of credit. You care enough to actually look up this movie, which most people have forgotten about and then cared to read beyond the first review! So for your reading pleasure... I'm assuming you know the plot line already so I won't waste time typing that out. I will mention that Sandra Bullock did an amazing job with this movie. She really brought a lot of sympathy to the role of a computer programmer, often difficult to do. I can say this because I happen to be a computer programmer. Anyway, I thought the basic plot was a very good one. You can easily build sub-plots upon its mainframe and turn it into a very enjoyable movie. The premise is also scarily realistic in that this can all really happen if the right precauctions aren't taken. To make a long review short...oops! Too late! If you enjoy Sandra Bullock bringing a role to life and want to see a very well made movie for the time, take a look at this little gem. You won't be disappointed. :-) 46 of 69 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	The Net
Where in the body would you find the metacarpus?	Variety Top Critic Pretty soon she's fleeing from her gun-wielding seducer, trying to recover an identity that's being systematically erased through alteration of her personal computer records, and dodging bullets on spinning carousels. January 26, 2006 \| Full Review… Time Out Top Critic The Net is never quite as sleek and chilling as it might have been, but it gives the old story of a wrongly accused innocent a nerve-wracking 90's twist. August 30, 2004 \| Rating: 3/5 New York Times Top Critic A strong enough suspense thriller, a high-tech version of one of those spiraling nightmares in which an innocent person is chased by assassins and wanted by the police. June 18, 2002 \| Rating: 3/4 \| Full Review… San Francisco Chronicle Top Critic Borrowing heavily from Alfred Hitchcock and John Grisham, director Irwin Winkler reduces a potentially-fascinating premise to the spearhead of a routine thriller. January 1, 2000 \| Rating: 2.5/4 \| Full Review… ReelViews Top Critic Director Irwin Winkler is as graceless as ever, although the gritty look and refreshingly low-tech action sequences are welcome. January 14, 2011 \| Rating: 2.5/4 \| Full Review… TV Guide Technophiles will find certain aspects of the plot less than plausible but a big budget, Bullock and a tense finale ensure Winkler dials up a daft but enjoyable diversion. January 14, 2011 \| Full Review… Film4 Someday the next generation of film buffs will rent some of today's mega-buck blockbuster summer movies and watch them as B-movie camp. May 26, 2006 \| Rating: 3/4 \| Full Review…	i don't know
Gary Lightbody from Northern Ireland is the lead singer with which band?	Gary Lightbody (Singer) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News Gary Lightbody Male Born Jun 15, 1976 Dr Gary Lightbody is a Northern Irish musician and songwriter best known as the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist of the alternative rock band Snow Patrol. related links Tired Pony Return On 'i Don't Want You As A Ghost' â Song Premiere Rolling Stone - Aug 26, 2013 ' Click to listen to Tired Pony\'s \"I Don\'t Want You As a Ghost\" When <mark>Gary Lightbody</mark> of Snow Patrol Peter Buck of REM and Richard Colburn of Belle and Sebastian began working on their next album as Tired Pony they had something special from the start opening song \"I Don\'t Want... ' Coldplay Member Appears On 'game Of Thrones' Huffington Post - Jun 03, 2013 '\n \"Game of Thrones\" fans are still reeling from Sunday night\'s penultimate episode, \"The Rains of Castamere,\" a.k.a. the Red Wedding episode, a.k.a. you crazy for this one George RR Martin. Despite the blood and tears (and blood and blood), Episode 9 did feature one brief moment of levity for those viewers paying close attention: a cameo appearance from Coldplay drummer Will Champion. \n\n Champion played a drummer in the episode, casting that was first announced by EW.com back... New Game Of Thrones Season 3 Poster As Unforgiving As Stone Boom Tron - Nov 16, 2012 ' \n Boom! March 2013 is a little over four months away, but you donât have to wait for todayâs teaser poster reveal for the next addictive season of Game of Thrones on HBO. You can see it now.Â The art work is cold, dark and made of stone, but it gets its point across. Dragons, kings and wildlings return on 03.31.13. The repetition of the number three is also very fitting. It is, after all, season three that weâre waiting on pins and needles for. I like the swords worked into the image. If it... Family And Friends Shocked By Death Of Massive Attack Vocalist Huffington Post - Oct 29, 2012 '\n Fans and friends are paying tribute to Terry Callier, one of Massive Attack\'s most celebrated collaborators. \n\n The jazz and soul singer has died, aged 67, reportedly found dead at his home on Sunday, with saxophonist Gene Barge confirming his death to the Chicago Sun-Times. \n\n Terry Callier was rediscovered later in his career through collaborations with Beth Orton and Massive Attack \n\n Callier started his career aged 17 after signing a deal with Chess Records and recorde... Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Gary Lightbody. CHILDHOOD 1976 Birth Born in Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland, to Jack and Lynne (nÃ©e Wray) Lightbody, on 15 June 1976, Jack Lightbody has been an independent business owner and has roots in Rosemount, Derry. … Read More Gary Lightbody has one sister, Sarah, and attended Rockport School and Campbell College. Read Less TEENAGE In 1994, Lightbody left home for Scotland to study English literature and English language at the University of Dundee. Lightbody formed a band with Mark McClelland and drummer Michael Morrison in 1994, called Shrug. … Read More Morrison left the band later, and the band were forced to change the name to Polarbear, as another band had claimed the name. In the band's first seven years of existence, they added drummer Jonny Quinn, released two albums (Songs for Polarbears, and When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up), and toured with bands such as Levellers, Ash and Travis. The band stayed in Glasgow during the recording of the first two albums. Lightbody used to hold a job at the Nice n Sleazy's Bar in Sauchiehall Street. Today, Lightbody owns a small place in Glasgow and says he will never leave the country behind, though he resides in Belfast. He feels an attachment to the place, as it gave him his first taste of success.<br /><br /> In the early days, Lightbody used to drink very heavily, and in his words, was "irrational, erratic, neurotic". He had become frustrated by Snow Patrol's lack of financial success and felt lost and aimless. He started cursing at the audience and demolishing the band's equipment. He found himself breaking guitars they could not afford. This phase ran for two years. He later gave up drinking and now does it "for fun" and credits his band mates for the turnaround. The song "Disaster Button" (A Hundred Million Suns) deals with this topic. Though a musician, he cannot read music and has said that he "guesses" his way through chords. Read Less THIRTIES 2007 31 Years Old Lightbody has filled in for DJ Zane Lowe on his BBC radio show on one occasion during the 2007 takeovers. … Read More He was subsequently voted the best fill-in DJ amongst them by the listeners. He has compiled two DJ mix albums, one in The Trip series: The Trip: Created by Snow Patrol, and another with bandmate Tom Simpson, called Late Night Tales: Snow Patrol on the Late Night Tales series.<br /><br /> In addition to his work with Snow Patrol and DJing, Gary Lightbody has contributed to other projects and works.<br /><br /> Lightbody writes as essayist articles or columns in variously music magazines and newspapers like Q magazine and previously wrote for The Irish Times music section as guest-editor. As an impassioned music fan and DJ, he recommends in his blogs or essays albums and artists of different and wide-ranging genres of music. Read Less Show Less In May 2009, Lightbody commenced writing his music column, Gary Lightbody's Band of the Week, in the magazine Q The Music.com. … Read More In 2011, he wrote as an essayist for The Huffington Post.<br /><br /> As a songwriter/bandleader, he has written songs and lyrics for a wide variety of artists and genres.<br /><br /> In 2000, he formed the Scottish supergroup The Reindeer Section, comprising 47 musicians from 20 different bands, including members of bands like Belle & Sebastian, Mogwai, Idlewild, Teenage Fanclub, Arab Strap and other musicians. The group released Y'All Get Scared Now, Ya Hear! in 2001 and Son of Evil Reindeer in 2002.<br /><br /> 2000â2002 <br /><br /> 2005â2006 <br /><br /> 2007â2008 <br /><br /> 2008â2009 <br /><br /> 2010 <br /><br /> 2012 <br /><br /> 2013 <br /><br /> Growing up, Lightbody listened to artists like Super Furry Animals, Quincy Jones, Kool & the Gang, and Michael Jackson. He subsequently got into hard rock bands AC/DC and KISS as a teen, and then alternative acts like Sebadoh, Mudhoney, Pixies and Pavement. Read Less Lightbody's songwriting has earned him much praise. In October 2009, he revealed that a certain "public figure", whom he wanted to remain nameless, told him that the band had written songs that were standards in today's world, and that Snow Patrol songs had become a part of the public consciousness. … Read More He compared their work to that of artists like Frank Sinatra and The Beatles. Lightbody realises this and cites performances of their songs on reality TV shows as an example.<br /><br /> Lightbody has held the view that Snow Patrol may have had an easier time succeeding in the music industry than a band forming at the present time and attempting to become successful, given the changed state of the music industry, specifically how music is obtained by consumers. He questions the public's motive to buy the songs which they have already listened to, and blames Myspace for it.<br /><br /> Of Snow Patrol, Lightbody has said that all albums they managed to sell in the early days were from touring, as there were no unauthorized copies of their music available then. He believes if the current state of the industry continues, it would become impossible for bands starting out to become full-time. Despite this, he observes that the band might not have survived if they had been successful early in their career, as they would have subsequently taken that success for granted. Read Less … He is a fan of the X-Men, particularly Wolverine, and owns a stack of comics. He bought several comics as a kid and has some that he has never opened, hoping they would become rare collectibles someday; in a later interview, he light-heartedly mentioned that they could earn him a small pension. He considers himself a "comics freak". <br /><br />Despite having written several romantic songs, Lightbody has been reported as having had trouble talking to women. Lightbody has been in many doomed relationships, and he blames their failure on only himself, considering himself "rubbish with women". He attributes the failure partly to him "never being in the same place for very long", and admits that at times he's been hopelessly in love. <br /><br />Lightbody has been involved in numerous causes, mostly related to music and football. He is currently on the board of directors of the Oh Yeah Music Centre in Northern Ireland, a project set up to give young artists a place where they can share ideas and kick-start their music careers, as often is the trend of talent leaving the country from lack of appraisal. Read Less He supported young bands from Northern Ireland and involved them as support bands to shows of Snow Patrol's UK & Ireland Arena Tour of FebruaryâMarch 2009. … Read More Lightbody is one of the supporting voices for the growing music-scene in his hometown Belfast in Northern Ireland and once stated in an interview to have grown up as an "Indie rock kid" inspired to become a musician through influences of artists and acts such as Kurt Cobain, Super Furry Animals, and Sebadoh.<br /><br /> Lightbody has worked with the aid organisation Save the Children in Uganda, an experience on which he has written in New Statesman. He has also been involved in raising awareness of depression, a condition that he himself has struggled with. Read Less 2012 36 Years Old In July 2012, Lightbody received an Honorary Doctorate in Letters from the University of Ulster at a ceremony in the Millennium Forum, Derry/Londonderry. … Read More See also Snow Patrol Awards. Read Less Original Authors of this text are noted on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lightbody .	Snow Patrol
What does the name of the terrorist group Al-Qaida translate as in English? The Base, The Book or The Beads?	Gary Lightbody — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm the reindeer section Gary Lightbody (born in Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland, 15 June 1976) is best known for his work as the frontman of the Scotland-based Indie rock band Snow Patrol . After attending Campbell College, he moved to Dundee, Scotland in 1994 to attend Dundee University. It is here that he formed Snow Patrol with fellow students Jonny Quinn and Mark McClelland.	i don't know
Who was the leader of the Labour party from 1980 to 1983?	Why did Labour lose in 1980s? Why did Labour lose in 1980s? by Martin Smith Published Sat 4 Dec 1999 Issue No. 1675 'WHEN KEN Livingstone was in charge of the Labour Party in London we were a byword for extremism. We were unelectable as a political party. I never want to go back to those days again.' This is Tony Blair's central argument why people should not back Ken Livingstone as Labour's candidate for mayor of London. It is a complete reversal of the truth. Labour's failure to beat the Tories does not lie with the left. It lies on the shoulders of Michael Foot, Neil Kinnock and other leading Labour Party figures. On three occasions the Tories were nearly brought to their knees by working class struggle. It was Labour's leaders who failed to take the advantage. The Labour government of 1974-9 had paved the way for the Tories in the first place. It delivered savage cuts in public spending. Unemployment rocketed. By the time of the 1979 election workers felt demoralised after years of attacks from what was supposed to be 'their' government. The Tories came to office determined to take on the trade union movement so the bosses could increase their profits. In January 1980 Thatcher began her onslaught by attacking the steel workers. There was an all out strike in response. The militancy of the strike shocked the Tories. Mass pickets closed down the steel plants. Over 200,000 workers took part in a solidarity general strike across Wales. The Tory government was on the rocks. Opinion polls showed that Labour would have a majority of 130 if there were a general election. Labour could have called for more industrial action and protests to increase the heat on the Tories. But Michael Foot, the leader of the Labour Party, argued that the only solution was to wait four years for the next election. Labour sat back and allowed the bosses to beat the steel workers. The defeat of the strike cleared the way for a huge wave of job losses. Unemployment reached four million. The defeat and mass unemployment left many workers feeling despairing and powerless. But many hated Thatcher passionately. The left grew in the early 1980s. But it often did not relate to workers' struggles. Instead it channelled its energies into winning positions inside the Labour Party. It was far from inevitable, however, that the Tories would win the 1983 election. It was the right wing of the Labour Party that wrecked Labour's chances of winning, not the left. In 1981 four leading right wing Labour MPs left the party and formed the SDP. The SDP then formed an electoral alliance with the Liberals. This split the anti-Tory vote. In both the 1983 and 1987 general elections the combined vote of the Labour Party and the SDP was bigger than that of the Tories. In fact Thatcher never won more than 44 percent of the vote throughout the 1980s. The Falkands War is often given as an explanation of why the Tories won the 1983 election. But this is a myth. The Tories' popularity hardly rose at all during the Falklands War. Unemployment and a well supported strike by health workers made many people cynical of Thatcher's motives for going to war. But Labour did nothing to build opposition to the war. In fact Labour leader Michael Foot accused the Tories of not being hard enough in their defence of the Falkland Islands. The Tories fell over themselves to congratulate him for 'speaking for Britain'. Labour's stance only helped the government. Kinnock's pale imitation THATCHER EMBARKED on her biggest confrontation with the unions in 1984 when she took on the miners. For a whole year the miners stood up to the Tories. It was the longest mass strike in European history. The miners could have won. Ian MacGregor was the head of the Coal Board at the time. In his memoirs he claims that when the dockers threatened to walk out in solidarity with the mine workers, Thatcher was on the verge of throwing in the towel. In February 1984, just one month before the miners' strike, a MORI poll found Labour 10 percent behind the Tories. As the strike started Labour's ratings soared in the opinion polls. In August, when the strike was at its height, Labour led by double figures. It gained from the collective struggle but did nothing to build it. Neil Kinnock, the new Labour leader, savagely attacked the miners for picketing and demanded compliance with the anti-union laws. Kinnock's refusal to get behind the strike, combined with trade union leaders' refusal to deliver the solidarity action that the miners needed, meant that the miners were beaten. Many workers again felt demoralised and once again the Tories survived. The defeat of the miners encouraged bosses to go on the offensive. Within two years print workers, dockers and seafarers suffered the same fate. When it came to the election of 1987, the mini-boom in the economy at the end of the 1980s helped the Tories. But the media today exaggerate the extent to which the Tories won over 'hearts and minds'. The Tories only won over a small minority of workers to their free market ideology. For example, Thatcher always claimed that she had turned Britain into a 'shareholding democracy'. But in 1988 only 14 percent of the population of Britain owned shares. When it came to the manual working class it was only 4 percent. There was also an enormous movement against the Tories' capping of local councils' budgets. Sadly, left wing councils backed off in the face of the Tories' threats. Each election defeat pushed Labour's national leaders further and further to the right. Kinnock's strategy was to dump any socialist policies and to attack the left inside the party. Kinnock argued that Labour had to drop unilateral nuclear disarmament. But survey after survey showed that around 40 percent of the population backed unilateralism. In 1987 Kinnock argued that Labour should embrace the market, and his campaign manager, Bryan Gould, said Labour should move so far to the right that it should 'leapfrog Thatcher' to do so. Labour ended up a pale version of the Tories. As a result many who disliked the Tories felt they could not trust Labour. Flagship leads to explosion THE TORIES' repeated attacks on workers built up huge pools of bitterness inside the working class. That bitterness eventually exploded around the poll tax. The poll tax was going to be the Thatcher's 'flagship'. But around 15 million refused to pay the tax. There were protests and small riots outside town halls all over the country. The campaign culminated in a march of a quarter of a million people in London which ended in the biggest riot in Britain for 100 years. Six months later Thatcher was forced to resign. Once again, the Tories could have been finished off completely. Once again, the Labour leadership came to their aid. Labour's deputy leader Roy Hattersley urged 'exemplary sentences' for those arrested on poll tax marches. Labour councils jailed non-payers. Just before the 1992 election Labour even attacked the Tories for not changing the law to make it easier to pursue non-payers! Labour's opposition to the fight against the poll tax threw away millions of votes. In the 1992 election 11.5 million people voted Labour. That was three million less than the number of summonses, warrants and benefit deduction orders issued for poll tax non-payment. If all those who had refused to pay the poll tax had voted Labour, Kinnock would have won a parliamentary majority of 119 seats. Instead the glitziest, 'most professional' Labour campaign in history only increased the party's vote by a miserable 5 percent. The people behind Kinnock's election disaster were not Ken Livingstone and the left but Peter Mandelson, Gordon Brown and John Prescott. These are the very people who today sing the praises of the market, just as millions of workers hate privatisation, fat cat bosses and want the renationalisation of the railways and trade union rights. People voted Labour in 1997 because they hated the Tories' market madness, and today they are sick of Blair's pro-market madness. Article information	Michael Foot
Who played Harry in When Harry Met Sally?	Labour party \| Article about Labour party by The Free Dictionary Labour party \| Article about Labour party by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Labour+party British political party, one of the two dominant parties in Great Britain since World War I. Origins The Labour party was founded in 1900 after several generations of preparatory trade union politics made possible by the Reform Bills of 1867 and 1884, which enfranchised urban workers. Although the Labour Representation League, organized in 1869, elected parliamentary representatives, they were absorbed into the Liberal party Liberal party, former British political party, the dominant political party in Great Britain for much of the period from the mid-1800s to World War I. Origins ..... Click the link for more information. . A Marxist organization, the Social Democratic Federation, was founded by H. M. Hyndman Hyndman, Henry Mayers , 1842–1921, English Socialist, an early advocate of Marxism in England. He was a journalist by profession. In 1881 he founded the parent organization of the Social Democratic Federation, which in 1911 became the British Socialist party, with Hyndman ..... Click the link for more information. in 1881; but more important for the history of the Labour party was the founding of the Fabian Society Fabian Society, British socialist society. An outgrowth of the Fellowship of the New Life (founded 1883 under the influence of Thomas Davidson), the society was developed the following year by Frank Podmore and Edward Pease. ..... Click the link for more information. (1883) and the Independent Labour party (ILP; 1893). With the help of the Fabian Society and the Trades Union Congress, the ILP in 1900 set up the Labour Representation Committee, renamed the Labour party in 1906. The new party elected 29 members to Parliament in 1906; in the two elections of 1910 it elected 40 and 42. Its strength lay in the industrial North and in Welsh mining areas; the evolutionary socialism espoused by the Fabians was the dominant ideology. 1914 to 1945 At the outbreak of World War I, Ramsay MacDonald MacDonald, Ramsay (James Ramsay McDonald), 1866–1937, British statesman, b. Scotland. The illegitimate son of a servant, he went as a young man to London, where he joined the Social Democratic Federation (1885) and the Fabian Society (1886). ..... Click the link for more information. led a pacifist wing of the party, but the majority of the party supported the war effort, and the party's leader, Arthur Henderson Henderson, Arthur, 1863–1935, British statesman, organizer and leader of the British Labour party. In early life he was an ironworker and a labor union leader. Elected (1903) to Parliament, he was chairman of the parliamentary Labour party (1908–10, 1914–17), ..... Click the link for more information. , served in the wartime coalition governments. Until 1918 the party was distinctly a federation of trade unions and socialist groups and had no individual members. After the war economic depression, the growing political consciousness of the working classes, and the split in the Liberal party gave Labour a national following. In 1918, Labour withdrew completely from the coalition, and in 1922 it became the second largest party in the House of Commons and thus the official opposition. In 1924 the party formed its first ministry, with MacDonald as prime minister. As Labour was a minority in Parliament and depended on Liberal support, the enactment of legislation proved difficult, and the government's domestic program of unemployment relief and housing differed little from that of its Conservative predecessor. Effective primarily in foreign affairs, the ministry recognized the USSR. The party was turned out of office in Oct., 1924, in an election marked by Conservative exploitation of the Zinoviev letter (see under Zinoviev, Grigori Zinoviev, Grigori Evseyevich , 1883–1936, Soviet Communist leader, originally named Radomyslsky. He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor party in 1901 and sided with Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction after 1903 (see Bolshevism and Menshevism). ..... Click the link for more information. ). In 1929, Labour formed another minority ministry. MacDonald and Philip Snowden Snowden, Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount , 1864–1937, British statesman. Born to poverty, he was a civil service clerk until crippled by a spinal ailment. ..... Click the link for more information. reacted to the severe depression with conservative economic policies that involved reducing unemployment relief. When the majority of the cabinet refused to accede, MacDonald formed (1931) a coalition government, but he and the Labour leaders who joined him were expelled from the party. Heavily defeated in the election of 1931, the Labour party moved slightly to the left, advocating nationalization of major industries and more progressive taxation. In the next few years Labour found new leaders in Clement Attlee (later Earl Attlee Attlee, Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl , 1883–1967, British statesman. Educated at Oxford, he was called to the bar in 1905. ..... Click the link for more information. ), Herbert Morrison, and Ernest Bevin Bevin, Ernest , 1881–1951, British labor leader and statesman. An orphan who earned his own living from childhood, he began a long career as a trade union official when he became secretary of the dockworkers' union in 1911. ..... Click the link for more information. . In the early 1930s the party passed antiwar resolutions and advocated collective security through the League of Nations, but it favored aid to the republican government in the Spanish civil war and eventually came to accept rearmament against the threat from Nazi Germany. After the fall of France to German forces in World War II, Labour agreed to join Winston Churchill's coalition government; Bevin as minister of labor and Attlee as deputy prime minister, together with other Labour ministers, took charge of domestic affairs during the war years. The Postwar Years In 1945 the party won an overwhelming electoral victory, and Attlee became prime minister in Labour's first majority government. The new government nationalized the Bank of England, the fuel and power industries (coal, electricity, gas, and atomic energy), transportation, and most of the iron and steel industry. It also enacted a comprehensive social security system, which included a national health service. In the areas of colonial and foreign policy, it granted independence to India and Pakistan, Burma (Myanmar), and Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and allied itself with the United States in a strong anti-Communist posture. Faced with postwar shortages and the problems of reconstruction, Attlee's government encountered severe financial difficulties, despite American assistance. Rationing continued to be a necessity, economic recovery was slow, and the cost of rearmament increased the strains on the economy. The government barely maintained its majority in the general elections of 1950, and the following year it was defeated by the Conservatives. During the long period of opposition that followed (the Conservatives were returned to power in 1955 and in 1959), the Labour party argued and almost split on questions of disarmament, aid to developing countries, and furtherance of socialism at home. When Attlee and other elder leaders retired and Hugh Gaitskell Gaitskell, Hugh Todd Naylor , 1906–63, British statesman. Educated at Oxford, he taught economics at the Univ. of London. During World War II he was a civil servant in the new ministry of economic warfare (1940–42) and in the Board of Trade (1942–45). ..... Click the link for more information. became party leader, Aneurin Bevan Bevan, Aneurin , 1897–1960, British political leader. A coal miner and trade unionist, he served (1929–60) in Parliament as a member of the Labour party. As minister of health (1945–51) he administered and developed the National Health Service instituted by the ..... Click the link for more information. , leading the left wing of the party, unsuccessfully contested Gaitskell's position. Although Bevan was soon reconciled with the party leadership, his supporters continued to urge a policy of diplomatic neutralism and unilateral disarmament, in addition to a strong socialist program. The party's right-wing, on the other hand, argued that prosperity had diminished the appeal of socialism to the average worker and that the party should adopt a broader, more pragmatic program. Gaitskell consolidated his position as leader in the early 1960s, and the party achieved a new solidarity. The 1960s to the Present Harold Wilson Wilson, Harold (James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx), 1916–95, British statesman. A graduate of Oxford, he became an economics lecturer there (1937) and a fellow of University College (1938). ..... Click the link for more information. , who became leader on Gaitskell's death in 1963, was able to lead the party to victory in 1964. He was prime minister until the Conservative party returned to power in 1970. Wilson's administration was marked by a continued decline in Britain's international political and economic position, which gave little opportunity for social innovation. After 1970, the Labour party, in opposition, again found it difficult to present a united front. The reversal of the party's position on Britain's entry into the European Community (now the European Union European Union (EU), name given since the ratification (Nov., 1993) of the Treaty of European Union, or Maastricht Treaty, to the European Community (EC), an economic and political confederation of European nations, and other organizations (with the same member nations) ..... Click the link for more information. ), after having earlier supported it, and a renewed call for further nationalization of industry were indications of a greater left-wing militancy within the party. The party returned to power as a result of the elections of Feb., 1974, but as a minority government. Wilson's second administration began renegotiation of the terms of Britain's membership in the European Community and announced plans for large-scale nationalization. Despite continuing economic difficulties he called new elections in Oct., 1974, and Labour won a small majority. James Callaghan Callaghan of Cardiff, Leonard James Callaghan, Baron, 1912–2005, British statesman. He was first elected to Parliament as a Labour member in 1945. As chancellor of the exchequer (1964–67), he introduced extremely controversial taxation policies, including employment ..... Click the link for more information. took over as prime minister following Wilson's resignation in 1976. The party lost power to the Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher Thatcher, Margaret Hilda Roberts Thatcher, Baroness, 1925–2013, British political leader. Great Britain's first woman prime minister, nicknamed the "Iron Lady" for her uncompromising political stance, Thatcher served longer than any other British prime minister in the 20th ..... Click the link for more information. in the 1979 elections and remained in the opposition until the late 1990s. Michael Foot Foot, Michael, 1913–2010, British politician. He joined the Labour party in the 1930s, entered Parliament in 1945, and served there until 1992. An superb debater and orator, he became an eloquent spokesperson for Labour's radical left wing. ..... Click the link for more information. became party leader in 1980 but was succeeded by Neil Kinnock Kinnock, Neil Gordon , 1942–, British politician, b. Tredegar, Wales. The son of a miner, he studied at University College, Cardiff. In 1970 he was elected to Parliament as a Labour party member. ..... Click the link for more information. in 1983. Kinnock led the party to abandon some of its traditional left-wing positions but proved unable to achieve victory at the polls. He resigned in 1992 after the Conservative victory in the general elections and was succeeded by John Smith Smith, John, 1938–94, British politician. A barrister, he was first elected to Parliament in 1970 as a Labour party member from Scotland. He served as secretary for trade in 1970 and subsequently as Labour spokesperson on a number of economic and industrial issues, ..... Click the link for more information. . After Smith's untimely death in 1994, moderate Tony Blair Blair, Tony (Anthony Charles Lynton Blair), 1953–, British politician, b. Edinburgh. An Oxford-educated lawyer, he was first elected to Parliament in 1983 as the Labour party candidate from a district in N England. ..... Click the link for more information. was chosen to lead the party. Under Blair's leadership, the party formally abandoned traditional socialism in 1995 and subsequently won (1997, 2001) consecutive resounding victories at the polls. The party's narrower victory in 2005 marked the first time Labour had won three consecutive national elections. Blair stepped down as party leader and prime minister in 2007, and was succeeded by Gordon Brown Brown, Gordon (James Gordon Brown), 1951–, British politician. From 1975 to 1980 he taught at Edinburgh Univ. and Glasgow College of Technology; he then joined Scottish Television (1980–83) as a journalist. ..... Click the link for more information. . In the 2010 elections Brown and Labour lost to the Conservatives, who won a plurality. Brown resigned the party leadership, and Ed Miliband was elected party leader. In 2015 Labour did poorly, in part because of the successes of the Scottish National party, and Miliband stepped down. Jeremy Corbyn succeeded him. Bibliography See H. Wilson, The Labour Government 1964–1970 (1971); B. Jones and M. Keating, Labour and the British State (1985); K. Laybourn, The Rise of Labour (1988). Labour Party 1. a British political party, formed in 1900 as an amalgam of various trade unions and socialist groups, generally supporting the interests of organized labour and advocating democratic socialism and social equality 2. any similar party in any of various other countries	i don't know
As in the dish Chilli Con Carne, what is the translation of the word Carne? Sauce, Rice or Meat?	How to cook perfect chilli con carne \| Life and style \| The Guardian How to cook the perfect ... How to cook perfect chilli con carne Does the British version of chilli con carne have its own merits, or is it an affront to one of the American southwest's proudest pieces of culinary heritages? Felicity's perfect chilli con carne. Photograph: Felicity Cloake for the Guardian Share on Messenger Close Chilli is one of a select coterie of dishes we've really taken to our greedy hearts in this country, even going so far as to honour it with a full culinary makeover (see also spag bol , guacamole and green curry ). In these islands, "chilli con carney" (which always makes me think of those ineffably cool, invariably grizzled men who operated the Waltzers of my youth) is traditionally served bursting out of microwaved baked potatoes, or in a neat pile atop a ring of basmati rice, like so much minced meat curry. Kidney beans and copious amounts of cayenne obligatory. So far, so – well, delicious. It wasn't until I visited the States that I realised that we'd given this iconic south-western dish the full British lasagne and chips treatment – chilli has a proud heritage in that part of the world, and it doesn't often involve a jar endorsed by Loyd Grossman. The International Chili Society , an organisation devoted to the "promotion, development and improving of the preparation and appreciation of true chilli", observes that ever since "the second person on earth mixed some chile peppers with meat and cooked them, the great chilli debate was on … the desire to brew up the best bowl of chilli in the world is exactly that old". Although, as they generously allow, the combination of meat and peppers is almost as old as cooking itself, the ICS's official history of chilli credits the emergence of the modern bowl of "red" to southwestern cattle drivers, who subsisted on the raw ingredients they found along the trail. (Those ingredients, you may well observe, are unlikely to have included cardamom pods, or Marmite or any of the other strange things we do to chilli in this country.) The original Cowboy chilli. Photograph: Felicity Cloake for the Guardian Although striving for "authenticity" with a chilli con carne strikes me as an outrageous betrayal of its rough and ready, mestizo roots, I decide my quest really ought to start with the most basic, stripped-back version of the dish, as might feasibly have been knocked up by generations of cowboys under the stars, and as told to the luminaries of the International Chili Society by a few "old-timers" at a "Texican" bar in Marfa, Texas. The freshly-killed beef would have been tough, so I use chuck steak, cut up "into pieces about the size of a pecan". It goes into the pot along with suet, salt and "the same amount of wild onions, garlic, oregano and chiles as meat". (In the absence of any wild onions in north London, I use large salad onions.) This is then cooked until the meat "is as tender as you think it's going to get". It's a recipe simpler than any to grace a jar of sauce, so I'm not expecting much from it, but, although the dish is utterly unlike anything I'd recognise as chili, after two hours, the combination of slightly caramelised beef, chilli, and blackened onions is undeniably delicious on a warm corn tortilla. Those cowboys sure knew what they were doing. The Chilli Queens Chilli Queen chilli. Photograph: Felicity Cloake for the Guardian Interesting as this diversion into American history has been, the chilli I seek seems to have arrived on the scene somewhat later, in the company of the Chilli Queens of San Antonio – Mexican women who sold homemade, highly spiced stews from carts "to a cadre of customers who rode in from all over the prairies to singe their tonsils". The cut and thrust of competition between the queens was, the ICS suggests, the making of the dish, as each strove to outdo the others in attracting the hungry punters. The queens are no more, but the Institute of Texan Cultures has published one of their recipes, "slightly adapted for shopping convenience". I flour chuck steak and pork shoulder, and throw them into a hot pot with an over-generous amount of both dripping and lard. Once they've browned, I add onions and garlic, and while these soften, I'm busy grinding chillies – ancho, serrano and "dried red" ones – which I've tracked all over town, with cumin seeds and Mexican oregano. I tip this rough powder (the chilli queens sound like pretty rustic cooks) into the pot along with salt and water, and leave it all to simmer for 2 hours. The meat is melting and unctuous, and the spicing surprisingly subtle given the number and variety of peppers involved, but I miss the beans (the recipe explicitly prohibits the addition of frijoles) and it doesn't seem like chilli without mince. Good use of spice, but there's a way to go yet. The devotee Joe Cooper's chilli. Photograph: Felicity Cloake for the Guardian Journalist Joe Cooper was probably the original chillihead, as fans like to refer to themselves. In 1952 he distilled a lifetime devoted "to the study of chilli" as the ICS has it, into the definitive book on the subject (With or Without Beans, available secondhand for $247 on amazon.com), which includes his own recipe ("Maybe not the best ever, but one which satisfies the Coopers' appetites"). I fry lean minced beef over a high heat until grey and with the texture of "whole grain hominy" (at a guess), then add a quart of water and cook at a bubbling simmer for 2 hours. It's not looking terribly promising by the time I stir in the bay leaves, garlic, cumin, oregano, red and black pepper, sugar and paprika, but after half an hour, things are smelling distinctly more familiar – and utterly beguiling. In goes the thickener – cornmeal in my case, as I have next to no idea what the apparently more convenient cracker meal might be – and a little more water to loosen, and Joe's chilli is ready to serve. It's still a bit dry, and the cornflour has given what sauce there is a slightly grainy texture, but the texture of the meat is a revelation: slow-cooking mince transforms it into something quite, quite wonderful. Still no beans though. The Spanish Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall chilli. Photograph: Felicity Cloake for the Guardian Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall also has an aversion to good old British "napalm bolognese", and his recipe in the River Cottage Meat Book attempts to "restore some dignity to the dish", even if, as he freely admits, it doesn't aspire to "aboriginal correctness". As well as mince, he includes pork shoulder and chorizo, plus a cinnamon stick, in an apparent nod to the dish's Mexican heritage. Most notably, however, this, the first British recipe I try, is also the first to include tomatoes, as well as stock: water seems more usual in the dish's homeland. My flatmate approves of the "lumpy, bumpy texture" that the different meats give the dish, but it's hard to see what the pork shoulder adds here in terms of flavour: in fact, everything, tomatoes, cinnamon and all, just tastes of chorizo. And, much as we all love chorizo, it doesn't seem right in a chilli. The chocolatey Nigella chilli. Photograph: Felicity Cloake for the Guardian Nigella is never a lady to leave a lily ungilded, so I barely raise an eyebrow at the cocoa powder in her recipe – after all, chocolate is a key ingredient in Mexican moles, so it's hardly as fanciful as the cardamom pods, an Indian spice which seems to pop up in just about everything she cooks. The cocoa adds a certain richness to the dish, but any earthiness is knocked on the head by the three kinds of tomato she sticks in there: tinned, pureed and … ketchup. It's a bit boring to be honest, but the fluffy cornbread topping, with its cinnamon and honey, wins much praise among my chilli committee. Chilli con Jamie Jamie Oliver chilli. Photograph: Felicity Cloake for the Guardian One of the dishes that made a particular impression on me on Jamie's American road trip was his cowboy chilli, which uses brisket, simmered long and very slow in smoky chillies and paprika, muscovado sugar and coffee, until it can be pulled apart with a fork. The finished stew looks like something from my favourite burrito van, complete with peppers, and I love the campfire flavour of the spices and the coffee, but I'm perplexed by his decision to stick 2 tins of tomatoes in there too – they completely change the character of the dish. After leaving it in the fridge overnight, I get a text the next day from my flatmate's boyfriend asking if it was, in fact, chilli because "it reminded me of pulled pork." Perfect chilli Felicity's perfect chilli con carne. Photograph: Felicity Cloake for the Guardian Tradition may frown upon it, but I think chilli works best with minced meat – that yielding texture, reminiscent of wholesome hominy grits, is as much a part of my conception of the dish as the slightly mealy beans that bulk it out. I'm adding smoky spice and coffee, like Jamie, and a generous level of garlic, as a nod to the basic recipe, but the overall character of my chilli owes much to both the Chilli Queens and James E Cooper, stripped of tomatoes, but heavy on peppers and aromatic oregano. An Anglo-Texican hybrid, if you like – and just the thing for a jacket potato. (NB: the chillies and Mexican oregano are available to order online if you can't find them in the real world.) Serves 6-8 Beef dripping or vegetable oil, to fry 1kg mince 5 cloves of garlic, minced 500ml freshly brewed coffee 1 tsp cumin seeds, toasted 1 tbsp Mexican oregano 1 tbsp dark brown muscovado sugar 2 tsp chilli powder, or to taste 2 fresh long green chillies 400g cooked kidney beans 1. Heat the fat in a large, heavy-bottomed pan on a high heat, then brown the mince in batches, stirring regularly: don't crowd the pan, or it will steam rather than brown. Add the onions and stir fry briefly, until slightly browned. 2. Turn the heat down and add the garlic. Stir and cook until the onion has completely softened, then add the coffee and a generous pinch of salt and simmer, covered, for 2 hours. 3. Meanwhile, cut the stalks off the dried chillies and take out the seeds. Grind together in a pestle and mortar with rock salt and the roasted cumin seeds. Stir in the oregano and chilli powder. 4. Add the spices to the pan along with the sugar fresh chillies and simmer, partially covered, for another half hour, adding a little water if it seems dry, or you prefer a saucier chilli. 10 minutes before the end of cooking, add the beans, taste, and adjust the seasoning and spicing if necessary. If possible, leave overnight and reheat to serve. Does the British version of chilli con carne have its own merits, or is it an affront to one of the southwest's proudest pieces of culinary heritages? Do tomatoes add anything to the dish – and what about the vexed question of beans? And what do you serve it with: rice, tortillas, or a big plate of chips?	Meat
What was Kenny Rogers first solo number one single in the UK?	Cookbook:Chili con carne - Wikibooks, open books for an open world Cookbook:Chili con carne Cookbook \| Recipes \| Ingredients \| Cuisine of the United States A bowl of chili con carne with beans and tortilla chips Chili con carne (in America shortened to chili) is a spicy stew -like dish, the essential ingredients of which are beef , pork , venison , or other mature meat , and chili peppers . Variations, either geographic or by personal preference, include the addition of tomatoes , onions , beans , and other ingredients. ( Brown sugar is often a favorite condiment). There are also many versions of vegetarian chili, also known as chili sin carne, made without meat (sometimes with a meat substitute). The name "chili con carne" is a slight corruption of the Spanish chile con carne, "chili with meat". Chili con carne is the official dish of the U.S. state of Texas. Contents 9 External links Texas chili recipes[ edit ] Texas chilies are generally beef-based, use dried red chili peppers and are therefore red in color. They contain no beans and little or no vegetables other than the chili peppers. Ingredients for Chili con Carne Jailhouse Chili In the early part of the 20th century, those likely to regularly spend time in local detention facilities in the American Southwest were said to rate the accommodations by the quality of the chili they were served. This became a matter of local pride and competition with other communities. This is a modern version, as served in the Texas prison system. This recipe is a chili powder - and tomato juice-based sauce combined with cubed or ground beef. New Mexico chili recipes[ edit ] The official state vegetable of New Mexico is the chili pepper and the official state question is "Red or green?" This refers to the decision New Mexican chili devotees must regularly make, and which engenders frequent discussion and argument. The red chili is simply a riper form of the green chili; the former is cooked in its dried form and the latter is used fresh from the field, with significant differences in results. For those who simply cannot decide, the standard reply is "Christmas", meaning a portion of each. New Mexico chilies are more commonly based on pork, and include more vegetables than Texas style chilies. New Mexico Chile Verde Chile verde ("green chili") is generally considered more typical of New Mexican cuisine, possibly because of its more marked visual contrast to Texas-style chili. While there apparently is no canonical recipe for chili verde, all versions involve roasting fresh green chilies and cooking them slowly with meat, garlic, oregano, and cumin. Chili Colorado ("red chili") is a pork-based chili from New Mexico that uses dried red chili peppers. Other meat based chili recipes[ edit ] Cincinnati-Style Chili Cincinnati-style chili is a very popular regional variation that is quite different from Texas-style chili. Most notably, it is usually eaten as a topping for spaghetti or hot dogs, rather than as a stew by itself. Cincinnati-style chili is beanless, but a "four-way" serving includes beans on top of the spaghetti under the chili. The connection between cheddar cheese and chili probably originated in Cincinnati, since the cheese normally tops Cincinnati spaghetti dishes. White Chili Instead of a tomato-based sauce and red meat (beef), great northern beans and chicken breast meat can be substituted. The resulting dish appears white when cooked, and has more of an alkali bean taste, instead of the acidic taste of traditional chili. Vegetarian chili[ edit ] Vegetarian chilis acquired wide popularity in the U.S. during the 1960s and 1970s with the rise of the vegetarian philosophy, and is also popular with those on diets which restrict red meat. To make a chili vegetarian, the meat is left out of the recipe or replaced with a meat analogue such as textured vegetable protein or tofu . Some people consider vegetarian chili to be a spicy vegetable stew, and not true chili. This vegetarian chili uses black beans . Accompaniments and additions[ edit ] A pot of chili with beans. Several beverages are commonly used to accompany a bowl of chili, including ice-cold beer or cold milk to moderate the impact of the chilies on the throat. Saltine crackers, broken up and scattered on top, are common in chili parlors. Similarly, commercial corn chips can be added as a topping, producing something akin to Frito Pie . Jalapeño cornbread , rolled-up corn tortillas, and pork tamales also are popular for dunking. Peanut butter sandwiches or peanut butter on saltine crackers served on the side can also accompany chili. In Missouri, a small portion of pickle juice is often poured into the bowl of chili. In Indiana, some heap coleslaw in their bowl of chili before eating. Beans[ edit ] Pinto beans (frijoles), a staple of Tex-Mex cooking, have long been associated with chili and the question of whether beans "belong" in chili has been a matter of contention among chili cooks for an equally long time. It is likely that in many poorer areas of San Antonio and other places associated with the origins of chili, beans were used rather than meat, or in addition to meat, due to poverty. In that regard, it has been suggested by some chili aficionados that there were probably two chili type made in the world, depending on what could be afforded and how frugal the cook was. As chili spread east into areas where beef was more expensive (beef was plentiful and cheap in San Antonio and other cattle towns), chili with pinto or other beans became more prevalent. In some eastern areas, this dish is referred to as " chili beans " while the term "chili" is reserved for the all-meat dish. Other changes included the adding of other vegetables. Tomatoes are almost always used, bell peppers are common, and even celery appears in recipes. Many easterners are just as adamant about the inclusion of beans in their chili for an authentic flavor as Texans are about their exclusion. Most commercially prepared canned chili includes beans. Commercial chili prepared without beans is usually called "chili no beans". If you substitute chunks of fresh mushrooms for the beans, you will cut the calorie content of your favorite chili recipe by at least a third, without sacrificing taste. The bland white button mushroom will soak up the flavors of the chilies, tomatoes, chili powder, etc, while helping the chili retain its consistency. Many chili experts believe, however, that beans and chili should always be cooked separately and served on the side. It is then up to the consumer to stir his preferred quantity of beans into his own bowl. Some cooks prefer black beans, black-eyed peas , or kidney beans instead of pinto beans. A popular saying among chili purists is "If you know beans about chili, you know chili ain't got no beans". Tomatoes[ edit ] Another ingredient considered anywhere from required to sacrilegious is tomatoes. Wick Fowler, north Texas newspaperman and inventor of "Two-Alarm Chili" (which he later marketed as a "kit" of spices), insisted on adding tomato sauce to his chili, one 15-oz. can per three pounds of meat. He also believed that chili should never be eaten newly-cooked but refrigerated overnight to seal in the flavor. Matt Weinstock, a Los Angeles newspaper columnist, once remarked that Fowler's chili "was reputed to open eighteen sinus cavities unknown to the medical profession". [Tolbert, A Bowl of Red] Rice[ edit ] In Southeast Texas people eat chili over white rice , much like one would eat gumbo ; this is due to the proximity to Louisiana. This is also common in the United Kingdom . Similar dishes[ edit ] Dishes often described as similar to chili con carne include French cassoulet , Indian curry , Jewish cholent , Serbian bean soups and especially Hungarian goulash . References[ edit ] This module uses content from the Wikipedia article " Chile con carne ", and is used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. Frank X. Tolbert. A Bowl of Red: A Natural History of Chili con Carne. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966. [Much of the material in this book originally appeared in the author's newspaper columns in The Dallas Morning News beginning in the early 1950s.] Charles Ramsdell. San Antonio: An Historical and Pictorial Guide. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1959. Joe E. Cooper. With or Without Beans. Dallas: W. S. Henson, 1967. H. Allen Smith. "Nobody Knows More About Chili Than I Do." Reprinted at the International Chili Society web site. Jack Arnold. The Chili Lover's Handbook. Privately published, 1977. Robb Walsh. The Tex-Mex Cookbook: A History in Recipes and Photos. New York: Broadway Books, 2004. [A very knowledgeable and very well-written "food history", including a long chapter on "real" chili, chili joints, and the San Antonio chili queens.]	i don't know
In The Twelve Days Of Christmas, how many ladies dancing were there?	��ࡱ�>�� bd��a�� 'bjbj � � 4Xh�h�% ��\/l�_3<��J)J)J)�2�2�2�2�2�2�2$�4�=7�3�J)�$�J)J)J)3�� 3�,�,�,J)@�&��2�,J)�2�,�,:�1,��B2��>��Y��)\|�1 �2/30_3�1R�7��7B2B2�7�V2tJ)J)�,J)J)J)J)J)33�,J)J)J)_3J)J)J)J)��7J)J)J)J)J)J)J)J)J)� �: Name: __________________________ The Twelfth Day of Christmas On the twelfth day of Christmas,� my True Love sent to me� Twelve drummers drumming,� Eleven pipers piping,� Ten lords a-leaping,� Nine ladies dancing,� Eight maids a-milking,� Seven swans a-swimming,� Six geese a-laying,� Five golden rings,� Four calling birds,� Three French hens,� Two turtle doves,� And a partridge in a pear tree! All of these questions are about just the twelfth day of Christmas and not the days before it! How many presents were given to me by my True Love altogether? (1 mark) How many birds were sent by my True Love? (1 mark) How many people did my True Love send to entertain me? (1 mark) How many wings are there in the song? (1 mark) How many legs are there in the song? (1 mark) If I shared all of my presents with you, how many would we have each? (1 mark) If all the people who had to read music needed glasses, how many pairs of glasses would be needed? (1 mark) How many of the gifts are definitely female? (1 mark) How many letters are there in the verse? (1 mark) If each maid managed to get 4 pints of milk a day, how many pints of milk would I have to drink in a leap year? (Up to 2 marks) Each Calling Bird can call non-stop for one hour and 27 minutes. If they take it in turns to call without a break between them and the first starts at 11:15am, what time will the fourth bird stop calling at? (Up to 2 marks) If next year my True Love decided to be even more generous and changed it to the 16 Days of Christmas, how many presents would I receive on the last day? (Up to 2 marks) If each of the people bought 6 presents each for their family and the birds bought 13 presents each for their family, who bought the most amount of presents � the people or the birds? (Up to 2 marks) If the first swan swam 8km and then each of the swans after swam double the amount of the one before, how far would the swans have swum altogether in metres? (Up to 3 marks) The jeweller said that each of my gold rings was worth �1000 but each year they would be worth 10% less. How much would all 5 rings together be worth after 3 years? (Up to 3 marks) The average partridge weighs 1,200g. The average pear tree can hold up to 450kg in extra weight. What is the maximum amount of partridges that could sit in the pear tree before the tree breaks. (Up to 3 marks) On average, a bird can release 137.5kg of droppings in a year. How much poo would the birds produce in 5 years? (Up to 3 marks) The French Hens had 2 chicks each. When they grew up each of these chicks had 4 chicks each and these chicks then had 3 chicks each. How many French Hens were there altogether? (Up to 3 marks) A goose will lay one egg a day for approximately 9 months of the year. Approximately how many eggs will I have each year? (Up to 3 marks) A piper�s pipe costs �32.00. A drummer�s drumsticks costs one tenth of the price of a dancing lady�s shoes. The milking maid�s milking machines cost double that of the piper�s pipes and the dancing lady�s shoes cost half of the piper�s pipes whilst the leaping lords pay double the cost of drummer�s drumsticks for their Lycra tights. How much did the drummers, pipers, lords, ladies and maids pay for all of their equipment? (Up to 5 marks) Name: ANSWER SHEET The Twelfth Day of Christmas On the twelfth day of Christmas,� my True Love sent to me� Twelve drummers drumming,� Eleven pipers piping,� Ten lords a-leaping,� Nine ladies dancing,� Eight maids a-milking,� Seven swans a-swimming,� Six geese a-laying,� Five golden rings,� Four calling birds,� Three French hens,� Two turtle doves,� And a partridge in a pear tree! Full marks are awarded if the question is correct. On questions worth multiple marks, some marks may be awarded if appropriate calculation methods are used or answers may be partially correct � markers discrection. How many presents were given to me by my True Love altogether? (1 mark) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 How many birds were sent by my True Love? (1 mark) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 7 How many people did my True Love send to entertain me? (1 mark) 12 + 11 + 10 +9 + 8 How many wings are there in the song? (1 mark) 23 x 2 How many legs are there in the song? (1 mark) 73 x 2 If I shared all of my presents with you, how many would we have each? (1 mark) 78 � 2 If all the people who had to read music needed glasses, how many pairs of glasses would be needed? (1 mark) 12 Drummers + 11 Pipers How many of the gifts are definitely female? (1 mark) 9 Ladies Dancing, 8 Maids & 3 French Hens How many letters are there in the verse? (1 mark) Count them! (Does not include title) If each maid managed to get 4 pints of milk a day, how many pints of milk would I have to drink in a leap year? (Up to 2 marks) 4 x 8 x 366 Each Calling Bird can call non-stop for one hour and 27 minutes. If they take it in turns to call without a break between them and the first starts at 11:15am, what time will the fourth bird stop calling at? (Up to 2 marks) 5hrs 48 mins on from 11:15am If next year my True Love decided to be even more generous and changed it to the 16 Days of Christmas, how many presents would I receive on the last day? (Up to 2 marks) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 If each of the people bought 6 presents each for their family and the birds bought 13 presents each for their family, who bought the most amount of presents and how many � the people or the birds? (Up to 2 marks) People 50 x 6 = 300 Birds 23 x 13 = 299 If the first swan swam 8km and then each of the swans after swam double the amount of the one before, how far would the swans have swum altogether in metres? (Up to 3 marks) 8,000 + 16,000 + 32,000 + 64,000 + 128,000 + 256,000 + 512,000 or 2 marks for showing 1,016km The jeweller said that each of my gold rings was worth �1000 but each year they would be worth 10% less. How much would all 5 rings together be worth after 3 years? (Up to 3 marks) 5 x �1000 = �5000 Year 1 - 90% of �5000 = �4500 Year 2 - 90% of �4500 = �4050 Year 3 - 90% of �4050 = �3645 The average partridge weighs 1,200g. The average pear tree can hold up to 450kg in extra weight. What is the maximum amount of partridges that could sit in the pear tree before the tree breaks? (Up to 3 marks) 450 � 1.2 = 375 or 450,000 � 1,200 = 375 On average, a bird can release 137.5kg of droppings in a year. How much poo would the birds produce in 5 years? (Up to 3 marks) 23 (birds) x 137.5 (droppings kg) x 5 (years) The French Hens had 2 chicks each. When they grew up each of these chicks had 4 chicks each and these chicks then had 3 chicks each. How many French Hens were there altogether? (Up to 3 marks) 3 French Hens had 6 chicks 6 chicks had 24 chicks 24 chicks had 72 chicks 3 + 6 + 24 + 72 A goose will lay one egg a day for approximately 9 months of the year. Approximately how many eggs will I have each year? (Up to 3 marks) � of 365 = 273.75 - 273.75 x 6 = 1642.5 or 9 (months) x 30 (average days) = 270 - 270 x 6 = 1620 A piper�s pipe costs �32.00. A drummer�s drumsticks costs one tenth of the price of a dancing lady�s shoes. The milking maid�s milking machines cost double that of the piper�s pipes and the dancing lady�s shoes cost half of the piper�s pipes whilst the leaping lords pay double the cost of drummer�s drumsticks for their Lycra tights. How much did the drummers, pipers, lords, ladies and maids pay for all of their equipment? 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Who had a minor hit in 1986 with the song Santa Claus Is On The Dole?	THE TWELVE DAYS OF CHRISTMAS: FOOD OR FAITH? THE TWELVE DAYS OF CHRISTMAS THE COUNTRY ESTATE (FOOD) EXPLANATION It seems likely that the popular "Twelve Days of Christmas" song relates to the stocking and running of a country estate. The "partridge in a pear tree" refers to a plot of wooded land suitable for breeding game birds such as partridges, pheasants and other game birds. It is also suggested that the gift of a pear tree would get a person started on their own orchard with a view to fermenting the fruit into perry! If the tree was itself a gift, the giver would probably have chosen a more exotic fruit tree e.g. orange tree as these were grown in large pots in the orangery (a bit like a greenhouse for over-wintering tender plants) of large houses. If this gift is indeed given on 12 consecutive days, it results in a moderate orchard and a foundation flock of partridges. Partridges are not indigenous to England (introduced during the 1770s from France), but they provide better alliteration in the song, so the actual reference was probably to another small game bird. The "pigeon" seems an obvious choice, but pigeons are covered by the reference to 2 turtle doves. The two turtle doves, while a classic symbol of love, are a food item although wood pigeons are preferable for meat yield. Many big houses kept dovecotes, not for ornamental value as today, but to breed pigeons for their meat. A male and female turtle dove would certainly have started off someone's a dovecote. If the gift is given on 11 days it would more than adequately stock the dovecote. Today, dovecotes are ornamental and usually have white fantail doves rather than pigeons for the pot. Doves are varieties of pigeon. The recipient's poultry flock is augmented by 3 French hens (a total of 30 if the gift is given on 10 days), although hopefully one of the birds is actually a cockerel! It is equally likely that the French hens would be put with an English barnyard fowl. Quite what breed the "French" hen alludes to is uncertain, but it seems likely that its eggs were somehow superior to those of English breeds, or that it is more productive, or even that it was a fancy fowl which also served as an affectation or status symbol. In the earlier part of British history, albeit well before this song, hens were unknown and ducks were kept for their eggs. Although the 4 colley birds is frequently explained as 4 coaly (black) birds, it is just as likely to be calling birds in keeping with the food theme. A "calling" pheasant i.e. one trying to attract a mate, is tethered or caged and attracts other birds into the area. Gamekeepers put calling birds - not just pheasants - on land where they want to increase the grouse or pheasant population, e.g. moorland used for game shooting - hence "calling birds" could be a useful gift. This practice is still found today. Once more, if given on multiple days, it provides the foundation of an excellent stock of gamebirds. If the "coaly" interpretation is preferred - and colley was, at the time, an adjective meaning black- it still provides a little more than 4-and-20 blackbirds required for pie. Five gold rings is a debatable one. If taken literally, it indicates a gift of wealth in the form of jewelry or gold coins. The rings might mean "round pieces" e.g. coins. This would eventually amount to a small treasure chest of gold, possibly indicating a dowry. It is also suggested that the gold rings refer to yellow rounds of cheeses - not as silly as you might think when you consider that a later gift includes dairy cattle and maids to milk them. The estate would produce milk, butter, cheese and eggs - or as a modern writer has suggested "at least some of the ingredients of a good quiche" (which harks back to the French connection begun with the Partridge and the French Hens)! A much better explanation, though, is that the 5 gold rings means 5 ring-necked pheasants - another game bird essential for any country estate and still eaten at Christmas today. This also fits the pattern of gifts - partridge, pigeons, poultry, blackbirds, pheasants, geese and swans - all birds. 6 geese a-laying would provide not only eggs, but also meat. The 7 swans a swimming might sound picturesque today, but swans were eaten in the same as ducks or geese (and are very similar in flesh). Swans are also a symbol of the gentry (today most are possessions of the crown) and allude to the wealth of the estate - something already suggested if the gold rings are gold coins. The swans, geese and inevitable ducks could be expected to breed and populate a waterfowl lake on the estate. A well-appointed estate would have woodland for gamebirds and a lake for waterfowl, some of which might be ornamental, but most of which were farmed for their eggs, flesh and even for their feathers (used in quilts, pillows, arrow fletchings etc). Goose-grease was an excellent lubricant for mechanical items and also used as the basis for ointments (a goose-grease based ointment has been used in the treatment of mastitis, or inflamed udder, in dairy cattle). The later gifts almost certainly allude in part to the staff needed for running the estate. Consider the 8 maids a-milking - the maids need something to milk i.e. cattle (unless you have a bawdy personality and interpret them as maids in milk i.e. wet nurses - though they would not then be described as "maids"). The cattle (if you multiply the number of cows by the number of days they are given you end up with a sizeable herd) require milkmaids. The women are not described as "milkmaids" but as "maids a-milking" which suggests the gift is one of "maids" in general i.e. ladies' maids, kitchen maids, chamber maids etc. The 10 leaping lords, 9 dancing ladies, 11 pipers and 12 drummers are suggestive of a celebratory feast, possibly to Christmas dinner itself. This would be accompanied by music i.e. the pipers who accompanied the meal as well as providing music for dancing later on. Pipes and drums were popular instrumental combinations. Bear in mind that some of these turn up on consecutive days resulting in 36 ladies, 30 lords, 22 pipers and 12 drummers! Perhaps some of these were not "lords" or "ladies" in the sense of wealthy individuals, but are further references to the staff leaping or scurrying about their tasks or to tenant farmers on the estate. If not references to staff, the leaping lords and dancing ladies would refer to the celebrants at the meal, especially to the dancing later on. There is a suggestion that this comes full circle to the perry (an alcoholic drink akin to cider) made from the pear tress mentioned at the beginning. This ties in with the saying "as drunk as a lord". Another suggestion is that "leaping" indicates the effects of hallucinogenic ergotamine poisoning due to bacteria in stored grain. All in all, we have some of the basics for a largely self-sufficient country estate - a considerable staff for the household and grounds, a dairy, poultry, waterfowl, gamebirds, orchard and possibly a large amount of money in the form of gold coin. Possibly some of the other essentials, for example the stables, simply weren't poetic enough for inclusion. THE BIBLICAL EXPLANATION (URBAN LEGEND) Somewhere along the line, someone decided to claim the "Twelve Days of Christmas" for their own, in much the same way that early Christians claimed a pagan festival (Yule, Winter Solstice) and its symbols (Yuletide evergreens) and combined them with Christian symbols. This annexation of non-Christian symbols and themes is fairly common. In my entirely fictional "food" explanation above, I have already proved how it is possible to reinterpret the song to add your own meanings (all that is needed is a little imagination). In non-Christian tradition, the Twelve Days of Christmas are the twelve days before Christmas; the twelve Nights of Yule are 20th December to 1st of January. In the Western Church, the twelve days from Christmas are the days from December 25th until January 5th (Twelfth Night), with Epiphany (Three Kings Day) being on January 6th. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Christmas is celebrated on January 7th so the 12 days occur before Christmas. "The Twelve Days of Christmas" is a nonsense song or memory game for children (and for inebriated adults). It has far more recently been claimed by Christians as being a Catholic catechism song. The Christian religion is full of "numbers of things" (2 Bible testaments, 4 Gospels, 7 deadly sins, 10 Commandments etc) so it is an easy task for anyone conversant with the Bible to match numbers of things to the gifts in the song and to claim the gifts to be religious references or symbols. The religious interpretation claims that it was a mnemonic aiding secret instruction in the Catholic faith in the 16th Century when Catholicism was prohibited (and at various times between 1558 and 1829 varied from being a capital offence to being tolerated). The "true love" would therefore mean the Christian god and the "me" would be the baptised person, the "days" supposedly represent important aspects of the Catholic Christian tradition and the partridge would be Jesus represented as a protective mother partridge (a feminine aspect of Jesus? Good gracious!). The problem with debunking the supposed religious origins of the "Twelve Days of Christmas" is that adherents to the explanation have their own personal agendas for maintaining the urban legend. There is no firm evidence to support a religious explanation. Meanwhile, religious adherents will claim there is no firm evidence to disprove it. If a religious connection makes people more comfortable singing it, that's no problem as long as the modernity of the religious connection is acknowledged (or at least is not disguised). It is equally possible to interpret the song as being entirely about a wealthy individual stocking a country estate with food and servants, possibly with a dowry thrown in and the five rings leaves it wide open to an Olympic sports interpretation! The religious connection:- True Love = the Christian deity Me = baptised individual 1 Partridge in a Pear Tree = Jesus (son of the Christian deity) 2 Turtle Doves = The Old and New Testaments, or Adam and Eve, or the two-of-each-kind in Noah's Ark 3 French Hens = Theological virtues: Faith, Hope and Love/Charity or Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. 4 Calling Birds = the 4 Gospels and/or the 4 Evangelists 5 Golden Rings = The first 5 Books of the Old Testament (Pentateuch), or the 5 decades of the rosary, or the 5 obligatory sacraments 6 Geese A-laying = the 6 days of creation 7 Swans A-swimming = the 7 gifts of the Holy Spirit, the 7 sacraments, the seventh day (sabbath) 8 Maids A-milking = the 8 beatitudes i.e. the "blessed are" recitations 9 Ladies Dancing = the 9 Fruits of the Holy Spirit 10 Lords A-leaping = the 10 commandments 11 Pipers Piping = the 11 faithful apostles 12 Drummers Drumming = the 12 points of doctrine in the Apostle's Creed, the 12 tribes of Israel The Religious explanation has some gaping holes in it. Firstly, many of the enumerated items above were common to both Catholic and Protestant traditions and there was no need to encode them to preserve the tenets of the Catholic Christian tradition. These could be taught openly - the cryptic references are entirely unnecessary. Secondly, why have a teaching song which can only be sung at Christmas? What mnemonics did they sing throughout the rest of the year? The content would quickly be forgotten by youngsters in the interval between Christmases! Supposedly in nursery rhymes such as "Sing a song of sixpence" (the Reformation -destruction of English monasteries by Henry VIII), "Rock-a-bye, baby" (downfall of James II in 1688), "Ring-a-ring of roses" (black plague of 1665), although those hidden meanings have been read into simple nonsense rhymes at later dates. Even today, there are some people who delight in reinterpreting such things and adding "hidden" meanings entirely for their own amusement. Thirdly, many of the symbols have no obvious connection to the religious concepts they supposedly represent. How can eight milkmaids represent 8 beatitudes? What connection is there between 9 dancing ladies and 9 fruits of the Holy Spirit? This indicates that the religious explanation has been retrofitted to the existing song. Fourthly, some numbers have multiple or variant explanations (e.g. the 4 gospels, 5 rings); a true mnemonic has a one-to-one mapping otherwise it is useless as a memory aid. The number of different explanations for several of the enumerations is symptomatic of retrofitting meanings to a pre-existing nonsense rhyme. The religious explanation is attributed to a certain Father Hal Stockert who claims to have discovered it while researching an unrelated project via Latin texts. He apparently first reported it in 1982 and it was published in 1995 via the Catholic Information Network. His primary "sources" were cited as asides in letters from Irish Jesuit priests writing to the motherhouse at Douai-Rheims, France. Inconveniently for those wanting to verify these claims, Stockert's notes were lost when a plumbing leak flooded the church basement. His original article is allegedly on a computer floppy disk so old that nobody has a machine that can read it, anymore - in fact, there are specialist data retrieval firms able to reclaim data from ancient disks/tapes and there are museums full of old computer equipment, much of it still in working order. In other words, there is no evidence. What Stockert has done (there being no independent corroborating evidence) is no different to what many others have done over the centuries - making existing items compatible with religious beliefs (the same goes for adopting pagan evergreens). The "Twelve Days of Christmas" seems to have come from France, there being three known French versions. Some of the enumerated items were not found in England in the 16th Century. The partridge (also known as the French partridge) was introduced into England in the latter part of the 18th Century. The first several gifts are all birds: partridge, turtle doves, French hens, colly-birds (blackbirds), ring-necked pheasants (the 5 "gold rings" of the song), geese and swans. The remaining gifts are all people. "The Twelve Days of Christmas" may have begun as a Twelfth Night memory/forfeit game. The song leader recites a verse, each player repeats it, the leader adds another verse, the players repeat the new verse and the old ones until someone makes a mistake and pays a penalty- historically a chaste kiss or a sweetmeat. According to Leigh Grant's "A Celebration and History," the 1780 children's book "Mirth Without Mischief" is the oldest printed version of the song and presents it as a game. Modern memory/forfeit games are often drinking games where the penalty is drinking a measure of alcohol, thus increasing the likelihood of errors later on! According to Leigh Grant's "A Celebration and History," the 1780 children's book "Mirth Without Mischief" is the oldest printed version of the song and presents it as a game. For those interested in such things, a similarly structured repetition-based song is " Green Grow the Rushes, O !": One is one and all alone and ever more shall be so. Two, two the lily-white boys, clothed all in green, ho-ho. Three, three the rivals" etc. It would certainly fill the months when Christmas songs are inappropriate, especially as it openly contains religious references! There is a now-forgotten song from 1625 similar in theme to the "Twelve Days of Christmas". "A New Dial" aka "In Those Twelve Days" is a question-and-answer song which does associate religious meanings with either the 12 days or the 12 hours of the day (since it is a dial). It is a Christian song (except perhaps for the Muses from Graeco-Roman mythology), but not a teaching song. Perhaps Stockert transferred some of this forgotten song's meanings to the more popular "Twelve Days of Christmas". What are they that are but one? We have one God alone In heaven above sits on His throne. What are they which are by two? Two testaments, the old and new, We do acknowledge to be true. What are they which are but three? Three persons in the Trinity Which make one God in unity. What are they which are but four Four sweet Evangelists there are, Christ's birth, life, death which do declare. What are they which are but five? Five senses, like five kings, maintain In every man a several reign. What are they which are but six? Six days to labour is not wrong, For God himself did work so long. What are they which are but seven? Seven liberal arts hath God sent down With divine skill man's soul to crown. What are they which are but eight? Eight Beatitudes are there given Use them right and go to heaven. What are they which are but nine? Nine Muses, like the heaven's nine spheres, With sacred tunes entice our ears. What are they which are but ten? Ten statutes God to Moses gave Which, kept or broke, do spill or save. What are they which are but eleven? Eleven thousand virgins did partake And suffered death for Jesus' sake. What are they which are but twelve? Twelve are attending on God's son; Twelve make our creed. The Dial's done. Seven refers to the liberal arts of the 13th century scholastics: the "trivium:" grammar, rhetoric and dialectic and the "quadrivium:" arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. Early scholastics also gives the nine Muses of ancient Greece: Calliope (epic song), Clio (history), Euterpe (lyric song), Thalia (comedy) Melpomene (tragedy), Terpsichore (dance), Erato (erotic poetry), Polymnia (sacred song) and Urania (astronomy). Eleven thousand virgins refers to the legend of St Ursula; the high number is probably a mis-translation of St Ursula and eleven virgins. Although the verse mentions "heaven's 9 spheres" Uranus, Neptune and Pluto were not known in 1625, hence the verse has either mutated over time or refers to the 9 orders of angels. HOW THE RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS ARE RETROFITTED TO THE SONG Partridge in a Pear Tree Partridge = Jesus whose birthday is celebrated at Christmas. The tenuous explanation given is that Jesus is symbolically presented as a mother partridge that feigns injury to decoy predators from her helpless nestlings, recalling the expression of Christ's sadness over the fate of Jerusalem: "Jerusalem! Jerusalem! How often would I have sheltered you under my wings, as a hen does her chicks, but you would not have it so . . . ." (Luke 13:34) No explanation is given for the pear tree. And why a partridge (and a female one at that) when a lamb is a more common symbol? Two Turtle Doves The Old and New Testaments of the Bible. This ignores the many books which have been excluded from the Bible because they somehow did not fit in (the Bible has been edited by humans who decided what went in and what stayed out). In addition to the two testaments, there is the Apocrypha and there are collections of books now published as "The Lost Books of the Bible" and "The Forgotten Books of Eden". Alternatively it is the two first humans - Adam and Eve - or even the two of each type of animal taken on board the Noah's Ark. The Bible contains plenty of twos to choose from which are more persuasive than the number of testaments (which was decided by its editors). Three French Hens The Three Theological Virtues: Faith, Hope, Love (1 Corinthians 13:13) or Faith, Hope and Charity (Cherishing). It could also mean the "Love, Honour and Obey" of the Christian wedding service. Then there is the more conventional trinity of Father, Son, Holy Ghost, the Three Kings or the threesome of Mary, Joseph and baby Jesus. Once again, the Bible has a host of threesomes to choose from. Four Colley/Calling Birds You can take your pick of The Four Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John or the Four Evangelists: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel Five Gold(en) Rings First Five Books of the Old Testament (Torah, Pentateuch): Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, detailing the creation and man's fall from grace (Christianity's take on the creation myths common to all cultures). Or you could have the five decades of the rosary, the five obligatory sacraments of the church or even the five senses. It seems there are plenty of fives to choose from. Six Geese a-laying The six days of creation (Genesis 1). Seven Swans a-swimming Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit: wisdom, knowledge, faith, healing, prophecy, discernment, speaking in tongues (also defined as prophecy, ministry, teaching, exhortation, giving, leading, compassion) (Romans 12:6-8; cf. 1 Corinthians 12:8-11) Alternatively it means the seventh day, drawing attention to observing the Sabbath, or the seven sacraments. Eight Maids a-milking Eight Beatitudes i.e. "blessed are":- the poor in spirit; those who mourn; the meek; those who hunger and thirst for righteousness; the merciful; the pure in heart; the peacemakers; those who are persecuted for righteousness' sake. (Matthew 5:3-10) Nine Ladies Dancing The nine Fruit of the Holy Spirit: Love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temperance (also defined as love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, generosity, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control) (Galatians 5:22) Ten Lords A-leaping Ten commandments (Exodus 20:1-17) Eleven Pipers Piping Eleven Faithful Apostles: Simon Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James bar Alphaeus, Simon the Zealot, Judas bar James. (Luke 6:14-16). The twelfth disciple was the traitor Judas Iscariot. Twelve Drummers Drumming It could have been the 12 Apostles (including Judas), but these have already been used to explain the 11 pipers. Therefore the Biblical association attached to the song became the 12 points of doctrine in the Apostle's Creed: 1) I believe in God, the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth. 2) I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord. 3) He was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary. 4) He suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried. He descended into hell [the grave]. 5) On the third day he rose again. He ascended into heaven, and is seated at the right hand of the Father. 6) He will come again to judge the living and the dead. 7) I believe in the Holy Spirit, 8) the holy catholic Church, 9) the communion of saints, 10) the forgiveness of sins, 11) the resurrection of the body, 12) and life everlasting. This really does play the numbers game since (4) contains 3 items - torture, crucifixion and descent into the grave; (5) also contains 3 items - rising again, ascension to heaven, seated at the right hand and numbers (7) to (12) are a single item which has been split into 6 parts to make up the numbers! The Twelve Tribes of Israel is a far neater enumeration. Two, two, the Lily and the Rose That shine both red and green-O, One is One and All Alone, And ever more shall be so! The associations attached to the "Twelve Days of Christmas" could be transferred to this song. The following are additional interpretations which have been attached to the song. One is one, and all alone, and ever more shall be so The One Christian deity; the commandments instruct that there shall be "no other god before me". Two lily-white boys The two testaments of the Christian Bible, or Moses and Aaron, or Cain and Abel, Jesus and John the Baptist or (since they are clad in green) two Yuletide evergreens such as the holly and ivy. Three rivals/three arrivals If interpreted as "three arrivals" it is easily interpreted as the three magi or three patriarchs. The "three rivals" is more cryptic, but could be the rivals of God - the beast whose number is 666 (Revelations). It could also be the Father, Son and Holy Ghost trinity, although it is unclear why they would be rivals. Four gospel-makers The four gospels of the New Testament or the four Evangelists; in non-Christian versions the four points of the compass. Five symbols at your door Aside from the first five books of the Old testament, the most obvious interpretation is a pentagram marked on a door to ward off evil (an upside-down pentagram has occult connotations). Alternatively (since there are Jewish variants of the song) it might just be "five for the symbol at your door" meaning the Mezuzah rather than referring to five items. Six for the six proud walkers/charming waiters Six men with drawn swords who accompanied the man with the writer's inkhorn (Ezekiel). More tenuously, it is suggested that the verse should be "six proud waters" alluding to the six jars of water turned into wine by Jesus at the miracle of Cana. Seven for the seven stars in the sky Jesus is portrayed as surrounded by 7 stars representing the 7 early churches (Revelations, Chapter 1). There are several constellations with 7 stars - the Plough and the Pleiades are examples - some of which are more visible at certain times of year and therefore seasonal markers. Eight brave rangers/April rainers Possibly "April rainers" relates to Isaiah 8:45 "You heavens above, rain down righteousness; let the clouds shower it down." If the theme of stars and bright shiners is extended, it could mean the Hyades (the "Rainy Hyades") which rise in April (i.e. April Showers!) Nine bright shiners There are 9 orders of angels; the Jewish Chanukkah chandelier has 9 candles. Ten for the Ten Commandments Self-explanatory - it is one of the few fixed numbers common to "Twelve Days of Christmas", "A New Dial" and "Green Grow the Rushes O".. Eleven who went to heaven The eleven faithful apostles (i.e. excluding Judas Iscariot) or alternatively, St Ursula and her eleven thousand maidens as enumerated in "A New Dial". Twelve for the twelve apostles This ties in nicely with eleven; there were 12 apostles, but only 11 went to heaven. It would have fitted "Twelve Days of Christmas" as well, but there was a need to fit some tenets of faith into that.	i don't know
Who famously sang Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas in the film Meet Me In St Louis?	JUDY GARLAND: 'MEET ME IN ST LOUIS'. 'HAVE YOURSELF A MERRY LITTLE CHRISTMAS' WITH SNOWMAN CLIP. - YouTube JUDY GARLAND: 'MEET ME IN ST LOUIS'. 'HAVE YOURSELF A MERRY LITTLE CHRISTMAS' WITH SNOWMAN CLIP. Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Dec 11, 2009 Judy began work on 'Meet Me in St. Louis' when she was 21 years old. It was during the filming of this movie that she became romantically involved with Vincente Minnelli. The movie was completed in April 1944, and released in St. Louis on November 22, 1944. It broke box-office records all over the country as not only Judy's greatest hit to date, but MGM's top money maker, second only to Gone with the Wind. Margaret O'Brien won an Oscar for her portrayal of Tootie, and 'The Trolley Song' was nominated for Best Song Academy Award. 'Meet Me in St. Louis' is one of the most beloved musicals ever made, and considered to be one of the best. Judy initially wanted nothing to do with 'Meet Me in St. Louis' because she was finally being given some adult roles, and she was concerned about being cast as a seventeen-year-old. Mayer was insistent, and Minnelli eventually convinced her to play the part. After she began working on the project, she became enchanted with the story and came to love it. Courtesy of: http://www.jgdb.com/stlouis.htm The original lyrics for 'Have Yourself A Merry little Christmas' ,written by Hugh Martin, were considered by many, including Judy, to be too depressing. Although Martin resisted at first, he made the changes to the song ... & it is what we have today as a great American classic Christmas song. Original lyrics: Have yourself a merry little Christmas, it may be your last, Next year we may all be living in the past Have yourself a merry little Christmas, pop that champagne cork, Next year we will all be living in New York. No good times like the olden days, happy golden days of yore, Faithful friends who were dear to us, will be near to us no more. But at least we all will be together, if the Fates allow, From now on we'll have to muddle through somehow. So have yourself a merry little Christmas now. I think we all understand why Judy wanted it changed: Have yourself a merry little Christmas Let your heart be light Next year all our troubles will be out of sight Have yourself a merry little Christmas Make the yule-tide gay Next year all our troubles will be miles away Once again as in olden days Happy golden days of yore Faithful friends who are dear to us Will be near to us once more Someday soon, we all will be together If the Fates allow Until then, we'll have to muddle through somehow So have yourself a merry little Christmas now. No copyright infringement intended	Judy Garland
When you first took my hand on a cold christmas eve you promised me Broadway was waiting for me is a lyric from which Christmas song?	'Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas': Judy Garland's Ode to Seasonal Melancholy - The Atlantic The Atlantic See our Newsletters > ‘Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas’: An Ode to Seasonal Melancholy The song popularized by Judy Garland in Meet Me in St. Louis captures the bittersweet nostalgia many feel around this time of year. MGM Print Text Size Welcome to The 12 Days of Christmas Songs : an attempt to uncover the forgotten history of some of the most memorable festive tunes. From December 14 through 25, we’ll be tackling one secular song and one holy song each day. “There’s no place like home” is a quote from a very different Judy Garland movie, but it encapsulates the spirit of Meet Me in St. Louis just as well. In the 1944 musical, Garland’s character, Esther, is the second-oldest daughter to the Smith family, living happily in St. Louis until her father is called to relocate to New York for work. On Christmas Eve, Esther comes home from a holiday ball to find her younger sister worrying Santa won’t be able to find them after the move. The 12 Days of Christmas Songs Reflections on the music of the season, both secular and sacred Read more Meet Me in St. Louis was set in 1903, but the song “Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas” was written in 1943 by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane before filming began, during World War II. Martin’s original lyrics, he told NPR’s Terry Gross in 2006 , were deemed too sad, so he was obliged to rewrite them. The first set went: Have yourself a merry little Christmas It may be your last Next year we may all be living in the past Have yourself a merry little Christmas Pop that champagne cork Next year we may all be living in New York After Garland protested that it would be unnecessarily cruel to sing these lines to a brokenhearted younger sister, Martin wrote the lines she sang in the film: Have yourself a merry little Christmas Let your heart be light Next year all our troubles will be out of sight Have yourself a merry little Christmas Make the yuletide gay Next year all our troubles will be miles away It’s a cheerier perspective, for sure, but there’s still a lingering sense of melancholy, which manifests in the film when Esther’s sister responds to the song by running outside in her nightgown and smashing up all the snow-people she’s crafted in the front yard. The song also held special resonance for American soldiers fighting in Europe when the movie came out, and Garland sang it live at the Hollywood Canteen, a club for servicemen on their way overseas. There’s a particular sadness in the lines Garland sings at the end of the song, implying both loss and the wartime obligation to endure: Some day soon we all will be together If the fates allow Until then we’ll have to muddle through somehow In 1957, Frank Sinatra asked Martin to write a cheerier update for the song, which prompted the new line, “Hang a shining star upon the highest bough.” And it’s this version that performers typically use now, from Bette Midler to Babyface to Sam Smith . As much as Garland’s version will always be the definitive one, the song has prompted a number of moving interpretations. One of my favorites is by James Taylor, using the original lyrics, because it captures the bittersweet nostalgia and homesickness so many people feel around this time of year.	i don't know
For which 1990 invention was Tim Berners-Lee awarded the first Millenium Technology Prize in April 2004?	Cover Pages: W3C Director Tim Berners-Lee Awarded Millennium Technology Prize. News: Cover Stories W3C Director Tim Berners-Lee Awarded Millennium Technology Prize. An announcement from the Finnish Technology Award Foundation describes the selection of Tim Berners-Lee by unanimous vote of the International Award Selection Committee as recipient of the first Millennium Technology Prize. A graduate of Oxford University, England, Tim Berners-Lee "holds the 3Com Founders chair at the Laboratory for Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He directs the World Wide Web Consortium, an open forum of companies and organizations with the mission to lead the Web to its full potential." The Finnish Millennium Technology Prize is awarded every other year for innovation based on scientific research in any of four disciplines: Health Care and Life Sciences, Communications and Information, New Materials and Processes, and Energy and the Environment. It is a technology award granted "for outstanding technological achievements that directly promote people's quality of life, are based on humane values, and encourage sustainable economic development." Berners-Lee was selected for the Millennium Technology Prize 2004 from a group of 78 nominees representing twenty-two countries and four continents. The Award Ceremony will be held on June 15, 2004 at Finlandia Hall in Helsinki, Finland. Ms Tarja Halonen, President of the Republic of Finland and Patron of the Millennium Technology Prize, has been invited to present the Prize, which carries a value of one million euros. About The Millennium Technology Prize and Finnish Technology Award Foundation The Finnish Millennium Technology Prize is the world's biggest technology award, given "for outstanding technological achievements that directly promote people's quality of life, are based on humane values, and encourage sustainable economic development. The Prize is intended to stimulate further achievements by the Award Winner(s) and other visionaries. For this reason it is normally awarded for specific innovations made during the preceding ten years. The Prize will not be awarded for cumulative accomplishments over a lifetime career, or for achievements already rewarded in international forums. The Prize is awarded either to an individual or to a research team. It may be shared by a maximum of three individuals who were not members of the same team, if the Award Selection Committee judges that they have each made a critical scientific or technological contribution of essentially equal merit to the success of the innovation... Rationale for the Millennium Technology Prize was given by Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen, speaker of the Finnish parliament, at the founding ceremony in November 2002: 'The Millennium Prize is needed because Finland today is ranked No. 1 in technology and we benefit so much from world markets in high technology so that we owe this to the world, to science, to those who make a contribution to creating prosperity through high technology, that we establish this Millennium Prize'... The Finnish Technology Award Foundation is an independent fund established in 2002 by eight Finnish organisations that support technological development and innovation. Its mission is to promote scientific research that aims to enhance the quality of life through new technology. We also seek to encourage networking and international cooperation on this field. This vision enjoys wide support in Finland, including that of the President of the Republic, Tarja Halonen. The Board of the Foundation consists of the representatives of its eight founding members, the Academy of Finland and National Technology Agency of Finland. The funding is provided by the public and private sectors in partnership..." [adapted from the prize description and Award Foundation overview ] Millennium Technology Conference 2004 "The Millennium Technology Conference provides an international forum for interaction between decision makers, leaders of opinion, scientists and specialists working in different disciplines. The aim is to generate new insights and future scenarios based on ground-breaking technological paradigms. Innovations based on scientific research which improve quality of life, support human values and lead to favourable economic development will be the subject of specific attention. The conference also celebrates the world's biggest recongnition for technological innovation, the Millennium Technology Prize, which will be awarded for the first time on 15th June 2004." See the conference program Tim Berners-Lee Bio "A graduate of Oxford University, England, Tim now holds the 3Com Founders chair at the Laboratory for Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He directs the World Wide Web Consortium, an open forum of companies and organizations with the mission to lead the Web to its full potential. With a background of system design in real-time communications and text processing software development, in 1989 he invented the World Wide Web, an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing. while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory. He wrote the first web client (browser-editor) and server in 1990. Before coming to CERN, Tim worked with Image Computer Systems, of Ferndown, Dorset, England and before that as a principal engineer with Plessey Telecommunications, in Poole, England..." [from the TBL W3C Staff page ; photo from LeFebvre Communications via W3C] From the Press International CNN.com News (June 16, 2004). Tim Berners-Lee, who received a €1 million ($1.2 million) cash prize for creating the World Wide Web, says he would never have succeeded if he had charged money for his inventions. 'If I had tried to demand fees ... there would be no World Wide Web,' Berners-Lee, 49, said Tuesday at a ceremony for winning the first Millennium Technology Prize. 'There would be lots of small webs.' The prize committee agreed, citing the importance of Berners-Lee's decision never to commercialize or patent his contributions to the Internet technologies he had developed, and recognizing his revolutionary contribution to humanity's ability to communicate. Berners-Lee, who is originally from Britain and was knighted last December, has mostly avoided both the fame and the fortune won by many of his Internet colleagues. Despite his prize, he remained modest about his achievements. 'I was just taking lots of things that already existed and added a little little bit,' said Berners-Lee, who now runs the standard-setting World Wide Web Consortium from an office at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 'Building the Web, I didn't do it all myself,' he said. 'The really exciting thing about it is that it was done by lots and lots of people, connected with this tremendous spirit.' Berners-Lee indeed took concepts that were well known to engineers since the 1960s, but it was he who saw the value of marrying them. Pekka Tarjanne, chairman of the prize committee, said 'no one doubts who the father of the World Wide Web is, except Berners-Lee himself'..." ECommerce Times (ETC) (June 16, 2004). "Sir Tim Berners-Lee said upon receiving the first Millennium Technology Prize, 'Building the Web, I didn't do it all myself. The really exciting thing about it is that it was done by lots and lots of people, connected with this tremendous spirit.' If Tim Berners-Lee had decided to patent his idea in 1989, the Internet would be a different place. Instead, the World Wide Web became free to anyone who could make use of it... Software patenting today, Berners-Lee says, has run amok. In April, Microsoft was awarded a U.S. patent for the use of short, long or double-clicks on the same button of a hand-held computer to launch applications... 'The problem now is someone can write something out of their own creativity, and a lawyer can look over their shoulder later and say, 'Actually, I'm sorry, but lines 35 to 42 we own, even though you wrote it,'' said Berners-Lee, who is director of the World Wide Web Consortium based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 'What's at stake here is the whole spirit in which software has been developed to date,' he said. 'If you can imagine a computer doing it, then you can write a computer program to do it. That spirit has been behind so many wonderful developments. 'And when you connect that to the spirit of the Internet, the spirit of openness and sharing, it's terribly stifling to creativity. It's stifling to the academic side of doing research and thinking up new ideas, it's stifling to the new industry and the new enterprises that come out of that'... Pekka Tarjanne, the former director general of the International Telecommunication Union who led the awards selection committee, said it was 'surprisingly easy' to settle on Berners-Lee as the prize's first recipient, despite the 78 nominations and the eight judges on the committee." [Pakistan] Daily Times (June 17, 2004). "Today we are grateful to its modest inventor, Sir Tim, who chose not to patent his invention, thereby making it a universal tool... The biggest breakthrough [in the past half-century] that has propelled societies is the Internet and the Web. And the real effects of the knowledge-based economy are only now beginning to be felt. In societies such as ours, the move toward absorbing these technologies is gathering pace, and the challenge is to use these new developments for the propagation of humane values that encourage sustainable development. It is these very values that this Finnish technology award is designed to recognise..." "Web Inventor Wins $1.23 Million Award. Berners-Lee First Honoree of Millennium Technology Prize." From Reuters, via MSNBC News (April 15, 2004). "World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee won $1.23 million on Thursday, the largest single amount of money he has made from an invention that has made many others very rich. Berners-Lee, 48, was named the first winner of the world's largest technology award — the Millennium Technology Prize — by the Finnish Technology Award Foundation at a ceremony in the Finnish city of Espoo. When myriad dot-com firms went public in the late 1990s, their founders were instantly turned into millionaires at the height of the Internet investment bubble. Most people would be hard-pressed to name the retiring Internet architect, who bypassed cashing-in on his technology contributions for an academic's salary at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States." InfoWorld (April 16, 2004). "The foundation describes the award as an international acknowledgement of outstanding technological innovation that directly promotes people's quality of life, is based on humane values, and encourages sustainable economic development. While working at the European particle physics laboratory CERN in 1989, Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project, designed to allow people to work together through organizing, linking and browsing pages of content. That hypertext project became known as the World Wide Web. The program, WorldWideWeb, was first made available within CERN in December 1990, and all of Berners-Lee's code was made available on the Internet in the summer of 1991, according to information from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which Berners-Lee founded in 1994..."	World Wide Web
Which controversial documentary film won the Palme D'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2004?	Tim Berners Lee - ArtiFact :: Free Encyclopedia of Everything Art, Antiques & Collectibles Tim Berners Lee 4 years ago Sir Timothy John “Tim” Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA, also known as “TimBL,” is a British computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. Timothy John Berners Lee was born on 8 June 1955 and grew up in London. He studied physics at Oxford University and became a software engineer. In 1980, while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, he first described the concept of a global system, based on the concept of ‘hypertext’, that would allow researchers anywhere to share information. He also built a prototype called ‘Enquire’. In 1984, Berners Lee’s returned to CERN, which was also home to a major European Internet node. In 1989, Berners Lee published a paper called ‘Information Management: A Proposal’ in which he married up hypertext with the Internet, to create a system for sharing and distributing information not just within a company, but globally. He named it the World Wide Web. He also created the first web browser and editor. The world’s first website, http://info.cern.ch, was launched on 6 August 1991. It explained the World Wide Web concept and gave users an introduction to getting started with their own websites. In 1994, Berners Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium at the Laboratory of Computer Science (LCS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston. He has served as director of the consortium since then. He also works as a senior research scientist at LCS which has now become the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Biography A graduate of Oxford University, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing while at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory, in 1989. He wrote the first web client and server in 1990. His specifications of URIs, HTTP and HTML were refined as Web technology spread. He is the 3Com Founders Professor of Engineering in the School of Engineering with a joint appointment in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Laboratory for Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence ( CSAIL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where he also heads the Decentralized Information Group (DIG). He is also a Professor in the Electronics and Computer Science Department at the University of Southampton, UK. He is the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), a Web standards organization founded in 1994 which develops interoperable technologies (specifications, guidelines, software, and tools) to lead the Web to its full potential. He was a Director of the Web Science Trust (WST) launched in 2009 to promote research and education in Web Science, the multidisciplinary study of humanity connected by technology. Tim is a Director of the World Wide Web Foundation, launched in 2009 to coordinate efforts to further the potential of the Web to benefit humanity. He has promoted open government data globally, is a member of the UK’s Transparency Board, and president of London’s Open Data Institute. In 2001 he became a Fellow of the Royal Society. He has been the recipient of several international awards including the Japan Prize, the Prince of Asturias Foundation Prize, the Millennium Technology Prize and Germany’s Die Quadriga award. In 2004 he was knighted by H.M. Queen Elizabeth and in 2007 he was awarded the Order of Merit. In 2009 he was elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences. He is the author of “Weaving the Web”. On March 18 2013, Tim, along with Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn, Louis Pouzin and Marc Andreesen, was awarded the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering for “ground-breaking innovation in engineering that has been of global benefit to humanity.” Recognition In 1994 he became one of only six members of the World Wide Web Hall of Fame. In 1995 he won the Kilby Foundation’s “Young Innovator of the Year” Award. In 1995 he received also the Software System Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). In the 1997 Queen’s Birthday Honours he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) “for services to global computer networking”. In 1998 he was awarded with an honorary doctorate from the University of Essex. In 1999, Time Magazine named Berners-Lee one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century. In March 2000 he was awarded an honorary degree from The Open University as Doctor of the University. In 2001, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[48] In 2002, he was named in the BBC’s list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. In 2003 he was awarded The Royal Photographic Society’s Progress Medal and Honorary Fellowship (HonFRPS) in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense. In 2003, he received the Computer History Museum’s Fellow Award, for his seminal contributions to the development of the World Wide Web. On 15 April 2004, he was named as the first recipient of Finland’s Millennium Technology Prize, for inventing the World Wide Web. The cash prize, worth one million euros (about £892,000, or US$1.3 million, as of Sept 2011), was awarded on 15 June, in Helsinki, Finland, by the President of the Republic of Finland, Tarja Halonen. He received a knighthood in 2004 when he was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the New Year Honours “for services to the global development of the Internet”, and was formally invested on 16 July 2004. On 21 July 2004, he was presented with an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Lancaster University On 27 January 2005, he was named Greatest Briton of 2004, both for his achievements and for displaying the key British characteristics of “diffidence, determination, a sharp sense of humour and adaptability”, as put by David Hempleman-Adams, a panel member. In 2007, Berners-Lee received the Academy of Achievement’s Golden Plate Award. In 2007, he was ranked Joint First, alongside Albert Hofmann, in The Telegraph’s list of 100 greatest living geniuses. On 13 June 2007, he received the Order of Merit, becoming one of only 24 living members entitled to hold the honour, and to use the post-nominals ‘O.M.’ after their name.[57] (The Order of Merit is within the personal bestowal of The Queen, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister) He was awarded the 2008 IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award, for “conceiving and further developing the World Wide Web”. On 2 December 2008, Berners-Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Manchester. His parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940s and 50s. On 21 April 2009, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. On 28 April 2009, he was elected a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences. On 8 June 2009, he received the Webby Award for Lifetime Achievement, at the awards ceremony held in New York City. In October 2009, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam On 30 March 2011, he was one of the first three recipients of the Mikhail Gorbachev award for “The Man Who Changed the World”. On 26 May 2011, Berners-Lee was awarded with an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Harvard University. In 2011, he was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems’ AI’s Hall of Fame for the “significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems”. In 2012, Berners-Lee was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society On 27 July 2012, Berners-Lee was recognised for the invention of the World Wide Web in the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. On 3 December 2012, the Sultan of Oman conferred the Sultan Qaboos Order for Culture, Science and Arts (First Class) on Sir Tim Berners-Lee. In 2013, Berners-Lee was one of five Internet and Web pioneers awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. Further reading Tim Berners-Lee and the Development of the World Wide Web (Unlocking the Secrets of Science), Ann Gaines (Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2001) ISBN 1-58415-096-3 Tim Berners-Lee: Inventor of the World Wide Web (Ferguson’s Career Biographies), Melissa Stewart (Ferguson Publishing Company, 2001) ISBN 0-89434-367-X children’s biography Weaving the Web Berners-Lee, Tim, with Fischetti, Mark (Harper Collins Publishers,1999) ISBN 0-06-251586-1 (cloth) ISBN 0-06-251587-X (paper) How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web Robert Cailliau, James Gillies, R. Cailliau (Oxford University Press, 2000) ISBN 0-19-286207-3	i don't know
In March 2004, Piers Morgan resigned as the editor of which newspaper after publishing fake photographs of Iraqi prisoners being abused?	Piers Morgan - iSnare Free Encyclopedia Piers Morgan Piers Morgan at the PaleyFest 2013 panel for The Newsroom Born (deceased) Gabrielle Georgina Sybille (née Oliver) Piers Stefan Pughe-Morgan (born Piers Stefan O'Meara, 30 March 1965), known professionally as Piers Morgan, is a British journalist and television personality currently working as the US editor-at-large for Mail Online [2] and as a presenter on British breakfast show Good Morning Britain . [3] Morgan is the editorial director of First News , a national newspaper for children published in the UK. He began hosting Piers Morgan Live on CNN on 17 January 2011. The show replaced Larry King Live in the 9:00 pm timeslot following King 's retirement. [4] Piers Morgan Live was cancelled by CNN in February 2014 and aired its final broadcast on March 28, 2014. [5] Morgan is a former judge on America's Got Talent and Britain's Got Talent . [6] In 2008 in the United States, he won Celebrity Apprentice . [7] In the UK, he presents Piers Morgan's Life Stories (2009–present) and Good Morning Britain (2015–present). Morgan began his career in Fleet Street as a writer and editor for several British tabloids , including The Sun , News of the World and the Daily Mirror . In 1994, aged 29, he was appointed editor of the News of the World by Rupert Murdoch , which made him the youngest editor of a national UK newspaper in more than half a century. [8] In November 2012, he was heavily criticised in the official findings of the Leveson Inquiry , when Lord Leveson stated that comments made in Morgan's testimony about phone hacking were "utterly unpersuasive" and "clearly prove ... that he was aware that it was taking place in the press as a whole and that he was sufficiently unembarrassed by what was criminal behaviour that he was prepared to joke about it". [9] Morgan has written eight books, including four volumes of memoirs. Contents 8 External links Early life Piers Morgan was born Piers Stefan O'Meara on 30 March 1965 in Newick , Sussex , England, to Vincent Eamonn O'Meara, an Irish-born dentist, originally from County Offaly , [1] [10] and Gabrielle Georgina Sybille (née Oliver). [11] He took his stepfather's surname and became known as Piers Stefan Pughe-Morgan. He attended the independent school Cumnor House [12] from the ages of seven to thirteen, and then Chailey School , a comprehensive secondary school in Chailey , near Lewes , East Sussex , followed by Priory School for sixth form. [13] Morgan studied journalism at Harlow College . After a brief career at Lloyd's of London , he joined the Surrey and South London Newspaper Group in 1985, [14] where he worked as a reporter on the South London News, and the Streatham and Tooting News. Morgan was recruited (he says headhunted by editor Kelvin MacKenzie ) to join The Sun, to work on the Bizarre column. Career At the Murdoch titles Morgan's first high-profile post in the British media was as the main writer of "Bizarre", The Sun's show business column, while the newspaper was being edited by Kelvin MacKenzie . In 1994, aged 29, he was appointed editor of the News of the World by Rupert Murdoch , becoming the youngest national newspaper editor in more than half a century. [8] He quickly gained notice for his prying, forthright style and lack of sympathy for celebrities' privacy, claiming that they could not manipulate the media to further their own ends without accepting the consequences of a two-way deal. Morgan left this post in 1995 shortly after publishing photographs of Catherine Victoria Lockwood , then wife of Charles, Earl Spencer , leaving an addictive disorders clinic in Surrey. a misdemeanour for which the Press Complaints Commission upheld a complaint against Morgan. [16] Murdoch was reported as having said that "the boy went too far" [17] and publicly distanced himself from the story. [18] Fearful of a privacy law action if he had not criticised one of his employees, Murdoch is said to have apologised to Morgan in private. [19] [20] The incident was reported to have contributed to Morgan's decision to leave for the Daily Mirror editorship. [21] Morgan's autobiography The Insider states that he left the News of the World of his own choice and somewhat against owner Rupert Murdoch's wishes when he was offered the job of Editor at the Daily Mirror. Daily Mirror editor As editor of the Daily Mirror, in 1996 Morgan was forced to apologise on television [22] for the headline (rendered in upper case) "Achtung Surrender! For You Fritz Ze Euro Championship Is Over" [23] on 25 June 1996, [24] a day before England met Germany in a semi-final of the Euro '96 football championships. [25] A £16 million package of investment in the title was rolled out from January, including the dropping of "Daily" from the masthead in February, Morgan was the subject of an investigation in 2000 after Suzy Jagger wrote an article for The Daily Telegraph revealing that he had bought £ 20,000 worth of shares in the computer company Viglen soon before the Mirror 's "City Slickers" column tipped Viglen as a good buy. [28] Morgan was found by the Press Complaints Commission to have breached the Code of Conduct on financial journalism, but kept his job. The "City Slickers" columnists, Anil Bhoyrul and James Hipwell , were both found to have committed further breaches of the Code and were sacked before the inquiry concluded. [29] Further enquiry by the Department of Trade and Industry in 2004 cleared Morgan of any charges. [30] On 7 December 2005, Bhoyrul and Hipwell were convicted of conspiracy to breach the Financial Services Act. During the trial it emerged that Morgan had bought £67,000 worth of Viglen shares, emptying his bank account and investing under his (first) wife's name, too. [31] The Mirror attempted to move mid-market in 2002, claiming to eschew the more trivial stories of show-business and gossip. Morgan rehired John Pilger , who had been sacked in 1985 early in Robert Maxwell 's ownership of the Mirror titles. Morgan was fired as Editor of the Daily Mirror "with immediate effect" on 14 May 2004, after refusing to apologise to Sly Bailey , then head of Trinity Mirror , for authorising the newspaper's publication of photographs which had been shown to be false. [32] These were alleged to show Iraqi prisoners being abused by British Army soldiers from the Queen's Lancashire Regiment . [33] When, within days the photographs were shown to be crude fakes, under the headline "SORRY..WE WERE HOAXED", the Mirror responded that it had fallen victim to a "calculated and malicious hoax" and apologised for the publication of the photographs. [34] [35] Post-Mirror press career In partnership with Matthew Freud , he gained ownership in May 2005, of Press Gazette , a media trade publication together with its " cash cow ", the British Press Awards , in a deal worth £1 million. [36] [37] This ownership was cited as one of the reasons many major newspapers boycotted the 2006 awards . [38] Press Gazette entered administrative receivership toward the end of 2006, [39] before being sold to a trade buyer. First News was launched by Morgan on 4 May 2006. A weekly paper aimed at seven to 14-year-olds, he claimed at its launch that the paper was to be "Britain's first national newspaper for children". Morgan was filmed falling off a Segway , breaking three ribs, in 2007. Simon Cowell and others made much of Morgan's previous comment in 2003, in a Mirror headline after former U.S. President George W. Bush fell off a Segway: "You'd have to be an idiot to fall off wouldn't you, Mr President". [43] [44] [45] He became the editor-at-large of Mail Online ’s US operation in September 2014 and Morgan writes several columns a week. [46] He also writes a weekly diary for the Mail on Sunday Event magazine, having also written one for its predecessor Live. He has since interviewed Donald Trump , and predicted his election as President-elect of the United States . He describes himself as a close personal friend of Trump's, and is the only Briton who Trump follows on Twitter . [47] Television Morgan's career expanded into television presentation before he was forced to leave the Daily Mirror. He presented a three-part television documentary series for the BBC titled The Importance of Being Famous (2003), about fame and the manner in which celebrities are covered by modern media. At the annual Pride of Britain Awards broadcast on ITV , Morgan chaired a panel of celebrities and well-known figures from various backgrounds that chose the recipients of the awards from 1999 to 2006. [48] He co-hosted his own current affairs interview show on Channel 4 with Amanda Platell , Morgan and Platell. Morgan and Platell were put together because of their opposing political viewpoints; Platell interrogated guests from the right wing , Morgan from the left wing . [49] The show was dropped after three series allegedly because of poor viewing figures, although the chairman of Channel 4 Luke Johnson was reported not to like the programme. [50] Throughout 2006, Morgan appeared as a judge on the television show America's Got Talent alongside Brandy Norwood and David Hasselhoff on NBC . Morgan was chosen by Simon Cowell as a replacement for himself because of the conditions of his American Idol contract. Morgan appeared as a celebrity contestant on Comic Relief Does The Apprentice in 2007, to raise money for the BBC charity telethon Comic Relief . After his team lost, Morgan was selected by Sir Alan Sugar as the contestant to be fired. [51] Also in 2007, Morgan appeared as a judge for the second season of America's Got Talent and also appeared as a judge on Britain's Got Talent on ITV , alongside Amanda Holden and Simon Cowell . He also presented You Can't Fire Me, I'm Famous on BBC One . He fronted a three-part documentary about Sandbanks for ITV entitled Piers Morgan on Sandbanks in January 2008. [52] Morgan was the winner of the U.S. celebrity version of The Apprentice , in 2008. He was eventually the overall winner, being named Celebrity Apprentice by host Donald Trump on 27 March, ahead of fellow finalist, American country music star Trace Adkins and having raised substantially more cash than all the other contestants combined. [53] Morgan signed a two-year " golden handcuffs " deal with ITV in May 2008, reportedly worth £2 million per year. As part of the deal, he would continue as a judge on Britain's Got Talent for at least two more series and front a new chat show . He also made some interview specials, plus three more documentaries from various countries. Morgan's golden handcuffs deal was the first signing by ITV's new director of television, Peter Fincham . [54] On 8 September 2008, Morgan featured in The Dark Side of Fame with Piers Morgan , produced by BBC Scotland . He returned to ITV in February 2009, with the series, Piers Morgan On... , which saw him visit Dubai , Monte Carlo and Hollywood . [55] The series positioned Morgan as a modern-day Alan Whicker and received strong viewing figures for the channel. [56] The programme returned for a second series in 2010 [57] when Morgan visited Las Vegas . [58] His show, Piers Morgan's Life Stories , began on ITV in 2009 with Sharon Osbourne as the subject of the first episode. [59] Other guests on the programme included Cheryl [60] and the then Prime Minister Gordon Brown . [61] CNN announced on 8 September 2010 that Morgan would replace Larry King in the network's evening line-up with his show, Piers Morgan Live , beginning on 17 January 2011. [62] [63] The program was cancelled in February 2014 and ended its run in March 2014. [64] After the poor ratings of Piers Morgan Live, CNN announced that the show was to be cancelled. [65] Commenting on the viewing figure, Morgan said that he was "a British guy debating American cultural issues, including guns, which has been very polarizing, and there is no doubt that there are many in the audience who are tired of me banging on about it." [66] From 13 April to 17 April 2015, Piers guest hosted five episodes of Good Morning Britain on ITV and from November 2015 is a permanent co-host on Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays. He appears alongside Susanna Reid and Charlotte Hawkins . [67] Feuds Ian Hislop Morgan appeared as a guest on the satirical news quiz Have I Got News for You in an episode transmitted on 24 May 1996. [68] In it, show regular Ian Hislop accused Morgan of having him followed and having his house watched. The conflict escalated and at one point the host, Angus Deayton , asked if they wished to go outside and have a fight. Later on, guest panellist Clive Anderson confronted Morgan commenting, "the last time I was rude to you, you sent photographers to my doorstep the next day", to which Piers Morgan retorted, "You won't see them this time." The audience responded loudly in favour of Hislop. [69] "We're about to start exposing the moon-faced midget", Morgan was quoted as saying in 2002, to which Hislop responded, "all he's been offering for information about my private life is a £50 reward. My friends think that's not nearly enough." [21] In 2007, Hislop chose Morgan as one of his pet hates on Room 101 . [74] [75] Hislop, who had been engaged in work on a World War I documentary at the time, responded by asking "Is that an armistice or an unconditional surrender?" Although the show's host Paul Merton agreed to put Morgan into Room 101, he was comically rejected as being "too toxic", even for Room 101. [70] [76] [77] Jeremy Clarkson In October 2003, journalist and television personality Jeremy Clarkson reportedly emptied a glass of water over Morgan during the last flight of Concorde . [78] In March 2004, at the British Press Awards , Clarkson punched Morgan three times in a clash over The Mirror's coverage of his private life, and accusations that Clarkson did not write for his column in The Sun himself. [78] Morgan reported on a rapprochement with Clarkson in the epilogue of his book, Don't You Know Who I Am? Janet Mock On 4 February 2014, transgender advocate Janet Mock appeared as a guest on Piers Morgan Live to discuss her memoir, Redefining Realness. After the interview aired, Mock sent a series of tweets criticising Morgan for describing Mock as being "formerly a man". Morgan responded that he had "never been treated in such a disgraceful manner" by a guest. On 5 February, Mock appeared as a guest again to debate the dispute. [79] Banned guests On 28 March 2012, MTV referred to the bad relations between Piers Morgan and Madonna , reporting that "Morgan has apparently felt slighted over the years by Madonna ... he claims he was lied to by the singer's publicist". [80] In September 2012, it was reported that Morgan had also banned actor Kelsey Grammer . Morgan himself claimed, "Kelsey Grammer saw a photo of his ex-wife Camille in the open of our show and legged it." [81] TVGuide reported, "All plans were still a go for the segment until Grammer actually got in the hot seat and saw the footage the producers had planned to peg to the segment, including a picture of his ex-wife". [82] On 26 September 2012, Fox 11 Los Angeles reported that "many say [it] was an ambush by Piers". [83] The Huffington Post reported that "before the interview was scheduled, it was made clear that Grammer would answer all questions, including those about [his ex-wife]. His sole request was not to show any images of her ... Keeping it classy, Grammer doesn't seem at all concerned that he won't be welcome back to Morgan's show, which has been struggling in the ratings on CNN." [84] Morgan also has banned actor Hugh Grant , denigrating Grant on Twitter in May 2011: "Hugh Grant is now banned, in perpetuity, from @PiersTonight ... And anything else I ever do. Tedious little man." [85] Phone hacking allegations During Morgan's tenure as editor, the Daily Mirror was advised by Steven Nott that voicemail interception was possible by means of a standard PIN code. Despite staff initially expressing enthusiasm for the story it did not appear in the paper, although it did subsequently feature in a South Wales Argus article and on BBC Radio 5 Live in October 1999. On 18 July 2011 Nott was visited by officers of Operation Weeting . [86] He came under criticism for his "boasting" about phone hacking from Conservative MP Louise Mensch , who has since apologised for these accusations. [87] In July 2011, in a sequence of articles, the political blogger Paul Staines alleged that while editor of the Daily Mirror in 2002 Morgan published a story concerning the affair of Sven-Goran Eriksson and Ulrika Jonsson while knowing it to have been obtained by phone hacking . [88] On 20 December 2011, Morgan was a witness by satellite link from the United States at the Leveson Inquiry . [89] While he said he had no reason to believe that phone hacking had occurred at the Mirror while he was in charge there, he admitted to hearing a recording of an answerphone message left by Paul McCartney for Heather Mills, but refused to "discuss where that tape was played or who made [it] - it would compromise a source." [89] Appearing as a witness at the same Inquiry on 9 February 2012, Mills was asked under oath if she had ever made a recording of Paul McCartney's phone call or had played it to Piers Morgan; she replied: "Never". [90] [91] She said that she had never authorised Morgan, or anybody, to access or listen to her voicemails. [90] Mills told the inquiry that Morgan, "a man that has written nothing but awful things about me for years", would have relished telling the inquiry if she had played a personal voicemail message to him. [91] On 23 May 2012, Newsnight presenter Jeremy Paxman was a witness at the Leveson Inquiry. He recalled a lunch with the Mirror editor in September 2002 at which Morgan outlined the means of hacking into a mobile phone. [92] On 28 November 2012, the Channel 4 documentary Taking on the Tabloids, fronted by actor and phone hacking victim Hugh Grant , showed footage from a 2003 interview with Morgan by the singer and phone hacking victim Charlotte Church , during which he explained to her how to avoid answerphone messages being listened to by journalists. He said: "You can access ... voicemails by typing in a number. Now, are you really telling me that journalists aren’t going to do that?" [93] [94] On 29 November 2012, the official findings of the Leveson Inquiry were released, in which Lord Justice Leveson said that Morgan's testimony under oath on phone hacking was "utterly unpersuasive". He stated: "[The] evidence does not establish that [Morgan] authorised the hacking of voicemails or that journalists employed by TMG [Trinity Mirror Group] were indulging in this practice ... What it does, however, clearly prove is that he was aware that it was taking place in the press as a whole and that he was sufficiently unembarrassed by what was criminal behaviour that he was prepared to joke about it." [9] [95] Wikinews has related news: Piers Morgan interviewed by police investigating phone hacking On 6 December 2013, Morgan was interviewed, under caution, by police officers from Operation Weeting investigating phone hacking allegations at Mirror Group Newspapers during his tenure as editor. [96] On 24 September 2014, the Trinity Mirror publishing group admitted for the first time that some of its journalists had been involved in phone hacking and agreed to pay compensation to four people who sued for the alleged hacking of voicemails. The admissions by Trinity Mirror came whilst the London Metropolitan Police investigation into the phone hacking allegations was ongoing. Morgan has always denied any involvement in the practice. [99] Personal life Morgan married Marion Shalloe in 1991 in Hampshire . They have three sons. Morgan and Shalloe divorced in 2008, and he remarried; his second wife is Celia Walden , a newspaper columnist and feature writer, and daughter of the former Conservative MP George Walden . [100] Morgan claims to be a fan of Premier League football club Arsenal F.C. [101] He has been an outspoken critic of the entire club including Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger on social media and on the radio, and has called for his sacking. [101] [102] Arsenal goalkeeping legend Bob Wilson in defence of Wenger labelled Morgan a "pompous individual". [102] When Arsenal midfielder Aaron Ramsey met Morgan on 26 April 2015, Ramsey refused to shake his hand due to the criticism he received from Morgan during the 2012–13 season. Morgan has responded by calling Ramsey 'whatshisname'. [103] Morgan is a Roman Catholic . [104] Books	Daily Mirror
Who are the famous mother and father of Apple Blythe Alison Martin who was born in May 2004?	Daily Mirror \| Open Access articles \| Open Access journals \| Conference Proceedings \| Editors \| Authors \| Reviewers \| scientific events .uk The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903. It is owned by parent company Trinity Mirror . From 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply The Mirror. It had an average daily print circulation of 962,670 in March 2014. [2] Its Sunday sister paper is the Sunday Mirror . Originally pitched to the middle class reader, it was transformed into a working-class newspaper after 1934, in order to reach a large new audience. The Mirror has had a number of owners. It was founded by Alfred Harmsworth , who sold it to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1963 a restructuring of the media interests of the Harmsworth family led to the Mirror becoming a part of International Publishing Corporation . The Mirror was owned by Robert Maxwell between 1984 and 1991. The paper went through a protracted period of crisis after his death before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity in 1999 to form Trinity Mirror . Contents File:Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe - Project Gutenberg eText 15305.jpg Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe), founder of the Daily Mirror The Daily Mirror was launched on 2 November 1903 by Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe) as a newspaper for women, run by women. Hence the name: he said, "I intend it to be really a mirror of feminine life as well on its grave as on its lighter sides ... to be entertaining without being frivolous, and serious without being dull". [3] It cost one penny . It was not an immediate success and in 1904 Harmsworth decided to turn it into a pictorial newspaper with a broader focus. Harmsworth appointed Hamilton Fyfe as editor and all of the paper's female journalists were fired. The masthead was changed to The Daily Illustrated Mirror, which ran from 26 January to 27 April 1904 (issues 72 to 150), when it reverted to The Daily Mirror. [4] The first issue of the relaunched paper did not have advertisements on the front page as previously, but instead news text and engraved pictures (of a traitor and an actress), with the promise of photographs inside. [5] Two days later, the price was dropped to one halfpenny and to the masthead was added: "A paper for men and women". [6] This combination was more successful: by issue 92, the guaranteed circulation was 120,000 copies [7] and by issue 269, it had grown to 200,000: [8] by then the name had reverted and the front page was mainly photographs. Circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper. [9] Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1917, the price was increased to one penny. [10] Circulation continued to grow: in 1919, some issues sold more than a million copies a day, making it the largest daily picture paper. [11] Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler , and directed the Mirror’s editorial stance towards them in the early 1930s. [12] [13] By the mid-1930s, the Mirror was struggling – it and the Mail were the main casualties of the early 1930s circulation war that saw the Daily Herald and the Daily Express establish circulations of more than two million, and Rothermere decided to sell his shares in it. With Cecil King (Rothermere's nephew) in charge of the paper's finances and Guy Bartholomew as editor, during the late-1930s the Mirror was transformed from a conservative, middle class newspaper into a left-wing paper for the working class. [14] The Mirror was the first British paper to adopt the appearance of the New York tabloids. By 1939, the publication was selling 1.4 million copies a day. In 1937, Hugh McClelland introduced his wild Western comic strip Beelzebub Jones in the Daily Mirror. After taking over as cartoon chief at the Mirror in 1945, he dropped Beelzebub Jones and moved on to a variety of new strips. During the Second World War the Mirror positioned itself as the paper of the ordinary soldier and civilian, and was critical of the political leadership and the established parties. At one stage, the paper was threatened with closure following the publication of a Philip Zec cartoon (captioned by William Connor ), which was misinterpreted by Winston Churchill and Herbert Morrison . [15] In the 1945 general election the paper strongly supported the Labour Party in its eventual landslide victory. In doing so, the paper supported Herbert Morrison, who co-ordinated Labour's campaign, and recruited his former antagonist Philip Zec to reproduce, on the front page, a popular VE Day cartoon on the morning of the election, suggesting that Labour were the only party who could maintain peace in post-war Britain. [16] By the late 1940s, it was selling 4.5 million copies a day, outstripping the Express; for some 30 years afterwards, it dominated the British daily newspaper market, selling more than 5 million copies a day at its peak in the mid-1960s. The Mirror was an influential model for German tabloid Bild , which was founded in 1952 and became Europe's biggest-selling newspaper. [17] In 1955 the Mirror and its stablemate the Sunday Pictorial (later to become the Sunday Mirror) began printing a northern edition in Manchester . In 1957 it introduced the Andy Capp cartoon, created by Reg Smythe from Hartlepool, in the northern editions. The Mirror's mass working class readership had made it the United Kingdom's best-selling daily tabloid newspaper. In 1960, it acquired the Daily Herald (the popular daily of the labour movement) when it bought Odhams , in one of a series of takeovers which created the International Publishing Corporation (IPC). The Mirror management did not want the Herald competing with the Mirror for readers, and in 1964, relaunched it as a mid-market paper, now named The Sun . When it failed to win readers, the Sun was sold to Rupert Murdoch – who immediately relaunched it as a more populist and sensationalist tabloid and a direct competitor to the Mirror. In an attempt to cater to a different kind of reader, the Mirror launched the "Mirrorscope" pull-out section on 30 January 1968. The Press Gazette commented: "The Daily Mirror launched its revolutionary four-page supplement "Mirrorscope". The ambitious brief for the supplement, which ran on Wednesdays and Fridays, was to deal with international affairs, politics, industry, science, the arts and business". [18] The British Journalism Review said in 2002 that "Mirrorscope" was "a game attempt to provide serious analysis in the rough and tumble of the tabloids". [19] It failed to attract significant numbers of new readers, and the pull-out section was abandoned, its final issue appearing on 27 August 1974. In 1978, The Sun overtook the Mirror in circulation, and in 1984 the Mirror was sold to Robert Maxwell . After Maxwell's death in 1991, David Montgomery became Mirror Group's CEO, and a period of cost-cutting and production changes ensued. The Mirror went through a protracted period of crisis before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity to form Trinity Mirror in 1999. Printing of the Daily and Sunday Mirror moved to Trinity Mirror's facilities in Watford and Oldham. 1995–2004 File:Daily Mirror front page 24 June 1996.jpg Front page of the Mirror 24 June 1996, with headline "ACHTUNG! SURRENDER For you Fritz, ze Euro 96 Championship is over", and accompanying contribution from the editor, "Mirror declares football war on Germany" Under the editorship of Piers Morgan (from October 1995 to May 2004) the paper saw a number of controversies. Morgan was widely criticised and forced to apologise for the headline "ACHTUNG! SURRENDER For you Fritz, ze Euro 96 Championship is over" a day before England met Germany in a semi-final of the Euro 96 football championships. [20] In 2000, Morgan was the subject of an investigation after Suzy Jagger wrote a story in The Daily Telegraph revealing that he had bought £ 20,000 worth of shares in the computer company Viglen soon before the Mirror 's 'City Slickers' column tipped Viglen as a good buy. [21] Morgan was found by the Press Complaints Commission to have breached the Code of Conduct on financial journalism, but kept his job. The 'City Slickers' columnists, Anil Bhoyrul and James Hipwell , were both found to have committed further breaches of the Code, and were sacked before the inquiry. In 2004, further enquiry by the Department of Trade and Industry cleared Morgan from any charges. [22] On 7 December 2005 Bhoyrul and Hipwell were convicted of conspiracy to breach the Financial Services Act. During the trial it emerged that Morgan had bought £67,000 worth of Viglen shares, emptying his bank account and investing under his wife's name too. [23] In 2002, the Mirror attempted to move mid-market, claiming to eschew the more trivial stories of show-business and gossip. The paper changed its masthead logo from red to black (and occasionally blue), in an attempt to dissociate itself from the term " red top ", a term for a sensationalist mass-market tabloid. (On 6 April 2005, the red top came back.) Under then-editor Piers Morgan , the newspaper's editorial stance opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq , and ran many front pages critical of the war. It also gave financial support to the 15 February 2003 anti-war protest , paying for a large screen and providing thousands of placards. Morgan re-hired John Pilger , who had been sacked during Robert Maxwell 's ownership of the Mirror titles. Despite such changes, Morgan was unable to halt the paper's decline in circulation, a decline shared by its direct tabloid rivals The Sun and the Daily Star .[ citation needed ] Morgan was fired from the Mirror on 14 May 2004 after authorising the newspaper's publication of photographs allegedly showing Iraqi prisoners being abused by British Army soldiers from the Queen's Lancashire Regiment . [24] Within days the photographs were shown to be fakes. Under the headline "SORRY.. WE WERE HOAXED", the Mirror responded that it had fallen victim to a "calculated and malicious hoax" and apologised for the publication of the photographs. [25] 2004 to present The Mirror's front page on 4 November 2004, after the re-election of George W. Bush as U.S. President, read "How can 59,054,087 people be so DUMB?". It provided a list of states and their alleged average IQ, showing the Bush states all below average intelligence (except for Virginia ), and all Kerry states at or above average intelligence. The source for this table was The Economist , [26] though it was a hoax. [27] Richard Wallace became editor in 2004. On 30 May 2012, Trinity Mirror announced the merger of the Daily Mirror and Sunday Mirror into a single seven-day-a-week title. [28] Richard Wallace and Tina Weaver, the respective editors of the Daily Mirror and Sunday Mirror, were simultaneously dismissed and Lloyd Embley , editor of The People, appointed as editor of the combined title with immediate effect. [29] [30] Political allegiance The Daily Mirror has traditionally backed the Labour Party at general elections. On 3 May 1979, the day of the general election , the Daily Mirror urged its readers to vote for the governing Labour Party led by James Callaghan . [31] As widely predicted by the opinion polls, Labour lost this election, which was won by the Conservative Party and saw Margaret Thatcher become Prime Minister. [31] The Mirror's continued support of the Labour government was in spite of its falling popularity over the previous few months which had been the result of the Winter of Discontent , where the country was crippled by numerous public sector strikes. [32] By the time of the 1983 general election , Labour support was at a postwar low, partly due to the strong challenge by the recently formed SDP-Liberal Alliance . Despite this, the Daily Mirror remained loyal to Labour and urged its readers to vote for the party (now led by Michael Foot ), condemning the Thatcher-led Tory government for its "waste of our nation", [31] condemning the rise in unemployment that Thatcher's Conservative government had seen in its first term in power largely due to monetarist economic policies to reduce inflation, though the government's previously low popularity had dramatically improved since the success of the Falklands conflict a year earlier. [33] However, the Tories were re-elected and Labour suffered its worst postwar general election result, only narrowly bettering the SDP-Liberal Alliance in terms of votes, though winning considerably more seats. [31] At the 1987 general election , the Daily Mirror remained loyal to Labour (now led by Neil Kinnock ) and urged its readers "You know he's right, chuck her out". [31] By this stage, unemployment was falling and inflation had remained low for several years. [34] However, the Tories were re-elected for a third successive term, although Labour did cut the Tory majority slightly. [31] For the 1992 general election , the Daily Mirror continued to support Labour, still led by Neil Kinnock . By this stage Margaret Thatcher had stepped down and the Tory government was now led by John Major . [31] The election was won by the Tories, although Labour managed to significantly cut the Tory majority to 21 seats compared to the triple-digit figure of the previous two elections, which led to a difficult term for Major. The outcome of this election had been far less predictable than any of the previous three elections, as opinion polls over the previous three years had shown both parties in the lead, although any Labour lead in the polls had been relatively narrow since the Conservative government's change of leader from Thatcher to Major in November 1990, in spite of the onset of a recession in 1990 which had pushed unemployment up again after several years of decline. Labour's credibility was helped by plans including extra NHS funding and moving away from firm commitments on re-nationalisation to reverse the Conservative policy of privatisation, but its decision to be up-front about tax increases was seen as a key factor in its failure to win. [35] By the time of the 1997 general election , support for the Labour Party, now led by Tony Blair , in the opinion polls had exceeded that of support for the Tory government (still led by John Major) since late 1992, the government's reduced popularity largely blamed on the failings of Black Wednesday in September of that year and it had failed to recover popularity in spite of a strong economic recovery and fall in unemployment. A reinvented "New Labour" had further improved its credibility under Blair by promising traditional Labour essentials including more funding for healthcare and education, but also promising not to increase income tax and ending its commitment to the nationalisation of leading industries. [36] The Daily Mirror urged its readers that their country needed Tony Blair, and to vote Labour. [31] The election produced a Labour landslide and ended the party's 18-year exile from power. On 4 May 2010, the newspaper printed a picture of Conservative Leader David Cameron with a giant red cross through his face. The headline read "How to stop him" in reference to the general election two days later , thus confirming the Daily Mirror's Labour allegiance. The election ended in Britain's first hung parliament since 1974 , but Cameron still became prime minister of the country within days as the Conservatives formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats . The Daily Mirror was the only leading national newspaper to remain loyal to Labour and Gordon Brown at a time when opinion polls showed them on course for their worst election result since 1983 . [37] The newspaper has been critical of the Liberal Democrats for forming the coalition which enabled the Conservatives to form a new government in 2010. It has branded leader Nick Clegg as Pinickio (in comparison with the lying fictional character Pinocchio ) [38] for going back on numerous pre-election pledges. It has frequently referred to the party as the "Fib Dems" [39] or "Lib Dumbs". [40] The Mirror supports the " Hope not Hate " campaign against fascism and racism, and runs a Leyland Titan campaign bus during elections. [41] Famous features Cartoon strips " Pip, Squeak and Wilfred " (1919–56), " Jane " (1932–59), " Garth " (1943–97, reprints 2011), " Just Jake " (1938–52), " Andy Capp " (1957–), and " The Perishers " (1955–2006 and later reprints). "The Old Codgers", a fictional pair who commented on the letters page from 1935 to 1990. [42] Chalky White, who would wander around various British seaside resorts waiting to be recognised by Mirror readers (an obscured photo of him having been published in that day's paper). Anyone who recognised him would have to repeat some phrase along the lines of " To my delight, it's Chalky White " to win £5. The name continues to be used on the cartoons page, as Andy Capp 's best friend. "Shock issues" intended to highlight a particular news story. The columnist Cassandra (1935–67). "Dear Marje", a problem page by agony aunt Marjorie Proops . Investigative reporting by Paul Foot and John Pilger (including the latter's exposé of the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia). "The Shopping Basket". Starting in the mid-1970s, the paper monitored the cost of a £5 basket of shopping to see how it increased in price over the years. Blue issue On 2 April 1996, the Daily Mirror was printed entirely on blue paper. This was done as a marketing exercise with Pepsi-Cola , who on the same day had decided to relaunch their cans with a blue design instead of the traditional red and white logo. Libel, contempt of court and errors File:The Daily Mirror - Sorry We Were Hoaxed.jpg Front page of the Daily Mirror after publishing faked photographs. In May 2004, the Daily Mirror published what it claimed were photos of British soldiers abusing Iraqi prisoners at an unspecified location in Iraq. The decision to publish the photos, subsequently shown to be hoaxes, led to Morgan's sacking as editor on 14 May 2004. The Daily Mirror then stated that it was the subject of a "calculated and malicious hoax". [43] The newspaper issued a statement apologising for the printing of the pictures. The paper's deputy editor, Des Kelly , took over as acting editor during the crisis. The tabloid's rival, The Sun, offered a £50,000 reward for the arrest and conviction of those accused of faking the Mirror photographs. In November 2007, the Daily Mirror paid damages to Sir Andrew Green after having likened him and his group MigrationWatch UK to the Ku Klux Klan and Nazi Party in September of that year. The newspaper admitted that such allegations were "untrue". [44] In February 2008 both the Daily and the Sunday Mirror implied that TV presenter Kate Garraway was having an affair. She sued for libel , receiving an apology and compensation payment in April 2008. [45] On 18 September 2008, David Anderson, a British sports journalist writing for the Mirror, repeated a claim deriving from vandalism on Wikipedia's entry for Cypriot football team AC Omonia , which asserted that their fans were called "The Zany Ones" and liked to wear hats made from discarded shoes. The claim was part of Anderson's match preview ahead of AC Omonia's game with Manchester City , which appeared in the web and print versions of the Mirror, with the nickname also quoted in subsequent editions on 19 September. [46] [47] The episode was featured in Private Eye . On 12 May 2011, the High Court of England and Wales granted the Attorney General permission to bring a case for contempt against The Sun and the Daily Mirror for the way they had reported on the arrest of a person of interest in the Murder of Joanna Yeates . [48] [49] On 29 July, the Court ruled that both newspapers had been in contempt of court, fining the Daily Mirror £50,000 and The Sun £18,000. [50] On 19 July 2011 the Mirror published an article labelling comedian Frankie Boyle as a racist. He later sued for defamation and libel, winning £54,650 in damages and a further £4,250 for a claim about his departure from Mock the Week . The Mirror had argued he was "forced to quit" but this was found to be libellous by the court. [51] [52] Significant staff members Keith Waterhouse (largely humorous (1993–2009)) Awards The Daily Mirror won "Newspaper of the Year" in 2002 at the British Press Awards . It won "Scoop of the Year" in 2003 ("3am", 'Sven and Ulrika'), 2004 ( Ryan Parry , 'Intruder at the Palace'), 2006 and 2007 (both Stephen Moyes ). [53] The Mirror won "Team of the Year" in 2001 ('Railtrack'), 2002 ('War on the World: World against Terrorism'), 2003 ('Soham'), and 2006 ('London bombings'); and "Front Page of the Year" in 2007. [53] The Mirror also won the "Cudlipp Award" in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2010. [53] See also The Wharf , sister newspaper for the Isle of Dogs . 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Who is the Patron Saint of England?	St George - Patron Saint of England St George - Patron Saint of England Navigation By Ben Johnson \| Comments Every nation has its own ‘Patron Saint’ who in times of great peril is called upon to help save the country from its enemies. St David is the patron saint of Wales, St Andrew of Scotland and St Patrick of Ireland - St George being the patron saint of England. But who was St. George, and what did he do to become England’s Patron Saint? Very little is known about St. George’s life, but it is thought he was a high ranking officer in the Roman army who was killed in around AD 303. It seems that the Emperor Diocletian had St. George tortured to make him deny his faith in Christ. However despite some of the most terrible torture even for that time, St George showed incredible courage and faith and was finally beheaded near Lydda in Palestine. His head was later taken to Rome where it was interred in the church dedicated to him. Stories of his strength and courage soon spread throughout Europe. The best-known story about St. George is his fight with a dragon, but it is highly unlikely that he ever fought a dragon, and even more unlikely that he ever visited England, however his name was known there as early as the eighth-century. In the Middle Ages the dragon was commonly used to represent the Devil. Unfortunately the many legends connected with St. George’s name are fictitious, and the slaying of the ‘Dragon’ was first credited to him in the 12th century. St. George, so the story goes, killed a dragon on the flat topped Dragon Hill in Uffington, Berkshire, and it is said that no grass grows where the dragon’s blood trickled down! It was probably the 12th century Crusaders however who first invoked his name as an aid in battle. King Edward III made him the Patron Saint of England when he formed the Order of the Garter in St. George's name in 1350, and the cult of the Saint was further advanced by King Henry V , at the battle of Agincourt in northern France. Shakespeare made sure that nobody would forget St. George, and has King Henry V finishing his pre-battle speech with the famous phrase, ‘Cry God for Harry, England and St. George!’ King Henry himself, who was both warlike and devout, was thought by his followers to possess many of the saint’s characteristics. The Tomb of St George, Lod, Israel In England St. George’s Day is celebrated, and his flag flown, on his feast day, April 23rd. An interesting piece of trivia - Shakespeare was born on St. George’s Day 1564, and if the story is to be believed, died on St. George’s Day 1616. An appropriate end perhaps for the man who helped to immortalise the Saint in English tradition.	Saint George
Which group had a number one hit in 2003 called Where Is The Love?	BBC - Religions - Christianity: Saint George Saint George Last updated 2009-07-31 The life of Saint George, including the legend of his fight with a dragon and why this Roman soldier from Turkey became the patron saint of England. On this page Saint George's Day is 23 April. Saint George Saint George, by Gustave Moreau © Saint George is the patron saint of England. He's popularly identified with England and English ideals of honour, bravery and gallantry - but actually he wasn't English at all. Very little, if anything, is known about the real Saint George. Pope Gelasius said that George is one of the saints "whose names are rightly reverenced among us, but whose actions are known only to God." Facts in brief Everything about Saint George is dubious, so the information below should be taken as mythical rather than real. Born in Cappadocia, an area which is now in Turkey Lived in 3rd century AD His parents were Christian Protested against Rome's persecution of Christians Imprisoned and tortured, but stayed true to his faith Beheaded at Lydda in Palestine 23rd April was named as Saint George's day in 1222 Patron saint Saint George's flag He is patron saint not only of England but also of Aragon, Catalonia, Georgia, Lithuania, Palestine, Portugal, Germany and Greece; and of Moscow, Istanbul, Genoa and Venice (second to Saint Mark). He's also patron saint of soldiers, archers, cavalry and chivalry, farmers and field workers, riders and saddlers, and he helps those suffering from leprosy, plague and syphilis. In recent years he has been adopted as patron saint of Scouts. Some people have campaigned for Saint Alban to be the patron saint of England instead of George. Who was Saint George? An icon of Saint George © The story of Saint George is so wrapped in myth and legend that it's difficult to extract the historical facts of a real life. Some believe he never existed or that he's a Christianised version of an older pagan myth. In the early centuries of Christianity, followers would write up fabulous accounts of the lives of their heroes. This enhanced George's reputation but left the details of his life very blurred. Early life What we believe to be the truth is that George was born in Cappadocia, an area which is now in Turkey, in the 3rd century; that his parents were Christians; and that when his father died, George's mother returned to her native Palestine, taking George with her. George became a soldier in the Roman army and rose to the rank of Tribune. Persecution of Christians George by Cosmè Tura in a 1474 altarpiece © The Emperor of the day, Diocletian (245-313 AD), began a campaign against Christians at the very beginning of the 4th century. In about 303 AD George is said to have objected to this persecution and resigned his military post in protest. Torture and martyrdom George tore up the Emperor's order against Christians. This infuriated Diocletian, and George was imprisoned and tortured - but he refused to deny his faith. Eventually he was dragged through the streets of Diospolis (now Lydda) in Palestine and beheaded. It's said that Diocletian's wife was so impressed by George's resilience that she became a Christian and that she too was executed for her faith. Myths: George and the dragon Myths about Saint George The image of George most familiar to us today, the saint dressed in a white tunic bedecked with a red cross, astride his stallion, and skewering a dragon as he rescues a fair maiden, depends more on a late medieval and Renaissance ideal of this miles Christi (knight of Christ) than on his legend in its earlier forms, in which the dragon and the maiden play no part and George's role is one of verbal jousting and violent suffering rather than knightly derring-do. The Martyrdom of St. George in the South English Legendary, ed. E. Gordon Whatley Paulo Uccello's impression of the dragon, 1857 © The story of Saint George only achieved mass circulation when it was printed in 1483 by Caxton in a book called The Golden Legend. This was a translation of a book by Jacques de Voragine, a French bishop, which incorporated fantastic details of Saints' lives. George and the Dragon This version of the dragon tale is from The Golden Legend. S. George was a knight and born in Cappadocia. On a time he came in to the province of Libya, to a city which is said Silene. And by this city was a stagne or a pond like a sea, wherein was a dragon which envenomed all the country. The Golden Legend More fearful, fell and crueller was she Than the deadly monster of Lerna was doubtless Upon her wings and on her back on high Were green rough scales like iron of hardness If Hercules for all his hardiness With bill or club had run this dragon to He should forsooth have found enough to do. adapted from Alexander Barclay, The lyfe of saynt George, 1515, a translation of Baptista Spagnuoli, Georgius, 1507, printed in The Life of St. George, ed William Nelson, Oxford University Press, 1960 The people of the town had begun to feed the dragon two sheep every day to prevent it attacking them; when the sheep failed, they began to give it one sheep and one man. The king decreed that the human sacrifice should be chosen by lot. This continued until the king's daughter was selected. The king tried to bargain his way out of it, but the townspeople were adamant that she should be delivered to the dragon just as many of their children had been. Then did the king do array his daughter like as she should be wedded, and embraced her, kissed her and gave her his benediction, and after, led her to the place where the dragon was. The Golden Legend George, who was passing, asked the lady what was happening. She told him about the dragon and begged him to leave before it appeared and killed him too. George fighting the dragon, by Vittore Carpaccio, 1502-1507 © Then said S. George: Fair daughter, doubt ye no thing hereof for I shall help thee in the name of Jesu Christ. She said: For God's sake, good knight, go your way, and abide not with me, for ye may not deliver me. Thus as they spake together the dragon appeared and came running to them, and S. George was upon his horse, and drew out his sword and garnished him with the sign of the cross, and rode hardily against the dragon which came towards him, and smote him with his spear and hurt him sore and threw him to the ground. And after said to the maid: Deliver to me your girdle, and bind it about the neck of the dragon and be not afeard. When she had done so the dragon followed her as it had been a meek beast and debonair. The Golden Legend Dante Gabriel Rossetti's painting of George marrying the princess Sabra, 1857 © The princess led the defeated dragon into the city, causing much panic and alarm until George told the people not to be afraid: "Ne doubt ye no thing, without more, believe ye in God, Jesu Christ, and do ye to be baptized and I shall slay the dragon." The king was baptised, followed by all his people, whereupon George killed the dragon and had it dragged out of the city (requiring four ox carts to do so) and its body thrown into the fields. The king set up a church of Our Lady and Saint George. On the site there sprang up "a fountain of living water, which healeth sick people that drink thereof". Myths about his martyrdom George in a painting by Jan van Eyck, 1436 © In the stories George is said to have been tortured in a number of gruesome and hideous ways. He was forced to swallow poison; crushed between two spiked wheels; boiled in a cauldron of molten lead. None of these attempts killed him and his wounds were healed in the night by Christ himself. George was told his life would be spared if he would offer sacrifice to the Roman gods. The people assembled to see him do so but instead George prayed to the Christian God. Immediately, fire came down from heaven, an earthquake shook the ground, and priests, idols, and the temple buildings were destroyed. However, by this time it was God's will that St. George should die for his faith, and he was beheaded without further trouble. Stories of this nature abounded about pagan and Christian figures in the early Middle Ages. People would have expected their heroes to have undergone such experiences and in an age when many things seemed mystical, few were sceptical about such stories. George in a 1467 altarpiece by Andrea Mantegna © His rise and fall It's believed that Saint George was adopted in England because the story in the Golden Legend was similar to an Anglo-Saxon legend. Saint George was quickly incorporated into miracle plays adapted from pagan sources and is a prime figure in Spenser's famous epic poem The Fairie Queen. George's popularity faded after the Reformation when religious beliefs changed. He also lost ground as gunpowder became the primary weapon of war and protection, making the lance and sword less significant. In 1778 Saint George's Day was demoted to a simple day of devotion for Catholics in England. Saint George and England Medieval tapestry showing Saint George © The earliest known British reference to Saint George occurs in an account by St. Adamnan, the 7th century Abbot of lona. He's believed to have heard the story from Arcuif, a French bishop who had travelled to Jerusalem and other holy places in Palestine. The saint is also mentioned in the writings of the Venerable Bede. George's reputation grew with the returning crusaders. A miracle appearance, when it was claimed that he appeared to lead crusaders into battle, is recorded in stone over the south door of a church at Fordington in Dorset. This still exists and is the earliest known church in England to be dedicated to Saint George. The Council of Oxford in 1222 named 23rd April Saint George's Day. Order of the Garter When Edward III (1327-77) founded the Order of the Garter (c. 1348), the premier order of knighthood in England, he put it under Saint George's patronage. The magnificent St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle was built by Edward IV and Henry VII as the chapel of the order. The badge of the Order shows Saint George on horseback slaying the dragon. From the 14th century Saint George was regarded as a special protector of the English. English soldiers were called to wear "a signe of Saint George" on chest and back. He became, in the popular imagination, English. The flag of Saint George The flag of Saint George - a red cross on a white background - is incorporated into the Union Jack and recalled in the ensign of the Royal Navy. Henry V In 1415 Archbishop Chicele promoted the feast of Saint George to principal status after Henry V's speech at the Battle of Agincourt invoking Saint George as England's patron saint. Many believed they saw him fighting on the English side. The George Cross In 1940 King George VI inaugurated the George Cross for 'acts of the greatest heroism or of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme danger'. The award is usually awarded to civilians. Saint George slaying the dragon is depicted on the silver cross.	i don't know
Melbourne is the capital of which Australian state?	Australian Cities, States and Territories - Tourism Australia Add Share Mainland Australia is the world’s largest island but also the smallest continent. The country is divided into six states and two territories. What are Australia's cities, states and territories? Mainland Australia is the world’s largest island but also the smallest continent. The country is divided into six states and two territories. Australian Capital Territory The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) bounds the national capital of Canberra and is the centre of government. The Australian Capital Territory is located approximately 290 kilometres (180 miles) south of Sydney, and is home to a number of important national institutions, including Parliament House, the Australian War Memorial and the National Gallery of Australia. New South Wales New South Wales (NSW) is Australia’s oldest and most populous state. New South Wales was originally settled as a penal colony on the shores of Port Jackson where the bustling capital city of Sydney now stands. Sydney is the nation’s largest city and is renowned for its idyllic beaches, great walks and world-class dining. New South Wales is also home to popular attractions including the Blue Mountains and the Hunter Valley wine region. Northern Territory At the top end of Australia lies the Northern Territory (NT). Darwin , on the northern coast, is the capital, and Alice Springs is the principal inland town. Alice Springs is the physical heart of Australia, almost exactly at the nation's geographical centre. The Northern Territory is home to the famous Uluru (Ayers Rock), Kata Tjuta (the Olgas) and Kakadu National Park . Queensland Queensland (QLD) is Australia’s second-largest state (in size) and is home to the world famous Great Barrier Reef , the world’s most extensive subtropical rainforest and the beautiful Queensland Islands – including the World Heritage-listed Fraser Island . Brisbane is the state’s capital; it enjoys more winter sunshine and warmth than most Australian cities and is perfect for outdoor activities and water sports. South Australia South Australia (SA) sits in the southern central part of the country, and covers some of the most arid parts of the continent. The state’s capital is Adelaide and is a great base for exploring the Barossa wineries, the Flinders Ranges and Kangaroo Island . South Australia has a thriving arts scene and is known as the ‘Festival State’, with more than 500 events and festivals taking place there each year. Tasmania Tasmania (TAS) is separated from mainland Australia by the Bass Strait and is the smallest state in Australia. The capital, Hobart , was founded in 1804 as a penal colony, and is Australia's second oldest capital city after Sydney. One-fifth of Tasmania is covered by national parks and wilderness – abundant in driving routes and walking trails – and it is one of the world’s most mountainous islands. Victoria Victoria (VIC) is the smallest of the mainland states in size but is home to the country’s second most populated city, Melbourne . Often referred to as the nation’s cultural capital, Melbourne is famed for its graffiti laneways, fashion-forward boutiques and booming café scene. Victorians' enthusiasm for sport is also legendary and this is where Australian Rules football began. The only thing more sacred than the footy is Melbournians love of coffee, and here you’ll find some of Australia’s best flat whites, cappuccinos and piccolo lattes. Western Australia Western Australia (WA) is Australia’s largest state and is a place of true contrasts: from desert in the east to 13,000 kilometres of pristine coastline on the west. The state’s capital is Perth ; the fourth most populous city in Australia and famed for its uncrowded beaches, parklands and fresh seafood. Off the coast of Esperance, in the state’s south, is Middle Island, which is home to the extraordinary pink-coloured Lake Hillier . Australia also administers Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, the Cocos (or Keeling) Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, Heard and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island and the Australian Antarctic Territory (covering 42 per cent of the Antarctic continent) as external territories. MORE ARTICLES LIKE THIS	Victoria
In which 1999 film do George Clooney, Mark Wahlberg and Ice Cube star as U.S. soldiers in Iraq at the end of the Gulf War?	Victoria Map, Map of Victoria State, Australia www.vic.gov.au Places to Visit Sovereign Hill, Central Deborah Gold Mine, Gum San Chinese Heritage Centre, Puffing Billy Steam Railway, Phillip Island Nature Park, Otway Fly Treetop Adventures, Healesville Sanctuary, Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village & Shipwrecked Sound and Laser Show, Werribee Mansion, Federation Square, Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne Cricket Ground, National Gallery of Victoria, Scienceworks, Melbourne Zoo, Melbourne Aquarium, Eureka Skydeck 88, Old Melbourne Gaol, Crown Entertainment Complex, Werribee Open Range Zoo, Melbourne Museum Victoria is an Australian state located in the south-eastern part of the country. It is bordered by New South Wales to the north, South Australia to the west, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the south. Covering a total area of 91,749 square miles, Victoria is the smallest Australian state. The population in the state is dense; according to the 2010 census, the state is home to 5,547,527 people. Melbourne is the state capital and also the largest city; it has an estimated population of 4,077,036. Melbourne is known as the "cultural capital of Australia", as Australian television, Australian film, and other cultural institutions of the state originated in the city. Before Victoria became a state, it was inhabited by indigenous tribes. In 1850, Victoria was established as a colony in 1856, responsible government was granted to the state. Finally, in 1901, statehood was granted to Victoria following a proclamation by Queen Victoria. The government of Victoria functions in the framework of a constitutional monarchy. The second-largest economy in Australia, Victoria relies on finance, insurance and property services. Agriculture, mining, and manufacturing are the other major industries. Owing to its geographical location, Victoria is a famous tourist destination. Sone of the major tourist destinations include: Melbourne Zoo, Melbourne Museum, Bellarine Peninsula, Yarra Valley, the Buchan Caves, Healesville Sanctuary, and the Melbourne Aquarium.	i don't know
Bill Clinton admitted he had a sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky after a stain was found on what type of clothing that belonged to her?	The Stained Blue Dress of Monica Lewinsky that Almost Lost a Presidency FBI ANALYSIS OF SEMEN STAIN The Story Behind the Dress In November 1997, Monica Lewinsky told her confidant and supposed friend, Linda Tripp, that she had in her possession a blue Gap dress that still bore the semen stain that resulted from her administering oral sex to President Clinton in February of that year. Tripp called her literary agent, and fellow Clinton-hater, Lucianne Goldberg to report the news that evidence existed in Lewinsky's closet that could prove a sexual relationship between Monica and the President. Goldberg and Tripp, according to published reports in both Time and Newsweek, discussed stealing the dress and turning it over to investigators. Goldberg admitted having such a discussion with Tripp, calling it a "Nancy Drew fantasy." In late November, Lewinsky mentioned to Tripp that she intended to have the dress, which she had been saving a souvenir, dry-cleaned for a family event. Tripp, anxious to preserve the dress to nail the President, discouraged her from doing so. "I would tell my own daughter," Tripp told her, that she should save the dress "for your own ultimate protection" should she later be accused of lying about the affair with Clinton. When Lewinsky expressed skepticism that it would ever come to that, Tripp told her that the dress made her look "really fat" and she shouldn't wear it again in public. In late July, 1998, Lewinsky turned the dress over to Kenneth Starr's investigators after signing an immunity agreement. A blood sample was taken from Clinton on August 3, and on August 17, the FBI reported its conclusion that Clinton was the source of the semen on the dress "to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty." When news of the the existence of the dress surfaced in published reports in early August, politicians and commentators alike agreed that the blue dress proved Clinton lied when he denied a sexual relationship with Lewinsky. Senator Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) called the evidence "very critical." Senator Arlen Spector (R-Pa) agreed that it would be "the most powerful kind of corroboration" of an affair. A George Washington law professor, Jonathan Turley, appearing on "Meet the Press" said of the semen stain: "No one will be able to spin him out of that." FBI: August 3, 1998 Note on Taking of President's Blood FBI Acknowledgement of Receipt of Dress and Blood Sample August 17, 1998 FBI Report on Analysis of Stain	Dress
Which English King declared first declared Valentine's Day an official holiday in 1537?	Mary C Mary C. Mahoney and Eric Butera Clinton Body Count Coverage on the Web: 25, murdered at the Georgetown Starbuck's coffee bar over the 4th of July '97 weekend. She was a former White House intern who worked with John Huang. Apparently she knew Monica Lewinsky and her sexual encounters with Bill Clinton. Although not verified, it has been said that Lewinsky told Linda Tripp that she did not want to end up like Mahoney. - Gennifer Flowers website - Ether Zone Online White House intern Died July 1997 An attractive 25-year-old woman, Mahoney was a former White House intern for Bill Clinton working as the assistant manager at a Starbuck's Coffee shop in Georgetown. Gunmen entered the Starbuck's while the crew was cleaning up after closing. Mahoney's two associates, Aaron Goodrich, 18 and Emory Evans, 25, were taken to a room and shot. Mary herself had five bullets in her, from at least two different guns, most likely with silencers. A total of 10 shots were fired; none of them heard by neighbors in the densely populated Georgetown section. Mahoney was shot in the chest, her face, and in the back of the head. Even though more than $4,000 remained in the store, the police have categorized the triple murder as a robbery, even as they acknowledge the "execution style" killings. There was no sign of forced entry. One report said the cafe was still locked when the bodies were found the next morning. George Stephanopoulos, Monica Lewinsky and Chelsea Clinton were all regulars at the Starbuck's. WorldNetDaily ï¿½ Western Journalism Center Eric Butera An informant who came forward offering information regarding the murder of White House intern Mary Mahoney. He was then sent into a known crack house to make an undercover buy for the police and was beaten to death. WorldNetDaily ï¿½ Western Journalism Center [Rebuttal Former White House intern gunned down in a coffee shop. Nothing was taken. It was suspected that she was about to testify about sexual harassment at the White House. Former White House intern Mary Caitrin Mahoney, 25, manager of a Georgetown Starbucks, was killed along with two co-workers (Emory Allen Evans, 25 and Aaron David Goodrich, 18) on 6 July 1997 during what police continue to investigate as a robbery of the shop. In March 1999 Carl Derek Havord Cooper (29) of Washington was arrested and charged with these murders. Yes, it is unusual that three employees were shot in the course of an alleged robbery, yet nothing was taken. However, no evidence has been uncovered to indicate that Mary Mahoney herself was the target of these killings. Perhaps the robber was scared away before he had a chance to grab the loot. Maybe one of Mary's co-workers was the real target. Why Cooper committed these killings is anybody's guess at this point, but there simply is no evidence that Mary was anything but a random victim of a violent crime. And, right away, we have come to the first big lie of the "Clinton Body Count" list: Any unexplained death can automatically be attributed to President Clinton by inventing a connection between him and the victim. Mary Mahoney did once work as an intern at the White House, but so have hundreds of other people who are all still alive. There is no credible reason why, of all the interns who have served in the Clinton White House, Ms. Mahoney alone would be the target of a Clinton-directed killing. (Contrary to public perception, very few interns work in the West Wing of the White House or have any contact with the President. The closest most interns get to the chief executive is a brief handshake or a group photo.) The putative reason offered for Mahoney's slaying -- that she was about to testify about sexual harrassment in the White House -- is a lie. This absurd justification apparently sprang from a hint dropped by Mike Isikoff of Newsweek just before the Monica Lewinsky scandal broke that a "former White House staffer" with the initial "M" was about to talk about her affair with Clinton. We all know now, of course, that the "staffer" referred to was Monica Lewinsky, not Mary Mahoney. The faithful will maintain, of course, that White House hit men rushed out, willy-nilly, and gunned down the first female ex-intern whose name began with "M" they could find. Urban Legends Reference Pages Barbara and David P. Mikkelson Free Republic ï¿½ Downside Legacy Coverage: Mary Caity Mahoney interned for Doris Matsui. Doris Matsui was the White House official responsible for liaison with the Asian-American community, headed the Asian Pacific American Working Group (APAWG), which coordinated the activities of the White House, the Democratic National Committee and the Clinton-Gore re- election campaign with regard to Asian-Americans. APAWG, one of whose members was John Huang, came up with the plan to raise $7 million from Asian-Americans. Mary Mahoney was killed at a Starbucks. Eric Butera who was an informant in the case was beaten to death in a sting operation. THE WASHINGTON TIMES 3/2/99 Leslie Koren and Jim Keary Freeper Plummz "ï¿½Police were questioning a man last night they believe was one of the shooters in the 1997 triple murder at the Georgetown Starbucks coffee shop, sources close to the investigation said. D.C. police, Prince George's police and the FBI arrested Carl Derrick Cooper, 29, as he returned to his home in the 1200 block of Gallatin Street NE on a warrant related to the 1996 robbery and shooting of an off-duty Prince George's County police of ficer in Avondale. Police were questioning Mr. Cooper last night at the FBI office in the 600 block of Fourth Street NW, seeking any information he might have regarding the Starbucks killings, the sources said. He had not been charged in those slayingsï¿½." UPI 3/4/99 Freeper chuck allen "ï¿½WTOP radio is reporting that 29-year-old Carl Cooper has confessed (Thursday) to his role in the 1997 triple murder of three Starbucks coffee shop employees. Cooper _ arrested earlier this week for attempting to kill a police officer _ reportedly implicated two others in the crime, and police have begun executing search warrants for the suspectsï¿½." AP 8/4/99 Derrill Holly "...A man accused of murdering three workers at a Starbucks coffee shop in the trendy Georgetown section of the nation's capital was charged Wednesday with a host of other crimes, including racketeering. Although the District of Columbia has no death penalty, prosecutors indicated they could seek it against Carl Derick Cooper under the federal racketeering charges. A federal grand jury returned a 48-count indictment against Cooper charging him with six armed robberies, the attempted murder of an off-duty police officer in Maryland, a bank robbery and a total of four murders. ``Today's indictment charges Mr. Cooper with leading a small but violent racketeering enterprise,'' said U.S. Attorney Wilma Lewis....." Richard Gooding (of The Star) was not accurate with his (erroneous) reporting of Monica telling Linda Tripp that she did not want to end up like Mahoney - the testimony ultimately revealed that she said she didn't want to end up like Mary Joe Kopekne (of Kennedy fame). ï¿½ Freeper Steven W. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/daily/aug99/cooper5.htm ".....Cooper, who has been in custody since March in the Starbucks case, also is accused of killing a security guard in Northwest Washington in 1993 and attempting to kill an off-duty Prince George's County police officer in 1996. Like the July 1997 slayings of three employees at the coffee shop in Northwest Washington, the other violence took place during robberies, prosecutors said........The other killing cited in the indictment took place in May 1993 at an apartment building in the 1100 block of 11th Street NW. Sandy Griffin, a 39-year-old security officer, was on duty in the lobby when Cooper allegedly shot him. The indictment said that Cooper and "another known to the Grand Jury" took Griffin's pistol. ï¿½ï¿½.Prince George's authorities earlier had linked Cooper to the August 1996 shooting of off-duty police officer Bruce Howard, who was accosted at a park in Hyattsville. Howard was shot in the lower back in a crime that the indictment blamed on Cooper and unnamed others. Charges were filed against Cooper in that case earlier this year in Prince George's County..." 8/4/99 United States Attorney Wilma Lewis "ï¿½..Chief Charles H. Ramsey of the Metropolitan Police Department announced today that a federal grand jury today returned a 48-count indictment against Carl Derick Cooper, of 1249 Gallatin Street, NW, charging him with leading a racketeering enterprise that, between 1993 and 1997, was responsible for six armed robberies, the attempted murder of an off-duty Prince George's County Police officer, a bank robbery and four murders, including the murder of the three employees at the upper Georgetown Starbucks Coffee shop in July 1997. This indictment grew out of a joint investigation by the Metropolitan Police Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation in to the July 6, 1997, triple murder at the Starbucks Coffee shop at 1810 Wisconsin Avenue, NW. On the morning of July 7, 1999, the day-shift manager arrived at the coffee shop and found the bodies of the three employees -- Emory Allen Evans, Aaron David Goodrich and Mary Caitrin Mahoney -- who had been on duty the night before. They were lying in rear of the office, and all three had been shot to death. Detectives from the MPDC and special agents from the FBI teamed up to investigate the murders, and their attention ultimately focused on defendant Carl Cooper. The ensuing investigation revealed that defendant Cooper was allegedly responsible for other crimes in addition to the Starbucks murders. Today's indictment charges Cooper with leading a small racketeering enterprise that was dedicated to enriching its members through robbery. According to the indictment, Cooper participated in eight separate racketeering acts -- robberies, attempted robberies, murders and attempted murders -- in Washington, DC, Maryland and Pennsylvania over the course of his membership in the enterprise. Each of these crimes is charged as a racketeering act under the racketeering statute and as a substantive violation of federal and/or District of Columbia criminal law. Defendant Cooper is charged with participation in the following racketeering acts: Racketeering Act One charges Cooper with the May 10, 1993, murder of Special Police Officer Sandy Griffin as he sat at his desk in the lobby of an apartment building at 1107 11th St., NW. According to the indictment, Cooper shot Mr. Griffin to death in the course of stealing his pistol. Racketeering Act Two charges Cooper with the June 4, 1996, armed robbery of the Pizza Italia restaurant at 6511 New Hampshire Ave., in Takoma Park, Md. In that robbery, Cooper and two others are alleged to have entered the Pizza Italia restaurant wearing masks and gloves, and robbed the three employees as they were closing the business for the night. Racketeering Act Three charges Cooper with the August 12, 1996, armed robbery of Christy Bennett and Bruce Howard, the off-duty Prince George's County Police officer, and the attempted murder of Officer Howard in the course of that robbery. That offense occurred in Avondale Park in Hyattsville, Md. Racketeering Act Four charges Cooper with the September 8, 1996 armed robbery of the employees and patrons of the Velvet Touch Massage Parlor in Harrisburg, Pa. Racketeering Act Five charges Cooper with the conspiring to commit the October 1, 1996, robbery of the Chevy Chase Bank, F.S.B., in Bethesda, Md. Although another member of the enterprise committed the actual robbery, Cooper is charged with assisting in the planning or the robbery. Racketeering Act Six charges Cooper with the June 26, 1997, armed robbery of the Rollingcrest-Chillum Community Center. The indictment charges that Cooper walked into the community center by himself, pointed two handguns at the two employees in the office and forced them to fill a bag with approximately $5,000 in cash that he made off with. Racketeering Act Seven charges Cooper with the July 6, 1997 attempted robbery and triple murder at the Starbucks Coffee Shop in upper Georgetown. Although he is charged with conspiring to rob the coffee shop with another person, he is the only person charged with actually carrying out the crime. Racketeering Act Eight charges Cooper with conspiring and attempting to commit armed robberies at the Tire Town store in Beltsville, Md., and the Salon En Vogue hair salon in Hyattsville, Md. Cooper and his associates allegedly drove to those businesses with the intention of robbing them that day, but were unable to carry out their plans. Under this federal indictment, defendant Cooper faces life imprisonment without parole if found guilty of the charges at trial. If convicted on any of the three counts charging him with murder in the course of using a firearm during a crime of violence -- which correspond to each of the three Starbucks murders -- defendant Cooper could face the death penalty. The defendant was to be arraigned on the indictment at 1:45 pm on August 5, 199, before the Honorable Alan Kay, United States Magistrate-Judgeï¿½ï¿½." http://thebird.org/host/dcdave/article3/990831.html "ï¿½..Let's stop right here and have a more sober look. If this be a gang, where are the gang members? Not a single other person has, as yet, been named. Originally, they were telling us that the botched robbery was Cooper s distinguishing M.O., the big thing that the cop shooting and the Starbucks killing, as they have fashioned it, had in common. Now there s just the sort of man you want leading your gang. And the way Cooper let himself be maneuvered into implicating himself in the Starbucks caper doesn t remind one in the least of the shrewd and worldly Edmond, a man who managed to continue running his large drug operation for some time after he had been sent up the riverï¿½..I know it s impertinent to ask, but where is the evidence for this Cooper crime spree? We have been told nothing of any of it except some very unconvincing stuff on the Starbucks murders and the cop shooting. Is it possible that they are withholding that from us because it is even weaker than what we have been told they have on him in those two crimes. Is it possible for evidence to be weaker? The evidence against him in the 4 a.m. shooting of the off-duty policeman in a car with his girlfriend in Hyattsville, Md., in 1996, from what we have been able to gather, is that a pistol was found at the scene with fingerprints on it. Were they Cooper s? No. They belonged to someone else, whom the police were able to trace, and that man, who has not been named or charged with anything, implicated Cooper. Then this guy, who must approach Edmond in IQ, really tossed the cops a juicy bone (if the police can be believed on this; a big if) by telling them that the hapless Cooper had mentioned participating in the Starbucks killings. Yes, it s in the Washington Times of March 5, 1999. ï¿½ï¿½ Just think about this for a minute. Of all the numerous crimes with which Cooper has been charged, we have been told of only one solid piece of tangible evidence, a gun with fingerprints on it, and those fingerprints don t belong to Cooper. Rather, the owner of those prints was somehow able to "implicate" Cooper and take the heat off himself, for a one-man robbery, at that. Maybe he s even smarter than Edmond. ......" http://thebird.org/host/dcdave/article3/990831.html "ï¿½..The FBI? Wouldn t you know that they would find an excuse to get in on the act, although neither the police shooting nor the Starbucks killings violates a federal law. But the FBI is, indeed, very much into frame-ups. You can ask former Black Panther activist Geronimo Pratt in California or security guard Richard Jewell in Georgia about thatï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½" http://thebird.org/host/dcdave/article3/990831.html "ï¿½.. For its part, The Washington Post is less cautious about the implicated third man. Their front-page headline, below the fold, reads "Detained Man Names 2 Others in Starbucks Case." ï¿½ï¿½.From this article we learn that police were still questioning Cooper 54 hours after he had been brought in for questioning, and he had still not been brought before any judicial officer of the county. "Under Maryland court rules," we are told, "police are required to present a defendant to a court commissioner without unnecessary delay and in no event later than 24 hours after arrest." ï¿½.."It's outrageous. I don t care what spin anybody puts on it. I can t think of a set of circumstances where somebody should be held 54 hours and not talk to a lawyer, said Stephen A. Friedman, legal director of the [Prince George s] county chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union. It s going to become an issue in the case. The police know if he talks to a lawyer, the discussion will probably end, and they want to keep it going. People are under psychological coercion to cooperate." ï¿½ï¿½" http://thebird.org/host/dcdave/article3/990831.html "ï¿½ï¿½. [Cooper] told detectives he parked his car in the rear of the coffee shop and walked into the store about 9 p.m. while the employees were closing up the shop. He admitted to carrying a .38-caliber snub-nosed revolver and a .380 semiautomatic handgun with him. A law enforcement source familiar with the investigation said the front door of the coffee shop was still unlocked when Mr. Cooper arrived and he walked in and pulled his guns. He made her [Miss Mahoney] lock the door, the source said. Mr. Cooper ordered Miss Mahoney to open the safe in the rear office of the store and, when she refused, he fired a shot into the ceiling from the .38 caliber revolver. Miss Mahoney ran from the office and Mr. Cooper caught her in the hallway and shot her with the .380 handgun and then stood over her and shot her in the face and upper body with both guns. An autopsy showed that Miss Mahoney was shot five times. Police say Mr. Cooper then turned toward Mr. Evans and Mr. Goodrich and shot them. Mr. Evans was still alive, so Mr. Cooper shot him twice in the head. When he [Mr. Evans] continued to move and moan, Cooper shot him twice more in the head to put him out of his pain, the affidavit said. ï¿½.. http://thebird.org/host/dcdave/article3/990831.html "ï¿½..What can we possibly make of such a story? In the first place, we have to wonder, whether it be true or not, what on earth would have got into Cooper to tell it. After first holding out and dummying up, he then fingers Covington and perhaps someone else, and when that doesn t pan out, we are told that he starts singing like a canary...against himself. Was the man suddenly smitten with a death, or at least a life imprisonment, wish? If he was, it could hardly be greater than the death wish they first told us that Emory Evans had, and now Caity Mahoneyï¿½ï¿½."Their money or your life," is what a menacing armed robber is, in effect, saying when he points a gun at you and tells you to open the company s safe. What unarmed person in his or her right mind would not in that situation respond, in effect, "I am at your service." Surely no one in the management of the Starbucks company would hold it against any employee responding in that way, and Caity Mahoney surely must have known it. I would not be surprised if they have circulated a policy statement to that effect, although it is hardly necessary. It is no more than common sense. No weekend s worth--even a holiday weekend s worth--of store receipts are worth a life, particularly when it s yours. So first they were trying to sell us on the idea that the black guy was nuts, and now they are asking us to swallow that the young female former White House intern was nuts and precipitated her own slaying and the slaying of her young colleagues. http://thebird.org/host/dcdave/article3/990831.html "ï¿½..Then there is the improbable story of the struggle for the keys to the safe. Didn t they tell us from day one that Mahoney would have been the one to open the safe because she was the only one who knew the combination? Now we are to believe that the safe is opened with Mahoney s keys. Finally, there is the matter of the murder weapons. There are lots of bullets for a thorough ballistics test, but, unfortunately, no guns. Not only does the putative Cooper confession tell a highly implausible tale of mayhem in Starbucks, but no one seems to know what happened to the guns. On April 27, 1999, The Washington Times reported that Cooper told police that he had promptly buried the guns on the grounds of a Catholic home for abused and abandoned children and pregnant teenagers in Hyattsville, Maryland, about two blocks from his Gallatin St. NE home in Washington, DC. In February of 1998, after losing a job, he went back to dig them up to use for more robberies, he said, but he could not find them. Prince George s and D.C. police said they searched several places on the property after Cooper s "confession" and were unable to find them, eitherï¿½ï¿½.. "Sgt. Gary Cunningham, a Prince George s County police spokesman, said detectives searched the mostly wooded area around St. Anns immediately after Mr. Cooper told police he had buried the guns on the site. " There were several places [Mr. Cooper] said [the guns] were, but they never found them, Sgt. Cunningham said. ï¿½ï¿½"Sgt. Cunningham said police did not notify St. Anns administrators because nothing was found on the property. ï¿½ï¿½" Washington Post 10/21/99 Bill Miller ".....The D.C. police department and four of its officers were ordered yesterday to pay nearly $100 million in damages to a woman whose son was slain while working as an informant on the Starbucks triple slaying investigation, the largest jury verdict ever returned against the D.C. government. Terry Butera cried as the jury announced its decision, ending a two-week trial that exposed a host of police lapses...." Washington Times, Metropolitan Section, Page C3 1/20/2000 Jim Keary "ï¿½. A lawyer for Carl D. Cooper, the accused killer of three Starbucks employees, argued that his client's confessions should be suppressed because they were coerced by police officers interrogating Mr. Cooper: ï¿½.. Mr. Kirsch said Mr. Cooper's statement to police should not be used as evidence in the trial against his client. The admissibility of the statements, which is the main evidence against Mr. Cooper, will be determined by U.S. District Court Judge Joyce Hens Green, who is still hearing arguments on the admissibility of other evidence prosecutors plan to use in the trialï¿½.." Newsmax.com 1/23/2000 "ï¿½. "I swear on my father's grave and my son's life that I didn't do Starbucks," [Carl Derek] Cooper told the FBI shortly after he admitted his guilt to local police, according to courtroom testimony reported by the Washington Post last week. Now it emerges that Cooper told police several different stories about the Starbucks murders; once blaming an acquaintance for the killings, another time claiming he was merely a lookout. But after 54 hours of questioning, Cooper's lawyer says he buckledï¿½.. " Newsmax.com 1/23/2000 "ï¿½. The motive in the Starbuck's massacre was supposedly robbery, though none of the $10,000 cash on hand was taken even after Mahoney and her two co-workers were felled by a fusillade of bullets. Casting further doubt on the robbery theory: five of the ten shots fired hit the former Clinton intern, including an execution bullet fired into the back of her headï¿½.. " Newsmax.com 1/23/2000 "ï¿½. Author David M. Hoffman, who spent a year investigating Mahoney's murder, tells Globe Magazine's Tom Kuncl that the Starbucks massacre came just three days after Monica told Clinton she was going to tell her parents about their relationship. According to Monica Clinton reacted angrily, telling her, "It's a crime to threaten the President." Hoffman's claim is corroborated by the Starr Reportï¿½ï¿½ Hoffman claims to have uncovered new details about Mary Mahoney's time at the White House, which, if true, suggest the White House alum could have played a key role in the Clinton sex scandal despite her own homosexuality: "For many months, Mary, an outspoken lesbian and good hearted den mother for other young White House interns, had been listening to tearful stories from them about alleged sexual passes made at them by Bill Clinton. She'd begun to tell others she planned to do something to help them." Also, reports Hoffman, "a blockbuster piece of gossip swirling through Washington (at the time of Mahoney's death) was based on a columnist's blind item that a former White House intern whose name began with the letter M was about to reveal news of a sexual relationship with Bill Clinton." ï¿½" Washington Post 2/1/00 Bill Miller "ï¿½.A federal judge ruled yesterday that prosecutors can use Carl Derek Cooper's many statements to police as evidence in his trial on racketeering and murder charges, including one in which he described killing three people at a Starbucks coffee shop in the District. The ruling by Senior U.S. District Judge Joyce Hens Green was a major victory for prosecutors, who have little physical evidence to link Cooper to the July 1997 slayings in Northwest Washington. It came despite vigorous protests from Cooper's attorneys, who contended that he was pressured to talk last year in four days of interrogation. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.." Washington Post 2/4/00 Bill Miller "ï¿½.A former narcotics expert for the D.C. police department, who testified as a government witness in thousands of criminal cases, has been charged with perjury following the discovery that he had misrepresented his credentials. Johnny St. Valentine Brown Jr. was a fixture in the courts, helping prosecutors win convictions with his easy-to-understand tutorials about the drug trade. But his police career ended abruptly last summer when a lawyer on a civil case checked Brown's background and questioned key claims made by the detective in court and on his resume. Brown had told juries that he had a degree in pharmacology from Howard University and that he was a board-certified pharmacist in the District. Both claims suggested he had a special knowledge about the chemical makeup and workings of drugs. As it turned out, he had no such degree or certification from any institution, prosecutors said. .ï¿½.. Brown's troubles began last summer when attorney Peter C. Grenier quizzed him at a deposition and did some follow-up digging. Grenier represented Terry Butera, the mother of Eric Butera, a D.C. police informant who was slain in December 1997 while trying to help homicide detectives solve a triple killing at a Starbucks coffee shop. Brown was to be the District's expert witness, but Grenier doubted his claims about a pharmacology degree and made calls to Howard University. That led to Brown's removal from the case. ..." Freeper Lee 2/8/00 "ï¿½ï¿½ At 1pm today I called the Federal Public Defender's Office in Washington, D.C. and asked if the court assigned Mr. Carter or if the FPD's Office assigned him. They did not know but asked me the name of the other lawyer. When I informed them that Mr. Kiersch was originally assigned as counsel to Cooper they informed me that Mr. Kiersch was a bench lawyer that they assigned to the Cooper case and they gave me Mr. Kiersch's telephone numberï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.. I talked to Mr. Kiersch and told him I was doing a story on the Starbuck case and he received me well. I then asked him how Mr. Carter came to be assigned co-counsel and he informed me that Mr. Carter was court appointed. I pushed the point and asked Mr. Kiersch if the Judge or the Federal Public Defender assigned Mr. Carter to the case. Mr. Kiersch clammed up and said that he could only say that Mr. Carter was court appointed and would say no more. So some of the answers are: 1. We the People are paying for Mr. Carter. 2. It is not Pro Bono. 3. Mr. Carter was not assigned randomly - he was assigned by the court. It is highly unusual for the court to assign 2 different attorneys to defend someone. So the next question is - WHY? I think I already know what the cover story will be: Because it is a death penalty case, in a abundance of caution, the court appointed the best counsel availableï¿½ï¿½. I will be at the courthouse next week to pull the U.S. v. Cooper file and report what I find. ï¿½ï¿½" Washington Times 2/9/00 "ï¿½.The death penalty was once declared unconstitutional because it was held to be "cruel and unusual." That description is certainly debatable - indeed, it was subsequently rejected by the Supreme Court when capital punishment was reinstated more than 20 years ago. But the decision by Attorney General Janet Reno to seek the death penalty in the case of Carl Derek Cooper - the gunman charged with a triple killing at a Georgetown Starbucks coffee shop on July 6, 1997 - could certainly be described as "arbitrary and capricious." Though murders are committed in the District almost every day, many of them equally brutal, the last person executed for capital murder was Robert E. Carter - in 1957. While the Starbucks murders certainly merit the ultimate sanction against the perpetrator of those crimes, surely it's unequal justice that other killers, guilty of similar or worse offenses, face at most life in prison - often with the possibility of parole after 20 years. Those who believe in the death penalty - and there are strong arguments in favor of it - ought to be concerned about this uneven application of justiceï¿½ï¿½ The disconnect between sanctions for essentially the same crime, all dependent upon whether one is charged under federal or state law, is dangerous because to any fair-minded person it does indeed seem arbitrary, capricious - even cruel and unusual, for that matter. Cold-blooded murder is cold-blooded murder - no matter how the legal system might parse itï¿½ï¿½ If proved guilty, Carl Derek Cooper deserves to die. But so do others who are found guilty of similar crimes. That is the lesson - and the warning - to be gleaned from this horrible episodeï¿½.." Washington Post 2/10/00 Bill Miller "ï¿½Attorney General Janet Reno overruled U.S. Attorney Wilma A. Lewis by deciding to seek the death penalty against Carl Derek Cooper in the Starbucks slaying case, marking one of the relatively few times she has opted to push for capital punishment against the wishes of the local federal prosecutor's office. ï¿½ï¿½. Two law enforcement sources, speaking on the condition of anonymity, said the consensus at the U.S. attorney's office was that the Starbucks case did not have such a compelling federal interest that it called for the ultimate sanction of death. ï¿½ï¿½. " ï¿½.. CORRECTIONS 2/9/00 A02 "ï¿½.An article yesterday about Attorney General Janet Reno's authorization for prosecutors to seek the death penalty in the Starbucks coffee shop murder case here incorrectly reported how many times she has given that authorization. Reno has reviewed 498 capital cases over the past seven years and authorized prosecutors to seek the death penalty in 141 cases, including the case of Carl Derek Cooper, the suspect in the Starbucks slayings. ï¿½." Washington Post 2/10/00 Bill Miller "ï¿½..Attorney General Janet Reno overruled U.S. Attorney Wilma A. Lewis by deciding to seek the death penalty against Carl Derek Cooper in the Starbucks slaying case, marking one of the relatively few times she has opted to push for capital punishment against the wishes of the local federal prosecutor's officeï¿½ï¿½. Phillips and eight other senior attorneys joined Lewis on Jan. 20 for a formal review of the Starbucks case with Cooper's attorneys, Steven R. Kiersh and Francis D. Carter. Justice Department protocol called for Lewis then to make a recommendation to Reno. Four days after their meeting at the U.S. attorney's office, the defense lawyers met with a special Justice Department committee that screens potential death penalty cases for Reno. That panel also submitted a recommendation to Reno, which was not made public. She then decided prosecutors should seek execution. It is unclear what role Deputy Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. played in the deliberations. Holder, Lewis's predecessor as U.S. attorney in the District, did not return a call seeking comment. ï¿½.." http://www.arkansas-online.com/prev/Clinton/zamonica29.html "ï¿½.In addition, the Baltimore Sun reported that Starr has opened a third front in his legal battle with Clinton, with the grand jury sitting in Alexandria, Va., issuing a subpoena for records of Washington lawyer Francis D. Carter, whom Jordan recruited to represent Lewinsky. Carter filled that role only briefly, but he was representing the former intern when she denied having had an affair with Clintonï¿½.." Washington Post 2/11/00 Bill Miller "ï¿½..Deputy Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. confirmed yesterday that his office was involved in the Justice Department's decision to seek the death penalty against Carl Derek Cooper in the Starbucks slaying case. But he would not disclose the reasons U.S. Attorney Wilma A. Lewis's recommendation against seeking execution was overruled. "I will say that the deputy attorney general's office was involved, but I really wouldn't want to comment on what my role, if any, was in that matter," Holder told reporters during a weekly news briefing at the Justice Department yesterday. Sources familiar with the Cooper deliberations said Holder was among those supporting Attorney General Janet Reno's decision to seek the federal death penalty. Reno had the final say on the issue and acted Monday after receiving recommendations from Lewis and a Justice Department screening committee as well as input from Holder and other officials. ï¿½ï¿½" Washington Post 2/11/00 Bill Miller "ï¿½..In 1995, Reno persuaded Holder to seek the federal death penalty against Donzell McCauley in the killing of a D.C. police officer. Holder ultimately accepted a plea bargain with McCauley that resulted in a life prison sentence with no chance of parole. At the time of the plea, Holder explained that a death penalty trial could divide the city and said that the District's long-standing opposition to the death penalty gave prosecutors reason to worry that a jury might not go along with a death sentence. ï¿½." David Martin Web Site 2/14/00 "ï¿½ï¿½But there is one more actual surveillance camera that might be important to the case. It is on the back of Fillmore School across 34th Street several hundred feet behind the Wisconsin Avenue Starbucks. It's purpose is to protect the parking area behind the school, but it stares right at the back of Starbucks in the distance. Was it installed and working at the time of the killings? If so, did anyone from the police or the press ask what it might have shown? ï¿½.." Washington Post 2/15/00 Bill Miller "ï¿½..Assistant U.S. Attorney Kenneth L. Wainstein, who as lead prosecutor drafted the court document submitted yesterday, wrote that Cooper killed the Starbucks employees as part of his long-standing effort to eliminate people who might testify against him. According to Wainstein, Cooper threatened to kill two accomplices and three other people he thought might testify against him, including an inmate at the D.C. jail who had been asking him questions about the Starbucks case. Cooper "suspected that inmate of being an informant for police," Wainstein wrote. Cooper also allegedly sent word to a man he suspected of aiding police that he or "his people" would retaliate, he saidï¿½ï¿½" NewsMax 2/16/00 Carl Limbacher "ï¿½..The lawyer representing the accused killer of former White House intern Mary Caity Mahoney played a key role in the Monica Lewinsky case, NewsMax.com has learned. The case of Carl Derek Cooper, who was indicted last March in the July 1997 gangland-style slaying of Mahoney and two co-workers as they closed up a Washington, DC Starbucks coffee shop, has been assigned to Washington attorney Francis D. Carter. A receptionist in Carter's office confirmed to NewsMax.com that Francis D. Carter is indeed Frank Carter, who became famous in January 1998 as Monica Lewinsky's first lawyer. Carter is Cooper's co-counsel in the Starbucks case, along with DC area lawyer Steven Kierschï¿½." NewsMax 2/16/00 Carl Limbacher "ï¿½.. In December 1997 White House fixer Vernon Jordan enlisted Carter to help Lewinsky respond to a subpoena in Paula Jones case. Jordan had personally cleared Carter with the President, according to Michael Isikoff's book, Uncovering Clinton: "Jordan told Clinton about Lewinsky's subpoena and promised to get a lawyer. He mentioned the name Francis Carter. 'You think he's a good lawyer?' Clinton asked. Jordan assured him Carter was." Jordan personally escorted Lewinsky to Carter's office to work out the wording of an affidavit in which she denied a sexual relationship with Clinton......Three years before Lewinsky's name became a household word, Mary Caity Mahoney worked as an intern in the Clinton White House. Reportedly, several of her colleagues confided in her about incidents of sexual harassment by the President, a situation which she had vowed to remedy...." NewsMax 2/16/00 Carl Limbacher "ï¿½..Just days before the Starbucks killings, Lewinsky informed Clinton that she was going to tell her parents about their relationship. "It's a crime to threaten the President," Clinton angrily responded, according to the Starr Reportï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ the more famous of the two Clinton interns did make repeated references to fears she might be killed in conversations recorded by Sexgate whistleblower Linda Tripp. "I would not cross these people for fear of my life," Lewinsky told Tripp in December 1997, explaining why she could not tell laywers for Paula Jones the truth about her relationship with the President. Just days after she made that statement Lewinsky was referred to Vernon Jordan, who then sought out Mr. Carter...." NewsMax 2/16/00 Carl Limbacher "ï¿½..Last week Attorney General Janet Reno took the extraordinary step of seeking the death penalty for Cooper, even though Washington, DC currently has no capital punishment statute on its books. The last execution in the District took place in 1957. In doing so Reno overuled local US Attorney Wilma Lewis, making the Starbucks massacre one of the few cases in which Reno has pushed for capital punishment over the objections of a local federal prosecutorï¿½ï¿½.. The case against Cooper is believed to be weak, resting primarily on a confession that was obtained by police after 54 hours of interrogation, which he recanted shortly thereafter. Prosecutors are expected to argue that Cooper's motive in the Starbucks killing was robbery, yet Mahoney was shot execution style with the key to the safe in her hand. The safe reportedly held $10,000 -- none of which was takenï¿½ï¿½" NewsMax 2/16/00 Carl Limbacher "ï¿½..Another legal link between Monicagate and the Starbucks massacre emerged last week, when DC criminal defense lawyer William Martin spoke out in support of Reno's decision to seek Cooper's execution. Martin also has Monicagate ties -- as the lawyer for Lewinsky's mother, Marcia Lewis, who was under investigation by the OIC in 1998. Martin told The Washington Post that he didn't think jurors would be affected by Reno's decsion to treat the Starbucks murders as a capital caseï¿½ï¿½" Washington Post 2/15/00 Bill Miller "ï¿½..Carl Derek Cooper, the suspect in the Starbucks triple slaying, threatened to kill five people he viewed as potential witnesses against him as well as the two chief investigators on the case, according to federal prosecutors who outlined a host of new reasons for seeking the death penalty against him. In a 35-page document filed in U.S. District Court yesterday, prosecutors provided the most comprehensive explanation yet of the Justice Department's controversial decision to seek capital punishment. They said Cooper's criminal activities reached well beyond the sweeping allegations contained in a 48-count indictment against him last summer, and included numerous uncharged robberies, shootings and threats. Prosecutors said that Cooper's long history of violence shows he would remain dangerous even in prison, and that his "consistent lack of remorse" shows he has a low potential for rehabilitation. ï¿½ï¿½. D.C. police and the FBI kept Cooper under surveillance for months before his arrest, taping hours of his telephone conversations. According to yesterday's court papers, one tape--made the day before his March 1, 1999, arrest--caught Cooper discussing a desire to kill James Trainum, a D.C. homicide detective. Cooper allegedly said he could kill Trainum's family, wait for the detective to arrive home, and then, "Hey honey, I'm home . . . pow, pow, pow." Prosecutors said Cooper also discussed killing the lead FBI agent on the investigation, Brad Garrett. ï¿½ï¿½." Freeper Burkeman1 summary 2/18/00 "ï¿½ï¿½ Recently the initial lawyer for Monica Lewinsky, one Francis Carter, was assigned to be counsel to Carl Derek Cooper, who has been charged with the Starbucks killings. Lee- a freeper has took it upon himself to invesitgate the circumstances under which Mr. Carter came to be the attorney for Cooper. In an unusual move Janet Reno is seeking the Death Penalty for Cooper. No one in DC has been executed since 1957. He has authorized me to post the above findings to date. We look forward to his further reportsï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. ï¿½..Further- we should take caution here. So far we have a strange triple murder of whom one of the victims was a former White House intern. Carter's connections to Jordan, Monica, and the WHite House are of interest and a legitimate news story. Not because they point to De Facto evidence of some sort of conspiracy on the part of the WHite House but because it is a high profile case in the DC area with connections to the White House. We should keep in mind other possibilities. Perhaps Carter's appointment was politically motivated and comes from either Justice or the WHite House. Perhaps the reason could be altruistic, to ensure that he recieves a fair trial. Perhaps there is no connection at all. Or perhaps the WHite House, in a fury that one of their own was so viciously murdered wants to ensure a death penalty. I am merely trying to point out that the information above could mean many things and we should attempt to avoid speculation in only one direction and force ourselves to see alternatives- in direct confrontation from our preconceived notions. That being said- The coincedences are very interesting indeed! ï¿½.." Freeper Burkeman1 summary 2/18/00 "ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½The corruption of the DC police is a widely known but little discussed fact. Several years ago a DC cop was caught on television gunning down a crazed homeless man with a knife taped to his hand, in broad daylight, in front of the White House. The Homeless man (white by the way) did not have a hostage, was surrounded by cops, and was merely waiving his arms about and ranting when he was shot. The officer in question (black by the way) was thirty paces away when he fired. There was little public outrage and the Cop suffered little in way of repurcusions. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ The DC police force is overwhelmingly African American. Think that had anything to do with the lack of public outcry? In fact, on more than one occasion the DC police force has been caugt on tape delivering beatings to suspects that make the Rodney King beating video look like love taps. but since it is Black cops beating the hell out of black suspects little is said by the media. Certainly- Janet Reno won't start an investigation of the DC police force for "civil rights" violations like she has in New York. ï¿½ï¿½" The New York Times 2/20/00 John Files "ï¿½.. Federal prosecutors are pressing for the death penalty against a man charged with murdering three employees at a Starbucks coffee shop here in July 1997, clearing the way for the city's first death penalty case in nearly 30 years. In an outline issued this week, the prosecutors said they wanted to press a capital charge because the defendant has a history of violent crime. They said he shows no remorse and poses a continuing threat. Carl D. Cooper, 30, has been charged with the three killings in the affluent Georgetown section of the city. The bodies of Emory Allen Evans, 25; Mary Caitrin Mahoney, 24; and Aaron David Goodrich, 18, were found by another Starbucks employeeï¿½ï¿½. Attorney General Janet Reno decided to seek the death penalty for Mr. Cooper with advice from Wilma A. Lewis, the United States attorney for the District of Columbia. A death penalty review panel at the Justice Department concurred. ï¿½ï¿½" The New York Times 2/20/00 John Files "ï¿½.. The case moved to federal court in August with a 48-count indictment against Mr. Cooper, charging him with crimes from 1993 to 1997. His trial is to start on May 2 in United States District Court in Washington. The last person executed in the city was Robert E. Carter, 28, an unemployed laborer electrocuted on April 27, 1957, for killing an unarmed, off-duty police officer. The last trial in a capital case was in 1972. The city repealed the death penalty in 1980. Residents voted overwhelmingly in the 1992 election to reject a provision that would have reinstated the death sentenceï¿½.." The New York Times 2/20/00 John Files "ï¿½..Eleanor Holmes Norton, the city's delegate to Congress, wrote to Ms. Lewis: "The Cooper case is essentially a local homicide matter with federal charges tacked on. If the District had a local prosecutor, she could not ask for the death penalty. The application of the harshest and most controversial penalty in our law should not depend on whether the U.S. attorney or a locally chosen prosecutor litigates the case. Where the local jurisdiction of taxpaying citizens is deprived of a local prosecutor, the U.S. attorney has a special obligation to respect local law." Ms. Norton said in an interview that "serious equal protection questions are raised" when a high-profile case is chosen for the death penalty. She said it was disturbing that with about 300 homicides in the city in a year, most of them in poor neighborhoods, federal officials chose to elevate a case from the "most glamorous part of Washington." ï¿½.." Freeper longshadow 2/22/00 "ï¿½..According to yesterday's court papers, one tape--made the day before his March 1, 1999, arrest--caught Cooper discussing a desire to kill James Trainum, a D.C. homicide detective. Cooper allegedly said he could kill Trainum's family, wait for the detective to arrive home, and then, "Hey honey, I'm home . . . pow, pow, pow." Prosecutors said Cooper also discussed killing the lead FBI agent on the investigation, Brad Garrett. Question: how is it that this street scum criminal is familiar BY NAME with the lead DC and FBI investigators on the Starbuck's case? Have you ever heard of any other punk criminal that bothered to learn the names of the lead investigators assigned to investigate one of their crimes? Very hard to believe, or else Cooper isn't what they've made him out to be.... " Freeper longshadow 2/22/00 "ï¿½..Let's see if we've got this straight.... Cooper ran a small-time robbery ring, and committed "at least six armed robberies" that "were part of a pattern". Ok so far, until we read: ï¿½ï¿½. Assistant U.S. Attorney Kenneth L. Wainstein, who as lead prosecutor drafted the court document submitted yesterday, wrote that Cooper killed the Starbucks employees as part of his long-standing effort to eliminate people who might testify against him. ï¿½ï¿½ So if Cooper killed potential witnesses as part of a "long-standing effort to eliminate people who might testify against him", where, pray tell, are the dead bodies from all of his other armed robberies (at least six, we're told) where he killed the victims to prevent them form testifying? The absence of such victims (or at least the absence of a report of them) stretches credulity to the limit. Also, if the armed robberies were part of a "pattern", why is he described as the head of an armed robbery "ring" if he does his robberies "solo"? It would seem from the information in this article that the "solo" Starbucks robbery doesn't fit the MO of Cooper as a head of an "small robbery ring", nor does the murder of the victims appear to fit the real pattern of Coopers six armed robberies, as there is no mention of murder victims from his other robberies. There is something truly bizarre going on in this case, if the news reports are at all accurate. ï¿½.." Freeper Lee 2/22/00 "ï¿½.My trip to the U.S. Courthouse in Washington, D.C. concerning the Starbucks murders was quite reveling. The first step in my search for information was to conduct a computer search for U.S. v. Cooper. I could not find the case in the database so I asked one of the clerks who told me he has not heard of the case.zz I then called Mr. Kiersh (Cooper's co-counsel) who gave me the case number, 99CR266. I returned to the clerk's office and requested the Cooper file by citing the case number. The clerk found it and handed it to me in 2 volumes. The clerk also informed me that there was quite a lot of sealed information in addition to the case files he gave me. It was apparent from the condition of the Cooper files that not many, if any, have reviewed the files. This seemed strange to me because of the press coverage so I asked the clerk how many times had the Cooper files been check out for review. He told me I was the first he has given it too. ï¿½." Freeper Lee 2/22/00 "ï¿½.Please note that there other clerks in the criminal section of the Clerk of the Court. Another clerk might have provided the file for review but compared to other files in the clerks office, it appeared that the Cooper file received little or no review. This is really strange being that ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, WNBC, WJLA, WTTG, Washington Post, Washington Times, New York Times, just to name a few, have broadcast or written news articles about the Cooper case. Of interest to me were the charges filed against Cooper. Cooper was charged in a 48 count indictment with: Participation in Racketeering (Federal) First Degree Murder while Armed (Washington DC) First Degree Murder Felony while Armed (Washington DC) Interference with Commerce by Threat or Violence (Federal) Use of a Firearm during a Crime of Violence (Federal) Carrying a Pistol Without a License (Washington DC) Unlawful Possession of a Firearm by a Convicted Felon (Federal) Armed Robbery (Washington DC) Violent Crime in Aid of Racketeering (Federal) Use of a Firearm During a Crime of Violence (Federal) Carrying a Pistol Without a License (Washington DC) Conspiracy to Defraud the United States (Federal) Bank Robbery by Force or Violence (Federal) Robbery of Property or Money greater than $100.00 (Federal) Receipt of Money Stolen From a Bank greater than $100.00 (Federal) Conspiracy to Interfere with Commerce by Robbery (Federal) Attempted Interference with Commerce by Robbery (Federal) Second Degree Burglary While Armed (Washington DC) Attempted Robbery (Washington DC) Murder in the Course of Using a Firearm During a Crime (Federal) Use of a Firearm During a Crime of Violence (Washington DC) Freeper Lee 2/22/00 "ï¿½.Please note that most of these charges carrying more than one count. Irregardless the guilt of Cooper, the above charges should give us pause. In days past jurisdiction of a criminal act was a matter of law and not manufactured. In the Cooper case it appears that the U.S. Government manufactured the charges to gain jurisdiction. What was Cooper really charged with? It appears from the court records that Cooper aided and abetted in some robberies in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Washington DC. In addition he shot a Maryland policeman while the policeman was having elicit sex in the backseat of a car. ï¿½." Freeper Lee 2/22/00 "ï¿½.Court records do not indicate that any of these actions were related nor is there an indication that any of these actions were planned in any intentional way. So how did they make a federal case out of this? Simple, they charged Cooper with Racketeering - a federal crime. But Racketeering presupposes a plan, a pattern, a conspiracy and, an action by more than one person. Who did Cooper conspire with? Other than being a petty criminal, what was the pattern of this racket? Where are the indictments of the other Racketeers? You get the pointï¿½.." Freeper Lee 2/22/00 "ï¿½.The Feds can charge Cooper with bank robbery and possession of a firearm by a felon but, invoking the commerce clause of the Constitution is a bit much for a petty criminal even if this petty criminal is facing murder charges. In this case, the most casual observer could rightfully conclude that the manufacturing of the jurisdiction is outside the bounds of any legal authority and is meant to foster political gain or governmental cover-up. It seems that Americans forget that the reason we lay upon the prosecutors of this country supreme authority without accountability is so they will "do justice". ï¿½" Freeper Lee 2/22/00 "ï¿½.On August 5, 1999 Steven Kiersh made his appearance as Cooper's Attorney which was the same day as the arraignment. On September 8, 1999 at a status hearing Judge Joyce H. Green noted that the Cooper case was complex and on that day Francis D. Carter appeared as Cooper's co-counsel. In reviewing the court records and the docket it appears to me that much has been done since Carter was assigned. I do not know the quality of Carter's work but the quantity is obvious. It appears that Carter made a motion for the government to supply Cooper with the results of 23 separate investigations of other people they conducted concerning the Starbucks murders. Most of this is under seal but in the motion Carter did question the veracity of the governments position that the 23 separate investigations into the Starbucks murders had nothing to do with Cooper. Cooper's defense attorneys also filed a motion to dismiss the RICO charges which was denied. In addition they filed motions to suppress which were also denied. These are just a few of the motions filed so far by the defense that are part of the 16 page docket statement. ï¿½." Freeper Lee 2/22/00 "ï¿½.I did not glean from my research whether Carter is just window dressing to thwart the possibility of winning an appeal or the real thing. Time will tell but, given the way the government has done business so far, an eye needs to be kept on Carter. Carter is being paid $125.00 per hour plus expenses and so far has charged around $5,000.00. I could only get 20 pages of the record copied because of policy in the court. I did order the coping of the entire second volume (at considerable expense). This copy will be mailed to me in a week or so and I can then review in detail its contents. If the group is still interested I will report back my findings. It is quite obvious that the press is not in the least doing its job in this case. They did not view the files - they just became a parrot for the government. Their "so called" investigative efforts are now under subpoena by the defense....all of it....news papers and TV, both national and local. Freeper Lee 2/22/00 "ï¿½.I give the subpoena's little chance as the press is in bed with the government and they have thrown off the covers of justice. To show their ineptitude, by not reading the Cooper file they missed Cooper's Written Statement Regarding the Shooting of Officer Howard which is on page 16 of Judge Green's Memorandum Opinion and Order, dated February 1, 2000 - which states" "On March 2, 1999, commencing at approximately 4:40 p.m., Cooper wrote a statement detailing the following account. On a date he does not remember, between midnight and 4:00a.m., he was walking home after being dropped off by a person he refused to name. As he was walking through the woods, he noticed a parked car containing a man and woman having sexual relations. He walked up to the car to be "nosey" and noticed a wallet in the back pocket of the man who was laying on the front seat with his pants down. As Cooper approached the vehicle, the woman in the car saw him and screamed. The man rolled off the woman and yelled at Cooper to take the money but not to hurt them. Cooper pulled out his gun, a 9 millimeter his wife purchased for him. The man "started going crazy" and Cooper responded that he wasn't going to hurt anybody and he just wanted the money. The man was "sooooo panicky" that Cooper started getting nervous and almost left the scene. The man finally agreed to give Cooper the money and reached down into his pants (which were still around his ankles). As Cooper leaned into the car, the man punched him in the face. The man was able to "turn the gun around" and took a shot at Cooper while the gun was still in Cooper's hand. The bullet missed Cooper but shot a hole through the car window. Cooper regained control of the gun and let the woman out of the car. When the woman got out of the car, the man "jumped across the seat: and started "beating the s___ out of me [Cooper] and trys [sic] to take the gun." There was some wrestling and the gun went off and the man fell to the ground yelling that he had been shot. Cooper was afraid but knew the guy was all right because he was able to talk and evaluate the situation. Cooper had another gun, a .32 caliber pistol that he purchased on the street for $30 approximately five months earlier. The gun fell out of his pocket when he was wrestling with the man in the car. Cooper ran home after the man was shot. He did not call911 because there were police cars swarming all around. He did not learn until the next day the man in the car was a police officer who had called for pack up assistance." That could have been a feature in just about any newspaper. Just think of the headlines: Cop shot while trying to shoot. Back seat adventure by police results in shooting. Fellow Officers respond to back up a policeman with his pants downï¿½. " http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/daily/aug99/cooper5.htm ".....Cooper, who has been in custody since March in the Starbucks case, also is accused of killing a security guard in Northwest Washington in 1993 and attempting to kill an off-duty Prince George's County police officer in 1996. Like the July 1997 slayings of three employees at the coffee shop in Northwest Washington, the other violence took place during robberies, prosecutors said........The other killing cited in the indictment took place in May 1993 at an apartment building in the 1100 block of 11th Street NW. Sandy Griffin, a 39-year-old security officer, was on duty in the lobby when Cooper allegedly shot him. The indictment said that Cooper and "another known to the Grand Jury" took Griffin's pistol. ï¿½ï¿½.Prince George's authorities earlier had linked Cooper to the August 1996 shooting of off-duty police officer Bruce Howard, who was accosted at a park in Hyattsville. Howard was shot in the lower back in a crime that the indictment blamed on Cooper and unnamed others. Charges were filed against Cooper in that case earlier this year in Prince George's County..." 8/4/99 United States Attorney Wilma Lewis "ï¿½..Chief Charles H. Ramsey of the Metropolitan Police Department announced today that a federal grand jury today returned a 48-count indictment against Carl Derick Cooper, of 1249 Gallatin Street, NW, charging him with leading a racketeering enterprise that, between 1993 and 1997, was responsible for six armed robberies, the attempted murder of an off-duty Prince George's County Police officer, a bank robbery and four murders, including the murder of the three employees at the upper Georgetown Starbucks Coffee shop in July 1997. This indictment grew out of a joint investigation by the Metropolitan Police Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation in to the July 6, 1997, triple murder at the Starbucks Coffee shop at 1810 Wisconsin Avenue, NW. On the morning of July 7, 1999, the day-shift manager arrived at the coffee shop and found the bodies of the three employees -- Emory Allen Evans, Aaron David Goodrich and Mary Caitrin Mahoney -- who had been on duty the night before. They were lying in rear of the office, and all three had been shot to death. Detectives from the MPDC and special agents from the FBI teamed up to investigate the murders, and their attention ultimately focused on defendant Carl Cooper. The ensuing investigation revealed that defendant Cooper was allegedly responsible for other crimes in addition to the Starbucks murders. Today's indictment charges Cooper with leading a small racketeering enterprise that was dedicated to enriching its members through robbery. According to the indictment, Cooper participated in eight separate racketeering acts -- robberies, attempted robberies, murders and attempted murders -- in Washington, DC, Maryland and Pennsylvania over the course of his membership in the enterprise. Each of these crimes is charged as a racketeering act under the racketeering statute and as a substantive violation of federal and/or District of Columbia criminal law. Defendant Cooper is charged with participation in the following racketeering acts: Racketeering Act One charges Cooper with the May 10, 1993, murder of Special Police Officer Sandy Griffin as he sat at his desk in the lobby of an apartment building at 1107 11th St., NW. According to the indictment, Cooper shot Mr. Griffin to death in the course of stealing his pistol. Racketeering Act Two charges Cooper with the June 4, 1996, armed robbery of the Pizza Italia restaurant at 6511 New Hampshire Ave., in Takoma Park, Md. In that robbery, Cooper and two others are alleged to have entered the Pizza Italia restaurant wearing masks and gloves, and robbed the three employees as they were closing the business for the night. Racketeering Act Three charges Cooper with the August 12, 1996, armed robbery of Christy Bennett and Bruce Howard, the off-duty Prince George's County Police officer, and the attempted murder of Officer Howard in the course of that robbery. That offense occurred in Avondale Park in Hyattsville, Md. Racketeering Act Four charges Cooper with the September 8, 1996 armed robbery of the employees and patrons of the Velvet Touch Massage Parlor in Harrisburg, Pa. Racketeering Act Five charges Cooper with the conspiring to commit the October 1, 1996, robbery of the Chevy Chase Bank, F.S.B., in Bethesda, Md. Although another member of the enterprise committed the actual robbery, Cooper is charged with assisting in the planning or the robbery. Racketeering Act Six charges Cooper with the June 26, 1997, armed robbery of the Rollingcrest-Chillum Community Center. The indictment charges that Cooper walked into the community center by himself, pointed two handguns at the two employees in the office and forced them to fill a bag with approximately $5,000 in cash that he made off with. Racketeering Act Seven charges Cooper with the July 6, 1997 attempted robbery and triple murder at the Starbucks Coffee Shop in upper Georgetown. Although he is charged with conspiring to rob the coffee shop with another person, he is the only person charged with actually carrying out the crime. Racketeering Act Eight charges Cooper with conspiring and attempting to commit armed robberies at the Tire Town store in Beltsville, Md., and the Salon En Vogue hair salon in Hyattsville, Md. Cooper and his associates allegedly drove to those businesses with the intention of robbing them that day, but were unable to carry out their plans. Under this federal indictment, defendant Cooper faces life imprisonment without parole if found guilty of the charges at trial. If convicted on any of the three counts charging him with murder in the course of using a firearm during a crime of violence -- which correspond to each of the three Starbucks murders -- defendant Cooper could face the death penalty. The defendant was to be arraigned on the indictment at 1:45 pm on August 5, 199, before the Honorable Alan Kay, United States Magistrate-Judgeï¿½ï¿½." http://thebird.org/host/dcdave/article3/990831.html "ï¿½..Let's stop right here and have a more sober look. If this be a gang, where are the gang members? Not a single other person has, as yet, been named. Originally, they were telling us that the botched robbery was Cooper s distinguishing M.O., the big thing that the cop shooting and the Starbucks killing, as they have fashioned it, had in common. Now there s just the sort of man you want leading your gang. And the way Cooper let himself be maneuvered into implicating himself in the Starbucks caper doesn t remind one in the least of the shrewd and worldly Edmond, a man who managed to continue running his large drug operation for some time after he had been sent up the riverï¿½..I know it s impertinent to ask, but where is the evidence for this Cooper crime spree? We have been told nothing of any of it except some very unconvincing stuff on the Starbucks murders and the cop shooting. Is it possible that they are withholding that from us because it is even weaker than what we have been told they have on him in those two crimes. Is it possible for evidence to be weaker? The evidence against him in the 4 a.m. shooting of the off-duty policeman in a car with his girlfriend in Hyattsville, Md., in 1996, from what we have been able to gather, is that a pistol was found at the scene with fingerprints on it. Were they Cooper s? No. They belonged to someone else, whom the police were able to trace, and that man, who has not been named or charged with anything, implicated Cooper. Then this guy, who must approach Edmond in IQ, really tossed the cops a juicy bone (if the police can be believed on this; a big if) by telling them that the hapless Cooper had mentioned participating in the Starbucks killings. Yes, it s in the Washington Times of March 5, 1999. ï¿½ï¿½ Just think about this for a minute. Of all the numerous crimes with which Cooper has been charged, we have been told of only one solid piece of tangible evidence, a gun with fingerprints on it, and those fingerprints don t belong to Cooper. Rather, the owner of those prints was somehow able to "implicate" Cooper and take the heat off himself, for a one-man robbery, at that. Maybe he s even smarter than Edmond. ......" http://thebird.org/host/dcdave/article3/990831.html "ï¿½..The FBI? Wouldn t you know that they would find an excuse to get in on the act, although neither the police shooting nor the Starbucks killings violates a federal law. But the FBI is, indeed, very much into frame-ups. You can ask former Black Panther activist Geronimo Pratt in California or security guard Richard Jewell in Georgia about thatï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½" http://thebird.org/host/dcdave/article3/990831.html "ï¿½.. For its part, The Washington Post is less cautious about the implicated third man. Their front-page headline, below the fold, reads "Detained Man Names 2 Others in Starbucks Case." ï¿½ï¿½.From this article we learn that police were still questioning Cooper 54 hours after he had been brought in for questioning, and he had still not been brought before any judicial officer of the county. "Under Maryland court rules," we are told, "police are required to present a defendant to a court commissioner without unnecessary delay and in no event later than 24 hours after arrest." ï¿½.."It's outrageous. I don t care what spin anybody puts on it. I can t think of a set of circumstances where somebody should be held 54 hours and not talk to a lawyer, said Stephen A. Friedman, legal director of the [Prince George s] county chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union. It s going to become an issue in the case. The police know if he talks to a lawyer, the discussion will probably end, and they want to keep it going. People are under psychological coercion to cooperate." ï¿½ï¿½" http://thebird.org/host/dcdave/article3/990831.html "ï¿½ï¿½. [Cooper] told detectives he parked his car in the rear of the coffee shop and walked into the store about 9 p.m. while the employees were closing up the shop. He admitted to carrying a .38-caliber snub-nosed revolver and a .380 semiautomatic handgun with him. A law enforcement source familiar with the investigation said the front door of the coffee shop was still unlocked when Mr. Cooper arrived and he walked in and pulled his guns. He made her [Miss Mahoney] lock the door, the source said. Mr. Cooper ordered Miss Mahoney to open the safe in the rear office of the store and, when she refused, he fired a shot into the ceiling from the .38 caliber revolver. Miss Mahoney ran from the office and Mr. Cooper caught her in the hallway and shot her with the .380 handgun and then stood over her and shot her in the face and upper body with both guns. An autopsy showed that Miss Mahoney was shot five times. Police say Mr. Cooper then turned toward Mr. Evans and Mr. Goodrich and shot them. Mr. Evans was still alive, so Mr. Cooper shot him twice in the head. When he [Mr. Evans] continued to move and moan, Cooper shot him twice more in the head to put him out of his pain, the affidavit said. ï¿½.. http://thebird.org/host/dcdave/article3/990831.html "ï¿½..What can we possibly make of such a story? In the first place, we have to wonder, whether it be true or not, what on earth would have got into Cooper to tell it. After first holding out and dummying up, he then fingers Covington and perhaps someone else, and when that doesn t pan out, we are told that he starts singing like a canary...against himself. Was the man suddenly smitten with a death, or at least a life imprisonment, wish? If he was, it could hardly be greater than the death wish they first told us that Emory Evans had, and now Caity Mahoneyï¿½ï¿½."Their money or your life," is what a menacing armed robber is, in effect, saying when he points a gun at you and tells you to open the company s safe. What unarmed person in his or her right mind would not in that situation respond, in effect, "I am at your service." Surely no one in the management of the Starbucks company would hold it against any employee responding in that way, and Caity Mahoney surely must have known it. I would not be surprised if they have circulated a policy statement to that effect, although it is hardly necessary. It is no more than common sense. No weekend s worth--even a holiday weekend s worth--of store receipts are worth a life, particularly when it s yours. So first they were trying to sell us on the idea that the black guy was nuts, and now they are asking us to swallow that the young female former White House intern was nuts and precipitated her own slaying and the slaying of her young colleagues. http://thebird.org/host/dcdave/article3/990831.html "ï¿½..Then there is the improbable story of the struggle for the keys to the safe. Didn t they tell us from day one that Mahoney would have been the one to open the safe because she was the only one who knew the combination? Now we are to believe that the safe is opened with Mahoney s keys. Finally, there is the matter of the murder weapons. There are lots of bullets for a thorough ballistics test, but, unfortunately, no guns. Not only does the putative Cooper confession tell a highly implausible tale of mayhem in Starbucks, but no one seems to know what happened to the guns. On April 27, 1999, The Washington Times reported that Cooper told police that he had promptly buried the guns on the grounds of a Catholic home for abused and abandoned children and pregnant teenagers in Hyattsville, Maryland, about two blocks from his Gallatin St. NE home in Washington, DC. In February of 1998, after losing a job, he went back to dig them up to use for more robberies, he said, but he could not find them. Prince George s and D.C. police said they searched several places on the property after Cooper s "confession" and were unable to find them, eitherï¿½ï¿½.. "Sgt. Gary Cunningham, a Prince George s County police spokesman, said detectives searched the mostly wooded area around St. Anns immediately after Mr. Cooper told police he had buried the guns on the site. " There were several places [Mr. Cooper] said [the guns] were, but they never found them, Sgt. Cunningham said. ï¿½ï¿½"Sgt. Cunningham said police did not notify St. Anns administrators because nothing was found on the property. ï¿½ï¿½" Freeper Lee research from U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia 2/1/00 U.S. District Judge Joyce Hens Green MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER "ï¿½.. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½After the extradition hearing, Cooper was transported, without the presence of counsel, to Maryland by PG County Detective John Piazza ("Det. Piazza" or "Piazza") and Det. Fulginiti. Both Piazza and Fulginiti, who were instructed only to pick up Cooper and bring him to PG County, were present in the courtroom at Cooper's extradition hearing. Neither Fulginiti nor Piazza were involved in the investigation of the Officer Howard matter or the Starbucks murders. Cooper was in handcuffs and leg cuffs when he was placed in the car. Piazza drove the vehicle, with Cooper sitting in the front seat next to him, and Fulginiti sitting in the back directly behind Cooper. Fulginiti testified that Cooper appeared to be physically fine and did not complain of any pain or sickness. Without any prodding by the officers, Cooper started talking almost immediately after he got in the car. Piazza commented to Fulginiti that he was going to take New York Avenue back to Maryland and Cooper suggested an alternate route, which they took. Cooper told the officers that S/A Garrett and Det. Trainum were trying to get him to admit he was involved in Starbucks and that he was initially going to take a polygraph and changed his mind. He then asked if there was any way PG County could hive him a polygraph test. Fulginiti advised Cooper that neither he nor Piazza were involved in the case. (Footnote 14) Fulginiti inquired if Cooper was hungry - it was just after noon ï¿½ï¿½On March 2, 1999 at 8:48 p.m., Cooper gave a statement concerning his involvement in several robberies. The first incident he discussed was a robbery at an Italian pizza shop on New Hampshire Avenue in the District of Columbia. Cooper stated he stole a car and James and Haley (James' girlfriend) drove off in it and returned an hour later advising had robbed the Italian pizza shop on New Hampshire Avenue across from Pops & Sun. James was angry with Cooper because the car was smoking and not running well. Cooper did not know that James and Haley intended to rob the pizza shop; he thought they were driving to Pennsylvania. Cooper did not see James with a gun and he did not receive any money from the robbery. ï¿½ï¿½The next incident Cooper discussed was a bank robbery in Maryland. James and Haley were at Cooper's house and advised they were going out. They did not say where they were going. Later on, James told Cooper he had dressed up like a woman and he and Haley robbed a bank in Maryland with the assistance of James' "play sister" Nicki, who was a teller at the bank. James gave Cooper $1,000 from the proceeds of the bank robbery as a thank you for letting James and Haley stay at his house. When Cooper heard about the bank robbery he evicted James and Haley from his house and they never came back. Cooper did not see a gun and did not know where James got female clothing. James advised Cooper he dumped the clothing in the trash before he got on the Metro. Cooper claims James got the idea to dress up like a woman from a movie involving four female bank robbers. ï¿½ï¿½..Cooper next discussed the robbery of a massage parlor in Pennsylvania. Cooper, James, Haley, Earnest and two others were in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and neighboring areas visiting strip clubs and drinking free beer. They were driving in two cars, one stolen and one owned by Earnest. The group ended up at a massage parlor some time after dark. Cooper does not remember what time of the year it was, but remembers it was not cold outside. They knocked on the back door of the massage parlor and when the manager answered, James pulled out his "long handgun that said 8 millimeter on the side" and proceeded to rob the place. Nobody else in the group had a gun. Cooper was the lookout and declined James' request for him to frisk everyone. James frisked the owner and "freaked out" when he found a gun, accusing the owner of planning to shoot him. A female employee at the massage parlor accused James of biting her breast and this caused some friction between James and Haley. James kept the owner's gun and money, and stole a pair of tennis shoes. Cooper said he gave these statements because he wanted to "com clean" and "show cooperation." (Footnote 18) ï¿½ï¿½..After discussing the robberies, Cooper initiated a conversation about Starbucks and talked about taking the CVSA test. Fulginiti called in Sgt. McCann to talk to Cooper. Fulginiti testified that during the time he was with Cooper, he never raised his voice or threatened Cooper, never used any force or exhibited his weapon (which he did not bring into the interview room), and never made any promises other than in response to ï¿½ï¿½.At approximately midnight, McCann read Cooper his rights and Cooper executed a written Miranda waiver. (Footnote 19) McCann gave Cooper the CVSA test. The results were interpreted by both McCann and Fulginiti, who independently of the other concluded that Cooper showed signs of deception in his answers to the following questions: "Did you shoot the people at Starbucks?" and "Do you know who shot the people at Starbucks?" McCann testified that Cooper, when advised of the test results, started to breathe heavily and began to sweat. (Footnote 20) Cooper sat on the floor, and put his hands over his face. McCann told Cooper he thought it was interesting that Cooper and one of the victims at Starbucks both knew a man named Keith Covington. Cooper thought for a moment, composed himself, andput the blame on Covington, stating that it was an inside job and he, Cooper, ï¿½..Det. Harding, who was present in the interview room during this time, testified that Cooper began to shake, unbutton his shirt, and was visibly upset. Prior to that time, he had appeared alert, calm, injury-free and sober. ï¿½ï¿½.On March 3, 1999 at 1:12 a.m., cooper gave a written statement concerning his involvement in the Starbucks murders. He claimed that Keith Covington ("Covington"), approached him a month before the murders with the idea of robbing the Starbucks in Georgetown. Covington had a friend who worked there and would assist from the inside. Covington approached Cooper because Cooper "knew about robberies, [ ] was excellent behind the wheel of a car, and [ ] could keep [his] mouth closed." Cooper became interested when he learned it would be an inside job performed on the weekend when there was a lot of money in the store. Cooper agreed that he would drive the getaway car and sit in the car while Covington committed the robbery. The plan was that Covington's friend would let Covington in the store, play the victim, and then get the other employees to cooperate. Covington would then escape with the money and the friend would get his share later on. Cooper contacted Earnest and told him the plan, but then quickly regretted it because Covington and Earnest did not know each other. Cooper then told Earnest that it was a stupid idea and never brought it up again. Cooper went to the Starbucks on a Sunday morning to "check it out not knowing that the robbery would go down that night." At around seven or eight that Sunday evening Covington Knocked on Cooper's door and told him it was time to commit the robbery at Starbucks. Cooper was already dressed in black and Covington was wearing "dark blue knit sweat pants, boots, and a plaid shirt/jacket." Cooper did not bring a gun because it was an inside job and he didn't think he would need it. Cooper drove his mother's car to the location and parked it up the street. The original plan was to steal a car, but as they rode around looking for one "Covington was nervous and anxious," so he agreed to use his mother's car as long as it was parked up the street from the Starbucks. He and Covington talked for awhile about being in prison and about how much money they were going to get from the robbery. At no time did Cooper see a mask or a gun on Covington. Cooper stayed behind in the car while Covington went into the Starbucks. After approximately five minutes to a half hour of being inside the Starbucks, Covington ran down the street, jumped into the car and told Cooper to pull away. Cooper did not hear any shots or see anything. Cooper sped away and asked Covington what happened and where the money was. Covington looked at Cooper "with a frowned up face and said he couldn't get it." Cooper then dropped Covington off and never spoke about the incident again. He learned about the murders on the news the next day. He claims he was afraid to say anything because Covington know where he and his family lives, and Covington and his friends are know for violence and drug dealing. ï¿½ï¿½.After Cooper gave the first Starbucks statement, he went to sleep at approximately 3:30 a.m. cooper slept until approximately 2:20 p.m., when McCann and Harding resumed the interview. Cooper was asked if he was hungry, but he responded that he was too upset to eat because he knew he was in a lot of trouble. (Footnote 21) Cooper was shown a photograph of an individual whom he identified as Covington. McCann and Harding advised Cooper that they believe Cooper was inside the Starbucks, and that they would be looking for Covington and needed to know the truth. They also mentioned that they thought Cooper's fingerprints had been found inside the Starbucks. (Footnote 22) Cooper admitted he was inside the Starbucks but claimed he did not shoot anybody. Cooper was again given Miranda warnings, and he signed a written waiver. He then wrote the second statement concerning the Starbucks incident. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.On March 3, 1999, commencing at 3:29 p.m., cooper wrote the following statement. Cooper said he "stole" his wife's gun, a 9 mm handgun currently in police custody, and had it in is possession at the time. Covington had two guns in his possession. He said he and Covington walked in the front door at the Starbucks, and Covington put a gun to his friend's head, told him it was a robbery, and the friend let them into the store. The friend told the other "two white employees" to cooperate. While Covington kept an eye on the employees downstairs, Cooper went upstairs to make sure ï¿½nobody else was in the store. When he returned, he found Covington and the female employee arguing while Covington's friend was in the back with the other employee. The female employee did not want to give Covington the keys to the safe. While they were shouting at each other, Cooper kept an eye on the door. While he was looking out the door onto the street, he heard two shots. He turned around and no longer saw the female employee. Covington's friend came running into the room. Covington took him to the back room and disappeared from Cooper's sight. Cooper then heard four more shots. Cooper never fired his gun in the store. Covington then ran into the room and he and Cooper ran out the door and into the car. Cooper was afraid the entire time because he though Covington might shoot him. Nothing was said in the car. Covington had some blood on him and Cooper was concerned that it would stain his mother's car. After he dropped off Covington, Cooper went to a car wash and vacuumed and cleaned the car. He went home and took a shower and did not discuss the incident with Covington or anybody else. He claimed violence was not his style, there was nothing he could do for the people in the Starbucks, and he was sorry for their deaths. ï¿½ï¿½Det. Harding then advised Cooper that Earnest had told police that Cooper was involved in a 1993 murder of a security guard, Sandy Griffin, in the District of Columbia. Cooper dipped his head a little, and agreed to talk about that. Harding read Cooper his Miranda rights and Cooper executed a written Miranda waiver. Cooper gave a verbal accounting of the Sandy Griffin murder, and then prepared a written statement. ï¿½ï¿½On March 3, 1999 at 9:10 p.m., Cooper commenced a written statement concerning the murder of Sandy Griffin. He stated that about five or six years ago, before he was married, he and Earnest planned to rob a security guard of his gun. The security guard was stationed in an apartment building licated near 11th Street N.S. in the District of Columbia. (Footnote 23) Cooper waited until the guard was distracted by the telephone. He went inside the lobby and approached the guard stating "nigga don't move, all I want is the gun." The security guard had the pone in his left hand and he placed his right hand on the revolver and cocked it while it was still in the holster. Cooper was scared and told the guard not to move. The guard removed the gun from his holster and Cooper, fearing for his life, fired his own gun and shot the security guard in the head. The security guard fell to the floor, dropping the phone and the gun. Cooper picked up the guard's gun, a .38 revolver, and ran out with Earnest in tow. The two men ran to the car and Cooper advised Earnest that the guard tried to kill him. Cooper said he sold the guard's gun within a week for $300 to some guys on the street (he later recanted this fact in the statement concerning Monte Goodman's murder). The gun Cooper used to shoot the guard, a .32 revolver with tape on it, was later "dropped by me [Cooper] in a PG shooting case." Cooper stated it was Earnest's idea to get the gun and Cooper picked the victim. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.McCann saw Cooper again at approximately 12:50 p.m., read Cooper his Miranda rights and Cooper signed a written waiver. Cooper was advised that Covington had been arrested and was adamantly denying involvement in the Starbucks murders. While Covington acknowledged he knew one of the victims in the Starbucks case, McCann felt that Covington could not have been involved in Starbucks because at the time he was recovering from severe gunshot wounds to the stomach. Cooper then said "sit down Joe. Let me tell you." Tr. (1/13/00) at 159:4-5. Cooper advised that Covington was not involved in Starbucks and that Cooper acted alone. McCann testified that Cooper appeared relieved and resigned to the fact that the truth was coming out. Harding read Cooper his rights and Cooper signed a written Miranda waiver. He then wrote his third and final statement concerning Starbucks. ï¿½ï¿½..Cooper gave a third written statement about the Starbucks incident on March 4, 1999, commencing at 4:35 p.m. In this statement he claims Covington did not participate at all. Cooper planned to rob the Starbucks about one month earlier. He told Earnest of his plans without going into detail. One Sunday morning he went to the store to make sure Starbucks was doing a lot of business. Cooper believed that businesses open on Sunday do not deposit their cas until Monday morning. He decided to rob the Starbucks that Sunday evening. He paged Earnest but was unable to reach him. He decided to go alone because it was getting late and he did not want to miss his "window of opportunity." He was wearing black jeans, a black t-shirt with a white design of a person's face, white gym socks, black Timberline boots, no gloves and no mask. He drove his mother's car to the scene and parked it a block away. He entered the Starbucks through an open door, pulled two guns (a .38 and a .380), and announced he was robbing the place. A white female identified herself as the manager. There were two other male employees, one black and one white. Cooper attempted to force everyone into the back room where the safe was located but the female employee would not comply so he fired a warning shot into the ceiling. The female attempted to run. Cooper caught her near the door and fought with her to get the keys. The female attempted to grab the .380 pistol (the .38 was in Cooper's waistband) and it went off. Cooper stated "everything else [way] like a dream" and he just started shooting. He shot the woman two or three times with the .380 and then once with the .38. The white man tried to run but Cooper shot him. The black man was injured and Crying. Cooper said he had to stop the man's pain so he shot him two more time in the head. He left the store without any money because he realized what had happened and he just wanted to run. He buried the guns in a plastic bag outside St. Anne's Infant Home. He wasn't sure if he had blood on his clothes but he tasted the girl's blood in his mouth so he washed his clothes to be on the safe side. He took his car to the car wash. A while later, after he lost his job at Wang, Cooper tried to retrieve the buried guns because he was "thinking about doing robberies again to make money," but could not find them. Cooper claims he lied about Covington's involvement because he did not want to go jail. He was worried because he "killed three people and I'm afraid of jail." ï¿½ï¿½After giving the final Starbucks statement, Cooper tok a shower and changed his clothes. He was questioned further about the whereabouts of the guns used in Starbucks, but Cooper gave several different stories. At approximately 2:00 a.m., Cooper was brought to processing so he could be presented before the Commissioner. McCann and Harding both testified that throughout the entire time in PG County (from March 2 through March 5, 1999) Cooper received plenty of sleep, food and drink, and opportunities to use the bathroom facilities. Cooper never asked for a break or mentioned he was tired. He never complained of being sick, except to say once he felt nauseous because of the trouble he was in. He was not cuffed or restrained in any way, there was no use or threat of force. He never mentioned a lawyer, and was eager to talk. McCann testified that Cooper was intelligent, never appeared confused about the discussions they had, and was highly articulate. ï¿½ï¿½.On March 16, 1999, Cooper waived his right to a removal hearing in Maryland and agreed to be transported back to the District of Columbia to answer murder charges in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. S/A Garrett picked up Cooper in PG County and brought him back to the FBI Washington Field Office. (Footnote 25) As he went through the booking process, Cooper started talking about his experiences at PG County Jail and compared his positive experience with PG County jail to his negative experience with DC Jail. He discussed the situation involving the murder of Montee Goodman. Garrett advised Cooper the procedure from that point forward - that he would be taken to the central cell block, presented before a judge the next morning, and ultimately he would be appointed a lawyer and have a preliminary hearing. Cooper told Garrett that he knew what a preliminary hearing was. Cooper then advised Garrett that in PG County he "admitted to everything under the sun, whatever they told me to say I said. They didn't advise me of my rights." Tr. (1/12/00) at 88:16-19. Cooper said his statements will be suppressed and that he "know [s] a little bit about the law." Id. At 90:3-4. Cooper stated that PG County wanted him to "confess to everything to hurt the careers of Detective Trainum, [S/A Garrett and Mr. Wainstein]." Id. At 90:20-23. He said McCann showed him a notepad containing false comments from all his confederates. Cooper also stated that everything he said about the Starbucks murders had been "embellished." Id. At 91:2-7. Cooper denied his involvement in the Starbucks case and said the police would have to prove the evidence to him before he admitted to anything. (Footnote 26) Garrett then presented Cooper with a waiver of Miranda rights form, but Cooper refused to sign it, writing instead "Decline sign form. Requested a lawyer at 3:47 p.m.." Cooper was not questioned further and was presented the next day in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. 7/18/97 Washington Blade http://www.washblade.com/meta/obit/archives/970718_1.htm "ï¿½..Mary Caitrin "Caity" Mahoney, 24, a founder of the Baltimore Lesbian Avengers, died Sunday, July 6, 1997, at the Starbucks coffee shop on 1810 Wisconsin Avenue, NW, in Georgetownï¿½ï¿½.. Mahoney was one of a core group of six women who founded the Baltimore Lesbian Avengers, a political activist group, in February 1995, according to her best friend, Mary Hall of Baltimore, Mdï¿½ï¿½ Mahoney's activism spanned many arenas, including founding a women's issues discussion group at Towson State University in 1993; sitting as a board member of the 31st Street Bookstore in Baltimore, a Lesbian/feminist cooperative; and working on Bill Clinton's presidential campaign as well as interning for the Clinton White House when he was newly electedï¿½ï¿½" 7/18/97 Washington Blade http://www.washblade.com/meta/obit/archives/970718_1.htm "ï¿½..In 1994, Mahoney and others raised more than $1,000 for Baltimore's Pride festival while participating in a musical spoof of The Sound of Music known as The Camp of Music. In the musical, Mahoney played Gretel -- the youngest of the "VonCamp" childrenï¿½ï¿½ Mahoney was born July 22, 1972, in Baltimore. From the sixth grade on, she attended the McDonogh School near Pikesville, Md., where she graduated in 1991. She did a year of studies at Ithaca College in New York state, a semester at Fordham University in New York City, and then two years at Towson State University in Maryland, where she received a bachelor's degree in women's studies in the spring of 1995. While studying at Towson, Mahoney worked as a shift supervisor at Cafe Diana, a Baltimore Lesbian/feminist coffee house from September 1993 to June 1995. During the summer of 1995, she worked as a cook at the City Cafe, a Gay-owned coffee house in Baltimore. In September 1995, Mahoney moved to Washington, D.C., and took a job with Starbucksï¿½ï¿½.Mahoney's hobbies and interests included her cat, Marlu; Lesbian and women's rights; politics; and joggingï¿½ï¿½" Carrie Johnson Legal Times 9/20/99 "ï¿½ï¿½Fifteen minutes. That's how long the whole operation was supposed to last. Informant Eric Butera would walk into the house, buy a few rocks of crack cocaine, and trot back to the car that held a detective from the Metropolitan Police Department. No big deal: Police send informants into the lion's den to collect information every day. Except this time, things weren't so routine. Butera wound up crumpled on the sidewalk looking like "a bag of trash," one witness says his brain swollen from the kicks and punches of three drug dealers. His heart stopped. He was dead, with his police escorts nowhere to be foundï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. By 1997, Butera had become a visitor at 1015 Delaware Ave., S.W., where he would buy and smoke crack cocaine. There, in July 1997, Butera overheard dealers and other drug users talking about a recent crime in a Starbucks coffee shop. The murders of three young workers days earlier, on a high-rent block in Georgetown, shocked city residents and embarrassed police, who had few strong leads in the case. When Butera finally came forward in November to Anthony Patterson, a homicide detective who was leading the investigation, the police bit. They decided to set up a drug purchase at the house to test Butera's reliability as an informant and, hopefully, secure a warrant to search the place for clues. On Dec. 4, 1997, Butera met Patterson at Borders Books in Northwest Washington, where they chatted amiably about jazz CDs. After a quarter of an hour, they met Detective Brigidini and Sgt. Breul, who accompanied Butera to the drug houseï¿½ï¿½" Carrie Johnson Legal Times 9/20/99 "ï¿½ï¿½Brigidini dropped off Butera a block away from the house at 9:21 p.m., while Breul and Patterson waited in another car at Third and K streets, S.W. According to witness accounts, Butera brushed off a pair of drug dealers in his efforts to get to 1015. But when he knocked on the door, no one answered. On the way out, Butera again passed the rival dealers, who punched and knocked him down, robbing him of a watch and $80. Another man, Renaldo "Bruiser" Mathis, grabbed onto a nearby fence and stomped on Butera's head as he lay on the groundï¿½ï¿½.." Carrie Johnson Legal Times 9/20/99 "ï¿½ï¿½Lead plaintiff's counsel Grenier, a partner at D.C.'s Bode & Beckman, charges that the police fouled up the drug buy at every turn. He says, for instance, that there was no clear time and place where Butera would rendezvous with the police after buying the drugs. Grenier and James Bradley, a retired 25-year veteran of the force who is serving as an expert witness for Mrs. Butera, say they are astounded that the homicide detectives apparently never informed the members of the local First District police squad about the buy. If they had checked, according to police records, the detectives would have learned that officers had visited 1015 Delaware the night before, at 6 p.m., for a drug bust making it highly unlikely the operation would be back up and running the next day. Moreover, according to Butera's legal team, Butera was left alone for 40 minutes too much time to leave an unarmed informant in the drug-plagued neighborhood, which had been terrorized by violent gangs called the K Street Crew and the L Street Crew. Bradley, the MPD veteran who now works as an investigator, faults the police for not using a wiretap or other surveillance equipment. Says Grenier of the so-called police foul-ups: "If he [Butera] wasn't a marked man already, he was now. All the police had to do was yell "stop, police' because none of these guys had weapons." He is also disturbed by comments the police made the night of Butera's murder. According to a transcript from Sgt. Breul's interview with the MPD's Internal Affairs Division, Breul said, "I recall rolling down my window and joking with Detective Patterson. I said, "Why don't you roll down the window in case we hear any gunshots or screams?"ï¿½.." http://www.zolatimes.com/v2.29/cry.html 2/29/99 "...It's the new power politics of the crybaby. When the temper tantrum doesn't work, dissolve into tears. ï¿½ï¿½.. But, more recently, after the American people failed to cower in the familiar manner of White House staff sycophants, at a September 9 press conference with congressional Democrats who had just come from a breakfast meeting with the President, a new strategy of public deception had come to the fore. A reporter asked the question: "Did he cry?" Not, mind you, "Did he commit perjury, obstruct justice, or abuse power?" But, rather, "Did he cry?" ï¿½ï¿½ Did you cry when the 36 boxes of the Starr Report were being unloaded on Capitol Hill? I sure hope so. You see, you are convincing no one with your sorry acting. If you are truly sorry, what are you still doing in the White House? ï¿½ï¿½. It was the Star, after all, that broke the Gennifer Flowers story. It was the Star that broke the story of your Machiavellian advisor Dick Morris and his enjoyment of a prostitute with attractive toes. The Star reported the news while the networks were reporting your lying spin. ï¿½ï¿½" http://www.zolatimes.com/v2.29/cry.html 2/29/99 "... July 4, 1997: The Drudge Report says Newsweek's Michael Isikoff is on the trail of a second Paula Jones--this one inside the White House. Drudge doesn't identify the woman. July 4, 1997: Monica Lewinsky has a "very emotional" visit with the President. The President scolded her: "It's illegal to threaten the President of the United States." July 7, 1997: The Starbucks Massacre. Former White House intern Mary "Caity" Mahoney and two co-workers are killed execution style at the Starbucks Coffeeshop in Georgetown. Both Monica Lewinsky and George Stephanopolous are regulars there. When this event occurred, only the White House was aware it had an "intern problem." July 15, 1997: Just after Monica Lewinsky returns from an overseas trip, the President has her come to the White House to discuss Linda Tripp and Newsweek. July 28, 1997: Drudge reports that Kathleen Willey is the woman Bill Clinton sexually harrassed inside the White House. Speculation about a Starbucks connection subsides on the Internet. Dec. 5, 1997: Paula Jones' legal team notifies the White House that Monica Lewinsky is on their witness list. Dec. 6, 1997: Nearly 5 months to the day after the still unsolved Starbucks Massacre, Eric Butera, an informant working with DC Police on the Starbucks case, is beaten to death while working at their behest on an unrelated drug case. Jan 21, 1998: The Washington Post identifies Monica Lewinsky as a former White House intern implicated in a sexual relationship with the President. http://www.zolatimes.com/v2.29/cry.html 2/29/99 "...And now some excepts from the March 3, 1998 issue of Star Magazine: ï¿½Mahoney was gunned down, execution style for no apparent reason last summer at a Starbucks coffeehouse near the White House - a place where Monica, 24, and other Clinton interns frequently hung outï¿½ï¿½.. STAR has also learned that Monica and confidante Linda Tripp - who secretly taped Monica's claims of a White House affair with President Clinton - frequently talked about being in dangerï¿½ï¿½."You don't think they're going to kill us?" Tripp said a number of times in recent months to another friend of hersï¿½.. But it was the shocking slaying of the other former White House intern that has raised the most disturbing questions yet in the scandal. Mary Caitrin Mahoney, 25, campaigned full time for Bill Clinton in the 1992 race and then arrived in Washington in January of 1993 with a coveted summons to be one of the President's first internsï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Caity was singled out for the most horrendous fate - as if she'd been the killers' prime target. Of the ten shots fired, she was hit five times at point blank range, including at least once in the face. The final bullet was delivered to the back of her head after she'd already fallen. In one hand, in a death grip, Caity clutched the keys to the store's safe, which held the weekend's receipts of more than $10,000. D.C. cops were mystified by the apparent lack of motive in the crime. The safe hadn't been opened. The cash registers were undisturbed. The store hadn't been ransacked. None of the victims' personal belongings had been touched. "No one knows whether Monica ever confided in Caity about her relationship with the President," says an insider. "But they talked a lot. And now Caity is dead." ï¿½ï¿½ http://www.zolatimes.com/v2.29/cry.html 2/29/99 "...What I want to know, Mr. President is this: Did you cry for Caity Mahoney? 9/30/97 Washington Post Brian Moar Linda Wheeler "ï¿½.. D.C. police acknowledged yesterday That homicide detectives failed to Seize a pair of shoes that belonged To a potential suspect and that had A dark stain immediately after the Triple slaying at the Starbucks coffee Shop in July. But officials said the Shoes were seized later and held no evidence related to the shootings. The shoes belonged to a former employee of the Starbucks on Wiscon- sin Avenue in Northwest Washington's Burleith neighborhood. He was ques- tioned shortly after the shop's assistant manager and two other employees were found shot to death July 7 during what police have said may have been a robbery attempt. A source familiar with the investi gation into the Starbucks killings said that a day or so after the inter- view, an evidence technician men- tioned that he had seen a stain that could have been blood on the former employee's shoes. Black-and-white photographs also showed the stainï¿½ï¿½.. After the technician made his re- port, investigators obtained a war- rant to seize the footwear, a pair of white gym shoes, from the man's home. Subsequent tests performed by the FBI showed that the stain was not blood. ï¿½.." http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/daily/march99/cooper6.htm "ï¿½ï¿½.A break in the case came last year when the television show "America's Most Wanted" repeated an episode about the slayings, law enforcement sources said. A woman who was dating someone who knew Cooper called D.C. police with a valuable tip: Cooper had told her boyfriend that he was the Starbucks killer. ï¿½ï¿½ The woman agreed to wear a wire for D.C. police and recorded her boyfriend's comments about Cooper's involvement. Prince George's police were simultaneously investigating Cooper in the shooting of an off-duty police officer. The two police departments worked with the FBI to build evidence against Cooper. ï¿½ï¿½" Freeper Libertas "ï¿½..Mary Caity Mahoney interned for Doris Matsui. Doris Matsui was the White House official responsible for liaison with the Asian-American community, headed the Asian Pacific American Working Group (APAWG), which coordinated the activities of the White House, the Democratic National Committee and the Clinton-Gore re- election campaign with regard to Asian-Americans. APAWG, one of whose members was John Huang, came up with the plan to raise $7 million from Asian-Americans. ï¿½." Alamo-Girl Note: See also the Downside Legacy Ron Brown section for Barbara Wise to Doris Matsui relationship http://www.click2asia.com/b/m/b=apapol2/d/channel/people/index.html "ï¿½ï¿½In January 1993, Doris Matsui was appointed by President Clinton to serve as Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy Director of Public Liaison. Her current position entails participating in discussions on critical domestic policy issues, with a special focus on education, children, families, and the non-profit sector. Praised for her efforts to enhance economic and social empowerment in her community, she received the University of California Rosalie Stern Award for outstanding volunteers service to the community. A well-recognized leader and spokesperson for causes ranging from the arts to global relations, Matsui is a particularly strong advocate for family and children's issuesï¿½.." http://home.hiwaay.net/~craigg/g4c/caity-News.htm "ï¿½ï¿½Mahoney first moved to Washington after campaigning on the East Coast for Bill Clinton during the 1992 presidential campaign. She was one of the first interns to work at the Clinton White House. "She had this wonderful way of loving life, and she was very eager to be helpful," said Doris Matsui, the office's deputy director. ï¿½.." Alamo-Girl Note: The source of the rumor that Monica Lewinsky said she didnï¿½t want to end up like Caity Mahoney appears to be from the "Strategic Weekly Briefings" by Craig Karpel 1/23/98. Iï¿½m not sure which Craig Karpel this would be: Craig Karpel, author of the book The Retirement Myth, published by Harper Collins Craig Karpel, Publisher of the Colby Intelligence Letter Craig Karpel, The Karpel Group. Freeper Archy "ï¿½.There was a Craig Karpel through the 1970s-early 1980s who freelanced a number of investigative articles for numerous men's magazines, including Penthouse. Given the associated death with Penthouse model Judy Gibbs and that Craig Karpel's previous writing on such politically arcane subjects as a Bilderburgers' meeting in Europe in a venue where that would be usually be considered pretty dry stuff, which included Vernon Jorden anectdotes among other details, I'd suggest he's the oneï¿½ï¿½" http://24.142.63.193/forum/a83856.htm Strategic Weekly Briefings 1/23/98 Craig Karpel "ï¿½..According to my sources, when Monica Lewinsky first met with Vernon Jordan in November 1997 she told him she didn't want to end up like Caity Mahoney. Jordan professed not to know whom Lewinsky was referring to until she identified Mahoney as the former White House intern who was murdered last summer in a Starbucks. The Starbucks murders were big news in Washington because, as D.C. Council member Jack Evans put it, "To have a triple homicide anywhere in the District of Columbia is an unusual event. To have a triple homicide in Georgetown is extraordinary." I would add that a massacre isn't supposed to happen in a Starbucks; cafe latte is supposed to happen. My sources tell me that Jordan gently told Lewinsky not to let her imagination run away with her and assured her that she was in no danger of being murdered on orders from Bill Clinton or anyone associated with Bill Clinton. According to my sources, Lewinsky wasn't convinced. When she later met with Jordan in the back of his limousine, Lewinsky is said to have tearfully told him that Linda Tripp believed Vincent Foster didn't commit suicide, and that neither she nor Tripp wanted to end up like Foster. Jordan is said to have sighed and told Lewinsky she shouldn't believe everything Tripp says, and that Tripp had to be moved out of the White House because she was a troublemaker. According to my sources, Lewinsky is now consumed with fear that, having been flushed into the open by Tripp, she has already, so to speak, "killed herself." ï¿½ï¿½" Associated Press "ï¿½..The Georgetown Starbucks coffee bar where three workers were found slain on July 7 will reopen as a memorial to them and other victims of violent crime, the chairman of the Seattle-based company said yesterday. Howard Schultz made the announcement following a memorial service at Georgetown University for Mary Mahoney, 24; Aaron Goodrich, 18; and Emory Evans, 25. ï¿½ï¿½. " Freeper Lee 2/24/00 "ï¿½..This is the MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER by U.S. District Judge Joyce Hens Green on 2/1/00 ï¿½ï¿½ The 48-count indictment charging defendant, Carl Cooper ("Cooper"), with various racketeering acts of robbery, murder, conspiracy and firearms offenses was filed on August 4, 1999, and a jury trial has been scheduled for April 10, 2000ï¿½ï¿½.. Currently before the Court are Cooper's four motions to suppress statements, wire interceptions, physical evidence and photographic identification. On January 12, 13, 18 and 19, 2000, the Court heard testimony from four government witnesses and one witness called by the defense on the motion to suppress statements, and from one government witness on the motion to suppress photographic identifications. As is his constitutional right, Cooper did not testify or provide an affidavit. In addition, the Court heard argument from counsel on all four motions. Based on the pleadings filed by the parties, the argument and testimony given in open Court, and all matters considered, for the reasons discussed below, each of the four motions is deniedï¿½ï¿½." ï¿½ï¿½.Mr. Cooper was arrested by FBI agents outside of his home in the District of Columbia on March 1, 1999 pursuant to an arrest warrant issued by Commissioner Gray F. Byrd of Prince George's County, Maryland ("PG County"). The arrest warrant was based on Cooper's alleged involvement in the 1996 shooting and robbery of PG County police officer Bruce Howard. Cooper made verbal statements to FBI agents while in their custody from the time of his arrest until his extradition hearing the following afternoon in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. After the extradition hearing, Cooper was transported to PG County where he gave several verbal statements, and seven written statements (plus a correction) to PG County police officers. He was then returned to the District of Columbia where he gave additional verbal statements to the FBI agents. He seek to have all of his statements suppressed ï¿½ï¿½Witnesses for the government included FBI Special Agent Bradley Garrett ("S/A Garrett" or "Garrett"), PG County Detective Richard Fulginiti (Det. Fulginii" or Fulginiti"), PG County Sergeant Joseph McCann ("Sgt. McCann" or "McCann"), and PG County Detective Troy Harding ("Det. Harding" or "Harding"). The defendant called FBI Special Agent Stephanie Yanta ("S/A Yanta" or "Yanta"). The Court has observed the demeanor and heard the testimony of these witnesses, and finds each of the five to be highly credible and extremely persuasive. (Footnote 1) The testimony of these officers was thoughtful, unhesitating, calm, and fully consistent with not only the officer's own individual prior memorializations, but also with each other's testimony ï¿½ï¿½.On March 1, 1999 at approximately 6:20 p.m., Cooper was in his automobile with his five-year old son in front of his house in Northeast Washington when Agent Garrett and FBI Special Agent Bob Oxley ("S/A/ Oxley" or "Oxley") pulled up next to Cooper and, after Cooper exited the vehicle, placed him under arrest. (Footnote 2) According to Garrett, ï¿½ï¿½.The individuals who question Cooper are experienced law enforcement officers. S/A Garrett testified he has been with the FBI for fifteen years, with the last ten in the District of Columbia office. Prior to that time, he was a federal probation officer for ten years. Sgt. Fulginiti testified he has been with the PG County Police Department for seventeen years. Sgt. McCann testified he has been with the PG County Police Department for eight years. Det. Harding testified he has been with the PG County Police Department for ten years, and was a Greenbelt City police officer for six years prior to that. S/A Yanta has considerable less experience than the other officers - she testifeied she has been with the FBI since March 1998 - however, she observed and took notes from a television monitor and speaker set up in a nearby room and, except perhaps to introduce herself, did not speak to Cooper. ï¿½..Although Cooper was arrested solely on the PG County charge, the FBI was part of a joint task force consisting of federal, District of Columbia, and Maryland authorities. According to the government, it became apparent early in the investigation into the defendant's enterprise that he and his confederates were responsible for crimes in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. Once the investigators recognized the cross-jurisdictional aspect of the enterprise, they contacted law enforcement officers in the affected jurisdictions and engaged in a cooperative effort to investigate those crimes. ï¿½.every effort was made not to handcuff Cooper in front of his son. There was no force used during the arrest, and Cooper did not resist in any fashion. In fact, Cooper later thanked Garrett for being "low-key" about the arrest. The media was present when Cooper was arrested, although it is not clear who contacted them. ï¿½ï¿½.Cooper was transported to the FBI Field Office in Northwest Washington by Garrett and Oxley, where he was questioned from approximately 8:20 p.m. until 3:24 a.m. Several individuals, including Detective James Trainum from the Metropolitan Police Department ("Det. Trainum" or"Trainum"), S/A Yanta, Sgt. McCann, Assistant United States Attorney Kenneth L. Wainstein ("AUSA Wainstein"), and United States Attorney Wilma A. Lewis, observed all or a portion of the interview through a television monitor and speaker in a nearby room. With the exception of AUSA Wainstein, none of these individuals entered the interview room. Cooper could not see these individuals, nor was he advised they were there. It was S/A Yanta's responsibility to take notes of the entire interview.. ï¿½ï¿½..S/A Garrett testified that Cooper's restraints were removed when he entered the room. As part of the booking process, Cooper was asked some preliminary information concerning his family and employment history and criminal background. He advised the agents he was concerned about the effect his arrest would have on his job. During this booking process, Cooper volunteered that he had conferred with a lawyer who advised him that all the evidence against him was circumstantial, and he stated he wanted to take a lie detector test. ï¿½ï¿½.At approximately 9:00 p.m., Garrett told Cooper he was being charged with the 1996 shooting and robbery of an off-duty police officer in PG County. After Cooper denied his involvement in that incident, Garrett told Cooper he wanted to talk about Starbucks. Cooper wanted to talk, and signed a written Miranda waiver, which Garrett had also read verbally to Cooper. Garrett testified that Cooper did not hesitate in any manner when he reviewed and signed the Miranda waiver, nor did he express any concern about what he was doing. Cooper denied involvement in the Starbucks case, claiming murder was "not his style." ï¿½ï¿½. In late fall of 1998, Det. Trainum and Garrett were in a vehicle near Cooper's house when Cooper pulled up in a car alongside them and asked why the were harassing him. Garrett replied they were working on homicides in the area and just happened to be near Cooper's house. There was some discussion of a polygraph test, Garrett told Cooper he was not prepared to give him the test, and Cooper drove off. ......... Cooper admitted past involvement in robberies and narcotic sales, and when asked why his name kept coming up in connection with Starbucks, he claimed it was because of his reputation in the community as a robbery consultant. Cooper stated people are motivated to name him because of the reward being offered, and also because informants could make deals to help themselves. ï¿½ï¿½.Cooper acknowledged that he has in the past gone with his family into the Starbucks store where the murders occurred. He did not recall being in the store the weekend the murders happened and, when asked by Garrett why his fingerprints were found inside the store after the murders, he had no explanation. (Footnote 5) Cooper said he went to the Starbucks about two weeks after the murders and put flowers on the memorial. He stopped going because too manyh people were accusing him of committing the murders and he did not want to be perceived as a criminal returning to the scene of the crime. Cooper stated that he never knew anybody who worked for Starbucks and that he would never commit a crime in Georgetown because of the large volume of people and police on the streets. Cooper stated that two individuals who were his close associates came to him for advice on robbing the Georgetown Starbucks. Cooper said he counseled these individuals against robbing that Starbucks. ï¿½ï¿½ Cooper was concerned about being perceived as a snitch and possibly getting killed. S/A Garrett testified that up to this point in the interview, Cooper was "upbeat, positive, very verbal, you know, wanting to express, you know, his thoughts and ideas and beliefs very freely and voluntarily." ï¿½ï¿½.Cooper's fingerprints were not found at the Starbucks store, Garrett testified he used this information because he believed Cooper would accept as true a statement that his prints were found on the scene. He believed this because Cooper had mentioned to another individual during a law enforcement intercepted telephone conversation that Cooper thought the police had his fingerprints from Starbucks. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½At approximately 11:24 p.m., Cooper became emotional, cried, appeared "defeated," and said he wanted to go to PG County to "get this over with." ï¿½ï¿½. This "despondent phase," as S/A Garrett termed it, lasted no more than five minutes, and is "common in people who want to admit what they've done."ï¿½ï¿½.. Garrett talked some more to Cooper and asked him if he still wanted to take a polygraph. Cooper responded "I just want to go back. I'm in it for life. I'm in dirt. Every time somethin' goes down, I'm in it. I'm destined to do dirt. I quit. I know what I've done. I'm constantly trying to defend myself, defend my name." ï¿½ï¿½He then denied his involvement in both the shooting of Officer Howard and the Starbucks murders, claiming "talkin' to you [Garrett] isn't gonna help me out. I'm tired. I'm tired of the bulls___. I can't do right. I didn't do this s___, I didn't do the P.G. s___"ï¿½ï¿½ Garrett continued to talk to Cooper, asking him what it would take "for [Cooper] to tell us what you've done in the last six (6) years. ï¿½ï¿½. Wainstein spoke to Cooper in the presence of S/A Garrett. He answered Cooper's questions concerning conspiracy and explained the "laws of conspiracy" and "how conspiracy is defined in the federal system. "Tr. (1/12/00) at 203:5-11. (Footnote 11) AUSA Wainstein then left the room. Garrett left the room shortly thereafter and Metropolitan Police Detective Tony Patterson came in to talk to Cooper about taking a lie detector test. Cooper stated he did not want to take the test because he was being "spiteful" and nobody wanted to listen when he was ready to talk. He said his life was over and he would get nothing out of taking a polygraph. The interview ended a 3:24 a.m. and Cooper was taken to the Central Cell Blockï¿½ï¿½..Garrett testified that AUSA Wainstein was in the interview room for no more than five minutes. However, Yanta's notes, and her testimony, not that AUSA Wainstein was in the room form 1:29 a.m. through 1:51 a.m., a period of 22 minutes. ......,,Garrett testified he never raised his voice to Cooper except to emphasize a particular point he did not understand or that needed clarification. He stated Cooper was appropriate and polite with all the detectives except for the one time when he briefly became despondent. Cooper was on the first name basis with the detectives. H call S/A Garrett by his first name and S/A Oxley by is nickname "Ox". They called him"Carl." Cooper was in good physical condition, never complained about being in pain except a brief mention that his stomach was bothering him, and did not appear to be suffering from any mental or emotional problems. Garrett testified that Cooper seemed tired, or perhaps just worried, at the end at the interview, hanging his head and leaning over in the seat. No threats, promises, or suggestions on what to say were made to Cooper, no force was used and no officer ever displayed a weapon to Cooper. Cooper never expressed fear. Cooper never asked for a lawyer, and never requested to discontinue the interview. He was given bathroom breaks and food and drink. Garrett testified that Cooper was very articulate, had an excellent vocabulary, and was very responsive, focused and able to keep up with conversation. Cooper has had some college education at a junior college in Montgomery County. Cooper di not ask for, and was not offered the opportunity to use the telephone or to speak with any family member during this time. Washington Post 3/6/00 "ï¿½ï¿½ Senior U.S. District Judge Joyce Hens Green ruled last week that prosecutors have a sufficient foundation to support their decision to try Carl Derek Cooper as the leader of a robbery ring that operated in the District, Maryland and Pennsylvania. Defense lawyers Steven R. Kiersh and Francis D. Carter had asked Green to throw out the racketeering charge, arguing that the crimes were "performed by individuals acting on their own in an utterly chaotic manner." The racketeering charge is a key part of a 48-count indictment against Cooper in the slaying of three employees at a Starbucks and other offenses. ï¿½." Freeper archy "ï¿½.. Matsui and the elders of the Horiuchi family were probably connected through the Washington DC chapter of the Japanese-American Citizens League [called by a slightly different name in DC- don't recall it right off the top of my head] and thereby in Democratic fundraising efforts. Lon Horiuchi, the FBI death squad sniper who shot Vickie Weaver at Ruby Ridge and was one of the tank drivers at Waco was, among other things, a West Point graduate. It would be interesting to know who Lon Horiuchi's congressional sponsor for his West Point appointment was...." Washington Post 3/1/00 "ï¿½ï¿½ Defense attorneys filed court papers yesterday asking a federal judge to prevent prosecutors from seeking the death penalty against Carl Derek Cooper on charges stemming from the triple killing at a Starbucks coffee shop in the District. Defense attorneys Steven R. Kiersh and Francis D. Carter contended that prosecutors improperly turned a D.C. murder case into a federal case by tying the killings to an alleged racketeering enterprise. D.C. law does not provide for capital punishment. "The plain and simple truth is, according to the government's theory of prosecution, the Starbucks murders were committed by a lone gunman acting by himself/herself," the defense attorneys wrote in a 112-page filing. "The evidence contradicts any suggestion that the Starbucks murders resulted from an enterprise." ï¿½." From GOP Handgun Raffle Raises Hackles(AP Report): "...about 10 protested the raffle in drizzly weather outside the banquet hall where the breakfast event was held. They included the parents of 18-year-old Aaron Goodrich, shot to death during a Starbucks coffee shop robbery in the District of Columbia in 1997, and 13-year-old John Price, who was killed by a playmate in an accidental shooting in 1998. ï¿½." http://www.dcbar.org/about_bar/jhg-lege.html "ï¿½.A 1951 graduate of the George Washington University National Law Center, Joyce Hens Green spent 17 years as a private practitioner before joining the bench in March 1968, where she has served for the past 31 years: 11 years at the D.C. Superior Court, and 20 years as a federal judge at the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia and the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Court. In 1979 she was named "Woman Lawyer of the Year" by the Women's Bar Association of the District of Columbia, and since then has received an Honorary Doctor of Laws from George Washington University, the Intelligence Under Law Award from the National Security Agency, the Edmund J. Randolph Award from the U.S. Department of Justice, and the Agency Seal Medallion from the Central Intelligence Agencyï¿½. BR: Bradley Garrett, Special Agent FBI [Mahoney Murder, Cooper Indictment] 8/4/99 United States Attorney Wilma A Lewis (press release) "ï¿½.. The officials specifically cited Detective James Trainum of the MPDC and FBI Special Agent Brad Garrett for their exceptional and sustained efforts in leading the investigation that produced today's indictmentï¿½." http://www.lineofduty.com/blotter/sep99/092199jj.htm Fairfax, Virginia 9/21/99 "ï¿½. Fairfax County police, confident they have an accurate drawing of the suspect in a triple homicide in McLean in May, have sent more than 370 e-mails to acquaintances of slaying victim Fuad K. Taima in hopes of attracting a lead that will provide them with a name for their suspect's face. Taima, 63, wife Dorothy M. Taima, 54, and son Leith, 16, were found shot to death in their Broyhill Street home May 28. Homicide Detective Robert Murphy said this morning that police had ruled out any domestic-related motive in the shootings and that with the help of the FBI, detectives continue to focus on Fuad Taima's business dealings with Iraqï¿½ï¿½ Taima had returned from a business trip to Baghdad on May 17 in which he had helped arrange a deal for Valmet Automation Inc. to provide monitoring equipment for the oil pipeline between Iraq and Turkey. FBI Special Agent Brad Garrett said today that he has interviewed Valmet employees who were involved in the transaction and has spoken to possible witnesses overseas, but neither he nor Murphy have yet traveled out of the country on the case. But Taima was a frequent user of e-mail, so detectives from the police computer forensics unit obtained Taima's electronic address book and sent out 378 e-mails to Taima's correspondents on Sept. 3. Garrett said that "over a dozen" responses had been received so far and that they had provided some information for investigators to track. "Do we have the scope narrowed down greatly? No," Garrett said, "but it's narrower than it was." ï¿½ï¿½" http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1997/22Nov97.html Dawn 11/22/97 Shaheen Sehba "ï¿½.FAIRFAX, Virginia, Nov. 18: The local court which tried and sentenced Mir Aimal Kansi to death released the evidence in his case for the media and a cursory look establishes that the confession signed by Kansi was written by the FBI agentsï¿½ï¿½.. The evidence, besides the confessional statement, included the AK-47 gun, pistols and ammunition used in the CIA killings, pictures of the crime scene, reports of the specialists and scanning tests done on Kansi and copies of applications made by Kansi to buy firearms and seek asylum in the US. Interestingly, the documents reveal that Kansi's signatures on the confessional statement were totally different from what he normally signed on the asylum application or the forms he filled to buy the gun and two pistols. The statement, signed by Kansi on board the aircraft while on way from Pakistan to the US, was written by an FBI agent, in capital letters on two small lined papers. It was written in pure legal language and said: "I, Aimal Khan Kasi, also known as Mir Aimal Kansi, freely and voluntarily provide this statement to SA Bradley J. Garrett and SA Sean Joyce of the FBI. No threats or promises have been made to me. I can read, write and have a master's degree in Englishï¿½ï¿½The signatures of Kansi on this statement read Aimal Kasi while in all other papers which he signed on his own free will, he has written Mir Aimal. The confession was admitted as evidence in the case, despite objections by the defence but later when the defence could have pointed out the discrepancies, they never mounted any defence for Kansi and concentrated only on the post-guilty phase to try to save him from death penalty, which they ultimately could notï¿½.." [another confession in disputeï¿½] http://venus.soci.niu.edu/~archives/ABOLISH/rick-halperin/jan98/0143.html "ï¿½.Kasi, of Quetta, Pakistan, fled home a day after the shootings. He was captured by FBI agents and their Pakistani counterparts in June 1997 and confessed on the flight back to the United States. His comments in court Friday fit with the motives attributed to him in trial testimony by his 1 of his FBI captors, Special Agent Bradley Garrett. In imposing the death sentence, Brown said the jury had been fully justified in rejecting defense evidence of brain damage offered in mitigation of the crime. He said the evidence had been called into question by prosecution experts. Brown set Sept. 15 as the execution date. But Kasi is unlikely to be put to death for at least 4 or 5 years if he pursues all avenues of appeal, according to William Geimer, head of the Virginia Capital Case Clearing House, which helps defense attorneys in such cases at the trial level. ï¿½ï¿½" http://www.apg.army.mil/tenants/902dmi/TERRORSM/Pakistan.htm "ï¿½..The prosecutors who won the verdict against Kasi on Monday presented testimony strongly suggesting that his motivation for killing the two CIA employees was anger at U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. No evidence at the trial showed that Kasi was a member of any organized group. His case was conducted as a murder pure and simple, not a matter of terrorism. But one of the FBI agents who arrested Kasi, Bradley Garrett, testified that the defendant had told him he was particularly furious over the bombing of Iraq in the Persian Gulf war, the treatment of Palestinians by Israel and the perceived power of the United States and the CIA over Islamic countries like Pakistanï¿½.." http://pirate.shu.edu/~jenninju/InternetLawFall1999/EMAILCASES.htm "ï¿½.In December 1991, Mr. Roger D. Dietz, a resident of California, reported to FBI Agent Bradley Garrett that he believed a number of subscribers of America Online were using the service to transmit and receive visual images portraying child pornography. Approximately two days later, Mr. Dietz gave FBI Agent Rowland a disk containing some of the visual images he had observed. Mr. Dietz also sent an e-mail message to America Online officials reflecting the screen names and communications of those subscribers he thought were transmitting pornographic images. Agent Garrett opened an investigation and contacted America Online in an effort to ascertain the identities of those involved with child pornography. America Online advised Mr.Garrett that he would need a search warrant to obtain e-mail transmissions by its subscribers. ï¿½ï¿½. Following discussions with America Online officials, Agent Garrett began to prepare an affidavit and application for a search warrant. Believing he could provide probable cause to search the America Online computers for pornographic materials, Agent Garrett decided to seek authority to seize electronic transmissions made by the subscribers who [**7] were assigned the screen names which Mr. Dietz had furnished to him. On 10 December 1991, the Federal Magistrate for the Eastern District of Virginia issued a search warrant for America Online computers based on the information in Agent Garrett's affidavitï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Anticipating that a warrant would be issued, officials at America Online used the information which Mr. Dietz had provided them to program software which automatically extracted the information which Agent Garrett was seeking from their computers. Consequently, the desired information had been withdrawn from their computers even before the warrant was executed. When the warrant was presented to America Online, their officials turned over to Agent Garrett between 12,000 and 14,000 pages of e-mail messages and 39 high density computer disks containing visual transmissions. ï¿½ï¿½" Washington Post.com 4/25/00 Bill Miller "ï¿½.. Carl Derek Cooper came to court today to plead guilty to a 48-count indictment accusing him of killing three people at a Starbucks coffee shop and numerous other crimes, deciding against taking his case to a trial that could have ended with a jury urging his execution. ï¿½.. Under terms of the plea, Cooper was to be sentenced immediately to a term of life in prison with no chance of parole. The agreement came just one week before Cooper was to stand trial in U.S. District Court in what would have been the first death penalty case in the District in nearly 30 years. The last execution of a D.C. prisoner took place in 1957ï¿½ï¿½." Washington Post.com 4/25/00 Bill Miller "ï¿½Although D.C. law does not provide for the death penalty, federal law made it an option in the Starbucks case. In February, Attorney General Janet Reno decided to seek capital punishment, going against recommendation of U.S. Attorney Wilma A. Lewis, who believed that prosecutors should have sought life without parole. Reno's decision generated much community opposition, with D.C. Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton (D) and others noting that D.C. voters rejected the death penalty in a 1992 election. ï¿½ï¿½ The D.C. Council passed a resolution reaffirming its opposition to the death penalty, and organizations such as Amnesty International USA and the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty urged Reno to reconsider. ï¿½ï¿½ But once Reno made her decision, prosecutors built a case for execution. They said Cooper was accused of a series of crimes dating to 1993, and that he routinely turned to violence when victims resisted. The indictment charged him with seven incidents, including the 1993 slaying of security guard Sandy Griffin in Northwest Washington, several robberies or planned robberies of stores and businesses, and the shooting of Bruce Howard, an off-duty Prince George's County police officer at a park in 1996ï¿½ï¿½." Washington Post.com 4/25/00 Bill Miller "ï¿½Defense lawyers Steven R. Kiersh and Francis D. Carter approached prosecutors about the possibility of a plea bargain in recent weeks, after getting a clearer picture of the evidence that faced their client. But it wasn't until Monday that Cooper signed the paperwork that set the stage for today's dramatic proceedings, and he still had the right to back out right until the last moment when he announced, "guilty."ï¿½." Jim Keary and John Drake 4/26/00 THE WASHINGTON TIMES "ï¿½..Carl D. Cooper yesterday was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole after pleading guilty to murdering three workers in a Georgetown Starbucks coffee shop during a botched robbery in 1997. Cooper, 30, pleaded guilty in U.S. District Court to 47 federal charges, including the murder counts. In exchange for his guilty plea, federal prosecutors did not seek the death penaltyï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Cooper originally was charged with 48 counts, but prosecutors dropped a theft charge because it was a duplicate of another chargeï¿½ï¿½.. Two investigators - Metropolitan Police Detective James Trainum and FBI Special Agent Brad Garrett - whom Cooper had vowed to kill after his arrest, sat about 15 feet awayï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Attorney General Janet Reno decided to seek the death penalty in the federal case, although U.S. Attorney Wilma Lewis had not requested capital punishment if Cooper was convictedï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. " Clarence Williams THE WASHINGTON TIMES "ï¿½ï¿½ Accused Starbucks killer Carl D. Cooper is scheduled to plead guilty to all charges today in a deal that includes a government agreement to drop its death penalty request, sources close to the investigation saidï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. Mr. Cooper pleaded not guilty to all charges in a 48-count federal indictment issued last August. A federal grand jury charged him with the slayings of three Starbucks employees, a security guard and racketeering. Mr. Cooper is charged with the July 6, 1997, killings of Starbucks employees Mary Caitrin Mahoney, 24; Emory Allen Evans, 25; and Aaron David Goodrich, 18. He admitted to police he walked into the coffee shop at 1810 Wisconsin Ave. NW alone and, armed with two handguns, killed the three during a botched robbery. Only a conviction on federal charges could call the death penalty into play in the District, which banned capital punishment after its last execution in 1957......." Associated Press 4/25/00 Candace Smith "ï¿½ï¿½A man accused of killing three workers at a Starbucks store in the nation's capital pleaded guilty Tuesday to escape a possible death sentence. Carl Derek Cooper, 30, was to go on trial May 2 in the District of Columbia's first capital punishment case in some three decades. Although the district outlawed capital punishment in 1981, Attorney General Janet Reno agreed to let federal prosecutors seek the death penalty. But in a plea agreement, Cooper struck a deal for life in prison without parole. He was expected to be sentenced Tuesday night. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Cooper pleaded guilty to a 47-count indictment that also included the 1993 murder of Sandy Griffin, a security guard in a district apartment building and the attempted murder of a Prince George's County, Md., police officer. Bruce Howard was off-duty when Cooper tried to rob him in a park in Hyattsville, Md. in 1996. ......"	i don't know
Who played Shakespeare in the Oscar winning film Shakespeare In Love?	`Shakespeare' Best Picture but Spielberg Best Director `Shakespeare' Best Picture but Spielberg Best Director Related Articles Join a Discussion on The Oscars By BERNARD WEINRAUB OS ANGELES -- In an upset, "Shakespeare in Love" was selected best picture Sunday night at the 71st annual Academy Awards, defeating Steven Spielberg's "Saving Private Ryan," the favorite. The Associated Press Slide Show (14 photos) Spielberg received the Oscar for best director, one of five Academy Awards for "Saving Private Ryan," but the winner of the evening was "Shakespeare," which gained seven Academy Awards, including best actress for Gwyneth Paltrow. It was a sharp disappointment to executives at Dreamworks and Paramount, who produced "Saving Private Ryan" and had expected, like many in Hollywood, that the acclaimed World War II drama would win the Oscar. The unexpected triumph of "Shakespeare" was especially sweet to Harvey Weinstein, the co-owner of Miramax, who lavished millions of dollars on a campaign promoting the the film in Hollywood trade papers and newspapers and who was criticized by Dreamworks for doing so and forcing Spielberg's company to spend more on its academy campaign. As late as this morning, most studio executives, producers and talent agents were convinced that the Spielberg film would win. The other nominated films were "Elizabeth," "Life Is Beautiful" and "The Thin Red Line." The top acting awards went to Ms. Paltrow and to Dame Judi Dench in a supporting role for "Shakespeare in Love," Roberto Benigni as leading actor for "Life Is Beautiful" and James Coburn in a supporting role for "Affliction." But the most controversial and dramatic moment of the event was the honorary Oscar to Elia Kazan, the 89-year-old director of "On the Waterfront" and other classics. Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro presented the Oscar for lifetime achievement to Kazan, who named names before a Congressional panel investigating Communists in the entertainment business in 1952. Despite concerns by academy officials that some members of the audience would protest, Kazan received a standing ovation. Some members of the audience, such as the actors Nick Nolte and Ed Harris, sat silent. Spielberg applauded but did not stand. Kazan thanked the academy for its "courage and generosity." After hugging Scorsese and De Niro, Kazan slowly walked offstage with his wife, Frances Kazan. Whoopi Goldberg, the host, dominated the show with a myriad of costume changes, faintly off-color jokes (some at her own expense) and one-liners about Linda Tripp and Kenneth Starr. At the opening, Ms. Goldberg drew prolonged applause and laughter as she appeared in an elaborate Elizabethan gown. She paid tribute to the number of films nominated involving Shakespeare and Elizabeth I. "Some of the best actors in the world were nominated this year," said Ms. Goldberg. "One or two of them were even American." The stars of the evening were Ms. Paltrow and Benigni. Ms. Paltrow received the Oscar for "Shakespeare" and wept as she thanked colleagues and family members. Almost instantly, the award turned the 26-year-old actress into one of Hollywood's bigger stars. Benigni won awards for best actor for his performance in "Life Is Beautiful" and also collected the foreign-language Oscar. The comedy-drama from Italy is about a man who seeks to protect his son from the Holocaust. Sophia Loren presented Benigni with the foreign-language award. Benigni, who created the film, climbed over several seats and waved enthusiastically as he skipped onstage to accept the award. "This is too much -- your generosity," Benigni said. The elfin and exuberant Benigni, a top comedy star in Italy, is the first actor to win an Oscar for a foreign language film since Miss Loren won for "Two Women" in 1961. The Academy Awards began with Oscars for two veteran actors. Coburn was selected best supporting actor in the drama "Affliction," and Dame Judi won best supporting actress for her portrayal of the imperious Queen Elizabeth I in "Shakespeare in Love." The award to Coburn, who played an alcoholic and abusive patriarch in "Affliction," symbolized a comeback for the 70-year-old actor, who overcame a 15-year battle with arthritis that nearly ended his career. The award was, in some ways, a homage to the 40-year career of the rangy, gravel-voiced actor, a star of westerns in the 1960's who developed into one of the most versatile character actors in films. "I've been doing this work for like over half my life, and I finally got one right, I guess," said Coburn, who had never before been nominated for an Oscar. "Some of them you do for money," he said, "some of them you do for love. This is a love child." Dame Judi had been nominated last year as best actress in John Madden's "Mrs. Brown," in which she played Queen Victoria. She then implored Madden to cast her in his next film, "Shakespeare in Love." "I feel for eight minutes on the screen I should only get a little bit of him," said Dame Judi as she held up her gold statuette for best supporting actress. Dominating the awards, and stirring a protest today outside the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Music Center of Los Angeles County, was the unanimous decision by the 39-member board of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences on Jan. 7 to present the Oscar to Kazan, who directed "A Streetcar Named Desire," "Gentleman's Agreement," "East of Eden" and other films. Karl Malden, the actor and a friend of Kazan's, proposed the award. Even his critics acknowledged that Kazan was one of the foremost postwar film and theatrical directors whose influence on filmmaking and acting still resonates. But Kazan, who is 89 and ailing, has not been forgiven by formerly blacklisted writers and directors and others for his decision to appear as a sympathetic witness before the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1952 he informed on eight old friends from the Group Theater who, along with him, had once belonged to the Communist Party. The Kazan award, one of the most controversial in the history of the Oscars, overshadowed another honorary Academy Award this year -- the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award to Norman Jewison, whose credits include "The Cincinnati Kid," "In the Heat of the Night," "Fiddler on the Roof" and "Moonstruck." The awards were telecast for the first time on a Sunday, instead of the traditional Monday, on ABC and around the world. The show also started half an hour earlier than in the past, at 5:30 P.M. on the West Coast, to accommodate television viewers in the East for whom the event often ran past midnight, with many of them tuning out. The shift to Sunday was largely dictated by television -- the view at Disney-owned ABC that Sunday night would lure more home viewers who would stay up and watch the extravaganza at the close of the weekend. A second factor in the shift was that the ceremony, which had been held on Mondays since 1959, caused rush-hour traffic jams in the Los Angeles area. Marking the awards this year was a spirited and, at times, heated competition among three films, "Saving Private Ryan," "Shakespeare in Love" and "Life Is Beautiful." For months, the front-runner was Steven Spielberg's acclaimed and harrowing drama about eight World War II infantrymen who were sent into German territory to rescue a family's sole surviving son. But Miramax, owned by the Walt Disney Company, began a high-profile publicity campaign for "Shakespeare in Love," a witty comedy involving a fictional romance between Shakespeare (played by Joseph Fiennes) and a restless young woman (Ms. Paltrow). The results were impressive: "Shakespeare in Love" garnered 13 nominations, including ones for best picture and best actress, while "Saving Private Ryan" received 11. In the last few weeks, with no clear winner, Dreamworks and Paramount, producers of "Saving Private Ryan," and Miramax have sought to outspend each other with trade paper and newspaper ads. Miramax also spent millions promoting "Life Is Beautiful." More than 5,000 members of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences -- which is composed of actors, filmmakers, producers, writers, studio executives, cinematographers, costume designers and others -- voted in the 24 Oscar categories.	Joseph Fiennes
On what day of the week was Valentines Day in the year 2000?	Shakespeare in Love Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 151 out of 200 people found the following review useful: Shakespeare would be proud from Florida 27 December 1998 I went to see this movie not knowing what to expect. On the one hand, I was excited, because you see, I am an English major and here was this movie based on the life of William Shakespeare. In the realm of Shakespeare rip-offs (i.e., "Romeo & Juliet," "Macbeth," etc..)"Shakespeare in Love" clearly stood out. This is the first film I've seen based on the author, rather than his work. And it was a refreshing change from watching the pompous over-fed Hollywood egoes trying to pass themselves off as true actors. At the same time, however, the casting had me a bit nervous. I had not seen Joseph Fiennes work, but I had high hopes since his brother is, in my opinion, a brilliant actor. I liked Gwyneth Paltrow in "Emma" and "Sliding Doors," but I was wary to see how she would pull this one off. And as for Ben Affleck.. well, I was truly afraid he would flop. I saw him in "Armageddon" and immediately racked him up on the list of other such forgettable actors as .. well never mind. The point is, I was afraid he would make a laughing-stock of this movie. As for the other actors,I did not recognize any one else except Judi Dench, and I figured hers was a bit role, nothing that could affect this movie much. I was wrong on almost all counts. Gwyneth Paltrow was so radiant in this movie, she fairly set the screen ablaze. I never knew she had such range. I had not expected such fire in her, I always thought she was a rather calm actress, incapable of such passions. Joseph Fiennes amazed me far more than his brother in that he knows how to balance wit and passion, joy and sorrow gracefully, even more so than Ralph. Together, these two actors did more than carry off the film; they raised it up to levels higher than any other actors I've seen in a very long time. Judi Dench may have had a bit role, but she managed to make a lot out of it. She played Queen Elizabeth with more majesty and grace than any other Queen-playing actress I've seen. (I've yet to see Cate Blansett in the movie "Elizabeth.")But the true darkhorse of this movie is Ben Affleck. My God, he has a sense of humor! I never imagined. "Armageddon" didn't give him much space to roam in, but in this film he was all over the place. Had he not been flanked by such worthy thespians, he just might have stolen the show. The actors could not have done such marvelous work had it not been, of course, for the writing. The play flows smoothly, with nary a glitch in sight. This is note-worthy, for it is well over 100 minutes. It is written in a style that is at once clever and grave, passionate and dry. Love is one of the most abused notions on the screen today. It is rare to see a movie portray Love with as much originality and truth as this film has accomplished. Perhaps the highest compliment I can pay this movie I already did on Christmas night, when I went to go see this film. As the movie ended and the actors' names scrolled up on the screen, tears trickled down my cheeks. I must say it is not often a movie makes me cry. And don't underestimate me just because I am a girl and because I may be more sensitive because you see, my boyfriend left the theater with suspiciously bright eyes as well.. Was the above review useful to you? 79 out of 107 people found the following review useful: An excellent film in all aspects. Author: Jupiter87 29 December 1998 I had high hopes for this film from the first time I saw the trailer. I am happy to say that the film lives up to the previews. Although it is an art house flick of sorts, it manages to be profound and accessible at the same time. So many art house films manage to be merely pretentious, as if aimed at those that want to believe that they are having an intellectual experience rather than those who are really open to one. This film shows that you can make a film of substance that is at the same time very entertaining. One thing that stood out was the way they showed enough of the performance of Romeo and Juliet so that you could understand what the play is about, without making it a film of the play per se. There are many parallels between the fictional play and the events of the film, and this goes to underscore the relevance of great literature to the human condition. The actual performance of the play was acted so well that there were times when a character in the play was in a fight and I said to myself "they're really fighting, that guy really got stabbed!" So often a play within a movie is acted in a very staged manner, so this was a welcome surprise. And for anyone who is a fan of Shakespeare, it is easy to find little tidbits to reflect upon - such as the fact that Shakespeare himself was fond of the "play within a play" theme that we see in this film. The performances are excellent throughout, including minor characters. In the midst of tragedy there is genuine comic relief, just as in Shakespeare. The historical details that surround the conjectural main plot are accurate down to the names of the actual people with whom Shakespeare crossed paths. In the end "Shakespeare in Love" causes us to feel as well as think, to think as well as to be entertained. Was the above review useful to you? 60 out of 77 people found the following review useful: What ever happened to "And they lived happily ever after"? from Chicago, Illinois 23 November 2003 Shakespeare in Love, the best picture winner of 1998, I know this film receives a lot of bashing due to that win. I believe that also Saving Private Ryan was nominated, which it was also an incredible film. To be honest, I couldn't pick between the two, because both were wonderful films and completely different genres. But anyways, back onto Shakespeare in Love. Everything about this film was perfect and I think that's why it received so many Oscar nods and wins, I mean, the costumes, the acting, the sets, the story was absolutely terrific and wonderful to watch. John Madden knew what he was doing and shot this film so beautifully. The cast also seemed to really enjoy doing this film and worked so well together. Gwyneth Paltrow won best actress for this film and she did a terrific job portraying Viola, she was so elegant and touching. The love story between her and William Shakespeare is truly a memorable one. Viola is a first class lady who is about to be married to Lord Wessex, a man who she does not love. Her heart belongs to poetry, mainly the poetry of William Shakespeare. William has lost all hope though when his heart is broken by his girlfriend and he is writing a comedy called Romeo and Ethyl, the pirate's daughter. Since the plays are only played by an all male cast, Viola dresses up as a man and auditions for his new play. She receives the part of Romeo; later that night at a big party her father is throwing, she meets Shakespeare and it is love at first sight. When William finds out the truth that she is the boy who loves his poetry, he doesn't care, they have a passionate affair and continue on with the play as if she were a boy. But the plot thickens and Viola knows that she must go back to her life of an unwanted love and marriage. Shakespeare in Love is without a doubt a fine film and should have a higher rating in my book. I don't understand why so many people hate this film, I thought it was extremely clever and witty. It had a beautiful love story, it was funny, it was sad; there's nothing wrong with this film, but hey, everyone's a critic, right? I highly recommend Shakespeare in Love, just trust me, if you enjoy Shakespeare and his poetry, I'm sure you'll love this film. Just give it a chance, who cares about the Oscars? They make mistakes at times, but Shakespeare in Love is a great movie and I enjoyed watching it. 10/10 from London, England 14 February 2003 Those who are looking for a historically accurate portrayal of Shakespeare's life had better look elsewhere - but then this was never intended to be a serious look at the life of the man. Those who attack it for its' fanciful relation to history have missed the point entirely. It is a romantic comedy obsessed with nothing more than making references in storyline and plot to the plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries, and those references are made so seamlessly it could almost be assumed that what we see on the screen actually happened to the man. In fact the overall story we are presented with is not new. Anyone who had read or seen `Romeo and Juliet' will have a pretty shrewd idea of the path the narrative takes - the twist is that in the film, Shakespeare writes the play `Romeo and Juliet' in parallel to, and based on, his `real life' relationship with Lady Viola. The opening sees Shakespeare (Joseph Fiennes) desperately trying to write the masterpiece `Romeo and Ethel, the Pirates Daughter', a comedy he hopes will rival anything by Christopher Marlow (Rupert Everett). Words fail him until his muse appears in the shape of Lady Viola (Gwyneth Paltrow), a noblewoman whose love for the work of Shakespeare's leads her to dress as a boy (since at the time women were not allowed on stage) and attend an audition in disguise (mistaken identity and women dressing as men are devices Shakespeare often used in his comedies). She is given the role of Romeo and begins a forbidden relationship with Shakespeare, the only one who knows her real identity, in spite of the fact that she is betrothed to the villainous Lord Wessex (Colin Firth) at Queen Elizabeth's (Judi Dench) command. Fiennes portrays Shakespeare wonderfully and not as the infallible master of rhetoric. He takes the Bard from the pedestal and brings him down to a human level that we can all sympathise with. His relationship with Paltrow is handled sensitively, although many of the scenes that are exclusively their own did have enough a little too much `Chick-Flick' for my liking. Paltrow's R.P. accent is technically very good, and though I normally like my English to be played by the English, I was as happily surprised by her performance as I was by Ben Affleck's brief, but memorable portrayal of the self-important Ned Alleyn. Much of the credit, though, must go to Michelle Guish for the wonderful supporting cast including: Judi Dench, Simon Callow, Imelda Staunton, Jim Carter, Martin Clunes and Geoffrey Rush, to name but a few. John Madden directs hypnotically and constantly keeps the camera on the move but most credit for the film must go to Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard for their cunning and often self-parodying script. The only comment I would make is regarding the sheer number of theatre references. Those who have worked in the theatre will be aware of many, if not all, of the in-jokes that the film is littered with. Those who have not may be left with the feeling that they have been excluded from much of the content. Was the above review useful to you? 79 out of 126 people found the following review useful: A Terrific Film from Los Angeles, California 13 December 1998 I saw a preview of this movie and it was terrific. Most period movies are long, boring, usually low-concept and often as emotionally heavy as the costumes in which the actors trudge around (Elizabeth, Wings of the Dove, The Piano, Restoration, etc...) Well this movie was different. Don't be afraid of the word Shakespeare in the title! This movie is not a junior-high history lesson. It's light, funny, romantic, and a totally irreverent look at Elizabethan England. The screenplay is brilliant. The best writing in a movie I've seen this year. The idea is that Shakespeare is not some grave, great poet, but a young guy trying to make his way in the theatre. He's written good plays, but nothing truly transcendent. The conceit is that an ill-fated romance--the one great true love of this life--with a beautiful, smart woman is what inspires him to write his first immortal play: Romeo and Juliet. In this era of world-exploding actioners and cookie-cutter Adam Sandler movies, it's rare to see such a specific, ingenious, and inspired story for a film. The best part about this movie is its sense of humor. It plays with history, takes a great man abut whom we know alomost nothing, and creates a fantasy about his life that is totally outrageous, funny and real. Also, the movie is really romantic. The costumes are lush, the leads look great and have real chemistry together. I used to think that Gwyneth was overrated, but here she's radiant. And Joe Fiennes has an intensity and a vulnerabiliy, as well as a sense of humor, that I for one find sorely lacking in his older brother Ralph. Needless to say, this is the best date movie of the year. Women take note: I am a red-blooded straight American male, and I loved it. Take your boyfriends to see this movie. It will make up for you forcing them to sit through The Piano. Was the above review useful to you? 47 out of 69 people found the following review useful: An Abundance of Riches Author: BB-15 20 June 1999 A romantic comedy does not get much better than Shakespeare in Love. Here is a movie that captures the feel of England 400 years ago. It is romantic yet light. It is funny but is complex enough to provide enjoyment for fans of literature. The sets of England 400 years ago, the costumes and the character's makeup including their bad dental work were just right. You could almost smell those streets. The hero, Shakespeare, is excellently played by Joseph Fiennes. He is sympathetic but never pathetic. As for Gwyneth Paltrow, she shows her range from boyishness to radiance. This is the first film I have seen her in where I believed she could become a great actress. There is also a great supporting cast, especially Judi Dench, who all have good melodramatic and comic instincts. The film never plods. The screenplay is rich with romance, emotion and action. The plot weaves several stories and themes. You can enjoy it as a simple love story with some action and basic suspense about producing a play or you can get much deeper into movie's complex tapestry of ideas and in jokes. But most importantly the film's mood is always light and is never overblown (unlike another recent movie about unfulfilled love, Great Expectations). Deserving of its Oscar, this is simply a great film. Was the above review useful to you? 39 out of 57 people found the following review useful: Impressive spin on Shakespeare, with a contemporary feel from Fargo, North Dakota 13 January 1999 Tom Stoppard, who penned Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, knows a thing or two about the modern deconstruction and reconstruction of Shakespeare's work -- and it shows in the bright and vivid Shakespeare in Love, which Stoppard co-wrote with Marc Norman. Applying many of the same conventions favored by Shakespeare in his own work (including primarily the confusion over mistaken identity and gender) the screenwriters begin with the "what if" premise and run with it, speculating with wicked delight on the Bard's rivalry with Christopher Marlowe, his use of overheard phrases finding their way into his plays, and best of all, the possible sources of his inspiration. Will's muse is Violet, played wonderfully by Gwyneth Paltrow, who shows off in this film her finest acting to date and credibly pulls off the tricky task of being both an object of poetic inspiration and a genuine, down-to-earth human being. Was the above review useful to you? 41 out of 66 people found the following review useful: A Great Movie from United States 4 February 2005 When my English teacher told the class that we would be watching "Shakespeare in Love" everyone groaned, me included. We all thought it would be another boring movie, but I along with many others was pleasantly surprised. Even though the movie didn't portray the actual life of William Shakespeare, it is a very interesting interpretation of what his life might have been like. Normally I am not a big fan of Gwenyth Paltrow, but she fulfilled the role of Viola De Lesseps very well. This movie, unlike many others I have been forced to watch in school, has not been a waste of time and has informed us more about the concepts and details that could not be seen just by reading the play. Overall I think I have gained a better understanding of Romeo and Juliet by watching "Shakespeare in Love". Was the above review useful to you? 47 out of 79 people found the following review useful: Wonderful! from Georgia, United States 11 April 2004 In the movie Shakespeare in Love, a young and promising William Shakespeare is finding it difficult to write a new play. He feels he has lost his gift for stringing together eloquent sentences and yearns for some sort of inspiration to rid him of his horrible writer's block. William then meets the lovely and royal Viola, who is craving to be an actress. She becomes his muse, as well as the lead `actor' in his new play Romeo and Juliet, as they weave a tangled love affair. This burning passion they feel can only end with separation when Viola is forced to marry Lord Wessex and move to America. This film is a wonderful combination of romance, comedy, and drama that attempts a new perspective of the classic Romeo and Juliet story. It employs clever dialogue, beautiful scenes, and wonderful characterization to entertain the viewer. The film's Renaissance dialogue is true to its time period. With such an excellent script, William comes across as the master of speech that he really is. Some parts of the movie are purely funny as almost to parody the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet. Other parts intertwine the actual lines from the play, such as the multiple bedroom scenes between Will and Viola, to provide a unique and obvious parallel between it and the movie. When Will quotes `Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?' to Viola, this provides not only a sentimental scene but actual words from Shakespeare to add to the historical content of this film. This film has an interesting twist on the tragic tale because Will becomes not just a writer pouring out the lines for pay, but a man pouring out his heart in true love. At the end of the movie, Romeo and Juliet is presented as though you were actually sitting on the dirt floor of the playhouse. You see the play through the eyes of a person in England during the late 1500's, except by this time the lead is not longer Romeo and Juliet but literarily and symbolically Will and Viola. The setting of this film is very well done, and the playhouses, taverns, and elegant houses convey the feeling of Renaissance England. The costumes, including Queen Elizabeth's glamorous dresses and Viola's body-shaping corset, are seemingly accurate. (I would have hated wearing those clothes!) The scenes between Will and Viola are rarely anything but love scenes, and they, like their counterpart scenes in Romeo and Juliet, mostly happen at night. This adds to the mystery and forbidden feeling of the movie. The characterization of this film was splendidly carried out. I could not help but fall in love with the beautiful emotion that gushed from Will and Viola ( Will is extremely good looking by the way). When the couple was separated in the end, I felt like a terrible wrong had been committed. The character of Queen Elizabeth, with her snide comments and all-knowing attitude, was a comical representation of a serious position that kept me completely entertained. Christopher Marlowe also provides a wonderful character that conveys `real person' qualities of competition between two famous playwrights. I found this film to be completely engaging from start to finish, but I would not recommend it to everyone. I believe it could truly be given the title of `chick flick' by some viewers despite its fight scenes and comedic devices. The viewer will gain a knowledge of the Renaissance period and its characteristics while also getting the feeling of knowing the great William Shakespeare, however inaccurate the description of Will may be. I feel that now I appreciate the play Romeo and Juliet with a new sense of understanding that can only come from looking at an old tale in a new light. Was the above review useful to you? 45 out of 77 people found the following review useful: 'Shakespeare (rolling) in His Grave' a better title for this movie. from Miami, Florida 10 February 1999 We all know the Oscars are simply about Hollywood patting themselves on the back, and nowhere is this more evident with the 13 nominations received by Shakespeare in Love.' Very little originality, horrible casting for a lead part and a well-planned ruse to pass this studio pic as an art film are simply some of the factors against this movie. The story (if we can call it that) is no more than a simple collection of lines from the Bard's plays, blended together into a weak two-hour script. Adding pieces of Shakespeare's life into the mix, they pretend to explain the origin of famous lines and stories surrounding him, such as Shakespeare's relationship with Thomas Kent, who in truth was a man (it was widely accepted that William Shakespeare was bisexual). While the movie has no basis in reality, even as a work of fiction it fails miserably. Gwyneth Paltrow gives an unimpressing and incredibly boring performance, looking like a Cate Blanchet wannabe, pretending to sound like Emma Thompson or Kate Winslet in her role as Viola, and like Kenneth Branagh when impersonating Thomas Kent. It's understandable, considering Thompson and Branagh have defined modern Shakespearean cinema, but her performance ends up being a weak attempt at emulating the masters of the genre. Every time she appears on-screen, she simply destroys the atmosphere of Elizabethan England (an atmosphere that is thin to begin with); she is simply out of place. So was Ben Affleck, but at least he didn't talk that much. There are a few shinning stars in the pic, though. Joseph Fiennes and Geoffrey Rush give amazing performances given the weak script they had to work with, dashing the movie with a dose of comedy and great acting that carries the story at times, but not for 2 hours. Shakespeare in Love' is okay as a mass-market date movie, a pic for those that have no idea what Shakespeare's plays are all about, a pic for the Teeny-Bopper crowd, but not as an Oscar Nominated Film. On the contrary, it is a perfect example why Hollywood should stick to doing Hollywood and leave the realm of art films for those with the correct vision to bring them to life. If it's Elizabethan cinema you are after, go see Elizabeth' (you'll get great performances by Joseph Fiennes and Geoffrey Rush, too!). If it's a date movie you're after, see She's All That;' at least it doesn't pretend to be what it is not. Was the above review useful to you? Page 1 of 76:	i don't know
With which sport would you associate Davis Love III?	Could it be Darren Clarke v Davis Love III for the 2016 Ryder Cup? \| Sport \| The Guardian Could it be Darren Clarke v Davis Love III for the 2016 Ryder Cup? Ewan Murray Clarke looks nailed on to be Europe’s captain at next year’s Ryder Cup but the USA may yet choose a leader for Hazeltine from left field Darren Clarke is favourite to become Europe's captain at Hazeltine in 2016 and has the backing of most players. Photograph: Ross Kinnaird/Getty Images Contact author Share on Messenger Close The Ryder Cup hiatus, which has stretched to almost five months, will end on Wednesday when Europe’s captain for next year’s meeting with the United States at Hazeltine will be named. Darren Clarke is the overwhelming favourite to succeed Paul McGinley in seeking to continue a terrific European run in the event. In short, it would rank as a major shock if Clarke is not given the nod by the five-man selection panel but, because the gathering inside the Wentworth Club’s Ryder Cup Room will make the first and last meeting of that committee and a vote must be taken, there cannot be certainty. History tells us that politics can play a part in these affairs, despite the streamlining of the selection process. Miguel Ángel Jiménez is apparently the only legitimate alternative to Clarke, with Thomas Bjorn a long-shot outsider. Colin Montgomerie, McGinley, David Howell, José María Olazábal and the outgoing European Tour chief executive, George O’Grady, are the men to make the call. An announcement is expected in the afternoon. Unlike the USA team, recent glories mean Europe are not in need of anything revolutionary, rather someone who can take forward the template that has proved so fruitful in recent times. Clarke’s appeal is obvious. The 2011 Open champion has enjoyed a successful Ryder Cup spell as player and vice-captain. Crucially, he has commanded the public support of the people who should matter most in the event – the players. Rory McIlroy, Graeme McDowell, Justin Rose, Ian Poulter and Martin Kaymer are among those who have backed the Clarke cause. After his belated Open success, Ryder Cup captaincy was the next obvious step for Clarke, a matter which will not have been lost on the man himself. The case for Jiménez is tougher to make. For all he is depicted as something of a jolly inspiration to middle-aged men who enjoy wine and cigars, there is little to actually suggest he could command the necessary level of respect as a captain. Jiménez rarely communicates publicly in English, especially to the media. When he does, a language barrier – deliberate or otherwise – is apparent. In the context of the venue, Clarke commands more respect from US golf followers than Jiménez. Partly that is because of the blunt reality that Clarke has enjoyed the more impressive playing career on the big stage, despite the admirable longevity of Jiménez. And yet, it is unquestionable that the Europe captaincy should not remain the want of golfers from Great Britain and Ireland, as has been the case for too long. It is that which makes the Jiménez candidacy intriguing, a point which certainly will not be lost on Olazábal. McGinley and Clarke, having once been close friends, have suffered a more recent breakdown in their relationship, but McGinley has always been adamant he will do what is best for team rather than on the grounds of personality. In theory, Montgomerie would be in the Clarke camp, as would Howell, who shared a management stable with the 46-year-old until recently. Fascinating Ryder Cup news has emanated from across the Atlantic with the leaking of suggestions that Davis Love III is poised for a return as their captain at Hazeltine . Love took charge of the USA team at Medinah, where they were famously upstaged by an outstanding European Sunday comeback. Two factors are pertinent here. Fred Couples had been widely quoted as the man who would lead his country at Hazeltine, a matter that would have been raised by the task force specially formed to arrest ailing Ryder Cup fortunes. Couples brings a lot of qualities but the intense planning the USA will now insist on would not be his forte. Couples and Love are close friends. The role of Phil Mickelson is also highly pertinent. In a notable Medinah aftermath moment, Mickelson made it clear he had personally requested not to play in the Saturday afternoon session, rather than letting this issue seem like a captaincy blunder. Two years later, Mickelson was not so much veiled as scathing in implied criticism of Tom Watson at Gleneagles . The next staging of the Ryder Cup will not so much feature new characters, as those catapulted back into prominent roles. The countdown is about to begin.	Golf
Who had a hit with the song Paper Roses in 1973?	Davis Love III: My Most Embarrassing Moment - YouTube Davis Love III: My Most Embarrassing Moment Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jan 28, 2014 We talked to PGA Champion Davis Love III about if he could make it as a NASCAR driver, what he would be doing if he wasn't golfing, and the best golf tip he's ever received. What was your most embarrassing moment on a golf course? (hopefully you didn't break a sprinkler head in front of Arnold Palmer!) COMMENT below to let us know which PGA golfer we should interview next! SUBSCRIBE to The Whistle and check back to see more from the PGA Tour - http://goo.gl/y2JNsG	i don't know
Which famous explorer was murdered by natives of Hawaii on Valentine's Day in 1779?	Captain Cook killed in Hawaii - Feb 14, 1779 - HISTORY.com Captain Cook killed in Hawaii Share this: Captain Cook killed in Hawaii Author Captain Cook killed in Hawaii URL Publisher A+E Networks On February 14, 1779, Captain James Cook, the great English explorer and navigator, is murdered by natives of Hawaii during his third visit to the Pacific island group. In 1768, Cook, a surveyor in the Royal Navy, was commissioned a lieutenant in command of the HMS Endeavor and led an expedition that took scientists to Tahiti to chart the course of the planet Venus. In 1771, he returned to England, having explored the coast of New Zealand and Australia and circumnavigated the globe. Beginning in 1772, he commanded a major mission to the South Pacific and during the next three years explored the Antarctic region, charted the New Hebrides, and discovered New Caledonia. In 1776, Cook sailed from England again as commander of the HMS Resolution and Discovery, and in January 1778 he made his first visit to the Hawaiian Islands. He may have been the first European to ever visit the island group, which he named the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his patrons, John Montague, the Earl of Sandwich. Cook and his crew were welcomed by the Hawaiians, who were fascinated by the Europeans’ ships and their use of iron. Cook provisioned his ships by trading the metal, and his sailors traded iron nails for sex. The ships then made a brief stop at Ni’ihau and headed north to look for the western end of a northwest passage from the North Atlantic to the Pacific. Almost one year later, Cook’s two ships returned to the Hawaiian Islands and found a safe harbor in Hawaii’s Kealakekua Bay. It is suspected that the Hawaiians attached religious significance to the first stay of the Europeans on their islands. In Cook’s second visit, there was no question of this phenomenon. Kealakekua Bay was considered the sacred harbor of Lono, the fertility god of the Hawaiians, and at the time of Cook’s arrival the locals were engaged in a festival dedicated to Lono. Cook and his compatriots were welcomed as gods and for the next month exploited the Hawaiians’ good will. After one of the crewmen died, exposing the Europeans as mere mortals, relations became strained. On February 4, 1779, the British ships sailed from Kealakekua Bay, but rough seas damaged the foremast of the Resolution, and after only a week at sea the expedition was forced to return to Hawaii. The Hawaiians greeted Cook and his men by hurling rocks; they then stole a small cutter vessel from the Discovery. Negotiations with King Kalaniopuu for the return of the cutter collapsed after a lesser Hawaiian chief was shot to death and a mob of Hawaiians descended on Cook’s party. The captain and his men fired on the angry Hawaiians, but they were soon overwhelmed, and only a few managed to escape to the safety of the Resolution. Captain Cook himself was killed by the mob. A few days later, the Englishmen retaliated by firing their cannons and muskets at the shore, killing some 30 Hawaiians. The Resolution and Discovery eventually returned to England. Related Videos	James Cook
Which 1997 film was a character called Rose played by two different actresses, both of whom received Oscar nominations for their parts?	Captain James Cook \| British Navigator and Explorer Home: Library: Cook, James “I now once more hoisted English Coulers and in the Name of His Majesty King George the Third, took possession of the whole Eastern Coast [of New Holland] from the above Latitude down to this place by the name of New South Wales.” - JAMES COOK James Cook British Navigator and Explorer, 1728 - 1779 James Cook was born on October 27, 1728 in Marton, (near modern Middlesborough), Yorkshire, Britain. Cook commanded three voyages of discovery for Great Britain, and sailed around the world twice. He was the first British ship commander to circumnavigate the globe in a lone ship. Cook was also the first British commander to prevent the outbreak of scurvy by regulating his crew’s diet, serving them citrus fruit and sauerkraut to prevent the disease. He is considered one of the world’s greatest explorers. Cook was an apprentice to a shipping company at age 15, and joined the British Navy in 1755 at the age of 27. In 1768, the British Admiralty appointed Cook, then a Lieutenant, to lead a scientific expedition that would sail to the island of Tahiti in the south Pacific to establish an astronomical observatory. Their mission was to measure an eclipse of the sun by Venus . The Admiralty selected Cook because of his proven skills as a navigator, and for his interest in astronomy. He set out on August 12, 1768 in His Majesty’s Bark Endeavour , arriving in Tahiti on April 13, 1769. On June 3, 1769, Cook successfully measured the time it took Venus to transit the sun, and by doing so obtained data that would help scientists to accurately determine the size of the solar system. Cook was also issued secret orders to seek the great southern continent (“Terres Australes Incognita” or unknown lands in the south) that geographers long believed kept the world in balance. In Cook’s day, the discovery of new lands often lead to great wealth for the nation claiming those lands. His orders were secret because the Admiralty did not want Britain’s international competitors to know about this aspect of Cook’s expedition. Cook searched for Terres Australes to no avail, determining that no such great continent existed. In October 1769, he was the first European to land on New Zealand. The Islands were sighted previously by Dutch Captain Able Tasman in 1642, 127 years before Cook’s landing. New Zealand is named after the Dutch province of Zeelandt (meaning Sea Land). In 1770, Cook conducted a comprehensive survey of the eastern coast of New Holland (now Australia), the part of the continent the Dutch had not technically mapped. On August 22, 1770, he claimed those lands for Great Britain. The name “Australia” was not used until the early 1800s. On Cook’s second journey he sailed farther south than any other European. He circled Antarctica in his famous ship Resolution , but the ice surrounding the continent prevented the sighting of land. The existence of the Antarctica remained unproved until 1840. Upon his return to England in 1775, Cook was promoted to Captain and elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. In July of 1776, Cook set sail on his third voyage, again in Resolution . His mission was to look for a possible northern sea route between Europe and Asia. In 1778, Cook became the first know European to reach the Hawaiian Islands. Later in 1778, he sailed up the northwest coast of North America, and was the first European to land on Vancouver Island in British Columbia. He continued up the coast through the Bering Strait, and entered the Arctic Ocean. Great walls of ice blocked the expedition, so Cook headed back for the Hawaiian Islands. On February 14, 1779, Cook was stabbed to death by Hawaiian natives while investigating a theft of a boat by an islander. The expedition arrived back in England in October of 1780. If you are aware of books, movies, databases, web sites or other information sources about James Cook or related subjects, or if you would like to comment, please contact us . Resource Menu	i don't know
What is the name of the hit show based on the songs of Abba?	1. What is the name of the hit show based on the songs of Abba? - Liverpool Echo News 1. What is the name of the hit show based on the songs of Abba? 2. Which “G” is the name of the Italian astronomer who improved the telescope so much as to discover that there were craters on the moon? Share Get daily updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email 2. Which “G” is the name of the Italian astronomer who improved the telescope so much as to discover that there were craters on the moon? 3. For which series of films were the actors Kenneth Williams and Sid James best known? 4. What is the name given to the largest bee in a hive? 5. Which alternative word for the Devil is a Hebrew word with translates as “Lord Of The Flies”? 6. On which TV island might you have found actor Ricardo Montalban? 7. Mozart’s opera, which was a continuation of The Barber Of Seville, was called The Marriage Of . . . who? 8. What is the nearest planet to the Sun? 9. What was the name of the road sweeper played by Roger Lloyd-Pack in Only Fools And Horses? 10. What connects the answers above? 11. What was the nickname of the first Spice Girl to go solo? 12. Which of the following events did Carl Lewis not win a gold medal for at the 1984 Olympics? Long Jump, 400m or 100m relay? 13. Which two actors were nominated for best actor awards at the Oscars in 1991, both for playing wheelchair-bound characters? 14. How is Eldrick Woods better known? 15. Who did Iain Duncan Smith beat in September, 2001, to become the leader of the Conservative Party? 16. Who was the main villain in the cartoon Wacky Races? 17. When the band Hear‘say formed, who was the oldest member at 24? 18. What is the name of the third book of the Bible? 19. What was advertised with Eva Herzagovia using the slogan “hello boys”? 20. Which model gave birth to her daughter, Lola, in September, 2002? 21. “All children, except one, grow up” is the opening line from which famous story? 22. How are Fizz, Milo, Jake and Bella better known collectively? 23. What number on the Beaufort Scale represents a hurricane? 24. In which film did Jodie Foster play a character called Tallulah? 25. What is pathophobia the fear of? 26. What was the title of the TV show Bonanza changed to? 27. What mountain range is the natural habitat of the llama? 28. What nationality was scientist Marie Curie? 29. Who played the title role in the TV series Worzel Gummidge? 30. Which toy was originally called the Pluto Platter when it was first introduced in 1957? 1. Mama Mia; 2. Galileo; 3. Carry On; 4. Queen; 5. Beelzebub; 6. Fantasy; 7. Figaro; 8. Mercury; 9. Trigger; 10. The song Bohemian Rhapsody; 11. Ginger Spice; 12. 400m; 13. Tom Cruise (for Born On The Fourth Of July) and Daniel Day-Lewis (for My Left Foot); 14. Tiger Woods; 15. Ken Clarke; 16. Dick Dastardly; 17. Kym Marsh; 18. Leviticus; 19. The Wonderbra; 20. Kate Moss; 21. Peter Pan; 22. The Tweenies; 23. 12; 24. Bugsy Malone; 25. Illness; 26. Ponderosa; 27. Andes; 28. Polish; 29. Jon Pertwee; 30. Frisbee Like us on Facebook Most Read Most Recent	Mamma Mia
Which G is the name of the Italian astronomer who improved the telescope so much as to discover that there were craters on the moon?	ABBA - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia World domination[ edit ] ABBA unfortunately had to break up four years before they formed the group because they felt that they had never met before and had nothing in common. The group never came to exist and many fans got very upset by the news. Abba was forced to please their aggressive fans and formed a group called "abbA", which was not the same as "Abba" but actually backwarded so that the last letter a came first, the last-to-second letter b came second, the next-to-first letter b came almost in the end of the word and the big A was diminished and put in the end of the name. However this was not a success and Abba started to plan their world domination , which is obligatory for all Swedish music groups. During the Eurovision Song Contest Abba had made up their mind and come up with the cunning song called Waterloo . Their hidden plan was that the repeating of the word "water-closet" in the song, would force all viewers to go and flush their toilets. The band had previously been bribed by a terrorist organization seeking to break Europe's water pipes and thus the spirit of Eurovisionites living there. Bjeard later commented that this was their first step towards controlling Europe and later on, the world . The break-up[ edit ] At the time Dancing Queer reached the US in 1977 and the group was touring in Albania , Abba was attacked by violent supporters of Hello Kitty demanding the death of the new Albanian president Bibai Kity. Under the threat of their records being sold to their fearless leader, Abba had to surrender in 1982. Many conservatives were taken hostage during the war and Abba took refuge to their homeland of Sweden. The rest of the group led normal lives after the dissolving of the band, but kept contact and held secret meetings during many years. The reunion?[ edit ] In the beginning of the 21th century Abba were promised one billion American dollars if they would reunite and continue their world domination tour. Abba accepted but fled with the money back to Sweden. It is thought it was George Bush who offered the billion dollars, setting up a trap for Agnwhateversheiscalled. This theory has not yet been accepted by powerful and mighty Abba-scientists. Do not look behind the curtain. Flush your toilet at the tone. Rumour has it that Abba is preparing for a comeback in the 22nd century, but it has not been confirmed. Even so, many fans are waiting for the reunion and some of them has invested their life savings in cryogenitalic installations in their homes that will keep them fresh til the time comes. Abba's world domination will come, it is only a matter of time... Albums[ edit ] Among ABBA's most popular albums were 1974's Ringy-Ring-Telephone!, 1974's "Water Closet Conspiracy", 1975's BAABAABAAAAA, 1976's Defection, 1977's Sweden: The Album, 1979's Scroulez Youz, 1980's Commando Tactics, and 1981's The Immigrants (The Ballad of Juancho). Songs[ edit ] What ABBA is all about Perhaps best known for their hit singles "Chicken Charity", "Dancing Queer", "Homo Me-a" and "Thank You For the Mudslicks", ABBA's songs have been staples of adult contemporary radio for many years, a phenomenon that began almost immediately after it was discovered that ABBA songs could be used in radio-operated staplers by contemporary adults to fasten several sheets of paper together in a secure fashion. Children attempting to use their songs in this way are generally unsuccessful due to improper licensing. Britney Spears ' hit song Gimme More was stolen from ABBA's hit song Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!. Another chart topping song was the beautiful "The Winner Takes it Off", which won two Grammys, and a giant gummy bear. Gaps Between Songs[ edit ] Over time, Abba's between-song gaps became so much more popular than the songs themselves that they were lengthened to an average of 3.5 minutes each. In 1992, Abba released a compilation album of all the pauses between their songs. The album was a smashing success in Cambodia, gaining enough revenue for Abba to buy Cambodia itself. The clothes[ edit ] Abba became very famous for their provoking scene clothes. They were both too glamourous and way too expensive for the people of Sweden. By law Swedish people were acctually forced to pay taxes sponsoring Abba's clothes, but they also had to pay Göran Persson , the former prime minister of Sweden, and Antifreeze's hairdressers. Hillary Clinton is currently using the latest model of the Abba-phone, Abba810-i. Souvenir Halloween Fright Wigs[ edit ] Launched in 2001, Abba's most successful merchandising effort was the manufacture and sale of over 10 million bright orange fright wigs, timed to coincide with the opening of their Broadway musical, Mama Mia: The Swedish Meatball. While only seven tickets to the stage production were ever sold, the fright wigs sold out completely in less than 15 minutes, netting the group over 75 million dollars. Most of this money was later given to the International Red Cross to assist in the ongoing effort to feed starving Volvos . Subliminal messages[ edit ] Scientists from the Vatican have recently discovered subliminal messages in numerous ABBA songs. Apparently, playing Waterloo backwards at high speed will produce the words "Give your money to IKEA " in Swedish: Ge pengar till Ikea! If proven true, the group will be forced to give back their Eurovision award for advertising on the show in a language other than French or English .	i don't know
For which series of films were the actors Kenneth Williams and Sid James best known?	Sidney James - Biography - IMDb Sidney James Biography Showing all 54 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (3) \| Trade Mark (3) \| Trivia (24) \| Salary (18) Overview (5) 5' 8" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (1) The star of the Carry On series of films, Sid James originally came to prominence as sidekick to the ground breaking British comedy actor Tony Hancock, on both radio and then television. Born in Johannesburg, South Africa and named Solomon Joel Cohen, James arrived in England in 1946, second wife in tow, having served with the South African Army during World War 2. By now an aspiring actor, James claimed to have boxed in his youth, perhaps to explain his craggy features, but was certainly a well respected hairdresser in his native country. Known in the trade as "one take James", he became a very talented and professional actor, constantly in demand for small parts in British post-war cinema. In 1960 James debuted in the fourth of the Carry On films, taking the lead role in Carry on Constable (1960) and went on to appear in a further 18 Carry On films as well as various stage and television spin-offs. Reputed not to have got on with Carry On co-star Kenneth Williams , the two often played adversaries on-screen, notably in the historical parodies Carry On... Up the Khyber (1968) and Carry on Pimpernel (1967). James however was respected and revered by almost everyone he worked with and contrary to popular myth, a true gentleman. An addiction to gambling played a large part in James' workaholic schedule and subsequent heart attack in 1967. He was soon back in action however, playing a hospital patient in Carry on Doctor (1967), able to spend most of the film in bed. He suffered a second and fatal heart attack on stage in Sunderland, England on April 26 1976, leaving behind 3 children and his third wife Valerie who had stuck by him despite his affair with Carry On co-star Barbara Windsor , saying, "He always came home to me". - IMDb Mini Biography By: lyndseychris Spouse (3) ( 12 August 1936 - 1940) (divorced) (1 child) Trade Mark (3) The dirtiest laugh in film Playing lecherous comedy characters The adulterous characters he portrayed were inspired by events in his life. Trivia (24) Arrived in Britain on Dec 25th 1946, spending his army demob money on one-way tickets. Once described as "The man with a face like an unmade bed!". Voted (some time ago) to have the world's dirtiest laugh. Career prior to acting was as a top ladies' hairdresser in South Africa. Sid and Meg had a daughter Reine (named after Sid's mother) Frequently remembered as a former boxer, but he never actually was! People got that impression that he had been a boxer from his craggy features and bulbous nose. He is the father of Stephen James, a musician and sound technician who appeared on Fortran 5's debut album "Blues", in October 1991. The song "Bike" heavily sampled Sid's voice and distinctive laugh. Also, Sidney James' portrait appears on the album cover. Collapsed and died on-stage of a heart attack while appearing in "The Mating Game" at the Empire Theatre, Sunderland. Was the regular sidekick-cum-bête noir of Tony Hancock throughout the six series of the radio series "Hancock's Half Hour". Likewise, became Hancock's regular pal in the TV series Hancock's Half Hour (1956), until the final series when Hancock decided it was getting too much like a double act. Sid was nicknamed "One take James" because he nearly always did it right first time. He was also earning the highest daily rate of any British character actor. In late 1960s, he attended a showbusiness houseparty near the Thames and, according to a TV news bulletin, was the hero of the hour because fire broke out and Sid kept dashing back indoors to help others to safety. Apparently, the emergency services had to eventually restrain him from re-entering the fire. Was infamous for using branded products in the Carry On films and advertising them. In one particular film he opened a cupboard to reveal a cupboard full of Johnny Walker Red Label Scotch Whisky. Had an affair with "Carry On..." series star Barbara Windsor from 1973 until his death in 1976. Their life together is chronicled in the movie Cor, Blimey! (2000). Ms. Windsor is an advisor to the cast. His daughter, Sue James , is a children's TV Producer. Suffered a serious heart attack in 1967, and was therefore replaced by Phil Silvers as the star of Carry on in the Legion (1967). His son, Steve James is a music producer. His best friends were his Carry On co-stars Patsy Rowlands and Peter Butterworth . Was friends with Laurence Harvey until they worked on The Silent Enemy (1958) together. According to the book "A Biography Of Sid James", James was offered the role of Chief Petty Officer Thorpe on the recommendation of Harvey, but their friendship ended during the filming. He found Harvey to be "pompous and full of his own importance". His grandson James Wichall is a Sound Engineer. He received top-billing in 17 of the 19 "Carry On" films in which he appeared. Frankie Howerd had that honour in Carry on Doctor (1967) and Carry on Up the Jungle (1970). He has two roles in common with Richard Burton : (1) Burton played Mark Antony in Cleopatra (1963) while James played him in Carry on Cleo (1964) and (2) Burton played King Henry VIII of England in Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) while James played him in Carry on Henry VIII (1971). In both cases, James wore the costume which had originally been worn by Burton. He died only one day after Carol Reed , who directed him in both A Kid for Two Farthings (1955) and Trapeze (1956). Although he was 61 years when he played Dick Turpin in Carry on Dick (1974), Turpin was only 33 when he was hanged on April 7, 1739. Was unable to appear in Carry on Behind (1975), as he was touring Australia for a theatrical production of The Mating Season. Was supposed to play Sergeant Ernie Knocker in Carry on in the Legion (1967), but was busy with George and the Dragon (1966). Less than two weeks into the shooting schedule, he suffered a heart attack. The role went to Phil Silvers . Was supposed to play Detective Sergeant Sidney Bung in Carry on Screaming! (1966), but dropped out when he suffered a heart attack. The role went to Harry H. Corbett . Salary (18)	Carry On
Which alternative word for the Devil is a Hebrew word with translates as Lord Of The Flies?	Comedy Films COMEDY FILMS Part 1 \| Part 2 \| Part 3 \| Part 4 \| Part 5 \| Part 6 \| Examples Abbott and Costello: Another popular comedy film team of the 40s to the early/mid 50s, Bud Abbott and Lou Costello, were a variation on the Laurel and Hardy team. Tall, slim, fast-talking, self-important con man Bud Abbott played the straight man to the short, stubby, cowardly, stupid and childish Lou Costello. They made a number of witty, humorous pictures - their first, successful feature film was set in an Army base, Buck Privates (1941). Other earlier films were Hold That Ghost (1941) and In Society (1944). Their most well-remembered comedy sketch is entitled " Who's On First? " - a scene originally from their radio act that was reprised in their film, The Naughty Nineties (1945). The silly locales of their situation-style, formulaic comedies were reflected in some of their film titles: Universal's Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948) - they appeared as baggage clerks delivering packages to a haunted house, with Bela Lugosi's Dracula, Lon Chaney Jr.'s Wolfman, the Frankenstein monster, and other ghouls, Africa Screams (1949), Abbott and Costello Go to Mars (1953), and Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy (1955). They also had their own TV show titled The Abbott and Costello Show (1952-1953). The Comic Duo - Jerry Lewis and Dean Martin: Abbott and Costello were succeeded by wacky, childlike comic Jerry Lewis with his crooning, handsome, straight-man partner Dean Martin. While they had both failed as single performers, they were much more successful as a team. The film debut of the comic duo of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis was in My Friend Irma (1949), followed the next year by the team's only sequel, My Friend Irma Goes West (1950). They made a total of sixteen movies together between 1949 and 1956, breaking up after their last teaming in the comedy/musical Hollywood or Bust (1956). Their films included Sailor Beware (1951) and Scared Stiff (1953) - one of their better films was Artists and Models (1955) with Martin as a comic book cartoon artist and Lewis as his idiotic room-mate with imaginative dreams. Jerry Lewis made his first solo film, The Delicate Delinquent (1957), and was able to create a successful career for himself. In the early 1960s, Lewis' unique brand of humor was exhibited in his directorial debut film titled The Bellboy (1960) about a bellboy at Miami's Fountainbleau Hotel. Although often detested for his over-the-top style of comedy, Lewis' best film was The Nutty Professor (1963) with Lewis as a chemistry professor named Julius Ferris Kelp whose Jekyll/Hyde potion converts him into swinging extrovert Buddy Love (resembling Rat Packers Frank Sinatra and/or Dean Martin) - loveably irresistible to Stella Stevens. Lewis also starred in the 'fractured fairy tale' Cinderfella (1960) as a male 'Cinderella.' In the slapstick-ish The Disorderly Orderly (1964), the zany comic starred as a hospital orderly employed in a nursing home. And in The Family Jewels (1965), he portrayed seven characters (mostly named Peyton). [Lewis actually played a straight man business rival to newspaper correspondent Tony Curtis in Boeing Boeing (1965). In another rare serious role, Lewis starred as late-night show host Jerry Langford opposite Robert DeNiro as an obsessive, aspiring comedian in Martin Scorsese's satirical black comedy The King of Comedy (1983).] British, Italian and French Comedy: European Entries Some of the most celebrated, intelligent comedies from Britain after World War II were produced by Michael Balcon's anti-authoritarian Ealing Studios - termed "Ealing comedies." They included the following four films that starred Alec Guinness: the black-hearted comedy about inheritance, Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949) featured the versatile Guinness (in his third film) playing the parts of all eight D'Ascoyne family victims (including Lady Agatha!) The Lavender Hill Mob (1951) again starred Alec Guinness as an unsuspecting bank clerk who masterminded a scheme to melt down gold bank bars into miniature Eiffel Towers The Man in the White Suit (1952), about an idealistic, humble inventor named Sidney Stratton (Guinness) who quickly develops enemies after discovering a new fiber that cannot wear out or get dirty the droll and farcical comedy The Ladykillers (1955), with Guinness as bumbling criminal mastermind Professor Marcus in the midst of a planned train robbery Similar to The Ladykillers, Italian writer/director Mario Monicelli's fast-paced caper spoof Big Deal on Madonna Street (1958) starred Vittorio Gassman, Marcello Mastroianni and a young Claudia Cardinale, with its story of misfit criminals orchestrating a jewelry heist of a pawn shop on Madonna Street. Italian director Vittorio De Sica's Marriage, Italian Style (1964) (an imitation of Pietro Germi's black comedy, Divorce--Italian Style (1962)) was a farcical and sexy romantic comedy about modern marriage featuring womanizer Marcello Mastroianni and his busty, statuesque mistress/wife Sophia Loren (her fourth film with De Sica). British comedies usually combined deft wordplay, sophisticated wit, character impersonations, and high-low brow contributions to the genre. Cartoonist Ronald Searle's work inspired director Frank Launder's rollicking British comedy The Belles of St. Trinian's (1954) - a slapstick story about devilish students with get-rich-quick schemes at a British all-girl's school, and Alastair Sim (in a dual role as the school's headmistress and as her twin brother bookie Clarence). Peter Sellers impersonated three different individuals (one of his trademarks) - a prime minister, a grand duchess, and a military officer of the small European Duchy of Grand Fenwick in The Mouse That Roared (1959). And The League of Gentleman (1959) was another classic British caper film with Jack Hawkins as the disgruntled leader of a group of disgraced ex-soldiers plotting a complex raid on a bank. The Best Picture winner from director Tony Richardson, Tom Jones (1963) was a bawdy comedy and rambunctious adaptation of Henry Fielding's novel about an 18th century womanizing playboy (Albert Finney) and his ribald adventures. Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) skewered the medieval King Arthur legends with graphic violence and quirky, manic comedy. Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979) irreverently attacked all forms of religious hypocrisy and zealotry. The high-grossing British, adult romantic comedy Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) featured Hugh Grant as an uncommitted, confirmed bachelor at the weddings of his single friends. The widely-popular British comedy The Full Monty (1996) exhibited the strip-tease talents of a group of unemployed, middle-aged and overweight Yorkshire mill workers. Zany comedies also emerged from France, especially the works of comic actor/director Jacques Tati, such as Jour de Fete (1949) - his debut film about a bicycle postman named Francois, and his Monsieur Hulot films including the virtually-silent cinematic gem Mr. Hulot's Holiday (1953), about the tall Frenchman on a seaside resort holiday in Brittany, and the comedy satire Mon Oncle (1958) with numerous sight gags - the recipient of the Best Foreign-Language Film Academy Award. The Series of Carry On Films: A highly successful, saucy and interminable series of almost 30 British comedy films were popular over a period of 20 years, from 1958-1978, from Carry On Sergeant (1958) to Carry On Emmanuelle (1978). They were mostly crude slapstick farces composed of double entendres and larger-than-life characters that became increasingly sexier as time progressed. The naughty films full of sexual innuendo were set in various locales to target various institutions - the Army, a hospital, a British school, a police station, an employment agency, and more. Since there wasn't one major star, the performers were more like a repertory group of actors, and included names such as Kenneth Williams, Sid James and Charles Hawtrey. In the early 90s, there was a disastrous attempt to revive the series with Carry On Columbus (1992). 50s Comedy: There were 50s comedies as well - usually squeaky-clean, formulaic, courtship romantic comedies exemplified by the Rock Hudson/Doris Day films. Their best classic, witty and light-hearted 50's sex comedy was Pillow Talk (1959). Other memorable romantic comedies of the 1950s include George Cukor's Born Yesterday (1950) about the tutoring of a racketeer's uneducated girlfriend (Judy Holliday), and director Vincente Minnelli's family wedding comedy Father of the Bride (1950) starring Spencer Tracy as the "father of bride" Elizabeth Taylor. And a tippling James Stewart was the only one able to see an invisible six-foot rabbit in Harvey (1950). Stanley Donen's classic comedy/musical Singin' in the Rain (1952) told about the end of the silent film era, with Gene Kelly and squeaky-voiced Jean Hagen as film stars, Debbie Reynolds as an ingenue, and spotlighted by Donald O'Connor's incredible "Make 'Em Laugh" number. Sexual comedies were successively enhanced by the appearance of Marilyn Monroe at her prime in The Seven Year Itch (1955) as a Manhattan apartment dweller, and as the lead singer in an all-girls band in director/co-writer Billy Wilder's hilarious and subversive adult comedy	i don't know
On which TV island might you have found actor Ricardo Montalban?	Ricardo Montalban dies at 88; 'Fantasy Island' actor - LA Times Ricardo Montalban dies at 88; 'Fantasy Island' actor Ricardo Montalban Ricardo Montalban pictured in a 1950 MGM photo. Ricardo Montalban pictured in a 1950 MGM photo. (MGM) Lorenza Muñoz Ricardo Montalban, the suave leading man who was one of the first Mexican-born actors to make it big in Hollywood and who was best known for his role as Mr. Roarke on TV's "Fantasy Island," has died. He was 88. Montalban died Wednesday morning at his Los Angeles home of complications related to old age, said his son-in-law, Gilbert Smith. Within the entertainment industry, Montalban was widely respected for his efforts to create opportunities for Latinos, although he and others believed that his activism hurt his career. In 1970, he founded the nonprofit Nosotros Foundation to improve the image and increase employment of Latinos in Hollywood. "He paved the way for being outspoken about the images and roles that Latinos were playing in movies," said Luis Reyes, co-author of "Hispanics in Hollywood" (2000). On Wednesday, actor Edward James Olmos called Montalban "one of the true giants of arts and culture." "He was a stellar artist and a consummate person and performer with a tremendous understanding of culture . . . and the ability to express it in his work," Olmos told The Times. Montalban was already a star of Mexican movies in the 1940s when MGM cast him as a bullfighter opposite Esther Williams in "Fiesta" and put him under contract. He would go on to appear alongside such movie greats as Clark Gable and Lana Turner . When major film roles dried up for him in the 1970s, he turned to stage and eventually TV, where he was familiar to millions as the mysterious host whose signature line, “Welcome to Fantasy Island,” opened the hit ABC show that aired from 1978 to 1984. Mexican is not a nice-sounding word and Hollywood is at fault for this because we have been portrayed in this ungodly manner. — Ricardo Montalban While "Fantasy Island" was renewing Montalban's career and giving him financial stability, he also won an Emmy for his performance as Chief Satangkai in the 1978 ABC miniseries "How the West Was Won." In the 1970s and '80s, Montalban was also familiar to TV viewers as a commercial spokesman for Chrysler. He was later widely spoofed for his silky allusion to the “soft Corinthian leather” of the Chrysler Cordoba, although no such leather existed. While making "Fantasy Island," Montalban also gave one of his best movie performances -- as Khan Noonien Singh in the “ Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan ” (1982), a follow-up to a beloved 1967 “Star Trek” television episode that also featured Montalban. New Yorker magazine critic Pauline Kael said Montalban's performance as Khan "was the only validation he has ever had of his power to command the big screen." Born Nov. 25, 1920, in Mexico City, Montalban was the youngest of four children of Castilian Spaniards who had immigrated in 1906 to the city, where Montalban's father owned a dry goods store. Montalban came to Los Angeles as a teenager with his oldest brother, Carlos, who had lived in the city and worked for the studios. "I felt as if I knew California already, because of the movies," Montalban said in "Reflections: A Life in Two Worlds," the 1980 autobiography he wrote with Bob Thomas. Montalban studied English at Fairfax High School, where an MGM talent scout noticed him in a student play. He was offered a screen test, but his brother advised him against taking it and took him on a business trip to New York City. The handsome Montalban soon found himself the star of a short film that was made to play on a screen atop a jukebox. That three-minute movie, which debuted at the Hurricane Bar in midtown Manhattan, led to small roles in plays. When his mother's illness took him back to Mexico, Montalban got a one-line role in a parody of "The Three Musketeers," starring Cantinflas. Around that time, he also met Georgiana Belzer, a model and Loretta Young 's sister, whom he married in 1944. She died in 2007. Montalban intended to stay in Mexico, where his film career was taking off, but MGM wanted him for "Fiesta." In the 1947 musical, he had a memorable dance scene with a young Cyd Charisse . "Fiesta" led to a contract at MGM, where he had a friendly rivalry with Fernando Lamas -- later Williams' husband off-screen -- as the studio's resident "Latin lovers." Bill Murray immortalized the duel between the two men with his classic "Saturday Night Live" skit, "Quien es mas macho, Fernando Lamas o Ricardo Montalban?" Montalban appeared as the Latin lover with Williams in two other late-1940s films, "On an Island With You" and "Neptune's Daughter." The blatant typecasting continued in the 1953 film "Latin Lovers" with Turner. "He was incredibly handsome, he gave a style and dignity to all of his roles -- no matter what role he played," said author Reyes. Director John Sturges gave Montalban the leading role of Lt. Peter Morales in "Mystery Street" in 1950 and, that same year, a starring role with June Allyson and Dick Powell in "Right Cross." But, as Montalban wrote in his autobiography, he was never cast in the dramatic role at MGM that would have made him a major movie star. "He appeared to have everything else -- a marvelous camera face, the physique of a trained dancer, talent, a fine voice (he could even sing), warmth and great charm," Kael wrote. "Maybe the charm was a drawback -- it may have made him seem too likable." While making the 1951 Gable western "Across the Wide Missouri," Montalban fell from a horse and injured his spine. The injury caused him to walk with a limp, which he tried to mask during performances. In recent years, he had been confined to a wheelchair. After MGM dropped him in 1953, Montalban went on the road with Agnes Moorehead and others in George Bernard Shaw's "Don Juan in Hell," which was revived 20 years later on Broadway with him in the lead. In 1955, he appeared on Broadway in the short-lived "Seventh Heaven" and in the late 1950s starred with Lena Horne in "Jamaica" and earned a Tony nomination. He played a Kabuki theater actor in the 1957 movie "Sayonara" and co-starred with Debbie Reynolds in the 1966 film "The Singing Nun." Decades later, he played the evil tycoon in the 1988 comedy hit "Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!" and had a prominent role as the grandfather in "Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over" (2003). Later TV appearances included the "Dynasty" spinoff "The Colbys" in the 1980s, and he voiced Señor Senior Sr. on the Disney Channel's animated series "Kim Possible," which debuted in 2002. But "Fantasy Island" created his lasting image. Elegantly attired in a white suit and black tie, Montalban fashioned such an iconic -- albeit somewhat kitschy -- figure that he often reprised the character in subsequent films and television shows. The show's executive producer, Aaron Spelling, told TV Guide in 1980 that Montalban gave Mr. Roarke the "otherworldly quality we needed." Many credited the repartee between Mr. Roarke and the character of Tattoo, played by 3-foot-11-inch Herve Villechaize, for pulling in viewers. Villechaize died in 1993. Montalban said in TV Guide that his character "manipulates everything and everyone. In the eye of the fantasizer, Roarke has the power of life and death." Spelling's widow, Candy, said Wednesday in a statement: "Aaron was always humbled by Ricardo's gratitude for 'Fantasy Island.' " Although Montalban expressed appreciation for his success, he complained that Hollywood lacked respect for Mexican American actors. He said that while under contract at MGM, he portrayed Cubans, Brazilians and Argentines, but almost never Mexicans. "Mexican is not a nice-sounding word and Hollywood is at fault for this because we have been portrayed in this ungodly manner," he said. He challenged Hollywood to stop stereotyping Latin actors by casting them only as prostitutes, maids, gang-bangers and bandidos. Through Nosotros -- "we" in Spanish -- Montalban attempted to highlight and recognize Latino participation in the arts and entertainment. In 1970, the foundation created the Golden Eagle Awards, which annually honors Latino stars, shows and movies. From 1965 to 1970, Montalban served as vice president of the Screen Actors Guild . After the Ricardo Montalban Foundation was formed in 1999, the organization purchased the former Doolittle Theatre near Hollywood and Vine to stage Latino productions and named the theater after Montalban. Judd Bernard, who was Montalban's publicist in the mid-1950s, told The Times that the actor "was the kindest man, with a lovely sense of humor, a religious man, a marvelous family man." The deeply spiritual Montalban once said that the guiding force in his life was his Catholic faith. In 1998, Pope John Paul II made him a Knight Commander of St. Gregory, the highest honor bestowed upon non-clergy in the Roman Catholic Church. Montalban is survived by two daughters, Laura Montalban and Anita Smith; two sons, Mark Montalban and Victor Montalban; and six grandchildren. Services will be private. Muñoz is a former Times staff writer. Times staff writer Valerie J. Nelson contributed to this report.	Fantasy
Mozart's opera, which was a continuation of The Barber Of Seville, was called The Marriage Of ... who?	Ricardo Montalban dies at 88 - NY Daily News Mexican-American actor Ricardo Montalban dies at 88 Ricardo Montalban dies at 88 Thursday, January 15, 2009, 11:10 AM Ricardo Montalban atthe Unveiling and Gala Inauguration of the Ricardo Montalban Theatre on May 2004 in Hollywood, California. (Brown/Getty) Thursday, January 15, 2009, 11:10 AM LOS ANGELES — Ricardo Montalban , the Mexican-born actor who became a star in splashy MGM musicals and later as the wish-fulfilling Mr. Roarke in TV's " Fantasy Island ," died Wednesday morning at his home, his family said. He was 88. Montalban's death was first announced at a city council meeting by president Eric Garcetti , who represents the district where the actor lived. He died "from complications of advancing age," his son-in-law, Gilbert Smith , later said. "He was so gracious, and Aaron was always humbled by Ricardo's gratitude for 'Fantasy Island," said Candy Spelling , wife of the late Aaron Spelling , who created the show. "I miss him already, and wish his family well." Montalban had been a star in Mexican movies when MGM brought him to Hollywood in 1946. He was cast in the leading role opposite Esther Williams in "Fiesta," and starred again with the swimming beauty in "On an Island with You" and "Neptune's Daughter." But Montalban was best known as the faintly mysterious, white-suited Mr. Roarke, who presided over a tropical island resort where visitors fulfilled their lifelong dreams — usually at the unexpected expense of a difficult life lesson. "I am Mr. Roarke, your host. Welcome to Fantasy Island," he told arriving guests. Montalban had already coined a cultural catchphrase before the show, which ran from 1978 to 1984. As the celebrity spokesman for mid-1970s models of the Chrysler Cordoba, Montalban unwittingly opened himself up to endless imitation when he described the car's optional seats as being "available in soft, Corinthian leather." More recently, he appeared as villains in two hits of the 1980s: " Star Trek : The Wrath of Khan" and — in line with his always-apparent sense of humor about himself — the farcical "The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad." Montalban's longtime friend and publicist David Brokaw said the actor was "exactly how you'd imagine him to be" off camera. "What you saw on the screen and on television and on talk shows, this very courtly, modest, dignified individual, that's exactly who he was," Brokaw said. Raul Yzaguirre , longtime president of National Council of La Raza , called Montalban "a hero" and noted the actor's contributions to his community. Montalban helped found the ALMA Awards , which honor and encourage fair portrayals of Latinos in entertainment. "He was just a marvelous human being and an inspiration to be around," Yzaguirre said. "I hope his spirit pervades more of Hollywood — the spirit of humility and excellence and giving back to the community and just plain decency." Between movie and TV roles, Montalban was active in the theater. He starred on Broadway in the 1957 musical " Jamaica " opposite Lena Horne , picking up a Tony nomination for best actor in a musical. Montalban also toured in Shaw's " Don Juan in Hell," playing Don Juan, a performance critic John Simon later recalled as "irresistible." In 1965 he appeared on tour in the Yul Brynner role in "The King and I." "Fantasy Island" received high ratings for most of its run on ABC, and still appears in reruns. Mr. Roarke and his sidekick, Tattoo, played by the 3-foot, 11-inch Herve Villechaize , reached the state of TV icons. Villechaize died in 1993. In a 1978 interview, Montalban analyzed the ethereal quality of his character: "Was he a magician? A hypnotist? Did he use hallucinogenic drugs? I finally came across a character that works for me. He has the essence of mystery, but I need a point of view so that my performance is consistent. I now play him 95 percent believable and 5 percent mystery. He doesn't have to behave mysteriously; only what he does is mysterious." In 1970, Montalban organized fellow Latino actors into an organization called Nosotros ("We"), and he became the first president. Their aim: to improve the image of Spanish-speaking Americans on the screen; to assure that Latin-American actors were not discriminated against; to stimulate Latino actors to study their profession. Montalban commented in a 1970 interview: "The Spanish-speaking American boy sees Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid wipe out a regiment of Bolivian soldiers. He sees 'The Wild Bunch' annihilate the Mexican army. It's only natural for him to say, 'Gee, I wish I were an Anglo.'" Montalban was no stranger to prejudice. He was born Nov. 25, 1920, in Mexico City , the son of parents who had emigrated from Spain . The boy was brought up to speak the Castilian Spanish of his forebears. To Mexican ears that sounded strange and effeminate, and young Ricardo was jeered by his schoolmates. His mother also dressed him with old-country formality, and he wore lace collars and short pants "long after my legs had grown long and hairy," he wrote in his 1980 autobiography, "Reflections: A Life in Two Worlds." "It is not easy to grow up in a country that has different customs from your own family's." While driving through Texas with his brother, Montalban recalled seeing a sign on a diner: "No Dogs or Mexicans Allowed." In Los Angeles, where he attended Fairfax High School , he and a friend were refused entrance to a dance hall because they were Mexican. Rather than seek a career in Hollywood, Montalban played summer stock in New York . He returned to Mexico City and played leading roles in movies from 1941 to 1945. That led to an MGM contract. "Movies were never kind to me; I had to fight for every inch of film," he reflected in 1970. "Usually my best scenes would end up on the cutting-room floor." Montalban had better luck after leaving MGM in 1953, though he was usually cast in ethnic roles. He appeared as a Japanese kabuki actor in "Sayonara" and an Indian in "Cheyenne Autumn." His other films included "Madame X," ''The Singing Nun," ''Sweet Charity," ''Escape from the Planet of the Apes" and "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes." Montalban was sometimes said to be the source of Billy Crystal 's "you look MAHvelous" character on " Saturday Night Live ," though the inspiration was really Argentinian-born actor Fernando Lamas . In 1944, Montalban married Georgiana Young , actress and model and younger sister of actress Loretta Young . Both Roman Catholics, they remained one of Hollywood's most devoted couples. She died in 2007. They had four children: Laura, Mark, Anita and Victor. Montalban suffered a spinal injury in a horse fall while making a 1951 Clark Gable Western, "Across the Wide Missouri," and thereafter walked with a limp he managed to mask during his performances. Despite the constant pain that grew worse as the decades wore on, the actor was able to take a role in an Aaron Spelling TV series, "Heaven Help Us." Twice a month in 1994, he flew to San Antonio for two or three days of filming as an angel who watched over a young couple. And when asked to play the grandfather in "Spy Kids 2" and "Spy Kids 3," Montalban told filmmaker Robert Rodriguez in his self-effacing way: "I'm old. I'm in a wheelchair. And I have a Mexican accent. Three strikes and you're out," recalled Joel Brokaw , another of the actor's spokesmen. "But Robert Rodriguez idolized Ricardo, and came up to his home in the Hollywood Hills to convince him to do the role," Brokaw said. He did, and despite his obvious pain while waiting to do a scene, "something miraculous would happen," Brokaw said. "As soon as Rodriguez said 'Action,' his pain would completely disappear, time and time again. I asked him about this. He smiled and said, 'It's impossible for my mind to do two things at once.'" Montalban is survived by daughters Laura and Anita, sons Victor and Mark and six grandchildren.	i don't know
What is the nearest planet to the Sun?	Planet Closest to the Sun - Universe Today Universe Today Planet Closest to the Sun Article Updated: 24 Dec , 2015 by Jerry Coffey [/caption]Mercury, the planet closest to the Sun, is a study in extremes and offers many surprises. The extremes of the planet have made it an understudied body in our Solar System, though the MESSENGER mission is trying to change that as you are reading this article. In addition to being the planet closest to the Sun, Mercury is also the smallest by mass. If you ignore the former planet Pluto, it is also the smallest by surface area, as well. The planet has the most eccentric orbit: at perihelion it is 46,001,200 km from the Sun and at aphelion it is 69,816,900 km. The planet’s short orbital period(87.969 Earth days) and slight axial tilt combine to make the day on Mercury(116 Earth days) longer than the year. The average temperature on the planet is 442.5°K. Because of the planet’s thin atmosphere there is a wide temperature range, 100°K to 700°K. The temperature at the equator can be as much as 300°K more than the temperature at the poles. Despite its proximity to our central star, the poles of the planet are thought to have water ice hidden within impact craters. Claims for water ice are substantiated by observations by the 70 m Goldstone telescope and the Very Large Array. There are areas of very high radar reflection at the pole areas so, since water is highly reflective of radar, astronomers believe that water ice is the most likely cause of this reflection. Due to its size and average temperatures, the planet’s gravity can not retain a significant atmosphere over a long period. It does have a negligible surface-bounded exosphere that is dominated by hydrogen, helium, oxygen, sodium, calcium, and potassium. Atoms are continuously being lost and replenished from this exosphere. Hydrogen and helium atoms are thought to derive from the solar wind that buffets the planet. These elements diffuse into Mercury’s magnetosphere before escaping back into space. Radioactive decay within the crust is a source of helium, sodium, and potassium. Mercury has been explored by two mission: Mariner 10 and MESSENGER. Mariner 10 was able to map 40-45% of Mercury’s surface through more than 2,800 photos. It revealed a more or less moon-like surface, a slight atmosphere, a magnetic field, and a large iron rich core. MESSENGER was launched in August of 2004. After a 31/2 year flight, it made its first flyby in January 2008 and arrived in orbit on March 18, 2011. So far, the probe has discovered large amounts of water in the exosphere, evidence of past volcanic activity, and evidence of a liquid planetary core. As the MESSENGER mission continues, the closest planet to the Sun should continue to reveal more surprises for the scientists at NASA. It appears a new age of discovery has begun for Mercury. We have an extensive section just on Mercury on Universe Today. And did you know there’s a spacecraft visiting Mercury called MESSENGER? You can read news about this mission here . Here’s a link to NASA’s Solar System Exploration Guide on Mercury. We have recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast just about the Sun called The Sun, Spots and All . References:	Mercury
What is the name of the dopey road sweeper player by Roger Lloyd-Pack in Only Fools And Horses?	Planet Mercury: Facts About the Planet Closest to the Sun Planet Mercury: Facts About the Planet Closest to the Sun By Charles Q. Choi, Space.com Contributor \| November 30, 2016 08:44pm ET MORE This view is one of the first from the MESSENGER probe's Oct. 6, 2008 flyby of Mercury. Credit: NASA/JHUAPL/CIW Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. As such, it circles the sun faster than all the other planets, which is why Romans named it after their swift-footed messenger god. The Sumerians also knew of Mercury since at least 5,000 years ago. It was often associated with Nabu, the god of writing . Mercury was also given separate names for its appearance as both a morning star and as an evening star. Greek astronomers knew, however, that the two names referred to the same body. Heraclitus believed that both Mercury and Venus orbited the sun, not Earth. [ Latest Photos: Mercury Seen by NASA's Messenger Probe ] Mercury's physical characteristics Because the planet is so close to the sun, Mercury's surface temperature can reach a scorching 840 degrees Fahrenheit (450 degrees Celsius). However, since this world doesn't have a real atmosphere to entrap any heat, at night temperatures can plummet to minus 275 F (minus 170 C), a temperature swing of more than 1,100 degrees F (600 degree C), the greatest in the solar system. Mercury is the smallest planet — it is only slightly larger than Earth's moon. Since it has no significant atmosphere to stop impacts, the planet is pockmarked with craters. About 4 billion years ago, an asteroid roughly 60 miles (100 kilometers) wide struck Mercury with an impact equal to 1 trillion 1-megaton bombs, creating a vast impact crater roughly 960 miles (1,550 km) wide. Known as the Caloris Basin, this crater could hold the entire state of Texas. Another large impact may have helped create the planet's odd spin . As close to the sun as Mercury is, in 2012, NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft discovered water ice in the craters around its north pole, where regions may be permanently shaded from the heat of the sun. The southern pole may also contain icy pockets, but MESSENGER's orbit did not allowed scientists to probe the area. Comets or meteorites may have delivered ice there, or water vapor may have outgassed from the planet's interior and frozen out at the poles. [Related: First Photos of Water Ice on Mercury Captured by NASA Spacecraft ] As if Mercury isn't small enough, it not only shrank in its past but is continuing to shrink today . The tiny planet is made up of a single continental plate over a cooling iron core. As the core cools, it solidifies, reducing the planet's volume and causing it to shrink. The process crumpled the surface, creating lobe-shaped scarps or cliffs, some hundreds of miles long and soaring up to a mile high. In the past, the surface was constantly reshaped by volcanic activity , some fairly recently in the planet's past. "The young age of the small scarps means that Mercury joins Earth as a tectonically active planet with new faults likely forming today as Mercury's interior continues to cool and the planet contracts," Tom Watters, Smithsonian senior scientist at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., said in a statement . Mercury is the second densest planet after Earth, with a huge metallic core roughly 2,200 to 2,400 miles (3,600 to 3,800 km) wide, or about 75 percent of the planet's diameter. In comparison, Mercury's outer shell is only 300 to 400 miles (500 to 600 km) thick. The combination of its massive core and abundance of volatile elements has left scientists puzzled for years. A completely unexpected discovery Mariner 10 made was that Mercury possessed a magnetic field. Planets theoretically generate magnetic fields only if they spin quickly and possess a molten core. But Mercury takes 59 days to rotate and is so small — just roughly one-third Earth's size — that its core should have cooled off long ago. "We had figured out how the Earth works, and Mercury is another terrestrial, rocky planet with an iron core, so we thought it would work the same way," Christopher Russell, a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, said in a statement . An unusual interior could help to explain the differences in Mercury's magnetic field when compared to Earth. Observations from MESSENGER revealed that the planet's magnetic field is approximately three times stronger at its northern hemisphere than at its southern. Russell co-authored a model that suggests that Mercury's iron core may be turning from liquid to solid at the core's outer boundary rather than the inner. "It's like a snow storm in which the snow formed at the top of the cloud and middle of the cloud and the bottom of the cloud too," said Russell. "Our study of Mercury's magnetic field indicates iron is snowing throughout this fluid that is powering Mercury's magnetic field." The discovery in 2007 by Earth-based radar observations that Mercury's core may still be molten could help explain its magnetism, though the solar wind may play a role in dampening the planet's magnetic field. Although Mercury's magnetic field is just 1 percent the strength of Earth's, it is very active. The magnetic field in the solar wind — the charged particles streaming off the sun — periodically touches upon Mercury's field, creating powerful magnetic tornadoes that channel the fast, hot plasma of the solar wind down to the planet's surface. Instead of a substantial atmosphere, Mercury possesses an ultra-thin "exosphere" made up of atoms blasted off its surface by solar radiation, the solar wind and micrometeoroid impacts. These quickly escape into space, forming a tail of particles. Mercury's orbital characteristics Mercury speeds around the sun every 88 Earth days, traveling through space at nearly 112,000 mph (180,000 km/h), faster than any other planet. Its oval-shaped orbit is highly elliptical, taking Mercury as close as 29 million miles (47 million km) and as far as 43 million miles (70 million km) from the sun. If one could stand on Mercury when it is nearest to the sun, it would appear more than three times as large as it does when viewed from Earth. Oddly, due to Mercury's highly elliptical orbit and the 59 Earth-days or so it takes to rotate on its axis, when on the scorching surface of the planet, the sun appears to rise briefly, set, and rise again before it travels westward across the sky. At sunset, the sun appears to set, rise again briefly, and then set again. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun and has a thin atmosphere, no air pressure and an extremely high temperature. Take a look inside the planet. Credit: Karl Tate, SPACE.com	i don't know
In which sport do the rules specify that the ball used must not weigh less than 45.93 grams and must have a diameter of at least 42.67 millimetres?	Macclesfield Pub Quiz League: May 2008 Macclesfield Pub Quiz League Wednesday, May 28, 2008 THE FINAL FOR THE CUP 1 Which American poet wrote the lines Candy/ Is dandy/ But liquor/ Is quicker and later added the lines Pot/ Is not? Ogden Nash (Original from 1931, the last lines added by Nash in 1968) 2 Which archipelagic nation consists of over 7,000 islands, the largest of which are Luzon and Mindanao? The Philippines (7,107 islands to be precise) 3 Which London theatre has the same name as a silvery white metal with atomic number 46? Palladium 4 Which murderer used the false name John Robinson whilst trying to escape to Quebec on the SS Montrose with his mistress? Dr Crippen (After the murder of his wife Cora) 5 What is the name of the MP for Crewe and Nantwich who died in April 2008? Gwyneth Dunwoody 6 Complete the Monopoly set – Piccadilly, Coventry Street and...? Leicester Square 7 Which major New York street intersects with Broadway at Times Square? 42nd Street 8 Which composer is buried adjacent to the organ in Westminster Abbey? Henry Purcell 9 If you were reading a book published by Fodor’s, what would the subject be? Travel (World’s largest English language publisher of travel / tourism info) 10 Two famous people met at Ujiji near the shore of Lake Tanganyika in Tanzania on the 10th of November 1871. Name either. Sir Henry Morton Stanley or Dr David Livingstone ("Dr. Livingstone, I presume..?”) 11 Which office, currently held by Martin Rees, has also been held by John Flamsteed and Edmond Halley? Astronomer Royal (Flamsteed was the first in 1675 and was followed by Halley) 12 What is the name of the ship’s Captain who is the subject of Herman Wouk’s novel (and later film) The Caine Mutiny? Captain Queeg 13 At the end of which famous race is the slowest finisher awarded the title Lanterne Rouge or Red Lantern? The Tour de France (It refers to the red lights on the last carriage of a train which indicate that no wagon has been lost). 14 In Norse mythology, who or what is Yggdrasil? The Tree of the World, a great Ash tree that connects the Norse cosmos together. (Tree is what we are after…) 15 Which American singer, known as the “Cry Guy” or the “Nabob of Sob”, had a Number 1 UK hit with Just Walking in the Rain in 1956? Johnnie Ray 16 Which American artist, whose most famous works were numbered rather than named, died at the age of 44 when he crashed his car whilst drunk in New York in 1956? Jackson Pollock 17 What is the name of the strait between India and Sri Lanka? The Palk Strait 18 What word is used to describe a person who dies without having made a will? Intestate (Do not accept “Dead”!) 19 What name is given to a series of pictures apparently made by random ink blots which is used as a means of psychological testing? The Rorschach Test 20 The novel Oil! by Upton Sinclair was the inspiration for a successful 2007 film featuring a leading character called Daniel Plainview. What is the film’s title? There Will Be Blood (Daniel Day-Lewis stars as Plainview) 21 Which Pope died in 1978 only 33 days after being elected? John Paul I (the first) 22 Which game bird found extensively in Scotland is known as the Snow Grouse? The Ptarmigan 23 Which English Football League team has been managed by Trevor Francis, David Pleat and Ron Atkinson? Sheffield Wednesday 24 When Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the moon, who stayed up in space? Michael Collins (Command Module Pilot of Apollo 11) 25 Refreshment Sunday is the fourth Sunday in Lent. By what name is it more commonly known? Mothering Sunday (Or Mother’s Day, of course…) 26 William Webb Ellis won a much prized blue for Oxford University at which sport? Cricket (Played v Cambridge in 1827) 27 In Greek mythology, Leto is the mother of twins by Zeus. Name either of them. Apollo or Artemis 28 In which Shakespeare play is Viola the heroine? Twelfth Night 29 Leona Lewis has recently topped the US charts with her single Bleeding Love. Who was the last UK female singer to do so in 1987 with the song You Keep Me Hangin’ On? Kim Wilde 30 Which country in South-eastern Europe has Podogorica as its capital? Montenegro 31 Which vegetable has varieties called Chantenay and Nantes? Carrot 32 Under what stage name do Ian and Janette Tough usually perform? The Krankies 33 What is the name of the cells circulating in the blood that cause primary hemostasis leading to the formation of blood clots? Platelets (Accept thrombocytes) 34 What is the name of the national airline of Hungary? Malév Hungarian Airlines (Accept Malév) 35 What is the name of Lewis Hamilton’s team mate at McLaren Mercedes in 2008? Heikki Kovalainen 36 Which US actor played Commander Straker in the 1970’s Gerry Anderson TV series UFO? Ed Bishop 37 There are currently three Members of Parliament with the surname Winterton. Sir Nick and Lady Anne are two, what is the first name of the third? Rosie (Rosie Winterton, Minister of State at the Department for Transport & also Minister for Yorkshire and the Humber) 38 In which European city are the headquarters of Interpol? Lyon 39 Who is the drummer for Pink Floyd, indeed the only constant band member since their formation? Nick Mason 40 In which Charles Dickens novel would you find the character Abel Magwitch? Great Expectations 41 Which chemical element has the symbol Na? Sodium 42 What colour is the tongue of a Chow Chow dog? Blue (A very odd blue-black / purple colour, blue is what is required) 43 In cookery what are goujons? Strips of chicken or fish deep- fried in breadcrumbs 44 Martin Scorsese’s latest film is a documentary of two Rolling Stones concerts plus archive footage. What is the name of the film? Shine a Light 45 Which actor is the longest running Doctor in Doctor Who having played the role for seven consecutive years? Tom Baker (1974 – 1981) 46 In which sport can you be penalised for “travelling”? Basketball 47 Paul Tibbets died in November 2007. What did he do on the 6th of August 1945 that will ensure his place in history? He was the pilot of the Enola Gay, the aircraft that dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima 48 Where in Gloucestershire are the headquarters of the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust? Slimbridge 49 What record is currently held by the building at One Canada Square, London? Tallest building in the UK (In Canary Wharf - 244 metres or 800 feet in old money) 50 Which former England cricketer enjoys the nickname of the “King of Spain”? Ashley Giles 51 Which fictional character’s ancestral home is Bunkerton Castle? Lord Snooty (Lord Marmaduke of Bunkerton to give him his full title…) 52 In which country is Chernobyl? Ukraine 53 What comprised the filling of the dish “Humble (or Umble) pie”? Deer offal (Accept offal) 54 The Keirin and the Madison are events in which sport? Cycling 55 In music terminology, what does Legato mean? Smoothly (Literally in Italian “tied together”) 56 Which city is situated on Zealand Island in the Baltic, and is home to Tivoli Gardens? Copenhagen 57 Dunkery Beacon is the highest point where? Exmoor 58 In musical terms, how is Steveland Hardaway Judkins, who later changed his name to Steveland Hardaway Morris, now better known? Stevie Wonder 59 The Kiel Canal connects two seas together. The North Sea is one, what is the other? The Baltic Sea 60 Per Ardua ad Astra (Through Hardship to the Stars) is the motto of which organisation? The RAF (Since the Royal Flying Corps adopted it in 1913) 61 The Roman poet Horace wrote the lines Dulce et decorum est/ Pro patria mori (Sweet and honourable it is to die for one’s country). Which 20th century English poet used the line Dulce Et Decorum Est as the title of one of his most famous poems? Wilfred Owen 62 Who wrote the 1946 play An Inspector Calls? J. B. Priestley 63 The River Waveney forms much of the boundary between two English counties. Name either. Norfolk or Suffolk 64 What name is given to a solid figure which has twelve edges, all of equal length and at right angles to one another? A Cube 65 Which murderer, believed to have killed at least 16 people in London, was only discovered after the drains of his house became blocked by human remains? Dennis Nilsen 66 Who is currently the deputy leader of the Labour Party? Harriet Harman 67 In Scrabble, what is the value of the letter K? 5 points 68 Which state became the first to ratify the United States constitution in 1787, hence its official nickname of The First State? Delaware 69 From which Greek writer did Shakespeare get many details for his classical plays? Plutarch 70 Which directory, first published in 1858, contains details of English, Welsh & Irish churches plus biographies of around 25,000 Anglican clergy? Crockford’s Clerical Directory (Accept Crockford’s) 71 Two famous people met for the first time in 1919 whilst working on the silent film The Lucky Dog. They made many more films together including The Music Box and Way Out West. Name either of them. Stan Laurel or Oliver Hardy 72 Which office, currently held by Jack Straw MP, has also been held by Sir Thomas More and Lord Mackay of Clashfern? Lord Chancellor (Jack Straw is the first MP to hold the office) 73 In the novel Treasure Island, which Captain has buried the treasure sought by the protagonists? Captain Flint (Also giving his name to Long John Silver’s parrot) 74 In which indoor game would you use a Squidger? Tiddlywinks (It is the larger disc with which you propel your winks!) 75 In Norse mythology, who or what is Bifröst? The Rainbow Bridge between Earth (Midgard) and Asgard (Accept Bridge) 76 Which English singer, widely regarded as Britain’s first home-grown rock ‘n’ roll star, had his first UK hit with Rock with the Caveman? Tommy Steele (who may or may not have also shown Elvis around London in 1958, depending who you believe!) 77 Which Spanish surrealist painter and sculptor was born in Barcelona in 1893 and was buried there after his death in 1983, many of his works now being on display in the same city in a museum of modern art which bears his name? Joan Miró (Many of his pieces are exhibited today in the Fundació Joan Miró in Montjuïc, Barcelona) 78 In which country would you find the Ozark Mountains? USA (Covering much of Missouri / Arkansas & more besides) 79 On an Ordnance Survey map, what does the abbreviation FB signify? Footbridge (Also accept Filter Bed) 80 What is the name of the private citizen who unexpectedly made the most complete colour film record of President John F Kennedy’s assassination in Dallas, Texas in 1963? Abraham Zapruder 81 The Pink Floyd album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn takes its title from Chapter 7 of which classic children’s’ novel? The Wind in the Willows 82 What was the symbol of the Free French forces in the Second World War? The Cross of Lorraine 83 In the natural world, what is bladder wrack? A type of Seaweed 84 Nigel Mansell won the Formula One World Championship in 1992 driving for which team? Williams 85 Alexey Leonov was the first human being to ever do what, in 1965? Walk in Space (for 12 minutes on the 18th of March, 1965) 86 What name is given to the Sunday after Easter Sunday? Low Sunday (Accept also Octave Day of Easter) 87 In November 2007, who was announced as the manager of the 2009 British and Irish Lions Rugby Union tour to South Africa? Gerald Davies 88 In Greek mythology what is an Oread? A nymph that lived in mountains, valleys, ravines etc 89 Who is the villain in Shakespeare’s play Othello? Iago 90 How is singer Sandra Ann Goodrich better known? Sandie Shaw 91 What is the currency of Montenegro? The Euro (It will get us all in the end…) 92 Jargonelle, Seckel and Winter Nelis are types of which fruit? Pears 93 How is the double act of Charles Hodges and David Peacock better known? Chas and Dave 94 Where in the body would you find the Ilium bone?The Pelvis 95 TAROM is the national airline of which Eastern European Country? Romania (Transporturile Aeriene ROMâne, Romanian Air Transport) 96 Who was the winner of the recent 2008 US Masters Golf? Trevor Immelman 97 Eve Whitfield was an assistant to which TV detective in the 1960s? Ironside 98 What position in the Shadow Cabinet is held by the current member of parliament for Tatton? Shadow Chancellor (of the Exchequer) (George Osborne) 99 Gaborone is the capital of which Southern African republic which gained independence from the UK in 1966? Botswana 100 Jon Lord made his name as a founder member and keyboard player with which UK hard rock band? Deep Purple 101 In which Charles Dickens novel would you find the character Wackford Squeers? Nicholas Nickleby 102 Which chemical element has the symbol Hg? Mercury 103 What type of animal is a Margay? A Cat 104 In cookery what are gnocchi? A dumpling made from wheat flour, potato, semolina etc (Accept dumpling) 105 Which rock musician was installed as Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University in November 2007? Brian May 106 Satellite Channel Sky One has recently announced its intention to re-make which 1970’s science fiction TV series? Blake’s 7 107 Disgraced sprinter Dwain Chambers recently had a trial period with which Rugby League club? Castleford Tigers (Accept Castleford) 108 Which make of car is named after Emil Jellinek’s daughter? Mercedes 109 Where would you find the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and associated Zoological Park? Jersey (Founded by Gerald Durrell) 110 Which American Actor was the driving force behind the reconstructed theatre Shakespeare’s Globe in London? Sam Wanamaker 111 Who apart from Geoff Hurst scored for England in the 1966 World Cup Final? Martin Peters 112 If Thomas is Number 1 and Edward is Number 2, who is Number 4? Gordon (Engines in the Rev. W Awdry’s Railway Series) 113 The Laerdal Road Tunnel is the longest such tunnel in the world. In which European country would you find it? Norway 114 What does the word frangible mean? Breakable or fragile. An object would break into fragments if force were applied rather than just bending, e.g. a digestive biscuit is frangible whilst fresh bread is not) 115 Name the Diving champion who will be the youngest member of the 2008 British Olympic Team. Tom Daley (13yrs, born 21/05/1994) 116 In music terminology, what does Andante mean? In a moderate tempo, walking pace etc 117 Which city, a former capital of Spain, is now a World Heritage Site and famous for sword-making? Toledo 118 What is the stately home owned by the Spencer family in Northamptonshire called? Althorp 119 In musical terms, how is Vincent Eugene Craddock better known? Gene Vincent 120 What bridge connects one side of Lake Havasu, Arizona to the other side? London Bridge (shipped over and re-constructed there in 1971) Supplementary Questions 1 What is the name of the temple complex built by Pharaoh Ramses II, from which statues were moved in 1968 to prevent them being submerged by Lake Nasser? Abu Simbel 2 William Sidney Porter was a prolific American short story writer, including the volume "Cabbages and Kings". By what pseudonym was he better known? O Henry 3 In August 1346, Edward II led the English to victory at which battle? Crécy 4 What number is represented by MDLV in Roman Numerals? 1555 5 Harold Wilson became Labour party Leader after his predecessor died suddenly. Who was he? Hugh Gaitskell 6 In which decade did Lester Piggott first win the Derby? 1950s (1954 on Never Say Die…) 7 Which bird is sometimes known as the “sea parrot”? Puffin 8 Which French Film maker created the character "Monsieur Hulot"? Jacques Tati 9 The role of “Dirty” Harry Callahan as played by Clint Eastwood in a series of films was originally written for which singer / actor? Frank Sinatra 10 Who was Manager of Manchester United when they were last relegated? Tommy Docherty Add together the following numbers:- • The height in feet of the mountain K2 • The height in feet of the Eiffel Tower (ignoring the antenna and any other aerials on top!) • The length in miles of the River Nile • The number of Test Match runs scored by Geoffrey Boycott • The year in which Sir Thomas More was executed Nearest to the correct total wins! Answer 2. Which Suffolk town is the venue for an annual music festival founded by Benjamin Britten? Aldeburgh 3. What is the capital of Oman? Muscat 4. Which is the nearest galaxy to our own? Andromeda 5. In cricket what is the position backwardpoint now usually called? Gully 6. Opthalmophobia is a fear of what? Being stared at 7. Edgeware, Golders Green and Colindale are stations on which London Tube line? 8. How many sides has a heptadecagon? 17 9. Which traditional dance usually performed by one person is associated with sailors?Hornpipe 10. What colour is mazarine? Blue 11. How many world title fights did Mohammed Ali contest under the name Cassius Clay? One 12. Name either of the two countries that contested the first ever international cricket match in 1884? Canada or USA 13. Who. in the Beano comic was “your redskin chum”? Little plum 14. In horse racing which race is missing from the Triple Crown?-The Epsom Derby, The Saint Leger and …? 2000 Guineas 15. Who wrote the opera The Girl Of The Golden West? Giacomo Puccini 16. Henry VIII is buried alongside which of his wives? Jane Seymour 17. In which book did Sherlock Holmes first appear? Study in Scarlet 18. A sheet of A4 paper is 210mm wide, but how long is it? 297mm 19. Where is often referred to as the oil capital of Norway? Stavanger 20. Who wrote the children's book The Gruffalo? Julia Donaldson 21. Roger Moore's scenes in which Blake Edwards film were filmed during a break from shooting Octopussy? Curse Of The Pink Panther 22. Whitch Famous 1927 film is based on the play Day Of Atonement by Samual Raphaelsun? The Jazz Singer 23. Which is the third largest City in the USA (in terms of Population? Chicago 24. What was the profession of Doc Holiday? Dentist 25 Which actress model and singer served 18 days in prison for tax evasion in 1982? Sophia Loren 26. Who was the chief (Norse) God who lived in Asgard (Valhalla) at the top of the world tree? Odin 27. Who were the race of giants (in Greek mythology) whose numbers included, Cronus, son of Gaia & Uranus and father of Zeus? Titans 28. The 2nd movement of Bach’s orchestral Suite No. 3 in D is better known as what? Air on a G String 29. A Musical Flourish with Trumpets is the specific definition of what? A fanfare 30. Which London Underground Line is coloured Silver / Grey on maps Jubilee line 31. According to Urban Myth Boudicca (or Boadicea) queen of the Iceni tribe & rebel against the Roman occupiers lies buried under platform 10 of which London railway station? Kings Cross 32. This is the 42nd state of the USA. It was admitted to statehood on November 11th 1889. Its state capital is Olympia & it is nicknamed the "Evergreen State". Washington State 33. This is the 2nd state of the USA. 11 was admitted to statehood on December 12th 1787. Its state capital is Harrisburg and it is nicknamed the "Keystone State". Pennsylvania 34. At 22.841 ft (or 6962m) what is the highest peak in South America? Aconagua 35. Slieve Donard is the highest point in which country? Northern Ireland 36. In 1947 Norwegian anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl journeyed from Peru to Tuamotu Island in the Pacific in a balsa raft named …" Kon Tiki 37. Who was assassinated by a young Hindu fanatic culled Nathuram Godse? Mahatma Gandhi 38. Who was the first King of the House of Wessex (802-839)? Egbert 39. Name a year In the life of Henry I. 1100-1135 40. Which locally based businessman has recently featured in both the Macclesfield Express and several national papers having recently been found guilty of drink driving while dressed as a Roman gladiator? William Bianchi (or Arighi Bianchi fame) 41 Who useful tool for explorers was invented in China in the year 271? Magnetic compass 42. In which comedy by Ben Jonson is the central character a rogue called Face? The Alchemist 43. Whose first novel "Love & Friendship" was written (but not published) when she was only fourteen? Jane Austen 44. Who won the Nobel Prix in Literature in 1953? (Sir) Winston Churchill 45. Also in 1953 which book by Ernest Hemingway won a Pulitzer Prize? The Old Man & The Sea 46. What do you call a plant that is not native to the area in which it is grown Exotic 47. What term refers to matter that does no enter or is resistant to chemical (???)Inert 48. Who was the Scottish businessman who. in 1815, introduced a method of road construction which still bears his name today? John Loudon McAdam (Tarmac) 49. Who was the American inventor who in 1844. patented the vulcanization of rubber? Charles Goodyear 50. What is the nickname of Crewe Alexandra? The Railwaymen 51. What is the nickname of Stoke City? The Potters 52. What links the US presidencies of John Tyler (1841-I845), Millard Fillmore (1850-1853), Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) & Chester Alan Arthur (1881-1889)? They had no vice president 53. Which middle name do George Bush snr (1989-1993) K. George W. Bush (2001 - present) share? Walker 54. We recently learned that Montmorency is both a Character in 3 men in a boat and the twin town of Knutsford. but perhaps more realistically can you name the German town with which Macclesfield is twinned? Eckenforde 55. Can you name either the starting or end point of the journey recounted in the book? Kingston or Oxford 56. What is the Claim to lame of Blake Fielder-Civil ? Recently imprisoned husband of Amy Winehouse 57. Who plays the Sheriff in BBC1’s recent Robin Hood Series Keith Allen (Father of Lily Allen) 58. Which team dumped Manchester United out of this season’s FA cup? Portsmouth 59. At the same stage of the competition who knocked out Chelsea? Barnsley 60. Who is the current Chief Cashier of the Bank of England? Andrew Bailey 61. In heraldry, what colour is gules? Red 62. In heraldry, what colour is sable? Black 63. Who is the current British National squash champion he played for Presthury in 2003)? James Willstrop 64. Which premier league referee issued 3 yellow cards to the same player in the 2006 world cup? Graham Poll 65. What is the predominant grape variety in Beaujolais? Gamay 66. What is the predominant grape variety in Rioja? Tempranillo 67. Who is the new president of Russia? Dmitry Medvedev 68. Who recently married the president of France? Carla Bruni 69. What is the nearest Michelin starred restaurant to Macclesfield? Juniper (Altrincham) 70. What is the nearest Michelin two starred restaurant to Macclesfield? Le Manoir aux Quat'Saisons (Oxford) 71. If Macclesfield Town are relegated this season, what league will they drop into? Blue Square Premier league 72. The Potala Palace is a World Heritage Site. In which city does it stand? Lhasa (it was once home to the Dalai Lama) 73. Who was MP for Macclesfield before Sir Nick? Sir Arthur Vere Harvey 74. What title did Macclesfield's previous MP take when he was elevated to the Lords? Baron Harvey of Prestbury 75. What is the name or the theatre where the Kirov Ballet play their home matches? Mariinskv 76. In which US state was Democrat contender Barack Ohanta horn? Hawaii 77. When South Africa won the 2007 World Cup, who was their coach? Jake White 78. In the Simpsons' TV show, name either of Marge Simpson’s sisters Selma or Pally Bouvier (a first name will do) 79. Which monarch was on the English throne in 1800? George III 80. What make of car is modelled in marzipan for a TV ad? Skoda 81- In which province in Afghanistan are most British troops fighting.? Helmand 82. Who composed the ballets' The Rite of Spring" and "The Firebird"'? Igor Slravinski 83. Anthony Hopkins based his Hannibal Lecter on which English comedian? Tommy Cooper 84. In which Olympic sport would you compete in a keirin? Track cycling (accept cycling) it is a mass start track cycling event 85. On TV, what was the name of the Steptoe’s horse? Hercules 86. If you were eating fish ''a la Normande'", how would it he cooked' Braised in white wine 87. Who wrote the musical "Oliver"? Lionel Bart 88. How many bones are therein the human spine? 26 89. Who said "If you can count your money, you are not really a rich man Paul Getty 90. Which of the Seven Wonders of the World stood at Olympus? The Statue of Jupiter 9I. What was Margaret Thatcher's maiden name? Roberts 92. Who was leader of the Labour Party prior to Tony Blair? Margaret Beckett 93. What was introduced for the first time at the 1986 Wimbledon Tennis Championships? Yellow Tennis Balls 94. Whose firs! stage billing was as " Professor Yaffle Chuckabutty - operatic tenor and sausage knotter" ? Ken Dodd 95. Who usually reads the News on the Simpson's? Kent Brockman 96. In which sport would you find a Bomb, a Blitz and a Shotgun? American Football 97. Studies show that 80 percent of the world's population wears shoes made in what country? China (4 billion pairs a year) 98. What is a philtre? A magic potion 99. By what name is a Tibetan ox hotter known? Yak 100. The law of the sea divides it into three zones, Internal Waters, Territorial Waters, and what? High Seas 101. Which model of Ford car was named after a hunter in Greek mythology? Orion 102. What began in 1567 in England , was outlawed in 1826, and re-introduced in 1994? The Lottery 103. Rather than a hatter, what is the proper name for a maker of hats? Milliner 104. On what King's Cross platform would you catch the Hogwart's Express? 9-3/4 105. At which weight is boxer David Haye a world champion? Cruiserweight. 106. Name the triple-jumper who won Britain's only gold medal in the recent World Indoor Championships? Phillips Idowu. 107. Which UK singer's most recent alhum is entitled "Back To Black"? Amy Winehouse. 108. One of the hest-selling albums of all time has recently been re-issued to mark the 25th anniversary of its original release. What album is this? "Thriller" by Michael Jackson. Album title required. 109. Who has recently switched their suit-maker from Brioni to Tom Ford International? James Bond. 110. Name the Dancing On Ice presenter whose dresses have attracted a lot of recent tabloid attention? Holly Willoughby. 111. Which fruity soft drink is celebrating its 100'" birthday this year? Vimto. 112. What breed is Philippe, this year's Crufts Supreme Champion? Giant Schnauzer. 113. Who were the last team from outside the top division to win the FA Cup? West Ham (beat Arsenal 1-0 in 1980). 114. When Sullcy Muntari scored the penalty to knock .Manchesier United out of this season's FA Cup, who was the beaten goalkeeper? Rio Ferdinand. 115. Which iconic rock singer committed suicide on this day in 1994? Kurt Cobain (of Nirvana). 116. On this day in 1986 Clint Eastwood was elected mayor of which Californian town? Carmel. 117. This year's London Marathon takes place on Sunday. To the nearest minute, what is the World Record for the men's marathon? 2:05:38 (2 hours 5 minutes 38 seconds), set in 2002 by Khalid Khannouchi. (Accept 2:04 to 2:06). 118. At the other end of the scale, what is the men's world record for the 100m? There is some leeway. 9.74 seconds, set by Asafa Powell in 2007. (Accept 9.69-9.79 seconds). 119. The Empire State Building is now Manhattan's tallest. How many floors does it have? 102 (accept 100 -104) 120. In which English city is the National Railway museum?York Spares I. The film. I Robot, was based on stories by which SF writer? Isaac Asimov 2. What was the name of Elvis Presley's manager? Col. Tom Parker 3. In which modern state would you find the region Transylvania? Romania 4. In which sport do the rules specify that the ball used must not weigh less than 15.93 grams and must have a diameter of at least 42.67 millimetres? Golf 5. Who played Janet in 'Rebel Without a Cause'? Natalie Wood 6.What nationality was John Calvin? French 7. Who wore a diving suit to the opening of the International Surrealist Exhibition at London's New Burlington Gallery in 1936? Salvador Dali 8. Who released the song 'Free as a Bird' in 1995? The Beatles How many minutes does it take the Hubble telescope to orbit the earth? 97 Q4 A bright light shade of red. A4 CERISE Q5 To do with pottery A5 CERAMIC Q6 A part of the womb. A6 CERVIX Q7 Relating to the brain. A7 CEREBRAL Q8 Of or pertaining to corn or edible grain. A8 CEREAL Q9 A special performance or religious rite. A9 CEREMONY Q10 A document wherein a fact is formally confirmed. A10 CERTIFICATE Q1 For what does the letter “A” stand as in Manchester United's shirt sponsor AIG. A1 AMERICAN (International Group) Q2 Which is the only horse racing course in Yorkshire not to host flat racing ? A2 WETHERBY (all the others are flat only or flat/National Hunt) Q3 Which cricketer has the nickname “Little Master” ? A3 SACHIN TENDULKAR Q4 Which current Chelsea player is the most expensive footballer in the history of football having cost some £85 million in accumulated transfer fees ? A4 NICOLAS ANELKA Q5 London, Paris and Athens are three of the four cities to have hosted the summer Olympics on more than one occasion. Which is the other ? A5 LOS ANGELES Q6 Which Rugby League team are known as The Wolves ? A6 WARRINGTON Q7 Name either of the two persons from the same family to have become BBC TV's sports personality of the year . A7 PRINCESS ANNE (1971) or ZARA PHILLIPS (2006) Q8 Which British boxer is nicknamed “The Fleetwood Assassin” A8 JANE COUCH Q9 Home of the British Grand Prix, in which county is Silverstone motor racing circuit ? A9 NORTHAMPTONSHIRE Q10 What is the name of the Kenyan athlete who won the London marathon for the third time in four years on 13th April ? A10 MARTIN LEL IT'S A COLOURFUL WORLD In each case the answer will be a two word phrase, the first word being a colour. Q1 The place in a theatre, studio etc where performers rest when not required on stage. A1 GREEN ROOM Q2 From the colour of their uniforms the name given to the paramilitary organisation of the German Nazi party (commonly known as stormtroopers) that played a key role in Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s A2 BROWN SHIRTS Q3 Creatures seen in hallucinations resulting from excessive consumption of alcohol A3 PINK ELEPHANTS Q4 A person considered undesirable or disgraceful by his family or peer group A4 BLACK SHEEP Q5 A stick like cartoon figure, the trade mark of a certain brand of greetings card. A5 PURPLE RONNIE Q6 In the past an alternative name for tuberculosis A6 WHITE DEATH or WHITE PLAGUE Q7 Involving a particular fish (aquatic creature) a metaphor for a diversion or distraction from an original objective A7 RED HERRING Q8 A situation or topic that lacks clearly defined characteristics – neither one thing or the other. A8 GREY AREA Q9 A 1961 musical film starring Elvis Presley as Chad Gates A9 BLUE HAWAII Q10 The organisation responsible for the death of Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978 A10 RED BRIGADE SCIENCE Q1 What was the name of the American physicist in charge of the Manhattan project that developed the U.S. Atomic bomb in W.W. II ? A1 ROBERT OPPENHEIMER Q2 What is the chemical name for limestone? A2 CALCIUM CARBONATE Q3 Which element do all acids contain? A3 HYDROGEN Q4 ORISSA SATIVA is the scientific name for which common foodstuff? A4 RICE Q5 PRUNUS PERSICA is the scientific name for which fruit? A5 PEACH Q6 What does Newtons third law of motion state? A6 TO EVERY ACTION THERE IS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION Q7 Amps multiplied by Ohms equals what ? A7 VOLTS Q8 Where would you find the Cassini Division? A8 IN THE RINGS OF SATURN Supplementary Questions Q9 Sn is the chemical symbol for which element? A9 TIN Q10 What is defined as Mass divided by Volume? A10 DENSITY HISTORY Q1 Which admiral, Secretary of State of the German Imperial Naval Office from 1897 to 1916, organised the German Navy in World War I ? A1 TIRPITZ Q2 Who became the first President of the Indonesian Republic in 1945? A2 SUKARNO Q3 Who conquered most of the known world before dying aged 33 in 323 BC ? A3 ALEXANDER THE GREAT Q4 Of which country was Brian Boru king ? A4 IRELAND Q5 In 1919 who made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic? A5 ALCOCK and BROWN Q6 Who was the Roman emperor at the time of Christ's crucifixion? A6 TIBERIUS Q7 Which English king married Eleanor of Aquitaine? A7 HENRY II Q8 Which monarch ordered the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh? A8 JAMES I Q9 Who came to power in Chile in 1973? A9 PINOCHET Q10 Who was President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991? A10 KENNETH KAUNDA In each question you will be given a brief description of three different persons all sharing the same surname (e.g. Former U.K. Prime Minister; dancer and entertainer; head of the Metropolitan Police Force , would give you “Blair” - Tony, Lionel, and Sir Ian). All that is required is the surname. Q1 New Zealand's former cricket captain and most capped player; British author – his most famous character the hero of a long running series of films; British chemist and biologist, his most famous discovery saving the lives of millions of people. A1 FLEMING (Stephen; Ian; Sir Alexander) Q2 Oscar winning Member of Parliament; controversial American singer; Confederacy general in American Civil War. A2 JACKSON (Glenda; Michael; Thomas “Stonewall”) Q3 British female author; British Olympic gold medal winning athlete; British murderer played on film by Richard Attenborough. A3 CHRISTIE (Agatha; Linford; John) Q4 Former England cricket captain and opening bat ; husky voiced British singer; American male movie star 1908-1997. A4 STEWART (Alec; Rod; James) Q5 Current American “heart throb” actor; father and son British Prime Ministers; actress perhaps best remembered for roles in various Hammer horror movies. A5 PITT (Brad; William (Elder and Younger); Ingrid) Q6 Former England Rugby Union captain; two American Presidents one 19th Century, one 20th Century; lead singer with the band AC/DC A6 JOHNSON (Martin; Andrew and Lyndon; Brian) Q7 World middleweight boxing champion 5 times (1951-1960); American singer, second only to Berry Gordy in the founding of Motown Records; female BBC TV presenter A7 ROBINSON (Sugar Ray; Smokey; Anne) Q8 Former Welsh Rugby Union player, now TV pundit and commentator; British sitcom actor of “It Aint Half Hot Mum” and “Never the Twain”; “Amazon” in TV's The Gladiators. A8 DAVIES (Jonathan; Windsor; Sharron) Supplementary Questions Q9 Credited as first Englishman to circumnavigate the Earth; British comedian catchprase “Hello my darlings”; British actress TV series include U.F.O., Coronation St., The Brothers A9 DRAKE (Sir Francis; Charlie; Gabrielle) Q10 British comedian (1924-1992) often criticized for sexism; father and son Formula 1 racing drivers; British stand-up comedian catchphrase “What are the chances of that happening” A10 HILL (Benny; Graham/Damon; Harry) GEOGRAPHY Q1 Name the chief port and former capital (until 1865) of New Zealand located on the North Island A1 AUCKLAND Q1 According to mythology who killed Achilles by shooting an arrow into his vulnerable heel? A1 PARIS Q2 Who was the daughter of Priam, King of Troy, endowed with the gift of prophecy but fated never to be believed? A2 CASSANDRA Q3 What title is given to the Prime Minister of the Republic of Ireland? A3 TAOISEACH (pronounced 'Teeshock') Q4 Which is the only U.S. State with a name ending in three vowels? A4 HAWAII Q5 What is the only active volcano on the mainland of Europe? A5 VESUVIUS Q6 The Storting is the parliament of which country? A6 NORWAY Q7 The F.B.U. is the trade union of persons working in which occupation? A7 FIREFIGHTING (Fire Brigade Union) Q8 Kevin Rudd is the current Prime Minister of which country? A8 AUSTRALIA Q9 In Scotland with regard to the wearing of a kilt, Military Practice or Going Regimental would indicate what? A9 WEARING NOTHING BENEATH THE KILT Q10 Which long running series is Radio Four's most listened to non-news programme? A10 THE ARCHERS Q11 Who was the commander of NASA's ill fated Apollo 13 mission? A11 JIM LOVELL Q12 From which country does Heineken lager originate? A12 HOLLAND/NETHERLANDS Q13 Uppsala is the fourth largest city in which country? A13 SWEDEN Q14 Where in the body would you find the radial artery? A14 ARM (wrist precisely – used to measure pulse rate) Q15 To prevent the spread of which disease amongst cattle has a cull of badgers been proposed in Wales? A15 BOVINE T.B. (accept T.B.) Q16 What is the main ingredient of Satay sauce? A16 PEANUT BUTTER (accept peanuts) Q17 Which animal is the official emblem of Canada? A17 BEAVER Q18 As dogs bark, elephants trumpet etc, which creatures “bell” A18 DEER Q19 How many sheets of paper are there in a ream? A19 500 Q20 Who, in 1476 is credited with establishing the first printing press in England? A20 WILLIAM CAXTON Q21 Who, in 1973, was the joint recipient of the Nobel peace prize together with Le Duc Tho? A21 HENRY KISSINGER Q22 Which shipping line owned the Titanic? A22 WHITE STAR Q23 From which country does Becks lager originate? A23 GERMANY Q24 Which railway station is the London terminus for the Eurostar service? A24 ST. PANCRAS Q25 In which part of the body is bile produced? A25 LIVER (it is stored in the gall bladder but produced in the liver) Q26 For what simple reason did George Bernard Shaw consider baseball to be a better game than cricket? A26 IT DOES NOT LAST AS LONG Q27 Which car maker uses the word “SHIFT” as its advertising slogan? A27 NISSAN Q28 In Australian slang someone nicknamed “Chalkie” (or Chalky) would be in what occupation? A28 SCHOOL TEACHING Q29 Which is the only U.S. state capital to have the same name as the state itself? A29 OKLAHOMA CITY Q30 FICUS ELASTICA is the botanical name for which house plant? A30 RUBBER PLANT Q31 English flute is the alternative name for which musical instrument? A31 RECORDER Q32 What name is given to the semi-liquid clay mixture used to form pottery on a potter's wheel? A32 SLIP Q33 MONSTERA DELICIOSA is the botanical name for which house plant? A33 SWISS CHEESE PLANT Q34 Which Indian company has recently purchased Jaguar and Landrover from Ford? A34 TATA Q35 Faliraki is a holday resort on which island? A35 RHODES Q36 The Sackbut was a forerunner of which modern musical instrument? A36 TROMBONE Q37 Originally a large travelling case what word is used to describe a word made from two other words (e.g. brunch – breakfast and lunch) ? A37 PORTMANTEAU Q38 Which rock musician is married to actress Anita Dobson? A38 BRIAN MAY Q39 As in the publication G.Q. magazine for what does the letter “G” stand? A39 GENTLEMENS (Quarterly) Q40 As in the publication F.H.M. magazine for what does the letter “H” stand? A40 HIM (For Him Magazine) Q41 Who in December of last year became the new leader of the Liberal Democrats? A41 NICK CLEGG Q42 At which London underground station did Brazilian Jean Charles de Menezes meet his unfortunate end? A42 STOCKWELL Q43 “A squat grey building of only thirty four storeys. Over the main entrance the words, Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre” - are the opening lines to which novel? A43 BRAVE NEW WORLD Q44 Funchal is the capital of which holiday island? A44 MADEIRA Q45 In which town did the “Gunfight at the O.K. Corral” take place? A45 TOMBSTONE Q46 “The drought had lasted for ten million years, and the reign of the terrible lizards had long since ended” - are the opening lines to which novel? A46 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY Q47 Who played the role of Mister Freeze in the Batman and Robin movie of 1997? A47 ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER Q48 Glevum was the Roman name for which U.K. city? A48 GLOUCESTER Q49 What name is given in the acting profession when actors burst out in uncontrollable fits of laughter? A49 CORPSING Q50 What is the common name for the bone in the human body technically named Calcaneus? A50 HEEL BONE Q51 The Starbucks coffee-house chain took its name from a character in which novel? A51 MOBY DICK (Capt. Ahab's first mate was named Starbuck) Q52 Which band had six U.K. number one singles in the 1970s five of which had badly spelled titles – the other being the Christmas number one of 1973? A52 SLADE (Coz I Luv You; Take Me Bak 'ome; Mama Weer All Crazee Now; Cum On Feel The Noize; Skweeze Me Pleeze Me; - Merry Xmas Everybody) Q53 Which island lies immediately south of Corsica? A53 SARDINIA Q54 The three female murder suspects in Cluedo are Miss Scarlett, Mrs White and who? A54 MRS PEACOCK Q55 Complete the Bob Hope quote “A bank is a place that will lend you money if you can prove ... “ what ? A55 THAT YOU DON'T NEED IT Q56 Which James Bond film featured the song “We Have All the Time in the World” A56 ON HER MAJESTY'S SECRET SERVICE Q57 How many letters does each player have at the start of a game of Scrabble? A57 SEVEN Q58 What is the traditional gift for a tenth wedding anniversary? A58 TIN Q59 What is the traditional gift for a fifteenth wedding anniversary? A59 CRYSTAL Q60 Complete the following quote by Bette Davis when referring to Marilyn Monroe “She's the original good time that was .......? A60 HAD BY ALL Q61 What product was being advertised by Lorraine Chase when she flew in “not from paradise but from Luton Airport”? A61 CAMPARI Q62 What is the main distinguishing feature of St. Stephens Tower in London? A62 BIG BEN Q63 Abuja is the capital city of which African country? A63 NIGERIA (replaced Lagos in 1976) Q64 What type of fish is Nemo in the movie “Finding Nemo” A64 CLOWNFISH Q65 Correctly spell Jodhpurs – the type of riding breeches A65 JODHPURS Q66 Correctly spell Pharaoh – the rulers of ancient Egypt A66 PHARAOH Q67 Who succeeded Sir Winston Churchill as Prime Minister in 1955? A67 ANTHONY EDEN Q68 Vulcan and Victor were two of three aircraft that formed the RAFs “V” bomber force of the 1950s and 1960s. What was the third ? A68 VALIANT Q69 From its distinctive design what nickname has been given to the Swiss Re building located at 30 St. Mary Axe in the City of London? A69 THE GHERKIN Q70 Which ex resident of 10 Downing Street put his good health in old age down to gin and cigarettes? A70 DENIS THATCHER Q71 Danum was the Roman name for which U.K. town? A71 DONCASTER Q72 In the list of highest paid personalities on U.S. Television for last year (2007), Oprah Winfrey and Jerry Seinfeld were respectively No 1 and No 2. Which Briton came third in the list? A72 SIMON COWELL Q73 Who was the original presenter of BBC TV's “A Question of Sport” A73 DAVID VINE Q74 Which county is nicknamed “The Garden of England” A74 KENT Q75 Cher and Michelle Pfeiffer are two of the three actresses that starred in “The Witches of Eastwick”. Who was the third? A75 SUSAN SARANDON Q76 “The Car In Front” is the slogan of which car maker? A76 TOYOTA Q77 In which country was BBC TV newsreader George Alagiah born? A77 SRI LANKA Q78 What is the name of the large shopping centre that lies some three miles from Sheffield city centre and three miles from Rotherham town centre (280 stores, 30 restaurants, 12000 parking spaces etc) ? A78 MEADOWHALL Q79 What is the minimum age for someone to become President of the U.S.A. ? A79 35 Q80 What two word phrase, suggesting that someone may have been overcharged, is thought to have originated from the window tax imposed during the reign of George III ? A80 DAYLIGHT ROBBERY Q81 Which actor played the “Bad” in the 1966 film “The Good, the Bad and the Ugly”? A81 LEE VAN CLEEF Q82 For those who have to pay, how much does each item cost on a National Health prescription in England, as from April 1st 2008 ? A82 £7.10 Q83 The last Nobel prize to be introduced (in 1969) was in what field? A83 ECONOMICS Q84 In what fashion item is Manolo Blahnik a leading designer? A84 LADIES SHOES (accept shoes) Q85 In which country would you find the mountains named the Eastern and Western Ghats? A85 INDIA (along the Eastern and Western coastlines) Q86 What is the army rank equivalent to the rank of Squadron Leader in the R.A.F. ? A86 MAJOR Q87 On clothes care labels what does a crossed out circle indicate? A87 DO NOT DRY CLEAN Q88 Which group performed “I'll Be There For You”, the theme song to the TV series “Friends”? A88 THE REMBRANDTS Q89 What was the name of the original spaceship in the TV series “Blake's Seven” A89 LIBERATOR Q90 Who is the Conservative candidate for the next Mayor of London election? A90 BORIS JOHNSON Q91 What is the name of the ferry beached off the coast of Blackpool currently awaiting disposal as scrap? A91 RIVERDANCE Q92 By what name is a plane's automatic pilot commonly known? A92 GEORGE Q93 The Boeing 747 is known as the Jumbo. What name has been given to Boeing's latest offering, the 787? A93 DREAMLINER Q94 In the Church what name is given to the Sunday immediately prior to Easter Sunday? A94 PALM SUNDAY Q95 In which country did a population of approximately 8 million in 1840 halve by 1910? A95 IRELAND Q96 According to Dr. Johnson in the 18th Century when two Englishmen meet what is the first thing they talk about? A96 THE WEATHER Q97 Which theatre awards were instituted in memory of actress and director Antoinette Perry ? A97 THE TONY AWARDS Q98 In the 1930s which actor was known as “The King of Hollywood” ? A98 CLARK GABLE Q99 As in the “superbug” MRSA for what does the letter “S” stand? A99 STAPHYLOCOCCUS Q100 Which gas makes up approximately 75% of the earths atmosphere? A100 NITROGEN Q101 Which National Park is England's largest? A101 LAKE DISTRICT (2292 km² or 885 ml²) Q102 In which country is the original “geyser” located (all other geysers taking its name)? A102 ICELAND (name means to rush forth or rage in Icelandic) Q103 Who was the first person to sign the American Declaration of Independence? A103 JOHN HANCOCK (John Hancock is still today a nickname for a personal signature in U.S.A.) Q104 What is the acronym for the European Organisation for Nuclear Research based in Geneva ? A104 CERN	Golf
Which came first - Rugby League or Rugby Union?	Unit 8: Sport: Equipment Soccer - Association Football Association football, commonly known as football or soccer, is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. At the turn of the 21st century, the game was played by over 250 million players in over 200 countries, making it the world's most popular sport. Medieval football in the UK (where villages would play each other with an unlimited number of players on a team) appears to date back to the eighth century at least! In association football, the football or soccer ball , (according to whether the game is referred to as "football" or "soccer") used in official matches is a specific type of football standardised for size, weight, and material and manufactured to the specifications of the Laws of the Game, specifically Law 2. Law 2 of the game specifies that the ball is an air-filled sphere with a circumference of 68-71 cm (27-28 in), a weight 410-450 g (14-16 oz), inflated to a pressure of 0.6 to 1.1 atmospheres (59-108 kPa, 8.6-15.7 psi) "at sea level", and covered in leather or "other suitable material". The weight specified for a ball is the dry weight, as older balls often became significantly heavier in the course of a match played in wet weather. The standard ball is a Size 5 and this is used in official FIFA championships all over the world. The football can be made from polyurethane which gives a less soft material but still retains a good feel and is much more durable. The Science of Football Early footballs began as animal bladders that could easily fall apart if kicked too much. As time went on footballs developed to what they look like today. This change in the design of footballs was helped by the introduction of rubber and the discovery of vulcanization . Today, technological research continues to aid the change in footballs with improved performance. The oldest football still in existence , which is thought to have been made circa 1540, was discovered in the roof of Stirling Castle, Scotland, in 1981. The ball is made of leather (possibly from a deer) and a pig's bladder. It has a diameter of between 14-16 cm (5.5-6.3 in), weighs 125 g (4.4 oz) and is currently on display at the Smith Art Gallery and Museum in Stirling. In 1863, the first specification for footballs were laid down by the Football Association. Prior to this, footballs were made out of inflated leather, with later leather coverings to help footballs maintain their shapes. In 1872 the specifications were revised, and these rules have been left essentially unchanged as defined by the International Football Association Board. Differences in footballs created since this rule came into effect have been to do with the material used in their creation. Footballs have gone through a dramatic change over time. During medieval times balls were normally made from an outer shell of leather filled with cork shavings. Another method of creating a ball was using animal bladders for the inside of the ball making it inflatable. However, these two styles of creating footballs made it easy for the ball to puncture and were inadequate for kicking. It was not until the 19th century that footballs developed into what a football looks like today. For the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Adidas introduced the Telstar. Like all other balls in its time, the Adidas Telstar was completely made of leather; however, unlike any other ball it featured 32 hand-stitched panels (12 black pentagons and 20 white hexagons), creating the now-familiar truncated icosahedron for its design and the roundest sphere of its time. The 1970 ball was made of leather but by 1974 the football had a "Durlast" polyurethane coating that provided waterproofing as well as protection from damage such as scuffs and tears. Only 20 Telstars were provided for the 1970 World Cup however an estimated 600,000 replicas have subsequently been sold. Adidas Telstar Durlast 1974, Azteca Mexico 1986 and Brazuca 2014 were the official match balls of the FIFA World Cups. The 1986 model was the first fully synthetic FIFA World Cup ball. The 1990 Adidas model used in Italy introduced an internal layer of polyurethane foam and was fully made of synthetic fibers. The underneath layer included fabric coated with latex that prevented tearing and maintained stability. Like earlier models the outer design was based on art forms of ancient civilizations, this time from the Italian peninsula. The Adidas ball used in Korea/Japan for the 2002 World cup had a glossy finish on the outside, an innovation that has been an inspiration for other balls and sports products since then. Called "Fevernova" it was made of thicker inner layers that guaranteed the accuracy of the ball's trajectory during flight. Fevernova's improved syntactic foam layer, consisting of highly compressible and extremely durable gas-filled micro-balloons, had remarkable energy return properties. To quote some PR related to the launch of the 2010 ball: The Adidas JABULANI match ball used in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa featured completely new, ground-breaking technology. Eight three-dimensional spherically formed ethylene vinyl acetate and thermoplastic polyurethane panels were moulded together, harmoniously enveloping the inner carcass. The newly developed "Grip'n'Groove" profile provides the best players in the world with a ball allowing an exceptionally stable flight and perfect grip under all conditions. Comprising only eight, completely new, thermally bonded 3-D panels, which for the first time are spherically moulded, the ball is perfectly round and even more accurate than ever before. For the 2014 World Cup the Brazuca was constructed in an Adidas Pakistan factory and details of its construction were reviewed in ChemistryViews . Surface Panels The surface of Brazuca is made up of only six panels of absolutely identical shape. Conventional soccer balls consist of 12, 16, or 32 panels stiched together. Besides leading to perfect symmetry, the reduced number of panels of Brazuca requires fewer seams. This means that the ball is more durable and absorbs less moisture (only 0.2 %) which makes Brazuca lighter than other balls when played on wet ground. The six panels are bonded together using a patented thermobonding technology. Skin Brazuca has five polyurethane layers: The outer layer of the skin comprises three compact layers of polyurethane each with different thicknesses. They are responsible for the outstanding resistance to external influences and abrasion, and for the ball's high elasticity. The innermost layer of the skin is an adhesion coating that connects the textile substrate to the layers above. On top of this is a roughly 1 mm thick polyurethane foam layer which is made up of millions of gas-filled microspheres. This foam is highly elastic so that the ball, after being deformed from being kicked, immediately returns to its spherical shape to ensure an optimal trajectory. Bladder The bladder in the middle of the ball holds the air. In the Brazuca, this is made from butyl rubber , but it can also be made from latex. Both have their benefits: butyl rubber retains the air for a longer period of time, whilst latex provides better surface tension. Butyl rubber can also be found in the valve through which air can be pumped into the ball, where it aids air retention. Silicone valves can also be used. Australian Football League (AFL) Note that the AFL (founded as the Victorian Football League, VFL, in 1897) continues to use leather footballs. John Macadam was a Scottish-born analytical chemist, medical practitioner and politician. As a student he showed a flair for analytical chemistry, and later studied medicine. He arrived in Melbourne, Australia in 1855 to take up an appointment as lecturer in chemistry and natural science at Scotch College, a position he held until 1865. In 1857 Ferdinand von Mueller named the Macadamia nut after him. He officiated as one of two umpires at one of the earliest recorded games of Australian rules football, between Scotch College and Melbourne Grammar in 1858. Thomas William Sherrin, born in Melbourne in 1857, repaired and manufactured saddles and other equestrian equipment. A local VFL club would regularly send English made leather rugby balls to Sherrin to patch and repair. One day he decided to try and improve on the imported product by creating an oval shaped ball with rounder points to give the ball a better bounce. The local teams loved it and it was swiftly adopted as their ball of choice. Sherrin began production in 1897 in a workshop in Collingwood, which had produced sporting goods since the 1880s. The sport known as football, or "footy", was rapidly increasing in popularity, and Sherrin footballs soon became the icon for being the first ball made for Australian rules football. They remain the official ball of the AFL. Sherrin makes more than 600 balls each day (2012) and every one is still handmade. Cricket Cricket may have its origins in Guildford, England from as early as the 1550's. By the end of the 18th century, it had developed into the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the first international matches were being held. The ICC, the game's governing body, has ten full members. The game is played particularly in Australasia, the Indian subcontinent, the West Indies, Southern Africa and the British Isles. It is the world's second most popular sport. A 1774 representation of a cricket game and some of the equipment needed for the modern game. In 2002, the WICB board received a formal request from the management team to use Kookaburra balls for home series because these balls were being used by all other Test-playing nations. Prior to this, the WICB had used balls produced by Dukes, which had a more pronounced seam. By contrast, the Kookaburra's seam is much less "raised" and there are claims that the wear-and-tear suffered from West Indies pitches means that after 20+ overs they become soft and therefore less helpful to the Windies fast bowlers. Note that one side still retains some semblance of shine compared to the other. Cross section of a cricket ball and the consistency of manufacturing . Despite the claims above, a study in Australia of 5 different brands found that the Kookaburra Special Test was the only cricket ball consistently manufactured with respect to weight and "stiffness". The other four models studied were found to have inconsistent stiffness, which could play an important part in performance of the ball in play. Softer balls like the Kookaburra brand Special Test balls were more forgiving by causing a smaller impact force, a longer contact with the bat, larger deflections as well as larger contact areas during impact, and thus allowed placing the ball more precisely. Maybe the bowlers do have a grouse then if the batsmen are able to control the ball more consistently! I must admit to always being amused by the expression "level playing field" when the most hallowed cricket ground of Lords has a distinct slope to it! What difference is there between red and white cricket balls? All cricket balls (whether red, pink or white) are made from a core of cork (or cork/rubber mixture), that is layered with tightly wound wollen thread, and covered by a leather case with a slightly raised sewn seam. Cricket balls are constructed from either 2 or 4 pieces of leather and many companies still use predominantly manual labour in their production. Traditionally, the most expensive cricket balls used in test matches were from 4 pieces of leather and cost around US $ 100 while those used at other games were from 2 pieces and considerably cheaper. When the covering is constructed from four pieces of leather, one hemisphere is rotated by 90 degrees with respect to the other. The "equator" of the ball is stitched with string to form the ball's prominent seam, with a total of six rows of stitches. The remaining two joins between the leather pieces are stitched internally. For men's cricket, the ball must weigh between 155.9 and 163.0 g and measure between 224 and 229 mm in circumference. Traditionally cricket balls are dyed red, most likely originally by the use of the dye obtained from rose madder and it is the red balls that are used in Test cricket and First-class cricket. In June 2007 the ICC legalised the use of the white ball, which some believe is actually due to it having better visibility in TV coverage. The white balls were first introduced when one-day matches began being played at night under floodlights, as they are more visible under these conditions. Professional one-day matches are now played with white balls, even when they are not played at night. According to crickettamasha : It has been claimed that the white ball is capable of swinging more, especially during the first half of an innings, than the red ball and that it deteriorates more rapidy, although the manufacturers claim that their white and red balls are produced using the same methods and materials. In some research done by the BBC in New Zealand with the help of the bowling machines showed that the white ball swung appreciably more than the red ball at a pace of 70 mph. Further analysis has made it clear about the manufacturing differences between the white and a red ball. In a conventional red ball, the leather is dyed red, greased and polished with a shellac topcoat. The final polish disappears quickly during the course of the game and it is only the grease in the leather that produces the shine when the bowler polishes the ball. Whereas in a white ball, the leather is sprayed with a polyurethane white paint like fluid which is then heat-treated so that it bonds to the leather like a hard skin. An extra coating of clear polyurethane based top coat is again applied on the white ball so that it does not get dirty. It is this extra coat in a white ball which changes its aerodynamics making it able to swing more. It has been suggested that the amount of swing is dependent on the humidity during the game. However research published in 2012 in Procedia Engineering and summarised at dreamcricket and at the BBC suggests that humidity during the game may not have such a large impact on the swing of the ball. It is possible that exposure to longer periods of low humidity may cause cricket balls to shrink by a greater amount and become lighter, producing outcomes that are more consistent with what has been observed in baseball at the Coors Field, at high-altitude Denver, Colorado, USA. Prior to 2002, large variations were observed at that ground compared to other low-altitude grounds, but once the baseballs started to be maintained at 50% humidty in humidors, this variation was reduced. Because a white ball becomes discoloured towards the end of a 50-over one-day innings, making it difficult for the batsman to pick out, the International Cricket Council regulations changed to require the use of two new balls, one from each end. Other essentials are: gloves, shoes, protective helmets and other protective wear, sunglasses and BLING. A cricket joke, probably started by a woman goes: 'The first testicular guard (Box) was used in cricket in 1874 but the first cricket helmet was used in 1974. It took 100 years for men to realize that their brain is also important.' Cricket Helmet Graham Yallop of Australia was the first to wear a protective helmet during a test match in March 1978 when playing against West Indies at Bridgetown. Later Dennis Amiss of England popularized it in Test cricket. Tony Greig was of the opinion that helmets might make cricket more dangerous by encouraging bowlers to bounce the batsmen. Helmets began to be widely worn thereafter. Nowadays it is almost unheard of for a professional cricketer to face a fast bowler without a helmet, and in under-19 cricket they are compulsory for all batsmen and any fielder within 14 m of the bat. Cricket helmets cover the whole of the skull, and have a grill or perspex visor to protect the face. Fielders who are positioned very close to the batsman (e.g. silly point or short leg) often wear a helmet and shin guards. The design of the cricket helmet has trailed well behind the technologies available and in mid-2004 university tests showed that helmets can delay a batsman's reactions by up to a quarter of a second partly due to heat build-up and low comfort levels caused by the weight. Inspired by those tests, designer Ravinder Sembi suggested a new design for the cricket helmet with a view to overcoming this fundamental problem. The helmet is designed with two forward-facing vent holes to promote airflow when running, conducting the air inside the helmet up and away from the head. There is no indication however that this has yet been adopted by cricket gear manufacturers anywhere. An innovative cricket helmet design. 1. Titanium guard, 2. polycarbonate with film on inner side to prevent fragments hitting face if shattered 3. ABS solid plastic injection molded with holes to allow maximum ventilation 4. polyester strap with velcro Golf Balls An appendix to the "Rules of Golf" defines that a golf ball must not weigh more than 45.93 grams (1.620 oz), that its diameter must not be less than 42.67 mm (1.680 in), and that its shape may not differ significantly from a symmetric sphere. Like golf clubs, golf balls are subject to testing and approval by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, Scotland and the United States Golf Association , and those that do not conform with the regulations may not be used in competitions (Rule 5-1). How are golf balls made and what changes to their composition have been made in recent years? The first golf balls were made from wood and this continued until the early 17th century when the featherie ball added a new and exciting feature to the game of golf. A featherie is a hand sewn cow hide leather pouch stuffed with chicken or goose feathers and coated with paint. Because they were hand produced and this was a time-consuming process the balls were expensive and consistency was an issue. In the 1840's the gutta-percha ball was invented and it was found that indentations in the leather helped the ball achieve a truer flight. Ever since then manufacturers intentionally added indentations to the balls and now the number of indentations is generally quoted in the publicity surrounding the ball. Traditional and the Nike 20XI-X golf ball. Nike and DuPont teamed up to create a new range of golf balls. The Nike 20XI ball design replaces rubber cores with a highly engineered, DuPont thermoplastic (HPF 2000 Mg ionomer) resin developed specifically for use in golf balls. This advanced core technology makes the 20XI ball faster, and Nike's new design makes it possible to achieve both greater distance and greater control. Surlyn copolymer According to the DuPont web site : DuPont Surlyn ionomer resins are a family of high-performance ethylene copolymers containing acid groups partially neutralized using metal salts such as zinc, sodium and others. The result is an ionically strengthened thermoplastic with enhanced physical properties versus conventional plastics. The DuPont manufacturing process for Surlyn® enables highly tailored combinations of properties: outstanding resilience, broad hardness and stiffness range, and excellent resistance to cuts and abrasion - all highly desirable for golf ball applications. To meet golf manufacturer needs, DuPont offers more than 20 commercial grades of Surlyn®, plus a number of grades developed to meet confidential requests. See their video describing the Nike golf ball A review of the chemistry of golf balls and clubs was recently published in J Chem Educ 2008, (85) 1319 . Golf Clubs The shafts of early Golf club woods were made of different types of wood before taken over by hickory. The varieties of woods include ash, greenheart, purpleheart, lancewood, lemonwood, orangewood, and blue-mahoo. In the middle of the 19th century the shafts were then being replaced by hickory wood. Despite this strong wood being the primary material, the long-nose club of the mid nineteenth century was still prone to breaking at the top of the backswing. The club heads were often made from thorn, apple, pear, dogwood, beech in the early times until persimmon became the main material. Golf clubs have been developed and the shafts are now made of steel, titanium, carbon fiber, or other types of metals. The shaft is a tapered steel tube or a series of stepped steel tubes in telescopic fashion. This has helped the accuracy of golfers. The grips of the clubs are made from leather or rubber. From the early 1930s through the 1970s, the shafts of clubs were made predominantly from steel. Experiments with lighter aluminium shafts being deemed unsuccessful due to poor torque performance. Steel has good shaft performance but is quite heavy for the average player. Replacing steel with graphite reduced the weight of the club significantly and allowed for the use of longer shafts. Golf clubs can be distinguished by their appearance and use in the game. Woods Most 'woods' are made from different metals, although they are still called 'woods' to denote the general shape and their intended use on the golf course. Most woods made today have a graphite shaft and a titanium, composite, or steel head. Woods are the longest and the most powerful of all the golf clubs. Today, many metal wood clubfaces (and most driver clubfaces) are constructed out of titanium. Titanium has a higher strength to weight ratio than steel and has better corrosion resistance, so it is an ideal metal for golf club construction. Manufacturers can also make clubheads with greater volume, which increases the hitting area, and thinner faces, which reduces the weight. Defining Loft and Lie Angle for Golf Irons W= clubface width at sweet-spot center, H= tee height, D= golf ball diameter θ= loft angle Irons are golf clubs with a flat angled face and a shorter shaft than a wood, designed for shots approaching the green or from more difficult lies such as the rough, through or over trees, or the base of hills. Irons are used during the middle of each hole off the roughs, fairways or sand traps. There are long irons, medium irons, and short irons all with flat heads. They are called irons because they were made of metal. A recent innovation in the chemistry of alloys has led to what are called "liquidmetals" a series of amorphous metal alloys developed by a California Institute of Technology (Caltech) research team. Liquidmetal alloys (commercially known as Liquidmetal and Vitreloy) combine a number of desirable material features, including high tensile strength, excellent corrosion resistance, very high coefficient of restitution and excellent anti-wearing characteristics, while being able to be heat-formed in processes similar to thermoplastics. One of the first commercial uses of Liquidmetal was in golf clubs, where the highly elastic metal was used in portions of the face of the club. These were highly rated by users, but the product was later dropped, in part because the prototypes shattered after fewer than 40 hits. Since then, Liquidmetal has appeared in other sports equipment, including the cores of golf balls, skis, baseball and softball bats, and tennis racquets. A recent commercial alloy (Vitreloy 106a) that forms a glass under less rapid cooling conditions has the composition: Zr: 58.5 Cu: 15.6 Ni: 12.8 Al: 10.3 Nb: 2.8 Putters Putters are a special class of clubs with a loft not exceeding ten degrees (except chippers), designed primarily to roll the ball along the grass, generally from a point on the putting green towards the cup. These clubs were originally made of wood but have now been developed using metals as well. These are the shortest clubs of the set. Squash Why do squash balls change their properties so much after they have been in use for a while? Squash balls are between 39.5 and 40.5 mm in diameter, and have a mass of 23 to 25 grams. They are made with two pieces of rubber compound, glued together to form a hollow sphere and buffed to a matte finish. Different balls are provided for varying temperature and atmospheric conditions and standards of play: more experienced players use slow balls that have less bounce than those used by less experienced players (slower balls tend to 'die' in court corners, rather than 'standing up' to allow easier shots). Depending on its specific rubber composition, a squash ball has the property that it bounces more at higher temperatures. Small coloured dots on the ball indicate its dynamic level (bounciness), and thus the standard of play for which it is suited. The recognized speed colours are: Colour Fast Very high The "double-yellow dot" ball, introduced in 2000, is currently the competition standard, replacing the earlier "yellow-dot" ball. There is also an "orange dot" ball, which is even less bouncy than the "double-yellow dot" ball, intended for use in areas of high altitude such as Mexico City, Calgary, Denver, and Johannesburg. The lower atmospheric pressure at these high altitude regions means that the ball bounces slightly higher, resulting in the need for such a ball. The Dunlop squash balls are used in all international professional competitions. The balls are made of 2 pieces of extremely durable, high quality rubber compound, glued together and filled with compressed air. Like compressed air tennis balls, they lose pressure over time. In addition, as many as 15 different reagents are used, including polymers, fillers, vulcanising agents, processing aids, and reinforcing materials to produce the various coloured dot ball types. Competitive swimwear Men's swim suits There was much controversy after the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008, when many Olympic swimmers broke records an unprecedented number of times using revolutionary swimsuits. It should be noted that it is rare to break world records, but in 2008, 70 world records were broken in one year, and 66 Olympic records were broken in one Olympic Games (there were races in Beijing where the first 5 finishers were swimming faster than the old world record). Michael Phelps stated that despite many of his records having been won in these suits, he might boycott the competition after his record was beaten by another swimmer with a more advanced suit. The Speedo LZR suit was developed in association with the Australian Institute of Sport, with the help of Speedo's sponsored athletes. NASA's wind tunnel testing facilities and Ansys fluid flow analysis software supported the design. The material used was woven spandex (elastane) - nylon and polyurethane Like other suits used for competition, it allows for better oxygen flow to the muscles, and holds the body in a more hydrodynamic position, while repelling water and increasing flexibility. The seams of the suit are ultrasonically welded to further reduce drag. The suits are manufactured at Petratex, a textile factory in Paços de Ferreira, Portugal; the technology is patented in that country. The suit is also 100% chlorine resistant and quick drying. The suit includes patented Core Stabilizer and Internal Compression Panels. The Beijing Olympics proved to be an unprecedented success for the LZR Racer, with 94% of all swimming races won in the suit. 89% of all medals won at the Beijing Olympics were won by swimmers wearing the suit. In total 23 out of the 25 world records broken, were achieved by swimmers competing in the LZR suit By August 2009, 93 world records were broken by swimmers wearing a LZR Racer, and 33 of the first 36 Olympic medals have been won wearing it. Every winner in every men's event in the Beijing Olympics was wearing this swimsuit. The number of records broken since the introduction of the swimsuit prompted the introduction of a new phrase to the sport: "swimsuit technology doping". In Beijing, Speedo handed out the suit to any swimmer who wanted to try it and since they were US$ 550 each this countered the argument that only rich nations could afford to use them. However some countries had restrictions due to sponsorship and initially could not use the suits. The suit takes around 15 minutes to put on, with the aid of two plastic bags (one over each foot) and possibly some talcum powder!! The combined effects of the LZR both compressing the body and trapping air for buoyancy led to some competitors who used the LZR to try wearing two or more suits for an increased effect. Therese Alshammar from Sweden lost her world record in the 50 meter butterfly because she was wearing two swimsuits. However, all other records set by a swimmer wearing the suit stood as valid. The World Swimming Federation's decision to ban hi-tech swimsuits came amid calls from a number of national swimming federations who additionally called for all records achieved while wearing them to be indicated with an asterisk in the record books. FINA bans hi-tech suits from 2010 Speedo LZR swimsuit now disallowed from competition swim meets As of New Year's Day 2010, men are only allowed to wear suits from the waist to above the knees. They are also only permitted to wear one piece of swimwear; they cannot wear speedos underneath jammers. This law was enacted after the controversy in the Beijing Olympics and Rome World Championships. Women's swim suits Women wear one piece suits with different backs for competition, though there are two-piece suits that can be worn to compete as well. Backs vary mainly in strap thickness and geometric design. Most common styles include: racerback, axel back, corset, diamondback, and butterfly-back. There are also different style lengths: three quarter length (reaches the knees), regular length (shoulders to hips), and bikini style (2 piece). Also as of New Year's 2010, in competition, women are only allowed to wear suits that do not go past the knees or shoulders. Equipment - New materials such as carbon fibre give great strength three times stronger than steel and flexibility without the weight. Tennis rackets, golf clubs, poles or vaulting and Formula 1 racing cars all benefit from this - giving an improved performance. Pole Vaulting Pole vaulting is a track and field event in which a person uses a long, flexible pole (which today is usually made either of fiberglass or carbon fiber) as an aid to leap over a bar. Pole jumping competitions were known to the ancient Greeks, as well as the Cretans and Celts. It has been a full medal event at the Olympic Games since 1896 for men and 2000 for women. One of the most notable examples of innovation in athletics equipment is the flexible fibreglass pole. In the early 1960s performances rapidly improved when the relatively rigid poles made from steel or bamboo were superseded by highly flexible poles made of fibreglass or carbon fiber which allowed vaulters to achieve greater height. Physical attributes such as speed and agility are essential to pole vaulting effectively, but technical skill is an equally if not more important element. The object of pole vaulting is to clear a bar or crossbar supported upon two uprights (standards) without knocking it down. Competitive pole vaulting began using solid ash poles. As the heights attained increased, the bamboo poles gave way to tubular aluminium, which was tapered at each end. Today's pole vaulters benefit from poles produced by wrapping pre-cut sheets of fiberglass that contains resin around a metal pole mandrel, to produce a slightly pre-bent pole that bends more easily under the compression caused by an athlete's take-off. The shape of the fiberglass sheets and the amount of fiberglass used is carefully planned to provide the desired length and stiffness of pole. Different fiber types, including carbon-fiber, are used to give poles specific characteristics intended to promote higher jumps. In recent years, carbon fiber has been added to the commonly used E-glass and S-glass materials* in order to create a pole with a lighter carry weight. Pole vaulters do not need a highly flexible pole to successfully perform a pole vault (a rigid pole will do), but they can achieve a considerably greater height through choosing a pole with an appropriate stiffness. Typical pole lengths are 4.90-5.40 m for elite male vaulters and 4.30-4.60 m for elite female vaulters. *S-Glass is 64-66% Silicon dioxide compare to E-Glass at 52-56%. S-Glass has no Calcium oxide where E-glass has 16-25%. S-Glass has more Aluminium oxide at 24-26% where E-Glass is 12-16%. S-Glass has no Boron where E-glass is 5-10%. S-Glass does have 9-11% Magnesium oxide where E-glass very little. The price of S-Glass is higher than E-Glass. A possible reason for this is that S-Glass is processed at a higher temperature than E-glass and burns through oven liners faster and this replacement cost is the reason for the higher price. S-Glass looks and handles almost identically but is made from a higher-strength fiber that gives about 40% higher tensile strength, 20% higher modulus, and greater abrasion resistance. As in the high jump, the landing area was originally a heap of sawdust or sand where athletes landed on their feet. As technology enabled higher vaults, mats evolved into bags of large chunks of foam. Today's high tech mats are foam usually 1-1.5 meters thick. Mats are growing larger in area as well, in order to minimize any risk of injury. Proper landing technique is on the back or shoulders. Landing on the feet is avoided, to eliminate the risk of injury to the lower extremities, particularly ankle sprains. Rule changes over the years have resulted in larger landing areas and additional padding of all hard and unyielding surfaces. The pole vault crossbar has evolved from a triangular aluminium bar to a round fiberglass bar with rubber ends. This is balanced on standards and can be knocked off when it is hit by a pole vaulter or the pole. Rule changes have led to shorter pegs and crossbar ends that are semi-circular. Javelin Throw The javelin throw is a track and field athletics throwing event that can trace its origins as a sport back to the Olympic Games of ancient Greece. In the modem event the javelin must be thrown using one hand only without the aid of a sling or other throwing device. Because an athlete can generate a greater release speed with a lighter implement, the competition rules in the throwing events always specify a minimum weight for the implement. In the javelin throw the spear is approximately 2.5 metres in length and the minimum weight is 800 g for men and 600 g for women. The javelin thrower gains momentum by running within a predetermined area. Rules and Competitions The size, shape, minimum weight,and center of gravity of the javelin implement itself are all defined by IAAF rules. In international competition, men throw a javelin between 2.6 and 2.7 metres in length and (at least) 800 grams in weight, and women throw a javelin between 2.2 and 2.3 metres in length and (at least) 600 grams in weight. The javelin is equipped with a grip, approximately 150 mm wide, made of cord and located at the javelin's center of gravity (0.9 to 1.06 metres or 0.8 to 0.92 metres from the tip of the javelin for men's and women's implements, respectively). Javelin Arena and World records for the Javelin Throw The projectile used in javelin consists of three distinct parts: the head, constructed from a light weight metal; the shaft, made from carbon fiber or other composite synthetic materials; and the grip, the portion of the javelin where the object is held by the thrower prior to delivery. The shaft of the javelin is of hollow construction to increase the surface area and promote the greatest flight time. During the first half of the twentieth century the majority of competitive athletes used javelins made from Finnish birch wood. Nowadays javelins are constructed from steel, aluminium alloy, or carbon fibre. A modern javelin differs from the early designs in that it has a much larger cross-sectional area. Dick Held is credited with introducing the 'aerodynamic' javelin in the 1950s. His experiments led to the realisation that it is better for the javelin to have a larger surface area to augment the javelin's flight capacity through producing a greater lift. Nordic brand Men's 800 g javelins, top: Orbit, middle: Champion, bottom: Airglider Javelin Redesign On April 1, 1986, the governing body (the IAAF Technical Committee) revised the regulations with respect to the men's javelin (800 grams (1.76 lb)). They decided to change the rules for javelin construction because of the increasingly frequent flat landings and the resulting discussions and protests when these attempts were declared valid or invalid by competition judges. In addition, the world record had crept up to a potentially dangerous level, 104.80 metres by the German Uwe Hohn in Berlin in 1984 and further increases could result in the javelin reaching the crowds even in standard athletic stadiums! The javelin was redesigned so that the centre of gravity was moved 4 cm forward, further away from the centre of pressure (the point at which the aerodynamic forces of lift and drag act), so that the javelin had an increased downward pitching moment. This would cause the nose to come down earlier, reducing the flight distance by around 10% and causing the javelin to stick in the ground more consistently. In 1999, the women's javelin (600 grams (1.32 lb)) was similarly redesigned. Modifications that manufacturers made to recover some of the lost distance, by increasing tail drag (using holes, rough paint or dimples), were outlawed at the end of 1991. Records made using such modifications were removed from the record books. The Finnish javelin thrower Seppo Räty had achieved a world record of 96.96 metres in 1991 with a modified 'Nemeth' javelin and this record was nullified. This javelin was designed by former Olympic Champion, Miklos Nemeth, and had surface roughness on the tail to reduce aerodynamic drag which was not approved of by the IAAF. Räty's best record with the current javelin design was in 1992 (90.60 m), a significant reduction in distance. Clothing Like sports equipment, modern clothing is highly sophisticated and has a great impact on the feeling of physical comfort in any kind of sport. Optimal water permeability allows sweat water droplets out but does not let rain water in. Polyurethane fibres ensure that the body wear has a perfect fit and offers the highest comfort because it stretches but still keeps its shape. Shoes According to Nick Linthorne at Brunel University: "For many athletes, running shoes are the most important piece of their gear. Under IAAF regulations the purpose of the athlete's shoe is to give protection and stability to the foot and provide a firm grip on the around. The shoe must not be constructed so as to give the athlete any additional assistance and no spring or device of any kind may be incorporated in the shoe. The design of running shoes has shown a steady evolution towards minimising the weight of the shoe. A lighter shoe reduces energy consumption during a distance event, gives a quicker acceleration and a higher top speed in a sprint and allows a greater vertical take-off speed to be produced in a high jump or long jump. Adidas produces a 'performance plate' that consists of a rigid carbon fibre plate that is inserted into the sole to stiffen the shoe. The stiffness of the baseplate of a sprint shoe can have a significant effect on performance and experiments on sprinters running over 20 m showed an improvement of just over 1% when using a stiffening plate in their shoes. In the high jump, the design of the athlete's shoe is believed to have a small but significant influence on performance. In 1957 an athlete using a take off shoe that had a 2-4 cm thick sole set a new world record of 2.16 m. The most obvious advantage of a built-up shoe is that the athlete's centre of mass is higher above the ground at take-off and so the height of the jump is correspondingly increased. Taken to the extreme, an athlete could wear what is essentially a pair of stilts and then simply step over the crossbar. The IAAF viewed the built-up shoe as giving 'unfair assistance' to the athlete and it was banned shortly after being introduced. However the record was allowed to stand. Since 1958 the thickness of the sole of the high jump shoe has been restricted to 13 mm. Modern Sports shoes are chemical marvels, from the complex adhesives that ensure the shoe remains intact under extreme conditions, to the breathing fabrics that keep your feet cool and dry. The design of athletic shoes is one example in which chemistry and biomechanics are employed to help minimize strain to the lower body and enhance athletic performance. A shoe should not only provide support and protection to the foot and ankle, but must also provide maximum traction and flexibility and, above all, be lightweight. In track and field sports, for example, a few grams of extra weight can reduce a runner's speed enough to lose a race. To this end, manufacturers have introduced ultralight shoes that use thin, liquid-crystal polymers that act like suspension bridge cables to resist shoe stretching and maintain stiffness without adding weight. For cushioning and support, many shoes employ lightweight gel cavities or air pockets. Modern athletic shoes have at least four components: the upper, the insole or insert, the outsole, and the midsole. The upper holds the shoe together and protects the foot. The insole lies directly beneath the foot and provides cushioning and arch support. Insoles are removable in many shoes, and extra insoles called inserts can be added for comfort or moisture control. The outsole is the part of the shoe in contact with the ground; it's usually made of rubber or a synthetic polymer and has treads or cleats for traction. The midsole is the hidden layer between the outsole and the insole, mainly designed for shock absorption. Chemistry of a typical sports shoe The insole is a thin layer of man-made ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). The components of the midsole, which provides the bulk of the cushioning, will vary among manufacturers. Generally it consists of polyurethane surrounding another material such as gel or liquid silicone, or polyurethane foam given a special brand name by the manufacturer. In some cases the polyurethane may surround capsules of compressed air. Outsoles are usually made of carbon rubber, which is hard, or blown rubber, a softer type, although manufacturers use an assortment of materials to produce different textures on the outsole. The rest of the covering is usually a synthetic material such as artificial suede or a nylon weave with plastic slabs or boards supporting the shape. There may be a leather overlay or nylon overlay with leather attachments. Cloth is usually limited to the laces fitted through plastic eyelets, and nails have given way to an adhesive known as cement lasting that bonds the various components together. Air Jordan shoe dissected Adidas designed the Lone Star spike running shoe for the 400m Texan runner Jeremy Wariner. The Lone Star featured the first full-length carbon nanotube reinforced plate and an innovative compression spike. After studying Wariner's running pattern by high-speed video and pressure mapping, Adidas' engineers and designers were able to see how Wariner used each foot as he ran, which in turn enabled them to custom-design a shoe for his running style. His shoes have differently designed treads for the right and left foot to assist his cornering. Stadiums - these days artificial turf, made of polyolefins to ensure toughness, is used in many stadiums. The turf is connected to the ground using polyurethane adhesives. Another type of chemical material, polycarbonates, have become the preferred material for roofing sporting arenas as they are lightweight and transparent enabling weird and wonderful architectural designs. PVC is used in all parts of the stadium from the flags and banners waved by fans to the seats they sit in to the field drainage system. The University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona Campus training facility, used by Usain Bolt and other Jamaican runners, received a new Regupol® tartan track in April 2010, with the same Berlin Blue coloured surface as the Regupol® track at Berlin's Olympic Stadium. See the layered structure in the Regupol athletic tracks similar to that used at Mona. A prefabricated Regupol® elastic layer [4], 10 mm thick, is glued on the asphalt base [6] (photo at left above). Afterwards the pores of the elastic layer are sealed with polyurethane [3] and liquid polyurethane [2] is applied as wear layer to which the EPDM granules are added [1]. The top layer [1], usually 3 mm thick, is composed of mixed-size, spike-resistant EPDM granules embedded into liquid polyurethane. Copolymerization of ethylene and propylene would result in a saturated backbone such that sulfur vulcanization could not be used for crosslinking since no unsaturation exists. To get a sulfur-curable rubber, a non-conjugated diene is introduced as a third monomer during polymerization. Appropriate third monomers contain one double bond which takes part in the polymerization and one which does not. The diene(s) currently used in the manufacture of EPDM rubbers (ethylene propylene diene Monomer (M-class) rubber) are DCPD (dicyclopentadiene), ENB (ethylidene norbornene) and VNB (vinyl norbornene). International technology gap A comparison of 2008 Beijing Olympic results for 'Technology driven sports' such as Track cycling, rowing and sailing with 'Non-technology sports' such as athletics. Total medals - 'tech'	i don't know
Which is the heaviest? An Ice Hockey Puck or a Baseball?	Pucks & Balls - Accessories Accessories NHL Fan Packs Hockey Pucks and Hockey Balls HockeyMonkey.com gives you the edge with the best pucks and balls designed for optimal performance in the street and on the ice. Whether you buy an NHL Official Black Ice Hockey Puck , training puck , or practice pucks , you feel confident knowing you have the ultimate in accuracy, precision and control. HockeyMonkey has the largest supply of hockey gear for your game and the most durable puck bags by CCM , A & R, and Warrior . For the hockey player who needs to challenge his skills all the time, the Turbo Puck is what you want. The materials used on the turbo inserts make the Turbo Puck move quickly and accurately from point to point in the street and on the ice, and allows the player to feel the puck better on their stick for more accurate passes. If roller hockey is what you play, get the Sonic Inline Puck , it is perfectly balanced to help you reach the next level of stick handling, shooting and scoring. HockeyMonkey is also proud to stock the Mission Zero-G ! The ultimate inline hockey puck! If what you need to play is Official League hockey balls, street hockey balls, or soft hockey balls, you find them here by top makers like Reebok, Encore, Warrior, Sonic, Mission, Viceroy, A & R and CCM. Why go anywhere else when everything you need is right here on our easy to navigate website HockeyMonkey.com. Check often for new arrivals, blow out clearance specials, and awesome promotions! Monkeysports has what you need to play!	Hockey puck
What oriental game comprises 144 tiles?	Official Dimensions of an NHL Ice Hockey Puck Hockey Puck Manufacturers Hockey Trivia Answer: The Official Dimensions of an Ice Hockey Puck The official dimensions of an official NHL ice hockey puck are as follows (according to rule 24 for the NHL)ï¿½: The puck shall be made of vulcanized rubber, or other approved material, one inch (1'') thick and three inches (3'') in diameter and shall weigh between five and one-half ounces (5ï¿½ oz.) and six ounces (6 oz.). All pucks used in competition must be approved by the Rules Committee. The home Team shall be responsible for providing an adequate supply of official pucks which shall be kept in a frozen condition. This supply of pucks shall be kept at the penalty bench under the control of one of the regular Off-Ice Officials or a special attendant.	i don't know
What comes next in the following sequence... Red, Blue, White, Black, Orange, __?	Crayola Crayons - BLICK art materials Crayola Crayons Crayola Crayons are famous for their rich, vibrant color. That's why Crayola is the name kids recognize in crayons. Standard crayons measure 3-5/8" long × 5/16" Sets are packaged in a tuck box, unless otherwise noted. 832-Piece, 64-Color Classpack — Celebrate the 50th anniversary of the 64-color crayon box with this Classpack featuring 13 reusable desktop bins. Each bin contains one set of 64 colors, including eight new 2008 Kids' Choice Colors chosen and named by kids. The Classpack also includes two classroom sharpeners. Crayons in Bulk — Replenish the most popular colors in sets and classroom packages as your children use them, break them, and lose them. Keep sets and classroom packs complete. Purchase 12 crayons of one color in a tuck box. Multicultural Crayons — These expressive crayon colors are specially designed for hands-on learning about self, family, and community. The Set of 8 includes the colors Apricot, Burnt Sienna, Mahogany, Peach, Sepia, Tan, and Black and White for blending. Set of 12 — Created in response to teacher and student requests, the 12-color set contains Red, Orange, Yellow, Blue, Green, Violet, Brown, Black, White, Gray, Carnation Pink, and Indigo. Set of 120 — Experience the colors that generations of children have grown up with — from Red, Yellow, and Blue, to Gold, Copper, and Silver, too! The set contains 120 crayons, each a different color. Set of 16 — The 16-color set contains the eight colors listed above, plus Blue-Green, Blue-Violet, Carnation Pink, Red-Orange, Red-Violet, White, Yellow-Green, and Yellow-Orange. Set of 24 — The 24-color set contains the 16 colors listed above, plus Gray, Green-Blue, Green-Yellow, Orange-Red, Orange-Yellow, Peach, Violet-Blue, and Violet-Red. Set of 48 — The set of 48 colors contains 48 different colors, including Gold and Silver, in a hinged-top box. Set of 64 — This hinge-top box contains 64 colors, plus a built-in pencil sharpener. Set of 8 — The 8-color set contains Red, Orange, Yellow, Blue, Green, Violet, Brown, and Black. Set of 96 — Students can explore a full spectrum of color possibilities, encouraging creativity and flexibility. Flip-top box and tiered sleeves allow for easy access. Has a built-in sharpener. Ultimate Crayon Collection, Set of 152 — Please refer to the Item Specs tab for the full listing of included colors. Ultimate Color Collections, Set of 152 colors Glitter Red with Shimmering Silver Glitter Blue with Shimmering Silver Giltter Carnation Pink with Lavender Glitter Black with Glitzy Gold Glitter Yellow with Shimmering Silver Glitter Blue Green with Glitzy Gold Glitter Sky Blue with Glitzy Gold Glitter Red Violet with Glitzy Gold Glitter Green with Twinkling Turquoise Glitter Orchid with Twinkling Turquoise Glitter Yellow with Rainbow Glitter Orange with Twinkling Turquoise Glitter Royal Purple with Ruby Red Glitter Maroon with Glitzy Gold Glitter White with Confetti Glitter	Black-and-white
In which year was the penalty kick first introduced into the game of football?	Crayola Crayons - BLICK art materials Crayola Crayons Crayola Crayons are famous for their rich, vibrant color. That's why Crayola is the name kids recognize in crayons. Standard crayons measure 3-5/8" long × 5/16" Sets are packaged in a tuck box, unless otherwise noted. 832-Piece, 64-Color Classpack — Celebrate the 50th anniversary of the 64-color crayon box with this Classpack featuring 13 reusable desktop bins. Each bin contains one set of 64 colors, including eight new 2008 Kids' Choice Colors chosen and named by kids. The Classpack also includes two classroom sharpeners. Crayons in Bulk — Replenish the most popular colors in sets and classroom packages as your children use them, break them, and lose them. Keep sets and classroom packs complete. Purchase 12 crayons of one color in a tuck box. Multicultural Crayons — These expressive crayon colors are specially designed for hands-on learning about self, family, and community. The Set of 8 includes the colors Apricot, Burnt Sienna, Mahogany, Peach, Sepia, Tan, and Black and White for blending. Set of 12 — Created in response to teacher and student requests, the 12-color set contains Red, Orange, Yellow, Blue, Green, Violet, Brown, Black, White, Gray, Carnation Pink, and Indigo. Set of 120 — Experience the colors that generations of children have grown up with — from Red, Yellow, and Blue, to Gold, Copper, and Silver, too! The set contains 120 crayons, each a different color. Set of 16 — The 16-color set contains the eight colors listed above, plus Blue-Green, Blue-Violet, Carnation Pink, Red-Orange, Red-Violet, White, Yellow-Green, and Yellow-Orange. Set of 24 — The 24-color set contains the 16 colors listed above, plus Gray, Green-Blue, Green-Yellow, Orange-Red, Orange-Yellow, Peach, Violet-Blue, and Violet-Red. Set of 48 — The set of 48 colors contains 48 different colors, including Gold and Silver, in a hinged-top box. Set of 64 — This hinge-top box contains 64 colors, plus a built-in pencil sharpener. Set of 8 — The 8-color set contains Red, Orange, Yellow, Blue, Green, Violet, Brown, and Black. Set of 96 — Students can explore a full spectrum of color possibilities, encouraging creativity and flexibility. Flip-top box and tiered sleeves allow for easy access. Has a built-in sharpener. Ultimate Crayon Collection, Set of 152 — Please refer to the Item Specs tab for the full listing of included colors. Ultimate Color Collections, Set of 152 colors Glitter Red with Shimmering Silver Glitter Blue with Shimmering Silver Giltter Carnation Pink with Lavender Glitter Black with Glitzy Gold Glitter Yellow with Shimmering Silver Glitter Blue Green with Glitzy Gold Glitter Sky Blue with Glitzy Gold Glitter Red Violet with Glitzy Gold Glitter Green with Twinkling Turquoise Glitter Orchid with Twinkling Turquoise Glitter Yellow with Rainbow Glitter Orange with Twinkling Turquoise Glitter Royal Purple with Ruby Red Glitter Maroon with Glitzy Gold Glitter White with Confetti Glitter	i don't know
Who did Sue Barker replace as host of the BBC quiz show A Question Of Sport?	BBC Sport - Question of Sport - The history of the show The history of the show Three with the answers: Vine, Coleman, Barker. A Question of Sport will celebrate its 40th birthday in January 2010 making it the longest running TV quiz show in the UK and possibly the world. Some of the biggest names in British and International sport have appeared on the programme since its early days. In four decades the show has only had three presenters. Here is a potted history of some of the captains, hosts, and stars that have helped to make the show a favourite. The early days The first A Question of Sport aired on 5th January 1970 and was hosted by David Vine. The first team captains were boxer Henry Cooper and Wales rugby union star Cliff Morgan. They were joined by George Best, Ray Illingworth, Lillian Board, and Tom Finney. The Seventies Clockwise from top left: Cliff Morgan and Henry Cooper, Henry Cooper and Brendan Foster. The first change of captaincy occurred in 1977 when Olympic medallist Brendan Foster replaced Cliff Morgan. David Vine hosted the show for five series before moving on to present late-night snooker and Ski Sunday. David Vine was replaced by the sports presenter and commentator, David Coleman. Further changes were made to the team in 1979 as former Liverpool and England star Emlyn Hughes and Welsh rugby hero Gareth Edwards became the new captains. The Eighties Carson's cackles Emlyn and Gareth were the captains for the next three years until 1982. Then, former England rugby union captain Bill Beaumont teamed up with jockey Willie Carson whose distinctive laugh quickly became a trademark. In 1984 Emlyn returned as captain and battled Bill for the next five series. Emlyn's picture board gaffe Princess Anne appeared on the show in 1987 only a week after Emlyn mistook her for a male jockey on the pictureboard! Cricketing icon Ian Botham joined the show in 1989 taking over from Emlyn and the show had two of the most competitive captains in its history. Bill saved by the bell Bill and Beefy became a staple throughout the Nineties running in tandem for eight series. Bill generally had the upper hand and was helped by a very controversial moment. When the pair finally left Bill had clocked up a then record 319 appearances on the show. The Nineties Clockwise from top left: Bill Beaumont and Ian Botham, John Parrott and Ally McCoist. In 1996 it was all change. Scotland and Rangers striker Ally McCoist and former snooker world champion John Parrott became the new captains. David Coleman was in charge for Ally and John's first series. But he retired from the show in May 1997 to be replaced by current host Sue Barker. Ally and John were soon up to no good, mainly at Sue's expense. The Noughties Clockwise from top left: Frankie Dettori, John Parrott, Ally McCoist and Matt Dawson. In 2002 John vacated his seat and Ally and Sue were joined by jockey Frankie Dettori who was a bit better at racing horses than he was at quizzes! With Frankie's continuing success in the saddle he decided to give up the captaincy in 2004 to be replaced by one of England's successful Rugby World Cup winners, Matt Dawson. Frankie's anagram disaster On 18th May 2007 Ally, due to his commitments at Rangers, made his last appearance as a team captain on the show. He had clocked up a record busting 363 appearances. After a brief spell of guest captains, former England cricketer Phil Tufnell was made the permanent replacement for Ally in February 2008 and only the 14th full time team captain. Question of Sport - Ally's best bits To celebrate A Question of Sport¿s 40th birthday in 2010, we will be giving you the chance to nominate your favourite clips and share your memories of the show throughout 2009, so watch this space! Bookmark with:	David Coleman
In 1999, what film became Tom Hanks first sequel?	A Question of Sport - UKGameshows A Question of Sport Bill Beaumont (2 programmes, 1996) Sue Barker (2 programmes in 1996, then 1997-) Jimmy Carr (Sport Relief special 2008) Jason Manford (A Question of Sport: Super Saturday) Co-hosts Phil Tufnell (2008-) There have also been several stand-in captains over the years. They have included: Bobby Moore; Bobby Charlton; John Barnes; Roger Black; Jonathan Davies; Will Carling; Sam Torrance; Matthew Pinsent; David Ginola; David Seaman; Michael Owen; Shane Warne; Jamie Redknapp; Ricky Hatton; Dennis Taylor and Gary Speed. Ally McCoist, John Parrott and Phil Tufnell were all also stand-in captains before becoming regulars. Broadcast BBC1 North West (regional), 2 December 1968 (Pilot) BBC North West for BBC1, 5 January 1970 to present as A Question of Sport: Super Saturday BBC One, 21 June to 19 July 2014 (5 episodes in 1 series) Synopsis The eternal question: What Happens Next? This show has been going for years and years and years. And maybe longer than that. Past captains (well, Bill Beaumont anyway - and of course David Coleman) have hosted the show and it has been regular prime-time viewing. And yes, it's about sport. Each team is made up of three people, two famous sporting guests and a captain who is usually more portly. The traditional show invariably began with the Picture Round. 12 boxes each hide a picture of a famous sportsperson in an interesting pose (usually, Media Studies fans, a long shot but always an action shot). Each person would score two points if they got it correct, but if they don't know it's passed over to the opposition for a bonus. Every member of both teams gets a go. Generally there is two pictures for every sport represented by the team members that week. A typical picture from the board. This, believe it or not, is Princess Anne - although Emlyn Hughes failed to recognise her (see 'Key Moments', below). Then comes the Specialised Subject round. Each person would get a collage of clips based on their sport, and they would be asked to name two specific people in it. The captains, however, would get a completely random selection of sports, being the captains and everything. Then comes the Home and Away round, a round devoted to everybody's third-favourite Australian soap. Ha, not really! Actually each guest in turn chooses to answer either a question on their own sport ("home") for one point or a general question ("away") for two. The team captains usually don't get the choice and have to take an "away" question. Mystery Personality next, and a short piece of film of a famous personality filmed from odd positions and situations. They are carefully filmed so as never to completely give away who they are (or not, as was the case when they decided to show a full facial shot of Katharine Merry). Two points for a correct answer and one point if they don't know and the opposition gets it. Then, it's What Happens Next? A piece of film starts and at an inopportune moment it stops and the contestants need to guess... well, you get the idea. Usually with some outrageous (i.e.wrong) guesses, you can be sure that hilarity will ensue when it turns out that a little cat runs onto the pitch or somesuch. Every week. The One Minute Round, nine questions, nine points and sixty seconds. A nice mixture of trivia, picture questions and the famous "These three people all have surnames connected with snowball fighting" question. Completely random, completely pointless but good fun nonetheless. Finally, the Picture Round reprise, the six remaining pictures are taken one at a time a la Round One and the same points apply and at the end of the round, whoever wins, wins and whoever loses loses, predictably enough. For no particularly good reason except to annoy us, the 1998 season reordered the rounds, and dropped the One Minute Round in favour of an On the Buzzer end game that Ally McCoist tended to dominate (John Parrott was once so miffed by McCoist's constant luck in that round that he (Parrott) went to sit in the audience in protest). Not a particularly inspired decision, but not a disaster either. The lighting technicians celebrate the festive season in their own inimitable fashion If you like sport, you'll probably like this and if you don't you probably won't. It's certainly pleasant enough, and in latter years (with the ever-popular They Think it's All Over breathing down its neck) the emphasis on the banter between players has been increased. Also, Sue Barker has introduced a certain glamour and middle-class street-cred that doddery David Coleman never really had. It should be said, however, that Coleman was an excellent host, always managing to keep a very good balance between the quiz itself and the general joviality of the show, especially with his own infectious enthusiasm (and his many colourful jumpers!) and many would have been sorry to see him go when he finally left the programme. In addition, later series have proved, and some themed specials (either tied to topical sporting events such as Euro 2000, or featuring TV commentators, referees, sport-loving comedians, that kind of thing) have buffed up the ingenuity somewhat. By the following decade, A Question of Sport was going out at a family viewing time (7.30 on Friday, or Saturday teatime), and after the watershed during the week. The show played up physical comedy, team captains might answer questions while bouncing on a trampoline, or perform charades while running on a treadmill. Comedians and other non-sport entertainers occasionally appeared on the main show, and were given a full series in summer 2014. The Super Saturday shows were hosted by comedian Jason Manford, with the show's regular captains Matt Dawson and Phil Tufnell. Most of the challenges had something to do with sport, but "learning to do handbrake turns" is a long way removed from the sedate picture board. You will have seen most of this before but, given the age of the show, it's not inconceivable that it invented most of it... Key moments Princess Anne joined the quiz for its 200th edition. The soon-to-be Princess Royal was qualified to know a bit about sport, being a former Olympic equestrian and BBC Sports Personality of the Year herself. Over 19 million people saw it, naturally enough the show's highest ever audience. However, the ratings didn't last as Channel 4 launched a new series of Treasure Hunt the following week. The Princess Anne show came only 2 weeks after Emlyn Hughes had mistaken her for the jockey John Reid in a picture round (see under 'Synopsis', above). On the special edition, Hughes was desperately (but ultimately successfully) trying to restrain himself from patting Princess Anne on the back, something he normally did to all his guests with his usual boundless (not to say mindless) enthusiasm. Despite this, the Princess did threaten him with a severe handbagging at one point. Front row: David Coleman (host) with Anne, the Princess Royal. Back row: John Rutherford, Emlyn Hughes , Nigel Mansell, Bill Beaumont, Linford Christie. Another special edition of the show (albeit a shortened version) was featured in "Jim'll Fix It", probably also in 1987: the captains in question were once again Beaumont and Hughes. Four sports-mad boys, apparently names pulled out of a hat, due to the sheer volume of kids who wrote in asking to appear on 'A Question of Sport', had the honour of occupying the hallowed guest-seats and the 'mini' show consisted of the complete Picture Board Round, with the One-Minute Round in between the two 'halves' of the former round. All four lads proved excellent, both in terms of sports knowledge and entertainment value, but none more so than one young man, who was on Hughes's team and sounded (possibly deliberately) like him, even asking for, "Number two, please, Dave", in exactly Hughes's squeaky tones. Naturally, the latter giggled even more than usual throughout the whole game - as did the rest of us. David Coleman often called Willie Carson and Bill Beaumont 'Wee Willie' and 'Big Bill' respectively - and very accurately, too! Apparently, the two captains once entered the studio at the start of a recording with Beaumont carrying Carson on his back. On one show Ian Woosnam correctly identified the mystery guest (who was posing as an angler in an all-covering plastic mac) as fellow-golfer Greg Norman - because by a lucky chance he actually happened to have witnessed the film being shot in the grounds of the Gleneagles hotel! On another occasion, Bill Beaumont found it easy to recognise Doddie Weir (driving a bulldozer) in a 1996 Mystery Guest round, because Weir had been on the show only two weeks earlier, one of the shows that Beaumont hosted - surely that made it a bit too easy? On another occasion, Weir appeared in that round dressed as a Spice Girl - he was obviously game for a laugh. Probably the most dramatic Mystery Guest appearance was the one in which Jonathan Davies was bungee-jumping. Another memorable one was Norman Whiteside playing a would-be army recruit, who was taking a load of flak from the sergeant for being late and unshaven on parade - among other things. In addition, the motor racing driver Derek Bell appeared as a mystery guest, driving a bus somewhat erratically - obviously not a true representation of his driving-skills. Several of the captains - and Sue Barker too - have appeared memorably in the Mystery Guest round. Barker once appeared dressed in an animal costume at a charity event and was mistaken for Ray Clements by one team and Alan Minter by the other! Bill Beaumont appeared in a kilt playing the bagpipes on another occasion and was mistaken for Geoff Capes. In addition, Gareth Edwards once appeared in a workshop, doing engineering work and Emlyn Hughes showed up in an optician's, having his eyes tested. Ally McCoist once failed to recognise himself in a mystery guest round in which the footage consisted of a montage of 4 previous Mystery Guests. Matt Dawson, Sue Barker and Phil Tufnell mark the show's 40th anniversary with a cake or two Several special editions had former captains return as guests. On one such programme, Ian Botham had Emlyn Hughes and Gareth Edwards on his team, while Bill Beaumont had Willie Carson and Brendan Foster. At one point, when Hughes got something wrong, Botham observed scathingly, "No wonder you're on Sporting Triangles !" Harsh, maybe, but Botham had a point, since 'Sporting Triangles' was certainly not a patch on 'A Question of Sport'. Frankie Dettori once failed to deduce which sportsman's name is an anagram of "Trinket Ride Oaf". One of the best wrong answers ever was given by Andy Gray several years ago. The question was "It was first achieved in 1982, and the fastest time of 5 minutes 20 seconds was achieved in 1997. To what I am referring?". The correct answer is "147 break in snooker", but Andy Gray's clever (but sadly wrong) answer was "how long it takes all of the runners in the London Marathon to cross the start line"! Just before an edition of the show in the early 1990's, the BBC announcer amusingly stated, "BBC now stands for Botham, Beaumont, Coleman, as it's time for 'A Question of Sport!'" Very much a 'why didn't I think of that before?' moment. Catchphrases "Home or away?" In the David Coleman era: "Hello, and welcome to 'A Question of Sport', in which (whichever captain, usually Bill Beaumont) is leading by eight programmes to five" "...And...you....are...right!" "Goes to the other side" "Well, let's have a look if you're right" "Hope you enjoyed the programme - we'll be back next week, same time, same place, 8.30, BBC1 - see you then." (Emlyn Hughes, in his trademark squeaky voice): "Number two please, Dave!" "We think, Dave...!" "Oh, well done, mate!" followed by the obligatory pat on the back for the guest concerned. Inventor Nick Hunter, also the first producer. Theme music There has been at least three pieces of music, to our reckoning. The very first which no one remembers is called Tio Pepe. Then there was the bouncy "A Question of Sport, bom bom bom bom". Now it's a fairly anonymous piece of keyboard janging music which has got remixed several times, including samba of all things. The latterday theme is by Richie Close. The current mix is by Andrew Harris. Trivia The captains on the very first show were Henry Cooper and Cliff Morgan and the guests were Lillian Board, Tom Finney, George Best and Ray Illingworth. The host was David Vine. Captains, guests and questionmaster on set for the first edition in 1970. Vine, Cooper and Morgan revealed on 'A Question of Sport - The Golden Years', mentioned below, that in those very early days of the show, they were informed by the producer that they were 'guests in people's living rooms' and must therefore dress the part, ie suits and ties. This was certainly the case in most of the early shows, although some of the surviving editions do show the captains wearing open-necked shirts, so maybe the restrictions were not always enforced. However, one thing they were allowed to do at that time was to smoke, which of course would be completely out of the question today. When David Coleman took over the show in 1979, his brief was apparently to 'loosen and lighten the show up', which of course he did in his inimitable style - and the dress-code certainly became more relaxed during his tenure, albeit with suits and ties still being worn up until the mid-80's, but by no means all the time. Once again, it shows that things have changed considerably - formal attire is virtually unheard of in the programme's current incarnation. Surprisingly, Bill Beaumont hosted the programme in David Coleman's absence for 2 editions in 1996, and Will Carling stood in as team captain. The show was as enjoyable as ever, but, on the whole, Bill was better as a captain - his voice wasn't quite right for the hosting role. Sue Barker had also hosted the programme in Coleman's absence around Christmas 1996, which was almost certainly the main reason why she succeeded him from the next series onwards. In addition, Coleman had had quite a long period of absence around early 1989, and, during this time, David Vine returned to host the programme. Current host, Sue Barker Alongside a BBC video release in 1999, 30 Years of A Question of Sport, a one-hour documentary to celebrate its 35th anniversary was made - A Question of Sport - The Golden Years. It was dedicated to Emlyn Hughes, aka 'Crazy Horse', who died in 2004. Originally, the programme was recorded in an old Methodist church in Dickinson Road, Manchester - then the BBC's North West studios. Production was moved to New Broadcasting House in Oxford Road in 1975. Since Studio A at Oxford Road was mothballed, production was shared between BBC Television Centre, London and Granada's 3SixtyMedia facilities at Quay Street, Manchester. It moved to the Media City facilities at Salford around 2011. Certain other websites (you know the ones we mean...) have suggested that there was a full series in the North West in 1969, but our own original research has yet to turn up any evidence for this. As far as we can tell, there was just a pilot at the end of 1968 and then no more until the national series at the start of 1970. Special editions, titled A Question of Sport Relief, have been a regular feature of the biennial Sport Relief telethons since 2002. Stephen Fry presented the first three but had to pull out of the 2008 edition after breaking his arm on a filming trip in Brazil, and was replaced by Jimmy Carr . Speaking of charity telethons, BBC Scotland staged their own A Question of Scotland for Children in Need 2008, with Jackie Bird hosting and various Scottish "celebs" making up the teams. It was a bit of a damp squib as it turned out that none of the panellists knew much about sport, or indeed about Scotland. To mark the programme's 40th anniversary in 2010, the show embarked on a UK tour, taking in theatres and arenas in 15 towns and cities. Following its success, a second UK tour took place in 2011, stopping off in 17 towns and cities. Lostshows.com tells us that 97 episodes from the first 25 series have been wiped from the archives. These are the episodes that survive: Series 4: Episodes 2 & 11-12 Series 5: Episodes 1-2 & 8 Series 7: Episode 8 Series 8: Episodes 1-5, 7-11 & 13 Series 9: Episodes 1-2, 4-7 & 9-11 Series 10: All 12 episodes Series 11: All 13 episodes Series 12: Episodes 1, 4-6 & 8-11 Series 13: Episodes 1-8, 10-11 & 13-14 Series 14: Episodes 1-5, 7, 9-12 & 14-15 Series 15: All 20 episodes Series 16: All 21 episodes Series 17: Episodes 1-16 & 18-21 Series 18: All 24 episodes Series 19-21 & 24: All 26 episodes Series 22: Episodes 1-7, 9, 12-22 & 24-25 Series 23: Episodes 1-2, 4-5 & 7-28 Series 25: Episodes 1-18 & 20-27 Merchandise	i don't know
What was the name of the robot dog that became a regular companion for Doctor Who?	Doctor Who Classic Series Companions / Characters - TV Tropes Played by: Carole Ann Ford (1963ï¿½64, 1983, 1993) "Oh, grandfather!" The Doctor's granddaughter. When the series began, she attended Coal Hill School in London as a student for a few months in 1963, posing as a human with a fake human name. She's Constantly Curious and extremely sweet. Returns much later, as an adult, to help out the first five incarnations of her grandfather all at the same time. Bound and Gagged : In "The Keys of Marinus", in Episode 6. The Bus Came Back : While Susan has certainly been on a Long Bus Trip , she did return for one adventure in 1983. To this date, Carole Ann Ford is still playing Susan in the Big Finish Doctor Who audios, both in First Doctor stories and as a companion to the Eighth Doctor. Bus Crash : The Doctor stated he was the Last of His Kind as early as "The End of the World". In the later episodes "The Empty Child", "Fear Her" and "The Doctor's Daughter", the Doctor reminisces about having had children once, and confirms that he considers every last Time Lord dead. Possibly subverted if the reason the Doctor thought he was the Last of His Kind is because Susan was on Gallifrey at the end of the Time War. If that's the case, now that it's been revealed that the Doctor managed to save Gallifrey in a frozen moment in time rather than destroying it it's possible that Susan's still alive. The Cameo : She's very briefly seen, from the back, in a flashback in "The Name of the Doctor". Cheerful Child : She has a tendency to act younger than her apparent age, probably because she is extremely young by Time Lord standards, and can't resist a giggle even at the most inappropriate times. For example, she laughs at the way one of her Dalek captors says her name in " The Daleks ". Cuddle Bug : Loves to cling to people, especially Barbara and her grandfather. Cute Clumsy Girl : One infamous moment has her accidentally dropping a bridge on top of the TARDIS and twisting her ankle in the process. Depending on the Writer : Susan had originally been intended as a Creepy Good Action Girl with Psychic Powers but was ReTooled into a "normal girl" after the unaired pilot. The result of this is that her character fluctuates wildly between scripts: in "An Unearthly Child" she is a nice girl who wishes she was normal but shows a little Nightmare Fetishist behaviour ("I like walking through the dark. It's mysterious.") and physically attacks a massive, armed caveman to save her friends; in "The Daleks" she is a Kiddie Kid who displays exaggerated fear about walking through the dark and the few times she's allowed to speak it's to make stupid suggestions ("First we all lie down and pretend to be dead..."); in "The Edge of Destruction" she drifts around in a long dress, babbles about creatures inside her and threatens to shred Ian with a pair of surgical scissors; in "Marco Polo" she is a Totally Radical sixties teen who thinks everything is "gear"; in "The Keys of Marinus" she is a Distressed Damsel ; in "The Aztecs" she has nothing to do; in "The Sensorites" she has a fight with her grandfather and saves the day with her telepathic powers; and then in "The Reign of Terror" she refuses to attempt to escape from a prison when she and Barbara are due to be guillotined because she's scared of the rats and then develops a fever for plot convenience. It's such a horrible mess you can tell the writers were relieved to start again with a blank slate when she got replaced with Suspiciously Similar Substitute Vicki. Pstandard Psychic Pstance : In "The Sensorites." Psychic Powers : She's very gifted in telepathy, much more so than her grandfather. Put on a Bus : Done at the end of the serial " The Dalek Invasion of Earth " where the Doctor leaves her behind so she can marry a nice young resistance fighter and have some stability in her life . She would have stayed with her grandfather out of a sense of obligation if he hadn't. She returns in "The Five Doctors". Riddle for the Ages : Susan's real (Gallifreyan) name. According to the short story, Roses, it is Arkytior, High Gallifreyan for "Rose". One wonders if the reason the revival series Doctor picked his first companion was based on this. Screaming Woman : The original screamer. This was why the actress left the show after only one season — she got tired of this role. Thankfully, her older portrayal of the character is a lot more capable of fending for herself. Security Cling : She's very frequently clinging to either Barbara or the Doctor. Shipper on Deck : The Big Finish Companion Chronicle "Here There Be Monsters" opens with her talking about how she thinks that Ian and Barbara truly belong together. (The Doctor Who Expanded Universe agrees unanimously with her, and a reference in the "Death of the Doctor" episode of The Sarah Jane Adventures made it official for TV continuity.) Teen Genius : Being from the highly advanced civilisation of Gallifrey, this is a given. Her astounding knowledge is the main reason Ian and Barbara become curious about her in the first place. Thicker Than Water : She feels strongly about her duty to her grandfather. Totally Radical : '60s version. Apparently she picked up some of the local youth lingo during her time in Coal Hill. Barbara Wright Debut: " An Unearthly Child " Played by: Jacqueline Hill (1963ï¿½65) "Accuse us? You ought to go down on your hands and knees and thank us! But gratitude's the last thing you'll ever have, or any sort of common sense either." A history teacher at Susan's school who, together with Ian, gets abducted by the Doctor. A very down-to-earth companion who freely spoke her mind and never put up with the Doctor's lies and secrets. Quickly became a Memetic Badass for how determined she was in defeating monsters with whatever tools she had available. Abhorrent Admirer : Barbara got chased by very unsavory types a few times, and on one occasion, was offered freedom in exchange for you-know-what. She was decidedly not impressed with the offer. Action Girl : Running over a Dalek with a truck. The Ageless : In "Death of the Doctor" on The Sarah Jane Adventures , Sarah Jane, after doing research to find other old companions of the Doctor, says that Ian and Barbara, now married and professors at Cambridge, are said not to have aged since the 1960s. Badass Normal : Barbara ran over Daleks with a lorry. The series' Moment of Awesome page put it best: "The first two seasons could have been renamed The Why Barbara Is Awesome Show, and no one would have noticed." Team Mom : Especially to Susan. Women Are Wiser : She has a habit of walking into a plot, seeing all possible options, and immediately steering everyone towards a solution. On most occasions, it works. Ian Chesterton Debut: " An Unearthly Child " Played by: William Russell (1963ï¿½65) "I know that free movement in time and space is a scientific dream I don't expect to find solved in a junkyard." A science teacher at Susan's school who, together with Barbara, gets abducted by the Doctor. Had a fondness for rescuing people, often through good old-fashioned fisticuffs. While decidedly less direct in his approach than Barbara, he adapted quickly to being a TARDIS traveller and put his Chronic Hero Syndrome to good use. Aborted Arc : He was supposed to be in "Mawdryn Undead", but was replaced by the Brigadier (of all people). Accidental Misnaming : The Doctor called him Chatterton, Chesterfield, Charleston... The Ageless : In "Death of the Doctor" on The Sarah Jane Adventures , Sarah Jane, after doing research to find other old companions of the Doctor, says that Ian and Barbara, now married and professors at Cambridge, are said not to have aged since the 1960s. However, in a reconstruction of the Missing Episodes of "The Crusade", William Russell appears as an older Ian to introduce the story. Further, " The Day of the Doctor " has a Freeze-Frame Bonus , naming an "I. Chesterton" as the Chairman of the Governors of Coal Hill School, where he worked before traveling with the Doctor. Awesome Anachronistic Apparel : After spending months in ancient China as Marco Polo's guest, he keeps wearing his Chinese clothing for the next adventure just for the heck of it. Badass in a Nice Suit : Exploring a new planet? Battling the forces of evil? Whatever the danger, Ian will face it head-on, and usually faces it in a suit and tie. Badass Normal : This garden variety human's achievements include beating the crap out of some soldiers and outsmarting Daleks left and right. Badass Teacher : Uses his knowledge of chemistry and physics in a few adventures. Beware the Nice Ones : He's pleasant, charming and easy-going.... and he will end you if you harm or threaten his friends. The Bus Came Back : Both he and Barbara make a surprise appearance the 50th anniversary comic book, "Hunters of the Burning Stone". Official Couple : With Barbara, eventually. Old-School Chivalry : He takes it as a matter of course that it should be his duty to protect the old man and the women in his company, and brave the dangers they encounter alone if possible. Susan thinks it's lovely that he takes such good care of them, but Barbara expresses annoyance at his chauvinism on more than one occasion. Opt Out : With Barbara, using the Daleks' time machine. Team Dad : Takes this role to Barbara's Team Mom , with Susan as the child and the Doctor as the curmudgeonly (and later kindly ) grandfather figure. Vicki Played by: Peter Purves (1965ï¿½66) "This is quite a ship you've got here, Doc." A very snarky marooned pilot from Earth's future, who stows away on the TARDIS. Deeply traumatised by having spent the few years before that as a prisoner, but adapts quickly to life as a TARDIS traveller. Ace Pilot : One of the few companions ever seen to pilot the TARDIS, albeit under the Doctor's careful supervision. Arbitrary Skepticism : He doesn't believe in time travel during his first adventure, even though he has no problem with the whole "bigger on the inside" thing. The Doctor takes great delight in mocking him. Characterization Marches On : He was introduced in his first full story " The Time Meddler " as a Loveable Rogue and extremely hot-tempered character who (being a space pilot) was already familiar with the way most things worked, condescendingly calling the Doctor 'Doc' and knowing lots about aliens and time travel science. In " Galaxy 4 " he suddenly develops a much less hot-headed way of voicing disagreements, due to the serial being written for Barbara, and his lines just being hers with some tweaks. In " The Myth Makers ", he takes a middle route between these two characterisations - the more sombre and respectful air of "Galaxy 4" while getting his confrontational personality from "The Time Meddler" back, which remains his default personality from then on. Companion Cube : His stuffed panda, Hi-Fi. The only thing that kept him sane-ish while stuck on the planet Mechanus for two years. The Lancer : To the Doctor. Sarcastic Devotee : For all his snarking, he comes to trust the Doctor implicitly. It takes a lot to make Steven waver in his conviction that whatever the Doctor does or asks his companions to do, there's bound to be a good reason. What the Hell, Hero? : He berates the Doctor and storms out of the TARDIS after they flee the Massacre of St. Bartholomew and leave a young Protestant girl behind. You Are in Command Now : How he leaves the show. Two factions choose him as their new ruler during their peace negotiations. You Look Familiar : Purves plays a different character in an earlier episode of the same story in which Steven is introduced. Katarina Debut: " The Myth Makers " Played by: Adrienne Hill (1965) "She wanted to save our lives, and perhaps the lives of all other beings of the solar system. I hope she found perfection." — First Doctor A priestess from ancient Troy who thought the Doctor was a god. Her character was considered too limiting and she only appeared in two stories. Debut: " The Daleks' Master Plan " Played by: Jean Marsh (1965) "Yes, he's dead. The others must be killed as well. They will be shot on sight but aim for the head." Outside of the Expanded Universe , she appeared in only one, twelve episode long, story, for seven of its episodes . She was intentionally written to serve in a companion role (taking over from Katarina) but was never intended to be a permanent character. Sara broke the normal companion mould (then and now) and worked as an agent for a sinister solar system-wide governmental security agency run by the human Big Bad . Once she realized her error, she joined the crew of the TARDIS. The Atoner : After she kills her own brother and realizes she has worked for the Big Bad all along, leads to her transitioning into a more normal Action Girl . The novelisation of the story makes this a big part of her character. She is haunted by nightmares of her brother's final moments and continually beats herself up over the fact that she blindly believed Mavic Chen when he said that Bret was a traitor. While she does genuinely want to stop the Daleks and Mavic Chen from destroying the universe, a major secondary reason is that she doesn't want the death of Bret to be in vain. Dark Action Girl : At least, the story wants to give his impression when she first appears. Expanded Universe : When her one and only (very long) story was novelised, it was split into parts. The second began by saying six months had passed since the first. Various Doctor Who Expanded Universe works have been set in this gap. (The novelizations, incidentally, do not occur in the same continuity as other branches of the EU, or with each other.) Several Big Finish audio dramas featuring her are set after her death, a copy of her personality having lingered on in a wish-granting house in Ely. Heroes Fight Barehanded : She loses her gun shortly after her introduction, but fights just as well without it in subsequent episodes. Played by: Jackie Lane (1966) "If it isn't allowed, Dodo would be first in the queue!" — Steven Taylor An teenaged schoolgirl from the year 1966. Although a Fish out of Water in most of time and space, she tried her best to stay brave and ended up saving the day a few times over. Break the Cutie : The Expanded Universe thrives on this trope anyway, but Dodo comes in for more than her share. She comes away from her travels with a venereal disease and a nervous breakdown. And that's just the start of it... Cloud Cuckoolander : In her brief time on the show, she manages to stand out as one of the strangest Companions the show has ever had - certainly not stupid, because she frequently makes quick connections about things the Doctor and Steven have missed , but the ways she expresses her ideas are invariably bizarre. She's also an extremely eccentric dresser (upon discovering the TARDIS wardrobe she immediately dresses up as a knight ), and doesn't seem to find the fact that the TARDIS is a Bigger on the Inside time machine which can never take her back to where she came from remotely weird or upsetting at all. Conveniently an Orphan : And conveniently unhappily adopted by her great-aunt, making this teenager singularly unconcerned by the prospect of never being able to return home. Do Not Call Me "Paul" : She's not fond of her given name, and insists on being called "Dodo". It takes the Doctor a while to get the message. The Good Old British Comp : Dodo was in school uniform when she first entered the TARDIS. Idiot Ball : It's been joked that she's called Dodo because of her lack of intelligence. Played by: Michael Craze (1966ï¿½1967) Ben: The Doctor always wore this. If you are him it should fit... That settles it! Second Doctor: I'd like to see a butterfly fit into a chrysalis case after it spreads its wings. Polly: Then you did change. A sailor from 1966. He and Polly helped the Doctor through his first regeneration. They joined and left the TARDIS crew at the same time as each other. Arbitrary Skepticism : Like Steven before him, while he quickly accepts the TARDIS' interior and its ability to move from place to place, he refuses to believe that it can travel in time. For a while, anyway. Berserk Button : Cracks about his height. The Dulcinea Effect : Ben comes to Polly's assistance when another man at the nightclub won't leave her alone. In Harm's Way : When he first appears, Ben's moping every night in the nightclub because he's been given a shore posting. The Napoleon : He's on the small side, being slightly shorter than Polly, and is also a terrible firebrand. Official Couple : It's (much) later revealed he and Polly got married, moved to India, and opened up an orphanage. Pretty Boy : One of the hottest male companions in the series. The Skeptic : He has a harder time adjusting to the Doctor's regeneration than Polly. Totally Radical : Intended by the production team to show the new face of Doctor Who in the swinging mid-sixties. Working-Class Hero : Ben is notable for being the Doctor's first explicitly working class companion i.e. he didn't speak in BBC English like everyone else (Dodo started off with a different accent but quickly started speaking in RP anyway). This causes a contrast with Polly, who is more middle class. Polly Played by: Anneke Wills (1966ï¿½1967) Ben: The Doctor always wore this. If you are him it should fit... That settles it! Second Doctor: I'd like to see a butterfly fit into a chrysalis case after it spreads its wings. Polly: Then you did change. A secretary from 1966. She and Ben helped the Doctor through his first regeneration. They joined and left the TARDIS crew at the same time as each other. Bound and Gagged : In "The Smugglers", in Episodes 2/3. Hair of Gold, Heart of Gold : In her first appearance we see her attempting to cheer up Ben, a complete stranger, and later easily parting with some money for a homeless man. No Name Given : Polly's surname is never mentioned on screen. It's probably "Wright". (In "The Faceless Ones", an alien duplicate of her gave her name as "Michelle Leuppi", but given that she was using a different forename there's no reason to suppose she kept Polly's original surname). Official Couple : It's (much) later revealed she and Ben got married, moved to India, and opened up an orphanage. Omniglot : In "The Underwater Menace", Ben has Polly try to speak to a local whose language they aren't sure of, with the expectation she can do it. Indeed, she goes through four different languages before the person speaks English. Only One Name : Polly's last name was never revealed on screen, but the scripts indicated it to be Wright, which has been adopted by the Doctor Who Expanded Universe . A few reference books in the 1980s gave her last name as Lopez, a mishearing of "Leuppi" as mentioned above. Stay in the Kitchen : Polly gets told to "Go make some coffee" a lot when she asks how she can help. Worse, when they leave the TARDIS crew Ben gets told to find his ship and become an admiral, while Polly should take care of Ben. Though in the Expanded Universe short stories from Big Finish , it's a few years before she and Ben get together, and she forges out her own career in Public Relations, becoming a little like Edina Monsoon , and later in The Sarah Jane Adventures , Sarah Jane says that they now run an orphanage in India. Polly was introduced as a scientist's personal secretary, which in 1966 meant that making coffee was more or less her real-life job. It's also arguably justified in a few cases, such as when she's on a late 21st century moon base where all the regular personnel are explicitly described as being highly-qualified scientists. Making coffee and assisting in the sickbay is actually the most helpful thing she can do. Totally Radical : Intended by the production team to show the new face of Doctor Who in the swinging mid-sixties. Jamie McCrimmon Played by: Frazer Hines (1966ï¿½69, 1983, 1985); Hamish Wilson (1968) "Me? Foreign? You're the one that's foreign - I'm Scottish." The longest running male companion to date. The longest running of all if you count by episodes instead of by years active. A young piper of the Clan McLaren, who came from 18th century Scotland. Became extremely close to the Doctor, both emotionally and due to a chronic case of Security Cling . Although he left at the end of the Second Doctor's televised run, they show up together, with both of them looking much older, for an adventure with the Sixth. This and similarly inexplicable appearances have resulted in the "Season 6B" theory, put forward by several writers and condoned by the BBC, which states Jamie continued to travel with the Second Doctor for many years before "Spearhead from Space". Ascended Extra : His character wasn't intended written to be a companion and the production team filmed a version of Jamie's introduction story in which he stayed behind in Scotland. Battle Cry : "Creag an Tuire!" ("The Boar's Rock", the motto of the McLaren Clan). Brave Scot : And very proud of it. Man in a Kilt : He's Scottish, what'd you expect? Mr. Fanservice : Named "Best Legs In The UK" much to the disappointment of many a young starlet hoping for the title. No Sense of Personal Space : Mostly with the Doctor, but sometimes with the female companions as well. The Nth Doctor : "The Mind Robber" replaced Frazer Hines, for an episode or two, for Hamish Wilson, who looked nothing like him. The story explained this by having him run afoul of a trap in the Land of Fiction that required the Doctor to try to reconstruct his face from a bunch of options (facial features hung on a blackboard), kind of like a Mr. Potato Head. He got it wrong the first time, and fixed it the second time, which brought back Frazer Hines. The actor switch was necessary because Frazer Hines had contracted chicken pox during the filming, and so was both contagious and also visibly affected by the disease and so unfit for filming the installments. The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything : He's a piper, yet he's never seen playing the bagpipes. Though, this may be for the best. Running Joke : Jamie would disguise his ignorance of modern technology with a mock-casual. "Aye, that." Security Cling : All the time, especially with the Doctor. Ship Tease : With Polly, Victoria (especially), Zoe and Peri. What the Hell, Hero? : He gives a big one to the Doctor in "The Evil of the Daleks". Victoria Waterfield Played by: Deborah Watling (1967ï¿½68, 1993) Second Doctor: You look very nice in that dress, Victoria. Victoria: Thank you. Don't you think it's a bit... Second Doctor: A bit short? Oh, I shouldn't worry about that. Look at Jamie's. A well-brought-up young lady from 1866. She was taken in by the Second Doctor after the Daleks blew up her home and exterminated her father, but she didn't take well at all to a lifestyle of constant danger. Gradually got broken. Break the Cutie : In her first couple of stories she's plucky, adventurous, and a dead shot with a pistol. By her last, she's been reduced to a nervous wreck who can't sleep for fear of the Monster of the Week . According to Deborah Watling , this gradual shift in character was deliberate. Badass Adorable : She's sweet and small and nervous and she will totally shoot you or attack you with a rogue speeding cart. Ship Tease : With Jamie. Vague Age : In her first serial, she's wearing the full-length dress of an adult, but her hair is still down (an adult would have it pinned up). What Happened to the Mouse? : In Death of the Doctor, we do not find out what she's been up to lately. Zoe Heriot Debut: " The Wheel in Space " Played by: Wendy Padbury (1968ï¿½69, 1983) "My head has been pumped full of facts and figures which I reel out automatically when needed, but I want to feel things as well." A teenaged astrophysicist from the 21st century ( as seen from 1968 ). Stowed away on board the TARDIS. Action Girl : She managed to defeat the Karkus, a superhero, in unarmed combat in " The Mind Robber ". Badass Adorable : As seen in " The Mind Robber ", she's very capable of taking care of herself, when facing off and winning a fight against her favorite fictional character, the Karkus. And the smile on her face when she got Karkus to submit? Priceless. Brainy Brunette : Possibly the smartest human companion the Doctor's ever had. Straw Vulcan : A bit. Teen Genius : Although it's never specified just how old she's supposed to be. Vague Age : Depending what source you consult, she's anything from 12 to 21, though Word of God tends towards 15 or 16. The only onscreen mention of her age is in " The Invasion ", where the Brigadier estimates it as 19. Her actress was 21. Waif-Fu : Adept at it. Yank the Dog's Chain : In just about any Expanded Universe work where her Laser-Guided Amnesia is undone, she's amnesiac again (and stands a good chance of being worse off in other respects) by the end. Dr. Elizabeth "Liz" Shaw Played by: Caroline John (1970, 1983, 1993) "I deal with facts, not science fiction ideas." The Third Doctor's first assistant when he was exiled to Earth. Scientific advisor to UNIT, before the Doctor showed up and casually took her job. Rarely in the mood for the Doctor's shenanigans. Because for her one season, the Doctor was Earthbound, she has the curious distinction of being the only regular companion who never once set foot inside the TARDIS (at least, not on screen). Adaptational Sexuality / Bi the Way : In P.R.O.B.E. (a Doctor Who spin-off series of fan videos from the nineties, written by Mark Gatiss ), Liz is either lesbian or bisexual, as she eventually enters into a relationship with Patricia Haggard (played by Louise Jameson). Agent Scully : Initially she doesn't believe in aliens. She quickly changes her mind. Beleaguered Assistant : Starts off as being rather unhappy with being pulled away from Cambridge. Deadpan Snarker : Towards UNIT and Three. Expanded Universe : Eventually got her own direct-to-video spinoff, P.R.O.B.E., in 1994. Fiery Redhead : She could even out-stubborn the Third Doctor. Got Volunteered : How she ended up at UNIT. Hot Scientist : Spends a lot of time in Three's lab. Ms. Fanservice : If her penchant for mini-skirts is any indication. Omnidisciplinary Scientist : She holds degrees in medicine, physics, and "a dozen other subjects". Prim and Proper Bun : Sports one in her first story, when her relationship with the Brigadier and UNIT is at its frostiest. In subsequent stories, with the ice broken, she lets her hair down . Put on a Bus : Left for Cambridge offscreen in "Terror of the Autons", apparently dissatisified with her job of "passing the Doctor test tubes". Barry Letts apparently didn't like the character, but she was already under contract, which he didn't renew. She's said to have returned to UNIT and was stuck in the moonbase as of the The Sarah Jane Adventures story "Death of the Doctor". We Hardly Knew Ye : Appeared in one series consisting of four stories, plus a cameo in "The Five Doctors". Josephine "Jo" Grant Played by: Katy Manning (1971ï¿½1973) Also appeared with the Eleventh Doctor in an episode of The Sarah Jane Adventures (2010). Third Doctor: I thought you said you took science at A-Level . Jo: I didn't say I passed. Assistant to the Third Doctor during his exile on Earth. Joined UNIT when a high-placed uncle got her the job, and was quickly shoved onto the Doctor by the Brigadier. However, Jo is far from useless, and will not stand to have someone belittle her. She's an expert in escapology and can easily get out of a jam, or fight back when she needs to, so don't let her cute looks fool you. Jo is a passionate and gentle soul who deeply cares about people, and will do what she can to help them, even if it means risking her life. She sometimes will get a little too focused on them and forget about her own safety , and she can be really excitable . Returned briefly as a companion to the Eleventh Doctor in The Sarah Jane Adventures . Badass Adorable : Look at those faces she pulls. Look at the way she knocks out prison guards with food trays. She beats up several large soldiers and runs off with one of their motorcycles, everyone is surprised. Also appeared as the main character of both K-9 and Company (1981) and The Sarah Jane Adventures (2007ï¿½2011). Sarah Jane: So, providing we don't burn up on re-entry and aren't suffocated on the way down, we'll probably be smashed to a pulp when we land. Fourth Doctor: Exactly. Sarah, you've put your finger on the one tiny flaw in our plan. Sarah Jane: Our plan? It's your plan! Sarah Jane was a journalist from South Croydon, who met the Doctor while posing as her virologist aunt Lavinia. Perhaps the most archetypal companion (many older fans grew up with her as their companion), and the longest-serving if you count by number of serials. So popular that she got two spinoffs: the didn't-go-anywhere K-9 and Company pilot, and eventually the very successful Whoniverse tie-in spinoff The Sarah Jane Adventures (2007-2011), in which the Tenth and Eleventh Doctors also appear. Still the only classic series companion to show up in the new Doctor Who TV series played by the original actress. Beware the Nice Ones : Kind, sweet Sarah Jane has, among other things, blown up a rocket by sniping an explosive the Doctor planted there, and almost convinced the Doctor to commit genocide against the Daleks and was prepared to do it herself but for getting interrupted. In the revived series, hurt her friends and family, and she sinks well and truly into the Mama Bear trope. On some occasions this makes her downright dangerous. Bound and Gagged : In "The Masque of Mandragora", in episode 3. Brainwashed : Holds the companion record for most times hypnotized. It seemed like she was hypnotized in every episode. Lampshaded in " The Hand of Fear " and The Sarah Jane Adventures . Break the Cutie : She's been through a lot during her tenure. Brick Joke : One that took around 30 years to land. When we last saw her in Tom Baker 's day, he'd dropped her off in a place he assured her was Croydon. We find out in David Tennant 's time that it was actually Aberdeen, Scotland... 408 miles (657km) apart. Tenth Doctor: Right. That's near Croydon, isn't it? The Bus Came Back : Did it ever. Notably, she's the only (human) Classic Who companion to show up in the revived series. Conveyor Belt-O-Doom : Is put on one in "The Seeds of Doom", but to be fair she also (later in the story) rescued the Doctor from said same fate. Casual Danger Dialog : After she starts getting used to the lifestyle, she can go almost toe to toe with the Fourth Doctor in terms of making jokes and quips in tense situations and happily reels off nursery rhymes along with him, although she much more obviously uses Casual Danger Dialog to release stress than the Doctor. Played by: Ian Marter (1974ï¿½75) "Steady, steady on, old girl, steady on." A surgeon lieutenant at UNIT, of the old-fashioned gentleman variety. Originally posted to UNIT from the Royal Navy as a medical orderly, he joined Team TARDIS after the Brigadier told him to keep an eye on the Doctor, which Harry took to mean "across time and space". Had a habit of getting stuck down gentle slopes and being attacked by entirely stationary animals. Badass Normal : No matter what Four says, Harry had his badass moments. The Bus Came Back : After his departure as regular character in "Terror of the Zygons", he made one more appearance later in the season, in "The Android Invasion" (the last 1970s UNIT story to feature any recurring characters from the organisation). The Character Died with Him : In The Sarah Jane Adventures episode "Death of the Doctor", he's referred to in the past tense, implying that Harry is dead. The Chew Toy : The Fourth Doctor picked on him a lot. Distressed Dude : All the time. Infamously got nearly eaten by a Skaro clam, despite clams not exactly being known for their high velocity or their predatory abilities. Genre Refugee : According to Terrance Dicks , he was supposed to be a ridiculous, over-the-top Boy's Own adventure hero who had somehow found himself in a Doctor Who story, being narratively upstaged by the Doctor and not quite able to realise why this is happening to him. He doesn't really scan as this after " Robot ", due to other writers taking his genre quirks more seriously . Informed Ability : He's a doctor (a literal one of medicine), but always seems out of his element. The Doctor teases him about it and jokes that Harry's only qualified to operate on sailors. Big Finish states that he ends up working as a virus researcher for NATO. Later, in The Sarah Jane Adventures , Sarah Jane confirms that after his time with the Doctor, he did pioneering work with vaccines, saving thousands of people. Just Following Orders : His reason for joining the TARDIS crew. Quintessential British Gentleman : "I say!" Remember the New Guy : He's first introduced as an established member of UNIT, who's apparently already very familiar with the Doctor. In fact, the Brigadier makes a phone call to the medical officer "Lieutenant Sullivan" in the story before his actual debut. Straw Misogynist : Can be pretty sexist and condescending towards Sarah Jane. This was deliberate by the production team in order to contrast with Sarah Jane's Straw Feminist traits. Unfazed Everyman : He takes everything in his stride. You Look Familiar : Ian Marter had a minor part in the Third Doctor serial " Carnival of Monsters " before being cast as Harry. Leela of the Sevateem Played by: Louise Jameson (1977ï¿½78, 1993) "Don't worry, Doctor. I found the answer: knife them in the neck!" A human Noble Savage , descendant of an ill-fated colonization expedition and genetically altered into a perfect warrior. Primarily remembered for her Fanservice leotard and trying to kill anything that looked hostile — however, though she was (initially) quite ignorant, she was definitely not stupid and made up for her lack of knowledge with her own insights, kindness and Simpleminded Wisdom . Action Girl : Her first instinct when faced with trouble was to hurt things until trouble went away again. Anti-Hero : Unlike the Doctor , Leela doesn't have any qualms about hurting or killing others. The Doctor caves in during their third story together and just lets her kill whatever's attacking them. Badass Boast : She has some of the most memorable in the series. Leela: Before I die I'll see this rathole ankle deep in blood. That is a promised thing. Blood Knight : A rare example of a blood knight who's both female and one of the good guys. Leela: Enjoy your death, Rutan! As I enjoyed killing you! Bound and Gagged : In "The Talons of Weng-Chiang", in Episode 6. Cargo Cult : The Sevateem turn out to be the descendants of a crashed Survey Team, and ended up worshiping their own broken technology after a few generations of mucking about in tents. Conveniently an Orphan : Her father dies in their very first scene, taking the tribe's trial instead of her after she's convicted for heresy. Depending on the Writer : When first introduced, she was relatively uncivilised but in fact highly intelligent (she is shown as abandoning all superstition when the Doctor explains science to her). In "The Robots of Death", she immediately understands what's going on with Poul, but lacks the cultural context to articulate it to any characters other than the Doctor. In "The Talons of Weng-Chiang", she caught on the nature of the villain almost as quickly as the Doctor. Bob Baker and Dave Martin, on the other hand, saw her as just uneducated and stupid and struggled to use her - in "The Invisible Enemy" she's described as 'all instinct and emotion', and in "Underworld" by the same writers she gets hit by Stun Guns and spends most of the story acting stoned as comic relief. Compare to "The Sun Makers", in which she is also comic relief for most of the story, but able to understand fairly sophisticated economic situations. Detect Evil : Has the ability to sense evil. Expanded Universe : Though Leela gets name-dropped by the Doctor in a couple of TV episodes (and in an "I wonder how Leela's doing" context), she doesn't return for real until the audio play "Zagreus", where she teams up with Time Lady President Romana. The two then went on to star in their own spin-off which ran from 2004-2013. Big Finish also sees her starring in several seasons of the Jago & Litefoot series. Fur Bikini : More precisely, a leather leotard and knee-high boots. Actress Louise Jameson once showed off a letter she received from a young girl viewer asking if Leela would "please wear more clothes". In a scene filmed for the Series 5 DVD release, Amy Pond comes close to uttering the trope name when she asks if Leela (seen in a photograph) is wearing a "leather bikini". Genre Refugee : She's a character from an Edwardian Jungle Opera novel, to go with her Gothic Literature -themed Doctor. She's from a Cargo Cult worshipping Ancient Astronauts (albeit with a twist), uses all of the Noble Savage and Nubile Savage tropes and her name is a play on 'Leila', the stereotypical name of foreign Femme Fatale characters of Two-Fisted Tales of this era. She also takes influence from the Pygmalion Plot , to the point where she was originally conceived as a Victorian Cockney flower girl. Also appeared in K-9 and Company (1981), The Sarah Jane Adventures (2007ï¿½2010), and as the main character of K9 (2009ï¿½2010) Spelling Both "K9" and "K-9" have seen use in licensed media, but John Leeson has always been credited as "K9" or "Voice of K9". "I am not a dog. I dislike the terms "heel", "sit", and "boy"." The first robot-buddy of the franchise, hailing from the 51st century. Several versions existed. Shared a spinoff with Sarah Jane Smith and is a recurring character on The Sarah Jane Adventures , being a regular for series 3. Also got his own Australian-made spinoff , K9 . K-9 Mark I, the original built by Professor Marius, was a highly advanced robot built to resemble a dog. Known for his laser nose, propensity to speak in Literal-Minded terms, and his constant uttering of "Affirmative", or "Negative", which stuck with his descendants. He had a short run and remained with Leela on Gallifrey. This was because his prop's maintenance sucked. Prone to break even if it hit a simple bump on the floor, he was quickly replaced by Mark II. Mark I was later brought back in his own series but due to design copyrights, he got destroyed in a fight with the Jixen and regenerated through a special repair unit into a brand new appearance with Laser-Guided Amnesia to sever all explicit ties with the Doctor Who franchise. K-9 Mark II was the replacement for Mark I, who would now only stun, not kill things. Affectionately referring to the Doctor as "Master", Mark II was conceived because K-9 was popular with the kids, but the prop needed a redesign after breaking down all the time. He stayed with Romana II when she stopped travelling in the TARDIS. At one point, John Leeson quit signing on to voice the character and David Brierley was brought on as his interim voice actor. He tried to imitate Leeson's portrayal, but still had a noticeably different inflection, so the voice change was Hand Waved as K-9 contracting robot laryngitis, so it pained him to speak and he had a hoarser voice when he did. This let writers coast by with K-9 having as few lines as necessary to somewhat mask Brierley's portrayal until Leeson finally agreed to resume his duty as K-9's definitive voice actor. K-9 Mark III was the model who got given to Sarah Jane Smith as a gift from the Doctor, in the One-Episode Wonder K-9 and Company. He turned up in a few comic stories and "The Five Doctors", and that was it (unless you count the non-canon "Search Out Space" and "Dimensions in Time"). He didn't appear again until 2006 in a few audio stories leading up to Sarah Jane Smith's return to the series proper, where he got badly damaged, fell into disrepair, and rusted in Sarah Jane's attic because she didn't know how to fix a robot dog with futuristic technology, nor could she reveal said technology to anyone before its time. Mark III's functionality was somewhat restored by the Tenth Doctor, long enough for him to give his life by defeating the Krillitanes. K-9 Mark IV was given to Sarah Jane by the Tenth Doctor as a replacement for Mark III, along with a sonic lipstick inside his casing. Mark IV was better associated as Sarah Jane's K-9 than the Doctor's, and this loyal robot called her "Mistress". He sported a more computerized-sounding voice and did not have as many locomotion woes because he could hover up stairs. He served as Sarah Jane's loyal pet and had an ongoing rivalry with Mr. Smith, the Xylok supercomputer. However, licensing issues left him trying to close a black hole after a Switzerland experiment went awry for the first three seasons of the The Sarah Jane Adventures. Then, he had a more active role in the plot, until the Australian K-9 series came out and the licensing disputes resurfaced, causing him to go to college with Luke Smith and return to light roles in the show. Badass Adorable : Especially in the revival series. Breakout Character : Like Sarah Jane he got his own television series, even if it only lasted one season. The Dog Came Back : The first K-9 (Mark I) was left with Leela on Gallifrey, the second K-9 (Mark II) was left with Romana II, a third and fourth K-9 (Mark III and IV) were given to Sarah Jane Smith... The Cameo : The original K-9 hosted the 40th anniversary celebrations for the series while it was in its so-called wilderness years, voiced by John Leeson. The newly-introduced Mark IV, also played by Leeson, appeared on The Weakest Link in 2007 for a promotion of Series 2, but he was mostly a Joke Character who was voted off immediately, even voting himself off (though due to the rules of the game, he had to vote for someone other than himself, but this didn't stop him from voicing his intent). The reason was that the prop operators feared K-9's dreaded habit of breaking down at the most inconvenient times would happen during the game, so they made sure he would be voted off in the first round (the game's selection of DW cast itself admittedly agreed to rig their votes so that only members of the regular cast at the time were guaranteed to stay on till the final round and guest cast got the boot- but this didn't stop top-billed actors from being voted off). Canine Companion : The Doctor insisted on treating him like an actual dog. Think Nothing of It : Used a few times. Zeerust : Lampshaded in "School Reunion". Rose: It looks so... disco . Tenth Doctor: Oi! In the year 5000 this was cutting-edge! Romana "You were the noblest Romana of them all." — Fourth Doctor A Time Lord, or more properly a Time Lady, like the Doctor, and therefore has multiple regenerations. (Two were seen onscreen, dubbed Romana I and Romana II by fans; the Expanded Universe added several possible thirds.) Sent to assist the Doctor against his will in the search for the Key To Time . She was initially what one would call "book-smart": extremely well-educated (her academic record trounced the Doctor's), but quite young and with little practical experience. Tropes common to both incarnations: Character Development : Her first incarnation was cold, detached and focused purely on the mission. Once she regenerated, Romana loosened up considerably and became much more fond of the Doctor. Deadpan Snarker : Both of them were prone to this. The first Romana's snark was rather icy, whereas the second preferred good natured ribbing. Distaff Counterpart : To the Doctor. A wandering Gallifreyan who dresses oddly, has adventures and (eventually) carries a sonic screwdriver. The Fashionista : Loved trying on new outfits, sometimes a few different ones in a single episode. Mary Tamm designed her own outfit in "The Androids of Tara" and Lalla Ward came up with her own ideas. Hot Scientist : Smarter than the Doctor, albeit less experienced. Only One Name : As with most Time Lords and Ladies. However, unlike many traveling Time Lords, she never adopts an alias, she just shortens her real name. Romana I: You're capricious, arrogant, self-opinionated, irrational, and you don't even know where we're going! The Doctor: Exactly! A tall, leggy, dark-haired woman; the initial concept of her was a " Grace Kelly " sort of character. Had a penchant for armchair psychology. According to the Big Finish Audios, she regenerated when forces beyond her control were drawn out by the Key to Time and started to weaken her body, but she passed the reasons off as a whim. Action Girl : Occurs unexpectedly in "The Pirate Planet" when she gets into a laser gun fight and wins. Agony of the Feet : Romana's fashion statement got the better of her when she made a really bad choice of shoes in "The Stones of Blood" and wore high heels in a terrain filled with rocks. Naturally, she switched to bare feet before the end of the first episode to alleviate the pain and then put on some pragmatic boots. Defrosting Ice Queen : She relaxes a lot over the course of her tenure. Dropped a Bridge on Her : Without actually getting rid of the character. Since she's the same race as the Doctor, she could regenerate and stay on as a character. However, the regeneration comes with no explanation and is a lot like a standard Put on a Bus . She doesn't even get a death scene — Romana just happily walks into the console room with a new face and announces that she's regenerating, in a completely new way that was never seen again, and the Doctor is absolutely baffled. The Expanded Universe offered several possible explanations, which of course all contradict each other. Foil : The Doctor is very experienced in adventuring but barely managed to graduate from the Time Lord academy; Romana is new to the wider universe but is very accomplished academically. Identical Stranger : Princess Strella of the planet Tara. Love Redeems : The Black Guardian's minion the Shadow develops a bit of a crush on Romana. Played by: Lalla Ward (1979ï¿½81, 1983, 1993) Also appeared with the Eighth Doctor in the BBCi webcast version of "Shada" (2001) The Doctor: Psst, you are wonderful. Romana II: Suppose I am. I've never really thought about it. Shorter, with strawberry blonde hair. Still snarky, but a lot more bubbly and Constantly Curious . And if anything, her style flair got even more creative. Bifauxnen : She dressed in men's clothing a lot. Catholic Schoolgirls Rule : Wears a very St. Trinian's style uniform in the "City of Death" serial. Lalla Ward, judging by interviews and the production notes, came up with the idea and had no concept it was a fetish. Cosplay : Many of her outfits have a distinct "fancy dress" flavour: the school uniform in "City of Death", the pink version of the Doctor's costume in "Destiny of the Daleks", the fox-hunting gear in "The Horns of Nimon". Described in one DVD extra as the only woman who could pull off wearing a fruit salad on her head. Expanded Universe : Her Big Finish audio spinoff with Leela, appropriately called Gallifrey (which has its own tropes page), spans eleven years (2004-2015). Big Finish is also one of the various franchises to provide a third regeneration of Romana. Gendered Outfit : Wore a pink version of the Doctor's outfit at one point. Played by: Matthew Waterhouse (1980ï¿½82) "Could anyone pass the sodium chloride, please?" A snotty teenage maths geek from E-Space, annoying in the way that snotty teenage geek-boys usually are, but a well-meaning kid all the same. The Doctor saw him as an incompetent underling, despite the fact that Adric was an absolute genius when it came to maths — just one who had a lot of learning to do about personal skills. As a result, Adric felt ignored, unwanted and rejected, and tried coming up with his own creative solutions to solving each episode's problems. Usually very unsuccessfully. It all came to a head when he had a falling out with the Fifth Doctor and demanded to be returned to his home in E-Space. Unfortunately, the TARDIS crew ran afoul of a Cybermen plot to lay waste to future humankind, and just barely managed to throw their plans off course. After a very brutal battle against the Cybermen, Adric's fate was tragically sealed when he became trapped inside a crashing freighter on an unstoppable collision course with prehistoric Earth. After the TARDIS navigation controls were blown up by enemy fire, the Doctor and company could only watch the inevitable unfold. With no hope of rescue, Adric braced himself for the end, sharing his late brother's fate of an equally young and bitter demise. His loss devastated the Fifth Doctor, haunting him all the way to the very last moments of his life, and it deeply affected his fellow companions Tegan and Nyssa with pain and regret. All of the Other Reindeer : Adric is everybody's Butt Monkey from the word go, and seen as an annoying tagalong more than anything else. At the start of "Earthshock," he actually confronts the Doctor about the way he's being treated by everybody, and how he's completely sick of it. The Doctor dashes out of the TARDIS as fast as he can just to avoid having to talk about those things. Anti-Hero : A bit of a jerk towards people at times. Notably, he felt that women aren't good for anything, which didn't exactly make him popular with fellow companions Tegan and Nyssa . The Artful Dodger : It's even part of his character concept. Berserk Button : Adric puts a girl in a stranglehold for trying to take his maths badge. In his first scene. It is a lot more heartbreaking in hindsight considering his ultimate fate, and how his badge ends up symbolically broken. BFG : Used for a very weakly executed but surprisingly effective one-man Big Damn Heroes moment near the end of "Warriors' Gate." Big Eater : A large amount of his character motivation throughout the episodes stems from just wanting to find some food. Played by: Sarah Sutton (1981ï¿½83) "Do you have any books on telebiogenesis?" A teenaged biologist and the daughter of Tremas, who got his body possessed by the Master at the end of Fourth Doctor serial " The Keeper of Traken ." Quiet, stoic and very handy with electronics. One of the most accomplished TARDIS pilots among the companions; she was even able to fly it solo (with assists from Tegan in " Castrovalva " and Adric in " The Visitation "). '80s Hair : A big mess of brown curls. Angst? What Angst? : The implications of her tragic backstory are barely mentioned in the show, but the Expanded Universe would make use of all her emotional baggage. invoked The Stoic : It's implied, on the show and in the expanded universe, to be why her pain rarely shows. Ascended Extra : Was never intended to be a companion, until producer John Nathan-Turner decided otherwise. Even as a regular, Nyssa tended to have less to do than everyone else: unlike Adric, Tegan, or Turlough, she was rarely ever the focus of a story, with the sole exception being her final appearance in "Terminus." The character really ascended in the Big Finish audios, though: the fact that both Janet Fielding and Matthew Waterhouse initially declined to reprise their roles as Tegan and Adric (and Nicola Bryant's Peri appearances tended to be split with Colin Baker's Sixth Doctor) meant that Nyssa was one of the most frequent companions for Peter Davison's fifth Doctor in the early years of the range. Beware the Nice Ones : " Arc of Infinity ." She pulls a gun on the Time Lord President, amongst many others. Sarah Sutton notes in the DVD commentary how unusually trigger-happy Nyssa was in this story. Brainy Brunette : Very clever. She was able to fly and repair the TARDIS, and could talk about space and time on the Doctor's own level, although she lacked his experience. Break the Cutie : She's had her planet destroyed and her father possess by the Master. She copes very well. Cannot Tell a Lie : While an expert on many subjects, Nyssa was not much use when it came to subterfuge. Giant Poofy Sleeves : Wore them at times, but was eventually forced to discard the dress for something practical. Played by: Janet Fielding (1981ï¿½84) Also appeared with the Sixth Doctor in "A Fix with Sontarans" (1986) Fifth Doctor: How do you feel now? Tegan: Groggy, sore, and bad-tempered. Fifth Doctor: Almost your old self, then! A brash Australian , inadvertently kidnapped from 1981 just as she was about to start a new job as a flight attendant. Created to help sell the show to Australia. Once described herself as "just a mouth on legs". One of a very few companions seen to pilot the TARDIS, albeit not very well. Longest-serving companion if you count by consecutive years active. '80s Hair : The short, Sheena Easton variety. "A Fix With Sontarans" later shows her with the eightiest hair imaginable. Tomboy : To Nyssa's Girly Girl . Took a Level in Badass : She's a Non-Action Snarker for much of her initial run. But "Earthshock" finally sees her changing out of her stewardess gear and into a combat outfit, leaping into action, and shooting a Cyberman to death with its own gun. Tsundere : The deredere being nearly vestigial. Unfazed Everyman : Her first reaction on seeing the inside of the TARDIS isn't shock, or even curiosity — but the immediate urge to go seek out the pilot and tell him he's a rubbish driver. Vitriolic Best Buds : With Adric. They seem to care as much as they bicker, especially when one of them gets captured. With Turlough. Also got some Those Two Guys going with Turlough. Weirdness Magnet : Even more so than the Doctor. If it's in any way deadly, it'll find Tegan. Somehow. Vislor Turlough Played by: Mark Strickson (1983ï¿½84) "What is it about Earth people that makes them think a futile gesture is a noble one?" An alien noble exiled to Earth after a revolution on his planet, Turlough is posing as an English schoolboy when the Doctor meets him. Gets drafted by the Black Guardian with a promise of freedom if he kills the Doctor, but Turlough just isn't evil enough to go through with it. While the Doctor and Turlough have had their differences, Turlough eventually grew to consider the Doctor his closest friend. Just don't expect him to admit it. Anti-Hero : Starts out as the Token Evil Teammate , but it's quickly revealed he's not actually evil — just troubled. Voiced by: Gerald Flood (1983ï¿½84) "Unexpected as it may be, I do have a mind of my own." A shape-changing robot that the Master acquired as a sort of souvenir from the planet Xeriphas , this character quite literally vanished into the TARDIS rather than becoming a Companion. (The robot was a prop from some other project that was never made, was shoe-horned into Doctor Who, and was promptly written out again when it proved to be an absolute nightmare to use, with its pre-programmed lines constantly going out of sync and suffering repeated breakdowns, and its creator died without leaving sufficient instructions behind as to how to control it.) Showed up in " The King's Demons " as a villain and puppet of the Master, got cut from an appearance in " The Awakening " and made a final appearance in " Planet of Fire ." Played by: Nicola Bryant (1984ï¿½86) The Master: I am the Master! Peri: So what? I'm Perpugilliam Brown, and I can shout just as loud as you can! The series' only regular American companion ( supposedly ), Peri was a botany student who stumbled into the TARDIS while she was on holiday. Got a bit of a shock during her third televised adventure, when her kind gentlemanly Doctor suddenly regenerated into a peremptory jerkass and tried to murder her in the middle of his regeneration trauma. Developed a lot of attention from fans due to her tendency to wear tight clothes . '80s Hair : With a headband and everything. Abhorrent Admirer : Peri has an unfortunate knack for attracting lustful weirdos, such as Sharaz Jek and the Borad. Abusive Parents : She has a nightmare about her step-father in her first appearance: fans were left to draw their own (generally unpleasant) conclusions. In the Expanded Universe , she was molested as a child. Break the Cutie indeed. Absolute Cleavage : Just ask Peter Davison . Some of her wardrobe is actually modest. Bare Your Midriff : She regularly tied up her shirts to reveal her midriff. Played by: Sophie Aldred (1987ï¿½89) "I'm ready for them. Question is, are they ready for me?" A late-eighties teenager rescued from an ice planet where she was working as a waitress (long story). Notable as one of the relatively few classic series girls who actively attempted to beat up the monsters rather than scream at them. She also liked to deploy her favourite weapon, a homemade explosive she called Nitro-9. Always called the Doctor "Professor", even after he asked her not to. This started out as an example of her anti-authority bent, then turned into an affectionate nickname between them. Oh, and she was the reason the Crowning Moment of Awesome trope page was created. '80s Hair : A tight ponytail or braid near the top of her head. Aborted Arc : Had the show not been placed on hiatus, the Doctor would have enrolled Ace in the Time Lord Academy so she could undergo training to become a Time Lord. The planned episode dealing with this plan, "Thin Ice," was eventually recorded by Big Finish in audio format, and Ace eventually gets into Time Lord Academy in the Big Finish Gallifrey series under Romana's presidency. A version of this also happens in the BBC webcast audio play Death Comes To Time. Action Girl : She defeated a Dalek with a baseball bat. Allergic to Evil : In the "Remembrance of the Daleks" novelization, any sign of racism brings flashbacks to the fire in Manisha's apartment. Ambiguously Gay : Very much Depending on the Writer . Creator Ian Briggs wrote a sexual liaison with Sabalom Glitz into her character outline , although it was never made explicit in the series. Other writers , like Rona Munro, intentionally wrote her as a Butch Lesbian (as much as the BBC would permit anyway). Ace occasionally has chemistry with male guest stars (notably Captain Sorin in " The Curse of Fenric "), but it's much more common with the ladies. In the Expanded Universe , she Really Gets Around , although she's only seen hooking up with men. Her TV series appearances average out to Bi the Way , which Sophie Aldred herself agrees with. Anti-Hero : She's not a very mentally stable person, and she's gotten in trouble with the law before. Ascended Extra : The original plan was for Ace and Glitz to leave Ice World at the end of the episode, and Ray (from "Delta and the Bannermen") would have been Seven's companion. When that didn't pan out, Ace became an Ascended Extra and Mel stayed with Glitz instead. This is also the reason Glitz knows where Ace lives — it was originally meant as Foreshadowing . Word of God has it that Glitz and Ace were sleeping together and that he took her virginity. Berserk Button : Do NOT call her 'small'. One Dalek made this mistake, and Ace's reaction... see for yourself... Boots of Toughness : Favours rugged Doc Marten boots, where most companions' footwear tends to the flimsy and fashionable. Brains and Brawn : Seven was a consummate Chessmaster and Magnificent Bastard who rarely dirtied his hands with a fight. Ace whipped up homemade explosives and rarely met a fight she didn't like. Broken Bird : The girl had issues. And guidance counsellors. You Called Me "X"; It Must Be Serious : If Ace calls the Doctor "Doctor" instead of "Professor", it's a sign she's genuinely upset. Dr. Grace Holloway Dr. Grace Holloway (Eighth Doctor) note She met Seven first, but wasn't a companion until after he regenerated into Eight. Played by: Daphne Ashbrook (1996) "Doctor, I only have one life. Can you try to keep that in mind?" Only on-screen companion of the Eighth Doctor, Grace also has the dubious distinction of having killed the Seventh Doctor. She's a cardiologist from 1999 San Francisco with a fondness for opera. All Love Is Unrequited : Her boyfriend leaves her. Her new love interest is an amnesiac Time Lord. "I finally meet the right guy... and he's from another planet!" Arbitrary Skepticism : She gets that the Doctor has two hearts, but keeps refusing to believe anything he tells her. At the Opera Tonight : She's attending the opera when she's called to operate on the Doctor. Big Damn Kiss : The first companion to ever be kissed on the lips by the Doctor. She promptly asks him to do it again. The Master gets a kiss in as well, when she's Brainwashed and Crazy . Daphne Ashbrook still shares little kisses with Paul McGann at conventions, and has taken to kissing other Doctors as well — she says she's trying to collect them all. So far, she's managed to lure in Peter Davison , Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy . People Puppets : To the Master. Refusal of the Call : Ultimately, she decides not to go with the Doctor, and the Doctor refuses to stay on Earth with her. ( Big Finish confirms that they stay friends, and that he visits her on occasion.) Writing Around Trademarks : Due to extensive copyright issues, Grace is still not allowed to appear in Doctor Who adaptations. The Doctor Who Magazine comics somehow found a way around the legal issues and gave her a major guest appearance in one story, but other Doctor Who Expanded Universe spinoffs can't go any further than mentioning her by name. This hasn't prevented Daphne Ashbrook from appearing in other roles, though, and she's reunited (albeit as a very different character) with Paul McGann in Big Finish . However she acts as 8's companion in "Prisoners of Time" , where he turns up to ask her for a trip, though she finds it overwhelming. :: Indexes ::	K9
Which former Blue Peter presenter was involved in the first National Lottery TV draw in November 1994?	The Invisible Enemy (TV story) \| Tardis \| Fandom powered by Wikia Horror of Fang Rock The Invisible Enemy was the second story of Season 15 of Doctor Who . It introduced the robot dog K9 as a companion to the Fourth Doctor . This story returned the Fourth Doctor and Leela to the original TARDIS console room from the beginning of Season 14 , now with a considerably updated appearance, with the changes in its features and the fact the Doctor had reverted to using a different console room all this time being explained as a deliberate attempt to redecorate the console. During the production break between the 1976 and 1977 seasons, the newer, gothic-style TARDIS console set that had been designed to improve the comfort of camera crew's filming duties was put into storage. However, the wooden paneled walls of the set proved to be its greatest flaw when they warped out of shape while the prop was not being used. The damage was too extensive to repair, and the new set had to be discarded in favour of adopting a replacement based on the old console design. Contents Edit A small spacecraft flies through an asteroid belt . Despite the efforts of the three-man crew, it is drawn into an anomaly. An energy discharge strikes the ship and infects the computer with a virus , which declares, "Contact has been made"... By the time the ship reaches Titan Base , the three crewmen have been infected also. They kill the resident crew and reveal their slowly changing faces. When the station supervisor, Lowe , realises the men he knew are now trying to take over the base, he sends out a distress call. The Fourth Doctor and Leela , back in the refurbished console room , intercept the distress signal and proceed towards Titan . They pass through the same anomaly. The Doctor is struck by the energy, collapsing on the floor. He eventually recovers, but seems disoriented and briefly has trouble speaking. Despite Leela's warrior instincts telling her there is danger and evil on the station, the Doctor insists they answer the mayday. The shuttle crew are already aware of the TARDIS ' imminent arrival and prepare for the coming of " the Nucleus ". Lowe tries to stop them, killing Silvey , but Safran and Meeker chase him into the cryogenic section and lock him in. Leela learns to write. The Doctor and Leela separate and explore the station. Leela finds a frozen Lowe and helps him recover, learning of the shuttle crew's strange behaviour. The Doctor meets Safran and Meeker, who use the energy discharge to further infect him. They order him to kill Leela, who is immune and therefore useless to them. When the Doctor finds her, Meeker insists that he is not in danger from the Nucleus that infests the Doctor's body. Leela kills Meeker, but not before he has infected Lowe. As Lowe leaves to follow Safran, the Doctor creeps up behind Leela, his hand covered with silver fur, and aims a weapon at her back. Part 2 Edit The Doctor resists the voice in his head, manages to warn Leela and collapses, his infection receding. Lowe and Safran confer and decide that, while Safran prepares the station for incubating the virus, Lowe shall protect the Doctor at all costs. When the Doctor insists on finding medical help, Lowe suggests the Bi-Al Foundation in the nearby asteroid belt. The Doctor gives Leela the co-ordinates before he puts himself in a coma and she pilots the TARDIS there. The Doctor is taken to Professor Marius , an expert in alien diseases, who at first dismisses the Doctor as a spacenik . Lowe fakes an eye injury and infects a doctor with the virus. They begin infecting more staff members. Marius becomes much more interested in the Doctor's case when his robotic dog , K9 , reveals the Doctor's extraterrestrial origin and that he is infected by a virus residing in the mind-brain interface . The Doctor wakes himself and discusses the virus with Marius and K9, who was built by the professor to replace the dog he left on Earth. They decide that the virus thrives on intellectual activity. Since Leela is an instinctive being, it cannot infect her. Marius prepares to operate on the Doctor's brain , which makes the virus cause a shuttle to crash into the asteroid as a distraction, while the infected staff launch an attack on the operating theatre. Leela and K9 hold off the infected crew while the Doctor forms a new plan, preparing short-lived clones of Leela and himself before lapsing back into his coma. The Doctor's clone uses the TARDIS' dimensional stabiliser to shrink the clones to microscopic size so Marius can inject them into the Doctor's body. Part 3 Edit Clones of Leela and The Doctor in the Doctor 's real brain . The clones make their way into the Doctor's brain, dodging electrical impulses and the Doctor's immune system. They look for the mind-brain interface, where the Nucleus has hidden itself, and any neural damage that may show the way. As they proceed, they discuss the complexity of the brain and how it operates. Lowe demands Marius surrender the Doctor, so Leela and K9 destroy the service shaft and barricade the corridor to slow the infected. The barricade helps until one of them infects K9 with the virus. K9 is ordered to kill Leela, but she dodges the blast and is merely stunned, while K9 shuts himself down to reboot. Lowe infects Marius and kills Dr Parsons , but the nurse escapes and finds K9 and Leela in the corridor. Lowe has himself cloned and is miniaturised and injected into the Doctor to stop the other clones. The remains of the clones of the Fourth Doctor and Leela . The cloned Doctor and Leela cross the mind-brain interface and track down the Nucleus. The Doctor tries to convince it to leave, but the Nucleus asserts its right to survive and procreate like any other life form, explaining that it has hung dormant in space for millennia. It compares itself to the human pioneers swarming out into space. Now that it has access to the Doctor's TARDIS, it can spread the virus through time and space. The cloned Lowe is stopped by Leela's duplicate and the Doctor's phagocytes but, just as the Doctor's clone tries to shoot the Nucleus, the time limit runs out and the clones vanish. The Nucleus escapes from the Doctor's body through a tear duct and is enlarged by Marius to human size. The Virus has been brought into the human world! Part 4 The visible enemy . The Nucleus explains to the now virus-free Doctor that, having used the dimensional stabiliser to grow, the virus's next generation can attack humanity on a macroscopic level. The age of Man has ended. The age of the Virus has begun! The Doctor is not impressed, having heard such boasting before. Leela disguises herself as an infected nurse and frees the Doctor so they can take refuge in the TARDIS with K9. Without the dimensional stabiliser they cannot leave. They watch as Lowe and his infected brethren help the Nucleus onto a shuttle for Titan. K9 stuns Marius so the Doctor has time to examine his own blood and discover that Leela's clone has left him with antibodies against the virus. He replicates the antibodies and cures Marius, who can replicate the cure for his staff. The Doctor plans to eradicate the virus spawning on Titan, but Leela insists they simply blow it up. When the cure is ready, the Doctor borrows K9 from the Professor and heads for Titan Base. The Nucleus arrives at the base just in time for spawning and enters the incubation tanks prepared by Safran. When the TARDIS arrives, Leela discovers the infected are developing resistance to her blaster . K9's weaponry is more effective, but his energy levels are dropping quickly. He is able to determine that those aboard the base have been infected for so long that their condition is now irreversible, and that the Doctor's priority should be destroying the Nucleus. K9 draws the infected away while the Doctor sneaks up on the spawning tanks. Lowe confronts him and makes him lose the antibodies, but K9 uses the last of his power to shoot Lowe, who is absorbed by the swarm. Leela kills Safran with her knife while the Doctor alters his plan and rigs the refuelling tanks to blow. After the Doctor nearly leaves without Leela or K0, the trio escape the base just in time to see the massive explosion, amplified by the methane in the atmosphere, from orbit. Returning to the Bi-Al foundation to restore K9 to Marius, they find the antibodies have been a success. Marius surprises the Doctor by asking him to adopt K9; weight requirements will not allow the professor to take his robot dog with him when he returns to Earth. K9 happily accepts the situation and departs with the Doctor and Leela, leaving Marius to wonder if the robot is TARDIS trained. Cast Professor Marius is said to be an expert in extraterrestrial pathological endomorphisms . K9 knows everything Professor Marius knows, "...and more." Professor Marius takes an encephalograph out of the Doctor. The Doctor Edit Leela tells the receptionist that the Doctor is from Gallifrey . The receptionist believes it to be in Ireland . A similar exchange occurred when the Doctor was undergoing medical treatment on 20th century Earth ( TV : The Hand of Fear ), and then again when John Smith claimed he learned art from the school "Gallifrey" in Ireland ( TV : Human Nature ). Culture Marius presumes that the Doctor is a spacenik . TARDIS Edit The Doctor refers to the white console room as the "number two console room." The second console room has been closed for redecoration, but the Doctor doesn't like the colour, which happens to be white like before. Leela says that white isn't a colour, causing the Doctor to retort, "That's the trouble with computers. Always think in black and white. No aquamarines, no blues, no imagination." The TARDIS' Relative Dimensional Stabiliser is able to shrink or enlarge living beings, and fits into Marius' equipment. It is strongly suggested that Leela is able to program the TARDIS to go to the Bi-Al Foundation once the Doctor gives her the coordinates. Story notes BBC Television Centre (Studio 6), Shepherd's Bush, London Production errors Edit If you'd like to talk about narrative problems with this story — like plot holes and things that seem to contradict other stories — please go to this episode's discontinuity discussion . The first establishing shot of the Bi-Al Foundation shows it with the damage later caused by the shuttle crash. When Lowe presses the distress button in his office, the entire wall shakes. When K9 blasts a chunk out of the wall, it's obviously a pre-cut segment. The knife that Leela kills Meeker with is very obviously loosely sewn to his clothes. It wobbles back and forth after he falls. When K9 first meets Leela, a reflection of a moving crew member can be seen on the front of the cloning booth. In the very first scene of part two, as the Doctor collapses to the ground, someone can be seen moving at the back of the set. When K9 shoots one of the infected men, the blast beam appears to come out of his eyes, then moves down to his snout as the camera moves. The countdown clock in Marius' lab speeds up and slows down as needed for the plot. When Marius's nurse meets Leela and K9 in the corridor, the camera and crew members can be seen reflected in her head-mirror. When the Doctor is congratulating himself on blowing up the Swarm, the shadow of a boom mike can be seen. Continuity	i don't know
Who played The Joker in the 1989 film Batman?	Batman (1989) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Dark Knight of Gotham City begins his war on crime with his first major enemy being the clownishly homicidal Joker. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 35 titles created 10 Nov 2012 a list of 49 titles created 28 Dec 2014 a list of 45 titles created 31 Aug 2015 a list of 25 titles created 8 months ago a list of 21 titles created 5 months ago Search for " Batman " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 1 Oscar. Another 9 wins & 22 nominations. See more awards » Videos When a corrupt businessman and the grotesque Penguin plot to take control of Gotham City, only Batman can stop them, while the Catwoman has her own agenda. Director: Tim Burton Batman must battle Two-Face and The Riddler with help from an amorous psychologist and a young circus acrobat who becomes his sidekick, Robin. Director: Joel Schumacher A couple of recently deceased ghosts contract the services of a "bio-exorcist" in order to remove the obnoxious new owners of their house. Director: Tim Burton An alien orphan is sent from his dying planet to Earth, where he grows up to become his adoptive home's first and greatest superhero. Director: Richard Donner Earth is invaded by Martians with unbeatable weapons and a cruel sense of humor. Director: Tim Burton Three former parapsychology professors set up shop as a unique ghost removal service. Director: Ivan Reitman Superman agrees to sacrifice his powers to start a relationship with Lois Lane, unaware that three Kryptonian criminals he inadvertently released are conquering Earth. Directors: Richard Lester, Richard Donner Stars: Gene Hackman, Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder Ichabod Crane is sent to Sleepy Hollow to investigate the decapitations of 3 people with the culprit being the legendary apparition, the Headless Horseman. Director: Tim Burton The discovery of a massive river of ectoplasm and a resurgence of spectral activity allows the staff of Ghostbusters to revive the business. Director: Ivan Reitman A gentle man, with scissors for hands, is brought into a new community after living in isolation. Director: Tim Burton Batman and Robin try to keep their relationship together even as they must stop Mr. Freeze and Poison Ivy from freezing Gotham City. Director: Joel Schumacher A boy inadvertently breaks three important rules concerning his new pet and unleashes a horde of malevolently mischievous monsters on a small town. Director: Joe Dante Edit Storyline Gotham City. Crime boss Carl Grissom (Jack Palance) effectively runs the town but there's a new crime fighter in town - Batman (Michael Keaton). Grissom's right-hand man is Jack Napier (Jack Nicholson), a brutal man who is not entirely sane... After falling out between the two Grissom has Napier set up with the Police and Napier falls to his apparent death in a vat of chemicals. However, he soon reappears as The Joker and starts a reign of terror in Gotham City. Meanwhile, reporter Vicki Vale (Kim Basinger) is in the city to do an article on Batman. She soon starts a relationship with Batman's everyday persona, billionaire Bruce Wayne. Written by grantss Only one will claim the night. Genres: 23 June 1989 (USA) See more » Also Known As: 126 min Sound Mix: 70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints)\| Dolby (35 mm prints)\| DTS (DVD version)\| Dolby Digital (Dolby 5.1) Color: Did You Know? Trivia The flag of Gotham City closely resembles the state flag of Indiana. It can be seen briefly in Harvey Dent's office. See more » Goofs During the initial fight scene, when Batman kicks Eddie The Thug, there is for an instant, a flash going off as if a picture is being taken when Eddie hits the door. See more » Quotes Tourist Dad : I'm sorry, this is my cab. Passenger: Sorry. Tourist Dad : Listen, I was here first! [as the cab drives away] Tourist Dad : Oh, God! Oh, taxi? Taxi! See more » Crazy Credits The opening credits run with a 3-D Batman symbol being explored by a flying camera in extreme close-up. See more » Connections Courtesy of Warner Bros. Records, Inc Published by Marathon Music (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews In a Gotham City overrun by crime a new menace exists. In the shadows and rooftops a giant bat is terrorising the criminals who live in the night. Elsewhere crime boss Grissom's right hand man Jack Napier is trapped in a chemical factory by police. With Batman's intervention Napier is accidentally dropped into a vat of chemical. Considered dead he later turns up, scarred and twisted with a new sense of humour. Calling himself the Joker he takes over the city's gangs and begins to terrorise the city. Millionaire Bruce Wayne begins relationship with reporter Vicky Vale and finds himself personally drawn into conflict with the Joker as both himself and his alter-ego. This was very much a huge blockbuster and had a great deal riding on it in terms of merchandising and a possible franchise. As such Burton always seemed like a risk - although his dark toned work and complex characters probably made him a great choice. The film starts promisingly, many questions are asked - is Wayne totally balanced? What drives him to become the bat? etc - and the tone of the movie is darker than a friendly blockbuster. This is continued by the investigation by reporters Vale and Knox, but starts to wane (pardon the pun) with the development of Vale as a love interest and the hamming of The Joker. At some point the film loses the character complexities and decides to become a straight up good v's evil with plenty of effects and gadgets. That said it's still very dark and the set pieces are well handled. In fact it's the best of the Batman franchise so far. The problem is that it lacks a bite for Batman fans. I've always felt that Batman was always a few steps away from the criminals he's chasing, surely he can't be totally balanced and right in the head? Here these questions are half touched but never developed. Keaton is an unlikely Batman, but is the best so far. He deals well with Wayne's past when it is brought up, but is an unlikely action hero. Nicholson is pure ham, but is good for it. He hogs all the best lines and is clearly enjoying himself - the only downside being that he regularly eclipses Keaton's Batman. Basinger's Vale is built up far too much and should have been cut out of the story rather than become a key part of it. The rest of the cast are good and I always like to see Tracey Walters in a big screen film! Overall this is a good stab at the Batman legend. It's dark tone gives it the feel of the comics without the characterisation, but at the end of the day it comes down to good guy v's bad guy. 48 of 72 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Jack Nicholson
Who were the original presenters on Channel 4's Big Breakfast?	Jack Nicholson Wasn't Tim Burton's First Choice To Play The Joker In 1989's 'Batman' \| The Huffington Post Jack Nicholson Wasn't Tim Burton's First Choice To Play The Joker In 1989's 'Batman' 10/15/2013 11:36 am ET \| Updated Oct 15, 2013 AP Jack Nicholson's sinister, red-lipped smile as The Joker almost belonged to someone else. Actor Brad Dourif recently revealed that he was originally up for the role in 1989's "Batman." Dourif said he was director Tim Burton's first choice for the Gotham City villain during an interview at last weekend's Comic Con festivities in New York . Dourif, who voiced Chucky in the "Child's Play" movies, took part in panel to celebrate the 25th anniversary of that crazed-doll horror fest. "Tim Burton saw me on a plane and wanted to cast me, and [Warner Bros.] said no," the actor said, before joking that "[Nicholson] takes all my roles." Nicholson and Dourif worked together on 1975's "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest." Dourif, who portrayed suicidal mental patient Billy Bibbit, earned an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor for the movie, which was his first credited film role. Nicholson won Best Actor for his portrayal of R.P. McMurphy in "Nest." Burton is also reported to have wanted Dourif to play The Scarecrow in his third "Batman" movie, but those plans were scrapped when Joel Schumacher took over after "Batman Returns." That character wasn't seen in 1995's "Batman Forever" or 1997's "Batman & Robin." How differently Dourif would have played The Joker is anyone's best guess, as is whether it might have impacted the reception Heath Ledger received when he reprised the character for 2008's "The Dark Knight Rises." While Ledger's Oscar-winning stint was very much his own, he and director Christopher Nolan took obvious cues from Nicholson, and the performance became one of the most lauded of the 2000s. ( Nicholson joked that he was "furious" for not being asked to give advice on the role.) Since being denied "Batman," Dourif has starred as Gríma Wormtongue in "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers" and Doc Cochran on HBO's acclaimed "Deadwood."	i don't know
In which Bond film does Britt Ekland play the character of Mary Goodnight?	Mary Goodnight (Britt Ekland) \| James Bond Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Mary Goodnight (Britt Ekland) Last The Man with the Golden Gun (film) Mary Goodnight first appeared as 00-Section secretary in the Ian Fleming novels On Her Majesty's Secret Service , You Only Live Twice and The Man with the Golden Gun . In 1974 the character appeared in the film adaptation of The Man with the Golden Gun as an inexperienced field operative. She was portrayed by Britt Ekland . Film biography Miss Goodnight is a Secret Service staffer, more ditzy than in the novels, who assists Bond when he is following Andrea Anders in Hong Kong . Very quickly it is established that she has as-yet unfulfilled desires toward Bond. Bond: "Now, Goodnight, would I do that to you? [Speaking of cheating on her.]" Goodnight: "Yes, James, you bloody well would!"	The Man with the Golden Gun
Which actress divorced Dennis Quaid in 2001 after she had an affair with Russell Crowe?	Britt Ekland Or Barbara Bach? - Roger Moore (1973-1985) - CBn Forums Britt Ekland Or Barbara Bach? Started by PrinceKamalKhan , Jan 04 2004 12:37 AM Please log in to reply 58 replies to this topic 11066 posts Posted 04 January 2004 - 12:37 AM Britt Ekland as Goodnight or Barbara Bach as XXX: which of these 2 Roger Moore Bond girls gave the better acting performance in her respective Bond film? I think that Miss Ekland actually gave a better performance as Goodnight than Miss Bach did as XXX even though the character she portrayed was stronger and better written than Miss Ekland's. Judging on acting ability alone(not looks, sex appeal or strength of character), who do you think gave the better performance? 21862 posts Posted 04 January 2004 - 12:39 AM Judging on acting ability alone(not looks, sex appeal or strength of character), who do you think gave the better performance? Ekland, hands down. There is nothing wrong with her performance whatsoever. Bach, on the other hand, gives for me the single worst performance of any lead Bond girl, worse even than that of Tanya Roberts. She's simply terrible. Beautiful, yes, but one of the most wooden actresses I've ever witnessed. Location:Los Angeles, CA Posted 04 January 2004 - 02:25 AM I'm going to have to go with Loomis on this one. While Ekland's character could have been written better, her performance is much better than Bach's. I also think Ekland is sexier, so there you go. Location:Hartland, WI Posted 04 January 2004 - 02:30 AM Definately Barbara Bach - I think she's the better actress of the two. While Ekland is certainly a looker, she's one of my all-time worst Bond Girls (along with Tanya Roberts). Location:H O L L Y W O O D Posted 04 January 2004 - 02:38 AM Although Barbara Bach has the looks and does do a god job portraying XXX I defiantly think that Britt Ekland's performance surpasses Bach's even thought her looks are below Bach's in a Bond Girl sense. Location:United States Posted 04 January 2004 - 03:40 AM In acting ability alone? Britt Ekland gets the nod but as a better Bond girl I'd say Bach. Posted 04 January 2004 - 03:45 AM Ekland for me. Bach didnt give any energy to the character XXX. Location:New York / Pennsylvania Posted 04 January 2004 - 03:49 AM Ekland. I used to love Bach, but I have overlooked Ekland for a long time. Although, they are both VERY, VERY close in this race. Great thread! Posted 04 January 2004 - 06:19 AM Barbara Bach all the way!! Location:South Pasadena, CA Posted 04 January 2004 - 06:22 AM If we're going srtictly on acting, I'd say Ekland since she stays consistent in her performance. Granted it's a badly written character, but in terms of performance Ekland does a better job than Bach. Bach has the better written character but has some accent issues that detract slightly from her performance. So in reality, it's more close than I have probably made it seem. Posted 04 January 2004 - 06:23 AM Barbara Bach all the way!! I find it so hard to choose, they're both very beautiful women, but it just depends on the scenes they're in. Bach has a better film character though. It's such a close race.... 526 posts Posted 04 January 2004 - 06:32 AM Both are my least favorite Bond girls in the series. Ekland 's Goodnight was presented in a way I felt kind for sorry for her stupidity I didn't really want to see her killed, which I wanted to happen to Stacey Sutton. Bach, I really don't see what was the fuss is about. As gender disloyal as this may sounds she did a more credible performance as the cave girl in the comedy the Caveman than a sophisticated Russian agent. Edited by 007luvchild2, 04 January 2004 - 06:33 AM. Posted 05 January 2004 - 04:28 AM I think barbra was one of the best ever! She did a great job acting.. I wasn't really into Britt's character to much.. she was just ok Posted 06 January 2004 - 12:19 AM Ekland. She can actually move her facial muscles. Barbara Bach is sexier though. Location:columbia sc Posted 06 January 2004 - 11:42 AM christmas jones...oh dang that was not one of the choices i am sorry ...i would say ekland because she had a body on her to die for, her acting was not that great but i was to busy looking at her to care about her acting Location:USA Posted 10 January 2004 - 05:46 AM Ekland. She showed heart, vigor, charisma (and a lot of skin!). Bach looked like she was trying out a new Vicodin regimen. Posted 10 January 2004 - 05:47 AM Ech...I find it very hard to say anything positive about either of them, really. Of the two, I would hafta pick Bach - Ekland was just incredibly irritating for me. Location:Washington D.C.. USA Posted 10 January 2004 - 06:12 AM I did find Eklands character particularly irritating whereas Bach's character was much better written and allowed Bach to put in the better of the two performances. Location:Long Island (NY)/Maryland Posted 10 January 2004 - 06:15 AM I did find Eklands character particularly irritating whereas Bach's character was much better written and allowed Bach to put in the better of the two performances. Although I wasn't a fan of Bach's performance, I do agree that her character was much better of the two, and regardless of what I think of Bach's performance, it's in a position that no matter who played Goodnight, XXX would come off as a much better character. In fact, I think that XXX was the "female Bond" that was pulled off the best...probably because it was more original at the time. God knows I'm sick of "Bond's equals"...especially Jinx. Location:Washington D.C.. USA Posted 10 January 2004 - 06:19 AM I did find Eklands character particularly irritating whereas Bach's character was much better written and allowed Bach to put in the better of the two performances. Although I wasn't a fan of Bach's performance, I do agree that her character was much better of the two, and regardless of what I think of Bach's performance, it's in a position that no matter who played Goodnight, XXX would come off as a much better character. In fact, I think that XXX was the "female Bond" that was pulled off the best...probably because it was more original at the time. God knows I'm sick of "Bond's equals"...especially Jinx. I agree with your assessment....One thing I always find annoying about the latest Bond girl is they always talk about how their character is Bond equal whereas all the previous ones were bimbos and airheads....To be honest there haven't been that many bimbos and airheads in the Bond movie. Only two immediately jump to mind - Plenty in DAF and Goodnight in TMWTGG. I would Stacy in AVTAK too but technically she was neither a bimbo or an airhead. Most Bond women have been quite intelligent and independant.	i don't know
In Channel 4's 1999 poll to find the 100 Greatest Movie Stars, in what position was Michael Caine?	Ben Kingsley - IMDb IMDb Actor \| Producer \| Soundtrack Ben Kingsley was born Krishna Bhanji in Scarborough, Yorkshire, England. His father, Rahimtulla Harji Bhanji, was a Kenyan-born medical doctor, of Gujarati Indian descent, and his mother, Anna Lyna Mary (Goodman), was an English actress. Ben began to act in stage plays during the 1960s. He soon became a successful stage actor, and also began to ... See full bio » Born: a list of 37 people created 23 Sep 2011 a list of 30 people created 16 Jul 2013 a list of 32 people created 15 Aug 2014 a list of 26 people created 18 May 2015 a list of 23 people created 10 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Ben Kingsley's work have you seen? User Polls Won 1 Oscar. Another 44 wins & 65 nominations. See more awards » Known For 2010 Fable III (Video Game) Sabine (voice, as Sir Ben Kingsley) 1997 Ceremony of Innocence (Video Game) Victor Frolatti (voice) 1984 Oxbridge Blues (TV Series) Geoff Craven - Sleeps Six (1984) ... Geoff Craven 1983 Kean (TV Movie) 1977 The Velvet Glove (TV Series) Chakravarti 1976 Dickens of London (TV Mini-Series) Dr. John Elliotson - Magic (1976) ... Dr. John Elliotson - Dreams (1976) ... Dr. John Elliotson 1973 Wessex Tales (TV Mini-Series) Lord Uplandtowers 1973 Play for Today (TV Series) Naseem 1973 Full House (TV Series) The Misfortune cast member 1973 The Adventurer (TV Series) Pierre 1966 Pardon the Expression (TV Series) Roy 1996 Twelfth Night or What You Will (performer: "O Mistress Mine", "Heigh-Ho, The Wind and the Rain") 1982 Gandhi (performer: "God Save the King!" (1744) - uncredited) Hide 2006 Twist by Polanski (Video documentary short) (special thanks) 2004 My Karma (Short) (the producers wish to thank) 2001 Ben Kingsley Talks About 'Gandhi' (Video documentary short) (special thanks) Hide 2016 Lip Sync Battle (TV Series) Himself 2009-2016 The One Show (TV Series) Himself - Sir Ben Kingsley/Henry Cavill/Reba McEntire (2015) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) 2015-2016 Today (TV Series) 2016 The Talk (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2008-2016 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Himself 2016 Larry King Now (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2010-2015 Janela Indiscreta (TV Series) Himself 2015 Let's Go, DFW! (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2015 Celebrity Conversations (TV Series) Himself 2010-2015 Made in Hollywood (TV Series) Himself 2015 Hollywood Health Report (TV Series) Himself - Guest 1995-2015 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2008-2015 Live! with Kelly (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2015 Celebrity P.O.V. (TV Series documentary) Himself - Episode #8.84 (2011) ... Himself - Guest - Episode #6.158 (2010) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) 2014 The Queen Latifah Show (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2014 Garfunkel and Oates (TV Series) Himself 2013-2014 Jimmy Kimmel Live! (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2014 And the Oscar Goes To... (TV Movie documentary) Himself - Actor 2013-2014 Good Day L.A. (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2008-2013 Cinema 3 (TV Series) Himself - Interviewee 2010-2013 Good Morning America (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2008-2013 Tavis Smiley (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2013 The Colbert Report (TV Series) Himself - Guest - Episode #5.112 (2013) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) - Episode #3.180 (2011) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) - Episode #2.81 (2010) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) 2013 Vivir de cine (TV Series) Himself 2013 Evening Urgant (TV Series) Himself 2010 Shutter Island: Behind the Shutters (Video documentary short) Himself 2010 Shutter Island: Into the Lighthouse (Video documentary short) Himself 2010 The 7PM Project (TV Series) Himself 2010 Election 2010 (TV Movie) Himself 2010 Guys Choice (TV Movie) Himself - Episode #17.92 (2010) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) - Episode #15.132 (2008) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) 2010 Fantastic (TV Series documentary) Himself 2010 In Conversation (TV Series documentary) Himself 2009 Días de cine (TV Series) Himself - Interviewee 2009 El hormiguero (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2009 Timewatch (TV Series documentary) Himself - Interviewee 2008 Caiga quien caiga (TV Series) Himself 2007 Happy Birthday BAFTA (TV Movie) Himself 2007 China's Stolen Children (TV Movie documentary) Narrator 2006 The Sopranos (TV Series) Himself 2006 Twist by Polanski (Video documentary short) Himself 2005 Wetten, dass..? (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2005 The 100 Greatest War Films (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2005 Los Angeles (Documentary short) Himself 2004 Film 2016 (TV Series) Himself 2004 Tinseltown TV (TV Series) Himself 2003 Arena (TV Series documentary) Himself 2003 From Hollywood to Borehamwood (TV Series documentary) Himself 2002 The Sound of 'A.I.' (Video documentary short) Himself (voice) Himself - Nominee: Best Actor in a Supporting Role & Presenter 2002 Seitenblicke (TV Series documentary) Himself 2001 The 100 Greatest Films (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2001 Ben Kingsley Talks About 'Gandhi' (Video documentary short) Himself 2001 Rove Live (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2000 Behind the Rules of Engagement (Video documentary short) Himself 2000 The Directors (TV Series documentary) Himself 1999 The Making of 'Spooky House' (Video documentary short) Himself 1999 The Witness (TV Series documentary) Narrator (voice) 1998 Religions of the World (TV Mini-Series documentary) Narrator 1995 The Lost Portrait (TV Movie documentary) 1995 Gomorron (TV Series) 1994 Michael Caine: Breaking the Mold (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1992 The South Bank Show (TV Series documentary) Himself - Guest 1992 Entertainment UK (TV Series) Himself - Interviewee 1990 This Week (TV Series) Himself 1986 Stanley's Vision (TV Movie documentary) Stanley Spencer 1983 The Great Hamlets (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 1982 Playing Shakespeare (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 1982 Étoiles et toiles (TV Series documentary) Himself 1966 The Staffordshire Rebels (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2016 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Himself 2015 Inside Edition (TV Series documentary) Himself 2012 Too Young to Die (TV Series documentary) Himself 2007 British Film Forever (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 2007 Making 'Cleaver' (TV Short documentary) Himself 2004 Celebrities Uncensored (TV Series) Himself 2003 The Making of 'Sneakers' (Video documentary short) Himself 1991 Memories of 1970-1991 (TV Series documentary) Himself Personal Details Other Works: He acted in William Shakespeare's play, "Measure for Measure", at the Royal Shakespeare Company Theatre in Stratford-Upon-Avon, England with Ian Richardson , Sebastian Shaw , Peter Egan , Estelle Kohler and Sara Kestelman in the cast. 'John Barton (II)' was director. See more » Publicity Listings: 1 Print Biography \| 6 Interviews \| 14 Articles \| 1 Pictorial \| 1 Magazine Cover Photo \| See more » Official Sites: Did You Know? Personal Quote: [on his heritage] I'm not Jewish... and though there might be some Russian-Jewish heritage way back on my mother's side, the thread is so fine there's no real evidence. See more » Trivia: Was originally cast as Ephraim in Munich (2005), but later had to withdraw from the project due to scheduling conflicts. The role went to Geoffrey Rush . See more » Trademark: Performances which are often both very reserved and yet vocally animated See more » Star Sign:	forty four
True or False: St. Patrick was born in Ireland?	Ben Kingsley - IMDb IMDb Actor \| Producer \| Soundtrack Ben Kingsley was born Krishna Bhanji in Scarborough, Yorkshire, England. His father, Rahimtulla Harji Bhanji, was a Kenyan-born medical doctor, of Gujarati Indian descent, and his mother, Anna Lyna Mary (Goodman), was an English actress. Ben began to act in stage plays during the 1960s. He soon became a successful stage actor, and also began to ... See full bio » Born: a list of 37 people created 23 Sep 2011 a list of 30 people created 16 Jul 2013 a list of 32 people created 15 Aug 2014 a list of 26 people created 18 May 2015 a list of 23 people created 10 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Ben Kingsley's work have you seen? User Polls Won 1 Oscar. Another 44 wins & 65 nominations. See more awards » Known For 2010 Fable III (Video Game) Sabine (voice, as Sir Ben Kingsley) 1997 Ceremony of Innocence (Video Game) Victor Frolatti (voice) 1984 Oxbridge Blues (TV Series) Geoff Craven - Sleeps Six (1984) ... Geoff Craven 1983 Kean (TV Movie) 1977 The Velvet Glove (TV Series) Chakravarti 1976 Dickens of London (TV Mini-Series) Dr. John Elliotson - Magic (1976) ... Dr. John Elliotson - Dreams (1976) ... Dr. John Elliotson 1973 Wessex Tales (TV Mini-Series) Lord Uplandtowers 1973 Play for Today (TV Series) Naseem 1973 Full House (TV Series) The Misfortune cast member 1973 The Adventurer (TV Series) Pierre 1966 Pardon the Expression (TV Series) Roy 1996 Twelfth Night or What You Will (performer: "O Mistress Mine", "Heigh-Ho, The Wind and the Rain") 1982 Gandhi (performer: "God Save the King!" (1744) - uncredited) Hide 2006 Twist by Polanski (Video documentary short) (special thanks) 2004 My Karma (Short) (the producers wish to thank) 2001 Ben Kingsley Talks About 'Gandhi' (Video documentary short) (special thanks) Hide 2016 Lip Sync Battle (TV Series) Himself 2009-2016 The One Show (TV Series) Himself - Sir Ben Kingsley/Henry Cavill/Reba McEntire (2015) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) 2015-2016 Today (TV Series) 2016 The Talk (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2008-2016 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Himself 2016 Larry King Now (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2010-2015 Janela Indiscreta (TV Series) Himself 2015 Let's Go, DFW! (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2015 Celebrity Conversations (TV Series) Himself 2010-2015 Made in Hollywood (TV Series) Himself 2015 Hollywood Health Report (TV Series) Himself - Guest 1995-2015 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2008-2015 Live! with Kelly (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2015 Celebrity P.O.V. (TV Series documentary) Himself - Episode #8.84 (2011) ... Himself - Guest - Episode #6.158 (2010) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) 2014 The Queen Latifah Show (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2014 Garfunkel and Oates (TV Series) Himself 2013-2014 Jimmy Kimmel Live! (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2014 And the Oscar Goes To... (TV Movie documentary) Himself - Actor 2013-2014 Good Day L.A. (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2008-2013 Cinema 3 (TV Series) Himself - Interviewee 2010-2013 Good Morning America (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2008-2013 Tavis Smiley (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2013 The Colbert Report (TV Series) Himself - Guest - Episode #5.112 (2013) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) - Episode #3.180 (2011) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) - Episode #2.81 (2010) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) 2013 Vivir de cine (TV Series) Himself 2013 Evening Urgant (TV Series) Himself 2010 Shutter Island: Behind the Shutters (Video documentary short) Himself 2010 Shutter Island: Into the Lighthouse (Video documentary short) Himself 2010 The 7PM Project (TV Series) Himself 2010 Election 2010 (TV Movie) Himself 2010 Guys Choice (TV Movie) Himself - Episode #17.92 (2010) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) - Episode #15.132 (2008) ... Himself - Guest (as Sir Ben Kingsley) 2010 Fantastic (TV Series documentary) Himself 2010 In Conversation (TV Series documentary) Himself 2009 Días de cine (TV Series) Himself - Interviewee 2009 El hormiguero (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2009 Timewatch (TV Series documentary) Himself - Interviewee 2008 Caiga quien caiga (TV Series) Himself 2007 Happy Birthday BAFTA (TV Movie) Himself 2007 China's Stolen Children (TV Movie documentary) Narrator 2006 The Sopranos (TV Series) Himself 2006 Twist by Polanski (Video documentary short) Himself 2005 Wetten, dass..? (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2005 The 100 Greatest War Films (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2005 Los Angeles (Documentary short) Himself 2004 Film 2016 (TV Series) Himself 2004 Tinseltown TV (TV Series) Himself 2003 Arena (TV Series documentary) Himself 2003 From Hollywood to Borehamwood (TV Series documentary) Himself 2002 The Sound of 'A.I.' (Video documentary short) Himself (voice) Himself - Nominee: Best Actor in a Supporting Role & Presenter 2002 Seitenblicke (TV Series documentary) Himself 2001 The 100 Greatest Films (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2001 Ben Kingsley Talks About 'Gandhi' (Video documentary short) Himself 2001 Rove Live (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2000 Behind the Rules of Engagement (Video documentary short) Himself 2000 The Directors (TV Series documentary) Himself 1999 The Making of 'Spooky House' (Video documentary short) Himself 1999 The Witness (TV Series documentary) Narrator (voice) 1998 Religions of the World (TV Mini-Series documentary) Narrator 1995 The Lost Portrait (TV Movie documentary) 1995 Gomorron (TV Series) 1994 Michael Caine: Breaking the Mold (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1992 The South Bank Show (TV Series documentary) Himself - Guest 1992 Entertainment UK (TV Series) Himself - Interviewee 1990 This Week (TV Series) Himself 1986 Stanley's Vision (TV Movie documentary) Stanley Spencer 1983 The Great Hamlets (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 1982 Playing Shakespeare (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 1982 Étoiles et toiles (TV Series documentary) Himself 1966 The Staffordshire Rebels (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2016 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Himself 2015 Inside Edition (TV Series documentary) Himself 2012 Too Young to Die (TV Series documentary) Himself 2007 British Film Forever (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 2007 Making 'Cleaver' (TV Short documentary) Himself 2004 Celebrities Uncensored (TV Series) Himself 2003 The Making of 'Sneakers' (Video documentary short) Himself 1991 Memories of 1970-1991 (TV Series documentary) Himself Personal Details Other Works: He acted in William Shakespeare's play, "Measure for Measure", at the Royal Shakespeare Company Theatre in Stratford-Upon-Avon, England with Ian Richardson , Sebastian Shaw , Peter Egan , Estelle Kohler and Sara Kestelman in the cast. 'John Barton (II)' was director. See more » Publicity Listings: 1 Print Biography \| 6 Interviews \| 14 Articles \| 1 Pictorial \| 1 Magazine Cover Photo \| See more » Official Sites: Did You Know? Personal Quote: [on his heritage] I'm not Jewish... and though there might be some Russian-Jewish heritage way back on my mother's side, the thread is so fine there's no real evidence. See more » Trivia: Was originally cast as Ephraim in Munich (2005), but later had to withdraw from the project due to scheduling conflicts. The role went to Geoffrey Rush . See more » Trademark: Performances which are often both very reserved and yet vocally animated See more » Star Sign:	i don't know
Which Irish writer is the only person to have won both a nobel prize and an academy award?	Stories of the Emerald Isle: Irish Nobel Prize Winners Stories of the Emerald Isle: Irish Nobel Prize Winners Thomas Kendall Ireland ’s literary history stretches back centuries and is founded upon the oral tradition for which the country is renowned. However, it was with the advent of modernism that Irish literature attained an exalted place in the literary canon. While those honored by the Nobel Prize for Literature represent only a fraction of the great artists and writers Ireland has produced, the thematic and stylistic differences of these artists are emblematic of a country that has produced such world renowned writers as Jonathan Swift , James Joyce and Brendan Behan . We look at the history of Irish literature through the story of its four Nobel Prize Winners. W.B. Yeats, 1911 \| WikiCommons W.B. Yeats (Awarded: 1923) The mystical life is the centre of all that I do and all that I think and all that I write. William Butler Yeats’ fascination with the occult, automatic writing, folk tales and spiritualism was central to his practice as a poet. Through a complex, often personally divined system of symbols allied to a mastery of traditional poetic forms he created a remarkable body of work. His most famous poem The Second Coming , despite its ubiquity, retains a force rarely seen in poetry and its impact spans both the high minded literary world (Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart and Joan Didion’s Slouching Towards Bethlehem are both named after lines in the poem) and the everyday. He received the Nobel Prize for literature shortly after Ireland had gained independence and regarded his own success as an extension of and contribution to this victory. Indeed his use of Celtic folk tales can be seen as an attempt to establish a national character free from the tyranny of oppressive English rule. George Bernard Shaw, 1936 \| WikiCommons George Bernhard Shaw (Awarded: 1925) I, as a Socialist, have had to preach, as much as anyone, the enormous power of the environment. We can change it; we must change it…what is the use of writing plays, what is the use of writing anything, if there is not a will which finally moulds chaos itself into a race of gods. Author of over sixty plays, pureveyor of a sublime comic touch that at times obscured biting social critiques, and the only person to receive both a Nobel Prize and an Oscar; George Bernhard Shaw is a fascinating figure in Irish literary history. As a critic and a satirist who was profoundly politically engaged, he had initially wanted to refuse the Nobel Prize on moral grounds. He accepted it only after his wife protested (and once he had ascertained that the monetary component of the award could be put to finance the translation of Swedish texts into English). Shaw’s most populist work Pygmalion was adapted into the musical My Fair Lady and it contains much of his sardonic wit and subtly camouflaged social commentary. Much like Oscar Wilde, George Bernhard Shaw’s shrewdness made the challenging subject of his work palatable, lacing the contemporary issues of the day with a timeless acuity.	George Bernard Shaw
Which Irishman has won the Eurovision song contest twice as a singer and once as a composer?	Ireland's top TEN Oscar moments Ireland's top TEN Oscar moments Updated / Jan. 14, 2016 13:52 Left - right: Cedric Gibbons, English-born Irish citizen Daniel Day Lewis and Saoirse Ronan All eyes are on Hollywood today as Irish movies and talent hope to pick up a haul of nominations. So what about Ireland's track record at the Academy Awards? Here's our top TEN Irish Oscar moments of all time. 10. Cedric Gibbons Who, you might ask and rightly so? Well believe it or not this Dubliner not only holds the record for the biggest haul of Oscars by an Irish person - a staggering eleven in total - he's also credited with the design of the actual Oscar statuette itself! Gibbons moved to New York to study and went on to enjoy a hugely successful career as an art-director for Metro Goldwyn Mayer. He became Ireland's first ever Oscar winner in 1930 for art-direction on The Bridge of San Luis Rey and won ten more times right up until 1956. Cedric Gibbons pictured with his film star wife Dolores Del Rio in London in 1936 Irish actor Barry Fitzgerald picked up the country's first Academy Award for acting in Going My Way in 1944 - that year he also achieved the remarkable distinction of being nominated for both the Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor Award for the same performance, a feat never to be repeated following a change to the Academy's rules. 9. George Bernard Shaw Yes you read that right. The Dublin Nobel Laureate and playwright has the distinction of being the only person who can claim to have won both a Nobel Prize (for Literature) and an Oscar. He won his Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay for Pygmalion in 1939. The play was later remade as a wildly popular Hollywood musical My Fair Lady in 1964 starring Rex Harrison and Audrey Hepburn. 8. Michéle Burke The Kildare born woman picked up the first of her two Oscars for Best Makeup in 1982 for Quest for Fire, just a year after the category was introduced at the Academy Awards. Her second statuette was won ten years later for her work on Bram Stoker's Dracula. 7. Cartoon Saloon/Brown Bag No wins here but a big shout out has to go to these two powerhouses of Irish animation, who both have picked up two Oscar nominations apiece. Brown Bag was nominated for Best Animated Short in 2001 for the brilliant Give Up Yer Aul Sins based on the original recordings of Dublin school kids in the 1960s. It was nominated again in the same category in 2009 for Granny O Grimm's Sleeping Beauty. Give Up Yer Aul Sins earned Brown Bag their first Oscar nomination Kilkenny based Cartoon Saloon has also punched well above its weight receiving two nominations in the hotly contested category for Best Animated Feature over the past few years. Song of the Sea was nominated for an Oscar at last year's ceremony It scored its first nomination in 2010 for Secret of Kells and last year they saw off some of Hollywood's biggest studios to secure a nomination for Song of the Sea which featured the voices of Moone Boy's David Rawle and Fionnula Flanagan. Both movies were directed by the extremely talented Tomm Moore. 6. MaureenO'Hara/Peter O'Toole Two Hollywood legends who never won an Oscar but were belatedly recognised by the Academy for their achievements on the silver screen. The late Maureen O'Hara, who sadly passed away last year, was presented with an Honorary Achievement Award in 2015. In her acceptance speech she mentioned three men in her who shaped her career, Charles Laughton, John Wayne and the director, John Ford. Peter O'Toole (whose name was rarely mentioned without the words 'legendary hellraiser' before them) was also presented with an Honorary Award in 2002, though many thought he might finally win an acting award when he was nominated in 2006 for Venus. He lost out to Forest Whitaker. O'Toole passed away in 2013. 5 Neil Jordan One of the country's best known and most widely respected film-makers, Jordan was nominated for two Oscars in 1993 for The Crying Game. The film was shortlisted for the Best Director and Best Original Screenplay categories (the movie was nominated in six categories in total). In the end he triumphed for his writing on the film. 4. Jim Sheridan One on Ireland's best film-makers, Jim Sheridan has earned an astounding six Academy Award nominations. The incredible My Left Foot: The Story of Christy Brown earned Sheridan his first two nominations at the 1990 ceremony; Best Director and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium. His second round of nods came in 1994 for his critically-acclaimed In The Name of the Father which earned him his second Best Director nomination. The film was also shortlisted for Best Picture and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published. 2004 was another big year for Sheridan with In America picking up a nomination for Best Writing, Original Screenplay, and with his ninth film The Secret Scripture out later this year, who knows; maybe the 2017 ceremony will be his lucky year to take home that coveted statuette at last. 3. Saoirse Ronan While it's Brooklyn that's generating the Oscar buzz for Saoirse this year, it was 2007's Atonement that brought her to the attention of the Academy for the first time. At just 13 years of age, Saoirse became one of the youngest stars ever to be nominated for Best Supporting Actress. It was a big awards season for the young star as she also picked up nods at the BAFTAs and Golden Globes. 2. Glen Hansard and Marketa Irglova Irish music legend Glen Hansard took home some Oscar glory for Best Original Song for Falling Slowly, from the hit movie Once - the little movie that could. The song was written, composed and performed by Glen and his Once co-star Marketa Irglova and it is a true classic. Accepting their Oscars, Glen gave a masterclass in how to give a great acceptance speech, you can watch it here: 1. Daniel Day Lewis/Brenda Fricker The 1990 Oscars was a huge year for the Irish with My Left Foot earning a total of five nominations - one of the best years ever for Irish cinema at the Academy Awards. Daniel Day Lewis and Brenda Fricker took home the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress which was huge cause for celebration of both their achievements, and the incredible story of Christy Brown. Day Lewis was British born but holds Irish citizenship - so we can rightfully claim him (unlike some recent examples of people playing fast and loose with nationalities). This Oscar was his first, with four more nominations coming his way in later years. Winning three Oscars for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Day Lewis became the first actor to reach this feat. View Comments	i don't know
What is the English translation of Ireland's national anthem Amhrรกn na bhFiann?	Irish National Anthem - Amhrán Na Bhfiann lyrics + English translation Ní fhágfar faoin tíorán ná faoin tráill. Anocht a théam sa bhearna baoil, Le gean ar Ghaeil, chun báis nó saoil, Le gunna scréach faoi lámhach na bpiléar, Seo libh canaig amhrán na bhfiann SilentRebel83 on Mon, 12/11/2012 - 02:29 Video:	Amhrán na bhFiann
Which Irish born explorer is best remembered for his Anatarctic expedition from 1914 to 1916 in the ship Endurance?	National Anthem of Ireland \| Amhrán na bhFiann - YouTube National Anthem of Ireland \| Amhrán na bhFiann Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jul 11, 2012 Amhrán náisiúnta na hÉireann. "Amhrán na bhFiann" (English: "The Soldiers' Song") is the Irish national anthem. The music was composed by Peadar Kearney and Patrick Heeney, the original English lyricsby Kearney, and the Irish language translation by Liam Ó Rinn. Lyrics (Irish): atá faoi gheall ag Éirinn, Buíon dár slua thar toinn do ráinig chughainn, Faoi mhóid bheith saor Ní fhágfar faoin tíorán ná faoin tráill. Anocht a théam sa bhearna baoil, Le gean ar Ghaeil, chun báis nó saoil, Le gunna scréach faoi lámhach na bpiléar, Seo libh canaig amhrán na bhfiann. English: whose lives are pledged to Ireland, Some have come from a land beyond the wave, Sworn to be free, no more our ancient sireland, Shall shelter the despot or the slave. Tonight we man the "bearna baoil", In Erin's cause, come woe or weal, 'Mid cannon's roar and rifles' peal, We'll chant a soldier's song. Category	i don't know
How many calories are in a pint of Guinness?	How many calories are in a pint of Guinness? \| Reference.com How many calories are in a pint of Guinness? A: Quick Answer There are approximately 198 calories in a pint of Guinness. A glass of Guinness has 99 calories. Guinness is considered one of the most popular beers in the world, and is sold in more than 120 countries. Full Answer The main flavor in Guinness is roasted, unmalted barley. That gives it a slightly burnt flavor that many people enjoy. Another characteristic of this brew is the tangy flavor that is said to come from mixing aged brew with fresh brew, which was a regular occurrence in the past, but the company refuses to say if that mixture still occurs in the modern age.	one hundred and ninety eight
Who resides at Clarence House?	How many calories are in a pint of Guinness? \| Reference.com How many calories are in a pint of Guinness? A: Quick Answer There are approximately 198 calories in a pint of Guinness. A glass of Guinness has 99 calories. Guinness is considered one of the most popular beers in the world, and is sold in more than 120 countries. Full Answer The main flavor in Guinness is roasted, unmalted barley. That gives it a slightly burnt flavor that many people enjoy. Another characteristic of this brew is the tangy flavor that is said to come from mixing aged brew with fresh brew, which was a regular occurrence in the past, but the company refuses to say if that mixture still occurs in the modern age.	i don't know
Which British monarch reigned for longer than any other?	Should we celebrate when the Queen becomes our longest reigning monarch? - Telegraph Should we celebrate when the Queen becomes our longest reigning monarch? September 9 marks a historical landmark for our nation yet no official celebrations are planned Buckingham Palace says the Queen is 'politically neutral' Photo: Geoff Pugh/The Telegraph 7:00AM GMT 22 Mar 2015 Comments Don’t expect a commemorative stamp. Forget gilded carriages, rows of painted faces along the Mall, cardboard periscopes in red, white and blue. There will be no Red Arrows fly-past, nor any salute of guns in Hyde Park or at the Tower of London; no concert or picnic or fireworks display to disturb the peace of Buckingham Palace gardens. Instead, according to royal aides, Wednesday September 9 2015 will be 'business as usual’. As far as the Palace is concerned, this is not a day for celebration. Yet this is not a “usual” day. September 9 represents an extraordinary milestone in our island story. It is the day on which Elizabeth II becomes the longest-reigning monarch in British history , the day on which she breaks the record held for more than a century by her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria. September 9 is the day that casts in a new light the National Anthem’s prayer about a Queen who is “long to reign over us”. Victoria’s reign of 23,226 days, 16 hours and 23 minutes – 63 years and seven months – defined an era and a people. No one was more “Victorian” than the public Victoria, with her sincere do-goodery, lugubrious piety, conspicuous wifely devotion and imperial bombast. (Admittedly, the private woman could be quite different, altogether more kittenishly charming or scabrously Hanoverian, depending on her mood.) In the eyes of her contemporaries, Victoria was the symbol of the age, sturdy as a steam engine and as solidly built as any of Eugenius Birch’s cast-iron seaside piers. Her longevity was interpreted as proof that theirs was, as she herself described it, “an epoch of progress”. Queen Victoria reigned for 63 years and seven months Victoria set her record on September 23 1896. “Today is the day I have reigned longer, by a day, than any English sovereign,” she recorded in her journal. The sovereign she had in mind was her grandfather George III. By then, Victoria was regarded by the majority of her subjects with something close to idolatry. A newspaper announced that there was only “One Being more majestic than she”: God himself. Victorians responded enthusiastically to Victoria’s historic milestone. Everything from printed handkerchiefs to china plates bore the legend “the longest reign in history”. No disrespect was implied towards George III. Rather his granddaughter’s subjects revelled in a present they considered more glorious than the past. Their reaction was not one Victoria herself desired or encouraged. In 1896 she insisted she wanted no sort of demonstration ahead of the festivities of her Diamond Jubilee. “Notwithstanding that this was made public in the papers,” she wrote, “people of all kinds and ranks, from every part of the Kingdom, sent congratulatory telegrams and they kept coming in all day. They were all most loyally expressed and some very prettily.” 21 April 1965: The Queen with her family Prince Andrew, Princess Anne, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh on the Queen's 39th birthday Like her great-great-grandmother before her, Elizabeth II has requested there be no celebrations on September 9. Her attitude is shaped by respect for her formidable predecessor. The Queen is said to hope that, if the event is marked at all, it is done so reverently, with no spirit of triumphalism and no suggestion that what is being celebrated is Victoria’s death. Instead palace officials are at work on the programme for the Queen’s ninetieth birthday next April. And so there is a dilemma. To become the longest reigning of the forty-one kings and queens of England since the Norman Conquest is unquestionably an historic achievement, even if the achievement itself ultimately comes down to survival. It is also the case that a reluctance to crow is part of Elizabeth II’s make-up. She will spend the day at Balmoral, the castle of glittering Aberdeenshire granite built for Queen Victoria by Prince Albert, just as Victoria herself did on the day she passed George III’s record (in the latter’s case she was entertaining the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, whose own long-term prospects proved decidedly less rosy). The Queen’s hope is for a “quiet” day, although this may well include an engagement in the vicinity. Last year a suggestion by Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow that the Queen relay a video message from Balmoral to crowds outside Parliament was vetoed on the grounds that it lacked dignity. A call by historian Andrew Roberts for a “proper national celebration” has also so far failed to find legs. Buckingham Palace has indicated the possibility of a photo call. Only in the event of “a spontaneous national clamour” for something more significant, Palace aides offer, will there be a change to the current, deliberately low-key plans. The Queen and Queen Mother attend Royal Ascot in 1950 After a lifetime of devoted public service and approaching her eighty-ninth birthday, the Queen deserves to have her wishes be taken into account. A proper national celebration need not require her presence. George III celebrated his Golden Jubilee on October 25 1809. The ageing monarch was already incapacitated by illness. While the Lord Mayor and Corporation of London processed in thanksgiving to St Paul’s Cathedral, past crowds singing “Rule, Britannia” and “God Save the King” and crown-shaped decorations on the columns of the Mansion House, George remained in seclusion at Windsor Castle: he attended in private a service in St George’s Chapel. Afterwards, accompanied by his wife Charlotte, he visited a fete and fireworks display at nearby Frogmore. As acts of commemoration go, George’s own participation was unspectacular, organised without any allocation of public funds and witnessed by few of his subjects, who preferred to arrange their own celebrations in locations across the country. Their disparate junketings included throwing cakes from the roof of the Market House in Abingdon and freeing Danish prisoners of war in Reading. One contemporary described them as proof of a “spontaneous effusion of love”. Given his state of health, George’s case was unusual. By the end of the century, a handful of the more sensitive among Victoria’s subjects recognised the limitations imposed by her age. One wellwisher suggested that Victoria absent herself from her Diamond Jubilee procession altogether and instead be replaced in the carriage by a puppet. In 1899, she was advised to tie a balloon to her jacket whenever she undertook an engagement, in order to take the weight off her legs. On September 9, there will be no carriage processions of puppets. Nor is it likely that Elizabeth II will replace her trusty Launer handbag with a balloon. But few people would deny that she has merited a 'spontaneous effusion of love’ to match that shown to her great-great-great-great-grandfather George III. How best to express that effusion is a decision to be taken individually by communities across the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. The majority of Victorians did not question Victoria’s greatness. One particularly florid commemorative mug labelled an unsmiling and heavily pixilated image of Victoria, complete with Bible and laurel wreath, “The Centre of a World’s Desire”. Also on the mug were “Notable Achievements in Peace and War”, including “Railways 1837”, “Afghan War 1839” and “Imperial Institute 1897”. Victoria thus made contact with her subjects’ lips as a divinely ordained, classically heroic, technologically precocious, international love object (except possibly in Afghanistan). With every patriotic mug of tea they drank, Victoria’s subjects not only celebrated their sovereign’s milestone, they applauded themselves, advances in wealth, inventiveness and international peace wrought by the world’s first industrialised nation and its greatest imperial superpower. 1996: Nelson Mandela with the Queen For modern Elizabethans, the achievements of the last 63 years are more equivocal. The national record does not inspire tub-thumping or bombast. Crown and country have both undergone retrenchment. And yet the Queen herself is the most respected figure in British public life, acclaimed by world leaders, admired across the globe. At eighty-eight she remains the world’s poster girl for public service, unstinting in her devotion to duty, to the claims of others before self – as one historian had described her, “Elizabeth the Good, Elizabeth the Dutiful”. In 1897, George Bernard Shaw wrote grudgingly about Queen Victoria in the Pall Mall Gazette: “the ideal of monarchy is still with us; and it is as the impersonatrix of that ideal that the Queen is worshipped by us.” That the ideal of monarchy survives at all into the twenty-first century is largely the doing of Victoria’s great-great-granddaughter. For centuries the British have forged a very personal relationship with their sovereigns. As Queen Maud of Norway wrote to Queen Mary following George V’s Silver Jubilee in 1935, “I loved the enthusiasm which the people have for dear George and you, it is so touching – and in no other country I am sure it is like that!” Public reaction to the Diamond Jubilee of 2012, the wedding of Prince William to Catherine Middleton and the birth of Prince George prove that enthusiasm persists. In 2002, Hello! magazine captioned a photograph in its Golden Jubilee coverage: “More than a million people throng the Mall to show the Queen how much she is loved.” A special Golden Jubilee coin bore a Latin inscription: “Amor populi preasidium reg.” (“The love of the people is the Queen’s protection”). On September 9, wherever we are in Britain, let us take the opportunity of demonstrating again that genuine affection between Crown and country. Let us put aside “business as usual” and seize the opportunity of celebrating our remarkable sovereign, recently described by Conservative MP Tobias Ellwood as “a reassuring and enduring source of stability, security and inspiration; a permanent anchor in a fast-moving world”. As a teenager anticipating her destiny, the future Queen Victoria studied the reign of Elizabeth I. “Elizabeth was a great Queen but a bad woman,” she pontificated. The achievement of the second Elizabeth has been to unite royal greatness with every indication of personal goodness. It is an achievement worth marking. Matthew Dennison is the author of 'Queen Victoria: A Life of Contradictions’ (William Collins) The longest reigns in British history Edward III: January 25 1327 to June 21 1377, 50 years 147 days. Born 1312, died 1377, age 64 Henry III: October 18 1216 to November 16 1272: 56 years 29 days. Born 1207, died 1272, age 65. James VI of Scotland, later James I of England: King of Scotland July 24 1567 to March 27 1625: 57 years, 246 days. Born 1566, died 1625, age 59 George III: October 25 1760 to January 29 1820: 59 years 96 days. Born, 1738, died 1820, age 81 Queen Victoria: June 20 1837 to January 22 1901: 63 years 216 days. Born, 1819, died 1901, age 81	Queen Victoria
In which year was Prince William born?	Queen Elizabeth II set to become longest reigning UK monarch – who view me view me for your exciting news that thrill you Queen Elizabeth II set to become longest reigning UK monarch LONDON — She has lived longer than any of her predecessors, seen a dozen prime ministers come and go, and presided over six decades of British history — from war with Germany to the death of Princess Diana and terror attacks on London. Now Queen Elizabeth II is set to become the longest reigning monarch in British history. On Wednesday, she beats the record set by her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria — 63 years and 7 months — more than a century ago. Only four other British kings and queens have reigned 50 years or more. “You have to be a certain age to remember a time when she wasn’t the queen,” said royal historian and commentator Hugo Vickers. The only monarch most living Britons have ever known, Elizabeth has been the constant heart of British life since she came to the throne as a young woman aged 25. Much has changed since then. When she married Prince Philip in 1947, Britain was still in the grips of post-World War II austerity — the couple’s wedding cake had to be made from ingredients sent as wedding presents from abroad. In 1953, when she was crowned in Westminster Abbey, television was a novelty and British colonies were still dotted around the world. By the 1990s, the empire had all but vanished. Elizabeth is the last generation of British royals to be educated at home, and the first monarch from the country to have sent an email (1976) or a tweet (2014). She has worked with 12 British prime ministers — from Winston Churchill to David Cameron, who was not even born at the time of her coronation — and continues to carry out public engagements and travel at age 89. While Elizabeth is instantly recognizable and held in endearing regard by her subjects, her personality and views remain an enigma to most. As constitutional monarch she must keep mum on political affairs, and only rarely does she let her thoughts be known. Days ahead of the Scottish independence referendum in 2014, she remarked that she hoped voters would think “very carefully about the future.” Some argue that reticence and neutrality form part of her appeal. “She is above politics and when you have a change of government that’s quite reassuring to know,” Vickers said. Stephen Daldry, director of the royal-themed play “The Audience,” recently captured the queen’s paradox: “You know, she is the most invisible visible public woman in the world,” he said. Her public speeches are dignified, modest and often dry. “We are reminded here of our past, of the continuity of our national story and the virtues of resilience, ingenuity and tolerance which created it,” she said during the Diamond Jubilee in 2012, which marked 60 years of her reign. “I have been privileged to witness some of that history and, with the support of my family, rededicate myself to the service of our great country and its people now and in the years to come.” Palace officials say there will be no fanfare on Wednesday, when Elizabeth officially becomes Britain’s longest reigning monarch. Officials say the queen wanted the occasion to be a low-key affair, and that the day will be “business as usual.” Elizabeth is expected to be staying in her Scottish home, Balmoral Castle, and will take a steam train journey from Edinburgh with Prince Philip to open the new Borders Railway. Born April 21, 1926 in London, the queen was christened Elizabeth Alexandra Mary of York and was known as young Lilibet to her family. It seemed at the time unlikely that she would become queen — that is until Edward VIII, her uncle, unexpectedly abdicated in order to marry American divorcee Wallis Simpson. Elizabeth’s father reluctantly became King George VI, and she was the heir when he died in 1952. Even before that, as early as her 21st birthday, Elizabeth had dedicated her life to Britain and the Commonwealth. “There is a motto which has been borne by many of my ancestors — a noble motto, ‘I serve’,” she said. Elizabeth’s marriage to Philip has endured for almost 70 years, longer than that of any other British monarch and outlasting the unions of three of her four children. In 1992, notoriously branded the “annus horribilis,” Prince Charles separated from Princess Diana, and Prince Andrew separated from his wife Sarah Ferguson. Princess Anne was divorced in the same year. Diana’s death in 1997, which prompted Elizabeth to abandon royal protocol to publicly mourn her troublesome ex-daughter-in-law, marked one of the only low points in the queen’s reign. Today, there is little doubt about her popularity: In 2012, a million people braved the rain and sang “God Save the Queen” as they marched to the gates of Buckingham Palace to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee. “The British by and large really rather love her and certainly respect her enormously,” Vickers said. “She has given this country an extraordinarily subtle and quiet stability.”	i don't know
As at April 2004, how many different Prime Ministers has the Queen given audience to?	80 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Queen Elizabeth 80 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Queen Elizabeth Anagrammy Awards > Miscellaneous files 80 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Queen Elizabeth: Queen Elizabeth II is the fortieth monarch since William the Conqueror obtained the crown of England. In 2002, aged 76, she was the oldest monarch to celebrate a Golden Jubilee. The youngest was James I (James VI of Scotland) at 51 years. Since 1952, she has conferred over 387,700 honours and awards. Elizabeth has personally held over 540 Investitures. She speaks fluent French and often uses the language for audiences and state visits. She does not require an interpreter. The Queen has received over 3 million items of correspondence during her reign. Over the course of the reign, around 1.1 million people have attended garden parties at Buckingham Palace or the Palace of Holyrood House (Elizabeth ended Presentation Parties in 1958). Over the reign, she has given regular Tuesday evening audiences to 10 British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill 1951-55, Sir Anthony Eden 1955-57, Harold Macmillan 1957-63, Sir Alec Douglas-Home 1963-64, Harold Wilson 1964-70 and 1974-76, Edward Heath 1970-74, James Callaghan 1976-79, Margaret Thatcher 1979-90, John Major 1990-97, Tony Blair 1997-present. There have also been 10 US Presidents during her reign. Tony Blair is the first Prime Minister to have been born during her reign. He was born in early May 1953 - a month before the Coronation. The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh introduced small, informal luncheon parties at Buckingham Palace to meet distinguished people from all professions, trades and vocations. The first was held on 11th May 1956 and the tradition continues to this day. There are usually 6-8 guests and two members of the Household attending. Elizabeth is patron of more than 620 charities and organisations. During her reign, she has made more than 256 official overseas visits to 129 different countries. Many of Elizabeth's official tours were undertaken on the Royal Yacht Britannia. It was launched by the Queen on April 16, 1953 and was commissioned for service on January 7,1954. It was de- commissioned in December 1997. During this time, Britannia travelled more than a million miles on Royal and official duties. Britannia was first used by Elizabeth when she embarked with the Duke of Edinburgh on May 1,1954 at Tobruk for the final stage of their Commonwealth Tour returning to the Pool of London. The last time Elizabeth was on board for an official visit was on August 9, 1997 for a visit to Arran. Elizabeth has visited Australia 15 times, Canada 23 times, Jamaica six times and New Zealand 10 times . Her Majesty most recently visited Australia in March 2006 to open the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. Since her accession to the throne in 1952, she has visited Edinburgh nearly every year, taking up residence in the Palace of Holyroodhouse during Holyrood Week. During her reign, the Queen has received many unusual gifts including a variety of live animals. The more unusual of which have been placed in the care of the London Zoo - among them jaguars and sloths from Brazil, and two black beavers from Canada. There have also been gifts of pineapples, eggs, a box of snail shells, a grove of maple trees and 7kg of prawns. Elizabeth has sent around 100,000 telegrams to centenarians in the UK and the Commonwealth. She has sent more than 280,000 telegrams to couples in the UK and the Commonwealth celebrating their diamond wedding (60 years) anniversary. Her real birthday is on April 21, but it is celebrated officially in June. She has attended 34 Royal Variety performances. She has opened 15 bridges in the United Kingdom. She has given over 91 State banquets during her reign. Since 1952, The Queen has undertaken 78 State Visits accompanied by The Duke of Edinburgh; the most recent being to Singapore in March 2006. She has launched 23 ships in her lifetime. The first was HMS Vanguard which she launched - as Princess Elizabeth - on November 30, 1944 in Clydebank. Her first launch as Queen was Britannia, also from Clydebank . The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh have sent about 37,500 Christmas cards during her reign. She has given out about 78,000 Christmas puddings to staff continuing the custom of King George V and King George VI. In addition, the Queen gives all her staff a gift at Christmas time. Every year she sends Christmas trees to Westminster Abbey, Wellington Barracks, St Paul's Cathedral, St Giles, Edinburgh, The Canongate Kirk, Edinburgh, Crathie Church and local schools and churches in the Sandringham area. Elizabeth learnt to drive in 1945 when she joined the Army. She was a Girl Guide (1937) and Sea Ranger (1943). As Princess Elizabeth she travelled on the London Underground for the first time in May 1939 with her governess Marion Crawford and her sister Princess Margaret. The Queen is a keen photographer and enjoys taking pictures of her family. The Duke of York is also a keen photographer and has taken a number of photographs of Elizabeth , including an official photograph for Her Majesty's Golden Jubilee in 2002. The Queen was born at 17 Bruton St, London W1 on April 21, 1926, was baptised on May 29, 1926 in the private chapel at Buckingham Palace, and was confirmed on March 28, 1942 in the private chapel at Windsor Castle. With the birth of Prince Andrew in 1960, Elizabeth became the first reigning Sovereign to have a child since Queen Victoria, who had her youngest child, Princess Beatrice, in 1857. Elizabeth has 30 godchildren. The first football match the Queen attended was the 1953 FA Cup Final. She has taken the salute in every Trooping the Colour ceremony since the start of her reign, with the exception of 1955, when a national rail strike forced the cancellation of the parade. The Queen has sat for 139 official portraits during her lifetime, two of which were with The Duke of Edinburgh. The most recent sitting was for Rolf Harris (2005) . She was just seven years old when she sat for her first portrait in 1933, which was commissioned by her mother and painted by the Hungarian artist Philip Alexius de Laszlo. In 2003 she sat for the first and only hologram portrait. There have been 11 sculptures of Elizabeth. The most recent was in 2005 by Angela Conner for St George's Chapel, Windsor. The first 'Royal walkabout' took place during the visit by The Queen and Prince Philip to Australia and New Zealand in 1970. The practice was introduced to allow them to meet a greater number of people, not simply officials and dignitaries. In 1969 the first television film about the family life of the Royal Family was made, and shown on the eve of the Investiture of Prince Charles as Prince of Wales. An important innovation during her reign was the opening in 1962 of a new gallery at Buckingham Palace to display items from the Royal Collection. The brainchild of The Duke of Edinburgh, the new Queen's Gallery occupied the space of the Palace's bomb-damaged private chapel. It was the first time that parts of the Palace had been opened to the general public. The only time the Queen has had to interrupt an overseas tour was in 1974 during a tour of Australia and Indonesia. She was called back from Australia when a general election was called suddenly. The Duke of Edinburgh continued the programme in Australia, and Elizabeth re-joined the tour in Indonesia. She has opened Parliament every year except 1959 and 1963, when she was expecting Prince Andrew and Prince Edward respectively. She went on her first State Visit as Princess Elizabeth, to South Africa with her mother and father, then King and Queen, from February to May 1947. The tour included Rhodesia and Bechuanaland, Swaziland and Basutoland (now Lesotho). The Princess celebrated her 21st birthday in Cape Town. Her first State Visit as Queen was technically to Kenya, as King George VI died and she acceded the throne during the tour. The tour had to be abandoned. Her first Commonwealth tour began on November 24, 1953, and included visits to Bermuda, Jamaica, Panama, Fiji, Tonga, New Zealand, Australia, the Cocos Islands, Ceylon, Aden, Uganda, Libya, Malta and Gibraltar. The total distance covered was 70,196km. In 1986 the Queen became the first British Monarch to visit China. She has made a Christmas Broadcast to the Commonwealth every year of her reign except 1969, when a repeat of the film 'Royal Family' was shown and a written message from the Queen issued. In 1953, she made the first Christmas Broadcast from overseas, (rather than from the UK), broadcasting live from New Zealand. The first televised broadcast was in 1957, made live. The first pre-recorded broadcast took place in 1960 to allow transmission around the world. She sent a message of congratulations to Apollo 11 astronauts for the first moon landing on July 21, 1969 . The message was micro-filmed and deposited on the moon in a metal container. The Queen has met (at Buckingham Palace) ... The first man space (Russian) Major Yuri Gagarin. The first woman in space (Russian) Valentina Tereschkova The first men on the moon (American) Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin as well as their Apollo 11 colleague Michael Collins. She sent her first email in 1976 from a British Army base. There have been six Archbishops of Canterbury during her reign (Archbishops Geoffrey Fisher, Michael Ramsey, Donald Coggan, Robert Runcie, George Carey and Rowan Williams). History was made in 1982 when Pope John Paul II visited Britain, the first Pope to do so for 450 years. Elizabeth, Titular Head of the Church of England, received him at Buckingham Palace. She first visited a mosque in the UK for the first time in Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire in July 2002. The Queen has attended 50 Royal Maundy services during her reign at more than 39 different cathedrals. Elizabeth has only missed four services - two for official tours and two for the births of Prince Andrew and Prince Edward. Elizabeth has owned more than 30 corgis during her reign, starting with Susan who was a present for her 18th birthday in 1944. A good proportion of these have been direct descendants from Susan. Elizabeth currently has five corgis, Emma, Linnet, Monty, Holly and Willow. Elizabeth also introduced a new breed of dog known as the "dorgi" when one of Her Majesty's corgis was mated with a dachshund named Pipkin which belonged to Princess Margaret. Elizabeth currently has four dorgis, Cider, Berry, Candy and Vulcan. As well as corgis and dorgis, the Queen also breeds and trains Labradors and Cocker Spaniels at Sandringham. There is a special Sandringham strain of black Labrador founded in 1911. She takes a keen interest in horses and racing. Her first pony was given to her by her grandfather, King George V, when she was four years old. This was a Shetland pony called Peggy. Elizabeth continues to ride at Sandringham, Balmoral and Windsor. The Queen also takes a keen interest in horse breeding. Horses bred at the Royal studs over the last 200 years have won virtually every major race in Britain. Elizabeth has about 25 horses in training each season. Her racing colours are: purple body with gold braid, scarlet sleeves and black velvet cap with gold fringe. She continues the Royal Family's long association with racing pigeons which began in 1886 when King Leopold II of Belgium made a gift of racing pigeons to the British Royal Family. In 1990, one of Elizabeth's birds took part in the Pau race, coming first in the Section 5th Open and was subsequently named "Sandringham Lightning". In recognition of her interest in the sport, the Queen is Patron of a number of racing societies, including the Royal Pigeon Racing Association. The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh were married on November 20, 1947 in Westminster Abbey. Her wedding dress was designed by Sir Norman Hartnell and was woven at Winterthur Silks Limited, Dunfermline, in the Canmore factory, using silk that had come from Chinese silkworms at Lullingstone Castle. Her dressmakers over the years have included Sir Hardy Amies, Sir Norman Hartnell, Karl-Ludwig Couture and Maureen Rose. Elizabeth's milliners have been Frederick Fox, Philip Somerville and Marie O'Regan. Her wedding ring was made from a nugget of Welsh gold which came from the Clogau St David's mine near Dolgellau. The official wedding cake was made by McVitie and Price Ltd, using ingredients given as a wedding gift by Australian Girl Guides. The Queen has an extensive collection of jewellery, most of which are Crown Jewels, some inherited and some gifts, including the largest pink diamond in the world. Some well known pieces include; a brooch of diamonds forming a spray of wattle presented by the Australian Government in 1954; and a necklace of large square cut aquamarines and diamonds with earrings as a gift in Coronation year by the Ambassador of Brazil, which Elizabeth wore on the French State visit in 2004. Elizabeth has laid her wreath at the Cenotaph on Remembrance Sunday every year of her reign, except in 1959, 1961, 1963, 1968, 1983 and 1999 when she was either pregnant or overseas on an official visit. She has visited the sets of a number of popular British soap operas including Coronation Street, East Enders and Emmerdale. In 1997, she launched Buckingham Palace's first official website. In 1998, Elizabeth introduced "theme days" to promote and celebrate aspects of British culture. The first theme day was "City Day" focusing on financial institutions. Other themes have included Publishing, Broadcasting, Tourism, Emergency Services, Maritime Day, Music, Young Achievers, British Design, and Pioneers. In June, 2002, the Queen hosted the first public concerts in the garden of Buckingham Palace to celebrate her Golden Jubilee. She attended both the classical and pop concerts. The "Party at the Palace" pop concert was one of the most watched pop concerts in history, attracting around 200 million viewers all over the world. She is the first member of the Royal Family to be awarded a gold disc from the recording industry. 100,000 copies of the CD of the "Party at the Palace", produced by EMI, were sold within the first week of release. She hosted the first women's only event "Women of Achievement" at Buckingham Palace in March 2004. In November 2004, Elizabeth invited the cast of Les Miserables in the West End to perform for French President Jacques Chirac at Windsor Castle. It was the first time the cast of a West End musical had performed at a Royal residence. As a young girl, Elizabeth acted in a number of pantomimes during the Second World War including playing Prince Florizel in Cinderella in 1941. The productions took place every year in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle. In 2005, she claimed ownership of 88 cygnets on the river Thames. They are looked after by the Swan Marker. The first Royal Swan Keeper was appointed around the 12th Century. Technically the Queen still owns the sturgeons, whales and dolphins in the waters around the UK. A statute from 1324, at the time of the reign of King Edward II, states that: "Also the King shall have . whales and sturgeons taken in the sea or elsewhere within the realm." This statute is still valid today, and sturgeons, porpoises, whales and dolphins are recognised as "Fishes Royal". When captured within three miles of UK shores, or washed ashore either dead or alive, they may be claimed on behalf of the Crown. Generally, when brought into port, a sturgeon is sold in the usual way, and the purchaser, as a gesture of loyalty, requests the honour of its being accepted by Elizabeth. In summer 2005, she opened the first children's trail in the Buckingham Palace garden for the Summer Opening. 80 More Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Queen Elizabeth The Queen's handbag contains a Nintendo Gameboy Advance, an irreplaceable 77-year-old Steiff bear called 'Mister Fuzzy Wuzzy', 'The Little Book of Chavspeak', and (in case Tony Blair calls round for tea), some Clorets. Queen Elizabeth can order a pint of bitter in 11 languages...English, of course, and French ("Je voudrais un biere brune, s'il vous plait), German ("Könnte Sie ein Glas dunkles Bier bekommen?"), Greek ("Epithymoume ena potiri pikrou zythou!"), Italian ("Posso avere una pinta di birra amara, per favore?"), Dutch ("Mogen haar een glas donker bier bekomen?"), Bulgarian ("Moje li edna bira, molya?"), Serbo-Croat ("Molim vas, mozemo li dobiti pintu piva?"), Finnish ("Voisimmeko saada tuopin olutta, kiitos?"), Malaysian ("Boleh-kah saya di-beri sedikit arak?"), and Mandarin Chinese ("Ning neng gei wo yi bei hei piju ma?") Windsor Castle is actually made of 1,779,953 breezeblocks covered in artificial stone-cladding she bought from the Iver branch of Wickes in 1938. During the Golden Jubilee 'Party at the Palace' gig in 2002, it was actually Her Majesty herself standing on the roof of Buckingham Palace playing the National Anthem on an electric guitar, wearing a Brian May wig that she borrowed from Anita Dobson. (The ultimate Queen tribute act!) The Queen has said "...and what do you do?" 1,693,766 times in her lifetime. (14,962 of these times, it was to Prince Charles!) She recently acquired 17 more corgis, named Darren, Sharron, Jordan, Wayne, Chantelle, Preston, Legolas, Gimli, Gloin, Camilla, Geri, Cherie, Gizzard Puke, Fagin, Fifi-Trixibelle Satan, and Sven. She's allergic to cats. In 1995, she had a bit-part in EastEnders, in which she played Dirty Den's Aunt Mildred. The Queen co-wrote, and did the drum-machine programming for, the 1979 Sister Sledge hit 'We Are Family'. She usually wins at Trivial Pursuit, at Scrabble by at least 200 points, can do a Rubik's Cube in 55 seconds flat, and fill a 9x9 Suduko puzzle in around 3-4 minutes. She doesn't, however, understand the difference between an anagram and an acronym. Her Majesty is a qualified B.S.A.C. Advanced Scuba- Diving instructor. In 1971-1972, she was a member of Hampstead Sub-Aqua Club's octopush (a sort of underwater hockey) team. In 1990 she fitted the Royal Yacht Britannia with a burglar alarm that plays 'Colonel Bogey', 'The Campdown Races', and 'La Cucaracha'. After the November 1992 fire at Windsor Castle, in order to finance restoration, The Queen had to pawn her favourite sceptre at the Slough branch of Cash Converters for �500,000. Retrieving it 15 months later cost �569,191.75 inc. VAT. In 1985, The Queen, Prince Philip and The Band of The Coldstream Guards recorded an awful cover version of Renee and Renato's 'Save Your Love'. It got to number 59 in the Greek charts, where it was runner-up in the voting to be Greece's Eurovision entry. In 1994, The Queen deputised for Jeanette Charles at the opening of a shop at Heathrow Terminal 1, when Mrs Charles was suffering from influenza. Nobody noticed the difference. She is a talented ukulele player and does convincing George Formby and Tessie O'Shea impressions. For Christmas, she always gets Prince Philip 3 pairs of Marks and Spencer cotton Y-Fronts, in blue with white piping. She sips her nightly Ovaltine from an original 1953 Coronation mug. She sucks a lemon during public appearances, to maintain the correct facial expression to well-wishers. Her favourite football team is Millwall, where she often mingles anonymously with the riff-raff during matches. She has a royal coach rear-window sticker which says: "NO-ONE LIKES ONE...ONE DOESN'T CARE!" When, on November 14th 1948, the then Princess Elizabeth gave birth to Prince Charles, he had to be dragged out by the ears. In 1958/1959 her husband taught her Zorba's Dance so that they could entertain the other royals at family get-togethers. Her all-time 3 favourite tunes are: 'The Girl From Ipanema' by Astrud Gilberto. Wilson Pickett's '634-5789' 'Gimme All Your Lovin' by ZZ Top. Her 5 favourite films are: Reservoir Dogs Bean This Is Spinal Tap If on her day off, she likes nothing better than to lounge around in her Levi 501s and her 'A Kind Of Magic - Queen World Tour 1986' T-shirt, reading Viz magazine until 12.00am. When she got married, her wedding dress had 767 I.O.O.s* pinned to it. (* I Owe One). At the reception after Prince Edward and Sophie's wedding (June 19th 1999) the Queen had to restrain her husband in order to prevent him from smashing the 'Princess Diana 1961-1997' commemorative plates that the starters were served on. The Queen has The Prodigy's 'Smack My Bitch Up' as a ringtone on her mobile (which has a flag of St. George replacement front that she bought for �3.95 from a car boot sale in Reading). In the late 1970s/early 1980s, the Queen was a CB-radio enthusiast, and her "handle" was "Ms. Liz". She won �25,000 on an Irish lottery scratchcard in 1998. She spent the winnings on a secondhand fur coat as a present for her mother. The Queen had to intervene in both 2003 and 2004 to prevent Prince Harry being issued with an ASBO. It was more recently necessary for her to admonish the ginger- haired, infantile little imbecile herself. She told him she might well accept his Nazi uniform indiscretion, and even his ludicrous attack on a photographer, but that giving a half-eaten lamb vindaloo to the corgis was unforgivable, and that he'd have to re-imburse her in full for the stairwell and hall carpets cleaning bill. She has an allotment in Barnet, Hertfordshire, where she grows carrots and tomatoes which she sells to Prince Charles for his 'Duchy Originals' products. On March 19th. 1974, The Queen appeared on Top Of The Pops, dressed as Madame Cholet, performing 'Remember You're A Womble'. In 1999, she was invited to appear on "Have I Got News For You", but had to decline, due to the fact that she had an acupuncture session that evening. Queen Elizabeth is distantly related to Lemmy from Motorhead, on her mother's side. In 1972, still simmering from The Beatles handing their OBEs back, Her Majesty sued John Lennon and Paul McCartney for a cut of the royalties on the song 'Her Majesty' from the 1969 Beatles album 'Abbey Road'. The case was settled out of court, Lennon and McCartney agreeing to pay her a one-off sum of �235,000. She never watches her Christmas broadcasts on TV as she feels that "The camera doesn't flatter one." In the late 1940's, disguised in blonde wigs, she, Margaret Thatcher and Zsa-Zsa Gabor used to have wild girlie nights out at the Hammersmith Palais. She has a karaoke machine and loves to sing 'One's Way', 'One Will Survive', and The Crazy Frog's 'Axel F'. She is currently taking rap lessons from Eminem and MC Hammer, in order to keep-up with trends, cleverly animate her speeches, and raise her "street-cred". Her Mastermind specialist subject would be 'The life and works of Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1889-1951'. She hates waste, inefficiency and extravagance, and hands her clothes down to Princess Anne, who then hands them down to her horses. Because of the size of her residences, she and Philip whizz along the corridors on roller-blades with matching helmets. Her waxwork figure is often loaned out by Madame Tussaud's to sit in the Royal box at Command Performances while she stays home and watches Coronation Street. Prince Philip once spoke to it for a full 30 minutes before realising. If at Command Performances, her waving duties are usually performed by a false arm operated by Rod Hull. In 1996, in ill-health, she turned down a �1,200,000 offer to star in 'Mrs Brown'...so the part was given to Dame Judi Dench instead. She has since asked to be considered should there be a sequel, providing that Billy Connolly's in it again. She is learning how to curtsey, for her next audience with Great Britain's First Lady, Cherie Blair. Her Majesty can recite by heart the entire script to the 1975 Fawlty Towers episode 'The Germans'. Before travelling up for her annual highland stay in Balmoral, she watches the film 'Trainspotting' several times to brush-up on the local vernacular. Like Saddam Hussein, she has several decoy lookalikes, which is why every official portrait of her is different and she has been seen in Harrods, 7-11 and Asda at the same time. She derives immense amusement from flipping a 50-pence coin and saying: "Me or tails?" In Buckingham Palace, The Queen has an underground swimming pool, Jacuzzi and ice-rink (on which Torville and Dean practised their 'Bolero'). There is also a network of tunnels leading to 12 secret locations, for use if in the event of an air-invasion of the Palace by hostile forces and the paparazzi. Her Majesty has a 26-stone Japanese masseur (who is also a sumo wrestler) who does her astrological charts. Prince Philip has a Scandinavian masseuse who looks a bit like Agnetha Faltskog and who teaches him Abba songs. His favourite is 'Dancing Queen'. The Queen and her husband have been to see the Abba musical 'Mamma Mia' 147 times. The Queen is a proficient clog dancer and has 179 pairs of hand-carved clogs. Quite often, the Palace chandeliers will rattle and the servants will be heard to say: "Dear me, 'er Maj is doin' 'er Riverdance thingy again!" Diana, the Princess of Wales bequeathed her collection of 225 self-signed CDs to Her Majesty, who has become rather partial to a bit of DuranDuran, Wham!, Cliff Richard, Imagination, and Milli Vanilli. The Queen goes to pilates classes from 3.30 'til 4.30 every Wednesday at Slough Leisure Centre, (the Senior Citizens' 1/2 price hour) and has been trying to get Camilla to join her, to no avail. During the vital 1998 England versus Argentina World Cup match, when David Beckham kicked Diego Simeone, The Queen, who was watching on her television set, rose to her feet and angrily exclaimed "Orf with his head!". It isn't known if she was referring to Beckham or to Simeone. The Queen has a magnificent collection of 176,511 beermats dating back to circa 1940-1945. Her Majesty has only ever missed one episode of Ant'n'Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, (August 31st, 2002), when 'Seven Brides For Seven Brothers' was on the other side, and the video recorder was playing up...Prince Edward had gleefully inserted a marmite sandwich into it. There is nothing Her Majesty likes better than a day trip to Margate for a paddle in the sea. In 1931, the infant 'Lilibet' pretended to be King Canute and ordered the tide not to come in. This resulted in her being washed out to sea, still in her deck-chair. She was rescued by a lifeguard who said: "Don't I know you from somewhere?" She has been playing piano since she was 11, and does a fair rendition of 'Great Balls Of Fire'. During half-time of the 1966 World Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, in the Germans' dressing room, The Queen played keepy-uppy with the match ball for 14 minutes and 32 seconds...a total of 1,296 consecutive kicks and 23 headers. In 1979, the American President, Jimmy Carter, claiming to be an Earl (which was, in fact, merely his middle name) proposed marriage to her. In 1999, The Queen bought her 'Spitting Image' puppet on eBay (for �1,793.00 plus �29.95 shipping) from a gentleman in Des Moines, and keeps it on the window sill in the Royal privy at Balmoral. In August 1990, she recorded a version of "Don't Go Breaking One's Heart" for inclusion on the Elton John /Bernie Taupin tribute album 'Two Rooms' (Mercury Records 845 749-2). It wasn't released, because the engineer, Trevor Horn, afterwards noticed on tape the sound of corgis running around in the studio. The Queen has a prodigious talent for mental arithmetic, and often astounds dinner guests by suddenly saying (for example): "Well I never! One has been orn this planet for precisely 41,916,600 minutes!". Her husband invariably produces an electronic calculator from somewhere, and, after checking, cries: "By George, the old girl's right! 41,916,600 minutes indeed! Amazing, Liz!". She'll then reply, smiling, "No, Pheeleep...it's now 41,916,602 minutes!"...which is invariably greeted by hoots of sycophantic, ingratiating laughter from the dinner guests, guards, and various fawning minions. During a visit to Canada in 1979, The Queen played a game of snooker against the late Bill Werbeniuk, in which she accidently tore the baize. It was reported in the Canadian media that she was so embarrassed that she swore, but what she actually said was "Oh, is it rucked? How sad Bill looks!" The Royal Family are all great Country'n'Western fans and have the occasional theme evening where they dress in jeans, stetson hats and check shirts, and the Queen puts on the 'Achy Breaky Heart' 12-inch and leads them in a line-dance in the corridors. The only exception is her incorrigible husband, who insists on doing the conga instead. (He tags onto the line dancers). In 2005, she designed, for Prince Harry, his first racing colours: Light blue top, with white "tick" motif, navy blue trousers with two vertical white stripes on each leg, and a beige cap with black, white and red horizontal and vertical stripes. The Queen is inundated by an annual average 130 tons of commercial junk mail, mostly from Stannah offering stair-lifts, "Tom Champagne" from Readers' Digest, and SAGA, offering holidays for the over 50s. The Queen is a huge fan of BBC Radio 2's 'Wake Up To Wogan', considers herself and the Duke of Edinburgh "togs", and on occasion sends Terry letters under the pseudonym of 'Erin Dawes'. William Hill are offering current odds of 500-1 on The Queen sending herself a centenary telegram in 2026. When Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson got engaged (March 19th, 1986) The Queen got them a present of matching ermine slippers embroidered in 9-carat gold with the intertwined initials F and A. In 1961, The Queen joined the Highland Light Infantry for the day, during which she ran 13 miles with a 35- pound kitbag on her back, crawled in the mud under barbed wire, swam across a 30ft. wide river, and climbed a 10ft high wall. Her sister, Princess Margaret, was also there...she meanwhile smoked 150 cigarettes and drank 2 bottles of Smirnoff in the Officers' Mess. In 1977, Tommy Cooper let her try his fez for size ...and she couldn't resist saying "Just like that!". Queen Elizabeth and her husband on occasion slip out in her Ferrari for a meal at their favourite restaurant, the 'Star of New Delhi' curry house, 156 Bath Road, Maidenhead (tel 01628-729441 / 776337). He invariably criticizes the wiring. In 2005 she accidently trod on corgi Sven (causing all his hair to fall out), fell, and dropped her tiara, which dislodged a �100,000 diamond, which was then swallowed by corgi Wayne. She had to wait 2 days for nature to take its course before the gem could be retrieved, cleaned, and pasted on again. In 1986, she registered a new breed with the Kennel Club...a cross between a feist and a corgi, called a fergi. During her recent Australian visit in March 2006, John Howard gave her a crown with ten corks-on-string hanging off it. She wasn't amused. She's an avid watcher of 'The Catherine Tate Show', and has, in recent months, developed the habit of sauntering along the corridors with a nonchalant air, shouting to everybody that she sees, "Bovvered? BOVVERED? One ain't bovvered!! Look at the hand!!", etc. She can get irate with her husband if he refers to her as "a dashed splendid old filly!". Prince Philip and "the trouble 'n' strife" have annual 'Cockney Rhyming Slang Fun Evenings'. For her 80th. birthday (April 21st, 2006), her husband, 85, treated her to a sentimental night in, with a regular-size (12-inch), deep-pan, stuffed-crust cheese- and-tomato pizza, 4 slices of plain garlic bread, a 125ml tub of vanilla flavour ice-cream, and a 1.5-litre bottle of Coca-Cola (delivered free, �12.99 with a Daily Mirror �2.00-off voucher) from the Pizza Hut Staines branch (tel. 01784-454095). He gave the girl a �1.50 tip. Home	ten
What is the official title of Camilla now that she has married Prince Charles?	David Cameron \| prime minister of United Kingdom \| Britannica.com prime minister of United Kingdom Written By: Alternative Title: David William Donald Cameron David Cameron Prime minister of United Kingdom Also known as David Cameron, in full David William Donald Cameron (born October 9, 1966, London, England), British Conservative Party leader who served as prime minister of the United Kingdom (2010–16). David Cameron. Courtesy of the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom A CCTV news broadcast on the immediate aftereffect of the “Brexit” vote (2016), notably … © CCTV America (A Britannica Publishing Partner) Early life and start in politics Cameron, a descendant of King William IV , was born into a family with both wealth and an aristocratic pedigree. He attended Eton College and Brasenose College, Oxford , from which he graduated (1988) with a first-class degree in philosophy, politics, and economics. After Oxford he joined the Conservative Party Research Department. In 1992 he became a special adviser to Norman Lamont, then chancellor of the Exchequer , and the following year he undertook the same role for Michael Howard , then home secretary. Cameron joined the media company Carlton Communications in 1994 as director of corporate affairs. He stayed at Carlton until he entered Parliament in 2001 as MP for Witney, northwest of London. Cameron—young, moderate, and charismatic—quickly attracted attention as the leading member of a new generation of Conservatives . He was widely compared to Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair , who had acquired a similar reputation when he entered Parliament 18 years earlier. After just two years as an MP, Cameron was appointed to his party’s “front bench”—making him a leading Conservative spokesman in the House of Commons . In 2004 Howard, by then party leader, appointed his young protégé to the post of head of policy coordination, which put Cameron in charge of preparing the Conservatives’ 2005 election manifesto . The party, however, suffered a heavy defeat at the polls, provoking Howard’s resignation. Cameron’s self-assured speech at the party’s annual conference in October 2005 transformed his reputation, and he was subsequently elected Conservative leader. David Cameron, after being named the new leader of Britain’s Conservative Party, London, December … © Paul Hackett/Reuters/Corbis Cameron’s revitalization of the Conservatives Cameron sought to modernize the party and shed its right-wing image. He announced that economic stability and strong public services would take priority over tax cuts in the next Conservative government. Under his leadership the party grew in popularity and placed first in the 2006 local elections; it was the Conservatives’ best showing at the polls in some 15 years. In the immediate aftermath of Gordon Brown’s succeeding Blair as Labour leader and prime minister in 2007, the Conservatives began to trail in the polls, encouraging the prime minister to consider calling a snap election to capitalize on Labour’s momentum. By the time Labour held its party conference in September, it had taken a double-digit lead over the Conservatives. But, at the Conservative Party conference in early October, Cameron made an impressive speech, talking for more than an hour without a script. In reference to the upcoming European Union summit in Lisbon to negotiate a treaty on reform, Cameron lambasted Brown for ruling out a referendum on an agreement (contrary to the prime minister’s commitment to hold one on a European constitution). In addition to other issues, Cameron also was critical of Labour’s performance on crime and with regard to the National Health Service (NHS). Most daringly, despite trailing in the polls, he goaded the prime minister to call an election: So, Mr Brown, what’s it going to be? Why don’t you go ahead and call that election? Let the people pass judgement on 10 years of broken promises. Let people decide who’s really making the arguments about the future of our country. Let people decide who can make the changes that we really need in our country. Call that election. We will fight. Britain will win. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The performance won wide praise, and in its aftermath Brown announced that there would be no general election before 2009. Later that month, after Brown had attended the EU summit in Lisbon , at which the 27 member countries agreed on the detailed wording of the treaty, Cameron followed up with his earlier criticism , arguing that Brown had “absolutely no democratic mandate to sign this without a referendum.” By December the Conservatives had taken a clear lead in the opinion polls, ahead of Labour by up to 13 percent—the biggest lead for the Conservatives since 1989. British Culture and Politics The global economic crisis in 2008 helped Cameron solidify the Conservatives’ position. Though Brown was widely praised outside of Britain for his approach to the crisis, his promise in 1997 that the days of economic “boom and bust” were over played to Cameron’s advantage, as did an internal revolt by Labour ministers in 2008. In March 2009 Cameron made good on a promise to remove the Conservatives from the European People’s Party , a mainstream alliance of conservative parties in the European Parliament . On June 4 the Conservatives topped the poll in the European Parliament elections, and Cameron had the Conservatives enter the legislative body as members of the European Conservatives and Reformists Group. David Cameron (right), leader of the British Conservative Party, meeting staff at a textile factory … Andrew Parsons—PA Photos/Landov Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies A parliamentary-expenses scandal, which had been brewing since 2007, broke in May 2009 when the Daily Telegraph reported on widespread abuse by members of Parliament of expense accounts meant to offset the cost of having to maintain a second residence (the so-called Additional Costs Allowance). The scandal cut across party lines, but Labour suffered the brunt of public criticism, and Cameron responded by arguing that the public had a “right to be angry.” Although the polling numbers for Cameron and the Conservatives showed a decline from peaks in early 2009, he and the party appeared to be well positioned for the general election on May 6, 2010 . Prime ministership The Conservative–Liberal Democratic coalition government Voters gave the Conservatives their biggest seat gain since 1931, but the total still fell short of an outright majority. Days of political wrangling followed the election, with negotiators from the Conservative and Labour parties courting Liberal Democratic leader Nick Clegg in an effort to form a government. On May 11, after it appeared that the prospect of a “Lib-Lab” coalition would not bear fruit, Brown resigned as prime minister and was replaced by Cameron. He came to power at the head of a Conservative–Liberal Democratic coalition government—Britain’s first coalition government since World War II —in which Clegg became deputy prime minister. The two leaders seemed to quickly become comfortable with each other, perhaps because of their shared age (both were 43) and similar backgrounds. Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg (left) with Prime Minister David Cameron, May 12, 2010. Prime Minister’s Office, Crown copyright Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest In June Cameron addressed Parliament in response to the report of Lord Saville’s 12-year official inquiry into the events of “ Bloody Sunday ,” which found that British soldiers had been responsible for the deaths of 14 nationalist demonstrators in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, in 1972 and that those demonstrators had posed no serious threat to the soldiers. “The government is ultimately responsible for the conduct of the forces,” Cameron said, “and for that, on behalf of the government—indeed, on behalf of our country—I am deeply sorry.” One of the cornerstones of the Conservative-Liberal power-sharing agreement was a pledge to formulate a budget-reduction plan in short order. In October the man whom Cameron had appointed chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne , announced a five-year austerity plan that included Britain’s most extensive spending cuts in decades, notably reductions to welfare entitlements and layoffs of up to 500,000 public-sector employees. Early in 2011 the Middle East and North Africa were swept by a series of popular uprisings that became known as the Arab Spring . In February Cameron became the first Western leader to visit Egypt after Hosni Mubarak was ousted from power . Another event in the region, the revolt in Libya , particularly captured the attention of Cameron, who became an outspoken critic of ruler Muammar al-Qaddafi ’s brutal repression of the rebels in Libya . Cameron’s calls for military intervention in that country and especially for the imposition of a no-fly zone to protect Libyan civilians from Qaddafi’s forces were echoed by French Pres. Nicolas Sarkozy . Together they played a pivotal role in winning the UN Security Council ’s authorization of a no-fly zone on March 17. Shortly thereafter a coalition of U.S. and European forces with warplanes and cruise missiles began attacking targets in Libya in an effort to disable Libya’s air force. French Pres. Nicolas Sarkozy (right) and British Prime Minister David Cameron greeting a crowd in … Philippe Wojazer/AP The results of the May 2011 local government elections in Britain, especially those for local councils in England , appeared to indicate that Conservative voters were more comfortable than Liberal Democrats with the deficit-reducing austerity measures introduced by the government. The Conservatives made moderate gains to their presence in local government, but their coalition partners experienced their worst performance at the polls since the founding of the Liberal Democrats. In the wake of the election, relations between Cameron and Clegg and their parties were widely described as having become more businesslike in nature. This cooling of coalition camaraderie was largely the result of the Conservatives’ active opposition to a Liberal Democrats-initiated referendum on a change from first-past-the-post elections to the alternative vote , which was strongly rejected by British voters. Trending Topics Opium Wars Following the Scottish Nationalist Party ’s overwhelming victory in the 2011 elections for the Scottish Parliament, Alex Salmond , the first minister of Scotland, announced that he would be forwarding a referendum on independence. Cameron announced that he would respect Scotland ’s efforts in that direction but would “campaign to keep our United Kingdom together with every single fibre that I have.” When the scandal involving the illegal hacking of telephone voice mails by reporters from the News of the World newspaper exploded in July 2011, Cameron was caught in the fallout. Andy Coulson , Cameron’s communications chief, had already left that post in January of the same year in the wake of the growing evidence tying him to the scandal. Coulson had served as the editor of News of the World from 2003 to 2007, when he stepped down after early revelations of the phone hacking came to light. Initially, Cameron had been supportive of Coulson after he left his government post, but, as the scandal deepened in July, Cameron said that he regretted having hired Coulson. Cameron announced on July 13 that a senior judge, Lord Justice Sir Brian Leveson, would head a public inquiry into both the hacking scandal and Britain’s system of media regulation. In early August 2011 Cameron faced a new challenge, as a profusion of neighbourhoods in and around London as well as in a number of other British cities erupted in riots characterized by widespread looting, arson, and destruction of property. The civil disorder was sparked on the night of August 6 when a protest in the North London area of Tottenham over the police shooting of a young man escalated into rioting, which began spreading the next day. “This is criminality pure and simple, and it has to be confronted and defeated,” announced Cameron on August 9 as some 16,000 policemen prepared to take to the streets of London that night. Cameron also called members of Parliament back to London for discussion of the riots. In a speech on August 15, Cameron blamed “a broken society” for a “slow-motion moral collapse.” In a separate statement he promised tougher measures, especially against people living in rented social housing in the event that any member of the family broke the law. The Cameron government’s first major social innovation started to bear fruit in September 2011 with the opening of the first 24 “Free Schools,” which were free to students and funded by the government but able to operate independently of local councils. The government enacted another major change in October at a meeting of Commonwealth leaders in Australia , where it was agreed that the British crown could pass to the firstborn child, regardless of sex, and that the ban, more than 300 years old, on a British monarch’s marrying a Roman Catholic was no longer valid. Also in October, the retirement age was set to rise to 66 by 2020 for public-sector workers, and mandatory retirement was lifted. In December Cameron took the nearly unprecedented step of vetoing a proposal supported by the other 26 EU heads of government to amend the EU’s rules to reduce the risks of future financial crisis in the euro zone. It was the first major proposal rejected by Britain since it joined the European Community . Rift in the coalition Unemployment in the United Kingdom began falling in the spring of 2012 and ended the year below 2.5 million, down from a peak of 2.7 million at the start of the year. Many of the new jobs were part-time, however—an indication that the labour market was not in decline but experiencing very slow growth. In July 2012 Cameron’s government (like successive governments before it) sought to replace the partly appointed, partly hereditary upper house of Parliament, the House of Lords , with a chamber that had a more democratic mandate. With some support in all the major parties, the government proposed that the Lords be 80 percent elected (to single 15-year terms) and 20 percent appointed. On July 10, 462 MPs voted in favour of and 124 against the measure. The 91 Conservatives who opposed the bill (and the desires of the party’s leadership) promised to join with Labour in voting against a timetable for the bill, guaranteeing that motion’s failure and enabling the bill’s opponents to use filibustering tactics to block it. Rather than face a humiliating defeat, the government withdrew the timetable motion and effectively killed its own bill. Because reform of the House of Lords had been one of the Liberals’ highest priorities, Clegg, angry at Cameron’s failure to deliver enough support to ensure that the bill became law, retaliated by withdrawing his party’s support for a separate Conservative-advocated constitutional measure to reduce the number of MPs in the House of Commons from 650 to 600. Clegg said that the two reforms composed a balanced package that should stand or fall as a whole. For his part, Cameron said that there was “fundamental disagreement” between him and Clegg regarding the linkage of the two initiatives . In September 2012 Cameron sought to revive his flagging opinion ratings by shifting four of his least popular cabinet members to less prominent positions. Those moved included Health Secretary Andrew Lansley, whose reforms of the NHS had been attacked by almost every professional body representing doctors and nurses, and Culture Secretary Jeremy Hunt, who, many thought, had become too closely involved with leading figures in News International (publisher of News of the World) and who faced criminal charges related to phone hacking and the bribing of police officers. In October 2012 Cameron and Salmond signed an agreement on the details for the referendum on Scottish independence in 2014. The prime minister agreed to Salmond’s timing of the vote, to the wording of the referendum question, and to lowering the voting age for the referendum to 16, and Salmond relinquished his demand for a second question that would have given the Scots the option of backing more powers for the Scottish Parliament if a majority of Scots rejected full independence. Opinion polls in Scotland at the time of the agreement found majorities of up to two-to-one against independence and for retaining the union with the rest of the United Kingdom. Also in October, ahead of negotiations on the EU’s budget for 2014–20, Cameron’s government lost a vote in the House of Commons on his proposal that EU spending be allowed to increase only by the level of the inflation rate (in contrast to the majority of EU governments, which wanted a real-terms increase). Labour MPs combined with a minority of Conservatives to demand a real-terms reduction in EU spending. The vote, though advisory, was embarrassing for Cameron. In January 2013 Liberal Democratic MPs manifested their disappointment at Conservatives’ earlier failure to support changes to the House of Lords by joining with the Labour Party to reject proposals to amend the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies that would have benefited the Conservatives at the expense of Labour and, to a lesser extent, the Liberal Democrats. In other areas, notably welfare policy, Clegg also rejected Conservative proposals and, because the Conservatives lacked an overall majority in the House of Commons, effectively vetoed them. Also in January, Cameron set out his plans for a referendum on continued British membership in the EU. He announced that if the Conservatives remained in government as a result of the 2015 general election, he would seek reforms that would return a number of powers from the EU to member states. Cameron said that he would put the outcome of his efforts to a referendum by the end of 2017, when voters would be asked whether they wished the country to remain in the EU. On February 5 the House of Commons voted 400–175 to legalize same-sex marriage in England and Wales. The bill, which Cameron had backed strongly, became law in July. The Conservatives and, to some extent, other parties lost support to the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in local elections held in much of the U.K. in May 2013 and in a number of parliamentary by-elections. Attracting more than 20 percent of the vote, UKIP—which advocated British withdrawal from the EU and far stricter immigration controls—established itself as the U.K.’s first significant party to the right of the Conservatives with a broad appeal. Some Conservative supporters switched their allegiance to UKIP because it shared their rejection of some of the social reforms that Cameron continued to favour. Cameron, who had once characterized UKIP as “fruitcakes, loonies, and closet racists,” said that it was “no good insulting a political party that people have chosen to vote for” and that Conservatives were going to work hard to win back those who had supported UKIP. Staying out of Syria During the first half of 2013, the United Kingdom joined France in pressing the EU to lift its embargo on the sale of arms and other military equipment to Syria in an effort to support the opposition to the regime of Bashar al-Assad . In late August Cameron sought to intervene more directly in the Syrian Civil War by backing a proposed U.S.-led strike against chemical-weapons installations following a poison gas attack on suburbs of Damascus that allegedly had been launched by Syrian government forces. He recalled Parliament from its summer break for an emergency debate in order to secure approval for British participation in the retaliatory military intervention. The Labour Party and a significant number of Conservative and Liberal Democratic MPs, however, were reluctant to support action, as was the general public. British Prime Minister David Cameron speaking to workers at the Hinkley Point power plant, … Tim Ireland—Press Association/AP Images As part of an attempt to modify his proposal so as to overcome the doubts of MPs, Cameron recast the vote on August 29 so that it was focused on the principle of military action and guaranteed that MPs would be granted a second vote, some days later, before British forces went into action. This meant that Britain could not participate in a U.S.-led attack according to the original timetable. Even so, 30 Conservative and 9 Liberal Democratic MPs voted against the government, and similar numbers abstained. Ultimately, the government proposal was defeated 285–272. It was the first time since 1855 (during the Crimean War ) that any British government had been defeated in a House of Commons vote on military action overseas. Cameron announced immediately that he accepted the result, that he would not seek to have the vote overturned at a later stage, and that the country would not take part in military action against Syria. In October Andrew Parker, the head of the government intelligence agency MI5 , indirectly accused The Guardian newspaper of jeopardizing the U.K.’s security following that newspaper’s reporting of documents disclosed by Edward Snowden , who had worked for the U.S. CIA and National Security Agency (NSA), that indicated that the British surveillance agency, the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), had a far greater capacity to eavesdrop than had been publicly acknowledged. A fierce debate erupted between those (such as The Guardian and many MPs in all parties) who argued for tighter, more-effective controls on the work of GCHQ and those (such as Parker and some newspapers and MPs) who felt that GCHQ needed as much freedom as possible to monitor potential terrorists and others who threatened British interests. Cameron joined Parker in condemning the leaks, maintaining that the activities of the GCHQ were lawful and necessary for the protection of the British people. Relations between the press and Parliament were also strained by the continuing repercussions of the 2011 phone-hacking scandal. The 2012 public inquiry led by Lord Justice Leveson at Cameron’s behest recommended a new, tougher system of press regulation, and dozens were arrested during a series of investigations regarding phone hacking and bribery of public officials. In October 2013 seven people linked to News of the World faced trial for phone hacking, and five others pleaded guilty to avoid trial. That same month the Privy Council granted a royal charter (which had been agreed to in March by Cameron, Clegg, and the Labour Party’s leader, Ed Miliband ) that established a new watchdog system that would give press regulators statutory powers. In June 2014 Coulson, Cameron’s former communications chief, was found guilty of conspiring to hack phones, and in July he was sentenced to 18 months in prison. A bound and gagged British Prime Minister David Cameron watching media mogul Rupert Murdoch burn a … Sang Tan/AP Although Cameron continued to promise an “in or out” referendum on the EU, the Conservatives had largely ceded the issue of Euroskepticism to UKIP. In May 2014 UKIP made huge gains in local elections and finished first in EU parliamentary elections, leading some Conservatives to suggest an alliance with UKIP. Cameron rejected the notion, stating that UKIP leader Nigel Farage wished to “destroy the Conservative Party, not work in tandem with it.” Cameron experienced a reversal within the EU in July 2014 when Jean-Claude Juncker , a candidate whom he had strenuously opposed, was elected president of the European Commission . That same day Cameron announced the most significant cabinet reshuffle of his administration, appointing a group of ministers who reflected a markedly Euroskeptic outlook. Dozens of ministers were sacked or had their portfolios changed. Among those leaving government or accepting reduced responsibilities were foreign secretary William Hague , education secretary Michael Gove , and Ken Clarke, a minister without portfolio who had long been the most consistent pro-EU voice within the Conservative front bench. The Scottish independence referendum, 2015 general election, and “Brexit” As September 18—the day for the referendum on Scottish independence—approached, the “yes” side had gained tremendous momentum, and opinion polling indicated that the outcome was very much in question, though the “no” side held an edge. Only days before the vote, Cameron, Clegg, and Labour Party leader Ed Miliband jointly published in the Scottish newspaper Daily Record a pledge to increase powers for Scotland’s government if the referendum was rejected. In the event, some 85 percent of registered votes went to the polls and convincingly defeated the referendum, with about 55 percent voting “no” and about 45 percent voting “yes.” In the wake of the referendum, having pledged to act quickly to make good on his promise to devolve more powers to Scotland, Cameron appointed an all-party commission to consider the details. At the same time, however, he wanted to bar Scottish MPs in the U.K. Parliament at Westminster from voting on issues that affected only England. After the House of Commons voted 524–43 on September 26 to approve British participation in the U.S.-led air strikes against the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also called ISIS) insurgents in Iraq, Cameron stressed that the action would be limited to Iraq, that Britain would not attack ISIL in Syria, and that British troops would not be sent to participate in a ground war. In the run-up to the British general election of May 7, 2015, Cameron addressed concerns regarding the scale of immigration to the U.K. by promising to seek a revision of the rules governing free movement of people as part of his plan to renegotiate Britain’s membership in the EU should he remain prime minister after the election. He also reiterated a pledge first made in 2013 to hold a referendum on continued British membership in the EU by the end of 2017 if reelected. Right up to election day on May 7, 2015, opinion pollsters were predicting one of the closest contests in recent British history, with most polls putting the Conservative and Labour parties within one percentage point of each other. In the event, the pollsters were proved wildly wrong, as Cameron and his party won not only the largest share of seats in Parliament but also a slim overall majority, capturing 331 seats (a gain of 24 seats over the 2010 election), many at the expense of their soon-to-be former coalition partners, the Liberal Democrats, who watched their total representation fall from 57 seats to 8. At the same time, the Conservatives held off a challenge from the right by UKIP, which managed to win one seat, owing to Britain’s winner-take-all electoral system, despite a stronger showing in the raw vote nationally. Labour’s presence in Parliament fell from 258 seats to 232. On November 10, 2015, in a letter to Donald Tusk , the president of the European Council, and in a speech, Cameron outlined his goals for a restructured role for Britain within the EU. In reinforcing his desire that Britain remain within the EU provided that the reforms that he sought were met, Cameron said that reaching that goal would be challenging but not “Mission: Impossible.” He sought reform in four key areas: (1) increasing competitiveness by reducing regulations on businesses, (2) limiting migration within the EU by allowing Britain to restrict tax credits and benefits for migrants, (3) extending the powers of national legislatures and exempting Britain from measures aimed at achieving “ever-closer-union,” and (4) creating protections for EU members that are not part of the single currency. In the wake of the Islamist terrorist attacks in Paris on November 13, 2015 , Cameron asked the House of Commons on December 2 to reconsider authorizing British air strikes in Syria against ISIL . More than 150 MPs spoke during the 10-hour debate on the measure, on the eve of which Cameron had stirred controversy by reportedly commenting that those who opposed British military intervention in Syria were “terrorist sympathizers.” Early in the debate Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn and other Labour MPs called on the prime minister to apologize for that remark; Cameron did not do so, though he did say that there was honour in voting for either side of the question. Cameron initiated the debate by asking, Do we work with our allies to degrade and destroy this threat and do we go after these terrorists in their heartlands from where they are plotting to kill British people, or do we sit back and wait for them to attack us? Corbyn, who staunchly opposed authorizing the bombing, as did most of his Labour colleagues, nonetheless freed members of his party to vote their conscience , and dozens of them joined Conservatives and others in voting for the measure, which passed 397–223. At a summit meeting of the leaders of the member countries of the European Union in Brussels in February 2016, the European Council, reached at least compromise agreements on most of the reforms proposed by Cameron. Most notably, the British government would be permitted to limit benefits for migrant workers during their first four years in Britain, though this “emergency brake” could only be applied for seven years. Britain was also to be allowed to base benefit payments to the children of immigrant workers on the cost of living in the countries in which those children remained. Moreover, Britain would be exempt from the EU’s “ever-closer union” commitment, allowed to keep the pound sterling as its currency, and reimbursed for money spent on euro-zone bailouts. When Cameron returned to London with the agreement in hand, he received the backing of most of his cabinet, announced that he would campaign for Britain to remain in the EU, and scheduled the referendum for June 23, 2016. There were, however, dissenters within the cabinet who made it clear that they would support Britain leaving the EU. Arguably the most-prominent Conservative proponent of “ Brexit ” (as the British exit from the EU was popularly known) was Boris Johnson , the popular mayor of London. Cameron, who had already announced that he did not plan to seek another term as prime minister, quickly entered into a war of words with Johnson, who was widely perceived to have designs on becoming the next leader of the Conservative Party. In April 2016 Cameron came under fire when it was revealed that he, prior to becoming prime minister, had holdings in an offshore tax-haven-registered trust that had been created by his late father. That information came to light as part of a leak of more than 11 million documents (quickly dubbed the “ Panama Papers ”) from the secretive Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca, which exposed how a clutch of current and former world leaders as well as dozens of other politicians, public officials, and celebrities throughout the world had used tax havens to hide their wealth. Although Cameron had sold his shares in the trust before assuming office in 2010 and ostensibly had not violated any laws, the news was damaging for him because, as prime minister, he had taken a leading role in the fight against international tax evasion. Although opinion polling on the eve of the referendum showed both sides of the “Brexit” question fairly evenly divided, in the event, some 52 percent of British voters chose to leave the EU, setting the stage for the U.K. to become the first country to ever do so. An emotional Cameron addressed the country from outside 10 Downing Street on June 24 to announce his intention to resign as prime minister by the time of the Conservative conference in October 2016 to allow his successor to conduct the negotiations on the British departure: “I don’t think it would be right for me to try to be the captain that steers our country to its next destination.” He emphasized his belief that there should be no hurry about triggering Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty , under which the EU and the United Kingdom would have two years to negotiate their separation. Johnson appeared poised to replace Cameron, but, in an abrupt turn of events, Johnson withdrew his name from consideration after he lost the crucial support of Justice Secretary Michael Gove , who chose to run for leader himself. After successive votes by Conservative parliamentarians, Home Secretary Theresa May and Energy Minister Andrea Leadsom emerged from the five-candidate field as the finalists. They were to be put to a vote by all party members with the results to come in September, but, when Leadsom unexpectedly dropped out on July 11, the party’s 1922 Committee, which was steering the leadership contest, declared May the new leader, effective immediately. As a result, Cameron’s tenure as prime minister came to a close even sooner than expected. Following Cameron’s final cabinet meeting on July 12, Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt said that across the cabinet there was “huge gratitude” for what Cameron had “achieved for the country and the way he’s changed the Conservative Party.” Cameron formally presented his resignation to the queen on July 13. On September 12, 2016, he also resigned from his seat in the House of Commons, saying: In my view, the circumstances of my resignation as Prime Minister and the realities of modern politics make it very difficult to continue on the backbenches without the risk of becoming a diversion to the important decisions that lie ahead for my successor in Downing Street and the Government.	i don't know
Who was King during World War I?	King George V Biography (Royalty/World War I Figure) Best known as: The King of England during World War I Name at birth: George Frederick Ernest Albert England's George V was the king of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1910 until 1935, a span that included World War I (1914-18). A naval officer who had seen the reaches of the British empire firsthand, George became heir to the throne when his older brother Edward died in 1892. Upon the death of his father Edward VII , George assumed the throne on 6 May 1910. King George V's reign was marked by several important events, including the Union of South Africa (1910), Ireland's Sinn Fein Rebellion (1916), World War I and labor unrest that led to the General Strike of 1926. Not known for his intellect or education, George V was popular with the public for his ordinary lifestyle, and during the Great War the king earned a reputation for steadiness and a commitment to duty. He famously refused asylum to his Romanov cousin, Nicholas II , after the 1917 Russian Revolution (Nicholas and his family were executed in 1918). To distance himself from his German heritage, George changed the family name from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor, and the House of Hanover became the House of Windsor. George and his wife May (known as Mary) had one daughter and five sons, including his successor, Edward VIII and Edward's successor, George VI . Extra credit: King George V was seriously injured during a trip to France during World War I when his horse fell on him and broke his pelvis... George married May of Teck in 1893; she had been his brother's fianceé... King George V had a pet parrot named Charlotte... Czar Nicholas II and George V were first cousins (their mothers were sisters)... The 1986 publication of the papers of the king's personal physician, Lord Dawson of Penn, revealed that the king's death was hastened by injections of heroin and cocaine, a decision made by Dawson on his own. Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.	George V
What is the Queens official residence in Scotland?	BBC - History - King George VI (pictures, video, facts & news) King George VI King George VI George VI became king suddenly following the abdication of his brother, Edward VIII, in 1936. He worked hard to adapt to this unexpected role, particularly during the difficult years of World War Two. Picture: King George VI making his radio broadcast to the nation after the outbreak of World War II, 3 September 1939. (Getty Images) Features in: The King's speech at the outbreak of World War II H.M. King George VI's speech from Buckingham Palace at the outbreak of World War II. His Majesty King George VI delivers a speech at the outbreak of World War II. Speaking from Buckingham Palace, he addresses his people at home and overseas. The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II Highlights from the Queen’s coronation in Westminster Abbey and the subsequent procession through the streets of London. Narrated by Sir Laurence Olivier. (Footage: ITN Source/ITV Studios) Highlights from the Queen’s coronation in Westminster Abbey and the subsequent procession through the streets of London. Narrated by Sir Laurence Olivier. (Footage: ITN Source/ITV Studios) The early life of the Queen Andrew Marr tells the story of the Queen’s happy childhood and her life as a young woman. He traces her life from her birth in 1926 until the death of her father King George VI in 1952. Andrew Marr tells the story of the Queen’s happy childhood and her life as a young woman. He traces her life from her birth in 1926 until the death of her father King George VI in 1952. The King's speech at the outbreak of World War II H.M. King George VI's speech from Buckingham Palace at the outbreak of World War II. His Majesty King George VI delivers a speech at the outbreak of World War II. Speaking from Buckingham Palace, he addresses his people at home and overseas. 03/09/2011 Clive Anderson talks to Tony Blackburn, Geordie Greig, Terry O'Neill and Sharon Horgan. Clive Anderson is joined by Tony Blackburn, Geordie Greig, Terry O'Neill, Sharon Horgan and Jo Bunting. With music from Martin Simpson and Po' Girl. More information about: King George VI King George was born on 14 December 1895 at Sandringham in Norfolk, the second son of the Duke of York, later George V. He was christened Albert after his great-grandfather, Prince Albert. In 1909, went to Dartmouth Naval College and joined the Royal Navy - seeing action in the World War One Battle of Jutland - and then the Royal Air Force. In 1920, he was created Duke of York and began to take on royal duties. In 1923, he married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, youngest daughter of the 14th Earl of Strathmore. They had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret. Following the abdication of his elder brother, Edward VIII, George was proclaimed king on 12 December 1936 and crowned in May the following year. He and the queen paid state visits to France in 1938, and to Canada and the United States in 1939, making George the first British monarch to enter the US. George supported Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement towards Germany and Italy. When Chamberlain resigned in May 1940, the king wished to replace him with Lord Halifax, but was persuaded to accept Winston Churchill, whose wartime leadership he then supported unreservedly. During the war George visited Allied armies on several battle fronts and toured the home front extensively. He also created the George Cross for 'acts of the greatest heroism or of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme danger' - an award for courage for acts not carried out under fire from an enemy. The Royal family's refusal to leave Britain during the conflict and their active involvement in the war effort won them many admirers. Although his symbolic leadership in Britain was crucial during World War Two, George's reign was perhaps most important for the accelerating evolution of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations and the post-war transformation of Great Britain into a welfare state. His hereditary title of Emperor of India ceased in 1947 when India and Pakistan became separate independent countries. From 1948, his health deteriorated, and he died on 6 February 1952, a few months after undergoing an operation for lung cancer. His elder daughter Elizabeth succeeded him as monarch.	i don't know
At the time of her golden jubilee, how many ships had the Queen launched?	86 Surprising Facts About Queen Elizabeth II - Diamond Jubilee: Queen Elizabeth II of England - TIME 86 Surprising Facts About Queen Elizabeth II By Anoosh ChakelianWednesday, May 23, 2012 Sean Dempsey / Reuters 1. She speaks fluent French and often uses the language for audiences and state visits. She does not require an interpreter. 2. The Queen has received over 3.5 million items of correspondence during her reign. 3. Since 1952, she has conferred over 404,500 honors and awards. 4. Elizabeth has personally held 610 investitures. An investiture is the ceremony in which an honor is bestowed on someone for their good services; the recognitions are published twice a year, in the Queen's Birthday Honors and New Year's Honors lists. 5. Queen Elizabeth II is Britain's 40th monarch since William the Conqueror was crowned. (Get TIME's new book The Royal Family: The House of Windsor, Past, Present and Future) 6. In 2002, at 76, Elizabeth became the oldest monarch to celebrate a Golden Jubilee. The youngest was James I (James VI of Scotland), at age 51. 7. About 1.5 million people have attended garden parties at Buckingham Palace or the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Scotland since Elizabeth has been on the throne. 8. Over the course of her reign, she has given regular Tuesday-evening audiences to 12 British Prime Ministers: Winston Churchill, 195155; Sir Anthony Eden, 195557; Harold Macmillan, 195763; Sir Alec Douglas-Home, 196364; Harold Wilson, 196470 and 197476; Edward Heath, 197074; James Callaghan, 197679; Margaret Thatcher, 197990; John Major, 199097; Tony Blair, 19972007; Gordon Brown, 20072010; and David Cameron, 2010-present. 9. There have been 12 U.S. Presidents during her reign. 10. Tony Blair is the first Prime Minister to have been born during her reign. He was born in early May 1953, a month before her coronation. 11. The Queen and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, introduced small, informal luncheon parties at Buckingham Palace to meet distinguished people from all professions, trades and vocations. The first was held on May 11, 1956, and the tradition continues to this day. There are usually six to eight guests and two members of the royal household in attendance. 12. Elizabeth is patron of more than 600 charities and organizations. 13. In the past 60 years, the Queen has undertaken 261 official overseas visits, including 96 state visits, to 116 different countries. 14. In 2005, she claimed ownership of 88 cygnets (young swans) on the River Thames. They are looked after by a swan marker. The first royal swan keeper was appointed around the 12th century. 15. Technically, the Queen still owns the sturgeons, whales and dolphins in the waters around the U.K. A statute from 1324, during the reign of King Edward II, states, "Also the King shall have ... whales and sturgeons taken in the sea or elsewhere within the realm." This statute is still valid today, and sturgeons, porpoises, whales and dolphins are recognized as "fishes royal": when they are captured within 3 miles (about 5 km) of U.K. shores or wash ashore, they may be claimed on behalf of the Crown. Generally, when brought into port, a sturgeon is sold in the usual way, and the purchaser, as a gesture of loyalty, requests the honor of its being accepted by Elizabeth. (PHOTOS: Extraordinary Images of the Queen from the National Portrait Gallery) 16. In the summer of 2005, she opened the first children's trail in the Buckingham Palace garden for its seasonal opening. 17. The Queen joined Facebook in November 2010, with a page called the British Monarchy, which features royal news, photos, videos and speeches. However, it is not possible to poke the royal family. She joined Twitter in July 2009, with teams at Buckingham Palace tweeting daily updates. None of the royals themselves tweet. The page follows only one other Twitter account: Clarence House, the royal home of the Prince of Wales. 18. To mark the 50th anniversary of the Queen's first televised festive address, a YouTube channel for the royal family, called the Royal Channel, was launched in December 2007. At the time, the palace hoped it would make her annual speech "more accessible to younger people and those in other countries." 19. Elizabeth was the first British monarch to celebrate her diamond wedding anniversary. 20. The Queen is the only person in Britain who can drive without a license or number plate on her state car. 21. Many of Elizabeth's official tours were undertaken on the royal yacht Britannia. It was launched by the Queen on April 16, 1953, and was commissioned for service on Jan. 7, 1954. It was decommissioned in December 1997. During that time, Britannia traveled more than 1 million miles (1.6 million km) on royal and official duties. 22. Britannia was first used by Elizabeth when she embarked from Tobruk, Libya, with the Duke of Edinburgh on May 1, 1954, for the final stage of their Commonwealth tour returning to the Pool of London. The last time Elizabeth was onboard for an official visit was on Aug. 9, 1997, for a visit to Arran, Scotland. 23. Elizabeth has visited Australia 16 times, Canada 22 times, Jamaica six times and New Zealand 10 times. 24. Since her accession to the throne in 1952, she has visited Edinburgh nearly every year, taking up residence in the Palace of Holyroodhouse during Holyrood Week, when the Queen and her husband undertake a variety of engagements in Scotland to celebrate the country's heritage. 25. During her reign, the Queen has received many unusual gifts, including a variety of live animals. The more unusual ones have been placed in the care of the London Zoo among them jaguars and sloths from Brazil and two black beavers from Canada. There have also been gifts of pineapples, eggs, a box of snail shells, a grove of maple trees and 15 lb. (7 kg) of prawns. 26. Elizabeth has sent more than 175,000 telegrams to centenarians in the U.K. and the Commonwealth. 27. She has sent more than 540,000 telegrams to couples in the U.K. and the Commonwealth celebrating their diamond wedding anniversary. 28. Her real birthday is April 21, but it is celebrated officially in June. 29. She has attended 35 Royal Variety Performances. 30. In an average year, the Queen hosts more than 50,000 people at banquets, lunches, dinners, receptions and garden parties at Buckingham Palace. 31. There have been six Roman Catholic Popes during the Queen's reign (Pius XII, John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul I, John Paul II and Benedict XVI). 32. She has launched 23 ships in her lifetime. The first was the H.M.S. Vanguard, which she launched as Princess Elizabeth on Nov. 30, 1944, in Clydebank, Scotland. Her first launch as Queen was of the Britannia, also from Clydebank. 33. The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh have sent over 37,500 Christmas cards during her reign. 34. She has given out approximately 90,000 Christmas puddings to staff, continuing the custom of King George V and King George VI. In addition, the Queen gives her entire staff gifts at Christmastime. 35. Every year she sends Christmas trees to Westminster Abbey, Wellington Barracks, St. Paul's Cathedral in London, St. Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh, the Canongate Kirk in Edinburgh, Crathie Kirk and local schools and churches in the Sandringham area of England. (PHOTOS: Highlights of Queen Elizabeth's 60 Years on the Throne) 36. Elizabeth learned to drive in 1945, when she joined the women's branch of the British army. Both she and Winston Churchill's daughter were members of the group, which was called the Auxiliary Territorial Service. 37. She was a Girl Guide (1937), a Scouting movement for girls and a Sea Ranger (1943), a section of the Girl Guides focused on sailing. 38. As Princess Elizabeth, she traveled in the London Underground subway system for the first time in May 1939, accompanied by her governess Marion Crawford and her sister Princess Margaret. 39. The Queen is a keen photographer and enjoys taking pictures of her family. The Duke of York is also a photography buff and has taken a number of photographs of Elizabeth, including an official photograph for Her Majesty's Golden Jubilee in 2002. 40. The Queen was born in a private home at 17 Bruton St., London, on April 21, 1926. (The house was owned by the Queen's first cousins.) She was baptized on May 29, 1926, in the private chapel at Buckingham Palace and was confirmed on March 28, 1942, in the private chapel at Windsor Castle. 41. With the birth of Prince Andrew in 1960, Elizabeth became the first reigning sovereign to have a child since Queen Victoria, who had her youngest child, Princess Beatrice, in 1857. 42. Elizabeth has 30 godchildren. 43. The first soccer match the Queen attended was the 1953 FA Cup final. 44. She has taken the royal salute from her Household Cavalry mounted troops known as horse guards in every Trooping the Color ceremony since the start of her reign, with the exception of 1955, when a national rail strike forced the cancellation of the parade. Trooping the Color is a ceremony performed by British and Commonwealth regiments to celebrate the Queen's official birthday. 45. The Queen has sat for 129 official portraits during her reign, two of which were with the Duke of Edinburgh. The most recent portrait was by Isobel Peachey and was unveiled in September 2010. Elizabeth was just 7 years old when she sat for her first portrait in 1933, which was commissioned by her mother and painted by the Hungarian artist Philip Alexius de Laszlo. 46. In 2003, she sat for her first and only hologram portrait, which is made up of more than 10,000 images of the Queen layered over one another, giving it a 3-D effect. 47. The first royal walkabout took place during the Queen's visit with Prince Philip to Australia and New Zealand in 1970. The practice was introduced to allow them to meet a greater number of people, not just officials and dignitaries. 48. In 1969, the first television film about the family life of the royals was made; it was shown on the eve of the investiture of Charles as Prince of Wales. 49. An important innovation during her reign was the opening in 1962 of a new gallery at Buckingham Palace to display items from the royal collection. The brainchild of the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen's Gallery occupied the palace's bomb-damaged private chapel. It was the first time that parts of the palace had been opened to the general public. 50. The only time the Queen has had to interrupt an overseas tour was in 1974, during a tour of Australia and Indonesia. She was called back from Australia when a general election was announced suddenly. The Duke of Edinburgh continued the program in Australia, and Elizabeth rejoined the tour in Indonesia. 51. She has opened Parliament every year except 1959 and 1963, when she was expecting her children Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively. 52. She went on her first state visit as Princess Elizabeth to South Africa with her mother and father, then King and Queen, from February to May 1947. The tour included Zimbabwe, Bechuanaland, Swaziland and Basutoland (now Lesotho). The Princess celebrated her 21st birthday in Cape Town. Her first state visit as Queen was to Kenya: her father King George VI died, and she acceded the throne during the tour, which had to be abandoned. 53. Her first Commonwealth tour began on Nov. 24, 1953, and included visits to Bermuda, Jamaica, Panama, Fiji, Tonga, New Zealand, Australia, the Cocos Islands, Ceylon, Aden, Uganda, Libya, Malta and Gibraltar. The total distance covered was 43,618 miles (70,196 km). 54. In 1986, the Queen became the first British monarch to visit China. 55. She has made a Christmas broadcast to the Commonwealth every year of her reign except 1969, when a repeat of the film Royal Family was shown and a written message from the Queen issued. In 1953, she made her first Christmas broadcast from overseas, broadcasting live from New Zealand. Her first televised broadcast was in 1957, made live. Her first prerecorded broadcast took place in 1960, allowing transmission around the world. 56. She sent a message of congratulations to Apollo 11 astronauts for the first moon landing on July 21, 1969. The message was microfilmed and deposited on the moon in a metal container. 57. The Queen has met at Buckingham Palace the first man in space, Russian major Yuri Gagarin; the first woman in space, Russian cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova; and the first men on the moon, American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, as well as their Apollo 11 colleague Michael Collins. 58. She sent her first e-mail in 1976, from a British army base. 59. There have been six Archbishops of Canterbury during her reign: Geoffrey Fisher, Michael Ramsey, Donald Coggan, Robert Runcie, George Carey and Rowan Williams. 60. History was made in 1982 when Pope John Paul II visited Britain; he was the first Pope to do so in 450 years. Elizabeth, titular head of the Church of England, received him at Buckingham Palace. 61. She visited a mosque in the U.K. for the first time in July 2002, in Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire. f 62. The Queen has attended 56 royal Maundy services (religious services on the day preceding Good Friday to honor the service of elderly people in their communities and the church) in 43 cathedrals during her reign. A total of 6,710 people have received Maundy money, coins minted especially for the occasion, in recognition of their service. Elizabeth has missed only four services two for official tours and two for the births of Prince Andrew and Prince Edward. 63. Elizabeth has owned more than 30 corgis during her reign, starting with Susan, who was a present for her 18th birthday in 1944. A good proportion of these have been direct descendants from Susan. Elizabeth currently has five corgis: Emma, Linnet, Monty, Holly and Willow. 64. Elizabeth introduced a new breed of dog known as the dorgi when one of her corgis was mated with a dachshund named Pipkin that belonged to Princess Margaret. Elizabeth currently has four dorgis: Cider, Berry, Candy and Vulcan. As well as corgis and dorgis, the Queen also breeds and trains Labradors and cocker spaniels at Sandringham House. A special Sandringham strain of black Labrador was founded in 1911. 65. She takes a keen interest in horses and racing. Her first pony, a Shetland called Peggy, was given to her by her grandfather King George V when she was 4 years old. Elizabeth continues to ride at Sandringham, Balmoral and Windsor. The Queen also takes interest in horse breeding. Horses bred at the royal studs over the past 200 years have won virtually every major race in Britain. Elizabeth has about 25 horses in training each season. 66. Her racing colors consist of a purple body with gold braiding, scarlet sleeves and a black velvet cap with gold fringe. 67. She continues the royals' long association with racing pigeons, which began in 1886 when King Leopold II of Belgium made a gift of racing pigeons to the British royal family. In 1990, one of Elizabeth's birds took part in the Pau race, coming first in the Section 5th Open of the important international pigeon race, and was subsequently named Sandringham Lightning. In recognition of her interest in the sport, the Queen was named a patron of a number of racing societies, including the Royal Pigeon Racing Association. 68. The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh were married on Nov. 20, 1947, in Westminster Abbey. Her wedding dress was designed by Sir Norman Hartnell and was woven at Winterthur Silks Limited, Dunfermline, in the Canmore factory, with silk that had come from Chinese silkworms at Lullingstone Castle. 69. Her dressmakers over the years have included Sir Hardy Amies, Sir Norman Hartnell, Karl-Ludwig Couture and Maureen Rose. Her milliners have been Frederick Fox, Philip Somerville and Marie O'Regan. 70. Her wedding ring was made from a nugget of Welsh gold that came from the Clogau St. David's mine near Dolgellau. Her official wedding cake was made by McVitie and Price Ltd., using ingredients given as a wedding gift by Australian Girl Guides. 71. The Queen has an extensive collection of jewelry, most of which are crown jewels, some inherited and some gifts, including the largest pink diamond in the world. Some of her well-known pieces include a brooch of diamonds forming a spray of wattle that was presented by the Australian government in 1954 and a necklace of large square-cut aquamarines and diamonds with earrings, given as a gift in her coronation year by the ambassador of Brazil, which Elizabeth wore on her French state visit in 2004. 72. Elizabeth has laid a wreath at the Cenotaph Britain's iconic war memorial that commemorates the dead in both world wars on Remembrance Sunday every year of her reign, except in 1959, 1961, 1963, 1968, 1983 and 1999, when she was either pregnant or overseas on an official visit. 73. She has visited the sets of a number of popular British soap operas, including Coronation Street, EastEnders and Emmerdale. 74. In 1997, Buckingham Palace's first official website was launched. 75. In 1998, Elizabeth introduced theme days to promote and celebrate aspects of British culture. The first theme day was City Day, focusing on financial institutions. Other themes have included Publishing, Broadcasting, Tourism, Emergency Services, Maritime, Music, Young Achievers, British Design and Pioneers. 76. In June 2002, to celebrate her Golden Jubilee, the Queen hosted the first public concerts in the garden of Buckingham Palace. She attended both the classical and pop concerts. The Party at the Palace show was one of the most-watched pop concerts in history, attracting about 200 million viewers from all over the world. 77. She is the first member of the royal family to be awarded a gold disc from the recording industry: 100,000 copies of the Party at the Palace CD, produced by EMI, were sold within its first week of release. 78. She hosted Buckingham Palace's first women-only event, "Women of Achievement," in March 2004. 79. In November 2004, Elizabeth invited the cast of Les Misérables in the West End to perform for then French President Jacques Chirac at Windsor Castle. It was the first time the cast of a West End musical had performed at a royal residence. 80. As a young girl, Elizabeth acted in a number of pantomimes during World War II, including playing Prince Florizel in Cinderella in 1941. The productions took place every year in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle. 81. She once demoted a footman for giving her corgis whiskey. 82. She is supposedly the only British monarch in history properly trained to change a spark plug, as she undertook a car-maintenance course during World War II. 83. She collected clothing coupons for her wedding dress, true to the spirit of postwar austerity. 84. The Queen issued a writ against the Sun newspaper after it published the full text of her 1992 broadcast two days before its transmission. She later accepted an apology and a £200,000 donation to charity. 85. Only three other world heads of state have celebrated a Diamond Jubilee during Elizabeth's reign: King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand celebrated 60 years on the throne in 2006; the former Sultan of Johor (now part of Malaysia) celebrated his in 1955; and Emperor Hirohito of Japan celebrated his in 1986. 86. The last and only other British monarch to celebrate her Diamond Jubilee was Queen Victoria in 1897, at the age of 77. At 86, Queen Elizabeth will be the oldest monarch to celebrate this occasion. For more on the royal family, visit:	seventeen
On what date does St George's Day fall?	HER ROYAL HIGHNESS QUEEN ELIZABETH II EIGHTY FACTS ON HER 80TH BIRTHDAY 80 ROYAL FACTS Without any doubt HRH Queen Elizabeth II is one of the most popular British monarchs and deservedly so. Queen Elizabeth II has steadfastly gone about her business since before her coronation day in June of 1953. The public adore her so, they would not like to see her go. She is a pillar or society and a rock in terms of keeping her family pointed in the right direction. Perhaps more importantly, the Queen plays an important role as the head of state and as an ambassador for the United Kingdom and colonies. Who wouldn't want such representation and balanced opinion in their public relations. But the Queen is ore than that, she is the genuine article. A good wife, mother and a stupendous grandmother to boot. The Queen at 80- looking good your Majesty HERE are 80 facts about the Queen released by Buckingham Palace to mark her 80th birthday. 1. Queen Elizabeth II is the fortieth monarch since William the Conqueror obtained the crown of England. 2. In 2002 at 76 years of age the Queen was the oldest monarch to celebrate a Golden Jubilee. The youngest was James I (James VI of Scotland) at 51 years. 3. Since 1952 the Queen has conferred over 387,700 honours and awards. 4. The Queen has personally held over 540 Investitures. 5. The Queen speaks fluent French and often uses the language for audiences and state visits. 6. The Queen has received over 3 million items of correspondence during her reign. 7. Over the course of her reign, around 1.1 million people have attended garden parties at Buckingham Palace or the Palace of Holyroodhouse (the Queen ended presentation parties in 1958). 8. Over the reign, the Queen has given regular Tuesday evening audiences to 10 British Prime Ministers. They are: Winston Churchill 1951-55, Sir Anthony Eden 1955-57, Harold Macmillan 1957-63, Sir Alec Douglas-Home 1963-64, Harold Wilson 1964-70 and 1974-76, Edward Heath 1970-74, James Callaghan 1976-79, Margaret Thatcher 1979-90, John Major 1990-97, Tony Blair 1997-present. There have also been 10 US Presidents during the Queen's reign. 9. Tony Blair is the first Prime Minister to have been born during the Queen's reign. He was born in early May 1953 - a month before the Coronation. 10. The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh introduced small, informal luncheon parties at Buckingham Palace to meet distinguished people from all professions, trades and vocations. The first lunch was held on May 11 1956 and the tradition continues to this day. There are usually 6-8 guests and two members of the household attending. 11. The Queen is patron of more than 620 charities and organisations. 12. During her reign, the Queen has undertaken over 256 official overseas visits to 129 different countries. 13. Many of the Queen's official tours were undertaken on the Royal Yacht Britannia. It was launched by the Queen on 16 April 1953 and was commissioned for service on 7 January 1954. It was de-commissioned in December 1997. During this time, Britannia travelled more than a million miles on Royal and official duties. 14. The Royal Yacht Britannia was first used by the Queen when she embarked with the Duke of Edinburgh on May 1 1954 at Tobruk for the final stage of their Commonwealth Tour returning to the Pool of London. The last time the Queen was on board Britannia for an official visit was on August 9 1997 for a visit to Arran. 15. The Queen has visited Australia 15 times, Canada 23 times, Jamaica six times and New Zealand 10 times. The Queen most recently visited Australia in March 2006 to open the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. 16. Since her accession to the throne in 1952, the Queen has visited Edinburgh nearly every year, taking up residence in the Palace of Holyroodhouse during Holyrood Week. 17. During her reign, the Queen has received many unusual gifts including live animals. The more unusual animals have been placed in the care of the London zoo, among them jaguars and sloths from Brazil, and two black beavers from Canada. The Queen has also received gifts of pineapples, eggs, a box of snail shells, a grove of maple trees and 7kg of prawns. 18. The Queen has sent around 100,000 telegrams to centenarians in the UK and the Commonwealth. 19. The Queen has sent more than 280,000 telegrams to couples in the UK and the Commonwealth celebrating their diamond wedding anniversaries. 20. The Queen's real birthday is on April 21, but it is celebrated officially in June. 21. The Queen has attended 34 Royal Variety performances. 22. The Queen has opened 15 bridges in the United Kingdom. 23. The Queen has given over 91 State banquets during her reign. 24. Since 1952 the Queen has undertaken 78 State Visits accompanied by The Duke of Edinburgh with the most recent being to Singapore in March 2006. 25. The Queen has launched 23 ships in her lifetime. The first was HMS Vanguard which she launched, as Princess Elizabeth, on November 30 1944 in Clydebank. The first ship which she launched as Queen was the Queen's Yacht Britannia, which was also launched from Clydebank. 26. The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh have sent about 37,500 Christmas cards during the Queen's reign. 27. The Queen has given out about 78,000 Christmas puddings to staff continuing the custom of King George V and King George VI. In addition, the Queen gives all her staff a gift at Christmas time. 28. Every year the Queen sends Christmas trees to Westminster Abbey, Wellington Barracks, St Paul's Cathedral, St Giles, Edinburgh, The Canongate Kirk, Edinburgh, Crathie Church and local schools and churches in the Sandringham area. 29. The Queen learnt to drive in 1945 when she joined the Army. 30. The Queen was a Girl Guide (1937) and Sea Ranger (1943). 31. Princess Elizabeth travelled on the London Underground for the first time in May 1939 with her governess Marion Crawford and Princess Margaret. 32. The Queen is a keen photographer and enjoys taking photographs of her family. The Duke of York is also a keen photographer and has taken a number of photographs of the Queen, including an official photograph for the Queen's Golden Jubilee in 2002. 33. The Queen was born at 17 Bruton St, London W1 on 21 April 1926, was christened on 29 May 1926 in the private chapel at Buckingham Palace. She was confirmed on 28 March 1942 in the private chapel at Windsor Castle. 34. With the birth of Prince Andrew in 1960, the Queen became the first reigning sovereign to have a child since Queen Victoria, who had her youngest child, Princess Beatrice, in 1857. 35. The Queen has 30 godchildren. 36. The first football match the Queen attended was the 1953 FA Cup Final. 37. The Queen has taken the salute in every Trooping the Colour ceremony since the start of her reign, with the exception of 1955, when a national rail strike forced the cancellation of the parade. 38. The Queen has sat for 139 official portraits during her lifetime, two of which were with The Duke of Edinburgh. The most recent sitting was for Rolf Harris (2005). The Queen was just seven years old when she sat for her first portrait in 1933, which was commissioned by her mother and painted by the Hungarian artist Philip Alexius de Laszls. 39. The Queen sat for the first and only hologram portrait in 2003. 40. There have been 11 sculptures of the Queen. The most recent was in 2005 by Miss Angela Conner for St George's Chapel, Windsor. 41. The first 'Royal walkabout' took place during the visit by the Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh to Australia and New Zealand in 1970. The practice was introduced to allow them to meet a greater number of people, not simply officials and dignitaries. 42. In 1969 the first television film about the family life of the Royal Family was made, and shown on the eve of the Investiture of Prince Charles as Prince of Wales. 43. An important innovation during the Queen's reign was the opening in 1962 of a new gallery at Buckingham Palace to display items from the Royal Collection. The brainchild of The Duke of Edinburgh, the new Queen's Gallery occupied the space of the Palace's bomb-damaged private chapel. It was the first time that parts of the Palace had been opened to the general public. 44. The only time the Queen has had to interrupt an overseas tour was in 1974 during a tour of Australia and Indonesia. the Queen was called back from Australia when a general election was called suddenly. The Duke of Edinburgh continued the programme in Australia, and the Queen re-joined the tour in Indonesia. HRH Queen Elizabeth II during OBE ceremony 2004 45. The Queen has opened Parliament every year except 1959 and 1963, when she was expecting Prince Andrew and Prince Edward respectively. 46. The Queen went on her first state visit as Princess Elizabeth, to South Africa with her mother and father, then King and Queen, from February to May 1947. The tour included Rhodesia and Bechuanaland, Swaziland and Basutoland (now Lesotho). The Princess celebrated her 21st birthday in Cape Town. The Queen's first State Visit as Queen was technically to Kenya, as King George VI died and the Queen acceded the throne during the tour. The tour had to be abandoned. 47. The Queen's first Commonwealth tour began on 24 November 1953, and included visits to Bermuda, Jamaica, Panama, Fiji, Tonga, New Zealand, Australia, the Cocos Islands, Ceylon, Aden, Uganda, Libya, Malta and Gibraltar. The total distance covered was 43,618 miles. 48. The Queen was the first British Monarch to go to China when she visited in 1986. 49. The Queen has made a Christmas Broadcast to the Commonwealth every year of her reign except 1969, when a repeat of the film 'Royal Family' was shown and a written message from the Queen issued. 50. In 1953, the Queen made the first Christmas Broadcast from overseas, (rather than from the UK), broadcasting live from New Zealand. The first televised broadcast was in 1957, made live. The first pre-recorded broadcast took place in 1960 to allow transmission around the world. 51. The Queen sent a message of congratulations to Apollo 11 astronauts for the first moon landing on July 21 1969. The message was micro-filmed and deposited on the moon in a metal container. 52. The Queen has met the following astronauts at Buckingham Palace: The first astronaut to go into space - Russian - Major Yuri Gagarin. The first woman in space - Russian - Mrs Valentina Tereschkova. The first man on the moon - American - Neil Armstrong - and the other American astronauts, Michael Collins and Edwin Aldrin. 53. The Queen sent her first email in 1976 from an Army base. 54. There have been six Archbishops of Canterbury during the Queen's reign (Archbishops Geoffrey Fisher, Michael Ramsey, Donald Coggan, Robert Runcie, George Carey and Rowan Williams). 55. History was made in 1982 when Pope John Paul II visited Britain, the first Pope to do so for 450 years. the Queen, titular head of the Church of England, received him at Buckingham Palace. 56. The Queen first visited a mosque in the UK for the first time in Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire in July 2002. 57. The Queen has attended 50 Royal Maundy services during her reign at more than 39 different cathedrals. The Queen has only missed four services - two for official tours and two for the births of Prince Andrew and Prince Edward. 58. The Queen has owned more than 30 corgis during her reign, starting with Susan who was a present for her 18th birthday in 1944. A good proportion of these have been direct descendants from Susan. the Queen currently has five corgis, Emma, Linnet, Monty, Holly and Willow. 59. The Queen also introduced a new breed of dog known as the "dorgi" when one of the Queen's corgis was mated with a dachshund named Pipkin which belonged to Princess Margaret. The Queen currently has four dorgis, Cider, Berry, Candy and Vulcan. 60. As well as corgis and dorgis, the Queen also breeds and trains labradors and cocker spaniels at Sandringham. There is a special Sandringham strain of black labrador founded in 1911. 61. The Queen takes a keen interest in horses and racing. The Queen's first pony was given to her by her grandfather, King George V, when she was four years old. This was a Shetland pony called Peggy. The Queen continues to ride at Sandringham, Balmoral and Windsor. 62. The Queen also takes a keen interest in horse breeding. Horses bred at the Royal studs over the last 200 years have won virtually every major race in Britain. The Queen has about 25 horses in training each season. 63. The Queen's racing colours are: purple body with gold braid, scarlet sleeves and Black velvet cap with gold fringe. 64. The Queen continues the Royal Family's long association with racing pigeons which began in 1886 when King Leopold II of Belgium made a gift of racing pigeons to the Royal Family. In 1990, one of the Queen's birds took part in the Pau race, coming first in the Section 5th Open and was subsequently named "Sandringham Lightning". In recognition of her interest in the sport, the Queen is patron of a number of racing societies, including the Royal Pigeon Racing Association. 65. The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh were married on 20 November 20 1947 in Westminster Abbey. The Queen's wedding dress was designed by Sir Norman Hartnell and was woven at Winterthur Silks Limited, Dunfermline, in the Canmore factory, using silk that had come from Chinese silkworms at Lullingstone Castle. 66. The Queen's dressmakers over the years have included Sir Hardy Amies, Sir Norman Hartnell, Karl-Ludwig Couture and Maureen Rose. The Queen's milliners have been Frederick Fox, Philip Somerville and Marie O'Regan. 67. The Queen's wedding ring was made from a nugget of Welsh gold which came from the Clogau St David's mine near Dolgellau. The official wedding cake was made by McVitie and Price Ltd, using ingredients given as a wedding gift by Australian Girl Guides. 68. The Queen has an extensive collection of jewellery, most of which are Crown Jewels, some inherited and some gifts, including the largest pink diamond in the world. Some well known pieces include; a brooch of diamonds forming a spray of wattle presented by the Australian government in 1954; and a necklace of large square cut aquamarines and diamonds with earrings as a gift in coronation year by the ambassador of Brazil, which the Queen wore on the French state visit in 2004. 69. The Queen has laid her wreath at the Cenotaph on Remembrance Sunday every year of her reign, except in 1959, 1961, 1963, 1968, 1983 and 1999 when she was either pregnant or overseas on an official visit. 70. The Queen has visited the sets of a number of British soap operas including Coronation Street, East Enders and Emmerdale. 71. In 1997, the Queen launched Buckingham Palace's first official website. 72. In 1998, the Queen introduced "theme days" to promote and celebrate aspects of British culture. The first theme day was "City Day" focusing on financial institutions. Other themes have included Publishing, Broadcasting, Tourism, Emergency Services, Maritime Day, Music, Young Achievers, British Design, and Pioneers. 73. In June, 2002, the Queen hosted the first public concerts in the garden of Buckingham Palace to celebrate her Golden Jubilee. the Queen attended both the classical and pop concerts. The 'Party at the Palace' pop concert was one of the most watched pop concerts in history, attracting around 200 million viewers over the world. 74. The Queen is the first member of the Royal Family to be awarded a gold disc from the recording industry. 100,000 copies of the CD of the 'Party at the Palace', produced by EMI, were sold within the first week of release. 75. The Queen hosted the first women's only event "Women of Achievement" at Buckingham Palace in March, 2004. 76. In November 2004, the Queen invited the cast of Les Miserables in the West End to perform for French President Jacques Chirac at Windsor Castle. It was the first time the cast of a West End musical had performed at a Royal residence. 77. As a young girl, the Queen acted in a number of Pantomimes during World War Two including playing the part of Prince Florizel in Cinderella in 1941. These pantomimes took place every year in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle. 78. In 2005 the Queen claimed ownership of 88 cygnets on the Thames. They are looked after by the Swan Marker. The first Royal Swan Keeper was appointed around the 12th Century. 79. Technically the Queen still owns the sturgeons, whales and dolphins in the waters around the UK. A statute from 1324, at the time of the reign of King Edward II, states that: "Also the King shall have ... whales and sturgeons taken in the sea or elsewhere within the realm." This statute is still valid today, and sturgeons, porpoises, whales and dolphins are recognised as 'Fishes Royal'. When captured within three miles of UK shores, or washed ashore either dead or alive, they may be claimed on behalf of the Crown. Generally, when brought into port, a sturgeon is sold in the usual way, and the purchaser, as a gesture of loyalty, requests the honour of its being accepted by the Queen. 80. In summer 2005, the Queen opened the first "children's trail" in the Buckingham Palace garden for the summer opening.	i don't know
Which George directed the 2002 film Confessions Of A Dangerous Mind?	Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2002) - News 17 January 2017 8:34 AM, PST NEWS 19 October 2016 9:01 AM, PDT \| Blogomatic3000 \| See recent Blogomatic3000 news » In the golden age of movies, big name actors would often direct and produce their own movies. Spending 16 hour days on a film set is sure to teach you a thing or two about filmmaking and in some cases, this helps actors make the best directors. With the Cambridge Film Festival coming up, Cambridge storage solutions provider Storebox, wanted to celebrate a few of those actors who decided to branch out in the industry. They take a look at some of the ‘actor to director’ success stories and highlight just a few of the actors who took to directing and won. Ron Howard Some may know Ron Howard better as Happy Days Richie Cunningham , and best friend of The Fonz. However, after leaving the hit show in 1980, he changed course and directed his first, low-budget film Grand Theft Auto. Since his directorial debut, Ron Howard has gone on to direct » - Phil Wheat 26 July 2016 11:00 PM, PDT \| Movies.com \| See recent Movies.com news » Here are a bunch of little bites to satisfy your hunger for movie culture: Redone Trailer of the Day: With only days left until Jason Bourne arrives in theaters, here's a version of its trailer redone in 8-bit video game style: Proof of Concept Trailer of the Day: With good timing for the 50th anniversary of Star Trek , below is a great proof of concept trailer for a Gene Roddenberry biopic that's in the works called The Pilot. It repurposes clips from Confessions of a Dangerous Mind , Argo and other movies (via Geek Tyrant): Cosplay of the Day: This little girl cosplaying as Chewbacca (at Comic-Con?) would be adorable enough to share, but the fact that Peter Mayhew loves it makes it all the more... Read More 26 July 2016 11:00 PM, PDT \| Movies.com \| See recent Movies.com news » Here are a bunch of little bites to satisfy your hunger for movie culture: Redone Trailer of the Day: With only days left until Jason Bourne arrives in theaters, here's a version of its trailer redone in 8-bit video game style: Proof of Concept Trailer of the Day: With good timing for the 50th anniversary of Star Trek , below is a great proof of concept trailer for a Gene Roddenberry biopic that's in the works called The Pilot. It repurposes clips from Confessions of a Dangerous Mind , Argo and other movies (via Geek Tyrant): Cosplay of the Day: This little girl cosplaying as Chewbacca (at Comic-Con?) would be adorable enough to share, but the fact that Peter Mayhew loves it makes it all the more... Read More 18 May 2016 10:00 AM, PDT \| PEOPLE.com \| See recent PEOPLE.com news » Everyone in Hollywood seems to be friends with everyone else, but for Julia Roberts and George Clooney , the affection is real. "What a relief we're not Hollywood friends," said Roberts and she and her Money Monster costar sat down with People recently in Cannes. "I just said to him an hour ago, 'Thank God we really do like each other, or we'd be in hell.' " Where they are is at the glitzy film festival in the South of France talking about their fourth film together (besides the Ocean's movies, Clooney directed Roberts in 2002's Confessions of a Dangerous Mind » - Alynda Wheat, @AlyndaWheat 18 May 2016 10:00 AM, PDT \| PEOPLE.com \| See recent PEOPLE.com news » Everyone in Hollywood seems to be friends with everyone else, but for Julia Roberts and George Clooney , the affection is real. "What a relief we're not Hollywood friends," said Roberts and she and her Money Monster costar sat down with People recently in Cannes. "I just said to him an hour ago, 'Thank God we really do like each other, or we'd be in hell.' " Where they are is at the glitzy film festival in the South of France talking about their fourth film together (besides the Ocean's movies, Clooney directed Roberts in 2002's Confessions of a Dangerous Mind » - Alynda Wheat, @AlyndaWheat 12 May 2016 6:50 PM, PDT \| HollywoodChicago.com \| See recent HollywoodChicago.com news » Chicago – In our society there is one eternal truth…the rich will Always win, that’s one of the reasons that they are rich. So when “ Money Monster ” attempts to take them down a peg with a ridiculous fantasy story, it’s as fraudulent as what they think they’re bringing down. An oligarch watches this, and laughs at us. Rating: 1.0/5.0 What was surprising, and distressing, was that George Clooney was involved in this project. He has made reliably stick-it-to-the-man films for years (“ Confessions of a Dangerous Mind ,” “ Good Night , and Good Luck ,” “ The American ”), but in this one he doesn’t have a character, or at least a character that has a placeholder in reality. Everything else is just window dressing – the direction from Jodie Foster , the horrid screenplay by three writers. and a throwaway role for Julia Roberts that someone like Téa Leoni could have done, and that » - [email protected] (Adam Fendelman) 13 March 2016 12:00 AM, PST \| The Guardian - Film News \| See recent The Guardian - Film News news » Charlie Kaufman ’s ingeniously animated tale of a man in midlife crisis doesn’t quite hold together When it comes to navel-gazing, writer and sometime director Charlie Kaufman is in a world of his own. Like Michel Gondry , with whom he collaborated on 2004’s brilliant Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind , Kaufman’s work is best when mediated by the input of others; from director Spike Jonze , with whom he worked on Being John Malkovich (1999) and Adaptation (2002), to George Clooney , who directed 2002’s underrated Confessions of a Dangerous Mind . In 2008, Kaufman went it alone with Synecdoche, New York, serving as both writer and director on a project so personal it became utterly impenetrable. There’s an uncomfortable intimacy to the drama, an element that makes Michael’s predatory nature all the more unsettling Continue reading » Alex Walton ’s sales, production and financing outfit Bloom has sold George Clooney ’s black comedy “ Suburbicon ,” which stars Matt Damon and Julianne Moore , around the world. The movie, which was written by Joel and Ethan Coen , is produced by Joel Silver , Clooney, Grant Heslov and Teddy Schwarzman , and is expected to begin shooting this October in Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures acquired U.S. distribution rights two days ago. The movie has now been sold to U.K (eOne); Germany (Tele Muenchen/Concorde); Spain (Tri-Pictures); Italy (Leone Films); Latin America (Sun Distribution); Canada (Elevation); Greece (Odeon); Hong Kong, (Bravos); Scandinavia (MisLabel); Romania (Odeon); Turkey (Bir); Korea (Woosung); Japan (Tohokushinka Film Corporation); India (PVR); Taiwan (Filmware); Czech Republic (Aqs); Poland (Monolith); Australia (Roadshow); former Yugoslavia (Blitz); and Middle East (Salim Ramia). Walton commented: “We’ve had an overwhelming response to ‘ Suburbicon ’ at this year’s Berlin Film Festival, drumming up worthy » - Leo Barraclough Paramount Pictures has acquired U.S. distribution to George Clooney ’s black comedy “ Suburbicon ,” starring Matt Damon , Oscar Isaac , Josh Brolin and Julianne Moore . The film is expected to begin shooting this October in Los Angeles. The announcement was made Saturday at the Berlin film Festival. The project came together on Feb. 1 when Teddy Schwartzman of Black Bear Pictures announced he would finance. Joel and Ethan Coen have written the script for “ Suburbicon ,” which is currently in pre-production. Joel Silver will produce under his Silver Pictures banner alongside Clooney and Grant Heslov under their Smokehouse Pictures label, and Teddy Schwarzman for Black Bear Pictures . Clooney will direct. The movie will be set in the quiet family town of “ Suburbicon ,” where the best and worst of humanity is hilariously reflected through the deeds of seemingly ordinary people. When a home invasion turns deadly, a picture-perfect family turns to blackmail, revenge and betrayal. » - Dave McNary 12 February 2016 8:11 AM, PST \| Variety - Film News \| See recent Variety - Film News news » George Clooney is one of the hottest properties at the Berlin Film Festival. After starring in opening night film “Hail, Caesar!,” Clooney is seeing his next directorial effort “ Suburbicon ” fast gathering traction. Paramount Pictures is nearing a deal with CAA for the film’s U.S. distribution rights, Variety has confirmed. Meanwhile, at Berlin, sales agency Bloom is expected to be closing deals in major international territories over the next few days. At the beginning of the month, Black Bear Pictures confirmed that it will finance the comedic drama, which was written by “Hail, Caesar!” directing pair Joel and Ethan Coen early in their careers but never made it to the screen. As Clooney told Variety recently, he’d sifted through dozens of scripts, looking for his next project, when he was reminded of the old screenplay and asked the Coen brothers for permission to finally adapt the story. When a home invasion turns deadly, » - Patrick Frater 2 February 2016 7:19 AM, PST \| LRMonline.com \| See recent LRM Online news » George Clooney and The Coen Brothers sure do love working together. Not only has the actor appeared in four films directed by Joel and Ethan Coen , but now his next directing gig is going to be written by them. It was announced some time ago that the trio was working on a film called Suburbicon . Well, the production is picking up steam and has now added A-list talent like Matt Damon and Julianne Moore to its cast. That's not all, but we now know some of the plot details for the upcoming dark dramedy. According to The Wrap: "When a home invasion turns deadly, a picture-perfect family turns to blackmail, revenge and betrayal." Set in the fictitious town of Suburbicon , the film will take a darkly humorous look at what seemingly ordinary people are capable of when the context is just right. This will be Clooney's first directing gig since the underwhelming The Monuments Men , » - Mario-Francisco Robles Black Bear Pictures will finance the comedy-drama “ Suburbicon ,” starring George Clooney , Matt Damon and Julianne Moore with Clooney directing. Bloom has acquired the sales rights for international markets and will launch sales at the Berlin Film Festival. CAA is handling U.S. rights. Joel and Ethan Coen have written the script for “ Suburbicon ,” which is currently in pre-production. Joel Silver will produce under his Silver Pictures banner alongside Clooney and Grant Heslov under their Smokehouse Pictures label, and Teddy Schwarzman for Black Bear Pictures . The movie will be set in the quiet family town of “ Suburbicon ,” where the best and worst of humanity is hilariously reflected through the deeds of seemingly ordinary people. When a home invasion turns deadly, a picture perfect family turns to blackmail, revenge and betrayal. 12 January 2016 6:14 PM, PST \| MovieWeb \| See recent MovieWeb news » Twelve years after they last worked together in Ocean's Twelve , Julia Roberts and George Clooney reunite once again in the upcoming Money Monster . Sony Pictures has released the first trailer for this harrowing thriller, which shows the lengths one distraught man in financial ruins will go to, after one particular stock plummets. Money Monster is set for release on May 13, going up against The Darkness, Free State of Jones , Snowden and Kidnap. In the taut and tense thriller Money Monster , Lee Gates ( George Clooney ) is a bombastic TV personality whose popular financial network show has made him the money wiz of Wall Street. But after he hawks a high tech stock that mysteriously crashes, an irate investor ( Jack O'Connell ) takes Gates, his crew, and his ace producer Patty Fenn ( Julia Roberts ) hostage live on air. Unfolding in real time, Gates and Fenn must find a way to keep themselves alive » - MovieWeb 12 January 2016 8:34 AM, PST \| Dark Horizons \| See recent Dark Horizons news » Acclaimed scribe Charlie Kaufman has a back catalogue of films that anyone would be jealous of having - from his writing gigs like " Being John Malkovich " and " Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind " to his directorial efforts like "Synecdoche, New York" and " Anomalisa ". Yet one film on his resume that he's not keen on talking about is the George Clooney -directed " Confessions of a Dangerous Mind " which Kaufman wrote. Financially a bit of a dud, the Sam Rockwell -led film was nevertheless well-received by critics. However, Kaufman was not a fan of the result. Speaking with Marc Maron , Kaufman says: "I didn't like it. That was a movie in which I was not consulted. I mean, George Clooney changed the script, he didn't talk to me during production. We kind of didn't get along. I was invited to see the movie when he was pretty much done and I wrote » - Garth Franklin 12 January 2016 7:00 AM, PST \| Slash Film \| See recent Slash Film news » It’s not an accident Confessions of a Dangerous Mind wasn’t shown as last week’s Charlie Kaufman retrospective. Although the Anomalisa writer and co-director received sole credit on George Clooney ‘s directorial debut, he had very little involvement in the film, and he wasn’t happy with the end result. After the jump, read Charlie Kaufman ’s thoughts on Confessions of a Dangerous Mind . I remember […] The post Charlie Kaufman Wasn’t Pleased With ‘ Confessions of a Dangerous Mind ’ appeared first on /Film. » - Jack Giroux 11 January 2016 12:08 PM, PST \| The Film Stage \| See recent The Film Stage news » For much of his career, Charlie Kaufman has been an enigma of introspective storytelling, crafting characters and situations that feel all too real to his audience. With his latest feature, the highly recommended stop-motion animation Anomalisa , it’s afforded an unexpected opportunity to gain unprecedented insight into his career. After many other talks, perhaps the most extensive and fruitful has arrived with Marc Maron . In the one-hour chat, Kaufman discusses not getting his first gig in entertainment until the age of 32 and failing to get writing work on Simpsons, Seinfeld, Mr. Show . He then jumps into his early collaborations with Spike Jonze and Michel Gondry with Being John Malkovich , Human Nature , Adaptation, and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind , as well as not taking to Confessions of a Dangerous Mind . “I didn’t like it. That was a movie in which I was not consulted. I mean, George Clooney changed the script, » - Leonard Pearce 7 January 2016 7:02 AM, PST \| HollywoodChicago.com \| See recent HollywoodChicago.com news » Chicago – Charlie Kaufman is one of the most inventive and creative minds in film – he has written “ Being John Malkovich ,” “ Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ” and “ Adaptation. ” He recently teamed up with an animation director, Duke Johnson , to produce an unusual and contemporary stop-motion film, “ Anomalisa .” The use of stop motion in “Anamolisa” is much more poignant and philosophical than any other of these types of animated films before it. There is a customer service expert named Michael Stone (voice of David Thewlis ), who experiences his life as mind-numbing sameness. Every man and woman sounds exactly the same (voice of Tom Noonan ), until he meets a nebbish convention attendee named Lisa ( Jennifer Jason Leigh ). The film is a meditation on how life, at times, can be a mystery that needs to somehow be unlocked. The world can spin the same on a daily basis, yet there are those nuggets of consequence that exist, » - [email protected] (Adam Fendelman)	George Clooney
In 2002, who was the highest placed 'George' in the BBC poll of 100 Greatest Britons?	Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (Blu-ray) (2002) Starring George Clooney; Directed by George Clooney; Starring Julia Roberts, Sam Rockwell & Drew Barrymore; Directed by Steven Soderbergh; Miramax Lionsgate \| OLDIES.com Entertainment Reviews: USA Today - 12/31/2002 "...It is a mesmerizing movie....There is some inspired and innovative camerawork and nimble editing in CONFESSIONS..." Variety - 12/02/2002 "...A powerful and creative film....Rockwell displays a virtuoso's range of emotions and states of mind with a keen instinct for going against expectation..." Entertainment Weekly - 01/10/2003 "...Sharp, funny, unreasonably compelling..." Rolling Stone - 02/06/2003 "...Clooney fashions a style all his own: visceral, vital and churning with off-the-wall ideas....You can feel his joy in it..." Box Office - 03/01/2003 "...George Clooney's assured directorial debut spins this bizarre premise into one of the year's most weirdly engaging and unpredictable character pieces..." Sight and Sound - 03/01/2003 "...Sam Rockwell gives a finely modulated performance of perpetually shifting nuance....Clooney responds to the challenges of the script by giving the film swagger and verve..." Movieline's Hollywood Life - 09/01/2003 "...MIND is cutting, bold and ultimately puppy-dog eyed..." Uncut - 01/01/2004 "Slick, entertaining debut from first-time director George Clooney..." Product Description: George Clooney makes his directorial debut with this frenetic, visually dazzling black comedy. Based on notorious television producer Chuck Barris' "unauthorized autobiography," Clooney's film reinforces Barris' outlandish claim that he lived a secret life as a hitman for the CIA. Sam Rockwell stars as Barris, a fresh-faced dreamer who moves to New York to find success in television. Pretty soon, he's written a hit song ("Palisades Park"), has shacked up with the ultra-peppy Penny (Drew Barrymore), and has his first successful game show, THE DATING GAME. But as if that weren't enough excitement, he is soon recruited by CIA Special Agent Jim Byrd (Clooney) to become a hired killer for the federal government. As Barris' subsequent shows (THE NEWLYWED GAME, THE GONG SHOW) take off, the conflicted producer uses them as a front for his undercover job, chaperoning winning couples all over the world while performing his deadly duties after hours. Along the way, he meets a shady cast of characters--including a sultry assassin (Julia Roberts)--who threatens to blow his cover and ruin his television career forever. Adapted by the daring and mischievous Charlie Kaufman, Clooney's film features yet another electrifying performance from Rockwell (LAWN DOGS, SAFE MEN). Keywords: Theatrical release: December 31, 2002 (LIMITED) 31% OFF	i don't know
Which George is the author with the real name of Eric Arthur Blair?	George Orwell \| British author \| Britannica.com British author Alternative Title: Eric Arthur Blair George Orwell Virginia Woolf George Orwell, pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair (born June 25, 1903, Motihari , Bengal, India —died January 21, 1950, London , England ), English novelist, essayist, and critic famous for his novels Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-four (1949), the latter a profound anti- utopian novel that examines the dangers of totalitarian rule. George Orwell. BBC Copyright Born Eric Arthur Blair, Orwell never entirely abandoned his original name, but his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London , appeared in 1933 as the work of George Orwell (the surname he derived from the beautiful River Orwell in East Anglia). In time his nom de plume became so closely attached to him that few people but relatives knew his real name was Blair. The change in name corresponded to a profound shift in Orwell’s lifestyle, in which he changed from a pillar of the British imperial establishment into a literary and political rebel. Early life He was born in Bengal, into the class of sahibs. His father was a minor British official in the Indian civil service; his mother, of French extraction, was the daughter of an unsuccessful teak merchant in Burma (Myanmar). Their attitudes were those of the “landless gentry,” as Orwell later called lower-middle-class people whose pretensions to social status had little relation to their income. Orwell was thus brought up in an atmosphere of impoverished snobbery. After returning with his parents to England, he was sent in 1911 to a preparatory boarding school on the Sussex coast, where he was distinguished among the other boys by his poverty and his intellectual brilliance. He grew up a morose, withdrawn, eccentric boy, and he was later to tell of the miseries of those years in his posthumously published autobiographical essay , Such, Such Were the Joys (1953). Orwell won scholarships to two of England’s leading schools, Winchester and Eton, and chose the latter. He stayed from 1917 to 1921. Aldous Huxley was one of his masters, and it was at Eton that he published his first writing in college periodicals. Instead of accepting a scholarship to a university, Orwell decided to follow family tradition and, in 1922, went to Burma as assistant district superintendent in the Indian Imperial Police. He served in a number of country stations and at first appeared to be a model imperial servant. Yet from boyhood he had wanted to become a writer, and when he realized how much against their will the Burmese were ruled by the British, he felt increasingly ashamed of his role as a colonial police officer. Later he was to recount his experiences and his reactions to imperial rule in his novel Burmese Days and in two brilliant autobiographical sketches, “ Shooting an Elephant” and “ A Hanging,” classics of expository prose. Against imperialism Scientists Ponder Menopause in Killer Whales In 1927 Orwell, on leave to England, decided not to return to Burma, and on January 1, 1928, he took the decisive step of resigning from the imperial police. Already in the autumn of 1927 he had started on a course of action that was to shape his character as a writer. Having felt guilty that the barriers of race and caste had prevented his mingling with the Burmese, he thought he could expiate some of his guilt by immersing himself in the life of the poor and outcast people of Europe. Donning ragged clothes, he went into the East End of London to live in cheap lodging houses among labourers and beggars; he spent a period in the slums of Paris and worked as a dishwasher in French hotels and restaurants; he tramped the roads of England with professional vagrants and joined the people of the London slums in their annual exodus to work in the Kentish hopfields. British Culture and Politics Those experiences gave Orwell the material for Down and Out in Paris and London, in which actual incidents are rearranged into something like fiction. The book’s publication in 1933 earned him some initial literary recognition. Orwell’s first novel, Burmese Days (1934), established the pattern of his subsequent fiction in its portrayal of a sensitive, conscientious , and emotionally isolated individual who is at odds with an oppressive or dishonest social environment . The main character of Burmese Days is a minor administrator who seeks to escape from the dreary and narrow-minded chauvinism of his fellow British colonialists in Burma. His sympathies for the Burmese, however, end in an unforeseen personal tragedy. The protagonist of Orwell’s next novel, A Clergyman’s Daughter (1935), is an unhappy spinster who achieves a brief and accidental liberation in her experiences among some agricultural labourers. Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936) is about a literarily inclined bookseller’s assistant who despises the empty commercialism and materialism of middle-class life but who in the end is reconciled to bourgeois prosperity by his forced marriage to the girl he loves. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Orwell’s revulsion against imperialism led not only to his personal rejection of the bourgeois lifestyle but to a political reorientation as well. Immediately after returning from Burma he called himself an anarchist and continued to do so for several years; during the 1930s, however, he began to consider himself a socialist , though he was too libertarian in his thinking ever to take the further step—so common in the period—of declaring himself a communist . From The Road to Wigan Pier to World War II Orwell’s first socialist book was an original and unorthodox political treatise entitled The Road to Wigan Pier (1937). It begins by describing his experiences when he went to live among the destitute and unemployed miners of northern England, sharing and observing their lives; it ends in a series of sharp criticisms of existing socialist movements. It combines mordant reporting with a tone of generous anger that was to characterize Orwell’s subsequent writing. By the time The Road to Wigan Pier was in print, Orwell was in Spain; he went to report on the Civil War there and stayed to join the Republican militia, serving on the Aragon and Teruel fronts and rising to the rank of second lieutenant. He was seriously wounded at Teruel, with damage to his throat permanently affecting his voice and endowing his speech with a strange, compelling quietness. Later, in May 1937, after having fought in Barcelona against communists who were trying to suppress their political opponents, he was forced to flee Spain in fear of his life. The experience left him with a lifelong dread of communism, first expressed in the vivid account of his Spanish experiences, Homage to Catalonia (1938), which many consider one of his best books. Returning to England, Orwell showed a paradoxically conservative strain in writing Coming Up for Air (1939), in which he uses the nostalgic recollections of a middle-aged man to examine the decency of a past England and express his fears about a future threatened by war and fascism. When World War II did come, Orwell was rejected for military service, and instead he headed the Indian service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). He left the BBC in 1943 and became literary editor of the Tribune, a left-wing socialist paper associated with the British Labour leader Aneurin Bevan . At this period Orwell was a prolific journalist, writing many newspaper articles and reviews, together with serious criticism , like his classic essays on Charles Dickens and on boys’ weeklies and a number of books about England (notably The Lion and the Unicorn , 1941) that combined patriotic sentiment with the advocacy of a libertarian , decentralist socialism very much unlike that practiced by the British Labour Party . Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-four Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest In 1944 Orwell finished Animal Farm , a political fable based on the story of the Russian Revolution and its betrayal by Joseph Stalin . In the book a group of barnyard animals overthrow and chase off their exploitative human masters and set up an egalitarian society of their own. Eventually the animals’ intelligent and power-loving leaders, the pigs, subvert the revolution and form a dictatorship whose bondage is even more oppressive and heartless than that of their former human masters. (“All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”) At first Orwell had difficulty finding a publisher for the small masterpiece, but when it appeared in 1945, Animal Farm made him famous and, for the first time, prosperous. Dust jacket for the first American edition (1946) of George Orwell’s Animal … Advertising Archive/Courtesy Everett Collection Animal Farm was one of Orwell’s finest works, full of wit and fantasy and admirably written. It has, however, been overshadowed by his last book, Nineteen Eighty-four (1949), a novel he wrote as a warning after years of brooding on the twin menaces of Nazism and Stalinism . The novel is set in an imaginary future in which the world is dominated by three perpetually warring totalitarian police states. The book’s hero, the Englishman Winston Smith , is a minor party functionary in one of those states. His longing for truth and decency leads him to secretly rebel against the government, which perpetuates its rule by systematically distorting the truth and continuously rewriting history to suit its own purposes. Smith has a love affair with a like-minded woman, but then they are both arrested by the Thought Police. The ensuing imprisonment, torture, and reeducation of Smith are intended not merely to break him physically or make him submit but to root out his independent mental existence and his spiritual dignity until he can love only the figure he previously most hated: the apparent leader of the party, Big Brother . Smith’s surrender to the monstrous brainwashing techniques of his jailers is tragic enough, but the novel gains much of its power from the comprehensive rigour with which it extends the premises of totalitarianism to their logical end: the love of power and domination over others has acquired its perfected expression in the perpetual surveillance and omnipresent dishonesty of an unassailable and irresistible police state under whose rule every human virtue is slowly being suborned and extinguished. Orwell’s warning of the potential dangers of totalitarianism made a deep impression on his contemporaries and upon subsequent readers, and the book’s title and many of its coined words and phrases (“Big Brother is watching you,” “ newspeak ,” “doublethink”) became bywords for modern political abuses. Trending Topics	George Orwell
What was George's surname in George And Mildred?	BBC - History - Historic Figures: George Orwell (1903 - 1950) Historic Figures z George Orwell © Orwell was a British journalist and author, who wrote two of the most famous novels of the 20th century 'Animal Farm' and 'Nineteen Eighty-Four'. Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair on 25 June 1903 in eastern India, the son of a British colonial civil servant. He was educated in England and, after he left Eton, joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma, then a British colony. He resigned in 1927 and decided to become a writer. In 1928, he moved to Paris where lack of success as a writer forced him into a series of menial jobs. He described his experiences in his first book, 'Down and Out in Paris and London', published in 1933. He took the name George Orwell, shortly before its publication. This was followed by his first novel, 'Burmese Days', in 1934. An anarchist in the late 1920s, by the 1930s he had begun to consider himself a socialist. In 1936, he was commissioned to write an account of poverty among unemployed miners in northern England, which resulted in 'The Road to Wigan Pier' (1937). Late in 1936, Orwell travelled to Spain to fight for the Republicans against Franco's Nationalists. He was forced to flee in fear of his life from Soviet-backed communists who were suppressing revolutionary socialist dissenters. The experience turned him into a lifelong anti-Stalinist. Between 1941 and 1943, Orwell worked on propaganda for the BBC. In 1943, he became literary editor of the Tribune, a weekly left-wing magazine. By now he was a prolific journalist, writing articles, reviews and books. In 1945, Orwell's 'Animal Farm' was published. A political fable set in a farmyard but based on Stalin's betrayal of the Russian Revolution, it made Orwell's name and ensured he was financially comfortable for the first time in his life. 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' was published four years later. Set in an imaginary totalitarian future, the book made a deep impression, with its title and many phrases - such as 'Big Brother is watching you', 'newspeak' and 'doublethink' - entering popular use. By now Orwell's health was deteriorating and he died of tuberculosis on 21 January 1950.	i don't know
What type of animal was George in the children's TV show Rainbow?	Rainbow's Bungle Paul Cullinan who wore bear costume auditions on BBC's The Voice \| Daily Mail Online comments Paul Cullinan, the voice behind Bungle, will appear on The Voice on Saturday One of the characters from cult children's show Rainbow has made an unexpected TV comeback on BBC talent show The Voice. Child's entertainer Paul Cullinan played large furry bear Bungle in the classic ITV series, alongside much-loved puppets Zippy and George. But on Saturday, Bungle's alter-ego will reappear on TV for the first time in almost 25 years - as a contestant on the singing show. However, when he reveals to judges that he has previously starred on Rainbow, just one of the four knew what he was talking about. It falls to Kaiser Chiefs frontman Ricky Wilson to explain to his fellow judges - will.i.am, Rita Ora and Sir Tom Jones - that he was 'a slightly camp bear called Bungle'. During the audition, due to air on Saturday, Ricky adds: 'There was a guy called Geoffrey who lived in a house with a pink hippo, a thing, I don't know what he was, called Zippy, with a zip for a mouth.' Neither Rita, 24, nor Sir Tom Jones, 74, know anything about the programme. 'I haven't seen it, obviously I had a rubbish childhood,' said the former. will.i.am then grabs his iPad and finds the Rainbow theme tune, encouraging the studio audience to sing along. Cullinan, 48, was the last of three actors to play Bungle in the hit show, which ran from 1972 to 1992. Geoffrey Hayes, now 74, struggled to find work after the show ended and took a job as a shelf stacker before becoming a taxi driver. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share This year, UKIP's deputy leader Paul Nuttall was also forced to deny that he starred as Bungle in Rainbow after an internet prank. The fourth series of The Voice starts on BBC1 on Saturday. Bungle, Zippy, George and Geoffrey Hayes star in the vintage children's programme, Rainbow Of the four new judges, only Ricky Wilson recognised the children's programme. American will.i.am (left) was understandably in the dark, while Rits Ora, 24, and Sir Tom Jones (right), said they didn't remember it WHERE ARE THEY NOW: WHAT'S HAPPENED TO BUNGLE, ZIPPY & GEORGE? David Cook (presenter) Cook, 74, presented the first and second series of Rainbow. He went on to write two novels about a boy with learning disabilities called Walter. A radio play in 2009 saw Walter become a pensioner. Geoffrey Hayes (presenter) Hayes, 72, who joined Rainbow in the third series, found it difficult to find work after the show was dropped by ITV in 1992 - and even stacked supermarket shelves, before becoming a taxi driver. John Leeson (Bungle) Leeson is best known for voicing K-9 in Doctor Who in the 1970s and 1980s. He has since voiced the character again in various spin-offs, and has also served as a magistrate. He is now 71. With Bungle: David Cook, who is now aged 74, presented the first and second series of Rainbow Rainbow stars: Geoffrey Hayes (left, a presenter from series three) and John Leeson (right, Bungle) Stanley Bates (Bungle) Bates, who played Bungle from 1973 to 1988, was bound over to keep the peace by magistrates in 2001 after appearing on a charge of assaulting a mother in a 'road rage' incident. At the time of the court case he was said to have become a self-employed lighting manufacturer. He is now 73. Malcolm Lord (Bungle) Lord, 59, who worked on Rainbow from 1980 to 1989, has recently performed on stage in Aladdin, Dick Whittington and Calendar Girls. He is actively involved in his local community in Shropshire. Stanley Bates (left) was Bungle between 1973 and 1988, while the late Peter Hawkins (right) was Zippy George and Zippy: Roy Skelton, who died in 2011 aged 79, also wrote many of the scripts for Rainbow Peter Hawkins (Zippy) Policeman's son Hawkins, who also voiced the Daleks in Doctor Who, died aged 82 in July 2006 – but was perhaps most well-known for his gibberish language in Bill and Ben the Flowerpot Men. Roy Skelton (Zippy and George) Skelton also voiced the Daleks in Doctor Who from 1967 to 1988, as well as the Cybermen and the Krotons. He also wrote many of the scripts for Rainbow. Skelton died in June 2011 aged 79.	Hippopotamus
Which George had top ten hits in the 1980s with Give Me The Night and In Your Eyes?	Rainbow's Bungle Paul Cullinan who wore bear costume auditions on BBC's The Voice \| Daily Mail Online comments Paul Cullinan, the voice behind Bungle, will appear on The Voice on Saturday One of the characters from cult children's show Rainbow has made an unexpected TV comeback on BBC talent show The Voice. Child's entertainer Paul Cullinan played large furry bear Bungle in the classic ITV series, alongside much-loved puppets Zippy and George. But on Saturday, Bungle's alter-ego will reappear on TV for the first time in almost 25 years - as a contestant on the singing show. However, when he reveals to judges that he has previously starred on Rainbow, just one of the four knew what he was talking about. It falls to Kaiser Chiefs frontman Ricky Wilson to explain to his fellow judges - will.i.am, Rita Ora and Sir Tom Jones - that he was 'a slightly camp bear called Bungle'. During the audition, due to air on Saturday, Ricky adds: 'There was a guy called Geoffrey who lived in a house with a pink hippo, a thing, I don't know what he was, called Zippy, with a zip for a mouth.' Neither Rita, 24, nor Sir Tom Jones, 74, know anything about the programme. 'I haven't seen it, obviously I had a rubbish childhood,' said the former. will.i.am then grabs his iPad and finds the Rainbow theme tune, encouraging the studio audience to sing along. Cullinan, 48, was the last of three actors to play Bungle in the hit show, which ran from 1972 to 1992. Geoffrey Hayes, now 74, struggled to find work after the show ended and took a job as a shelf stacker before becoming a taxi driver. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share This year, UKIP's deputy leader Paul Nuttall was also forced to deny that he starred as Bungle in Rainbow after an internet prank. The fourth series of The Voice starts on BBC1 on Saturday. Bungle, Zippy, George and Geoffrey Hayes star in the vintage children's programme, Rainbow Of the four new judges, only Ricky Wilson recognised the children's programme. American will.i.am (left) was understandably in the dark, while Rits Ora, 24, and Sir Tom Jones (right), said they didn't remember it WHERE ARE THEY NOW: WHAT'S HAPPENED TO BUNGLE, ZIPPY & GEORGE? David Cook (presenter) Cook, 74, presented the first and second series of Rainbow. He went on to write two novels about a boy with learning disabilities called Walter. A radio play in 2009 saw Walter become a pensioner. Geoffrey Hayes (presenter) Hayes, 72, who joined Rainbow in the third series, found it difficult to find work after the show was dropped by ITV in 1992 - and even stacked supermarket shelves, before becoming a taxi driver. John Leeson (Bungle) Leeson is best known for voicing K-9 in Doctor Who in the 1970s and 1980s. He has since voiced the character again in various spin-offs, and has also served as a magistrate. He is now 71. With Bungle: David Cook, who is now aged 74, presented the first and second series of Rainbow Rainbow stars: Geoffrey Hayes (left, a presenter from series three) and John Leeson (right, Bungle) Stanley Bates (Bungle) Bates, who played Bungle from 1973 to 1988, was bound over to keep the peace by magistrates in 2001 after appearing on a charge of assaulting a mother in a 'road rage' incident. At the time of the court case he was said to have become a self-employed lighting manufacturer. He is now 73. Malcolm Lord (Bungle) Lord, 59, who worked on Rainbow from 1980 to 1989, has recently performed on stage in Aladdin, Dick Whittington and Calendar Girls. He is actively involved in his local community in Shropshire. Stanley Bates (left) was Bungle between 1973 and 1988, while the late Peter Hawkins (right) was Zippy George and Zippy: Roy Skelton, who died in 2011 aged 79, also wrote many of the scripts for Rainbow Peter Hawkins (Zippy) Policeman's son Hawkins, who also voiced the Daleks in Doctor Who, died aged 82 in July 2006 – but was perhaps most well-known for his gibberish language in Bill and Ben the Flowerpot Men. Roy Skelton (Zippy and George) Skelton also voiced the Daleks in Doctor Who from 1967 to 1988, as well as the Cybermen and the Krotons. He also wrote many of the scripts for Rainbow. Skelton died in June 2011 aged 79.	i don't know

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