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Who was head chef on the first series of ITV's Hell's Kitchen?	'Hell's Kitchen': Gordon Ramsay names season nine winner who receives BLT Steak head chef job in New York City 'Hell's Kitchen': Gordon Ramsay names season nine winner who receives BLT Steak head chef job in New York City Chef Gordon Ramsay chooses his season nine Hell's Kitchen winner. Don't Miss Share 1 hour ago 8:28 AM Share August 26 2016 2:01 AM July 21 2016 9:05 AM Latest News Share 2 hours ago 7:00 AM Share 2 hours ago 7:00 AM 7 hours ago 2:01 AM Must Read Share 11 hours ago 9:58 PM Share 2 hours ago 7:00 AM Share 2 hours ago 7:00 AM Share 12 hours ago 9:04 PM December 29 2016 7:00 AM 20 September 2011 10:08 AM Shares Paul Niedermann has been named the winner of the ninth season of Hell's Kitchen by Chef Gordon Ramsay. The 26-year-old junior sous chef won the coveted head chef job at BLT Steak in New York City and a salary of $250,000 over runner-up Will Lustberg on Monday night's season finale of the Fox cooking competition. © Fox Greg Gayne Chef Ramsay said: "Paul won tonight because he is probably the most passionate, determined chef to ever enter Hell's Kitchen. He will make a great head chef because his enthusiasm is contagious. "I'm proud to hand him over to BLT Steak in New York City." Paul, who was congratulated by his brother after his win, said: "There is so much emotion going through me. I'm happy, sad, ecstatic. My mom is looking down on me right now and knows what I've been through and how hard I have worked. This is all for her." In choosing between Paul and Will, Chef Ramsay had admitted the decision was "incredibly difficult", saying Paul had been one of the best chefs since he arrived in the competition, while Will had been one of the most consistent. Will congratulated Paul with a hug after the result was announced, saying: "I would much rather have won. I didn't come out here for second, I came out here for first but if I had to lose to anybody I'm glad it was Paul." © Fox Smallz and Raskin > Hell's Kitchen finale: Top 4 chefs talk favorite moments Paul and Will's final dinner service saw them joined by former contestants. Paul's team consisted of Elise, Elizabeth, Jonathan and Carrie, while Will worked with Tommy, Natalie, Jennifer and Krupa. Chef Ramsay congratulated them both on how they handled the service before turning to the customer comment cards to help make his decision. Another highlight of the finale saw Chef Ramsay taking Will and Paul and their loved ones out for dinner, only for the restaurant to turn into a huge hall filled with cheering fans. Chef Ramsay told them that unlike the first episode of the series when the contestants were greeted with an empty auditorium , they were now stars and should bask in the limelight. Elise Wims and Tommy Stevens were eliminated from the competition during the first hour of the two-hour finale, which opened with the contestants being briefly reunited with their loved ones. Their first challenge was recreating one of Chef Ramsay's dishes purely from taste, touch and smell, which included figuring out which sort of proteins he had used. Paul devised the closest dish and won tickets to a Dodgers game and the chance to meet Tommy Lasorda. © Fox Smallz and Raskin > Hell's Kitchen recap: Gordon Ramsay names final four Each contestant then had to lead the pass during dinner service while Chef Ramsay gave them with a series of quality control tests including switching shrimp for lobster in the capolleni and parsnip puree for potato mash. In choosing to send Tommy home, Chef Ramsay told him that he "just wasn't ready" to be head chef at BLT Steak. "Love the energy so keep going," said Chef Ramsay. "When I arrived my goal was to create some passion and art. The whole time I was here I tried to stay true to myself," said Tommy. "It's been a learning experience, a humbling experience, at the same time it was one of the greatest experiences of my life. "I'm a culinary juggernaut right now compared to when I walked in the door. This is the beginning for me, I'm going to keep on climbing until I conquer the world." Chef Ramsay told Elise that she shouldn't be in tears at not making the final because he had never met anyone as resilient as her before. He also told her to keep her jacket because she deserved it. "I've been slammed, I've been kicked while I'm down and I still got back up. I fought hard to be here," said Elise. "Thank you Chef Ramsay for being hard on me and helping me to improve on my weaknesses. After this I'm prepared for any obstacle that comes my way because nothing can be harder than this." Hell's Kitchen airs on Fox	Gordon Ramsay
In which city is the film Don't Look Now set?	"Hell's Kitchen" 20 Chefs Compete (TV Episode 2014) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The newest batch of twenty aspiring restaurateurs attempt to impress Gordon Ramsay and his fiery personality as they head to the kitchen. In the first challenge of the season, Chef Ramsay ... See full summary » Director: a list of 1677 titles created 30 Dec 2013 a list of 2082 titles created 02 Jan 2014 Title: 20 Chefs Compete (13 Mar 2014) 6.5/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? Edit Storyline The newest batch of twenty aspiring restaurateurs attempt to impress Gordon Ramsay and his fiery personality as they head to the kitchen. In the first challenge of the season, Chef Ramsay splits the chefs into two teams: men (blue) vs. women (red) and asks the them to present their signature dish. The winning team gets treated to an exclusive dinner with Chef Ramsay, while the losing team is left behind to scrub down the kitchen. During opening night dinner service, both teams make major mistakes and some tempers reach their boiling point. Find out which contestants are safe and who is the first to be eliminated. Written by Anonymous	i don't know
Where do locusts lay their eggs?	Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about locusts Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about locusts What is the difference between locusts and grasshoppers? Locusts are part of a large group of insects commonly called grasshoppers which have big hind legs for jumping. Locusts belong to the family called Acrididae. Locusts differ from grasshoppers in that they have the ability to change their behaviour and habits and can migrate over large distances. What is a Desert Locust? The Desert Locust is one of about a dozen species of short-horned grasshoppers (Acridoidea) that are known to change their behavior and form swarms of adults or bands of hoppers (wingless nymphs). The swarms that form can be dense and highly mobile. The Latin name for Desert Locust is Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal). What countries are affected by the Desert Locust? During quiet periods (known as recessions) Desert Locusts are usually restricted to the semi-arid and arid deserts of Africa, the Near East and South-West Asia that receive less than 200 mm of rain annually. This is an area of about 16 million square kilometres, consisting of about 30 countries. During plagues, Desert Locusts may spread over an enormous area of some 29 million square kilometres, extending over or into parts of 60 countries. This is more than 20% of the total land surface of the world. During plagues, the Desert Locust has the potential to damage the livelihood of a tenth of the world's population. Do Desert Locust plagues occur with any regularity? There is no evidence that Desert Locust plagues occur after a specific number of years. Instead, plagues develop intermittently. Plagues of locusts have been reported since the Pharaonic times in ancient Egypt. During this century, Desert Locust plagues occurred in 1926-1934, 1940-1948, 1949-1963, 1967-1969 and 1986-1989. How long does a Desert Locust live? A Desert Locust lives a total of about three to five months although this is extremely variable and depends mostly on weather and ecological conditions. The life cycle comprises three stages: egg, hopper and adult. Eggs hatch in about two weeks (the range is 10-65 days), hoppers develop in five to six stages over a period of about 30-40 days, and adults mature in about three weeks to nine months but more frequently from two to four months. How many eggs does a Desert Locust female produce? Desert Locust females lay eggs in an egg pod primarily in sandy soils at a depth of 10-15 centimetres below the surface. A solitary female lays about 95-158 eggs whereas a gregarious female lays usually less than 80 eggs in an egg pod. Females can lay at least three times in their lifetime usually at intervals of about 6-11 days. Up to 1,000 egg pods have been found in one square metre. How far and how fast can Desert Locusts migrate? Desert Locusts usually fly with the wind at a speed of about 16-19 km/h depending on the wind. Swarms can travel about 5-130 km or more in a day. Locusts can stay in the air for long periods of time. For example, locusts regularly cross the Red Sea, a distance of 300 km. In the past there have been some spectacular and very long distance swarm migrations, for example from North-West Africa to the British Isles in 1954 and from West Africa to the Caribbean, a distance of 5,000 km in about ten days in 1988. Solitary Desert Locust adults usually fly at night whereas gregarious adults (swarms) fly during the day. What percentage of the Desert Locust's exoskeleton is chitin? Chitin is the most important constituent of the cuticle or exoskeleton of the Desert Locust. The production of chitin is a continuous process and increases throughout the life of a Desert Locust, varying from about 1.7% (of fresh weight of a locust) during the hopper stage to 2.2% in the young adult and 4% in a two month old adult. How much food can a Desert Locust eat? A Desert Locust adult can consume roughly its own weight in fresh food per day, that is about two grams every day. A 1 km2 size swarm contains about 40 million locusts, which eat the same amount of food in one day as about 35,000 people, 20 camels or 6 elephants. This is based on a person eating an average of 2.3 kg of food per day, according to the USDA. A swarm the size of Niamey (Niger) or Bamako (Mali) eats the same amount of food in one day as half the respective country. A swarm the size of Paris eats the same amount of food in one day as half the population of France; the size of New York City eats in one day the same as everyone in New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey; the size of San Francisco eats the same has half of California; the size of Sydney (Australia) eats the same amount of food in one day as Australia eats in 1.5 hours. What is the relationship between locusts and ecology? When conditions are favourable for reproduction, locust numbers increase and when they are not, numbers decrease either by natural mortality or through migration. For the Desert Locust, favourable conditions for breeding are (1) moist sandy or sand/clay soil to depths of 10-15 cm below the surface, (2) some bare areas for egg-laying, and (3) green vegetation for hopper development. Often favourable conditions may exist in the desert but there are no locusts present. Therefore, the presence of moist soil and green vegetation does not automatically mean that there are locusts around! Why do locusts change their behaviour? As Desert Locusts increase in number and become more crowded, they change their behavior from that of acting as an individual (solitarious) insect to that as acting as part of a group (gregarious). The appearance of the locust also changes: solitary adults are brown whereas gregarious adults are pink (immature) and yellow (mature). Up until 1921, it was thought that the Desert Locust was actually two different species of locusts. Although the Desert Locust is considered to be the most important species of locust due to its ability to migrate over large distances and rapidly increase its numbers, there are several other important species of locusts throughout the world: ◦ African Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria migratorioides) - Africa; ◦ Oriental Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis) - South-East Asia; ◦ Red Locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata) - Eastern Africa; ◦ Brown Locust (Locustana pardalina) - Southern Africa; ◦ Italian Locust (Calliptamus italicus), from western Europe to Central Asia; ◦ Moroccan Locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus) - North-West Africa to Asia; ◦ Bombay Locust (Nomadacris succincta) - South-West to South-East Asia; ◦ Australian Plague Locust (Chortoicetes terminifera) - Australia; ◦ Tree Locusts (Anacridium sp.) - Africa, Mediterranean, Near East. How can locusts be controlled? At present the primary method of controlling Desert Locust swarms and hopper bands is with mainly organphosphate chemicals applied in small concentrated doses (referred to as ultra low volume (ULV) formulation) by vehicle-mounted and aerial sprayers and to a lesser extent by knapsack and hand-held sprayers. Who carries out locust control operations? Locust survey and control are primarily the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture in locust affected countries and are operations undertaken by national locust units. There are also several regional locust organizations that assist with survey and control operations. During times of outbreaks and plagues, external assistance from the donor community and other international organizations is usually required. Are there any non-chemical ways to kill locusts? Extensive research is in progress on biological control and other means of non-chemical control of locusts. The current focus is primarily on pathegens and insect growth regulators. Thus far control by natural predators and parasites is limited since locusts can quickly migrate away from most natural enemies. Although giant nets, flamethrowers, lasers and huge vacuums have been proposed in the past, these are not in use for locust control. People and birds often eat locusts but usually not enough to significantly reduce population levels over large areas. Can locusts be detected by satellites? Weather satellites and other satellites used to monitor the environment cannot detect locust individuals or swarms. However, the highly sophisticated satellites used by the military can indeed detect locusts but these images are not available. Even if they were, it is unlikely that national and international locust organizations would have the ability to interpret the hundreds of images that would be produced on a daily basis. Why are Desert Locust so difficult to control? There are many reasons as to why it is difficult to successfully combat the Desert Locust. Some of these are: (1) the extremely large area (16-30 million sq. km) within which locusts can be found, (2) the remoteness and difficult access of such areas, (3) the insecurity or lack of safety (such as land mines) in some areas, (4) the limited resources for locust monitoring and control in some of the affected countries, (5) the undeveloped basic infrastructure (roads, communications, water and food) in many countries, (6) the difficulty in maintaining a sufficient number of trained staff and functioning resources during the long periods of recession in which there is little or no locust activity, (7) political relations amongst affected countries, (8) the difficulty in organizing and implementing control operations in which the pesticide must be applied directly onto the locusts, and (9) the difficulty in predicting outbreaks given the lack of periodicity of such incidents and the uncertainty of rainfall in locust areas. Do people eat locusts? People in several countries collect locusts using large nets and by other means. Locusts are usually stir-fried, roasted or boiled and eaten immediately or dried and eaten later (see some recipes below). Locusts are rich in protein. During periods of increased locust activity, piles of dead locusts can be found in the market places of many locust affected countries. What is the role of FAO in locust control? One of the mandates of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations is to provide information on the general locust situation to all interested countries and to give timely warnings and forecasts to those countries in danger of invasion. Therefore, FAO operates a centralized Desert Locust information service within the Locust Group at FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy. All locust affected countries transmit locust data to FAO who in turn analyze this information in conjunction with weather and habitat data and satellite imagery in order to assess the current locust situation, provide forecasts up to six weeks in advance and issue warnings on an ad-hoc basis. FAO prepares monthly bulletins and periodic updates summarizing the locust situation and forecasting migration and breeding on a country by country basis. These are distributed by email, fax, and post. All locust information is archived at FAO Headquarters and some of this is available on the Internet. Furthermore, FAO provides training and prepares publications on various aspects of locusts. FAO undertakes field assessment missions and coordinates survey and control operations as well as assistance during locust plagues. What about some locust recipes? Here are a few local recipes from locust-affected countries. Please send us yours! Tinjiya (Tswana recipe): remove the wings and hindlegs of the locusts, and boil in a little water until soft. Add salt, if desired, and a little fat and fry until brown. Serve with cooked, dried mealies (corn). Sikonyane (Swazi recipe): prepare embers and roast the whole locust on the embers. Remove head, wings, and legs, in other words, only the breast part is eaten. The South Sotho people use locusts especially as food for travellers. The heads and last joint of the hindlegs are broken off and the rest laid on the coals to roast. The roasted locusts are ground on a grinding stone to a fine powder. This powder can be kept for long periods of time and is taken along on a journey. Dried locusts are also prepared for the winter months. The legs, when dried, are especially relished for their pleasant taste. Cambodia: take several dozen locust adults, preferably females, slit the abdomen lengthwise and stuff a peanut inside. Then lightly grill the locusts in a wok or hot frying pan, adding a little oil and salt to taste. Be careful not to overcook or burn them. Barbecue (grilled): prepare the embers or charcoal. Place about one dozen locusts on a skewer, stabbing each through the centre of the abdomen. If you only want to eat the abdomen, then you may want to take off the legs or wings either before or after cooking. Several skewers of locusts may be required for each person. Place the skewers above the hot embers and grill while turning continuously to avoid burning the locusts until they become golden brown. Philippines: Locusts have been accepted in San Fernando,Pampanga as a palatable special dish, cooked "adobo" style. Adobo is a popularly common dish found in the Philippines, thus a national dish among the Filipinos. Typically made from pork or chicken or a combination of both, it is slowly cooked in soy sauce, vinegar, crushed garlic, bay leaf, and black peppercorns, and often browned in the oven or pan-fried afterwards to get the desirable crisped edges. This dish originates from the northern region of the Philippines. Commonly packed for Filipino mountaineers and travelers, the relatively long shelf-life of this food is well known due to one of its primary ingredient's, particularly vinegar, that inhibits the growth of bacteria. Tip: substitute locusts for the chicken or pork Uganda: Clean the locusts by removing the legs and wings, then fry them with some chopped onion and season with curry powder. Mexico: (1) Roast 40 locusts for 10 minutes at 180°, then remove the wings, legs and heads and toss with the juice of 1 lemon, 2 cloves of garlic and salt to taste. (2) Mash 2 avocados and spread on 6 tortillas. (3) Sprinkle with locust torsos and enjoy. Serves six. (adapted from a Mexican grasshopper dish from the pages of the excellent Man Eating Bugs: The Art and Science of Eating Insects, by Peter Menzel and Faith D'Aluisio) Locust tacos in Mexico (courtesy of blogjam on Flickr) Are there any other beneficial uses of locusts? Philippines: Local herbalists are said to steep locusts in coconut oil, and with the chanting of prayers in either the local dialect or in pidgin Latin, apply the oil to wounds and sprains as a way of facilitating healing. Also in the Philippines, some enterprising people recently discovered that the destructive locusts, which continue to plunder vast tracts of sugarcane fields and vegetation in Pampanga and Zambales, can be a rich source of nutritious supplemental feeding for animals and fish,including fighting cocks.	in sand
What name is given to the nesting site of penguins?	Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about locusts Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about locusts What is the difference between locusts and grasshoppers? Locusts are part of a large group of insects commonly called grasshoppers which have big hind legs for jumping. Locusts belong to the family called Acrididae. Locusts differ from grasshoppers in that they have the ability to change their behaviour and habits and can migrate over large distances. What is a Desert Locust? The Desert Locust is one of about a dozen species of short-horned grasshoppers (Acridoidea) that are known to change their behavior and form swarms of adults or bands of hoppers (wingless nymphs). The swarms that form can be dense and highly mobile. The Latin name for Desert Locust is Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal). What countries are affected by the Desert Locust? During quiet periods (known as recessions) Desert Locusts are usually restricted to the semi-arid and arid deserts of Africa, the Near East and South-West Asia that receive less than 200 mm of rain annually. This is an area of about 16 million square kilometres, consisting of about 30 countries. During plagues, Desert Locusts may spread over an enormous area of some 29 million square kilometres, extending over or into parts of 60 countries. This is more than 20% of the total land surface of the world. During plagues, the Desert Locust has the potential to damage the livelihood of a tenth of the world's population. Do Desert Locust plagues occur with any regularity? There is no evidence that Desert Locust plagues occur after a specific number of years. Instead, plagues develop intermittently. Plagues of locusts have been reported since the Pharaonic times in ancient Egypt. During this century, Desert Locust plagues occurred in 1926-1934, 1940-1948, 1949-1963, 1967-1969 and 1986-1989. How long does a Desert Locust live? A Desert Locust lives a total of about three to five months although this is extremely variable and depends mostly on weather and ecological conditions. The life cycle comprises three stages: egg, hopper and adult. Eggs hatch in about two weeks (the range is 10-65 days), hoppers develop in five to six stages over a period of about 30-40 days, and adults mature in about three weeks to nine months but more frequently from two to four months. How many eggs does a Desert Locust female produce? Desert Locust females lay eggs in an egg pod primarily in sandy soils at a depth of 10-15 centimetres below the surface. A solitary female lays about 95-158 eggs whereas a gregarious female lays usually less than 80 eggs in an egg pod. Females can lay at least three times in their lifetime usually at intervals of about 6-11 days. Up to 1,000 egg pods have been found in one square metre. How far and how fast can Desert Locusts migrate? Desert Locusts usually fly with the wind at a speed of about 16-19 km/h depending on the wind. Swarms can travel about 5-130 km or more in a day. Locusts can stay in the air for long periods of time. For example, locusts regularly cross the Red Sea, a distance of 300 km. In the past there have been some spectacular and very long distance swarm migrations, for example from North-West Africa to the British Isles in 1954 and from West Africa to the Caribbean, a distance of 5,000 km in about ten days in 1988. Solitary Desert Locust adults usually fly at night whereas gregarious adults (swarms) fly during the day. What percentage of the Desert Locust's exoskeleton is chitin? Chitin is the most important constituent of the cuticle or exoskeleton of the Desert Locust. The production of chitin is a continuous process and increases throughout the life of a Desert Locust, varying from about 1.7% (of fresh weight of a locust) during the hopper stage to 2.2% in the young adult and 4% in a two month old adult. How much food can a Desert Locust eat? A Desert Locust adult can consume roughly its own weight in fresh food per day, that is about two grams every day. A 1 km2 size swarm contains about 40 million locusts, which eat the same amount of food in one day as about 35,000 people, 20 camels or 6 elephants. This is based on a person eating an average of 2.3 kg of food per day, according to the USDA. A swarm the size of Niamey (Niger) or Bamako (Mali) eats the same amount of food in one day as half the respective country. A swarm the size of Paris eats the same amount of food in one day as half the population of France; the size of New York City eats in one day the same as everyone in New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey; the size of San Francisco eats the same has half of California; the size of Sydney (Australia) eats the same amount of food in one day as Australia eats in 1.5 hours. What is the relationship between locusts and ecology? When conditions are favourable for reproduction, locust numbers increase and when they are not, numbers decrease either by natural mortality or through migration. For the Desert Locust, favourable conditions for breeding are (1) moist sandy or sand/clay soil to depths of 10-15 cm below the surface, (2) some bare areas for egg-laying, and (3) green vegetation for hopper development. Often favourable conditions may exist in the desert but there are no locusts present. Therefore, the presence of moist soil and green vegetation does not automatically mean that there are locusts around! Why do locusts change their behaviour? As Desert Locusts increase in number and become more crowded, they change their behavior from that of acting as an individual (solitarious) insect to that as acting as part of a group (gregarious). The appearance of the locust also changes: solitary adults are brown whereas gregarious adults are pink (immature) and yellow (mature). Up until 1921, it was thought that the Desert Locust was actually two different species of locusts. Although the Desert Locust is considered to be the most important species of locust due to its ability to migrate over large distances and rapidly increase its numbers, there are several other important species of locusts throughout the world: ◦ African Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria migratorioides) - Africa; ◦ Oriental Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis) - South-East Asia; ◦ Red Locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata) - Eastern Africa; ◦ Brown Locust (Locustana pardalina) - Southern Africa; ◦ Italian Locust (Calliptamus italicus), from western Europe to Central Asia; ◦ Moroccan Locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus) - North-West Africa to Asia; ◦ Bombay Locust (Nomadacris succincta) - South-West to South-East Asia; ◦ Australian Plague Locust (Chortoicetes terminifera) - Australia; ◦ Tree Locusts (Anacridium sp.) - Africa, Mediterranean, Near East. How can locusts be controlled? At present the primary method of controlling Desert Locust swarms and hopper bands is with mainly organphosphate chemicals applied in small concentrated doses (referred to as ultra low volume (ULV) formulation) by vehicle-mounted and aerial sprayers and to a lesser extent by knapsack and hand-held sprayers. Who carries out locust control operations? Locust survey and control are primarily the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture in locust affected countries and are operations undertaken by national locust units. There are also several regional locust organizations that assist with survey and control operations. During times of outbreaks and plagues, external assistance from the donor community and other international organizations is usually required. Are there any non-chemical ways to kill locusts? Extensive research is in progress on biological control and other means of non-chemical control of locusts. The current focus is primarily on pathegens and insect growth regulators. Thus far control by natural predators and parasites is limited since locusts can quickly migrate away from most natural enemies. Although giant nets, flamethrowers, lasers and huge vacuums have been proposed in the past, these are not in use for locust control. People and birds often eat locusts but usually not enough to significantly reduce population levels over large areas. Can locusts be detected by satellites? Weather satellites and other satellites used to monitor the environment cannot detect locust individuals or swarms. However, the highly sophisticated satellites used by the military can indeed detect locusts but these images are not available. Even if they were, it is unlikely that national and international locust organizations would have the ability to interpret the hundreds of images that would be produced on a daily basis. Why are Desert Locust so difficult to control? There are many reasons as to why it is difficult to successfully combat the Desert Locust. Some of these are: (1) the extremely large area (16-30 million sq. km) within which locusts can be found, (2) the remoteness and difficult access of such areas, (3) the insecurity or lack of safety (such as land mines) in some areas, (4) the limited resources for locust monitoring and control in some of the affected countries, (5) the undeveloped basic infrastructure (roads, communications, water and food) in many countries, (6) the difficulty in maintaining a sufficient number of trained staff and functioning resources during the long periods of recession in which there is little or no locust activity, (7) political relations amongst affected countries, (8) the difficulty in organizing and implementing control operations in which the pesticide must be applied directly onto the locusts, and (9) the difficulty in predicting outbreaks given the lack of periodicity of such incidents and the uncertainty of rainfall in locust areas. Do people eat locusts? People in several countries collect locusts using large nets and by other means. Locusts are usually stir-fried, roasted or boiled and eaten immediately or dried and eaten later (see some recipes below). Locusts are rich in protein. During periods of increased locust activity, piles of dead locusts can be found in the market places of many locust affected countries. What is the role of FAO in locust control? One of the mandates of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations is to provide information on the general locust situation to all interested countries and to give timely warnings and forecasts to those countries in danger of invasion. Therefore, FAO operates a centralized Desert Locust information service within the Locust Group at FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy. All locust affected countries transmit locust data to FAO who in turn analyze this information in conjunction with weather and habitat data and satellite imagery in order to assess the current locust situation, provide forecasts up to six weeks in advance and issue warnings on an ad-hoc basis. FAO prepares monthly bulletins and periodic updates summarizing the locust situation and forecasting migration and breeding on a country by country basis. These are distributed by email, fax, and post. All locust information is archived at FAO Headquarters and some of this is available on the Internet. Furthermore, FAO provides training and prepares publications on various aspects of locusts. FAO undertakes field assessment missions and coordinates survey and control operations as well as assistance during locust plagues. What about some locust recipes? Here are a few local recipes from locust-affected countries. Please send us yours! Tinjiya (Tswana recipe): remove the wings and hindlegs of the locusts, and boil in a little water until soft. Add salt, if desired, and a little fat and fry until brown. Serve with cooked, dried mealies (corn). Sikonyane (Swazi recipe): prepare embers and roast the whole locust on the embers. Remove head, wings, and legs, in other words, only the breast part is eaten. The South Sotho people use locusts especially as food for travellers. The heads and last joint of the hindlegs are broken off and the rest laid on the coals to roast. The roasted locusts are ground on a grinding stone to a fine powder. This powder can be kept for long periods of time and is taken along on a journey. Dried locusts are also prepared for the winter months. The legs, when dried, are especially relished for their pleasant taste. Cambodia: take several dozen locust adults, preferably females, slit the abdomen lengthwise and stuff a peanut inside. Then lightly grill the locusts in a wok or hot frying pan, adding a little oil and salt to taste. Be careful not to overcook or burn them. Barbecue (grilled): prepare the embers or charcoal. Place about one dozen locusts on a skewer, stabbing each through the centre of the abdomen. If you only want to eat the abdomen, then you may want to take off the legs or wings either before or after cooking. Several skewers of locusts may be required for each person. Place the skewers above the hot embers and grill while turning continuously to avoid burning the locusts until they become golden brown. Philippines: Locusts have been accepted in San Fernando,Pampanga as a palatable special dish, cooked "adobo" style. Adobo is a popularly common dish found in the Philippines, thus a national dish among the Filipinos. Typically made from pork or chicken or a combination of both, it is slowly cooked in soy sauce, vinegar, crushed garlic, bay leaf, and black peppercorns, and often browned in the oven or pan-fried afterwards to get the desirable crisped edges. This dish originates from the northern region of the Philippines. Commonly packed for Filipino mountaineers and travelers, the relatively long shelf-life of this food is well known due to one of its primary ingredient's, particularly vinegar, that inhibits the growth of bacteria. Tip: substitute locusts for the chicken or pork Uganda: Clean the locusts by removing the legs and wings, then fry them with some chopped onion and season with curry powder. Mexico: (1) Roast 40 locusts for 10 minutes at 180°, then remove the wings, legs and heads and toss with the juice of 1 lemon, 2 cloves of garlic and salt to taste. (2) Mash 2 avocados and spread on 6 tortillas. (3) Sprinkle with locust torsos and enjoy. Serves six. (adapted from a Mexican grasshopper dish from the pages of the excellent Man Eating Bugs: The Art and Science of Eating Insects, by Peter Menzel and Faith D'Aluisio) Locust tacos in Mexico (courtesy of blogjam on Flickr) Are there any other beneficial uses of locusts? Philippines: Local herbalists are said to steep locusts in coconut oil, and with the chanting of prayers in either the local dialect or in pidgin Latin, apply the oil to wounds and sprains as a way of facilitating healing. Also in the Philippines, some enterprising people recently discovered that the destructive locusts, which continue to plunder vast tracts of sugarcane fields and vegetation in Pampanga and Zambales, can be a rich source of nutritious supplemental feeding for animals and fish,including fighting cocks.	i don't know
Manzanilla is a variety of what type of alcoholic drink?	Jerez Wine \| Sherry Wine Types: Fino, Manzanilla, Amontillado. Oloroso y Palo Cortado Spanish wines » Sherry » Jerez Types Types of Spanish Sherry Thanks to the long history of Sherry in Spain as well as the creativeness of the Sherry makers in the country, there are a number of different varieties of the wine available today; each with its own name, technique and flavour. Fino Fino Sherries are the driest and palest of the various types of Spanish Sherry. Compared to the other varieties, they are not aged as long and should be drunk as soon as possible after opening the bottle as the exposure to air can lead to the wine losing its flavour. This type of Sherry owes its light and fresh flavour to the yeast used in its production. The flor yeast forms a protective layer over the top of the wine when it is being aged, which shields the wine from over oxidation. This technique was not fully understood until way into the 19th century. Fino Sherry is to be served chilled, at a temperature between 7 and 10°C. Often the Sherry is served before a meal, but you might also see people drinking Sherry with some Spanish tapas when you visit Spain. Manzanilla Manzanilla is another form of fine, dry Sherry which is produced around the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda. Manzanilla Sherry is made in the same way as fino Sherry however; the cool sea temperatures mean that the yeast often grows better. The resulting thicker layer of yeast protects the wine from the air even further; giving the Sherry an even finer and more delicate flavour than other fino Sherries. There is an ongoing dispute surrounding the name of this variety of Spanish Sherry however. Some people believe that it is named after apples as it tastes a little bit like the fruit. Others believe that it tastes like chamomile tea which is often known as manzanilla in Spain. Other theories claim that the grape vine used at the beginning of the existence of this drink was called manzanilla and that the wines resemble those that came from the town of Manzanilla during the 15th century. Manzanilla Sherry is best drunk when chilled to a temperature of 7-10°C, and goes particularly well with Spanish tapas such as olives, almonds, Jamón serrano or seafood. This Sherry variety should also been consumed as soon as possible, just like finos, as the wine can lose its flavour very quickly. Amontillado The Amontillado Sherry is a Sherry that is darker than a fino but still lighter than an oloroso. Normally, an amontillado begins as a fino Sherry which contains around 13.5% alcohol. The cap of yeast though that makes a fino is the key to amontillado as well, however it is the inadequacy of such layer that makes the wine. Without this layer, the amontillado Sherry has to be fortified until it contains 17.5% alcohol, after which the Sherry is allowed to slowly oxidise in porous oak casks. The resulting Sherry is therefore darker in colour and richer in flavour than a fino. The name for this type of Spanish Sherry comes from the Spanish region of Montilla, which is where the variety of Sherry originally began to be produced during the 18th century. However, sometimes the term is used to describe any Sherry that has a colour between a fino and an oloroso Sherry. Amontillado is normally served chilled as is often drunk as an aperitif or to accompany food such as chicken or rabbit. This type of Sherry is much more stable than fino and can be stored for a few years before opening. Furthermore, if corked and refrigerated, an amontillado can keep up to two weeks. Oloroso Oloroso Sherry, which those of you who study Spanish will know means 'scented' or 'pungent' in Spanish, is a darker Sherry than amontillado as it is produced by a longer period of oxidation. This Sherry has a high glycerine content which tends to make it smoother and less dry in taste. The yeast layer on the Sherry is suppressed earlier by fortification which then exposes the wine to oxygen. The ageing process leads to the wine becoming darker and stronger, and oloroso Sherries can often be left for decades to age fully. Oloroso is also used as the basis for other sweet Sherries such as Bristol Cream . Olorosos tend to be served lightly chilled, at a temperature of around 12-14°C- Dry olorosos make great aperitifs while sweet olorosos are normally drank after the meal as a dessert wine. Oloroso Sherries can be stored for many years before opening and once opened, will last for around 2 months if corked and refrigerated. Older Sherries will keep for longer, some up to 12 months. Palo Cortado Palo Cortado is actually a rather rare variety of Spanish Sherry - only around 1-2% of the grapes pressed for Sherry naturally become palo cortado Sherries. This variety begins life as a fino or an amontillado thanks to the layer of flor yeast. However, to become a palo cortado, the Sherry must lose its layer of yeast and begin to oxidise. As a result, the wine is a mixture between the richness of an oloroso and the crispness of an amontillado. 'Palo Cortado' means 'cut stick' which refers to the mark made on the wooden cask when it is determined to be this style of wine. A fino would have a single line on the cask, and so the overseer would put a line through this one in order to make a cross. As time passes, additional wine may be added to keep the wine developing. Most measures means more lines hence the existence of denominations such as 'dos cortados' (2 cuts), 'tres cortados' (2 cuts) etc. This type of Sherry should be served lightly chilled and works well as an aperitif. It is also a relatively stable type of Sherry which means it can be stored for a few years before opening and can be kept for a few weeks if it is corked and refrigerated.	Sherry
The geographic region of Patagonia is situated between which two South American countries ?	Varieties of Spanish Sherry or Jerez Share By Lisa & Tony Sierra Sherry or jerez is the Spanish wine from the southern region of Cádiz, and is enjoyed all over Andalucia. Sherry has been around for many centuries. It was mentioned in Greek texts as far back as the 4th century B.C.! Sherry is particularly popular with the English and has been for centuries. In fact, in Shakespeare’s play King Henry IV, Part II, Falstaff speaks in detail about the virtues of sherry or “sack,” as it was called. He ends his speech on the subject by swearing, “If I had a thousand sons, the first human principle I would teach them should be, to forswear thin potations and to addict themselves to sack.” There are actually a number of official types that range from very dry with pale straw-like yellow, to sweet with a dark mahogany color. Dry Sherries The following sherries are dry. This is due to the fact that their musts or grape juices have been through a complete fermentation process. Fino – This is a clear, straw-colored sherry that is dry, light and fragrant. continue reading below our video How to Mince Without a Knife It is aged with yeasts called flor. It contains 15 to 18% alcohol. Amontillado – It has an amber color and it a light and smooth sherry with a certain hazelnut bouquet. It contains 16 to 22% alcohol. Oloroso – The color of Oloroso sherry can range from amber to dark mahogany color. As the name indicates, this sherry is “fragrant.” It contains 17 to 22% alcohol. Raya - This is part of the Oloroso group, but it is less delicate and does not have as much aroma. Palo Cortado - This mahogany-colored sherry falls between Amontillado and Oloroso. It is dry and has a hazelnut bouquet. It contains 17 to 22% alcohol. Sweet Natural Sherries These types of sherries are primarily made from two varieties of grapes – Pedro Ximenez and Moscatel. After harvest, they are put through a process called soleo or “over-maturing” that results in a high concentration of sugar in the grape. This makes a very sweet, dense must. Once it is made into wine, it is aged through oxidation and put in the soleras. Solera is the name for both the special process that this sherry goes through as well as the barrels. In the solera process, sherry is put into a series of barrels for aging. A portion of sherry from the last barrel is poured out and the barrel is then filled with sherry from the next-to-last barrel, until the first barrel is filled with new sherry . Pedro Ximenez - This sweet sherry is made from grapes of the same name. It is very dark and aromatic, having a bouquet of raisins. It has a high alcohol content. Moscatel – Muscat is the English name for this sweet raisin wine from the moscatel variety of grapes . It is produced in the province of Málaga and is warm and sweet, and has a dark color. Blended Sherries Dry varieties of sherry are blended with sweet ones to make somewhat sweet sherries. Pale Cream and Cream – Both are sweet wines . The Pale Cream variety is light-colored and only slightly sweet, where the Cream sherry is sweet, dark and has a very intense aroma. Cream sherry is actually made from the Oloroso variety of sherry. These are good dessert wines and contain between 15.5 and 22% alcohol. Manzanilla - This type of sherry is produced only in the coastal town of Sanlúcar de Barrameda where the bodegas actually have a special micro climate. This wine has its own Denomination of Origin and can only be produced in the town. It is very pale and dry and contains 15 to 17% alcohol.	i don't know
Which South American country will host the 2014 football World Cup ?	BBC SPORT \| Football \| Internationals \| Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup Romario, Dunga and Brazilian President Lula with the World Cup Brazil has been named as the host nation for the 2014 football World Cup. The South American country was the only one bidding to host the tournament, which was due to be staged on the continent under Fifa's rotation system. Brazilian president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva said: "Soccer is more than a sport for us, it's a national passion." Brazil have won the tournament a record five times and hosted the World Cup once before, in 1950, when they lost 2-1 in the final to Uruguay. 606: DEBATE Will Brazil be good hosts? It is the first time the World Cup is being held in South America since Argentina hosted, and won, the 1978 tournament. Brazil is setting aside around ï¿½550m to update its stadiums, including the Maracanï¿½ in Rio de Janeiro which hosted the 1950 World Cup final. And that money will need to be spent wisely as Fifa's inspection report has identified 18 grounds with more than 40,000 capacity that could host games. These will be whittled down to nine or 10. However, of the 18, four would have to be re-built from scratch and all of the others need to undergo substantial renovation. This World Cup will have such a big social and cultural impact in Brazil Fifa president Sepp Blatter So basic are the facilities at the moment that most of the stadia are not even equipped for television commentary. Fifa president Blatter said, however, that he had been impressed by Brazil's plans for 2014 despite the fact they were the only bidders. "The task was not easy - for us it was a real big challenge to have the same list of requirements and the same conditions for only one candidate," he said. "There was an extraordinary presentation by the delegation and we witnessed that this World Cup will have such a big social and cultural impact in Brazil. Brazilians celebrate at the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio "This is the country that has given to the world the best football and the best footballers, and they are five times world champions." Fifa's inspection report added: "Brazil has a rich history of hosting sporting and other international events. "But the standards and demands of the World Cup will far surpass those of any other event staged in the history of Brazil in terms of magnitude and complexity. "The inspection team wants Fifa experts to review the process and progress of host city selection to ensure that adequate financing is committed and secured." As news filtered through, celebrations broke out in various towns around the country with fireworks and festivities set to continue into the night. Around 100 people unfurled a green and yellow banner, emblazoned with the words 'The 2014 World Cup is ours', at the foot of the famous Christ the Redeemer statue which overlooks Rio. Meanwhile, women's world champions Germany will host the 2011 Women's World Cup after beating off competition from Canada. Bookmark with:	Brazil
Who reached No.1 in the UK charts in 1977 with 'Don't cry for me, Argentina ' ?	World Cup 2018 and 2022: every country which has ever hosted the championship \| News \| theguardian.com Blog home World Cup 2018 and 2022: every country which has ever hosted the championship Russia has been unveiled as the host for the 2018 Fifa World cup, but which countries have had the honour in the past? • Get the data The 2018 and 2022 Fifa World Cup hosts have been announced as Russia and Qatar. Photograph: Odd Andersen/AFP/Getty Images The World Cup host's for 2012 and 2022 have been announced today dashing all hopes for the English bid. Football will not be coming home in eight years time, after it emerged England had crashed out in the first round of voting, securing just two votes, and the tournament was instead awarded to Russia . The 2018 host has been announced as Russia and Qatar are to host the championship in 2022. So which countries have held the prestigious World Cup in the past? France, Germany, Italy and Mexico have all hosted twice and the European zone has notched up the most with twelve European countries winning the bids since 1930. South America follows, managing to win five bids over the past 80 years and holding the honour of hosting the next world cup in Brazil in 2014. Qatar will be up in 2022 - in a first for the Middle East. We have listed each host country since 1930 along with ISO codes and Fifa geographic zones. Download the data for yourself - and let us know what you can do with it.	i don't know
Bolivia gained independance in 1825 - from which European country ?	Bolivian Independence – History of Bolivia \| don Quijote Read the Spanish version Bolivian Independence, achieved after centuries of Spanish colonial rule, was a process that spanned more than 15 years, from 1809 to 1825, and involved numerous battles and countless deaths. The struggle for independence started locally and later Simon Bolivar and Antonio Jose de Sucre gave cohesiveness to fragmented and unorganized cause. Ultimately, this new and independent country, Bolivia, would get its name from the Simon Bolivar, the military and political leader that changed the course of Colonial South America. Bolivia during the 18th century was known as Upper Peru and as was an autonomous region dependant on the Viceroyalty of Peru. Local government was the responsibility of the Royal Audience directed by a President. This Audience was known as the Audiencia de Charcas. As was the case in other places, the Spanish overseers were widely ignorant of the situation of the people and considered themselves superior to the indigenous people. It was not uncommon for these Oidores to make the people bow to them. In 1776 a reorganization of territories was ordered by Spain and Upper Peru joined the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata against the wishes of the Viceroyalty of Peru—which would stand to lose valuable natural resources and the money that would come with them. This would bitterly divide the relationship between these two regions. Further dividing the bases of power was the implementation of the intendancy system that subdivided the power of Viceroy and created internal power struggles between Intendants and Viceroys. The South American Independence At the start of the 19th century a perfecto storm of circumstances came together to fan the flames of independence in South America. In 1807, Napoleon invaded Spain in a quest to increase his empire. This created an enormous vacuum of power and oversight in South America permitting the independence movements to begin their fight in earnest while the Spanish Monarchy was distracted with its own problems back home. The first wave of nationalist uprisings in Bolivia occurred in 1809, when the government juntas of Charcas and La Paz were formed as a reaction to the events in Spain—the chaotic, almost anarchic, situation in Spain was duplicating itself in Bolivia. The junta in Charcas was created by the removal of the President, Ramon Garcia Leon de Pizarro, by the Audience because the Spanish Oidores suspected him of wanting to join with Portugal. The representatives of the Monarchy decided to convert Upper Peru into a junta that would remain loyal to Spain in spirit while isolating itself politically from the other surrounding regions including the Viceroyalty of Peru. In La Paz, the junta there was an effort to break free from Spanish rule altogether and wanting complete independence from any European power. These juntas ended up being short lived, however, and soon fell back under Spanish control thanks to the intervention of the Viceroy of Peru and the better equipped Royalists easily defeated the nationalists, who were lacking in money, resources and military experience. The defeat of the juntas did not mark the end of the independence movement; they constituted an important part of the history of Bolivia. The juntas were able to promote and encourage the independence movement which was kept alive by a six guerrilla armies that formed away from the cities and took control of various regions of Bolivia. In 1810, these six breakaway regions would come to be known as republiquetas (little republics) and each were headed by a caudillo (military leader or dictator). These regions had little or no influence in the surrounding areas but were strong enough to withstand any interference by the royalist forces for more than 15 years. Simon Bolivar With the American war of independence still fresh in the mind of the world; especially in South America which was subject to Colonial Spanish rule, people began to question the legitimacy of colonial occupation. In 1807, a South American aristocrat and liberal thinker had just returned from his travels in Europe. In Venezuela, this man, Simon Bolivar was beginning a revolution of South American independence from Spain. His struggle would take him all over South America and his cause gained followers every day that passed. After having liberated Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, Bolivar was now close to liberating Peru in 1821. In Upper Peru, following 1817, there was relative calm with the power of the caudillos and the Viceroy of Peru reaching a point of equilibrium. In 1820 this equilibrium was broken with the conservative general, Pedro Antonio de Olañeta, refusing to recognize the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and breaking away from the Viceroyalty of Peru. He also refused to join the rebel armies of Bolivar that were beginning to approach Upper Peru as he considered himself “the only defender of the throne and altar” in the region. With the fall of Peru to Bolivar the next he set his sights on was Upper Peru. In the latter half of 1823 the forces of Bolivar crossed Bolivia and on December 9, 1824 the rebel forces under the command of Antonio Jose de Sucre defeated the royalist army in the Battle of Ayacucho. The remaining royalist forces were easily defeated at El Callao but there remained one last military obstacle: General Olañeta. As the last holdout, he attempted to surrender Upper Peru to Brazil in a last ditch effort to maintain Spanish control in the area but to no avail. In one final battle on April 9, 1825 Olañeta and Sucre met on the battlefield. Olañeta’s troops now knowing that defeat would be their destiny murdered Olañeta on the battlefield and surrendered to the rebel army. Spain’s last outpost in South America was now lost forever. A constitutional congress was summoned and on August 6, 1825 to create a new Magna Carta as well as name this new independent country Bolivia in honor of the aristocrat turned liberator, Simon Bolivar. From August 12 to December 29, 1825, Bolivar led Bolivia on the path to democracy and independence and after he stepped down fellow war hero, Antonio Jose de Sucre, would continue in the presidency. Today, Bolivia’s Independence Day is now celebrated every year on 6th August. Celebrations are held throughout the country and it is a common sight to see schoolchildren parading through the streets in their school uniforms while proudly carrying the Bolivian flag. Contact us	Spain
Which fictional character from children's literature came from Darkest Peru ?	A Brief History of Bolivia A SHORT HISTORY OF BOLIVIA By Tim Lambert Ancient Bolivia The people of Bolivia were civilized for hundreds of years before the Spaniards conquered the area. The city of Tiahuanaco was founded in what is now Bolivia about 400 BC. At its peak it had a population of about 40-50,000 and its people created great works of architecture. They also worked in pottery, silver, copper and obsidian. From about 700 AD onward Tiahuanaco ruled a great empire in Bolivia and southern Peru. However about 1,000 AD the empire broke up and was replaced by small states. In the 15th century the Incas conquered Bolivia. However in 1533 the Incas were in turn conquered by the Spaniards. Colonial Bolivia The Spaniards founded cities in Bolivia at Chuquisacac (1538), La Paz (1548), Cochabamba (1571) and Oruro (1606). In 1545 silver was discovered at Potosi and the Spanish used forced labor to mine the silver. Many of the Indians who were forced to work in mines died there. Many more died of European diseases. Not surprisingly the Bolivian Indians were resentful and in 1780 their anger boiled over into rebellion. The Indians believed they could revamp the old Inca Empire and replace the unjust and oppressive Spanish rule. However the Indians were disunited and they failed to capture La Paz. By 1782 the Great Rebellion in Bolivia was crushed. Independent Bolivia Yet in 1809 another rebellion began. People of Spanish descent led this one. It began when Napoleon's army occupied Spain and he deposed the Spanish king and made his brother Joseph king of Spain. For many South Americans already dissatisfied with Spanish rule that was the last straw. In 1809 the people of La Paz declared independence. The rebellion was quickly crushed but the movement for independence in Bolivia became unstoppable. Fighting continued across the continent and the Spanish armies were gradually defeated. More and more regions of South America became independent until on 6 August 1825 Bolivia finally joined them and became independent from Spain. The new nation was named Bolivia in honor of the Simon Bolivar the hero of the independence movement. However the new republic of Bolivia faced an economic depression and many silver mines were abandoned. Bolivia became a backward and impoverished state. The first president of Bolivia was General Sucre. He was followed by Marshal Andres de Santa Cruz who was president from 1829 to 1839. In 1836 he tried to unite Bolivia with Peru but the Chileans felt threatened and they fought the War of the Confederation in 1836-39 to break up the union. In 1879 Bolivia increased taxation on Chilean owned nitrate companies. The result was a war called the War of the Pacific. In 1884 Bolivia lost the strip of coast she controlled and became a landlocked country. However in the late 19th century the silver industry in Bolivia revived helped by capital from Britain and Chile and by new technology. Economically Bolivia prospered. Tin mining boomed and it replaced silver mining as the main industry. Meanwhile railways were built in Bolivia linking parts of Bolivia. In the north a rubber industry boomed. However politically Bolivia was split between Conservatives and Liberals. 20th Century Bolivia Then in 1899 Bolivian Liberals rose in rebellion. The so-called Federal Revolution ended with the Liberals seizing power. Then in 1900 rubber tappers in the Acre region rebelled demanding independence. They were supported by the Brazilians and in 1903 the Bolivian government decided to sell Acre to Brazil. In 1920 the Conservatives staged a coup in Bolivia and regained power. In the 1920s mining in Bolivia flourished but after the Wall Street Crash in 1929 the Bolivian economy suffered severely. In July 1932 border disputes led to the Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay. The war went very badly for Bolivia and many of her men died in the conflict. The war ended in 1935 but in 1936 army officers staged a coup. They introduced a regime they called military socialism and they nationalized the holdings of the American Standard Oil Company. During this time radical ideas were spreading in Bolivia and the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionaria or MNR was formed. In 1943 the MNR formed an alliance with some army officers and they staged a coup. Gualberto Villaroel led the new government. However Villaroel was overthrown by a revolution in 1946 and he was hanged outside the presidential palace. Bolivia was then ruled by a coalition of traditional parties until 1951 when the army took control. However in 1952 the MNR launched a revolution and returned to power in Bolivia. They then embarked on a program of reform. The three biggest tin companies in Bolivia were nationalized and universal suffrage was introduced (everybody was given the vote). However in the mid-1950s Bolivia suffered from high inflation. Faced with economic troubles the Bolivian government turned to the USA for help. The USA gave loans and the economy stabilized but in 1964 the army staged another coup. For most of the next 18 years Bolivia endured military dictatorship. Despite the repression the Bolivian economy boomed and the population grew rapidly. However in the early 1980s the economy took a downturn. Faced with mass demonstrations and international condemnation the last junta stepped down and congress was restored. In 1982 Hernando Siles Zuazo became president of Bolivia. However during his reign Bolivia suffered major economic problems including raging inflation and he stepped won in 1985. His successor Paz Estenssoro managed to curb inflation but in 1989 he was replaced by Paz Zamora. Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada replaced him in 1993. He undertook a privatization campaign and under him the Bolivian economy grew. 21st Century Bolivia However the Bolivian economy flagged from 1999 but it began to grow again in 2003. Then in 2005 left-wing Evo Morales was elected president with plans to nationalize industry. Morales was re-elected president of Bolivia in 2009. Today Bolivia remains a poor country but it is rich in resources. Perhaps its greatest resource is tourism and it has beautiful scenery and wildlife. Despite the recession of 2009 the economy of Bolivia is growing rapidly. Bolivia is becoming more prosperous. In future poverty in Bolivia will be reduced. Today the population of Bolivia is 10.5 million.	i don't know
What is the capital of Venezuela ?	What is the Capital of Venezuela? - Capital-of.com Dates of religious and Civil holidays around the world. www.when-is.com Capital of Venezuela The Capital City of Venezuela (officially named Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) is the city of Caracas. The population of Caracas in the year 2001 was 2,762,759. Venezuela is a Spanish speaking country on the coasts of the Caribbean Sea. Additional Information	Caracas
Which ocean seperates the East coast of South America from the West coast of Africa ?	Venezuela Facts, Facts about Venezuela Venezuela Facts Where is Venezuela? The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is a tropical country situated on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. What is the capital of Venezuela? Carcass is the capital of Venezuela. Officially, it is known as Santiago de Leon de Caracas. With an estimated population of 1,815,679, it is the largest city in the country. How big is Venezuela? Covering a total area of 353,841 square miles, Venezuela is the thirty-third largest country in the world. The estimated population of the country is 29,105,632. What are the ethnic groups in Venezuela? The majority of the population of Venezuela is of European, and African ancestry. Mestizos make up fifty percent of the population while the rest is constituted by Africans and the indigenous people. What are the administrative divisions of Venezuela? For administrative purposes, Venezuela is divided into twenty-three states, a capital district, and the Federal Dependencies. The states are divided into nine administrative regions. The country is further divided into 335 municipalities that are sub-divided into one thousand parishes. Who are the political leaders of Venezuela? Nicolas Maduro is President Elect. of Venezuela. He Succeeds Hugo Chavez who died on 5th march 2013 at the age of 58 while undergoing treatment for cancer. Interim Vice President of venezuela - Jorge Alberto Arreaza Monserrat What is the official currency used in Venezuela? The bolivar fuerte denoted by the ISO 4217 code VEF is the official currency of Venezuela. It was adopted on the 1st of January, 2008, replacing the bolivar. The currency is sub-divided into 100 centimos. The symbol for Bolivar fuerte is Bs.F. or Bs. What is the official language of Venezuela? Castilian is the official language of Venezuela. Spanish, Arabic, Portuguese, Chinese, and Italian are the other languages spoken largely by immigrants. English is the most widely used foreign language and is used in education and administrative sectors. Indigenous languages like Wayuu, Warao, pemon are also recognized as official languages but not more than one percent of the population speak these. What is the official religion of Venezuela? Christianity is the official and the dominant religion in Venezuela. Ninety-two percent of the population is Roman Catholic while the rest follow Protestantism. The country has very small communities of Muslim and Jews. What is the economy of Venezuela like? The economy of Venezuela is heavily dependent on the petroleum sector, that accounts for half the government revenues. In 2010, the gross domestic product (nominal) of the country was estimated at $285.214 billion, while the per capita was $9,773. It is one of the top ten crude oil producers in the world having large reserves of oil and natural gas. Agriculture is a small sector with rice, corn, tropical fruit, coffee, fish, beef, and pork being the major agricultural products. The principal trading partners include the United States, China, Colombia, Brazil , and Mexico. The economy suffers a setback as Venezuela is one of the most corrupt countries with a large number of people living below the poverty line. When is the national day of Venezuela celebrated? The national day of Venezuela is celebrated on the 5th of July. On this day in 1811, Venezuela gained independence from the Spanish rule.	i don't know
Who was the President of Argentina at the time of the Falklands invasion in 1982 ?	Falklands War – History Wars Weapons About Falklands War The Falklands War was a military conflict fought between Argentina and the United Kingdom, from April 2 to June 14, 1982, on the Falkland Islands, South Atlantic. It broke out when an Argentinian invading force of 600 men captured the islands during the early hours of April 2. The next day, a small Argentine military unit, composed of 65 marines also seized South Georgia Island. Although the British government had obtained secret information that the Argentines were planning to invade the islands, the British people were shocked and outraged, especially by the fact that the whole population on the Falklands are Anglo-Saxon English-speaking people, with British citizenship, who had been inhabiting the islands since 1833, and that no Argentine had ever been born there. Thus, the British public opinion regarded it as a total foreign aggression on British soil. The man who decided to launch such an invasion was General Fortunato Galtieri, president of Argentina, and army commander who presided over the military junta that ruled the country. The reason for such an unexpected attack was to distract public attention from its domestic problems, such as unemployment, inflation, and growing budget deficit. At the time, the Prime Minister of Great Britain was the Conservative Margaret Thatcher, a single-minded woman of great determination and whom the Argentine military had underestimated. On April 5, two British aircraft carriers, the HSM Invincible and the HSM Hermes, set sail for the Falklands, leading 120 surface vessels and one nuclear submarine. The first military encounters occurred before the British landed on the islands. On May 2, an Argentinian cruiser, the ARA General Belgrano, was sunk by the British nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror, as it headed towards the islands; 323 Argentinian sailors got killed, and 700 rescued. On May 4, an Argentine Navy strike aircraft, a Super Étendard, launched a French-made Exocet missile and hit HMS Sheffield, a destroyer Type 42, which sank four days later. Two other British warships an one transport ship were struck and sunk by the Argentinian attack aircraft A4 Skyhawks and Super Ëtendard on May 21, 1982: the HMS Ardent, HMS Antelope, and the Atlantic Conveyor. However, the carrier-based British fighters, Sea Harriers, had begun their hunt for enemy aircraft, shooting down 36 enemy fighters, thus obtaining air superiority for the British fleet. As a result, the British 2 Para Battalion and the 45 Commando Royal Marines were able to land on the shore of San Carlos Bay, on the west coast of Eastern Falkland on May 21. They were followed by other units, such as the 42 Commando, 40 Commando, 3 Para, and Gurkha Rifles. On May 28, the 2 Para men fought the first ground battle of the war, the Battle of Goose Green, in which the British had the difficult task of eliminating machine gun nests and pillboxes located on top hills. Having defeated the Argentines, the British paratroopers headed east, toward Port Stanley, the capital of the Falklands. Meanwhile, the Royal Marines defeated the Argentine Army infantry regiments 12, 4, and 6, and one marine battalion BIM 5 at the battles of Two Sisters, Mount Tumbledown, Mount Kent, Bluff Cove, and others. The British were professional soldiers highly trained during the Cold War to fight against Soviet troops in cold weather conditions. As a result, the cold and windy weather of the Falklands did not affect them as it affected the Argentine conscript soldiers who had only had 2 months of military training in the warm weather of Argentine northern provinces. As the bulk of the British ground forces closed in on Stanley, most of the Argentinian troops panicked and ran away towards the capital, but ferocious battles were fought between the Royal Marines and some hard and stubborn Argentine units. Finally, on June 14, the commander of the Argentine forces on the Falklands, General Mario Menendez, surrendered and signed the cease fire together with the British commander Major General Jeremy Moore. The Falklands War had ended.	Leopoldo Galtieri
What is the name of the woman Hugh Grant was caught performing a lewd act with on Sunset Boulevard in 1995?	Reagan On The Falkland/Malvinas: "Give[] Maggie enough to carry on..." Haig to Thatcher: "We are not impartial" Diplomacia de Malvinas, 1945-1989 : Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas of the Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales (CARI) Washington, D.C., April 1, 2012 – The United States secretly supported the United Kingdom during the early days of the Falklands/Malvinas Island war of 1982, while publicly adopting a neutral stance and acting as a disinterested mediator in the conflict, according to recently declassified U.S. documents posted today by the National Security Archive. On the 30thï¿½anniversary of the war, the Archive published a series of memoranda of conversation, intelligence reports, and cables revealing the secret communications between the United States and Britain, and the United States and Argentina during the conflict. At a meeting in London on April 8, 1982, shortly after the war began, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher expressed concern to U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig about President Ronald Reagan's recent public statements of impartiality. In response, according to a previously secret memorandum of the conversation,ï¿½" The Secretary said that he was certain the Prime Minister knew where the President stood. We are not impartial." On April 2, 1982, Argentine forces underï¿½de factoï¿½President Leopoldo Galtieri seized the Falkland/Malvinas Islands militarily from the U.K. The U.S. launched a major shuttle diplomacy mission, sending Secretary Haig numerous times to London and Buenos Aires to de-escalate the conflict. Though the U.S. did not formally announce support for the U.K. until April 30, newly released documents show that Washington sided with the British from the beginning, providing substantial logistical and intelligence support. In a conversation with British officials at the end of March, Haig declared that the U.S. diplomatic effortï¿½"will of course, have a greater chance of influencing Argentine behavior if we appear to them not to favor one side or the other." At the same time, the White House recognized that British intransigence would create problems for the U.S. in its dealings with Latin America.ï¿½ President Reagan, reacting to Haig's secret reports on the British position, wrote to the secretary :ï¿½"[Your report] makes clear how difficult it will be to foster a compromise that gives Maggie enough to carry on and at the same time meets the test of 'equity' with our Latin neighbors." Under Thatcher's leadership, the U.K. launched a large-scale military expedition that proved a logistical, communications, and intelligence challenge for the British Air Force and Navy. It would take the task force almost a month to traverse the 8,000 miles between England and the Falklands and prepare for combat around the South Atlantic islands. For the British, the expedition would not be justified without retaking the Falkland Islands and returning to theï¿½status quo ante. An analysis from the Department of State's Bureau of Intelligence and Research predicted on April 6 thatï¿½"the effectiveness of the fleet, far from its maintenance bases, will rapidly deteriorate after its arrival on station. [Thatcher's] damaged leadership could not survive a futile 'voyage to nowhere.'" "The Prime Minister has the bit in her teeth,"ï¿½ Haig reported to President Reagan on April 9, after the Argentine attack on the islands.ï¿½"She is clearly prepared to use force. Though she admits her preference for a diplomatic solution, she is rigid in her insistence on a return to the status quo ante, and indeed seemingly determined that any solution involve some retribution." Haig's report continued:ï¿½"It is clear that they had not thought much about diplomatic possibilities. They will now, but whether they become more imaginative or instead recoil will depend on the political situation and what I hear in Argentina." The documents reveal that initial covert U.S. support for Britain was discussed quite openly between the two nations. During the first meeting with Haig on April 8,ï¿½" [Thatcher] expressed appreciation for U.S. cooperation in intelligence matters and in the use of [the U.S. military base at] Ascension Island."ï¿½A series of CIA aerial photography analyses showed the level of detail of U.S. surveillance of Argentine forces on the ground:ï¿½" Vessels present include the 25 de Mayo aircraft carrier with no aircraft on the flight-deck,"ï¿½reads one;ï¿½"at the airfield [redacted] were parked in the maintenance area [....] 707 is on a parking apron with its side cargo door open ,"ï¿½reads another. With Argentina mired in economic stagnation, Galtieri's military campaign tried to rally support from large sectors of Argentine society. But U.S. observers foresaw serious problems for him ahead. A top secret State Department intelligence analysis reported :ï¿½"[Galtieri] wants to hold on to the Army's top slot through 1984 and perhaps the presidency through 1987. The Argentine leader may have been excessively shortsighted, however. The popular emotion that welcomed the invasion will subside." A White House cable stated ,ï¿½"Galtieri's problem is that he has so excited the Argentine people that he has left himself little room for maneuver. He must show something for the invasion. or else he will be swept aside in ignominy." This collection of 46 documents was obtained through the Freedom of Information Act and extensive archival research. It offers a previously unavailable history of the exchanges between key British, American, and Argentine officials in a conflict that pitted traditional Cold War alliances against important U.S. regional relationships. DOCUMENTS The following documents have been obtained through Freedom of Information Act and Mandatory Declassification Review requests to numerous U.S. government agencies, research at the U.S. National Archives, and others gathered with the help of the staff at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Chronological references have been inserted in bold face to assist readers in placing the documents in context. * * * MID MARCH 1982 – TALKS ON THE ISLANDS BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND ARGENTINA, WHICH BEGAN ON FEBRUARY, COLLAPSE. White House, Secret Situation Room immediate cable U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig writes to his British counterpart, Foreign Secretary Lord Peter Carrington: "The situation which has developed in the last few days on South Georgia Island is indeed serious, and I want you to know that we will do everything we can to assist in its resolution." "[W]e will of course, have a greater chance of influencing Argentine behavior if we appear to them not to favor one side or the other. We will continue quietly to try and move the Argentines away from taking further steps which would make a peaceful resolution more difficult to achieve." White House, Secret Situation Room immediate cable President Reagan writes to Prime Minister Thatcher: "Dear Margaret, I have your urgent message of March 31 over Argentina's apparent moves against the Falkland Islands. We share your concern over the disturbing military steps which the Argentines are taking and regret the negotiations have not succeeded in defusing the problem." "Accordingly, we are contacting the Argentine Government at the highest levels to urge them not to take military measuresï¿½I want you to know that we have valued your cooperation on the challenges we both face in many different parts of the world. We will do what we can to assist you here. Sincerely, Ron" EARLY APRIL 1982 ï¿½ U.S. SECRETLY BEGINS TO RESPOND TO U.K. REQUESTS FOR INTELLIGENCE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND LOGISTICAL SUPPORT. US SATELLITES ARE FOCUSED ON THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. Department of State, Secret cable The State Department informed the U.S. Embassy in Buenos Aires: "The President telephoned Argentine President Galtieri at 2030 EST [on April 1] to discuss threat of Argentine military action against Falkland Islands. The President stated that the USG [U.S. Government] had solid information that Argentina was planning to take military action to take control of the islandsï¿½The President made a personal appeal to Galtieri not to take any military steps against the Falkland Islands chain and offered the USG's [U.S. Government] good offices, including his willingness to send Vice President Bush to Buenos Aires." [ï¿½.] "[Galtieri] went on to refuse Presidents offer of good offices and said the U.S. appeal had been simply overtaken by events. "When Pressed whether Argentine military would take action in the morning, Galtieri stated that GOA [Government of Argentina] had full freedom to use force at the moment it judges opportune." APRIL 2, 1982 ï¿½ 2,000 ARGENTINE TROOPS OCCUPY THE FALKLAND ISLANDS [ISLAS MALVINAS].ï¿½ FOUR ARGENTINES ARE KILLED BY THE BRITISH GARRISON STATIONED ON THE ISLAND. April 2, 1982 – Quick Intelligence Assessment on Falkland Affairs (April 2, 1982) CIA, Secret Intelligence Report CIA Director William Casey sends a "quick assessment on possible military aspects of the Falkland affair, the forces in or available in the area" to Secretary of State Haig: "The Argentines successfully invaded the Falkland Islands this morning; some 200-350 Argentine Marines with armored vehicles evidently went ashore near Port Stanley and airborne units reportedly secured the local airfield. There is also information that three Argentine ships are in the harbor at nearby Port Williams. The Argentines may be debarking as many as 500-1000 well-armed troops from the task force, [four lines excised]." [ï¿½.] "We also do not believe the Argentines would fare well in a full scale-naval engagement with the British, particularly in view of the nature of the forces the British are preparing to send to the Falklands." [ï¿½.] "The invasion has probably strengthened Galtieri's standing within the military, especially the Navy and among predominantly nationalist political opponents who have long advocated invading the Falklands. We expect this support to continueï¿½Like Thatcher, Galtieri probably calculates that he will have to avoid appearing to waver or risk serious domestic and international political costs. The Argentines see a direct correlation between a tough ï¿½ and successful ï¿½ effort on the Falklands and success in their Beagle dispute with Chile. Similarly, they believe a defeat on the Falklands would be an enormous setback in the Chile dispute, thus doubling their stake in the current confrontation. " April 2, 1982 ï¿½ Falklands Islands Situation Report # 4 CIA, Top Secret Situation Report This report begins with an excision of more than twenty lines and continues with two veiled sections about Argentine forces on the ground: "2. Argentine military forces on the main islands continue to dig in." [Eight lines excised] [ï¿½.] "Comment: The Argentines continue to prepare for the arrival of British forces in the area later this month." [Six lines excised]" National Security Council, Confidential Summary The importance of the Islands to Argentina and Britain is highlighted in this report, stating that: "The growing economic potential of the island area heightened diplomatic tensions in the mid-1970's. In 1974 a geological survey determined that the Falklands could be the center of a vast pool of oil ï¿½ perhaps nine times the size of the North Sea fields." In early 1982, during a renewed wave of negotiations, Galtieri "pressed for a permanent negotiating commissionï¿½The British refused, the talks floundered and the incident at South Georgia that began on March 19, escalated into confrontation and the Argentine invasion Friday." April 3, 1982 ï¿½ Situation in Falkland Islands as of 700 EST Department of State, Confidential Situation Report "Embassy Buenos Aires reports that Argentina expects Soviet and perhaps Chinese support in the UN Security Council, and hopes that the U.S. will limit its role to 'tacit diplomatic support' for the Britishï¿½ A vote on the UK resolution is expected at today's Security Council meeting, with outcome uncertain and a Soviet or Chinese veto possible." [ï¿½.] "In a preliminary assessment, Embassy Buenos Aires suggests that President Galtieri gambled that a successful invasion of the Falklands would solidify his authority and help him remain in office through 1987." APRIL 3, 1982 – UN SECURITY COUNCIL PASSES RESOLUTION 502 DEMANDING AN IMMEDIATE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES AND AN IMMEDIATE WITHDRAWAL OF ALL ARGENTINE FORCES FROM THE FALKLAND ISLANDS (ISLAS MALVINAS). ARGENTINA REFUSES TO COMPLY. APRIL 3, 1982 -ï¿½ ARGENTINA GAINS CONTROL OF THE SOUTH GEORGIA AND SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS, 864 MILES EAST-SOUTHEAST OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. APRIL 3, 1982 – THE FIRST MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL NAVY TASK FORCE LEAVE BRITAIN. THIS TASK FORCE, BY THE END OF THE WAR, WOULD INCLUDE 51 WARSHIPS INCLUDING 23 DESTROYERS AND 5 SUBMARINES, 54 CIVILIAN SHIPS, AND 9,000 MEN. THE AIR FORCE WOULD CONTRIBUTE 38 HARRIERS AND 140 HELICOPTERS. APRIL 5, 1982 – FOREIGN SECRETARY LORD CARRINGTON RESIGNS. FRANCIS PYM WILL REPLACE HIM. April 6, 1982 ï¿½ Argentina: Falkland Fallout Department of State, Top Secret Summary "Argentina's drubbing on the April 4 UNSC resolution probably surprised Buenos Aires. The extensive planning for the occupation of the Falkland Islands does not appear to have adequately addressed the international aspects. Calculations of short-term domestic benefits undoubtedly outweighed all else in Argentina's decision." [ï¿½.] "Argentina's UNSC defeat indicates diplomatic efforts did not keep pace with military planning." [ï¿½.] "President and Army Commander Galtieri had a personal as well as an institutional interest in exploiting the Falkland Island situation. He wants to hold on to the Army's top slot through 1984 and perhaps the presidency through 1987. The Argentine leader may have been excessively shortsighted, however. The popular emotion that welcomed the invasion will subsideï¿½" April 6, 1982 ï¿½ UK: Thatcher's Falkland Dilemma Department of State, Confidential Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) analysis "The British Fleet will reach the Falkland area around April 20. We believe that Thatcher will be under heavy pressure to order it into action if no compromise has been negotiated or is in prospect ... the effectiveness of the fleet, far from its maintenance bases, will rapidly deteriorate after its arrival on station. [Thatcher's] damaged leadership could not survive a futile 'voyage to nowhere.'" [ï¿½.] "Argentina's invasion of the Falkland Islands puts at risk Thatcher's own position." [ï¿½.] "If Thatcher fails to redeem her reputation and the Nation's honor, she could be finished as a Tory leader and Prime Minister." [ï¿½.] "During the next two weeks, Thatcher will search for a political solution that does not appear to reward Argentine aggression ï¿½ [T]he British insist on principle that an Argentine withdrawal must form a part [of a diplomatic solution] ï¿½ On the diplomatic front, the British will look to their allies to help pressure Argentina economically and politically." APRIL 7, 1982 ï¿½ PRESIDENT REAGAN APPROVES SECRETARY OF STATE ALEXANDER HAIG'S SHUTTLE DIPLOMACY THAT WILL TAKE HIM REPEATEDLY TO LONDON AND BUENOS AIRES. April 7, 1982 ï¿½ The Falkland Islands Crisis Department of State, Secret report by the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) "According to Embassy Londonï¿½ Tory moderates and Foreign Office are concerned that Prime Minister Thatcher has been listening largely to the Ministry of Defense, especially senior naval officers, and may not adequately be considering non-military options." [ï¿½.] "[U.S. Buenos Aires] Embassy Comment: British pressure has made the Argentines more disposed to negotiate than they were four days ago. As the British fleet approaches, the fear to appear cowardly could make the Argentine's position intractable. While concessions on the rights of the Falklanders are possible, agreement to withdraw in return for renewed negotiation on the transfer of sovereignty would be unlikely, though still conceivable. The Argentines would be unlikely to accept the US as a mediator if we participate in the British sanctions against them." APRIL 8-9, 1982 ï¿½ THE U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE IS IN LONDON TO MEET WITH PRIME MINISTER THATCHER. Department of State, Secret cable The Secretary of State informs the U.S. Embassy in Buenos Aires that: "[Argentine Foreign Minister] Costa Mendez phoned the Secretary [Haig] last night April 6 to say Argentina accepted U.S. offer of assistanceï¿½ and that he would be welcome to come to Buenos Aires." [ï¿½.] "Let us know (report to London) if you pick up signals different than those Costa Mendez is giving off ï¿½ that is that a form of word can be found on sovereignty, but that retention of an Argentine administrative presence on the islands is importantï¿½" April 8, 1982 ï¿½ Falkland Island Dispute U.S. Embassy Buenos Aires, Secret cable U.S. Ambassador in Buenos Aires Harry Shlaudeman writes that Argentine Deputy Foreign Minister Enrique Ros "emphasized that the Foreign Ministry wants and has always wanted a negotiated solution. "The problem is that Ros and [Argentine Foreign Minister] Costa Mendez do not speak for the Navy. We are getting ultra-tough sounds out of that quarter, including statements that the Secretary should not come here ï¿½ One bitter complaint for the marine branch of that service is that the commandos failed to have complete surprise and thus took casualties in their Malvinas landing because we had given the British advance intelligence obtained by 'satellite.'" April 9, 1982 (1:31 EST) ï¿½ Memo to the President: Discussions in London White House, Top Secret Situation Room flash cable Secretary of State Alexander Haig reports to President Reagan on the round of conversations he just ended with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher: "I spent five hours with Prime Minister Thatcher, the first hour with her and Foreign Secretary, Pym, alone, followed by a working dinner which included the Defense Minister, Nott [British Secretary of State for Defense], and senior officials." [ï¿½.] "The Prime Minister has the bit in her teethï¿½ She is clearly prepared to use force. Though she admits her preference for a diplomatic solution, she is rigid in her insistence on a return to the status quo ante, and indeed seemingly determined that any solution involve some retribution." [ï¿½.] "[W]e got no give in the basic British position, and only the glimmering of some possibilitiesï¿½ It is clear that they had not thought much about diplomatic possibilities. They will now, but whether they become more imaginative or instead recoil will depend on the political situation and what I hear in Argentina." [ï¿½.] "If the Argentines give something to work withï¿½It may then be necessary for me to ask you to apply unusual pressure on Thatcherï¿½ I cannot presently offer much optimism, even if I get enough in Buenos Aires to justify a return to London. This is clearly a very steep uphill struggle, but essential given the enormous stakes." April 9, 1982ï¿½ (10:00 EST) ï¿½ Talks with Thatcher on Falklands White House, Top Secret Situation Room immediate cable As part of Secretary Haig's diplomatic team, National Security Council staffer Jim Rentschler informs Deputy National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane: "I assume that you and the Judge [National Security Advisor William P. Clark] will have seen the Secretary's unvarnished report to the President on his protracted discussions with Mrs. Thatcher ï¿½ You should know that his views very accurately summarize the mood and mind-set of HMG [Her Majesty's Government] at this critical point in the South Atlantic caper and delineate our rather limited room for maneuver ï¿½ However the situation turns out, it will clearly be a 'close run thing' ï¿½ In fact Mrs. Thatcher herself may have recognized when she pointedly showed us portraits in Number 10 not only of Nelson but also Wellington." White House, Top Secret Situation Room cable President Ronald Reagan responds to Secretary Haig's meeting with Thatcher: "The report of your discussion in Londonï¿½ makes clear how difficult it will be to foster a compromise that gives Maggie enough to carry on and at the same time meets the test of 'equity' with our Latin Neighbors. As you expected there isn't much room for maneuver in the British position. How much this 'going-in' position can be influenced is unclearï¿½" APRIL 9-11, 1982 ï¿½SECRETARY OF STATE HAIG IS IN BUENOS AIRES FOR DISCUSSIONS WITH PRESIDENT GALTIERI AS PART OF THE U.S. DIPLOMATIC SHUTTLE MISSION. April 9, 1982 ï¿½ Argentine/UK: Situation Update Top Secret CIA Situation Update [misdated April 9, 1981] This CIA document from April 9th, issued a week after Argentine forces occupied the Islands and days after elements of the British task force left their bases, contains intelligence information on the location of both Argentine aircraft in Port Stanley and British aircraft on the US owned airfields of the Ascension Islands. "[A] military clash is possible early next weekï¿½ [eight lines excised] ï¿½the Argentines are reportedly lengthening the air strip in Port Stanley to accommodate A-4, MIRAGE, PUCARA, and C-130 aircraft and reinforcing the island with additional troops and air defense equipmentï¿½" [Two lines excised] The intelligence further states that British "aircraft have insufficient range to fly cargo from the Ascension Islands to Port Stanley and as a result, the RAF is considering alternative air routes which would include refueling stops at several US airfields, Tahiti, Easter Island and Chile." April 10, 1982 ï¿½ Memcon: Secretary's Meeting with Prime Minister Thatcher April 8: Falkland Islands Crisis Department of State, Secret Cable In this 12-page official memo of conversation between Haig and Thatcher on April 8, the Prime Minister says that "The U.K. had been having good talks with Argentina and was extremely surprised by the actions of that government. No one had anticipated them. After the Secretary said the U.S., too, was surprisedï¿½" "Thatcher reportedly remarked support calls from numerous European countries including France and Germany, the latter expressing that "unprovoked aggression if not turned back could lead to problems everywhere there are borders disputes. Unless we stop the Argentines from succeeding we are all vulnerable." [ï¿½.] "The Prime Minister made clear her view that it was impossible to be neutral in the face of unprovoked aggression. In reviewing the bidding, she said the fleet was en route, an exclusion zone has been established and Britain hopes for a diplomatic solutionï¿½ "She noted that concern had been stirred by the President's off the cuff remarks about not taking sides. She said she understood it was off the cuff and not a carefully conceived remark. At the same time, she expressed appreciation for U.S. cooperation in intelligence matters and in the use of Ascension Island. "The Secretary said that he was certain the Prime Minister knew where the President stood. We are not impartial. [ï¿½] The Secretary said that we face a critical common problem: 'we must do all we can to strengthen you and your government.' Having analyzed the situation very carefully, the Secretary said he thought there had been an intelligence failure." APRIL 12-13, 1982 ï¿½SECRETARY OF STATE HAIG RETURNS TO LONDON FOR FURTHER DISCUSSIONS WITH THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. APRIL 12, 1982 ï¿½ THE U.K. DECLARES A 200-MILE MARITIME EXCLUSION ZONE AROUND THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. April 12, 1982 (2:29 EST) – Memorandum for the President White House, Secret Situation Room immediate cable Coming from his first meeting with President Galtieri in Buenos Aires the Secretary of State writes to President Reagan: "I am convinced that Mrs. Thatcher wants a peaceful solution and is willing to give Galtieri a fig leaf provided she does not have to violate in any fundamental way her pledge to Parliamentï¿½ Her strategy remains one of pressure and threat; by and large, it's working." [ï¿½.] "Galtieri's problem is that he has so excited the Argentine people that he has left himself little room for maneuver. He must show something for the invasion — which many Argentines, despite their excitement, think was a blunder — or else he will be swept aside in ignominy. But if he is humiliated militarily, the result will be the same." [ï¿½.] "We will soon learn whether Mrs. Thatcher is ready to deal. If she is, I believe what I am taking to London provides a basis for a solution. But progress must come swiftly. We cannot count on Mrs. Thatcher to hold her fire as our diplomacy proceeds and any hostilities — even an incident – would change the picture radically." April 12, 1982 (15:54 EST) – Falkland Crisis White House, Secret Situation Room immediate cable Secretary of State Haig asks theï¿½ U.S. Embassy in Buenos Aires to deliver a message in person to President Galtieri: "I have introduced ideas here [in London] along the lines discussed at the [Argentine] presidential palace Saturday nightï¿½ The talks have been exceedingly difficult, but some progress has been made. I hope to leave here this evening for Buenos Airesï¿½ Time is of the essence. The British will not withhold the use of force in the exclusion zone unless and until there is an agreement. I hope to bring to Buenos Aires a U.S. proposal that holds the prospect of agreement, thus averting war." APRIL 13, 1982 – THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) ISSUES A RESSOLUTION CALLING FOR A PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF THE FLAKLANDS/MALVINAS CONFLICT. April 13, 1982 – Nightline ï¿½ U.S. and the Falklands, 11:30 PM [Excerpts] ABC News Broadcast Transcripts released by the CIA The CIA followed international news sources which reported on important intelligence information. In these news transcripts, released by the CIA and excerpted here for copyright reasons, reporters from ABC break a story at 7 pm that they have learned through U.S. government officials that the US is providing Britain with communications, military intelligence, weather forecasting, and extensive supplies on Ascension Island. "The United States has mounted what officials say is a huge intelligence survey of Argentine military activity, and has passed on virtually every piece of significant information to the British. That information included early photographic evidence suggesting the possibility of an Argentine invasion of the Falklands." Nevertheless, the journalists also report that a few minutes before the broadcast of this news several top-level US officials telephoned ABC news and made statements that the reports were incorrect. By air time of the Nightline report, just four and a half hours later, ABC reported that the White House officials who had denied the previous story had called the station to retract their statements and to simply declare "no comment". April 14, 1982 - Falklands Dispute: GOA Version of Haig Mission Department of State, Confidential Cable The US Embassy in Buenos Aires sends the Department of State an article published in the Argentine newspaper Clarin that they take "to reflect the Argentine [Government] position" of doubting Haig's role as an impartial negotiator. "He [Haig] also carried a 'working draft' which was analyzed only by advisers from both sides here, and was not examined at the presidential level or by Foreign Minister Costa Mendez" "Secretary Haig sought to use that draft ï¿½ which at no time became an official document of the Argentine government ï¿½ in his conversations with British authoritiesï¿½With this draft the United States became a defender of Prime Minister Thatcher, instead of a friendly broker." Circa April 15 ï¿½ 1982 – British Options in the Falklands Islands Dispute Joint Chiefs of Staff, Secret report "The UK will continue to seek a diplomatic solution during the lengthy transit of the Royal Navy Task Force. This effort will likely continue for a while after the task force is in the areaï¿½ If some amenable compromise cannot be achieved within reasonable time, however, London appears intent on military actionï¿½." "Although the Royal Navy enjoys a surface force superiority, it will be severely constrained by inadequate air cover and stretched supply lines. It is 4,000 miles to the small US facility on Ascension Islandï¿½ The Royal Air Force will probably stage some items there for resupply as the task force passes by, however the distance precludes continuous effective resupply during operations.ï¿½ The British are looking at the possibility of obtaining base rights closer to the Falklands, however, there is little likelihood of this. Brazil and Uruguay have already stated they would not grant such a request. Chile has remained silentï¿½ Santiago is unlikely to provide logistical support to the Royal Navy. However, should the British inflict substantial damage to the Argentine fleet, Chile may become more receptive to a British request." APRIL 15-19, 1982 ï¿½ SECRETARY OF STATE HAIG RETURNS TO BUENOS AIRES FOR FURTHER DISCUSSIONS AS PART OF HIS DIPLOMATIC SHUTTLE MISSION. April 15, 1982 (0:40 EST) ï¿½ Falklands Dispute: Argentine Proposal U.S. Embassyï¿½ Buenos Aires, Secret cable The U.S. Embassy in Buenos Aires forwards to the Department of State the latest Argentine government's proposal for a settlement with the U.K. Item 3 reads: "The British government shall adopt measures necessary to comply, with respect to the Malvinas, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, with Resolution 1514 (XV) of the General Assembly of the United Nations, completing the decolonization of the same by 31 December 1982ï¿½" April 15, 1982 (15:30 EST) – Falklands Islands Dispute White House, Secret Situation Room immediate cable Secretary Haig informs U.S. Embassy London that "the Argentines have now provided us with their language on decolonization.ï¿½ As promised, we are providing it to HMG [Her Majesty's Government]." ï¿½He then writes to U.K. Foreign Secretary Francis Pym: "The problems with this language are all too obvious. Nevertheless, perhaps taking as a starting point the language we left on Tuesday morning, we would appreciate receiving a formulation without delay so that we can try to bring the Argentines to it." APRIL 17, 1982 ï¿½ THE REMAINING BRITISH SHIPS ARRIVE AT THE ASCENSION ISLANDS TO COMPLETE THE TASK FORCE. BRITISH GENERALS SET A TIMETABLE TO DEPLOY BRIGADES TO THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. APRIL 17, 1982 ï¿½SECRETARY OF STATE HAIG PRESENTS THE ARGENTINE JUNTA WITH A 5-POINT PLAN, WHICH INCLUDES PROVISIONS FOR ARGENTINE INVOLVEMENT WITH THE BILATERAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE ISLANDS, MUTUAL WITHDRAWAL OF TROOPS, AND A START TO UK-ARGENTINE NEGOTIATIONS ON THE FUTURE OF THE ISLANDS. White House, Secret Situation Room flash cable Secretary of State Haig to U.K. Foreign Secretary Pym: "Tonight, Foreign Minister Costa Mendez and his team met with President Galtieri and his entire Junta. At 10:40 pm local time we received a very discouraging response which I have asked to discuss tomorrow morning with the Junta and the President. I will advise you of the results of this meeting." April 17, 1982 ï¿½ [British Joint Intelligence Committee "Immediate Assessment / JIC(82)ï¿½ (IA) 29 prepared by the Latin America Current Intelligence Group ] White House, Top Secret Codeword Situation Room cable This highly classified (Top Secret Umbra) cable draws on British intelligence and reports that "Argentina has prepared a draft note for invoking action under the Rio Treaty. The Soviet Union is reported to be ready to offer Argentina ships, aircraft and land based missiles in exchange for grain. The Argentine Foreign Ministry has denied in a telegram to the Argentine Embassy in Venezuela that the Soviet Union is providing intelligence material. The high level of Soviet photographic coverage of the area is unusual." [ï¿½.] "Argentina, whichï¿½ is a subscriber to the LANDSAT project, has made a request to the United States for the LANDSAT photographic satellite to be tasked to cover the Falkland Islands on 21-23 Aprilï¿½ We doubt whether Argentina would be able to derive any military information of value from this satellite on this occasion. But if the United States grants this request the political significance would outweigh the military." White House, Secret Situation Room flash cable Secretary Haig writes to National Security Advisor Clark: "I called you on open line with clear recognition that the Argentines would monitor. In order to break impossible impasse this morning on force withdrawal modalities, I created the impression that British military action was about to take place. While somewhat over-theatrical, it has the virtue of being true in the context of first British units steaming toward South Georgia Island. Fortunately, the ploy worked and it is vital that I leave here with an assessment by the Argentines not only that the British are going to attack but we are only hours away from such event. You handled it on the phone precisely as I had hoped. Warm regards, Al" APRIL 19, 1982 – ARGENTINA REJECTS HAIG'S 5-POINT PLAN. White House, Secret Situation Room flash cables Secretary Haig has sent the latest Argentine proposal to Minister Pym: "My own disappoint [sic] with this text prevents me from attempting to influence you in any way. As you will see, there are significant steps back from the text you and I discussed in Londonï¿½" APRIL 22, 1982 ï¿½ THE FIRST BRITISH TASK FORCE SHIPS ENTER THE WATERS OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. April 22, 1982 ï¿½ A Considered Argentine View of the Situation U.S. Embassy Buenos Aires, Confidential cable The U.S. Embassy sends a report containing numerous fine tuned perceptions by a secret Argentine source of how the crisis will unfold in Argentina and the repercussions for Galtieri's future. Among other things, the source, "A well informed politician who has served in and generally supports the military government" speculates, "If there is a major incidentï¿½ in which large numbers of Argentines are killed ("A ship is sunk and 400 die") the public will be uncontrollable. Among their targets will be the U.S. Embassy, he said." APRIL 25, 1982 ï¿½ BRITISH TROOPS RETAKE THE SOUTH GEORGIA ISLANDS AFTER SINKING THE ARGENTINE SUBMARINE SANTA FE. THE BRITISH TAKE 189 ARGENTINE PRISONERS OF WAR. White House, Secret Situation Room immediate cable This message is from the U.S. Ambassador in London: "Summary: With South Georgia retaken, HMG [Her Majesty's Government] is now looking toward additional military steps to build pressure for a settlement on British terms. For the moment Mrs. Thatcher has a relatively free hand. Given her own uncompromising mood, we expect her to force the military race. Choosing additional steps in the near term to minimize risk and maximize public impact. End summary. "We believe that HMG considers an all out assault on the Falklands a last resort. To keep military pressure on the Argentines HMG could follow up the South Georgia success with a series of military actions including one or more of the following: Unconventional warfare. Targets of opportunity: With the maritime and perhaps, air exclusion area now established, the British have the capability to attack Argentine naval vessels in the exclusion zoneï¿½ We suspect that the British hope that the Argentines offer such targets of opportunity over the next few daysï¿½" APRIL 27, 1982 ï¿½ SECRETARY HAIG RELEASES HIS FINAL PROPOSAL TO OFFICIALS IN LONDON AND BUENOS AIRES: AN IMMEDIATE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES, ARGENTINE REPRESENTATION IN ISLAND ADMINISTRATION, AND FUTURE NEGOTIATIONS ABOUT SOVEREIGNTY. APRIL 28, 1982 ï¿½ THE OAS PASSES A RESOLUTION CONDEMNING SANCTIONS IMPOSED ON ARGENTINA AND DECLARES ARGENTINA'S RIGHT TO SOVEREIGNTY. April 28, 1982 – Falkland Islands Department of State, Confidential Briefing Paper After visiting London and Buenos Aires twice and consulting with top political leaders, "the Secretary has developed a US proposal which would provide an equitable solution. This proposal has been transmitted to both HMG and the Argentine government. Neither has yet accepted." "Meanwhile, the conflict threatens to worsen. We are concerned that if the conflict drags on, [the Argentine government] might turn to the Soviet Union for military, economic, or political help. Such a development would have serious consequences for Argentina and the strategic security of the Western Hemisphere." APRIL 29, 1982 ï¿½ ARGENTINA REJECTS HAIG'S FINAL PROPOSAL. APRIL 30, 1982 ï¿½ HAIG ANNOUNCES U.S. SUPPORT FOR THE U.K. AND SANCTIONS AGAINST ARGENTINA. APRIL 30, 1982 ï¿½ THE BRITISH ANNOUNCE THAT THE MARITIME EXCLUSION ZONE AROUND THE FALKLAND ISLANDS IS NOW A TOTAL EXCLUSION ZONE, MAKING IT APPLICABLE TO AIRCRAFT. April 30, 1982 (5:27 EST) ï¿½ Falklands Crisis: Prospective US Measures U.S. Embassy Buenos Aires, Secret cable As the full British task force is on the Falklands' waters, U.S. Ambassador to Argentina reports that "I asked to see President Galtieri and was received at midnight [April 29]. ARMA [Army Attachï¿½] accompanied meï¿½" "Both ARMA and Iï¿½ bore down very heavily on the absolute necessity for Argentina not to take the first offensive action. Galtieri said that he had already stopped such actions three times in the last few days, but indicated that he could not do so for much longer. He made a point, as we all know, that the Navy is hungry for action." MAY 1, 1982 ï¿½ "BLACK BUCK 1," THE FIRST AERIAL ATTACK OF THE WAR, IS EXECUTED BY THE BRITISH AIR FORCE ON THE MAIN RUNWAY OF THE PORT STANLEY AIRPORT. May 1, 1982 ï¿½ Falkland Islands Dispute Department of State, Top Secret Current Report from the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) On the first half on this two-page document, Argentine Air Force Chief Juan Garcia informs the U.S. Deputy Chief of Mission in Argentina, Claus W. Russer, that "Argentina would not be the first to open fire" in the upcoming confrontation with the British for the islands. "But there is considerable pressure from the Argentine Navy to attempt a major strike before all units of the British task force have reached the scene." The second half of the first page is completely excised but has the heading "Argentine Naval Moves." MAY 2, 1982 ï¿½ THE ARGENTINE NAVY CRUISER GENERAL BELGRANO IS SUNK 30 MILES OUTSIDE THE EXCLUSION ZONE BY THE BRITISH SUBMARINE CONQUEROR ON THE ORDERS OF PRIME MINISTER THATCHER AND THE WAR CABINET, WHO CLAIMED SELF-DEFENSE. MORE THAN 300 ARGENTINES DIE. U.S. intelligence estimate of last reported location of General Belgrano [Highlighted in red] outside the U.K. Exclusion Zone May 3, 1982 ï¿½ Falkland Islands Dispute Department of State, Top Secret Current Report from the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) The title of this INR report is out of place; the Falkland "dispute" has become a war. The excised and still classified report is likely to analyze the British forces' sinking on May 2 of Argentine cruiser General Belgrano ï¿½ the bloodiest event during the conflict which cost 323 Argentine lives. MAY 4, 1982 ï¿½ ARGENTINES SINK THE BRITISH HMS SHEFFIELD. 20 BRITISH MEN DIE. May 4, 1982 ï¿½ Sinking of the Belgrano ï¿½ Alleged US Role Department of State, Secret cable Just two days following the controversial sinking of the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano, the U.S. Embassy in Buenos Aires addresses circulating Argentine reports of U.S. intelligence assistance to the British to help them carry out this military attack. Ambassador Shlaudeman (U.S. Ambassador to Argentina) writes that the Argentine government "is carrying a story quoting an unnamed informant in the Pentagon to the effect that the US has 'at least one spy satellite' in the south Atlantic and that a great part of the information which it obtains is transmitted to the U.K". The Argentines also cited Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger as saying that the U.S. would assist the British with any type of support they might need. May 4, 1982 ï¿½ [Last Reported Location of General Belgrano] Department of State, Top Secret Current Report from the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) Two days after the sinking of the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano, another almost completely redacted U.S. intelligence report highlights that the ship was outside the U.K. Designated Maritime Exclusion Zone [highlighted in red]. With the General Belgrano went any serious consideration for a negotiated settlement of the conflict. MAY 7, 1982 ï¿½ BRITAIN EXTENDS EXCLUSION ZONE TO WITHIN 12 MILES OF THE ARGENTINE SHORE. May 7, 1982 – Latin American Reaction to South Atlantic Crisis Department of State, Confidential cable Signed by Secretary of State Haig, this review is sent to all U.S. diplomats in Latin America with copies to diplomats in NATO countries, plus the Southern Command and the Atlantic command.ï¿½ It reads, in part: "Summary: Popular opinion throughout Latin America has supported Argentina's claim to the Falkland/Malvinas islands, but hemisphere governments have been reluctant to legitimize the use of force. With the announcement of U.S. support for the U.K. April 30 and the sinking of General Belgrano May 2 Latin sentiment for Argentina has solidified. The Anglo-Argentine conflict has divided Spanish speaking countries from the English speaking Caribbean, jeopardized the Inter-American system, provided Cuba the opportunity to repair relations with Argentina and adopt the mantle of Latin American solidarity, ignited nationalist feelings throughout the hemisphere, and revived latent anti-Americanism, which has yet to erupt widely in public but is simmering beneath the surface." May 14, 1982 ï¿½ US Actions in the South Atlantic Crisis National Security Council, Top Secret National Security Council Directive Number 34 On May 14th the National Security Council outlined measures with regards to U.S.-declared support for Britain in the Falklands crisis, which included "suspension of all military exports to Argentina," removal of their certification to receive military sales, and "withholding of new Export-Import bank credits" to Argentina. MAY 21, 1982 – BRITISH TROOPS FIRST LAND ON THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. May 24, 1982 ï¿½ UK-Argentina: Probable British Strategy CIA, Top Secret National Intelligence Daily Cable In a report prepared four days before the first land battle of the Falklands war at Goose Green, U.S. military officials outline how the British plan to press forward in the war towards surrender. "While theï¿½ main British force is moving toward Stanley, small units probably will raid Argentine positions on both Easy and West Falkland to destroy Argentine aircraft, ammunition, and suppliesï¿½Difficult terrain and poor weather may slow the British advance from Darwin/Goose Green to Stanley. British forces on the move will be at high risk from Argentine aircraft, and Harriers from the British aircraft carriers or possibly from the field at San Carlos will have to provide protection." [ï¿½.] "Prime Minister Thatcher could call early elections in the event of success, but a serious military setback or stalemate would probably result in her replacement." MAY 26, 1982 ï¿½ UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 505 IS PASSED, CALLING FOR BOTH BRITAIN AND ARGENTINA TO WORK WITH THE UN SECRETARY GENERAL TO ACHIEVE A CEASFIRE. MAY 28-29, 1982 ï¿½ THE FIRST LAND BATTLE OF GREEN GOOSE AND DARWIN TAKES PLACE. ARGENTINE TROOPS SURRENDER AFTER BEING UNPREPARED FOR AN ATTACK FROM THE WEST. FIFTY ARGENTINE AND 17 BRITISH TROOPS DIE. May 1982 (circa May 28) – Military Forces, Argentina CIA, Secret Intelligence Reports Three intelligence reports on or before May 28 of CIA satellite imaging of the Port Stanley area show the high level of detail in U.S. surveillance of Argentine forces. The reports are issued around May 28th, the first day of a two-day battle in which the British retook Goose Green and Darwin by land, the first land battle of the war. The first document notes the location and quantity of Argentine troops in the area, emphasizing their "improved defensive positions." It also lists the Argentine aircrafts stationed at the Stanley airfield at the time. The second document provides specifics on Argentine ships stationed at Puerto Belgrano. "Vessels present include the 25 de mayo aircraft carrier with no aircraft on the flight-deck, one guppy-class attack submarine, one type 209-class attack submarine in drydock, one type-42 guided missile destroyer helicopterï¿½" The third document outlines in great detail the aircraft stationed at an Argentine base. "Two Guarani-II utility aircraft and one C-47 are in the military areaï¿½two of the 14 IA-58 Puchara, observed at the airfield [redacted] were parked in the maintenance areaï¿½the 707 is on a parking apron with its side cargo door open." MAY 29, 1982 ï¿½ THE OAS CALLS FOR THE UNITED STATES TO LIFT ITS ECONOMIC SANCTIONS ON ARGENTINA AND TO END ITS SUPPORT OF BRITAIN. THE RESOLUTION ALSO CALLS FOR SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES TO SUPPORT ARGENTINA IN WHATEVER MANNER THEIR GOVERNMENTS SEE FIT. May 29, 1982 ï¿½ UK-Argentina: British Military Gains CIA, Top Secret National Intelligence Daily Cable Four days after the conclusion of the Battle of Goose Green and two weeks before the end of the war, U.S. intelligence outlines how the British plan to move towards Stanley and recapture the port. The report notes that "the British needed to defeat the Argentine forces in the Darwin-Goose Green area before they could fully develop their main thrust toward Stanley."ï¿½ It also explains the Argentine reliance on their air capabilities as their navy is outnumbered by the British, but that this air-based strategy could not sustain itself for more than a few days. JUNE 3, 1982 ï¿½ THE U.S. AND THE U.K. VETO A U.N. RESOLUTION DRAFTED BY PANAMA AND SPAIN THAT CALLS FOR AN IMMEDIATE CEASEFIRE. JUNE 11-14 1982 – BRITISH FORCES ATTACK AND TAKE PORT STANLEY, BRINGING AN END TO THE FALKLANDS WAR. TOTAL DEATHS FOR THE FALKLANDS WAR ARE APPROXIMATELY 650 ARGENTINES AND 250 BRITISH. 3 FALKLAND RESIDENTS DIED DURING THE CONFRONTATION. OVER 11,500 ARGENTINE SOLDIERS ARE TAKEN AS PRISONERS OF WAR. June 15, 1982 ï¿½ UK-Argentina: Surrender Announced CIA, Top Secret National Intelligence Daily Cable "Argentine forces on both East and West Falkland surrendered last night at 2000 EDTï¿½The commander of British ground forces on the islands reported that arrangements were in hand to assemble the Argentine troops for return to Argentina."	i don't know
Who was vilified by the press for dangling his youngest son over the edge of a balcony?	USATODAY.com - Jackson calls hotel event a 'mistake' Posted 11/20/2002 4:50 AM Updated 11/20/2002 3:48 PM BEYOND WORDS Watch Michael Jackson baby episode Jackson calls hotel event a 'mistake' BERLIN (AP) Media scolded Michael Jackson on Wednesday for endangering his young son by dangling him over a fourth-floor balcony railing at a Berlin hotel, with outraged British tabloids demanding an investigation of the star. Michael Jackson holds his young son over a fourth-floor balcony railing in Berlin. By Tobias Schwarz, Reuters After video images of the squirming baby in a blue jumper shocked viewers in Europe and the United States, the reclusive pop legend issued a statement saying he made a "terrible mistake" by holding Prince Michael II aloft from a window 60 feet off the ground. The boy's face was draped with a white cloth, which German newspapers reported was a precaution to protect his children from being kidnapped. "I got caught up in the excitement of the moment," Jackson's statement said. "I would never intentionally endanger the lives of my children." British tabloids were especially critical of Jackson. The Sun called him "You lunatic" and the Daily Mirror, "Mad bad dad." In New York, the Daily News front page called Jackson "Wacko!" while the New York Post proclaimed "Jacko goes over the edge." "The Berlin police should arrest this negligent father for reckless endangerment of his own child," the Mirror's show business editor, Kevin O'Sullivan, wrote. Berlin prosecutors said they were not investigating the incident, although an inquiry could be opened if any complaint were filed against Jackson. Jackson had plenty of supporters and appeared unfazed by the trans-Atlantic flap as he toured Berlin on Wednesday, taking two of his children, their faces covered with burgundy-colored scarves, to see gorillas at the Berlin Zoo. At one point on the zoo tour, Jackson, protected by bodyguards, shielded his two children from photographers with a large, black umbrella. He even dared to appear again at the same balcony window — this time with two smiling German children waving next to him. Young Prince Michael II, however, was no where to be seen. Little is known about Jackson's youngest son, but People magazine reported in August that he was six months old and that he had not been adopted; however, no mother was identified. The singer's 5-year-old son Prince Michael and 4-year-old daughter Paris were born during his marriage to Debbie Rowe, which ended in 1999. While fans and friends alike said they could not imagine ever holding a child over a railing from such a height, they seemed to agree Jackson meant no harm. "He probably did it because he was overwhelmed emotionally by the fans," spoon-bending psychic and Jackson friend Uri Geller said in London. "I think it was a silly thing to do." Jackson came to Berlin to receive a Bambi entertainment lifetime achievement award Thursday, taking a break from California hearing on a lawsuit seeking damages for canceling two concerts. On Wednesday night, the star attended a celebrity auction for homeless children, where a silver-studded jacket that he wore to receive the Artist of the Century title at last January's American Music Awards was sold for $16,000 to German songwriter Ralph Siegel. "I'm glad to be here," Jackson told the gathering of several hundred invited guests after he was greeted outside the downtown Adagio club by a crowd of fans shouting "Michael!" He didn't mention the flap over his son. Also on offer was a hat Jackson wore in the Smooth Criminal video. The result of that auction wasn't immediately announced. Despite the furor over his parenting skills, Jackson's appearance in Berlin has added a hint of glamour to the gloomy pre-winter, with radio and newspapers reporting Jackson sightings — eclipsing parallel visits by Pierce Brosnan and Halle Berry to promote the new James Bond film and Robbie Williams to launch his latest record. After arriving Tuesday night, Jackson was photographed buying a video copy of the movie E.T., and devoted young fans have kept vigil below his hotel room window. "It was rather bizarre, what he did," said Joerg Diestel, 17, from Berlin. "But Michael's a bizarre person." Copyright 2005 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.	Michael Jackson
From which shop on Fifth Avenue did Winona Ryder get caught shoplifting in 2002?	Quality of Life: Musings on Michael Jackson – Buffalo Rising morning I took my car to Delta Sonic on Main Street for a wash and inside detail, a 45-minute event. I often think Delta Sonic is a microcosm of the world where you can observe the most mundane errands like grocery shopping, picking up the paper and filling up on gas to the most extreme heartaches like poverty, addiction and despair. I walked over to the plaza, looking for the most mundane–a breakfast of coffee and an apple cinnamon donut. CNN was playing on the televisions elevated throughout the store and Larry King was talking to Berry Gordy about Michael Jackson. The crawl was quoting celebrities like Diana Ross and Elizabeth Taylor devastated over the death of Michael Jackson. I thought to myself enough is enough. Last time I checked, we were fighting 2 wars, hovering on the edge of economic disaster and watching the Iranians kill protesters on YouTube. I walked over to the al fresco dining area to wait for my car with the hopes of doing nothing more than enjoying the sun and a daydream. Next thing you know, another patron struck up a conversation with me, and I met Evan. He is a music promoter who owns clubs throughout Oklahoma. He was returning home to Buffalo to visit his children. We discovered that we are about the same age and definitely of the same generation. I asked him his thoughts on Michael Jackson. Was the music industry really shocked by the news or was his poor health a well-known secret? He assured me that the industry had no idea Michael was in ill health. He was looking forward to his comeback tour–wasn’t I? I confessed I am one of those who listen to 2 types of music-Country and Western, and was totally ignorant of a comeback tour. We laughed as he recalled begging his mom for a Beat It Jacket and a sequined glove. I admitted to spending countless hours watching this crazy new Channel (I don’t think we could comprehend a network other than ABC, NBC or CBS at that point) called MTV in the hopes of seeing the Thriller Video. “The King of Pop is dead,” Evan lamented. “Michael has gone to meet his creator at the gates of heaven.” My face must have given away my thoughts, and Evan asked me if I was a Christian. Did I not believe in heaven? I replied yes, I am a Catholic, but not at all sure of Michael’s guaranteed place in heaven. A part of me thinks of him as something worse than Wacko-Jacko. Although never convicted, I remember the Ed Bradley interview and think of him as more of a dangerous predator who exploited sick kids at Neverland and someone who jeopardized the mental and physical health of his children more than a great humanitarian. We all remember the baby dangling over the hotel balcony and the kids wearing veils and similarly odd get ups. Did the biological mothers of his children willingly surrender parental rights, or did the wealth and power of the Michael Jackson machine intimidate them into it? This conversation was veering far away from the pleasant, banal daydream I was hoping for. car was ready, and we parted company after agreeing that, if nothing else, Jackson was a tortured soul. I couldn’t stop thinking about Michael Jackson–and let me be clear–I am the first to admit I do not know much about the particulars of his life. Somewhere in the back of my mind, I have a vague memory of a Lifetime movie about his childhood that portrayed a borderline abusive Father with a maniacal focus, arguably a dangerous obsession on the commercial success of the Jackson 5. Like all teenagers, Michael then entered the awkward years and the cute little boy who sang “ABC, 123” lost some of his angelic charm. Unlike so many preteen talents, Michael continued to enjoy commercial success, and his talent as a pop star was obvious. In my mind, “We Are the World” was the beginning of his ascent into the cultural icon stratosphere, but it was also impossible to deny something strange was going on with his appearance, so strange that it was more than just a bad hair do or unattractive outfit, but the manifestation of some terrible demons. I remember the rumors about his skin tone changing due to a rare skin condition. We can all pretend his first nose job was medically necessary to heal his deviated septum. He isn’t the first person to frequent the plastic surgeon almost as often as the hairdresser, or treat prescription painkillers like vitamins, but he might be one of the very few people who died never knowing if he was ever loved for just being Michael. Did anybody ever say, “Stop?” Enough with the surgery. Enough with the costly lifestyle. Enough with the eccentricities. Did he not have a friend who would tell him the truth even though it might risk their friendship? Didn’t he have the friend you take to the mall because you know she will tell you that the dress with the horizontal stripes isn’t “fashionably nautical,” but looks like prison garb and adds 10 pounds to your hips? More importantly, she will tell you if you are in a toxic relationship with a toxic person or if your bad choices are more than just reckless expressions of youth, but dangerous and potentially hazardous. She or he loves you so much that they are willing to tell you the truth no matter how painful it is, and they know that you may totally ignore their advice, resent their intrusion and accuse them of being jealous, close-minded and a bad friend. They know you may choose your toxic partner or risky behavior over them, but they value your friendship enough that they are wiling to fight for your life even when you are unable or unwilling to. They love you just for you when you are out and about having fun and feeling on top of the world, just as they love you when you haven’t gotten out of bed in 3 days and only eat ice cream out of the carton. tragedy isn’t that the world lost a musical genius, a creative force like no other. I believe the tragedy is that nobody ever loved Michael, the person, enough to tell him to stop. The risk of losing access to his money, his fame and his celebrity outweighed the reward of doing right by a friend. Rest in peace Michael, and may you find the comfort in the next life that seemed to escape you in this one.	i don't know
What is the name of the adopted daughter of Mia Farrow who married her mother's former long-term lover?	Mia Farrow - Biography - IMDb Mia Farrow Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (2) \| Trivia (58) \| Personal Quotes (15) Overview (3) 5' 4¼" (1.63 m) Mini Bio (1) Mia Farrow was born in Los Angeles, California, to director John Farrow and actress and Tarzan-girl Maureen O'Sullivan . Her father was Australian-born (of English descent) and her mother was Irish-born (of Irish, Scottish, and English ancestry). Farrow debuted at the movies in 1959 in very small roles. She was noticed for the first time in the film Rosemary's Baby (1968) by Roman Polanski . She showed her talent also on TV and at the theatre, but her final breakthrough was when she met Woody Allen and became his Muse after the film A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy (1982). After that, Woody Allen wrote many other roles for her. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Volker Boehm Spouse (2) Auditoned for the role of Liesl in The Sound of Music (1965). Hit #111 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop charts with "Lullaby from Rosemary's Baby" in August of 1968. The first American actress to be accepted as a member of London's prestigious Royal Shakespeare Company. Her godparents were gossip columnist Louella Parsons and famed director George Cukor . April 2002 - refused to co-operate with request that clips from some of her performances in Woody Allen films could be used for upcoming Turner Classic Movies tribute to the director, her ex-lover since infamous break-up in 1991. Mia and her family live in huge rent-controlled apartment building right next door to Manhattan's legendary Dakota apartment house, which starred as the devilish locale in Rosemary's Baby (1968). Dakota is also the building where her friend, John Lennon , lived and in front of which he was shot to death. Her mother attended private school with fellow actress Vivien Leigh , and Leigh gave Farrow's career a push when she made her off-Broadway debut playing Cecily in a New York revival of "The Importance of Being Earnest". Leigh put out personal phone calls to make sure that agents and casting directors saw the show. She is a UNICEF Special Representative. Daughter Mallone attends Bard College, class of 2007. Was one of the bridesmaids when Liza Minnelli married David Gest in a lavish ceremony on March 16, 2002. Her father was born in Australia, and had English ancestry. Her mother was born in Ireland, and had Irish, as well as Scottish and English, ancestry. Was the voice of the Unicorn/Amalthia in the 1982 animated version of The Last Unicorn (1982) and will be portraying the Molly Grue character in the up coming live action remake set for 2006. Contracted Polio at the age of nine. Returned to the New York stage in September 2005 to appear off-Broadway in the play, "Fran's Bed." Mia Farrow's performance was widely praised by NY critics. Her former step-children, Frank Sinatra Jr. (b. 1944), and Nancy Sinatra (b. 1940) were older than her. Elder brother Michael (born 1939) perished in a 1958 plane crash while taking flying lessons. Father died when she was 17. Is, to the day, 2 years younger than Joe Pesci . Was featured on People's first published issue, March 4, 1974. Was listed as a potential nominee on the 2007 Razzie Award nominating ballot. She was suggested in the Worst Supporting Actress category for her roles in the films Arthur and the Invisibles (2006) and The Omen (2006), however, she failed to receive a nomination. Had she gotten the nomination, it would have been her first in 24 years. She was previously nominated for Worst Actress for her performance in A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy (1982), at the 1983 Razzie Awards. In February of 2007 - as a United Nations Goodwill Ambassador - she toured the Central African Republic and Chad for a week each. Her goal was to bring worldwide attention to those impoverished African countries. Turned down the role of Mattie Ross in the 1969 now classic True Grit (1969) opposite John Wayne , a decision she now cites as the worst mistake she has made in her career. Mia has 15 children. She has three biological children with André Previn : twin sons Matthew Phineas and Sascha Villiers (born February 26, 1970), and Fletcher Farrow Previn (born March 14, 1974). She adopted three children while married to Previn: Soon-Yi Previn , Lark Song and Summer Song (aka Daisy Previn ). She has one biological child with Woody Allen : Satchel O'Sullivan Farrow (now known as Ronan Farrow , born December 19, 1987). She adopted two children while with Allen: Moses Farrow (aka Misha), Dylan O'Sullivan Farrow (aka Mallone). She has adopted six children as a single mother: Tam Farrow, Isaiah Justus Farrow, Quincy Farrow (aka Kaeli-Shea Farrow), Frankie-Minh Farrow, Thaddeus W. Farrow and Gabriel Wilk Farrow. Tam Farrow died in March of 2000 at age 19 of a heart ailment. Lark Farrow died in December of 2008 at age 35. When Farrow first met husband-to-be Frank Sinatra in 1964, she was 19 and he 48, a fact that prompted Dean Martin to quip that he owned a bottle of Scotch older than Farrow. At one time, was scheduled to star in Mary, Queen of Scots (1971) with Geneviève Bujold . The film was eventually made with Glenda Jackson and Vanessa Redgrave in the leads. In 2008, she was selected by TIME Magazine as one of the most influential people in the world. Natasha Richardson was the godmother of two of Mia's adopted children. On March 22, 2009, Mia Farrow attended the funeral of her good friend and former costar, Natasha Richardson . After André Previn left his wife Dory Previn for Farrow, Dory wrote the song "Beware of Young Girls" in response. At one time, was scheduled to star in Thelma & Louise (1991) as Thelma, with Jane Fonda as Louise. But two writers' strikes, one in 1981 and another in 1988 left the project into development hell. The film was eventually made with Geena Davis as Thelma and Susan Sarandon as Louise, and became a box office success. Her brother, Patrick Farrow , 66, a sculptor who was the older brother of the actress, was found late Monday night, 15 June 2009, after he committed suicide by shooting himself at his home in Castleton, Vt. Daughter Lark Previn contracted HIV in her 20s, claiming she caught it from a dirty needle at a tattoo parlor. Both of Lark's children, Sara and Christine, were also born with the virus. Discovered that partner Woody Allen was in a relationship with her daughter Soon-Yi Previn when she came across nude photos of Soon-Yi taken in Allen's East Side duplex in early 1992. Friend Margaret Roach is godmother of Mia's daughter Lark. Was introduced to former partner Woody Allen by Michael Caine at New York restaurant Elaine's. She and Woody Allen maintained separate residences during their 12 year relationship. Her apartment was half a mile across Central Park from his East Side duplex. Son Moses Farrow has cerebral palsy. Has been an advocate for action to stop the genocide in Darfur. She asked Steven Spielberg to quit his planned direction of the opening ceremonies for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, due to China's strong support for the Sudanese government; Mr. Spielberg did walk away from the assignment after discussing the issue with Farrow. In March 2011, she was among those listed in Newsweek Magazine's 'Women Who Shake the World'. Had a fistfight with co-star Timothy Bottoms on the set of Hurricane (1979) resulting in sixteen stitches. Her younger sister Stephanie Farrow played her sister in both Zelig (1983) and The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985). She made her film debut in John Paul Jones (1959), which was the final film directed by her father John Farrow . Childhood friend of Liza Minnelli and Candice Bergen . Her first husband Frank Sinatra had intended for her to star opposite him in his film The Detective (1968). Her film Rosemary's Baby (1968) was running over schedule and so she refused his offer. Jacqueline Bisset was cast in the role instead and Sinatra's lawyer served Farrow divorce papers on the set of Rosemary's Baby (1968).	Woody Allen
Which Oscar winner once pled guilty to charges of unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor and, after a 42 day psychiatric evaluation, fled to France?	Featured Articles about Soon Yi Farrow - Page 3 - latimes FEATURED ARTICLES ABOUT SOON YI FARROW - PAGE 3 NEWS Final Arguments in Allen Custody Trial as Bitter as First : Court: Farrow lawyer says filmmaker destroyed daughter's childhood. Opponent says the children are mother's 'soldiers and pawns.' May 5, 1993 \| JOHN J. GOLDMAN, TIMES STAFF WRITER The extensive public custody battle between Woody Allen and Mia Farrow ended Tuesday as it began--in a barrage of bitter charges and countercharges. In closing arguments, each parent, through lawyers, accused the other of being unfit, of lying and disregarding the welfare of the children. Allen's lawyer called for reconciliation, a time to heal. Farrow's attorney dismissed the plea outright, arguing that her client's family needs protection. Advertisement Dylan Farrow speaks out about abuse accusations against Woody Allen February 1, 2014 \| By Glenn Whipp Woody Allen's adopted daughter Dylan Farrow on Saturday repeated - and elaborated on - her assertion that the filmmaker sexually assaulted her when she was a child. Farrow's open letter, published on the New York Times website, is part of a renewed public scrutiny of allegations first leveled against Allen in 1992, shortly after the end of his relationship with actress Mia Farrow. In a Vanity Fair story published in October, Dylan Farrow (who now goes by another name) also laid out details of what she said happened to her. Allen, who has long maintained his innocence, could not be reached for comment Saturday. NEWS Marriages make in-laws of legions of show-biz celebrities. It's the . . . : Hollywood Shuffle August 31, 1992 \| BEVERLY BEYETTE, TIMES STAFF WRITER So Woody and Mia have split and now Woody, once wed to Louise ("Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman") Lasser, is in love with Mia's daughter, and Woody's former flame, Diane Keaton, we're told, is being wooed by Woody to replace Mia in Woody's next movie. . . . H-O-L-L-Y-W-O-O-D. Where just about everyone, it seems, is related by marriage or, this being the '90s, by long-term live-in arrangements. It's almost incestuous. In Hollywood, one can't be too careful in setting out the place cards. ENTERTAINMENT A LETTER FROM NEW YORK : How the Apple Is Coping With a Fallen Icon August 20, 1992 \| SEAN MITCHELL, SPECIAL TO THE TIMES The city is beside itself. This can't be happening. Not him . Not Woody Allen. He seemed like such a nice Jewish boy, deep down. But there is nowhere to hide this week from the news that Woody Allen, sweet cinematically neurotic Woody Allen, apparently has been to bed with his Mia Farrow's Korean-born daughter, Soon-Yi, who is thought to be 21 but might be as young as 17. ENTERTAINMENT Arts and entertainment reports from The Times, national and international news services and the nation's press. December 25, 1997 \| ELAINE DUTKA MOVIES Stranger Than Fiction: Mia Farrow, Woody Allen's former lover, is now his mother-in-law. The 62-year-old Allen has married Soon-Yi Previn-- Farrow's 27-year-old adopted daughter. The small, secret wedding took place Tuesday in Venice, Italy, and was officiated by the city's mayor. "I married them at 5 p.m. yesterday," Massimo Cacciari told Reuters on Wednesday. "It had been planned a while ago and we were able to keep it a secret." ENTERTAINMENT Pages From Scandals Past . . . : Hollywood: Notoriety tarnished the careers of Charlie Chaplin, Fatty Arbuckle and Roman Polanski. Many wonder how Woody Allen's career will be affected by the drama now unfolding. August 22, 1992 \| ROBERT W. WELKOS, TIMES STAFF WRITER In May, 1943, a young red-haired, freckled-faced woman walked into the office of Hollywood gossip columnist Hedda Hopper and said she had a story to tell. It involved one of America's most beloved comedians, a secret love affair and, she said, a child that was on the way. In the weeks that followed, Joan Berry's accusations against Charlie Chaplin--the legendary "Little Tramp" of silent films--would explode into one of Hollywood's biggest scandals. Chaplin would issue statements to the press. NEWS Woody Allen Says Battle Is Like a 'Cosmic Explosion' : Custody: In his fight with Mia Farrow, he is demanding a full retraction of her child abuse claim. August 25, 1992 \| JOHN J. GOLDMAN, TIMES STAFF WRITER Woody Allen said Monday he feels as if he's "at the center of a cosmic explosion" in his bitter custody fight with Mia Farrow, but that before any settlement can occur, she must completely withdraw claims that he molested their 7-year-old daughter, Dylan. ENTERTAINMENT What's the Buzz on Woody? May 21, 2000 \| PATRICK GOLDSTEIN, Patrick Goldstein is a Times staff writer Make no mistake about it: Comedy has gotten a lot more lowbrow since the glory days of "Annie Hall." Tell your friends that Woody Allen is in town, making a rare appearance at UCLA to promote his new movie, "Small Time Crooks," and more than one quips, "Is he going there to sell the movie or just to check out the college chicks?"	i don't know
Nicknamed the sweater girl, which famous actress's daughter, Cheryl, killed her mother's mob-linked boyfriend Johnny Stompanato?	something about: Top 10 Hollywood Scandals Top 10 Hollywood Scandals We count down the lurid, the sordid and the sad by Kat Giantis MSN Entertainment Hollywood has always served up sordid stories filled with unsavory characters and plenty of sex and violence. And we're not talking about the movies. As long as there have been celebrities, there have been scandals. It seems there's nothing we love more than gorging on a star's public humiliation and pain. And, as Paris Hilton's much-downloaded boudoir romp proves, we're not terribly discriminating as to whose fall from grace we witness. What's our obsession with watching the rich and famous crash and burn? Maybe we like seeing the curtain ripped back from a celebrity's carefully crafted public image. Or maybe it's just plain old schadenfreude: When a star suffers, it makes us feel better about our own less-than-fabulous lives. With the media's current crush of coverage for Hilton and Michael Jackson, it seems like a good time to examine the biggest Hollywood scandals ever (sorry O.J. and Monica -- these are celebrity scandals). Below are 10 big names whose troubles grabbed headlines, changed the pop-culture landscape, and brought out the voyeur in us all... 10. Rob Lowe Makes a Home Movie Long before Paris Hilton burned up computer monitors and Pam and Tommy got busy on their boat (and car, and just about everywhere else), there was Rob Lowe. Back in 1988 at the Democratic National Convention in Atlanta, the then 25-year-old pretty boy Brat Packer was feeling frisky, so he invited two girls (one only 16) back to his hotel room. After committing their carnal acts to video, Lowe disappeared into the bathroom, and the two women disappeared with the tape and some money. A portion of the graphic video was leaked to the press (it wasn't Rob's finest performance), sparking a tabloid feeding frenzy that kept him under constant media surveillance. The actor eventually settled with the teen and he escaped charges of sexual misconduct with a minor by performing 20 hours of community service. His career rebounded, and the politically minded former pinup landed roles on both "The West Wing" and Governor Schwarzenegger's staff. Now a married father of two, Lowe and his notorious videotaped exploits received new publicity when police found a copy during a raid on the home of Paul "Pee-Wee Herman" Reubens. 9. Hugh Grant Is Caught in Flagrante Delicto Before his fateful encounter with hooker Divine Brown in June 1995, Hugh Grant was best known as the stammering, floppy-haired charmer from "Four Weddings and a Funeral" and the devoted beau of cleavage-baring starlet Elizabeth Hurley. That image disappeared the night he drove to a seedy part of Sunset Boulevard and picked up Brown. Within minutes, the pair was arrested for engaging in a lewd act (said act cost Grant $60). When police told Brown who her client was (he had called himself "Lewis"), she responded, "Who the hell is Hugh Grant?" Before long, everyone knew who the hell he was. The publicity was immediate and intense, especially in the actor's native Britain (blasted London's Sun tabloid, "You've Blown It, Hugh!"). Grant, upper lip stiff, decided to go forward with planned interviews to promote "Nine Months." First up was "The Tonight Show" with Jay Leno, who opened with, "What the hell were you thinking?" Grant's disarming response: "I did a bad thing, and there you have it." His witty and charming talk-show mea culpas provided public absolution, and he walked away with two years' probation, a $1,180 fine, Hurley's forgiveness, and a surging career. 8. Winona Ryder Picks Up Some Bargains at Saks Even when committing a felony, fashion plate Winona Ryder had impeccable taste. On Dec. 12, 2001, the two-time Oscar nominee was nabbed trying to pilfer nearly $6,000 worth of designer goods -- including a Gucci dress, a Dolce & Gabbana purse, and a Marc Jacobs sweater -- from the Beverly Hills Saks Fifth Avenue. In addition to the purloined property, the sticky-fingered cutie pie was also carrying several powerful painkillers and a syringe (she had reportedly obtained prescriptions from different docs using various aliases). At her media-packed trial, Ryder wore her emotions on her sleeve (and the rest of her petite frame), appearing in a succession of modest outfits -- complete with prim matching headbands -- that painted a picture of innocence. It didn't work. She was sentenced to three years of supervised probation, 480 hours of community service, counseling, and was ordered to cough up $10,000 in fines and restitution. While Ryder's movie career has slowed since her arrest, she did find work with Marc Jacobs, who hired her to hawk his designs in an ad campaign that parodied her arrest. 7. Pee-Wee Herman Catches the Late Show When Paul Reubens was busted outside a Sarasota, Fla., porno theater for allegedly bad-touching himself -- twice -- during a showing of the skin flick "Catalina Tiger Shark" in July 1991, the media and the public had a resounding answer to his nerdy alter ego's well-known catchphrase, "I know you are but what am I?" Suddenly, the man behind the rosy-cheeked, tight-suited perma-adolescent Pee-Wee Herman was branded a pervert. Faster than you could say "I'm rubber, you're glue," CBS had pulled reruns of "Pee-Wee's Playhouse," and Pee-Wee merchandise was yanked from store shelves. Though Reubens insisted he was innocent (he admitted he was in the theater but "never exposed himself or engaged in any other improper activities"), his career as he knew it was over. At least Reubens was able to find the funny in his shame: Two months after his arrest, he donned his Pee-Wee guise to open the MTV Video Music Awards, asking the cheering crowd, "Heard any good jokes lately?" He later pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor charge of indecent exposure and coughed up a $50 fine. He bounced back with supporting roles in "Batman Returns" and "Murphy Brown" before being hit with another scandal in 2001 -- this one involving a misdemeanor charge of child porn possession. Reubens maintains his innocence. 6. Woody Allen Woos Soon-Yi It's always been a fine line between the lovably neurotic nebbish Woody Allen plays on screen and the man himself, which is probably why no one was laughing at the funnyman's antics in 1992. Allen, then 57, had fallen in love with 21-year-old Soon-Yi Previn, the adopted daughter of his longtime lover and frequent co-star Mia Farrow, who discovered their affair after spying salacious Polaroids the filmmaker had snapped of Soon-Yi. "I didn't feel that just because she was Mia's daughter, there was any great moral dilemma," Allen explained defensively to Time. "The heart wants what it wants. There's no logic to those things." Allen and Farrow, once the most reclusive couple in Hollywood, laid their lives bare during their vicious 1993 custody battle: Allen claimed Farrow hit Soon-Yi; Farrow, calling Allen "a moral tumbleweed," accused him of molesting their adopted daughter Dylan (the allegations were denied and never proven). In the end, Woody's heart got what it wanted: He married Soon-Yi in 1997, and they quietly adopted two children of their own. Domestically, Allen is doing fine, but professionally he's never really been the same. His last few films have tanked, with one critic calling his latest, "Anything Else," the "sourest of romantic comedies." 5. Ingrid Bergman Is Condemned by the Senate Ingrid Bergman's impeccable image as an Oscar-winning actress (for "Gaslight") and devoted wife and mother (she and surgeon Petter Lindstrom had a 10-year-old daughter, Pia) was destroyed in 1949 when she began an affair with married Italian director Roberto Rossellini on the set of "Stromboli" and became pregnant with his child. Public condemnation -- fueled by sensationalistic stories from Hollywood gossip columnists -- was swift, with religious groups calling for Bergman's films to be banned and Sen. Edwin C. Johnson denouncing the Swedish-born actress on the Senate floor as "a powerful influence for evil" and suggesting she be barred from the country for "moral turpitude" (The Senate officially apologized to Bergman in 1972). The couple wed soon after Bergman gave birth to Rossellini's son (she lost custody of Pia in the divorce) and they produced five more films and twin daughters -- Isabella and Ingrid -- before separating in 1956. The following year, Hollywood welcomed Bergman back from exile with a Best Actress Oscar win for "Anastasia." 4. Lana Turner's Daughter Tries to Protect Her Mom Lana Turner was as well-known for her ability to fill out a snug sweater as for her lousy taste in men. On Good Friday in 1958, the 37-year-old blonde bombshell and four-time divorcee began violently arguing with her abusive, mob-linked boyfriend, Johnny Stompanato, 32, at her Beverly Hills home. As the fight escalated, Stompanato allegedly threatened to cut Turner's famous face, prompting her 14-year-old daughter, Cheryl Crane, to grab an 8-inch butcher knife from the kitchen. As Stompanato stormed out of Turner's bedroom, Cheryl stabbed him in the abdomen. He died a few minutes later. "Everything happened so quickly ... I thought she had hit him in the stomach with her fist," Lana tearfully testified a week later at a nationally televised coroner's inquest. "They came together and then they parted. I never saw the blade." Turner's titillating testimony was persuasive: The stabbing was ruled a justifiable homicide, though rumors persisted that Lana had actually wielded the knife (mother and daughter denied this). After the ruling, Cheryl went to live with her grandmother, and Turner's previously tepid career was revived with the 1959 smash "Imitation of Life." 3. Roman Polanski Flees the Country Like the aforementioned Woody Allen, Roman Polanski's troubles began with some pictures. In 1977, the "Chinatown" auteur, then 44 and no stranger to scandal (his pregnant wife, actress Sharon Tate, was murdered by the Manson Family in 1969), took a 13-year-old girl to Jack Nicholson's L.A. mansion (Jack wasn't home) for a photo shoot. While snapping pics, he plied the teen with Champagne and part of a Quaalude before having sex with her (she repeatedly said "no"). Two weeks later, the girl relayed the events to a grand jury, and Polanski eventually pleaded guilty to unlawful intercourse with a minor in exchange for time served (he had spent 42 days in a psychiatric facility). But when he heard the judge might renege on the agreement and that he could face 50 years behind bars, he bolted for France. Just before the 2003 Oscars, Polanski's victim, now a mother of three, defended his Best Director nomination for "The Pianist," writing in the L.A. Times, "There can be no question that he did something awful... But I believe that Mr. Polanski and his film should be honored according to the quality of the work." The Academy agreed with her, awarding the fugitive filmmaker the prize. Still barred from entering the United States, he was not on hand to receive it. 2. Fatty Arbuckle Is Accused of Killing Virginia Rappe On Labor Day weekend in 1921, corpulent, baby-faced funnyman Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle, beloved around the world by kids and adults for his silent-movie slapstick, celebrated his newly inked, record-setting $3 million contract with Paramount by throwing a wild party at the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco. Witnesses claim that during the revelries, Arbuckle disappeared into a private suite with starlet Virginia Rappe. No one knows what happened next, but within days Rappe was dead, allegedly from acute peritonitis caused by "an extreme amount of external force." Arbuckle, suspected of sexual assault, was arrested and charged with manslaughter. After three headline-grabbing trials (the first two ended in hung juries), he was cleared. "Acquittal is not enough for Roscoe Arbuckle," the jury said in a statement. "A grave injustice has been done." But the comedian's career was ruined -- his contract canceled and his films banned. After spending a dozen years as a Tinseltown pariah, Arbuckle was finally on the comeback trail (he'd just completed a series of shorts for Warner Bros.) when he died in his sleep of a heart attack at the age of 46. 1. Michael Jackson: The Past Decade Young 'uns who discovered Michael Jackson in the post-"Thriller" era might not realize that he once deserved his King of Pop title, churning out hit after hit as a moonwalking, sequined-glove-wearing superstar (albeit an eccentric one). But 10 years of scandals -- from molestation allegations to disfiguring plastic surgery -- has erased that Jackson, literally and figuratively. Every move Jackson has made in the past decade has been documented by an insatiable press for an obsessed public: The 45-year-old singer paid $15 million-plus to settle a 1993 child molestation lawsuit brought by a 13-year-old boy (Jackson maintains his innocence) and today battles a 12-year-old boy's headline-grabbing accusations that could land him in prison (he calls them a "big lie"). Smaller scandals have included Michael's marriages and subsequent divorces from Lisa Marie Presley and Debbie Rowe, with the latter producing two children (he says she bore them "as a present" to him) who don't look much like dad, though it's difficult to tell given their constantly veiled heads; his admission to British journalist Martin Bashir that he has "slept in a bed with many children ... It's very right. It's very loving "; and the infamous, November 2002 dangling of his then 11-month-old son (mother unknown) from a hotel balcony. Still More Scandals! 1942: Errol Flynn is arrested for the statutory rape of two teenage girls. He's acquitted and the phrase "In like Flynn" is coined. 1949: Robert Mitchum is busted for possession of marijuana. He serves 60 days in the pokey. 1959: Eddie Fisher leaves Debbie Reynolds for the recently widowed Elizabeth Taylor. Four years later, Taylor leaves Fisher for Richard Burton. 1990: Milli Vanilli duo Rob Pilatus and Fab Morvan return their Best New Artist Grammy when their lip-synching is revealed. Pilatus commits suicide in 1998. 1995: Charlie Sheen admits he spent more than $50,000 on girls in the employ of Heidi Fleiss. 1996: Robert Downey, Jr., is pulled over for speeding. Cops find cocaine, heroin, and a gun in his car. He's eventually jailed. 1997: "Good Samaritan" Eddie Murphy is stopped after offering a transsexual hooker a ride home. 1997: Christian Slater goes ballistic during a drug- and alcohol-fueled bender. He serves 60 days in jail. 1998: George Michael is busted by an undercover cop for "engaging in a lewd act" in the men's room of a Los Angeles park. He comes out, pleads no contest, and gets off with a fine and community service. 1998: Frank Gifford is videotaped romancing a former flight attendant. Kathie Lee forgives him. 2001: Robert Blake's wife, Bonnie Lee Bakley, is shot and killed while sitting in the actor's car. He is charged with her murder.	lana turner s
Which Oscar winning actress was denounced by Senator Edwin C. Johnson as a powerful influence for evil after she had an affair with and left her husband for Roberto Rossellini?	Did Judy Garland and Lana Turner get along? Follow DL on Did Judy Garland and Lana Turner get along? They were both stars at MGM at same-even appeared the same movie" Ziegfeld Girl"-did they get along? Were they in classes together? by Anonymous Judy was very angry when Mickey Rooney had an affair with Lana. by Anonymous reply 1 09/16/2012 Micky Rooney and Lana? Gads, what was his secret? He was married to Eva Gardner briefly too...he's such an odd partner for either of those two bombshells. by Anonymous 09/16/2012 Ava, not Eva you moron. Also R2, being the number one box office star in the world during the peak years of Hollywood may have had something to do with his ability to attract sexy actresses. by Anonymous reply 3 09/16/2012 Judy was devastated when Lana eloped with bandleader Artie Shaw. Shaw is a very interesting character in his own right. And his music is great. by Anonymous reply 4 09/16/2012 I think Lana took away the guys that Judy wanted. I wouldn't think that Judy liked Lana, but had to tolerate her. by Anonymous reply 5 09/16/2012 Actually they were friends. The two used to go nightclubbing together in the late 30s and early 40s. In the early 50's they were next door neighbors and often spent afternoons together while Liza and Cheryl played. Judy did have an inferior complex when it came to Lana's looks, though Judy never consider Lana a great intellect, though a nice woman. And Lana always spoke highly of Judy's talent. by Anonymous reply 6 09/16/2012 Judy was devastated when Lana eloped with bandleader Artie Shaw. Shaw is a fascinating character himself, and his music is great. by Anonymous Lana's real name was Judy but Judy's real name was Frances. by Anonymous reply 11 09/16/2012 R 6 is right - they were friends, for years. And they both admired each other. Supposedly, when making "Ziegfeld Girl", Judy finished singing a number, and walked by Lana. As she passed , Lana said to Hedy Lamar 'Oh, what must it be like to have that much talent ?'. Later on , Lana walked out , in a gorgeous gown, and Judy whispered to someone ' What must it b like to be that beautiful ?'. Lana was awed by Judy's talent, Judy was floored by Lana's beauty. by Anonymous I wouldn't let that dyke come near me with a 12-inch knife... by Anonymous reply 14 09/16/2012 Judy felt like a little troll amidst all of Louis B. Mayer's stable of beauties. It led to the weight fluctuations and pill addictions that eventually killed her. by Anonymous reply 15 09/16/2012 The only one of Judy's films from her MGM years that Lana might also have been considered for would be The Clock, though I imagine LB Mayer would have thought Lana's sexiness would be wasted in that one, too. Did Judy make any other non-musicals at MGM? I think she even sang in the Andy Hardy films she appeared in. I'm probably forgetting something. by Anonymous reply 16 09/16/2012 R2/R9 should realize no one is fooled by an illiterate trying to cover her tracks by stomping her hooves and snorting drivel. Idiot. reply 18 09/16/2012 They got along fine. The only one of Judy's classmates I ever heard her refer disparagingly to was Elizabeth Taylor, whom Judy said was 'not very nice.' by Anonymous reply 19 09/16/2012 MGM gave Judy such a complex about her appearance, poor thing, when she clearly was the greatest natural talent they ever had - that any movie studio ever had. I thought that she was cute. But they gave her teeth caps, a temporary putty nose, and forced her to wear a corset to lengthen her waist. Lana, while maybe conventionally prettier than Judy, was far from perfect. She had a short neck, a thick torso and basically no hips. She was just more photogenic than Judy. by Anonymous reply 20 09/16/2012 Judy liked Lana but thought being in a room with her was like being in a room with a beautiful lamp. by Anonymous reply 21 09/16/2012 In r15's photo, Lana's neck looks no shorter than goddess Hedy Lamarr's and actually a bit longer than super-talented JUdy's. Can't see her non-existent hips there, however. Judy may not have liked Elizabeth Taylor but she had long graduated from MGM's Little Red Schoolhouse by the time Elizabeth enrolled there. They were not classmates. Or, if she said they were, it was in one of those drunken and unreliable Jack Paar interviews. by Anonymous Mother hated that tramp Lana by Anonymous reply 23 09/16/2012 THE HARVEY GIRLS was originally developed at MGM as a Lana vehicle - when Arthur Freed took over the production and added songs, it became a vehicle for Judy. And they appeared together in two films - not only ZIEGFELD GIRL, but in the best of the Andy Hardy pictures, LOVE FINDS ANDY HARDY. by Anonymous reply 24 09/17/2012 Is that really you, Hugh Fordin? OMG, if so then this thread begins and ends with you. You know more than John Fricke! by Anonymous reply 25 09/17/2012 Saw Liza years ago, at the Greek Theater, in LA. Was backstage, and both Lana, and Cheryl, came out of Liza's dressing , and got big hugs from her . Met Cheryl (and Josh, her spouse) years later at a party, and they were both extremely nice people. by Anonymous At least Judy was spared Johnny Stompanato. by Anonymous reply 27 09/17/2012 Perhaps Judy didn't actually call Liz Taylor a classmate. But she was talking about those she had more or less grown up with at MGM and Liz was the only one she referenced in a negative manner, which I thought was interesting. It is true that Judy was ten years older than Liz, but MGM considered Judy a youngster and kept her in juvenile parts until she was at least twenty. by Anonymous reply 28 09/17/2012 Judy was traumatized being around such other-worldly beauties as Lana and Hedy and all the glamorous MGM ladies. She YEARNED to be a beauty because that is what was the female currency of the time, moreso than talent. Women were (to an even greater extent back then) objectified for their looks. She was the most talented performer ever at MGM but in the insane, upside down world of values that she inhabited, she felt like an ugly duckling. That is why she worked hard to be presented as "glamorous" in films like Presenting Lily Mars and did not want to do Meet Me In St. Louis because she did not want to go back to juvenile parts. She really did try to compete with the MGM beauties for a time. If you look at any of her publicity stills from the early 40's, you can see that she was very beautiful and photographed like a star. But she never thought so. She was absolutely devastated when Lana ran off with Artie Shaw, who she had a big crush on. But she did get her share of men, too. She was no slouch in that department. Judy and Lana were friends, really, all their lives, although Judy was quick to point out, at times, when they were older, that Lana was not that smart. She knew nothing about anything except the movie business. And that she was like talking to a "beautiful vase." That quote has been recounted many times. by Anonymous reply 29 09/17/2012 They both shared a good friend in Barron Polan who came to MGM from Warner's with Mervyn LeRoy and Lana Turner. Barron was Judy's handler during The Wizard of Oz, and he had been part of Lana's team at Warner's after she was discovered at the soda fountain and stuffed into a tight sweater. Judy didn't hold the Shaw betrayal against Lana - and David Rose was right there to comfort her the very night Lana married Shaw. Judy had the satisfaction of seeing how controlling Shaw was with Lana from a safe distance. Lana's marriage fell apart almost as quickly as it began while Judy was falling deeply in love with Rose and the idea of being free from her controlling mother and Mayer. by Anonymous 09/17/2012 I've always loved Judy, but over the years I've gotten to REALLY like Lana. She's one of the few female stars of the '40s who look really hot today. She's compulsively watchable. She had a dazzling smile and adorable dimples. She was well-liked at the studio for having a down-to-earth attitude and even though she was the studios biggest party girl (she went nightclubbing every night) she was on-time on the set the next day and was a hard worker. She was equally liked by men & women filmgoers. She was a fun broad. There used to be a clip of Turner in an elaborate dance routine with George Murphy in TWO BROADWAY GIRLS on YouTube - I was very surprised to see how good a dancer she was. She could have very easily moved in musicals even though she would have had to have been dubbed. But why would MGM need to dub a star with Garland there? YouTube formerly had a bizarre clip of Lana performing Judy's "The Great Lady Gives An Interview" from a TV variety show in the late '50s I think. by Anonymous reply 31 09/17/2012 Can we just say it - Lana was always in search of the 'next big thing', if you get me . Lex Barker , Steve Cochran, Fernando Lamas, Johnny Stompanato-all good looking men, and hugely endowed. On a bio, about Lana, even her make-up man commented on it . It's like being addicted .....to large penis. She'd put up with so much crap, all for the big peen . Sound familiar guys ??? by Anonymous reply 32 09/17/2012 At the link, "Lana Turner: A Daughter's Memoir" with narration by Cheryl Crane and Robert Wagner. It's sort of soft-edged, but fun to watch. Turner was incredibly pretty when she was young. by Anonymous reply 34 09/17/2012 They were friends. Judy was very jealous of Lana's sexpot status; she said that Lana Turner was the epitome of beauty. Judy was heartbroken when Lana married Artie Shaw (Judy was in love with him). The marriage lasted maybe a couple of months. Anyway, Judy and Lana made up and still palled around after that whole fiasco. Lana Turner always denied having an affair with Mickey Rooney. Did they or didn't they? Who knows? Mickey Rooney was a big star then and was attractive in a kind of boyish way; I guess that's what attracted the ladies. But I don't know why the luscious Ava Gardner married him. I guess she thought he was cute. In his memoir he gives the reader a detailed description of her nipples and genitals. What an absolute douchebag! by Anonymous reply 35 09/17/2012 Johnny had a 12 inch cock. So I'm sure Lana didn't give a shit. Well until she killed him. by Anonymous reply 36 09/17/2012 Lana was addicted to huge cocks. She couldn't get enough of big-dicked men screwing her night and day. As gay men, we can relate to Lana. by Anonymous reply 37 09/17/2012 My question is how did Warners lose Lana Turner to MGM after she debuted in Warners' They Won't Forget? Though she was perhaps the quintessential MGM star of the 1940s, I could easily see a harder tougher version of Lana thriving at Warners. by Anonymous Also...Warner's just signed little Clara Lou Sheridan who had been dropped by Paramount. In the 1940s, "OOmph Girl" Ann Sheridan was the Lana of Warner's. by Anonymous reply 44 09/17/2012 Love how Cheryl left out the little tidbit about Lana fucking Joe Louis in that coffee table book she made about her many years ago... by Anonymous reply 45 09/18/2012 Judy had a crush on Tony Martin while she and Lana were filming Ziegfeld Girl back in 1941. Naturally, Lana got him. She and Tony lived together for a while. Yes, Judy and Lana did get along. Lana was a likable girl. This doesn't mean Judy wasn't also jealous of Lana's success with the dudes. They are not mutually exclusive concepts. by Anonymous Was Cheryl's partner Jocelyn Leroy any relation to Mervyn? by Anonymous reply 47 09/18/2012 Everything I've heard about Lana Turner is that she was a real good-time gal who loved to drink and party and was great fun to be around. Same with Ava Gardner. No pretentions or "actressy" bullshit, just two broads who liked to party, screw, and hang out. by Anonymous reply 48 09/18/2012 On the MGM lot in the late 30s, Mickey Rooney also fucked Joan Crawford AND Norma Shearer, both MUCH older than him at the time. There's something to be said for the unrelenting energy of a younger man... Go figure. reply 49 09/18/2012 Yep, as much as I love Judy, I have always heard nothing but good things about Lana Turner. Nice, fun to be around, not pretense. And I think that no matter how "uneducated" she was supposed to have been, she was an absolute genius at running her career. A good long run and a major star in the 40's, 50's and even the 60's and then a resurgence in the 90's! Even the whole Stompanato mess actually helped her career! The timing was perfect. Peyton Place, indeed. Lana in the 40's was absolutely gorgeous. Like a ripe peach. She just shimmered. by Anonymous Mickey SAID he fucked Joan and Norma. There is a difference. reply 51 09/18/2012 I always assumed Mickey Rooney has a giant dick, too. I mean, he was married to Ava G, and Ava loved the big ones, too. Oh, and Judy would occasionally give Lana a thorough tongue-lashing when Lana was between men. by Anonymous 09/18/2012 "Lana in the 40's was absolutely gorgeous. Like a ripe peach. She just shimmered." Apparently I'm the only one who thinks that Lana wasn't a great beauty. Yes, she was pretty (and sexy), but IMHO her beauty was the creation of MGM's superb cinematographers. Her chin was slightly weak, her upper lip a bit long, and she only looked great if the camera angle and lighting were just right. Look at this unposed picture, she's no Hedy Lamarr. So IMHO both Judy and Lana were pretty rather than beautiful, at least from the neck up. If Judy had cause to be jealous of Lana, it was in that Lana was a lot sexier - both in real life and onscreen. by Anonymous reply 53 09/18/2012 I always preferred Lana in the 50s, when she wasn't as young but had a glamorous, more "lacquered" look - starting with THE MERRY WIDOW and all thru PEYTON PLACE and the glossy Ross Hunter melodramas. by Anonymous Oh yes, she's marginally attractive R53. Who's that dog she's with? by Anonymous reply 55 09/18/2012 R6 is correct, Judy and Lana lived next door to each other on Mapleton Drive in Bel-Air. Liza and Cheryl were playmates. by Anonymous reply 56 09/18/2012 Louis B. Mayer used to call Judy his little hunchback and put her down making her feel ugly. Judy wasnât gorgeous like the myriads of glamorous stunning women that Judy was constantly surrounded by, and who made her self esteem hurt greatly. But Judy had no problem getting men. Judy gained a lot of male attention because she had a terrific personality and she was very funny. Judy was like a breath of fresh air to the many men in Hollywood who were tired with the glamorous women who were extremely narcissistic and very self-centered. Judy had no problem getting boyfriends and having sexual affairs which she had a lot of both. Eva Gardner was extremely down to earth, very straight forward no BS, and she like to have a blast of fun. Louis B. Mayer balled out Lana Turner for being a party girl and for her many sexual flings. Mayer screamed at her pointing to his crotch saying, all want to do is party and you want this!! Eva, Lana, and many other women in Hollywood back then were very much ahead of their time living their lives the way they wanted to. Towards the end of Lanaâs life, she said she was constantly searching for happiness through men. However, at that point in her life she said she realized it was God who filled that void in her heart. Here is the interview: Part 1 by Anonymous Lana was an A-grade cunt! by Anonymous reply 62 09/18/2012 Mickey Rooney was the passed-around-butt-boy by the cadre of closet cases William Powell, Clark Gable et al. It's in his autobiography but you have to read between the lines. by Anonymous reply 63 09/18/2012 R63, really? what is the name of his autobiography? I never attempt to read his auto because I always think any word that comes out of his mouth is pure BS. AVA said that he is the biggest BSer around. by Anonymous reply 64 09/18/2012 So sorry R60, I can't believe I did that!! I adore AVA and I even own some personal effects of hers as well. A major shame on me! by Anonymous reply 65 09/18/2012 You can fantasize all you want but Rooney was no one's "butt boy." He was a pussyhound and not gay. It is almost assured that he partook once or twice of the cock (He was quoted as saying that "everyone has a little bit of that in him/her when referring to Judy's problems accepting HER bisexuality and that, possibly, contributing to her drug problems) but he loved the pussy. Gable and Powell were also not into men sexually. To advance their careers (particularly Gable with William Haines), they perhaps did some man- on- man action earlier in their careers but it was not their nature. by Anonymous reply 66 09/18/2012 The teenage Mickey Rooney had a hot body. Very lean and muscled. I could see how Joan & Lana would have liked to fuck him. by Anonymous The Widow Norma Shearer Thalberg definitely fucked Rooney. That one's in a lot of books. by Anonymous reply 69 09/18/2012 Judy was betrayed by Betty Asher, her lesbian friend who was employed by MGM as, I think, a secretary or companion or what have you, to work with Judy and other stars. Asher was her maid of honor when she married Vincente Minnelli. Asher was actually a spy for MGM who reported back to the front office any and all drug abuse and other transgressions of Judy's after Judy revealed things to her in confidence. This was devastating to Judy when she found out. Judy was betrayed throughout her life by both men and women in this way, even though there were sexual dalliances. I think Judy was very naive in whom she trusted ALL her life and many people took advantage of her. Some of it was, of course, her drug abuse and lack of discretionary thinking. But all's fair in love and war and Lana Turner got some of the men Judy wanted, they BOTH were with some of the same men and Judy got around, herself. She, for instance, had a torrid sexual rendezvous with Mario Lanza! Did anyone else ever read that? I don't think Judy had anything to be zealous of with regard to Lana. It really should have been the other way around! by Anonymous 09/18/2012 r70: Asher also spied on Lana. While she was a popular star, Lana made Mayer uneasy. He liked 'classy ladies' like Greer Garson, and thought that Lana's well-publicized nightclubbing and frequent affairs were not assets to MGM's wholesome image. Asher also comitted suicide. reply 74 09/18/2012 R24 I love LOVE FINDS ANDY HARDY. Judge Hardy's monologue about what makes a good husband and lover should be required viewing . by Anonymous reply 75 09/18/2012 r67, the strap-on technology wasn't advanced enough at the time. Poor Mickey would've bled heavily from the splinters and would need to borrow their tampons. by Anonymous reply 76 09/18/2012 Strangely, neither Lana nor Judy are sitting amongst their colleagues in that famous photo of MGM stars at the studio's 20th anniversary in 1942.....or is 1946? Hmmm....... [quote]You can fantasize all you want but Rooney was no one's "butt boy." Creepy. The idea of someone fantasizing about Mickey Rooney gives me the cold chills. by Anonymous reply 79 09/19/2012 Famed director George Cukor, who was renowned as a "woman's director" and made multiple pictures with all the great MGM leading ladies (Crawford, Shearer, Hepburn, Garbo) made one film each with Judy ("A Star is Born"), Ava ("Bhowani Junction") and Lana ("A Life of her Own"). His struggles on "A Star is Born" are well known, but he said he believed Garland was a "great artist" and thought Judy should have won the Oscar. He adored working with Ava and she does her best work on film in "Bhowani". Has anyone ever seen "A Life of Her Own"? No. Cukor said Turner had the "talent of a flea" and is "nothing more than a wax mannequin" - this from a man who could get a good performance out of practically EVERY actress, even Anouk Aimee (in "Justine")! by Anonymous Judy had beautiful legs.. Lana had a beautiful smile. by Anonymous reply 87 09/19/2012 MGM started in 1923. That photo was from 1943. Published in Life magazine as a 20th anniversary photo. Many stars who were not in that picture were away at war. Gable, for one. The "missing" stars all had something war related going on. by Anonymous reply 88 09/19/2012 Cheryl Crane in her mother's biography LANA:The Memories the Myths, the Movies writes about Judy and Lana. 'Judy and Mother were very close from the time they made Love Finds Andy Hardy, but Judy was a bit jealous of her in the early MGM days for a few reasons. Louis B. Mayer called Judy his little Hunchback, so she felt unglamorous and unattractive next to Mother. But the number one reason was Artie Shaw, whom Judy thought she was going to marry. Mother always felt guilty about that, although later she would say that she saved Judy from a fate worse than death. Their friendship survived Artie. 'Judy and Mother used to go out all the time. Both were absolutely fascinated by Marlene Dietrich. Like two giggling schoolgirls, they'd dress themselves up as sophisticated as possible to go to a gay nightclub on the Sunset Strip where Dietrich would go to see her girlfriend, who was a singer. They were intrigued by the whole scene and thrilled when Dietrich would invite them to join her table.' In the link below, there is a photo with Judy and Lana and Cheryl writes about it: 'Judy who was no longer employed by MGM, visits Mother at the studio in 1952. Our homes on Mapleton looked into each other's kitchens. Judy used to come over and sit in the bathroom while Mother did her makeup.' by Anonymous reply 89 11/28/2012 Imagine being at a Hollywood gay nightclub in the 1940s and both Judy Garland and Lana Turner walk in! by Anonymous Funny pic r91. Those fussy 40s hairstyles must have been a time-consuming bitch to maintain! by Anonymous reply 92 11/28/2012 Other than "The Clock", the only other MGM film with Judy in which she did not sing was 1941's "Life Begins for Andy Hardy". Four songs were pre-recorded, but I'm not sure if they were even filmed. None survives in the finished film, although the recordings to exist. I imagine it was a lot cheaper to just leave them out and not shoot them. by Anonymous reply 93 11/29/2012 Actually, in some of her early films, Lana is really good. It was before she got that mannered quality that ruins much of her later work. There's a dance sequence that she does in "These Glamour Girls" where, not only is she drop dead gorgeous, but so natural, that you can tell what she must have been like out on the town in that period. by Anonymous [post by racist shit-stain #3 removed.] by Anonymous reply 105 03/16/2013 R102, that was Lana, Ava, and Barbara Payton. Payton wrote about it in her memoirs. The three were going about their lezzie business at the Sinatra home in Palm Springs, when Sinatra walked in on them. Barbara jumped out the window and into the bushes, leaving her companions to face Sinatra's wrath. Word reached the Hollywood gossip columns, and the Sinatra union was as good as dead. Lana, Judy, and Ava shared many of the same men. MGM was like a college dorm of sexual hijinks. by Anonymous reply 106 03/16/2013 R106, word reached Confidential Magazine in the way of a POLICE REPORT. The fight escalated on to the lawn with Sinatra cursing everybody out -- neighbors called the police. by Anonymous reply 107 03/18/2013 "Judy was betrayed by Betty Asher, her lesbian friend who was employed by MGM as, I think, a secretary or companion or what have you, to work with Judy and other stars. Asher was her maid of honor when she married Vincente Minnelli. Asher was actually a spy for MGM who reported back" Betty Asher eventually committed suicide. by Anonymous Supposedly, Lana wasn't well liked on the set of "Falcon Crest". by Anonymous reply 113 03/20/2013 In the early to mid forties at MGM, Judy had her pick of men just like Lana did. If you have someone as gorgeous as Tyrone Power lusting after you and wanting to marry you, you can hold your own against anybody. It's really a shame that romance didn't lead to marriage. They might have been perfect for each other, at least for a while. And who knows what their offspring might have been like. by Anonymous reply 114 03/20/2013 Would Tyrone Power have managed to stay faithful to Judy? She could have had a breakdown if she found out he had an affair. by Anonymous reply 115 03/20/2013 Sorry haters, I think the young Mickey Rooney is HOT. Tight, ripped little body and boundless, unstoppable energy. I'd hit it- HARD. Liza is a lesbian who thought she was bi. by Anonymous reply 119 03/20/2013 R113, Jane Wyman was a consummate professional and expected the same from cast and crew. And though she was queen on the "Falcon Crest" set, she was very democratic about it, nobody got preferential treatment, all dressing rooms and trailers were the same size and equipped with the same amenities, and Jane would sit down with cast and crew and play poker with them. On Lana Turner's first day, the producers and well-wishers sent flowers to her dressing room, causing Jane to sniff, "I never got flowers on my first day." Strike one. Lana was also chronically late on the set, arrived with full entourage of personal staffers, spent hours in her dressing room or in hair & makeup, fussing over her looks and wardrobe, and had the nerve to tell the crew how she should be lit and what angles to avoid. And to top it off, Turner hadn't been in front of the cameras in years, so her acting was a bit rusty. She kept flubbing her lines and eventually she asked that the set be closed during her scenes. Wyman, of course, was not amused by this aging glamour girl's prima donna antics nor was she impressed with her acting abilities. She supposedly went to the producers and gave them the standard "either she goes or I go" ultimatum. Turner's recurring character was killed off in the season cliffhanger. by Anonymous [post by racist shit-stain #3 removed.] by Anonymous reply 122 03/20/2013 I wonder if Lana had ever been approached about playing the original lead matriarch in any of those 1980s Dynasty-like series? I guess she was just too old for it by then. by Anonymous reply 123 03/21/2013 Judy was quite a desirable woman during most of the 1940's. She so wanted to BE a glamour girl that she made all efforts to make herself that way. With the help of Adrian, Sydney Guilaroff, William Tuttle and Dotty Ponedel, and PILLS, of course, she succeeded. There are many shots of her taken during the mid 40's where she is absolutely stunning. Around the time of Presenting Lily Mars (1943) until The Clock (1945) she is at her physical peak, I think. With her wit, charm, talent and maximizing her physical charms, she could get just about any man she wanted and she had plenty. She and Lana were great friends which might be surprising to some. Lana was much more down to earth and friendly than her image might suggest. by Anonymous reply 124 03/21/2013 Lana played one of the leads in the 1969 TV series, The Survivors -- a prime time soap. by Anonymous reply 126 12/15/2013 "Judy was never jealous of anyone involved with Rooney. She and Rooney were never more than friends. In later years, she couldn't stand him although he remained fond of her. Rooney said he would have fallen in love with Judy, but she wasn't pretty enough for him. Maybe she got wind of that comment; that would have been ample reason for her to dislike him." Does anyone have any more info about Judy not being able to stand Mickey in later years? I always wondered what their relationship was like after their co-starring years. by Anonymous reply 127 12/15/2013 R127, Lana's daughter in her biography about her mother implied that Judy was certainly soft on Artie Shaw and that she (at the beginning at least) grew jealous of Lana,because he wanted Artie for herself and Lana was aware of that... However, later, Cheryl(Lana's daughter)writes that Judy forgave Lana and they were friends again... by Anonymous reply 128 12/15/2013 Lana strikes me as a nice, normal person. You can't have nice, normal A-list actresses anymore. That Judy was a piece of work. Determined to drag everyone down with her. by Anonymous reply 129 12/15/2013 slightly off topic but a friend who did "Sugar Babies" with Rooney and Ann Miller told us Miller was pretty fed up with Rooney by the end of the run. He would run off to the race track at every opportunity and Miller thought it was a stars duty to the audience to sign autographs after the show. Rooney didn't think so. Miller got a bit pissed off about other onstage antics but she couldn't abide him refusing to meet the public. by Anonymous reply 130 12/15/2013 I have seen at least two clips of Judy Garland on talk shows in the late sixties, in each of which she was asked who her favorite leading man was. With enormous warmth (and apparent, but probably false, spontaneity), she answered, "Mickey!" Unless she did films with the mouse, those rumors of her disliking the little runt might be inaccurate. (By the way, he was quite a hot midget in the forties.) by Anonymous reply 132 12/15/2013 [quote]Ewwww...[R129], Lana normal? She married seven times, she divorced all of her hubbies and her daughter was charged for the murder of her mother's lover and you call that normal? By the way, i have also read Crane's biography about Lana, and i remember that she writes that Lana at a certain period of her life(when she was older) she was thinking that in her previous life she was Cleopatra! Lana was feeling that there is a connection between Cleopatra's life and her life. Gee! Very normal! Yes, not particularly smart, just a woman who managed to have immense fame from a young age and tried her best to live her life. by Anonymous Question:What have in common Judy Garland and Lana Turner? Answer: They both have a lesbian daughter Judy and Lana put their closeted lesbian lust in their daughters' blood. by Anonymous reply 136 12/24/2013 Lana Turner reminds me of a quote from Elaine Strich about Victoria Principal after they made some TV movie together, that's stayed with me: "She's dumb, but real smart, if you know what I mean." by Anonymous 12/24/2013 Yeah i personally got it R137... I would love to see Lana making out with a woman. Too late for her i guess. What a pity! It was another time back then. She definitely enjoyed dating men, but i think that what she loved most about them is feeling their lust for her and the favors she was getting from them. It was refreshing for her to be sexually wanted and men certainly could give that to Lana. She was a true star...same insecurities, same misconceptions, same secrets that we will never get to know for real. She only revealed what she wanted to reveal. Despite her big insecurities, she was very conscious about her stardom and she combined her woman power with her weaknesses in a sexy feminine way. by Anonymous reply 138 12/24/2013 Judy wanted to fuck Lana, but Lana was more compatible with Ava. They were both like cougars licking each other. by Anonymous reply 143 12/25/2013 R142 Cheryl Crane (Lana's daughter) writes that Lana wasn't physically attracted to John Garfield but she did get along with him. They were friendly to each other during 'The Postman Always Rings Twice', she liked him but not in a sexual way. As far as i remember(guys, correct me if i'm wrong) Lana didn't think that John Gavin was the best choice for Imitation Of Life. She wanted a man with a strongest presence, i think she thought that Gavin lacked that. Below:Lana Turner and director Daniel Mann thrash it out on the set of Who´s Got the Action? by Anonymous reply 144 12/25/2013 Lana was as kookie as i was. It didn't show because she didn't get pills like i did. by Anonymous No kidding now, she was a star though. by Anonymous reply 146 12/25/2013 Lana was super pretty. I just watched "Green Dolphin Street" and was really taken by her. The highlight of the film was looking at this pretty doll/damsel in distress.She looked fresh-faced with that great smile, platinum hair and that angelic face. Her costumes also complimented her curvaceous figure wonderfully: tiny waist. In a bikini she looked like she was small-boned, because even though she was curvaceous, she was still slender. She was the opposite of Audrey Hepburn who was big-boned and skinny. by Anonymous reply 147 02/27/2014 Rooney may have been her "favorite leading man". But that doesn't mean he was her favorite person. I think that she outgrew him intellectually fairly quickly. She was attracted to more sophisticated men like Joe Mankiewicz. by Anonymous 02/28/2014 R2. Mickey had a athletic,hot little body in his day and what I would be willing to wager was a nice, short but thick cock. by Anonymous reply 155 03/01/2014 According to a JOhn Garfield bio published back in 2003/2004, Garfield and Turner had a fling while making Postman. In later years, Turner always gave praise to Garfield for his acting talent. by Anonymous 03/01/2014 "Garfield was sex on a stick" I don't get it. To me, Garfield was a short fugly punk. Absolutely no sex appeal. by Anonymous reply 157 03/01/2014 It must've been tough for a pygmy like Judy to be at MGM with so many beauties. No wonder she turned to pills and booze. by Anonymous reply 158 03/03/2014 I always thought John Garfield was pretty damn cute...a lot cuter than some of the losers Lana dated and even married. by Anonymous reply 159 03/03/2014 [quote]In the early 50's they were next door neighbors and often spent afternoons together while Liza and Cheryl played. Is it true that Judes tried to coax Cheryl into stabbing Sid Luft, too? by Anonymous Lanaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa! Lana come back. Lanaaaaaaa! Sexy Lanaaaaaaaaa! by Anonymous reply 161 03/04/2014 Lana would frequently take a dump in Judy's dressing room when Judy displeased her. It was like Bea Arthur and Betty White forty years before the fact. by Anonymous reply 162 03/04/2014 R164, dunno...i don't care actually. Lana was a femme fatale and i don't mind that she was slutty or even catty... She could really turn somebody on. by Anonymous reply 163 03/04/2014 "It must've been tough for a pygmy like Judy to be at MGM with so many beauties." Yet... Judy is the one we remember. by Anonymous R165, speak for yourself. Lana is as memorable as Judy. by Anonymous reply 167 03/04/2014 #168, only because she stabbed her horse-cocked lover back in the '50's. Ask anyone to name 3 Lana Turner movies. by Anonymous reply 168 03/04/2014 YOU ARE WRONG R169. EVERYBODY KNOWS 'THE POSTMAN ALWAYS RINGS TWICE', 'IMITATION OF LIFE', and 'PEYTON PLACE'. I'M SURE ABOUT THAT! NOW SHUSH... by Anonymous reply 169 03/04/2014 "That is why she worked hard to be presented as "glamorous" in films like Presenting Lily Mars" But she sent up the idea of glamour at the very same time. I don't think her heart was really in it. by Anonymous Of course Judy isn't "the only one we remember". by Anonymous reply 172 03/05/2014 I like Lana a lot too. She was such a peach and i love cats as well... by Anonymous 03/05/2014 Excerpts from the book 'Get Happy: The Life of Judy Garland written by Gerald Clark 'Who would you like to look like?' a friend asked Judy. Judy's reply was instantaneous:'Lana Turner. That is beauty.' Lana had everything Judy longed for:looks, glamour, sex appeal and the ability to land any man she wanted, including the only man Judy wanted. Blond buccaneer that she was, Turner liked them still more if she knew somebody else had her eye on them, and she may have gone after Artie Shaw because Judy had told her of her infatuation:she was to make a mischievous habit of stealing Judy's heartthrobs. 'Every boyfriend i get, Lana comes and takes him away from me,' complained Judy. 'I have a date with a guy, i mention him to Lana, and the first thing i know, she's moved right in.' Most other women would have reacted with hurt and anger to Turner's gleeful plundering. Judy's response was more revealing. She was always hurt and angry of course. But after the initial shock and despair, she also sounded resigned, as if, deep down she expected a sexy goddess like Turner to get the better of a mere mortal, particularly one as plain as Judy believed herself to be. Judy was convinced that she was fat, homely and unattractive to men. by Anonymous 03/20/2014 This one was revealing as well... (excerpt from the same book) Artie Shaw's friendship with Judy was, in fact, more enduring than any of his marriages. Putting on a smiling front, Judy visited the newlyweds a few times, prompting Shaw to inquire why she did not come around more often. Her answer, made without any apparent malice, was as lethal, yet as accurate, as any of Oscar Levant's cracks. 'Lana's nice,' she said, 'but talking to her is like talking to a beautiful vase.' by Anonymous reply 175 03/20/2014 Judy Garland and Marilyn Monroe...i found this link too and i decided to post it as well! There have been several threads regarding Judy's connection to Marilyn Monroe. From what I have heard Judy met Marilyn at a party in the early 50's, Marilyn was still a starlet at the time and apparently Marilyn asked Judy if she would be okay to stay with her for the evening because she was "scared". Judy has been reported to have replied "Honey we're all scared!" Judy was an informal singing coach to Marilyn in her preparation for Some Like It Hot in late 1958, there is a photograph of the two of them together attending some form of event from this time but I can't remember where I have seen this. It always struck me as odd that Marilyn was not at the ASIB premier but I believe this was the time Marilyn had escaped to New York to work at the Actors Studio. Judy was devastated by Marilyn's early death in August 1962, saying something along the lines of "she asked me for help, I mean of all the people she asked me!" by Anonymous reply 176 03/20/2014 I have read Judy was a tremendous caretaker of others. With all her own problems she could probably sense right away when someone else was messed up. She supposedly care-took Bob Walker while they filmed "The Clock." by Anonymous reply 177 03/20/2014 R178, yes, i have read too that Judy tried to be a positive influence on troubled Robert Walker during the filming of 'The Clock'. However, i don't think that Judy could have helped him later, in the last decades of her life. Anyway, that doesn't really matter, because Bob Walker died first in 1951. When they were making 'The Clock' in 1945, Judy was only 23. She still had the energy to be helpful to others and the drugs and pills hadn't destroyed her yet. by Anonymous reply 178 03/20/2014 I love in those old TV interviews Judy is always saying Lana was always outside smoking when they were in the studio lot classroom. Judy was probably too hopped up on diet pills to get up from her desk. by Anonymous 03/20/2014 "Judy was probably too hopped up on diet pills to get up from her desk." If you're hopped up, that means you can't keep still. Why would pills that keep you hopped up make you unable to get up out of a desk? Do you always talk out of your ass that way? by Anonymous reply 183 03/20/2014 Esther Williams once related that at some point her dressing rooms was next to Lanas. Esther ruefully noted that everything in her dressing room was covered in waterproof plastic or lucite. One day when Lana was out, Esther had a peep into her neighbors dressing room "There was nothing but this...giant BED." by Anonymous reply 184 03/20/2014 Interesting that Fernando Lamas, who Esther later married, spent long breaks with Lana in her big-bedded dressing room during "The Merry Widow" shoot. I heard stories that Lana could barely walk after the hard fucks Lamas gave her at lunch. by Anonymous I once read Plain Judy's looks described as "gauche". I think that works. by Anonymous reply 190 03/22/2014 I recall an appearance by Lana on the Mike Douglas Show circa 1975, where she was openly rude to co-host George Carlin, turning her back to him and ignoring him when he asked a question during her interview with Mike, except to give Carlin a look of disgust. by Anonymous reply 191 03/22/2014 Well, I can only imagine what George Carlin must have said to Lana to provoke her. She was very savvy about her public image and was always gracious to interviewers. by Anonymous reply 192 03/22/2014 Cheryl Crane(Lana Turner's daughter) wrote that 'Forever' by Mildred Cram was the favourite book of her mother. Supposedly the story reminded her Tyrone Power and it made her dream about it. She later hoped that she will star with Power in an adaptation of that book but it never happened. What i didn't know and i found out recently is that Mildred Cram was Tyrone Power's favorite author. Supposedly Power introduced Garland to Cram's novella Forever, which Garland could eventually "quote word for word". So i guess, they both Judy and Lana loved Cram's 'Forever' because of Tyrone. How original of them! Lolz...! by Anonymous reply 193 04/22/2014 R193, Tyrone Power was like a woman. I guess Judy and Lana fell for his feminine side like two classy lesbians in the closet would fall. by Anonymous He was the gayest. It can't get more gay than Power. by Anonymous reply 199 04/23/2014 who cares if he was 'gayest' or 'bi-est'. Most readers here are gay or bisexual. Why do we always need to hear shit like that. Like it's a slam. He was a gorgeous guy who turned alot of heads, male and female in his day. by Anonymous reply 200 04/23/2014 R191 Ok, so looks wise Judy wasn't a Lana or Hedy but the girl was beautiful in her own right. Something about those big brown doe eyes. She's always broken my heart. by Anonymous	i don't know
Which actor, who has worked for Governor Schwarzenegger, was at the centre of a sex tape scandal involving a 16-year-old back in 1988?	Rob Lowe \| Wiki & Bio \| 👤 Everipedia On television, Lowe played Sam Seaborn on The West Wing , Senator Robert McCallister on Brothers & Sisters , and Chris Traeger in Parks and Recreation . 2013 saw him portray both Dr. Jack Starz in the HBO television film Behind the Candelabra [2] and President John F. Kennedy in the National Geographic Channel television film Killing Kennedy . In 2014, he began appearing in a series of DirecTV commercials. From 2015 to 2016, he starred alongside Fred Savage in The Grinder on FOX . In addition to receiving an Emmy Award nomination in 2001 for his work on The West Wing, [3] Lowe has been nominated for six Golden Globe Awards ; his nominations span four of the seven categories for male actors. [4] Early life Lowe was born in Charlottesville, Virginia , the son of Barbara Lynn (née Hepler; 1939-2003), a schoolteacher and native of Ohio, and Charles Davis Lowe, a trial lawyer. [5] His parents divorced when Lowe and his younger brother, actor Chad , were very young. Lowe also has two half-brothers. Because of a virus during infancy, he is deaf in his right ear (he later played a deaf character in Stephen King 's The Stand ). Lowe was baptized into the Episcopal church. [6] He is of German, English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry. On the show Who Do You Think You Are? , Lowe found out that one of his ancestors was a Hessian mercenary soldier. His ancestor was fighting under the command of Colonel Johann Gottlieb Rall and was captured at the American Victory at Trenton, New Jersey on the morning of December 26, 1776. As an American POW, his ancestor, Christopher East, was given a choice, and took the option to stay in the USA. [7] Lowe was raised in a "traditional midwestern setting" [6] in Dayton, Ohio , attending Oakwood Junior High School, before moving to the Point Dume area of Malibu, California , with his mother and brother. [8] [9] Lowe attended Santa Monica High School , the same high school as fellow actors Emilio Estevez , Charlie Sheen , Robert Downey, Jr. , Sean Penn , and Chris Penn . [10] Career One of Lowe's earliest roles came in the 1983 TV film Thursday's Child , for which he received his first Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film. His breakthrough role was his big screen debut in 1983, when he and Emilio Estevez were cast in Francis Ford Coppola 's The Outsiders . Lowe played the role of Sodapop Curtis, the brother of the main character Ponyboy Curtis ( C. Thomas Howell ) and Darrel Curtis ( Patrick Swayze ). Lowe and Estevez reunited in St. Elmo's Fire , making them the two more prominent actors from the group known as the Brat Pack . About Last Night... followed, with Demi Moore (who had starred alongside Lowe in St. Elmo's Fire). He then received his second Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the mentally disabled Rory in Square Dance (1987). In August, 1987 he performed on stage, playing Baron Tusenbach in Chekov's The Three Sisters at The Williamstown Theatre Festival. He recalled meeting Paul Newman there, and that the older actor encouraged him to work in the theater, in 1993 when filming a British TV production of the Tennessee Williams play Suddenly Last Summer with Maggie Smith and Natasha Richardson . Lowe is well known for playing Sam Seaborn in the television series The West Wing from 1999 to 2003 (and briefly in 2006). His performance in the show garnered Lowe a Primetime Emmy Award nomination [11] and two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actor in a Drama Series. Lowe was drawn to the role because of his personal love of politics, and his longstanding personal relationship with Martin Sheen , who was cast as President Bartlet . When the show premiered, Seaborn was considered the lead, and the pilot centered on the character. But the acclaimed cast of the show—including Allison Janney , Richard Schiff , Dulé Hill , John Spencer , Bradley Whitford , Martin Sheen (whose President Bartlet was initially scripted as a small role) and Stockard Channing (whose First Lady was initially scripted as a guest role)— were all strong actors and eventually Lowe's character was no longer the lead. Lowe and series creator Aaron Sorkin soon found themselves at odds over the network's meddling with the show, most notably the network demanding changes in the Sam Seaborn character. Eventually, Lowe left the series, not long before Sorkin and director/executive producer Thomas Schlamme unceremoniously quit over a dispute with NBC . During the final season of The West Wing, Lowe returned to his role of Sam Seaborn, appearing in two of the final four episodes. In 2011, Lowe appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and stated that he left the show because he did not feel he was being respected, when the other lead characters received a raise and he did not. [12] After leaving the show, Lowe was the star and executive producer of a failed NBC drama, The Lyon's Den (2003). In 2004, he tried again in a series entitled Dr. Vegas , but it also was quickly canceled. In 2005, he starred as Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee in a London West End production of Sorkin's play A Few Good Men , the first time the two had worked together since The West Wing. Although Lowe had expressed unhappiness about his decreased role on that show at the time of his departure, he has now repeatedly said that any animosity between them is over and that he was pleased to be working once more with Sorkin, whose talents as a writer Lowe highly regards. Lowe passed on the role of Dr. Derek Shepherd of Grey's Anatomy , which eventually went to Patrick Dempsey . [13] Despite his two canceled TV series and flops like View From the Top and the made-for-TV movie Perfect Strangers during his post–West Wing run, Lowe found success in the TV miniseries genre. 2004 marked his return to this genre; he had appeared in 1994's The Stand , based on Stephen King 's book of the same name. In 2004 Lowe starred in the TNT remake of the Stephen King miniseries Salem's Lot which was the highest rated cable program of that summer and the highest ratings TNT original programming had at the time. In 2005 Lowe starred in the miniseries Beach Girls on the Lifetime network, based on the Luanne Rice novel of the same name. The series premiere received the highest ratings for a movie premiere in Lifetime history. In that same year, Lowe filmed his role as a movie agent in the 2006 independent film Thank You for Smoking . In 2006 he filmed The Perfect Day for TNT, in which he took a pay cut to film in New Orleans in order to help the hurricane-ravaged area. That same year, Lowe filmed Stir of Echoes: The Homecoming , the sequel to the 1999 Kevin Bacon thriller Stir of Echoes . In 2006, it was announced that Lowe would join the cast of Brothers & Sisters for a guest run of several episodes. In January 2007, ABC announced that Lowe would be staying on Brothers and Sisters as a "special guest star" for the rest of Season 1 after Lowe's initial appearance on the show in November 2006 brought the best ratings and demographic showing for the show since its premiere. Soon after ABC announced an early Season 2 renewal for Brother & Sisters in March 2007, Lowe announced he would be returning for the show's second season. He continued to appear in the series until the end of the 2009–2010 season. Unhappy with the stories and his lack of screen time in the fourth season, Lowe announced he would leave. In an episode broadcast on May 16, 2010, his character was part of a multi-vehicle crash involving a large truck and was put into a coma , the storyline was wrapped up in the first episode of the fifth season; Lowe did not appear in the episode. In June 2006, he was the guest host for an episode in the third series of The Friday Night Project for the United Kingdom's Channel 4. Lowe has also appeared in a televised advertisement for 'Visit California', along with other celebrities including Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger . (In the advertisement campaign, he was usually pictured in a white tee-shirt printed with the California state flag.) Lowe had a supporting role in the 2009 movie The Invention of Lying and a leading role in Too Late to Say Goodbye. In 2010, he appeared in the biography of the Brat Packers called: Brat Pack: Where Are They Now? He also appeared on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien . Lowe is currently teaming up with 44 Blue to produce a reality series entitled Potomac Fever about young adults living in Washington, D.C. [14] In July 2010, it was announced that Lowe would be providing the voice for the superhero Captain Marvel in the upcoming animated series, Young Justice . [2] It was also announced in July 2010 that Lowe would become a series regular on the series Parks and Recreation . [2] In 2011, Lowe guest starred in a recurring role on Showtime 's comedy Californication . Lowe featured as the troubled but in-demand actor Eddie Nero – a character based upon "about ten people", according to Lowe [17] but somewhat contradicted by sources at Showtime itself [18] – employed to portray Hank in a film version of his book, Fucking and Punching. [2] In 2014, Lowe starred in the satircal thriller Pocket Listing and is also expected to star in the pilot for the single-camera comedy The Pro as Ben Bertrahm, a former professional tennis player. [2] In 2014, Lowe narrated, The '90s: The Last Great Decade?, on National Geographic Channel, which aired in July. [2] Lowe has been a commercial spokesman for DirecTV since fall 2014. Commercials featuring Lowe contrast him with some alternate, less appealing form of Lowe, who instead has cable . [2] The advertisements were pulled in April 2015 after the National Advertising Division , acting on a complaint by Comcast , found DirecTV's claims about its customer satisfaction, quality, and ranking to be less than truthful. [23] In February 2015, Fox announced they had greenlit a pilot for the comedy The Grinder starring Rob Lowe that would be directed by Jake Kasdan. [2] In 2011, Lowe wrote a memoir titled Stories I Only Tell My Friends, which was released in May 2011. [14] [25] During his promotional tour for Stories I Only Tell My Friends, Lowe told Australian radio show The Kyle & Jackie O Show that during his five-day press visit to Australia in 1990, he was so badly affected by the overuse of painkillers that the only two things he remembers from the trip was being at the Sydney Zoo and getting a tattoo , although he states in his book that he does not remember getting the tattoo. In 2014, Lowe wrote a second book titled Love Life, which was released in April that year. He uses stories and observations from his life in a poignant and humorous series of true tales about men and women, art and commerce, fathers and sons, addiction and recovery, and sex and love. In November 2015, Lowe voiced Simba in the Disney movie and series The Lion Guard . [26] In December 2015, Lowe was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. His star is located in front of the Musso and Frank Grill on Hollywood Boulevard. [27] In 2015, Lowe launched Profile™, [28] a men's skincare product line. The line features a collection of five antiaging products specially formulated for men. It is currently sold at Nordstrom stores and online. [29] The product collection includes a cleanser, a shave gel, an aftershave serum, a moisturizer, and an eye serum in the price range of $24.50 to $59.50. [30] In 2016, Lowe will launch a fragrance product line called 18 Amber Wood with the Profile™ brand. [31] Personal life Family and relationships Lowe married Sheryl Berkoff in July 1991. They met each other in 1983 on a blind date, and again in 1989 when Lowe was filming Bad Influence . [32] The couple have two sons: Matthew Edward Lowe (b. 1993), and John Owen Lowe (b. 1995). Sex tape In 1988, Lowe was involved in a sex scandal over a videotape of him having sex with a 16-year-old girl he met in a night club. They were videotaped the night before the Democratic National Convention in Atlanta , Georgia. As the age of consent is 16 in Georgia, both were of legal age to engage in sexual activity, although not to be recorded. [33] At the time, Lowe was campaigning for Michael Dukakis . [34] Another part of the same tape was leaked at the time, showing Lowe and his friend Justin Moritt both having sexual intercourse and oral sex with a young American model named Jennifer, who was never identified, in a hotel room in Paris . This part of the original tape was sold as one of the first commercially available celebrity sex tapes , damaging Lowe's public image . [35] Eventually, his career rebounded, and Lowe mocked his own behavior during two post-scandal appearances as host of Saturday Night Live . [3] Nanny lawsuit cases In April 2008, Lowe filed separate lawsuits against three former employees accusing them of breach of contract, defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Lowe accused an ex‑nanny of engaging in a scheme to hurt the couple by spreading "malicious lies." Another ex‑nanny was accused of falsely claiming to have had a personal and intimate relationship with Lowe, and also repeatedly expressing romantic interest in Lowe, claiming Lowe sexually harassed her and that Sheryl Lowe was an abusive employer. Rob Lowe claimed a former chef engaged in sex on their bed when the family was out of town, stole prescription drugs from the Lowes, broke several security cameras, overcharged them for food, and allegedly made statements to various people that Sheryl was heartless, cold and unclean. [3] Jessica Gibson, 24-year-old former nanny for Lowe, made 12 allegations against Lowe involving sexual harassment claims and labor-code violations. On June 19, 2008, Santa Barbara, California , Superior Court Judge Denise de Bellefeuille dismissed two allegations regarding labor-code violations due to lack of legal basis. [3] The legal battle ended in May 2009, the press reported that court records showed that lawsuits filed by both nannies and Lowe were dismissed in Santa Barbara. Attorneys for both women and Lowe sought the dismissals. [3] Philanthropy Lowe was the first male spokesperson for the 2000 Lee National Denim Day fundraiser, which raises millions of dollars for breast cancer research and education. His grandmother and great-grandmother both suffered from breast cancer, and his mother died of the disease in late 2003. [3] [3] Lowe is a founder of the Homeowner's Defense Fund, a Santa Barbara County non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to local control of land-use planning and transparency in government. The average price of tract homes in Santa Barbara in early 2006 was US$1,100,000, which motivated some to propose denser housing on existing lots. While in favor of increasing housing density, Lowe sought to build a 14,260-square-foot (1,325 m2) mansion for himself on an empty lot in Montecito, California . [3] His protest over the appearance of the address of the empty lot in the Santa Barbara News-Press precipitated a mass resignation of senior employees at that newspaper on July 6, 2006. [3] [4] [45] Filmography	Rob Lowe
In the painting called Self Portrait With Bandaged Ear by Van Gogh, is Van Gogh's left ear or right ear bandaged?	Rob Lowe - 必应 Sign in Rob Lowe Robert Hepler " Rob" Lowe (/ˈrɒb ˈloʊ/; born March 17, 1964) is an American actor. He garnered fame after appearing in such films as The Outsiders , Oxford Blues, About Last Night..., St. Elmo's Fire, Wayne's World, Tommy Boy, and Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me. On television, Lowe played Sam Seaborn on The West Wing, Senator Robert McCallister on Brothers & Sisters, and Chris Traeger in Parks and Recreation. He played President John F. Kennedy in Killing Kennedy, a 2013 television film that premiered on National Geographic ... (展开) Channel. In 2014, he began appearing in a series of DirecTV commercials. As of 2015, he stars alongside Fred Savage in The Grinder on FOX. rob lowe sex tape 本结果选自1003项相关网络资源 In 1988, Lowe was involved in a sex scandal over a videotape of him having sex with a 22-year-old woman and a 16-year-old girl he met in a night club. They were videotaped with Lowe during the night before the Democratic National Convention in Atlanta, Georgia. As the age of consent is 16 in Georgia... Rob Lowe是美剧兄弟姐妹的…… 图片:http://d.hiphotos.baidu.com/zhidao/wh%3D600%2C800/sign=3fc3693d97dda144da5c64b48287fc9a/10dfa9ec8a13632751c40f1d918fa0ec08fac7f7.jpg 答姓名：Rob Lowe原名：Robert Hepler Lowe译名：罗伯·劳生日：1964年3月17日出生地：美国弗吉尼亚洲妻子：Sheryl Berkoff(1991.7.22)星座：双鱼星身高：180厘米[编辑本段]生平1964年3月17日生于弗吉尼亚州。父母离异后... Rob Lowe Early life Lowe was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, the son of Barbara Lynn (née Hepler; 1939-2003), a schoolteacher and native of Ohio, and Charles Davis Lowe, a trial lawyer. His parents divorced when Lowe and his younger brother, actor Chad, were very young. Lowe also has two half-brothers. Because of a virus during infancy, he is deaf in his right ear (he later played a deaf character in Stephen King's The Stand). Lowe was baptized into the Episcopal church. He is of German, English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry. He was raised in a "traditional midwestern setting" in Dayton, Ohio, attending Oakwood Junior High School, before moving to the Point Dume area of Malibu, California, with his mother and brother. Lowe attended Santa Monica High School, the same high school as fellow actors Emilio Estevez, Charlie Sheen, Robert Downey, Jr., Sean Penn, and Chris Penn. Rob Lowe Career One of Lowe's earliest roles came in the 1983 TV film Thursday's Child, for which he received his first Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film. His breakthrough role was his big screen debut in 1983, when he and Emilio Estevez were cast in Francis Ford Coppola's The Outsiders. Lowe played the role of Sodapop Curtis, the brother of the main character Ponyboy Curtis (C. Thomas Howell) and Darrel Curtis (Patrick Swayze). Lowe and Estevez reunited in St. Elmo's Fire, making them the two more prominent actors from the group known as the Brat Pack. About Last Night... followed, with Demi Moore (who had starred alongside Lowe in St. Elmo's Fire). He then received his second Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the mentally disabled Rory in Square Dance (1987). In August, 1987 he performed on stage, playing Baron Tusenbach in Chekov's The Three Sisters at The Williamstown Theatre Festival. Lowe is well known for playing Sam Seaborn in the television series The West Wing from 1999 to 2003 (and briefly in 2006). His performance in the show garnered Lowe a Primetime Emmy Award nomination and two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actor in a Drama Series. Lowe was drawn to the role because of his personal love of politics, and his longstanding personal relationship with Martin Sheen, Emilio Estevez's father, who was cast as President Bartlet. When the show premiered, Seaborn was considered the lead, and the pilot centered on the character. But the acclaimed cast of the show—including Allison Janney, Richard Schiff, Dulé Hill, John Spencer, Bradley Whitford, Martin Sheen (whose President Bartlet was initially scripted as a small role) and Stockard Channing (whose First Lady was initially scripted as a guest role)— were all strong actors and eventually Lowe's character was no longer the lead. Lowe and series creator Aaron Sorkin soon found themselves at odds over the network's meddling with the show, most notably the network demanding changes in the Sam Seaborn character. Eventually, Lowe left the series, not long before Sorkin and director/executive producer Thomas Schlamme unceremoniously quit over a dispute with NBC. During the final season of The West Wing, Lowe returned to his role of Sam Seaborn, appearing in two of the final four episodes. In 2011, Lowe appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and stated that he left the show because he did not feel he was being respected, when the other lead characters received a raise and he did not. After leaving the show, Lowe was star and executive producer of a failed NBC drama, The Lyon's Den (2003). In 2004, he tried again in a series entitled Dr. Vegas, but it also was quickly canceled. In 2005, he starred as Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee in a London West End production of Sorkin's play A Few Good Men, the first time the two had worked together since The West Wing. Although Lowe had expressed unhappiness about his decreased role on that show at the time of his departure, he has now repeatedly said that any animosity between them is over and that he was pleased to be working once more with Sorkin, whose talents as a writer Lowe highly regards. Lowe passed on the role of Dr. Derek Shepherd of Grey's Anatomy, which eventually went to Patrick Dempsey. Despite his two canceled TV series and flops like View From the Top and the made-for-TV movie Perfect Strangers during his post–West Wing run, Lowe found success in the TV miniseries genre. 2004 marked his return to this genre; he had appeared in 1994's The Stand, based on Stephen King's book of the same name. In 2004 Lowe starred in the TNT remake of the Stephen King miniseries Salem's Lot which was the highest rated cable program of that summer and the highest ratings TNT original programming had at the time. In 2005 Lowe starred in the miniseries Beach Girls on the Lifetime network, based on the Luanne Rice novel of the same name. The series premiere received the highest ratings for a movie premiere in Lifetime history. In that same year, Lowe filmed his role as a movie agent in the 2006 independent film Thank You for Smoking. In 2006 he filmed The Perfect Day for TNT, in which he took a pay cut to film in New Orleans in order to help the hurricane-ravaged area. That same year, Lowe filmed Stir of Echoes: The Homecoming, the sequel to the 1999 Kevin Bacon thriller Stir of Echoes. In 2006, it was announced that Lowe would join the cast of Brothers & Sisters for a guest run of several episodes. In January 2007, ABC announced that Lowe would be staying on Brothers and Sisters as a "special guest star" for the rest of Season 1 after Lowe's initial appearance on the show in November 2006 brought the best ratings and demographic showing for the show since its premiere. Soon after ABC announced an early Season 2 renewal for Brother & Sisters in March 2007, Lowe announced he would be returning for the show's second season. He continued to appear in the series until the end of the 2009–2010 season. Unhappy with the stories and his lack of screen time in the fourth season, Lowe announced he would leave. In an episode broadcast on May 16, 2010, his character was part of a multi-vehicle crash involving a large truck and was put into a coma, the storyline was wrapped up in the first episode of the fifth season; Lowe did not appear in the episode. In June 2006, he was the guest host for an episode in the third series of The Friday Night Project for the United Kingdom's Channel 4. Lowe has also appeared in a televised advertisement for 'Visit California', along with other celebrities including Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. (In the advertisement campaign, he was usually pictured in a white tee-shirt printed with the California state flag.) Lowe had a supporting role in the 2009 movie The Invention of Lying and a leading role in Too Late to Say Goodbye. In 2010, he appeared in the biography of the Brat Packers called: Brat Pack: Where Are They Now? He also appeared on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien. Lowe is currently teaming up with 44 Blue to produce a reality series entitled Potomac Fever about young adults living in Washington, D.C. In July 2010, it was announced that Lowe would be providing the voice for the superhero Captain Marvel in the upcoming animated series, Young Justice. It was also announced in July 2010 that Lowe would become a series regular on the series Parks and Recreation. In 2011, Lowe guest starred in a recurring role on Showtime's comedy Californication. Lowe featured as the troubled but in-demand actor Eddie Nero – a character based upon "about ten people", according to Lowe but somewhat contradicted by sources at Showtime itself – employed to portray Hank in a film version of his book, Fucking and Punching. In 2014, Lowe will star in the satircal thriller Pocket Listing and is also expected to star in the pilot for the single-camera comedy The Pro as Ben Bertrahm, a former professional tennis player. In 2014, Lowe narrated, The '90s: The Last Great Decade?, on National Geographic Channel, which aired in July. Lowe has been a commercial spokesman for DirecTV since fall 2014. Commercials featuring Lowe contrast him with some alternate, less appealing form of Lowe, who instead has cable. The advertisements were pulled in April 2015 after the National Advertising Division, acting on a complaint by Comcast, found DirecTV's claims about its customer satisfaction, quality, and ranking to be less than truthful. In February 2015, Fox announced they had greenlit a pilot for the comedy The Grinder starring Rob Lowe that would be directed by Jake Kasdan. In 2011, Lowe wrote a memoir titled Stories I Only Tell My Friends, which was released in May 2011. During his promotional tour for Stories I Only Tell My Friends, Lowe told Australian radio show The Kyle & Jackie O Show that during his five-day press visit to Australia in 1990, he was so badly affected by the overuse of painkillers that the only two things he remembers from the trip was being at the Sydney Zoo and getting a tattoo, although he states in his book that he does not remember getting the tattoo. In 2014, Lowe wrote a second book titled Love Life, which was released in April that year. He uses stories and observations from his life in a poignant and humorous series of true tales about men and women, art and commerce, fathers and sons, addiction and recovery, and sex and love. In 2015, Lowe launched Profile 4 Men, a men's skincare product line. The line features a collection of five antiaging products specially formulated for men. It is currently sold at Nordstrom stores and online. The product collection includes a cleanser, a shave gel, an aftershave serum, a moisturizer, and an eye serum in the price range of $24.50 to $59.50. In 2016, Lowe will launch a fragrance product line with the Profile 4 Men brand. In November 2015, Lowe will voice Simba in the Disney movie and series The Lion Guard. In December 2015, Lowe was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. His star is located in front of the Musso and Frank Grill on Hollywood Boulevard. Sex tape In 1988, Lowe was involved in a sex scandal over a videotape of him having sex with a 22-year-old woman and a 16-year-old girl he met in a night club. They were videotaped with Lowe during the night before the Democratic National Convention in Atlanta, Georgia. As the age of consent is 16 in Georgia, both were of legal age to engage in sexual activity, although not to be recorded. At the time, Lowe was campaigning for Michael Dukakis. Another part of the same tape was leaked at the time, showing Lowe and his friend Justin Moritt both having sexual intercourse and oral sex with a young American model named Jennifer, who was never identified, in a hotel room in Paris. This part of the original tape was sold as one of the first commercially available celebrity sex tapes, damaging Lowe's public image. Eventually, his career rebounded, and Lowe mocked his own behavior during two post-scandal appearances as host of Saturday Night Live. Nanny lawsuit cases In April 2008, Lowe filed separate lawsuits against three former employees accusing them of breach of contract, defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Lowe accused an ex‑nanny of engaging in a scheme to hurt the couple by spreading "malicious lies." Another ex‑nanny was accused of falsely claiming to have had a personal and intimate relationship with Lowe, and also repeatedly expressing romantic interest in Lowe, claiming Lowe sexually harassed her and that Sheryl Lowe was an abusive employer. Rob Lowe claimed a former chef engaged in sex on their bed when the family was out of town, stole prescription drugs from the Lowes, broke several security cameras, overcharged them for food, and allegedly made statements to various people that Sheryl was heartless, cold and unclean. Jessica Gibson, 24-year-old former nanny for Lowe, made 12 allegations against Lowe involving sexual harassment claims and labor-code violations. On June 19, 2008, Santa Barbara, California, Superior Court Judge Denise de Bellefeuille dismissed two allegations regarding labor-code violations due to lack of legal basis. The legal battle ended in May 2009, the press reported that court records showed that lawsuits filed by both nannies and Lowe were dismissed in Santa Barbara. Attorneys for both women and Lowe sought the dismissals. Rob Lowe Philanthropy Lowe was the first male spokesperson for the 2000 Lee National Denim Day fundraiser, which raises millions of dollars for breast cancer research and education. His grandmother and great-grandmother both suffered from breast cancer, and his mother died of the disease in late 2003. Lowe is a founder of the Homeowner's Defense Fund, a Santa Barbara County non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to local control of land-use planning and transparency in government. The average price of tract homes in Santa Barbara in early 2006 was US$1,100,000, which motivated some to propose denser housing on existing lots. While in favor of increasing housing density, Lowe sought to build a 14,260-square-foot (1,325 m2) mansion for himself on an empty lot in Montecito, California. His protest over the appearance of the address of the empty lot in the Santa Barbara News-Press precipitated a mass resignation of senior employees at that newspaper on July 6, 2006. ^ "Monitor". Entertainment Weekly (1251): 25. Mar 22, 2013. ^ "Killing Kennedy". Killing Kennedy - National Geographic Channel. ^ "Rob Lowe profile at FilmReference.com". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2011-11-25. ^ a b Fanshawe, Simon (March 23, 2002). "Pretty witty". The Guardian (London). Retrieved May 22, 2010. ^ Stated on Who Do You Think You Are?, April 27, 2012 ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000507/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm ^ Vanity Fair, Rob Lowe on His Early Years as an Actor, His Friendships with the Sheens and Tom Cruise, and the Movie that Launched His Career, The Outsiders March 29, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2012. ^ New York Times, He's Handsome — You Noticed? — but Not Just April 20, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2012. ^ Oprah.com, Stories Rob Lowe Only Tells His Friends April 28, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2012. ^ Lowe, Rob. Stories I Only Tell My Friends. 2011. ^ Christian Science Monitor Williamstown turns up the star power for Chekhov by Hilary DeVries. August 28, 1987. ^ "Rob Lowe". Television Academy. ^ "Rob Lowe on 'West Wing' departure – KARIN TANABE \| POLITICO CLICK". Politico.com. April 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-25. ^ Keck, William (November 17, 2006). "Lowe back in politics". USA Today. Retrieved May 22, 2010. ^ a b "Rob Lowe to Write Memoir, Produce Reality TV". TVGuide.com. ^ CCI: Shazam! Rob Lowe To Voice Captain Marvel In Young Justice «Spinoff Online – Covering TV, Film and Entertainment News Daily. Spinoff.comicbookresources.com (July 22, 2010). Retrieved January 19, 2011. ^ Rice, Lynette. (July 30, 2010) Rob Lowe joins 'Parks and Recreation' as a series regular (Inside TV, EW.com). Insidetv.ew.com. Retrieved January 19, 2011. ^ "Californication: Rob Lowe on Californication". Californication. Showtime. Retrieved August 11, 2011. ^ Porter, Rick. "Rob Lowe IS Brad Pitt on 'Californication'". From Inside the Box. Zap2It. Retrieved August 11, 2011. ^ Bierly, Mandi. (April 26, 2010) Rob Lowe to guest on 'Californication': Another reason to be happy he's leaving 'Brothers & Sisters' (PopWatch, EW.com). Popwatch.ew.com. Retrieved January 19, 2011. ^ Elavsky, Cindy (February 16, 2014). "Celebrity Extra". King Features. Retrieved May 8, 2014. ^ "Rob Lowe to Narrate National Geographic Channel's Miniseries Event 'The '90's: The Last Great Decade?' - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com". TVbytheNumbers. ^ Grey NY introduces yet another Rob Lowe for DirecTV. Mediabistro.com. Retrieved January 11, 2015. ^ Justin Wm. Moyer (April 8, 2015). "Rob Lowe DirecTV ad campaign nixed". Washington Post. ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth. "Fox Orders Rob Lowe Comedy 'The Grinder' To Pilot". Variety. ^ "Exclusive: Rob Lowe Opens Up: The Brat Pack, Love, Sex, Scandal, Sobriety". Oprah.com. April 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-25. ^ Lowe, Rob (May 31, 2011). Celebrity interview. Interview with The Kyle & Jackie O Show. Today Network. 2DayFM. Sydney, Australia. ^ "Profile 4 Men". ^ "Profile 4 Men Skincare Line". ^ Naughton, Julie (May 19, 2015). "Rob Lowe Launching Profile Skin Care Line". WWD. Retrieved 2016-01-19. ^ "Lion King spin-off taps Rob Lowe as Simba, Gabrielle Union, James Earl Jones and more". ew.com. August 12, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-12. ^ http://abc7.com/entertainment/rob-lowe-gets-star-on-hollywood-walk-of-fame/1114879/ ^ "Rob Lowe". Yahoo! TV. Retrieved July 25, 2012. ^ Green, Michelle (March 19, 1990), "Rob Lowe's Tale of the Tape", People 33 (11), pp.58–65 ^ Berens, Jessica (July 8, 2001). "Lowe profile". The Observer. Retrieved August 7, 2010. ^ Ogunnaike, Lola (March 19, 2006). "Sex, Lawsuits and Celebrities Caught on Tape". New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2011. ^ "Church Chat: Church Lady Spanks Rob Lowe". NBC. 1990-03-17. Retrieved June 2, 2014. ^ Dodd, Johnny. (April 7, 2008) Rob Lowe Lawsuit Claims Ex-Employee Had Sex on His Bed, Stole Prescription Drugs. People.com. Retrieved January 19, 2011. ^ Lee, Ken (June 19, 2008). "Judge Dismisses Two Claims Against Rob Lowe". People. Retrieved June 19, 2008. ^ Rob Lowe Ends Fight With Second Nanny ABC. May 14, 2009 ^ Merriam, Kan (October 2, 2000). "Millions Join Breast Cancer Crusade Americans to Rally in Denim On Lee National Denim Day(R) October 6th". Retrieved December 29, 2012. ^ "How to Cope With Breast Cancer". CNN. September 15, 2000. Retrieved December 29, 2012. ^ Santa Barbara County Planning and Development. Applications.sbcountyplanning.org. Retrieved January 19, 2011. ^ Rainey, James (July 7, 2006). "5 Editors, Columnist Quit in Santa Barbara". LA Times. Retrieved 29 December 2012. ^ Roderick \|, Kevin (July 13, 2006). "Dueling versions in Santa Barbara". www.laobserved.com. Retrieved December 29, 2012. ^ American Journalism Review, December 2005/January 2006, (archived in WebCite on June 4, 2007) ^ Bollywood/Hockey Drama Break Away stars filming with Lowe, Belle Indie Wire. September 28, 2010 ^ "Rob Lowe driving Monster Trucks". moviehole.net. April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014. ^ "Rob Lowe Joins 'Monster Trucks'". April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014. ^ "Beautiful & Twisted". mylifetime.com. January 16, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.	i don't know
Where in the human body would you find the scaphoid bone?	Scaphoid Bone Anatomy, Definition & Area \| Body Maps Your message has been sent. OK We're sorry, an error occurred. We are unable to collect your feedback at this time. However, your feedback is important to us. Please try again later. Close Scaphoid The scaphoid is a carpal bone in the wrist. It sits on the radial or lateral side of the wrist near the thumb. It is the largest bone in the wrist's proximal row. Lunate, triquetral, and pisiform are the remaining bones in the proximal row. Trapezium, trapezoid, capitates, and hamate are bones in the distal row. This bone has several distinct surfaces: superior, inferior, dorsal, volar, lateral, medial, and distal convex. The superior and inferior surfaces are smooth and convex. The dorsal surface is narrow and rough, accommodating ligament attachment. The volar surface is concave on top with an elevated and rounded lateral end attaching to the transverse carpal ligament. The lateral surface is narrow and rough, attaching to the wrist's radial collateral ligament. The medial surface has two articular facets. One is smaller and flat. The other is larger and concave. Scaphoid fractures are common injuries in vehicular accidents and sports-related injuries. These fractures typically occur when the body falls on an outstretched wrist. Sixty percent of all carpal fractures are scaphoid related.	in wrist
Which organ of the human body does hepatitis affect?	bones of the human body – ScienceUnraveled.com bones of the human body Illustration of Location of Bones in Human Body The bones of the human body make up the skeletal system. In humans and all vertebrates the skeletal system is an endoskeleton, meaning within the body rather than an exoskeleton seen in insects or arthropods.An adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones. To better understand the human skeleton the bones are divided into axial and appendicular. The axial skeleton forms the trunk and skull of the body while the appendicular skeleton forms the internal support of both the upper and lower extremities. The next few tables and images should better illustrate the different bones of the human body. Axial Skeleton 2 Coxae 2 The total number of bones in the appendicular skeleton is 126 bones. The arms in the human body are composed of two humeri, two radial bones, two ulnae, sixteen carpals, seven metacarpals, and 28 phalanges. The wrist is composed by the eight meta carpal bones. The row of bones closer to the heart are the proximal row and contain the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, and pisiform. The row of bones in the wrist farther from the heart is the distal row composed of the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate. The legs also have 60 bones, each composed of a femur, patella, tibia, seven tarsals, ten metatarsals, fourteen phalanges. The foot is composed of the seven tarsal bones: the talus, navicular, cuboid, calcaneus, and three cuneiform bones. Both the fingers and toes are referred to as digits. Each finger and toe contains three phalanges, except the thumb and big two which are composed of two. The arms are connected to the axial skeleton by the pectoral girdle which is composed of two clavicles and two scapulae. The legs are attached to the axial skeleton via the pelvic girdle where the thigh bone (femur) joins at the acetabular fossa of the coxal bone. Each of the coxal bones are are formed from the fusion of the ilium, pubis, and ischium. This breakdown of the human skeleton should help to visualize the location of the specific bones.	i don't know
How many pairs of chromosomes are there in the human body?	How many chromosomes are there in a human body cell? \| eNotes How many chromosomes are there in a human body cell? lynn30k \| High School Teacher \| (Level 1) Educator Posted on May 30, 2012 at 3:06 PM I have to correct the first answerer--the "normal" number of 46 chromosomes is the DIPLOID number, not the haploid. In egg and sperm cells, half the number is present, and this is known as the haploid number. In some individuals, the diploid number is off; this is known as either a monosomy (only one of the usual pair is present), or a trisomy (3 copies, instead of two). The most well-known trisomy is Trisomy 21--3 copies of the 21st pair, otherwise known as Down Syndrome. This is not always obvious simply from counting chromosomes in a karyotype, as the extra material can be attached to another chromosome. Extra/missing X or Y chromosomes are other common genetic mistakes. like 18 dislike 1 sanjeetmanna \| College Teacher \| (Level 3) Assistant Educator Posted on There are 46 chromosomes that is 23 pairs of chromosomes that is 22 pair of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. like 9 dislike 0 aimeevd \| (Level 1) Adjunct Educator Posted on January 12, 2013 at 10:36 PM 23 pairs of chromosomes, which results in 46 chromosomes. 22 of the pairs are automsomes, while 1 pair in the sex chromosomes (which XX results in a female and XY results in a male). I would like to clarify that sometimes people can have more or less than 46 chromosomes is not due to mutation, but rather nondisjunction. Basically it is caused by improper division of chromosomes during meiosis. The only time someone can survive from nondisjunction (result in a vilable baby) is when the person has an extra chromosomes 21, or an extra sex chromosomes. Also one may survive with only 1 X chromosome or missing part of chromosome 5. Extra chromosome 21: Down Syndrome Missing a partial Chromosome 5: Cri du chat Syndrome (aka Cat's Cry) XXX: Tripe X Syndrome June 14, 2012 at 10:53 AM There are 22 pairs of autosomes( chromosomes which are responsible for any feature in the body other than sex determination) and 1 pair of allosomes or sex chromosomes( wwhich determines the sex of an individual). Therefore there is a total of 23 pairs of chromosome in a human body cell. However the human gametes formed by meiosis have haploid number of chromosomes i.e. they have only 23 chromosomes instead of 46; so that after fertilization the zygote has 23 pairs of chromosome(23 from the sperm and 23 from the ovum). like 10 dislike 0	23
What common name is given to those who suffer from kyphosis?	Take a look at human chromosomes :: DNA from the Beginning LINKS Cross pure-bred pea plants to identify dominant flower color. HI! Let's look at human chromosomes. This is a photomicrograph of stained human chromosomes from one body cell. How many chromosomes are there? 92. No, count again. 23. No, try again. These are the broken pieces of one long chromosome. No, Walther Flemming did think that chromosomes exist as one long piece that broke up during mitosis, but this is not true. 46. That is correct. Human cells normally have 46 chromosomes; this is the diploid number. Chromosomes are usually arranged in a karyotype, where homologs are shown side by side. This is useful for identifying some human disorders. In this karyotype, how many pairs of chromosomes are there? 46. No, try again. 23. That is correct. [HUMAN KARYOTYPE] Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. How many of these chromosomes will be found in an egg cell? All 46 chromosomes. No, sex cells have a half set of chromosomes. 23, one from each pair. That is correct. 23, pairs 1-11 and one selected randomly from the remaining pairs. Human sex cells do have 23 chromosomes, but not these 23. 23, 11 random pairs and one extra. Human sex cells do have 23 chromosomes, but not these 23. None, egg cells don't have chromosomes. No, sex cells do have chromosomes. Meiosis reduces chromosome number so that sex cells (eggs and sperm) have a half set of chromosomes–one homolog of each pair. This is the haploid number.	i don't know
What name is given to the only muscle in the human body that is only attached at one end?	How Muscles Work \| HowStuffWorks How Muscles Work Muscles of the human body Photo courtesy National Library of Medicine Muscles are one of those things that most of us take completely for granted, but they are incredibly important for two key reasons: Muscles are the "engine" that your body uses to propel itself. Although they work differently than a car engine or an electric motor , muscles do the same thing -- they turn energy into motion. It would be impossible for you to do anything without your muscles. Absolutely everything that you conceive of with your brain is expressed as muscular motion. The only ways for you to express an idea are with the muscles of your larynx, mouth and tongue (spoken words), with the muscles of your fingers (written words or "talking with your hands") or with the skeletal muscles (body language, dancing, running, building or fighting, to name a few). Because muscles are so crucial to any animal, they are incredibly sophisticated. They are efficient at turning fuel into motion, they are long-lasting, they are self-healing and they are able to grow stronger with practice. They do everything from allowing you to walk to keeping your blood flowing! Up Next How Bones Work When most people think of "muscles," they think about the muscles that we can see. For example, most of us know about the biceps muscles in our arms. But there are three unique kinds of muscle in any mammal's body: Skeletal muscle is the type of muscle that we can see and feel. When a body builder works out to increase muscle mass, skeletal muscle is what is being exercised . Skeletal muscles attach to the skeleton and come in pairs -- one muscle to move the bone in one direction and another to move it back the other way. These muscles usually contract voluntarily, meaning that you think about contracting them and your nervous system tells them to do so. They can do a short, single contraction (twitch) or a long, sustained contraction (tetanus). Smooth muscle is found in your digestive system, blood vessels, bladder, airways and, in a female , the uterus. Smooth muscle has the ability to stretch and maintain tension for long periods of time. It contracts involuntarily, meaning that you do not have to think about contracting it because your nervous system controls it automatically. For example, your stomach and intestines do their muscular thing all day long, and, for the most part, you never know what's going on in there. Cardiac muscle is found only in your heart, and its big features are endurance and consistency. It can stretch in a limited way, like smooth muscle, and contract with the force of a skeletal muscle. It is a twitch muscle only and contracts involuntarily. In this article, we will look at the different types of muscles in your body and the amazing technology that allows them to work so well. From here on, we will focus on skeletal muscle. The basic molecular processes are the same in all three types.	The Tongue
Where does Homer Simpson work?	Your Muscles Your Muscles Tus músculos Did you know you have more than 600 muscles in your body? They do everything from pumping blood throughout your body to helping you lift your heavy backpack. You control some of your muscles, while others — like your heart — do their jobs without you thinking about them at all. Muscles are all made of the same material, a type of elastic tissue (sort of like the material in a rubber band). Thousands, or even tens of thousands, of small fibers make up each muscle. You have three different types of muscles in your body: smooth muscle, cardiac (say: KAR-dee-ak) muscle, and skeletal (say: SKEL-uh-tul) muscle. Smooth Muscles Smooth muscles — sometimes also called involuntary muscles — are usually in sheets, or layers, with one layer of muscle behind the other. You can't control this type of muscle. Your brain and body tell these muscles what to do without you even thinking about it. You can't use your smooth muscles to make a muscle in your arm or jump into the air. But smooth muscles are at work all over your body. In your stomach and digestive system, they contract (tighten up) and relax to allow food to make its journey through the body. Your smooth muscles come in handy if you're sick and you need to throw up. The muscles push the food back out of the stomach so it comes up through the esophagus (say: ih-SAH-fuh-gus) and out of the mouth. Smooth muscles are also found in your bladder. When they're relaxed, they allow you to hold in urine (pee) until you can get to the bathroom. Then they contract so that you can push the urine out. These muscles are also in a woman's uterus, which is where a baby develops. There they help to push the baby out of the mother's body when it's time to be born. You'll find smooth muscles at work behind the scenes in your eyes, too. These muscles keep the eyes focused. continue A Hearty Muscle The muscle that makes up the heart is called cardiac muscle. It is also known as the myocardium (say: my-uh-KAR-dee-um). The thick muscles of the heart contract to pump blood out and then relax to let blood back in after it has circulated through the body. Just like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle works all by itself with no help from you. A special group of cells within the heart are known as the pacemaker of the heart because it controls the heartbeat. Skeletal Muscle Now, let's talk about the kind of muscle you think of when we say "muscle" — the ones that show how strong you are and let you boot a soccer ball into the goal. These are your skeletal muscles — sometimes called striated (say: STRY-ay-tud) muscle because the light and dark parts of the muscle fibers make them look striped (striated is a fancy word meaning striped). Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, which means you can control what they do. Your leg won't bend to kick the soccer ball unless you want it to. These muscles help to make up the musculoskeletal (say: mus-kyuh-low-SKEL-uh-tul) system — the combination of your muscles and your skeleton, or bones. Together, the skeletal muscles work with your bones to give your body power and strength. In most cases, a skeletal muscle is attached to one end of a bone. It stretches all the way across a joint (the place where two bones meet) and then attaches again to another bone. Skeletal muscles are held to the bones with the help of tendons (say: TEN-dunz). Tendons are cords made of tough tissue, and they work as special connector pieces between bone and muscle. The tendons are attached so well that when you contract one of your muscles, the tendon and bone move along with it. Skeletal muscles come in many different sizes and shapes to allow them to do many types of jobs. Some of your biggest and most powerful muscles are in your back, near your spine. These muscles help keep you upright and standing tall. They also give your body the power it needs to lift and push things. Muscles in your neck and the top part of your back aren't as large, but they are capable of some pretty amazing things: Try rotating your head around, back and forth, and up and down to feel the power of the muscles in your neck. These muscles also hold your head high. previous continue Face Muscles You may not think of it as a muscular body part, but your face has plenty of muscles. You can check them out next time you look in the mirror. Facial muscles don't all attach directly to bone like they do in the rest of the body. Instead, many of them attach under the skin. This allows you to contract your facial muscles just a tiny bit and make dozens of different kinds of faces. Even the smallest movement can turn a smile into a frown. You can raise your eyebrow to look surprised or wiggle your nose. And while you're looking at your face, don't pass over your tongue — a muscle that's attached only at one end! Your tongue is actually made of a group of muscles that work together to allow you to talk and help you chew food. Stick out your tongue and wiggle it around to see those muscles at work. Major Muscles Because there are so many skeletal muscles in your body, we can't list them all here. But here are a few of the major ones: In each of your shoulders is a deltoid (say: DEL-toyd) muscle. Your deltoid muscles help you move your shoulders every which way — from swinging a softball bat to shrugging your shoulders when you're not sure of an answer. The pectoralis (say: pek-tuh-RAH-lus) muscles are found on each side of your upper chest. These are usually called pectorals (say: PEK-tuh-rulz), or pecs, for short. When many boys hit puberty, their pectoral muscles become larger. Many athletes and bodybuilders have large pecs, too. Below these pectorals, down under your ribcage, are your rectus abdominus (say: REK-tus ab-DAHM-uh-nus) muscles, or abdominals (say: ab-DAHM-uh-nulz). They're often called abs for short. When you make a muscle in your arm, you tense your biceps (say: BYE-seps) muscle. When you contract your biceps muscle, you can actually see it push up under your skin. Your quadriceps (say: KWAD-ruh-seps), or quads, are the muscles on the front of your thighs. Many people who run, bike, or play sports develop large, strong quads. And when it's time for you to take a seat? You'll be sitting on your gluteus maximus (say: GLOOT-ee-us MAK-suh-mus), the muscle that's under the skin and fat in your behind!	i don't know
What is the name of the bulldog who featured in the Tom and Jerry cartoons?	Spike and Chester \| Looney Tunes Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Share Chester and Spike Spike the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier are animated cartoon characters in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons. Spike is a burly, gray bulldog who wears a red sweater, a brown bowler hat, and a perpetual scowl. Chester is the exact opposite, small and jumpy with yellow fur and brown, perky ears. The characters starred in only two shorts, both directed by animator Friz Freleng and having the same concept. The first of these cartoon films was 1952's Tree for Two . In it, Chester tells his idol Spike that he knows of a cat that they can beat up. The cat is Freleng's own Sylvester , but every time Spike thinks he has the cat cornered, a runaway zoo black panther appears in Sylvester's place, thrashing the dog instead. When Chester decides to have a go of it, however, Sylvester finds himself at the little dog's mercy. By the cartoon's end, Spike and Chester have switched roles; Spike is the fawning sycophant, and Chester the smug prizefighter. The characters' second outing came in the 1954 film Dr. Jerkyl's Hide . Spike (here called "Alfie" and having a different accent) is once again after Sylvester, only this time it is Sylvester himself who pummels the poor pooch, thanks to a potion that transforms him into a feline monster. Chester, of course, never sees this transformed Sylvester, thinking his buddy is being beaten by the tiny tomcat. The final loss of face for Alfie is his being thrashed by a fly that has also been affected by the potion, as it occurs in front of Chester's eyes. Like the previous cartoon, Spike and Chester have switched roles at the end; Spike is the fawning sycophant, and Chester the smug prizefighter. In both of these cartoons, Spike is performed by voice actor Mel Blanc , and Chester is performed by Stan Freberg . In modern Warner Bros. media, Spike's voice is provided by Joe Alaskey , They also had a cameo in Space Jam as doctors taking in a flattened Stan Podolak to the hospital. They also cameo in Looney Tunes: Back in Action. Another bulldog character appeared in other cartoons with Sylvester and Tweety, but this character is not Spike; he is officially known as Hector the Bulldog . Several Tom and Jerry cartoons produced by MGM also featured a character named Spike the Bulldog (and his son, Tyke). This is another character, unrelated to the Spike used by Freleng.	Spike
Mortimer was the original name for which famous cartoon mouse?	Spike \| Hanna-Barbera Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Spike, as he appeared in Tom and Jerry short, The Bodyguard . In his very first appearance, Dog Trouble , Spike is the main antagonist, chasing and attacking both Tom and Jerry on sight, even trying to eat Jerry, which forced the two to work together to defeat him. In all subsequent shorts, Spike becomes typecast as the stereotypical dumb brute who is always duped into becoming a shield for Jerry from Tom. It is only in two episodes where Jerry gets Spike out of a jam and the dog willingly protects him from Tom in well-earned gratitude. On most occasions, Jerry causes trouble for Tom by luring him near Spike and harming him to get him angry, and in some cartoons when its perfectly obvious that Tom is not responsible, as seen in The Invisible Mouse, Spike still blames Tom and hurts him instead of Jerry. Spike, however, is not without a softer and sympathetic side: in the episode Pet Peeve, after believing that Tom is willing to leave the house in Spike's favour, Spike feels sorry for him to the point that he offers to leave instead, which he does until realising that Tom was only using reverse psychology to trick him into leaving. In The Truce Hurts , Spike is portrayed as a very intelligent and equilibrated character when he convinces Tom and Jerry to stop the fighting among the three of them and sign a Peace Treaty, but their newfound friendship comes to an end when they argue over how to share a big steak, symbolised when Spike tears the truce contract to shreds before the fighting resumes. From the 1942 cartoon Dog Trouble to 1948 cartoon Heavenly Puss he was voiced by Billy Bletcher. His name also varies in some shorts: in Solid Serenade he is named "Killer", and in The Truce Hurts he signs "Butch" on the treaty paper. Enter the son Spike, after he spills a beer. In Tom's later attempts to catch Jerry, he has to deal with Spike for bothering his son. In 1949 's Love That Pup , Spike was given a puppy son, Tyke, who became another popular supporting character in the Tom and Jerry cartoons. His voice was taken over by Daws Butler , who styled Spike's voice after Jimmy Durante taking after his 1940s radio series with Garry Moore . He is named Spike from then on and is not changed again. When Tyke is introduced, Spike is given a softer approach (mainly towards his son) and is kinder and less aggressive, but is still portrayed as a dumb animal on more than one occasion. Spike's love and affection towards Tyke becomes Jerry's newest weapon against Tom, as his strategy goes from luring Tom towards Spike to inflicting harm on Tyke, and even when it is perfectly obvious that Jerry is responsible for harming tyke and not Tom. as seen in love that pup. Spike fails to see this and still blames Tom. A short-lived Spike and Tyke cartoon series was produced by MGM in 1957; only two entries were completed. Within a year, the MGM cartoon studio had shut down, and Hanna and Barbera took Spike and Tyke and retooled them to create one the first television successes for Hanna-Barbera Productions , Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy . He would not appear in new Tom and Jerry cartoons, until the 1970s The Tom and Jerry Show . However, he appear theatrically for the last time (as a cameo appearance) in the 1967 MGM Animation/Visual Arts production Matinee Mouse , which reused footage from Love that Pup and The Truce Hurts , and added some new animation in the final punchline. Appearances in Tex Avery cartoons He also appear in several Droopy cartoons and four solo shorts, for MGM. However, in the Tom and Jerry Comedy Show, the Tom & Jerry version of Spike would also appear in the new Droopy cartoons, filling the role of the other Spike as an antagonist of Droopy. They were not separated as distinct characters again, until the feature Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring . Catchphrases Spike, being sent out by his owner. That's my boy! Bother my boy again and there'll be trouble! Where's my boy!? There's gonna be murder (a.k.a "Moi-der")!" I'll skin you alive!	i don't know
What is the name of the smart suited man who regularly visits a magic costume shop for adventure?	Dark Legacy Chapter Four: Stranger in my Bed, a heroes fanfic \| FanFiction Chapter Four: Stranger in my Bed Fear and panic in the air I want to be free From desolation and despair And I feel like everything I saw Is being swept away When I refuse to let you go "Map of the problematique," Muse Long Island, New York May 2009 This was a night of miracles and wonders. One of them – in Peter's opinion, maybe not the smallest one – was that Claire's tiny Rabbit soldiered on in spite of its lamentable state. That the police hadn't pulled them over yet was probably another miracle. The bodywork was completely ruined, especially on the rear end, and generously bullet-ridden all over. The roof was gone, and so was the windshield. And yet the yellow car kept going. The wind howled and made Claire's long blonde hair flow in a golden cloud around her head. She looked forward, a determined expression on her face. Eyes slit, nose wrinkled, pouty mouth transformed into a thin line. Peter thought she looked adorable. But then he was feeling pretty delirious right now, so he couldn't really trust his own judgment at this point. He didn't really understand what was going on; it was like he had gone to the toilet in the middle of a movie, and upon his return, the plot had like completely left the country. The characters were the same, but they were singing a way different tune. He had a vague recollection of being at a beach, and being told something important. But it was like he had woken up from a dream, and the details were so hazy that they just slipped between his fingers when he tried to grasp them. Nothing made much sense. "Are you okay?" Claire asked him, darting a look at her uncle for a second before returning her attention to the road. 'Do I look like I'm okay?' Peter wondered rather bitterly. He surely didn't feel like it, but he just said, "Yeah, peachy." The Texan nodded, and whispered, "Liar." Peter chuckled, but his laughter turned into a cough. Claire darted another look at him, this time a worried one. He made her think of the time she had visited him in jail back in Odessa, after he'd saved her from Sylar that night. Only his gauntness and short hair now added to his pale sweatiness to accentuate his sickly looks, even more than back then. The blonde reached out for him with her right hand and touched his forehead with its back. "You're feverish," she said, unable to hide her worry. "I'm alright," Peter shook his head, trying not to think about how soft and wonderfully cool her hand felt against his skin, and how much he missed the contact when she took it away. Yeah, fever, that had to be it. "I just need to rest a little, and I'll be fine." The blonde girl shut up about the fact that he shouldn't be sick, not as long as he was close to her. She couldn't remember ever having caught a cold or been sick herself ever since her power had manifested. And she wasn't sure resting was the best idea, either. God knew how he had 'rested' for long enough. "Do you remember anything?" the young woman asked, deciding to keep him awake. "I mean, after Sylar and the explosion?" Bile rose to Peter's throat at the memory. It might have been a long time since that night for Claire; but for him, it had just happened barely a few hours ago. He could still hear Nathan telling him he loved him before he flew Sylar up into the night sky. The young Petrelli male shook his head in response to Claire's question. "Not really, it's like I've been dreaming. How…how long…?" She licked her lips, but didn't answer. Her eagerness to start a conversation was suddenly gone. Seeing this Petrelli pressed her, "Claire?" "I, ah, I'm not really sure…maybe you're right and you should rest a little before…." This time it was Peter who reached out for her, capturing her hand as it rested on the knob of the gear change lever. "Claire, please." "Two years," she said bluntly, feeling like crying again. "Almost two and a half." Claire would have sworn that it was impossible for him to go paler, but at seeing his reaction, she realized she'd been wrong. With a small pained voice, Peter requested, "Please, stop the car." "Peter, we're in the middle of the highway-" "Claire! Pull over!" His niece pulled over and stopped in the emergency lane. The other cars honked in annoyance, but both driver and passenger paid them no mind. The Rabbit hadn't fully stopped, and Peter had already opened the door and was getting out. His body was shaken by nausea and his stomach doing somersaults as it tried to get rid of a content that wasn't even there. He fell to his knees, spitting acidic bile and saliva. 'Two years! Two and a half fucking years?!' What had he done? For the love of God, what had he done? It wasn't until he felt Claire's hand rubbing his back in soothing circles that Peter realized she had gotten out of the car too and moved to his side. It wasn't until he heard her whisper that his body stilled and he started breathing regularly. "It's okay, Peter. It's okay…" How the young man wished he could believe her. He wiped his lips with the sleeve of his dressing gown, "I'm sorry, I just…I was just surprised, I guess." Claire offered him a small bottle of water and Peter accepted it gratefully, taking a swig from it to wash his mouth out. After spitting it out, he frowned, "Where did you get this?" "Glove compartment," she shrugged. "Always have one around, just in case." "Just in case of what?" Peter stood up, towering over her. Petrelli handed the bottle back to her and their fingers interlaced over the plastic container. She didn't make any effort to get him off, and he didn't try to let her go. Peter suddenly gained a crooked smile, "Wait, this is a Texan thing, isn't it? You always have a bottle of water with you just in case your car breaks down in the middle of the desert." "Are you reading my mind?" Claire asked, suspicious. Peter shook his head. He just thought it was cute. "You know we don't have deserts in New York, don't you?" "You've obviously never been stuck in the FDR in the middle of rush hour," Claire finally yanked her hand back. "I bet you were always chauffeured around in a big limo as a kid, with a cooler and soft drinks. Right, rich boy?" "Nah. I was flown everywhere in helicopter. Limos are for the new rich and people without taste. Petrellis are old money and class, baby." "Yeah, you looked very classy puking your guts onto the ground a couple of minutes ago, baby." Claire arched her eyebrows at him playfully and Peter nodded. "Touché." They returned to the car, now both smiling. The Texan asked before putting the car back into gear, "Are you feeling better?" "Yeah, thanks," Peter tried to sound as sincere as he could. He did feel better, thanks to her, but he was far from feeling well. Claire resumed the drive towards Queens, and Peter tried to relax in his seat, which was difficult because a) his inner mental struggles, and b) the fact that he was covered in dried blood and it was starting to itch. "I need a shower." "We both need one," she sighed. The idea of sharing one with the man sitting alongside her flashed briefly though her mind, but unlike other times Claire had no problem pushing it away. She was too tired and definitely not in the mood. "We're pretty messy. I hate being shot." "Does it happen to you often?" "Just a few times, but who keeps count? It's never funny, though." Peter ran a hand through his sweaty hair. He couldn't get used to how short it was. "So, bring me up to date on the last two years. You live here now? I thought you'd have gone back to Texas." The once male nurse though that the brief stare that his niece flashed at him had been a hurt one, but he wasn't sure. "Did I say something wrong?" "No, everything's okay…well, apart from the obvious. Assassins and all." There it was: the sad little smile. There was something wrong. "Claire…come on. You know you can tell me anything." No, I can't, she thought. Not everything. She shrugged, "It's just…I've been coming to see you two or three times a week, and I've been keeping you updated on just about everything. I just thought…I don't know. Guess I kinda hoped that you could actually hear me all that time." Claire felt awful after the words left her mouth. She had the impression they made her sound selfish, like Peter's return was a disappointment, when it was anything but that. Truth be told, she couldn't feel more ecstatic about having him back than she already did. Confused too, and a bit scared, but happy above everything else. "I'm sorry," she apologized. "That kinda makes me sound like a spoiled brat, huh?" Peter was too slack-jawed to answer in any comprehensible way. She had been visiting him two or more times a week for the last two and a half years!? Or close enough? Why would she do that? Why would anyone do that? At a loss for words, he could just muster a polite, "Thank you." It didn't sound very enthusiastic. "It's alright," Claire shrugged again. "It's nothing any niece wouldn't do for her uncle, right?" "No, actually I think, it's…" Peter wasn't sure what to say. Or, better said, he wasn't sure how to say what he wanted. "It's definitely something. A something that really means a lot to me." Claire added nothing. She just gave him another darting look and a new Mona Lisa smile. They rode in silence for the rest of the trip. ---O--- It was nearly ten o'clock when they finally arrived at the Bennet residence. The house lights were off and the old Volvo station wagon belonging to Claire's mom was missing from the driveway. The young woman recalled something Sandra Bennet had told her that very morning during breakfast, about having dinner with some friends from the PTA and Lyle was supposed to be babysitting Micah and Molly at the Hawkins' because D.L. and Niki had to work that night. Dad was still in Wisconsin with Mohinder, so she and Peter had the house to themselves for now. Oh, joy. Well, at least they could clean up without freaking anyone out. Claire killed the engine of her car and it stuttered to a halt, but didn't remain completely silent. It hissed and clinked as it cooled off and made a lot of other mechanical noises that the young woman wasn't sure were normal. She had the impression this had been her little darling Rabbit's last ride. But boy, it had been a hell of a one. Peter was half-awake, half-dozing off and he needed a couple of seconds to realize they had arrived at their destination already. He heard the engine's noises too, but as he returned to his senses, he thought there was some non-mechanical sound added to the mix as well. It took him the good part of a minute to notice that Claire wasn't making any effort to get out of the car and that it was she who was making the strange noise. She was…clearing her throat? "Are you alright?" he asked. She simply raised one finger, requesting for a moment, and continued making the strange sound. Then she convulsed a few times, as if heaving, and Peter frowned deeply. "Claire - if you cough out a fur ball now, I'm officially gonna freak." Claire ignored him and heaved again until she finally spat something into her open hand. "Sorry. Bullet." She showed him the metal projectile. She had been right about getting shot, it wasn't funny. Petrelli made a mock face of disgust and Claire giggled, tossing it over her shoulder. The blonde girl abstained to comment how she would eventually expel the other bullet, the one that was probably in her stomach. There are some things you don't want even your loving uncle to know about you. They got out of the car and walked to the front entrance. Peter, tagging slightly behind his niece, rotated his left shoulder – where he had been shot – and found it creaked uncomfortably. "I think I still have mine here," he frowned. "Will it go away too?" Claire looked at him over her shoulder for a second. "It'll probably be better if we take it out ourselves. Ahhh, I think we have a problem here, by the way." He looked puzzled and the blonde explained herself, "There's no one at home, and my keys are with my cell phone. In my backpack." Peter sighed as he thought about it. He then aimed at the lock of the door with the open palm of his hand, focused and, closing his eyes, tried to form a mental picture of the latch at the other side of the door. He thought about himself – no, not himself, Sylar – turning the latch. There was a mechanical sound and the young Petrelli then pushed the door open. "Wow," Claire nodded, impressed. "You sure come in handy." "That's me, all right," the young man followed her into the house, "the human Swiss army knife." Switching on the lights on her way, the Texan girl guided him through the house and into the kitchen. "Nice place," Peter murmured, too tired to really notice but wanting to be polite. "Should we call the police now?" It was actually surprising that the men in blue weren't knocking on the door yet. Surely, somebody from the rest home would have called them in the following minutes after their face-off with O'Leary and Gunn, and the cops wouldn't have had any trouble finding Claire's backpack with her driver's license inside. Peter went to sit down on a kitchen stool but he was interrupted by a little furry ball that appeared out of nowhere, yelping annoyingly and jumping on his legs. The young empath couldn't help but to grin as he bent down to hold the tiny Pomeranian. "Hey, Mr. Muggles!" The cordless phone already in her hand, Claire's head snapped to look at him with wide eyes. Peter noticed her expression and frowned, as he pacified the little dog by scratching him between the ears. "What?" "Nothing," Claire said quickly, turning back to the phone so he couldn't see the big dumb smile that was spreading throughout her face and that she couldn't fight back. "It's just that he usually doesn't like strangers." 'Liar, liar, pants on fire!' her own voice sang within her head. What was making her smile was the fact that Peter knew the dog's name, and she had never told him anything about the canine except during his coma. He had been listening, even if he didn't realize so himself. "You're calling the cops then?" Peter asked as she dialed and raised the phone to her ear. "Better than that," she sighed. "I'm calling my dad." ---O--- Racine, Wisconsin May 2009 The investigation on the O'Connors' double murder had gotten them nowhere and frustration was the word to summarize the state of mind of the two men in the motel's room. The official position of the police department was that it had been a murder/suicide and they were more interested in closing the case than in delving any further into the situation. The evidence was too clear, in their opinion. The news of Bob being a sexual deviant had spread like wildfire all over the neighborhood, and in every door that Mohinder and Bennet had knocked, they had gotten similar versions of the same answer. He had seemed like just a regular guy, but then didn't they all? When Noah's cell phone started beeping, both men were bent over the professor's laptop, going over the details of the case for the umpteenth time and getting to the same dead end. Nobody knew anything, and what was worse, nobody wanted to know either. The man with the horn-rimmed glasses had just suggested they should call it a night and the next morning they could start checking their old cases and see if there was any coincidence with any previous deaths they might have not seen the first time. Bennet looked at the display of the phone and saw it was his home's number. He answered with a simple, "Hello?" "Dad? It's me." He smiled at his daughter's voice, "Claire bear? How are you doing, sweetheart? Everything alright?" "Ah, no, not exactly," the slight tremor in the young woman's voice caused Bennet's smile to fade. "Something's happened..." Mohinder noticed the way in which the older man's face suddenly dropped and how he blanched as he sat down on one of the twin beds of the room. He abandoned his work at the laptop to give all his attention on his friend, his own worry growing exponentially as the horror grew visible in Bennet's eyes. He considered his friend's family like his own. "What do you mean, he's awake? Oh...really? Well, thank God for that," the former paper salesman frowned deeply. "He's there with you? Right now? I see...okay, who else is there?" Whatever Claire was telling him, Mohinder was sure now, was not good. Not good at all. "And those men, do you think there were...no? Claire, are you sure about that?" The professor made a gesture with his hands, asking to know what was going on, but Bennet replied with a silent hand. 'Give me a moment'. Taking a deep breath, the man took off his horn-rimmed glasses and wiped the cold layer of sweat that had formed on his forehead. "Okay, this is what you're going to do. As soon as you hang up, call your mother, tell her not to go home and to spend the night at the Hawkins'...yes, I know she'll protest, but you need to convince her, okay? Then call Niki and D.L., and ask them to head back to their house as soon as they can. I'll contact them later, and I'll call Parkman myself, he'll take care of notifying the police and the law enforcement side of things...no, Mohinder and I will be there as soon as we can. You just stay calm and keep a cool head, alright, Claire? You're doing great, I'm very proud of you...I love you Claire bear, everything's going to be alright..." "What's going on?" Mohinder asked as soon as Bennet disconnected the call. "Claire was attacked at Peter Petrelli's rest home. Gunmen, apparently...and apparently there's been quite a number of people killed." The older man's words were seemingly emotionless, but he wasn't able to hide the paleness of his face nor the worry in his eyes. The Indian professor's heart skipped a beat. "My God, do you think it's people from the Company?" "I'm not sure," Bennet shook his head, browsing through his phone agenda. "Claire's description of her attackers doesn't seem to fit, and she suspects it was Peter they were really after, but she's not sure about that either. Could be a coincidence." Mohinder's eyes darted to the laptop and the report he was composing about the O'Connors' murder. "On the other hand, it might not be." "That's why I'm not taking any risks," the man with the horn-rimmed glasses looked pointedly at him. "I'm calling Parkman, the Hawkins will protect our families. Hiro's still in Japan?" "Yes, I believe he's doing some kind of job for his father," Mohinder nodded. "Call Ando then, have him locate Hiro and tell him to pick us up and transport us back home." He finally selected 'PARKMAN' on his phone's display and hit the call button. "If he's out of reach, I want a Yagamato jet collecting us at O'Hare and taking us to JFK ASAP. I'm not waiting for a regular flight. Not today." The professor nodded in agreement. If their families were in danger, there was no way they were going to just hang around in an airport terminal. He got his own phone and looked for Ando's number in its memory banks. "Ah, and there's something else..." Bennet added as the phone already started to beep in his ear. His voice was doubtful because he wasn't really sure of the meaning of what he was about to say. At Mohinder's enquiring look, he finally said, "Peter Petrelli woke up just when those men were about to kill him in the rest home. He's with Claire now." The professor's jaw nearly hit the floor. What the hell was going on here? ---O--- One Police Plaza, Manhattan, New York May 2009 Special Agent Matt Parkman, FBI, was feeling a bit rough around the edges as the lift climbed up to the tenth floor of the NYPD headquarters. His tie was crooked, his suit looked like it had been worn for two days straight – which it had been – and his five o'clock shadow started to itch. And his head was buzzing, way too annoyingly. Thank God he was alone inside the elevator, otherwise, he knew he wouldn't have had the strength to keep his telepathy in line and that would have been more than what his incoming headache would've been able to tolerate. The automatic doors dinged open and Parkman found himself face to face with his partner of two years in the Bureau. One look at the expression in Special Agent Audrey Hanson's eyes, and he knew his appearance was as bad as he feared it to be. "You look like shit," Audrey said, never one to keep her opinions to herself. And what was the point with someone who could read your mind, anyway? "Thanks. I love you too, Scully," Matt remarked snidely, stepping out of the elevator and accepting the plastic cup of steaming coffee that she offered him. "I was...I was at a party when you called." "A party for two? Let me guess, you and your good friend Mr. Jack Daniels?" She gave him an annoyed look. "And don't call me Scully. You know how much I hate it." Matt wasn't really interested in having that argument, again. He sipped the coffee. It was so black it could have been used to pave a road. "Don't bust my balls on this one, alright Hanson? Today's supposed to be my day off. What's this all about, anyway? Has to be important if the NYPD was desperate enough to call in the Bureau." The blonde agent – short hair perfectly combed, immaculate light gray business suit highlighting her figure – sighed. "They didn't request the FBI's help. They asked for you." Oh, so it's this they're interested in, Matt grinned mentally, projecting his thoughts into his partner's head. And here I thought it was because of my charming personality. Audrey rolled his eyes at him. As a rule, she usually refused to communicate with him telepathically. Mostly because even the use of the word 'telepathy' made her feel stupid. Like she was in a bad Star Trek episode or something. She just handed Parkman a manila folder – a case file –and started explaining the situation as they began to walk side by side. "It's the Central Park Stalker, you heard of him?" "Sure, it's been all over the news," Parkman sighed, reading the case details over. "Serial rapist, graduated to murder with his last two victims. A total of six women assaulted during the last two months, the survivors described him as an athletic man about six-one, roughly in his late twenties or early thirties, most likely Caucasian. No face description or fingerprints because he wears a ski mask and gloves. He uses a condom too, so no DNA. Clever little son of a bitch." "Yeah, and he favors using a hunting knife to subdue his victims," Audrey was unable to hide her disgust, or better said, she didn't even try. "He cut the first four pretty badly, but the shrinks agree he was just practicing. The last two weren't that lucky." Matt had a quick look at the photos of the surviving women. He was not very sure they'd been lucky at all. "So, what do they need me to do?" he asked, closing the file. "They got a suspect," the female agent said, making him arc his eyebrows. "One Ronald Lee Lipski, thirty-one, Caucasian, matches the height and weight descriptions. Works at the park, in the zoo's cleaning service." With that name, he has to be a serial killer, Matt thought, gaining a smile from her for the first time in the evening. Mirroring it softly, he asked, "But?" "But, all the evidence the police has on him is purely circumstantial," Audrey sighed. "They brought him in because the knife is apparently very rare, and he bought one just two days before the first attack. But get a load of this: when the cops searched his house, they found it dismantled in a bucket full of bleach." Cunning bastard. The bleach would have destroyed any blood or tissue remains that might have slipped in the cracks of the handle or stuck to the blade. Damn those CSI shows, honestly, to hell and back. "So they basically have nothing on him," Parkman grunted. "How are they even sure he's the right guy?" "They're sure, and what's more so am I. I've seen him, Matt. He did it, trust me." Audrey's use of his first name spoke volumes for the former LAPD officer. "In any case, the interrogation time limit's almost expired. If we don't get a confession within the next 90 minutes, he walks." They arrived at the interrogation area, a closed door marked as such. Audrey leaned her hand on the handle but Matt prevented her from opening the door, by wrapping his larger hand around hers. He spoke directly into her mind, as softly as he could. You weren't there when I woke up yesterday. The female FBI agent looked around, as if trying to ensure that no one else had heard her partner's unspoken words. Which was impossible, of course, but human impulse could not be denied and she couldn't shake the sensation off. Licking her lips, she looked into his eyes. And damn, he was flashing her the big-hearted puppy dog eyes routine. Audrey hated him when he did that. Well, no. Not really hate. She mostly wanted to kiss him. And then maybe slap him. This is not the best time to talk about that, Matt. When then? "Later," Audrey said aloud, effectively ending the mind-to-mind conversation. She opened the door and walked in. Parkman sighed and followed her. They meandered through a series of narrow, official-green painted corridors until they eventually made their way to a door labeled 'Interrogation #20'. Once again, Audrey led the way in and Parkman followed. Inside the darkened room, four men stood looking through a large one-way mirror that took up most of the width of the wall opposite to the entrance. As one, they turned to look at the incoming agents. Audrey nodded politely at the most senior of the present men, "Commissioner Gordon." "Welcome back, Agent Hanson. Agent Parkman," the older man – a white-haired gentleman in his fifties, with a neat grey suit in which lapel shone a gold pin with the NYPD emblem – greeted them. "I presume we all know each other here?" "I think so, sir," Parkman tried to be as politically polite as he could as he shook everybody's hand by order of grade. After Gordon's, he saluted a handsome African-American man in his early forties - D.A. Harry Dent. Then came the smart-suited man who was Audrey's and his own superior at the Bureau – Special Agent in Charge Jack Wayne – and finally he shook the hand of an unhappy-looking Lt. Samuel Grayson, NYPD. After shaking his hand, the police officer felt the need to comment, "I just want you to know that you've been called in against my wishes, Parkman. My men are perfectly able to deal with a scumbag like Lipski." "I have no doubt about that, lieutenant." Matt's well-practiced polite grin contrasted with the mental image he formed of two uniformed NYPD officers beating up a restrained suspect with thick phone books, and which he mentally fed to his partner. Audrey choked down a snort of laughter and apologized with a, "Sorry, I'm getting a cold," when all eyes turned to her. Mentally, she added, Asshole, you'll pay for that. Promises, promises, he grinned. Out loud, Matt told the policeman, "I'm just here to help." Parkman gazed through the window, at the scene taking place in the interrogation room itself. That room was as spare as it could be, one table, three chairs and probably enough testosterone in the air to give a lesbian activist a stroke. Two plainclothes detectives – right now both of them with their jackets off and their shirts sleeves rolled up – were surrounding a third man. The special agent was pretty sure that by now they had abandoned the good cop/bad cop routine, and gone into the bad cop/worse cop one instead. And he was quite certain that the suspect could smell that desperation along with the reek of sweat, coffee and cigarette smoke that had to be coming out of the policemen's pores. He didn't have to use his mind powers to see that Ronald Lee Lipski was a very disturbed human being. It was all in the eyes, in his dead, shark-like eyes. They were fixed upon the mirror in front of him, looking straight at whoever was on the other side. They seemed to be mildly amused, but Matt saw through that façade. That man was completely devoid of any human emotion. Apart from that, he was so ordinary-looking that Parkman was sure nobody would give him a second glance if they passed him by on the street. Average height and build, it was only his hands and bare forearms that revealed muscles like tense wire. He was probably stronger than he looked like, and would be resilient in a hand-to-hand fight, the kind of guy that takes the punches like they didn't hurt at all and who would bleed very little because he was mostly made of sinew and bone. Light brown, receding hairline, brown eyes and a face that was neither handsome nor ugly. Just plain. He was still wearing his uniform from the Central Park Zoo cleaning service, grey overalls and white T-shirt. His sleeves were rolled up to his elbows, but otherwise his clothes were so well kept that they seemed to have been just ironed, in spite of his having been in police custody for almost 70 hours. Parkman expanded his conscious to the man and read his thoughts. Lipski was singing inside his head. …Little Red Riding Hood...I don't think little big girls should...go walking in these spooky old woods alone… "Great," Matt grunted under his breath. "Now he ruined Sam the Sham for me." "What?" the commissioner frowned at him. The former LAPD officer ignored the older man, and inched closer to the one-way mirror, until his forehead was almost pressed to the glass. He closed his eyes, and let himself flow into Lipski's mind. It was like in that science-fiction show they used to have on TV a few years back. Like going through the wormhole on the other side of the Stargate. Like crossing millions of light years in the blink of an eye. And, all of a sudden, Matt Parkman's world was not his own, but the one of Ronald Lee Lipski. There is no sound but Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs singing "Little Red Riding Hood" in the background… It's all tinted red, like the world is covered by a thin veil of red silk…like everything is covered in blood… He's running through the woods… no, wait… a directional post, leading to the Zoo… Central Park… There's a girl ahead… he's running behind her… She turns her head around… there's panic in her eyes… He is not running, he is chasing her… Hunting her… He catches up, tackles her to the ground...he can feel his own arousal growing in exponential waves... she kicks and tries to put up a fight...but he is stronger...he is the stronger one...the hunter... He loves it all the more when they struggle...the whores... Sam is singing, laughing in the background...he drags the woman, the prey into the woods...his knife shines red in the moonlight... "Am I a good boy?" he hears himself saying, over the whimpers and begging cries of the whore... "Am I being a good boy, mom?" Parkman cut the connection off, waves of nausea rocking his stomach. His mouth tasted like sandpaper, and bile burnt its way up his esophagus until he managed to subdue the heaves to a tolerable level. "You alright, Parkman?" somebody asked. His head was buzzing too loud for him to know exactly who had said that. The thoughts then assaulted his mind from all sides. What's wrong with him? How the hell does he do it? We have to sort this out. Matt, calm down, I'm here, I'm right here with you. Everybody's thoughts assaulted his mind at once, and the FBI agent had to make a strong effort to push them out. He focused on the only words he cared about at that moment, his partner's. "I'm okay," Matt croaked, clearing his throat. "I'm, uh, I'm just a bit tired. Must be that flu bug going around, same one that got Agent Hanson." I'm alright, I promise, he silently told Audrey. Her look told him she knew he was lying. I just need a second here. And maybe a stiff drink, but Parkman didn't project that thought. He didn't want the blonde woman to bug him even more about that particular subject. "What do we know about his family?" "Nobody close that we know," SAC Wayne said. "He's never been married, no kids either. No brothers or sisters, father died when he was a baby." "And the mother?" Parkman inquired, interested. "Alzheimer's," Wayne, one of the most verbally economic men Matt had ever met, summarized it. "She lives in a rest home in Queens." "The bastard visits her every two days," Grayson growled. "He's her little darling son, the friggin' asshole." The telepathic agent bit his lower lip, considering Lipski through the one-way mirror for a second. The man's eyes were fixed – by chance – back on him. "Alright, let's do this." Parkman reached under his jacked and unclasped his handgun – holster and all – from his belt. He handed the semi-automatic to his partner, butt-first, and she gently accepted it, looking straight into his eyes. "Don't you want me to go in with you?" You don't need to do this alone, she added mentally. With a grateful smile, he shook his head. "Nah, I'll call if I need you." As he left the room, Dent released a sigh. "How does he do it? Get inside these monsters' heads all the time?" Of course, the man spoke figuratively. He couldn't know that was exactly Matt Parkman's gift and curse. Audrey didn't answer him, for there was no way she could make someone like the DA understand the truth. Her heart was clenched into a fist, when she saw her partner walking into the interrogation room. Of all the rag-tag group of evolved humans that had met on that fateful night at Kirby Plaza, Parkman was the one who used his special abilities the most often. Because of that, Professor Suresh theorized, he was the one whose skills had strengthened and upgraded the most. And because of that, his life was slowly but surely going completely down the drain. It had all started while Parkman was recovering from his gunshot wounds in the hospital that night, and he had been paid a visit by the authorities. By then, Noah Bennet – God bless his Man in Black mentality – had already come up with a nifty little story that had nothing to do with superpowers, flying Congressmen or exploding nuclear psychos. It went something like this: the infamous serial killer Gabriel Gray, a.k.a. Sylar, had traveled to New York looking for the one victim that had escaped his maniacal wrath, a teenaged girl called Claire Bennet. She had been sent to the Big Apple for a few days to stay with a friend and former associate of her father's, a successful artist by the name of Isaac Mendez, while the killer was being pursued by the FBI. But Sylar had somehow found about this, murdered Mr. Mendez and kidnapped young Miss Bennet. Fortunately for her, and unknown to the killer, there had been somebody else chasing after him. Disgraced LAPD Officer Matthew Parkman, rogue cop extraordinaire, had made Sylar's capture his own personal mission. He had beaten the Bureau at their own game, putting the clues together and following the leads, and Officer Parkman finally found and engaged the serial killer at Manhattan's Kirby Plaza. This was where things became a bit dodgy. In the subsequent shootout, Parkman and Sylar had wounded each other, the cop sustaining five severe impacts to the chest but managing to squeeze off one single shot that – so said Miss Bennet's eyewitness declaration – had hit Gray right between the eyes. Sylar's body, in one of those one-in-a-million chance flukes, had then fallen down an open sewer hatch and disappeared from sight, but there was no doubt in Claire's mind that he was dead. Nobody could survive a wound like that, both the eyewitness and Parkman had said firmly. When the suspicious FBI agents had asked her what she thought could have happened for the body to disappear without a trace, Claire had flippantly suggested that it had gotten eaten by those alligators she had always heard lived in the New York City sewers. That had been her own two cents to the fabricated story, and it had not amused the Federal agents interrogating her very much, in spite of her dazzling teenage smile. But the media was already calling Matt Parkman a hero – thanks mainly to Mr. Bennet's anonymous tip-off – and the local FBI office's collective hands were already full with the – coincidental? – murder of a famous organized crime boss and the disappearance of a newly elected Congressman, so basically there hadn't been very much they could do to prove or disprove the veracity of the story. The newspapers – tabloids mostly, to be honest – had subsequently painted the suspended LAPD officer as a Hollywood cliché. Dogged cop following his own instincts, chasing a murderous psychopath across the country, using investigative skills nobody had suspected that he had until he had finally cornered and killed the bad guy. Everybody loves a genuine American hero, after all. Offering Parkman a position in the Bureau as soon as he had been released from the hospital had been little more than a PR stunt by the FBI, something to save some face after Sylar had eluded them so easily – to the point of attacking a SWAT-protected convoy and murdering, for reasons still unknown, a Federal prisoner by the name of Ted Sprague. Nobody had actually thought Parkman would pass the demanding exam to get into the FBI Academy at Quantico, especially considering his well-documented and repeated failures to become a detective with the LAPD in the past. They had expected him to crash and burn, and then simply disappear back to LA to avoid the embarrassment. Instead, he had excelled at it. Tested a first-time-ever 100 in the written exam. Passed the rigorous 15-week physical and mental training with flying colors and finally graduated in the top-tenth percentile of his class at Quantico, in spite of being almost ten years older than the rest of the recruits. Of course, that his excellent performance on the written test had been due to the fact that Parkman had cheated like a mad bastard – how could he have failed if he could read the answers in the minds of the rest of the hopefuls attending, and the examiners themselves? But afterwards, it had been all his own merit. Studying? He had a keener mind than anyone – sometimes even himself – would give him credit for. Physical? He might be a bit chubby and overweight, apparently, but there was pure muscle underneath those layers of fat. And, clichéd image or not, he was a dogged cop. Eleven years on the force and never getting anywhere, pretty much proof of that. And he was set after proving to everyone, proving to himself, that Matt Parkman had what it took to run with the big dogs. Still, none of that changed the fact that the brass saw him as nothing more than a potential source of embarrassment for the Bureau. He had been given his requested assignment at the New York office – he'd wanted to be near Dr. Suresh and his investigations, and wanted to keep an eye on Molly too – but had been positioned at an unremarkable bureaucratic post. For a whole month, Parkman had spent his working life enclosed in a dark office, listening to surveillance tapes and transcribing them, and wondering every second if this was the bright future for which he had asked his pregnant-and-about-to-pop wife to forsake her job in California and set up shop on the other side of the country. Fox Mulder, he was not planning on turning into. But then, one fateful day – and wasn't he starting to have a lot of those? – SAC Jack Wayne had knocked on his door. The smart-suited man - somebody he had only briefly been introduced to and just because he was supposed to work under, although way down the chain of command – had politely asked him if the rumors he had heard about him being a skilled interrogator were true. Frowning, Parkman had asked who might be spreading such rumors about him. Non-noncommittal as he was, Wayne had simply answered, "Audrey Hanson." "You've never met anyone like me before," had been Parkman's self-assured response. He might have sounded smug, but the older agent had only nodded and then asked him to follow the SAC. Matt's first interrogation had been in front of a Middle-Eastern man by the name of Ahmed Marcobi. A Moroccan national, with a student visa and suspected of belonging to an al-Qaeda cell that might or might not be planning an attack on American soil. "See what you can get out of him," had been Wayne's only order, leaving him with the North Saharan man. It had to be the biggest irony of them all, Parkman had thought at the moment. There he was, in front of probably his last chance at making it big, being the top-level law enforcer he had always wanted to be, and he was going to fail miserably. He was going to crash and burn as all those over him had predicted he would. Because half a minute into the interrogation, and he realized that although he could hear the man's thoughts as clear as if he were speaking them aloud, Mr. Marcobi thought in Moroccan. And he didn't understand a word of it. He was truly screwed, and he couldn't even explain how much or why. But the newly appointed Federal agent didn't give up. It was not in his nature to do so. So he kept on questioning, probing further. Getting no verbal responses from the suspect, but a constant feed of thoughts that – for all he could understand – could be a complete confession or his laundry list. But he kept on concentrating, listening, looking... and in the end, he saw. The images had come into Parkman's brain unbidden. In flashes. Blinding. Dizzying. He saw faces, and understood names whispered in the man's accented mind-voice. He saw places, and felt the terrorist's mix of feelings about them. The exultant joy, mild regret, denied horror at what he had done, and what he was about to do. He saw Union Station, in Manhattan. He saw faceless people walking through it in masses. And he saw fire, and the flying debris of an explosion. He saw people falling dead as they contorted in painful spasms, choking as they brought their hands to their throats. He had heard one word he could understand. Anthrax. Parkman had kept on pressing, kept on pushing for answers. How did the terrorist get his bacterial spores? Where was the bomb? When was it going to explode? Marcobi's eyes had grown wide as the strange enemy questioned him about things he could not possibly know. Parkman subsequently saw blueprints. Saw a calendar with a day marked in red. Saw an hour written next to it. That very day. In two hours time. One hour and forty-five minutes later, a NYPD SWAT unit had stormed into Manhattan's Union Station and arrested five Moroccan and Algerian nationals. They had been in possession of a bomb made of 5 kilograms of Semtex plastic explosive and one ounce of anthrax dust. The FBI estimated that the number of possible fatal casualties if the detonation had taken place would have rendered 9/11 a footnote in the dark annals of terrorism. The six members of the al-Qaeda cell had gotten shipped off to Guantanamo Bay, and nobody had asked Parkman how exactly he had obtained the information. Not Special Agent in Charge Wayne, and certainly not anyone else. That day, the legend of Matt Parkman was born in the halls of the Bureau. The man did the job, but you didn't ask how. You only prayed that he kept on doing it. It was his shot at reaching the stars, and looking back on it now, it was also the beginning of his downfall. Things had been less than peachy at the Parkman house by then. Although both he and Janice had been making a serious effort to save their marriage, it had been really hard for Mrs. Parkman to adapt to such a sudden change in lifestyle. From a highly-paid attorney in a prestigious law firm of LA, she had become a very pregnant housewife in the NY suburbs. The roles had been reversed, and although she had been proud and supportive of her husband's career success, there had also been a slight bitterness at the reversal of fortune that she hadn't been able to shake off. Matthew Jr.'s birth had allowed husband and wife a new and temporary respite, but Matthew Sr.'s new job forced him to spend more and more time away, going places and doing things he simply couldn't tell her about – national security and all that. And then, too, there had been that thing regarding Audrey Hanson. Her husband's partner. The woman, Janice had known – because Parkman himself had told him so – that her husband had requested as his partner. Her jealousy had been ridiculous and unjustified, and what's more she had also known it. But like her feelings about her new role in life, Janice just hadn't been able to get rid of it. The arguments and rows returned, and with them paranoia, guilt and blame. After all, if she had made the mistake of being unfaithful once, why couldn't Matt do exactly the same thing to her? Matt's mind powers then took their third and so far final evolutionary step. Now, all of a sudden, he was not only able to hear and see other people's thoughts, but also to project his own into the minds of others. And, like had happened to him at the beginning, at first Parkman had not been able to control what was being emitted by his mind, especially when he was stressed or angry. After all, who's never had an argument with someone they love and said something horrible in the heat of the moment? That kind of something you immediately regret and wish you could take back, because you didn't really mean it. Because it was so horrible and hurtful, but you just couldn't stop yourself from saying it aloud. Now imagine if you couldn't control not your mouth, but your thoughts. If all that went through your mind, no matter how stupid or insensitive or unreal it was, came pouring out of your brain in a moment of rage and washed over the person you were fighting with. Imagine trying to convince that person that, although you thought those things, they are not real. That you didn't mean them. That you still love that person, even though you just thought that you hated them. Even though you just wished you'd never met them in the first place. Matt and Janice Parkman's marriage had crumbled like a sandcastle under a sledgehammer. She had left him, calling Parkman a freak and a monster, and taken their son away with her. Matt hadn't tried to stop her, as he wasn't entirely sure whether or not she was wrong. Janice had said, just before she walked out the door, to forget about visitation rights and even alimony as well; as far as she was concerned, the man she'd loved and married was now dead and gone. And if Matt tried to use the resources of the FBI to find her and Matt Jr. she'd leave the country, after she put a damn bullet in his brain. Parkman had spent the next few weeks sleeping on D.L. and Niki's couch, feeling miserable and mostly annoying the hell out of his friends. It had taken three women to kick him out of his self-blame guilt trip and back into some semblance of dignity. Audrey had given him tough love, Claire had nursed him, and Molly...he saw himself through her eyes, and Parkman couldn't stand that at all. The little girl worshipped him as her personal hero and although he felt like anything but that, he couldn't disappoint her. So he'd launched himself back into his work, and did his best to be that for her. He only wished he would be doing the right thing, that what he did was worth the pain and the cost to his soul. Serial killers and terrorists, crime lords and drug-dealing lowlifes, there was almost no case he didn't take, no mind he wouldn't probe and no criminal he couldn't apprehend. Matt Parkman had become a living legend. Respected, feared, shunned...and all that just by his peers. They say that when you look too long into the abyss, the abyss also looks back into you. And Matt Parkman not only looked, he had dived head-first into it. Every time he walked though the nightmarish landscape of a killer's mind, living his crimes as if they were his own, it was like another piece of his soul had gotten chipped away. Jack Daniels helped numb the pain. Making love to his female partner – or having sex with her, or whatever the hell it was that they really had together – offered him a fragile lifeline to sanity. But he was sinking down, fast. And as he opened the door of the room where Ronald Lee Lipski was being interrogated, Matt Parkman wondered if this would be the final blow to maintaining said sanity. It had to come eventually, but he prayed, prayed hard, it wouldn't be just yet. The two cops that had been carrying out Lipski's interrogation raised their eyes towards him as Matt stood in the doorway. He leaned against the doorframe and simply motioned with his head for them to leave the room. The detectives stared at each other for a second, and one of them whispered a curse under his breath. "Good luck, Parkman, but you're fucked," the other cop muttered, gathering his jacket before he and his partner moved to vacate the room. "You've no idea how tough this guy is." As they walked past Parkman and off the room, the once that had cursed whispered venomously to the Federal agent, "Freak." Matt only smiled and closed the door behind them. Feeling Lipski's shark-like eyes on him, he took a mere second to gather his wits. Then, Parkman started humming. Little Red Riding Hood, by Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. The killer's eyes went wide, and his back stiffened, but still remained silent. That was okay with Matt. He slowly made his way to the one-way mirror and the microphone console set up in the wall by it. Looking through it, and smiling, he switched the intercom off. At the other side, Lt. Grayson cursed under his breath. "That's completely against procedure! What the fuck does Parkman think he's doing?" "His job," Audrey said, her arms crossed over her chest. You better know what you're doing, Matt. Parkman simply winked at her. On the table of the interrogation room, the folders resuming the horrific tales of Lipski´s victims laid spread, along with a digital recorder. Matt sat down across the suspect and deliberately took his time to rearrange the files, all the way humming the song the plagued the psycho's nightmarish landscape. He could feel Lipski starting to shift in his chair. One by one, the FBI agent took a single picture from each folder and placed them side by side on the table, leaving the rest of the documents stacked in a neat pile afterwards. They were the 'after' mug shots of the victims. Two dead, four not much better than that. With a flicker of a finger, Parkman switched off the recording device as well and finally placed his hands on the table, looking the rapist killer right in the eye. "Have you been a good boy lately, Ronald? I don't think you've been." "Who the hell are you?" Lipski spoke for the first time in hours, his face the one of a man who had just been slapped. Matt grinned, but didn't answer him. The shark had left Lipski's eyes, and now was reflected on the telepathic agent's lips. "I just want to talk to you, Ronald," he said. "I don't want to talk about them," the killer sneered at the pictures. "I don't have anything to say." "Oh, I'm sorry, but I think you've misunderstood me," Parkman arched his brow innocently. "I want to talk about you. And your mother." ---O--- When Parkman began to talk, he had one hour and thirty minutes to get a confession from the psychopath in front of him. He only needed half an hour. Five minutes after his lips started to put into words the thoughts he was reading in Lipski's mind, the killer started to go pale and shiver, like he was in the middle of Antarctica, wearing only a bathrobe. Ten minutes and the cold-blooded murderer started to scream and insult him, demanding that Parkman shut up. Fifteen minutes, and he was crying like a child. On the twenty-minute mark, he was begging for Matt to stop. Twenty-five minutes, and Lipski started scribbling a confession on the yellow notepad on the table. Half an hour, case closed. Parkman stood up from the table, the signed, tear-stained confession in his hand. He moved back the one-way mirror and reconnected the intercom. Lipski was a broken down pile of crying flesh behind him, his face hidden in his cuffed hands. The agent didn't look much better, to be honest. "I'm done," Matt said to the people at the other side of the window, slamming the confession against the glass. Lt. Grayson's jaw dropped several inches. "You gotta be fuckin' kidding me." "I don't hear anyone laughing, Lieutenant," SAC Wayne commented matter-of-factly. "Simply amazing," Commissioner Gordon arched his snowy-white eyebrows. "It's not the first time I've seen Agent Parkman in action, but there is something truly... supernatural about him. How does he do it?" "I'll tell you how," Grayson produced a pack of cigarettes and – giving the current no-smoking legislation a complete kick in the ass – proceeded to light up. He was angry about his men's failure and the FBI's apparently easy success, and it showed in his obnoxiousness. "It's because he's just as much of a freak as all these psychos he catches. There's no goddamn way he could get into their minds like that if he wasn't as fucked up in here as the rest of them." He tapped his temple. "We're just lucky that he hasn't snapped...at least, not yet..." "Lt. Grayson," Audrey called his attention calmly as the policeman finished his tirade. The man blew out a cloud of smoke and looked at her expectantly and with scorn. The blonde remained coolly detached as she spoke her next words. "If you don't shut your mouth right the hell now, I'll not only close it for you, I'll see to it that you get a visit from the police shrink to determine whether or not you're fit to carry your badge any longer." "Now hang on, Hanson-" Grayson finally realized he had overstepped the mark, what with the way the Commissioner was staring at him unfavorably. "No, you listen to me, asshole," Audrey took a step towards the taller man, her petite frame still easy and non-threatening. He eyes, though, were ablaze. "Because the next time you have any words for my partner that aren't 'well done, Agent Parkman' or 'thank you for your assistance, Matt,' I'm gonna get my piece and shove it up your-" "Agent Hanson, that's enough," Wayne halted her tirade. He didn't raise his voice, but the authority in it was clear as glass. The middle-aged man turned to Commissioner and offered him his hand. "Frank, always a pleasure to collaborate with the NYPD." "Your help is always most appreciated, Stuart," the older man shook hands with him, giving Grayson a sideways admonishing glance. The door opened and Parkman walked in. With the tense exchange of words, nobody had noticed him slipping out of the interrogation chamber where the plainclothes cops were now retrieving a still-sobbing Lipski. Did I arrive just in time for the political ass-kissing? Audrey gave him an annoyed look, and he just cocked his eyebrows. What? Did I miss something? When his partner refused to answer, he sighed and gave Lipski's written confession to Dent. The handsome man frowned a bit as he examined and read it over. "That was some amazing work, Agent Parkman. But honestly, I'm worried about the legality of all this. I don't think any good defense lawyer would have much trouble having this confession tossed out as evidence during the trial." "The case against him doesn't need to go that far," Parkman said as he regained his sidearm from Audrey. "Lipski's willing to cut a deal. Life imprisonment without parole, ever, if you don't press for the death penalty. He only wants one thing in return." The African-American advocate waited a second for Matt to elaborate. So the FBI agent said, "You just have to promise that his mother never learns about what he did." "Goddamn twisted son of a bitch," Grayson mumbled under his breath. It was unclear who he was referring to, but at Audrey's steely gaze directed at him, the police detective managed to send a wintry smile to the man he hated. "Well done, Agent Parkman. Thank you for your assistance." "My pleasure," a slightly confused Matt welcomed him, just as his cell phone started buzzing inside his pocket. "If you'll excuse me one second, gentlemen." Parkman retrieved his phone and checked the caller ID before answering. BENNET. Frowning as he moved to one corner of the room and accepted the call, Matt took the cell to his ear. "Yeah, Parkman here." Audrey followed him with her eyes, while the other law enforcement officials fell into a hushed discussion about what to do next with the Lipski case. Mostly, they started to argue about how to handle the first press announcements and who should get credit for what. God, that was what she hated the most about the job. The politics. The PR. They were cops, for God's sake, not media whores. But all thoughts about the subject flew out of the window as Audrey noticed the way in which her partner's back suddenly stiffened and the several degrees of paleness his face fell while she listened to whoever was at the other end of the line. Parkman listened for a whole minute before answering with a clipped, "Of course, leave it in my hands. I'll be there myself in a few minutes." "What's wrong?" she asked in a hushed tone as he disconnected. "Family problems," Matt simply said, walking past towards the other men. This worried Audrey more than it should have. There was only one 'family' she was conscious of Matt having, now that his ex-wife and son were history. And it was one she honestly wasn't comfortable thinking about. It only served to remind Hanson that her partner and secret lover was part of a group that she could never truly belong to, even if she had wanted to. "Gentlemen, I'm sorry to interrupt you," Parkman said, gaining the other men's attention. "But I need an urgent favor." ---O--- Queens, New York May 2009 Ditko and Cockrum sat in the interior of their black Charger, parked in front of the house next door to the Bennet's. They were silent, the older man deep in thought as he looked at the two-storey home from behind the steering wheel. His partner was restless, constantly shifting in his seat and generally driving him bonkers. "We could just do it ourselves," the taller, younger man in black suggested – not for the first time. "Go in and take care of everything before they manage to get help." Ditko craved a smoke so badly he could have shot his colleague in the head just to get one. And he might do it anyway, if the other man kept on speaking much longer. "We've already screwed up enough for one day. So we just do as ordered." "We screwed up?" Cockrum was aghast. He snorted, "And here I thought it was those ass-hatted, good-for-nothing mobsters who had fucked it up all the way to hell. Those ass-hats and the bright minds who decided to use them as a cover-up." "It was a good plan," the older man pinched the bridge of his nose tiredly. "Nobody could have foreseen that Petrelli would wake up at exactly the wrong moment." The other Company man looked at his partner, annoyed. "Why do you always have to defend them? Jesus, it's like you're on their payroll or something." "Actually I am, yeah. And so are you. They pay for our houses, our clothes, the meals I put on my family's table and also that red Corvette you just made the first payment on." Ditko was the annoyed one now, and it really showed. A cigarette? He could smoke an entire pack in the next five minutes. Cockrum crossed his long arms over his chest and childishly looked away, towards the Bennet house. "Still," he insisted, "that doesn't make them right every single time." Yes, but Ditko needed to believe they were right. To question such an assumption, to doubt even one of their decisions would mean having to do so with every single one of them. It would mean doubting the rightness of their cause. It would mean having to accept they might just be cold-blooded killers, instead of the saviors of the world. He couldn't live with that on his mind. So, Ditko obeyed. As best as he could. As professional as he was. "So, what did they say?" Cockrum asked, and this time the older man was somewhat grateful to be taken out of his reverie. "What's Plan B?" "They're sending out the specialists." The younger man's eyes shot towards him, wide just for a second. Ditko only nodded, seriously. The fear that was reflected in his partner's look didn't need to be voiced aloud to be understood. Cockrum sighed and looked outside once again. The suburban neighbourhood seemed quiet and peaceful, a safe haven for honest working families. "This looks like a nice place to live." His partner didn't need to answer. Both shared the same thoughts at that moment. It was a nice place to live, yeah. A shame how it would soon become a war zone, though. ---O--- Convincing her mother the best thing she could do was to stay away from her own home was even more difficult than Claire had anticipated, especially after explaining to her the reason why. Sandra Bennet could appear to be aloof on the outside – and sometimes just not all the way there – but she was one heck of a fierce woman when it came to protecting and caring about her family. And the former cheerleader loved her adoptive mother all the more for that. Sometimes, she even wondered if Sandra hadn't been just another secret agent like her dad, and all that Mr. Muggles stuff wasn't just an act she had cooked up to confuse her enemies and put them all off-guard. Whatever the case, it was a lesson learned long ago that you didn't want to be at the wrong end of Mrs. Bennet's temper. So, eventually, Claire told her mom that she wasn't alone in the house, because Matt Parkman was already there. She really couldn't even start to figure how to tell her that her protector for the day was actually her just-awakened biological uncle. The same young man that looked like he was the one in need of protection right now, as he held the yapping dog in his arms and groggily let him lick his nose while he fought not to fall asleep. The blonde girl told her mother that she was alright, not to worry, that yes, she would be careful and that yes, she would take care of Mr. Muggles. She told her that she loved her. She then hung up the phone and briefly wondered what kind of hell was reserved for misleading daughters. Claire looked at Peter, who sensing her eyes upon him, turned to give her a tired smile. Pale and sweaty, gaunt and covered in dried blood, he looked truly awful. She wanted nothing more than to hug him and never let him go. "This really is one affectionate little fella," he grinned. "He just won't stop licking me." "It think he just likes the taste of your dried blood, Peter," she observed deadpan. "Argh," disgusted, the young Petrelli immediately and unceremoniously dropped the Pomeranian to the floor. "Bad, bad dog!" Mr. Muggles protested and yapped, trying to climb back up Peter's legs. The dark-haired young man poked him with a gentle TK burst and the tiny four-legged canine quickly scuttled away. "Get lost, you little monster." "Don't you ever do that in front of my mom, or she'll have you flayed alive," Claire chuckled, walking closer to him. "And we don't want that, don't we?" "No, we don't." One of those moments passed between them, in silence, as man and woman looked at each other in comfortable closeness. Yet, neither of them dared to fully reach for the other, in fear the gesture wouldn't be understood, or accepted. Finally, it was Claire who broke the quiet with a sigh. "Okay, while Matt and Dad and the rest arrive, we should do something about appearances. And we might take care of that bullet in your shoulder as well." Peter nodded, letting her take his hand and lead him to the bathroom upstairs. He missed the contact when she finally let him go. "I'll get my kit and some fresh clothes for you, alright?" The former nurse nodded, unable to find the words to thank her. A mere 'thank you' somehow didn't seem enough. He could only hope she would understand. Claire left him with his thoughts and quickly walked around the house, gathering what she needed. First, she went to her own room and got her 'kit', a plain first-aid box of which she had substituted the band-aids, gauzes and mercurochrome for scalpel, pliers and forceps. She got fresh clothes for both Peter and herself too. On her way from her parents' bedroom, where she had gotten a pair of her dad's sweatpants for his new houseguest, Claire stopped and turned around at the door, making a split-second decision. She returned to the wardrobe after leaving the pile of clothing on the bed and, kneeling down, uncovered a small safety deposit box by moving aside a few shoeboxes. The blonde girl used the combination Noah Bennet had given her upon setting it up – only for a life-threatening emergency, and wasn't this one? – on the digital padlock to open it and retrieve a semiautomatic pistol from its interior along with a fully loaded clip. It was a Glock 26, the same compact yet powerful gun that the NYPD advised its officers to use as either a backup or to be carried off-duty. Claire checked that the 10-round magazine was indeed full and inserted it into the butt of the pistol, quickly bringing the slide back to load a cartridge into the chamber. It didn't have a manual safety, but the trigger was a double-action only, which meant it was as safe as a revolver and so, she just tucked it into the waistband of her trousers, at the small of her back, and covered it with the hem of her T-shirt. She didn't plan to tell Peter about it, for fear he would get all freaked out and protective on her. She really knew how to take care of herself, although sometimes it seemed the complete opposite. And tonight, Claire was determined to take care of her uncle as well. The once cheerleader grabbed the pile of clothes and items from the bed and returned to the bathroom, humming under her breath. Peter was just as she had left him, sitting down on a stool in front of the mirror, looking at his own reflection with vacant eyes. For a second, her heart skipped a beat, as she couldn't shake the idea that he had lapsed back into catatonia. Then, Petrelli saw her image in the mirror as she stood behind him and turned slightly, giving her a small smile. Not a real one, as it didn't reach his eyes, but good enough to still her racing heart. "I thought you would've already gotten rid of those soiled rags by now," she said, leaving the clothes on top of the toilet bowl's closed lid. "You're that eager to get me all naked that way?" he chuckled tiredly, not really thinking about what he was saying. There was a dull 'clank!' as Claire stumbled over her own feet and let the first-aid kit fall to the floor. The box opened and its contents spread all over the tiled floor with a series of metallic clanks. She cursed between clenched teeth, and quickly knelt down to get everything back, hoping he wouldn't notice the tell-tale crimson shade her cheeks had suddenly acquired. "I'm so-sorry," she stuttered. "I'm so stupid, and clumsy and accident-prone. Thank God I can heal or-" "You're not stupid, so don't you ever say that again," Peter said sharply, and she realized he had gotten off the stool to go down by her side and help her in the task. Claire was warmed by the sincerity in his voice and could only look at him as he carefully gathered the fallen tools one by one and put them back into the box. "And you sure didn't seem clumsy at all back there when you saved me. Where did you learn to drive like that, by the way?" She grinned, tucking a loose strand of golden hair behind one ear. "What can I say? I'm half-Italian, half-white trailer park trash. I come genetically engineered to drive fast and hard." It was his turn for chuckling, but there was tiny sting within his chest at the reminder that Claire – after all – really was a Petrelli. "Yeah," he nodded, "Nathan was always a speed devil too. That's part of why he became a pilot, I think. Cars just weren't fast enough for him." His eyes instantly filled with unshed tears as, knelt on the floor, they looked at each other again. Then Peter got this expression on his face, like a small, lost boy, and Claire's heart broke in two as her uncle asked, "Did he have a nice funeral at least? I mean, did many people attend or-" "Yeah, yeah, it was beautiful," she nodded, reaching for him, laying a petite hand on his arm and feeling it tremble under her fingers. "He had a hero's funeral, with military honors and all. Just like he deserved." "That was all my fault, wasn't it?" Peter finally broke down into tears, openly crying. "It should've been me, Claire. I could have, I would have survived it! But I wasn't strong enough to stop Sylar and he - oh, Jesus, Nathan-" "No, no, Peter, stop!" Claire took him fully into her arms, embracing him tightly as the dark-haired young man began to be wracked by powerful sobs. "It wasn't your fault, you hear me? It was not your fault. It was Sylar's. Not yours, just his." But Claire Bennet didn't really believe that. Well, it was obvious how Gabriel Gray was the one to be blamed for her biological father's death, but he was not the only one. Angela Petrelli and whoever she had worked for or with had as much responsibility for the events of Kirby Plaza as that murderous psycho. And, truth be told, so did Nathan himself as well. But Peter wasn't ready to hear those truths. And this was neither the time nor the place to make him face them. All she wanted was for her uncle to stop blaming himself. He didn't deserve to be punished like that, when all he had done was to be the only courageous one, the only believer in a land of jaded atheists. The Texan girl held her secret crush tightly, one hand running smoothing circles on his back, the other lost between the silk short locks of his dark hair. After a couple of seconds, she felt his own arms wrapping themselves around her, nearly crushing her to him. Claire welcomed the sensation. She gave him her warmth and let herself get lost in the one provided by his body. His face fell into the crook of her neck and he cried, cried hard and long. She rocked Peter Petrelli, and wished her power could mend his broken heart. ---O--- Peter felt like a robot after his breakdown. Unresponsive as a puppet as, after he ran out of tears, Claire helped him to stand up and sit back down on the stool, all the while whispering soothing words in his ear. He wondered what he would do right now if he didn't have her. Maybe fall back into that coma. Maybe go nuts. Maybe say to hell with it all, and use Ted Sprague's power to explode into a nuclear fireball. Become someone who might as well have died along with his brother. These thoughts brought out in Peter a strange memory. Or maybe it was just the recollection of a dream, he wasn't sure. But there was a beach, and quiet waves breaking along the shore. And somebody was asking him to look for something worth living for. Claire derailed that particular train of thought when he heard the blonde girl – Young woman, actually, he corrected himself – taking in a sharp breath. Peter frowned and raised his eyes, which had been downcast as she eased his ruined bathrobe and pajama top off his torso. A pale, gaunt stranger returned his look from the mirror. Sunken chest, prominent ribs, stick-thin arms. It was a miracle he was alive and kicking. "Oh well," Petrelli groaned surly, "at least I'll make it as the poster boy for Anorexia Awareness this month." "That's not funny," Claire returned, unamused. "God, I knew you were getting way too skinny by being tube-fed all the time, but this is just-" "Thank you so much for your support," Peter cut her off, looking at her over his shoulder. "Well, don't you worry," Claire nonchalantly dismissed his ghost-like looks. "I'm sure you'll go back to your usual handsome self once we've gotten a few T-bone steaks inside you." "I don't eat meat," Peter observed, staring at her via the mirror and trying to ignore she had just used the word 'handsome' to define him. She probably had just said it to ease his discomfort at his current physical state. "I'm lacto-vegetarian." For the next few seconds, they just held gazes through the mirror. Claire looked like he'd just told her he was an alien from Alpha Centauri. "You're a what?" "Lacto-vegetarian. Means I don't eat meat or eggs, but I can have dairy products." "I know what it means, jeez," Claire rolled her eyes. "It's just that I can't believe it! I mean, you're supposed to be Italian, for God's sake! You live in the world's Italian food capitol." "Well actually, the world's Italian food capitol is, you know, in Italy." "What-ever. I don't know," she shrugged, "I guess I just thought you guys would have had these huge meals at home, everybody sitting around a big pot of steamy spaghetti and Bolognaise sauce, with pastrami and cheese..." Once again, Peter turned his head to look at her over his shoulder. "Seriously, you have a big problem remembering the family name. It's not Andretti, and sure as hell it's not Soprano eitherIt's Petrelli. Pe-treee-lli." They looked at each for another few seconds, and this time they both burst into giggles. Peter needed almost a full minute to calm down and stop laughing, and it was only then he realized how quickly, smoothly and easily Claire had managed to turn the tide of his emotion, to make him go from tears to laughter. She was amazing, and for more reasons he had ever thought. "C'mon skinny guy, bend over," Claire playfully told him, as Peter faced back towards the mirror. "Let's get that bullet out." Peter complied, unable to erase the grin from his lips. Then, Claire's hands were on his naked flesh and he felt like a lightning bolt had struck right him on his backbone. "Something wrong?" she asked, noticing his flinch. "No, errr..." There were goosebumps rising all over his skin, as she gently tested his wounded-yet-healed shoulder-blade with her fingertips, searching for the projectile embedded deep inside his flesh. "It's a bit chilly in here, that's all." Yeah, right. "Hey, what's this?" Claire inquired out of the blue, and Peter felt her fingers move from his shoulder to the nape of his neck. "What's what?" he frowned. Claire had never seen it before, because his hair had been so long all the time, but now that it had been sheared away and the back of it was down to buzz cut, she noticed a small scar right under his hairline. It was merely one inch long, but perfectly vertical and straight. "You have a scar here," she traced its contour with a delicate fingernail. "I've never seen it before." The young Petrelli male felt the goosebumps coming back, with a vengeance, and needed a couple of seconds to concentrate and decipher her words. "That, uh, it's a-a childhood accident. I fell from a swing when I was really little, like three or so. I don't remember it, but Mom said they had to give me some stitches. And that she got really scared for a while. Oh, speaking of which..." The blonde Texan arched a skeptical eyebrow, glad that in his bent over position, Peter couldn't see her expression. She had a really hard time trying to imagine a scared Angela Petrelli. "Your mom?" Claire simply asked softly. "Yeah." The subject of Peter's mother and what she would have eventually have to tell him about her, was not something that Claire wanted to pursue so she decided to change the subject. "I don't know where she is right now, but I'm sure she'll hear the big news about you soon enough. Anyway, you bumped your head real bad, huh? Well, that explains a lot of things about you." "Excuse me?" Chuckling, Claire turned her attention back to his shoulder and the task at hand while he mumbled something about no-good-mannered youngsters and the respect they didn't have for their elders. Claire finally located the bullet and pressed on it with her left thumb. As she got a scalpel from her kit box, she warned the dark-haired young man. "Seems to have gone quite deep, maybe lodged against the bone. This is gonna hurt a bit." "It's alright," he shrugged a bit. "I'm used to it." "Que macho," she rolled her eyes. "Okay, here I go." The razor-sharp blade bit into Peter's flesh two inches above the spot where the bullet was buried and he hissed in pain, flinching a little. He wasn't sure was shocked him the most, the pain of the actual cut, the coldness of the metal, or how sure and decided her hand felt all through the motion. Claire kept him still with her free hand as she carefully but with precision sliced down in a perfectly straight line for about four inches. "Thought you were used to the pain." "Okay, I might have spoken a bit too hastily there," he agreed with a chuckle. "It's alright, Peter, don't worry," Claire said softly as she moved her free hand to hold the wound open with her thumb and forefinger while she got rid of the scalpel and reached to retrieve a pair of long forceps. "That's the good thing about physical pain with regard to people like you and me, you know? As soon as it vanishes, even the memory of it fades away." She didn't need to add that it was just the opposite with the spiritual one. That lasted for a lifetime, and its scars, although invisible, never disappeared. She didn't need to say it aloud because both of them knew it too well. There was blood running from the wound, thick and dark down his pale back. She moved with a precise, quick speed and inserted the pincers into the open flesh. Peter groaned as she rummaged – as carefully as she could but still with energy – and grabbed the elusive projectile with her tool. "You, oh Christ, you actually know what you're doing, right?" Snorting, the blonde Texan ensured she had the bullet in a firm grasp before starting to pull. It resisted, though, being stubbornly trapped into his shoulder-blade. "Why do you think I keep this box handy? I can't just go to the hospital and have a doctor extract glass, or wood, or whatever from my body and then let him see the wound closing in front of his eyes. Nah, I just – c'mon you little bitch, just come out! – I usually have to do it myself." With a squishy sound and a nearly inaudible 'plop!' the offending piece of metal finally yielded and came out, the open wound regurgitating another dose of syrupy blood. "Ha! I gotcha!" Claire exclaimed, triumphant. Peter sighed in relief, fighting off a wave of nausea and dizziness. Claire released his wound and got the discarded, and already ruined, pajama top to soak the blood running down his back. The wound closed up by itself in mere seconds, leaving no trace it had ever existed. Just like she had said. Peter sent her a small frown. "And do you have to do it often these days? Pulling wood and glass and stuff out of yourself?" Still holding the forceps in her hand and with the bullet captured in its point, the former cheerleader just made a strange expression with her face as she shrugged again. "What can I say? I'm accident-prone." She moved the forceps towards him, offering him the projectile. "There you go, your first bullet. Congratulations." Opening his hand, the New Yorker let his niece drop the tiny piece of metal on his palm. He examined it for a brief instant and found it still covered in small chunks of flesh and gore. He grimaced, "What am I supposed to do with this?" Claire grinned. "Put it under your pillow. If you've been a good boy, the NRA fairy will come and exchange it for a shiny dollar while you sleep." Returning the grin, Peter arched one eyebrow. "The NRA fairy?" "Yeah, looks like a very small Charlton Heston, only it has butterfly wings and pointy ears. It gives money to kids so they can buy more guns, making use of their Constitutional rights and be able to protect this country from wild bears and invading British." "Yee-haw, God bless America!" "God bless!" His grin was silly, and he knew it, but didn't give a damn about that. She was making an effort to be serious, but the corners of her lips were curling upwards. Amazing? It didn't even begin to describe Claire Bennet. Peter only realized he had reached out to hold her hand when she stopped looking at him. Her smile turned doubtful and shy, and a tiny voice said inside his head, 'Ten years younger, AND she's your niece. Stop flirting with her, damn it!' Although he wasn't flirting, was he? If he was, he sincerely wasn't conscious of such, for this... exchange, felt so natural, so... them. Peter wondered when he had started to think about Claire and himself in the terms of 'them' instead of, well, 'Peter and Claire'. He didn't really know very much about her, to be honest. Just that she was amazing, funny, brave and beautiful. And my niece. Nathan's daughter. Sister to Simon and Monty. Oh! I hope to God they and Heidi are okay, it's been nearly two and a half years... Sighing, and blaming his current state of confusion for these erratic thoughts, he let Claire's hand go. "I think we should have those showers. Want go first?" Claire was looking away, deep in thought, and needed a couple of seconds to answer him. "No, ah, you go ahead, I'll get rid of the clothes meanwhile. We'll have something to eat afterwards?" "No meat?" he arched his eyebrow, boyishly. Her smile returned, but it was her sad little one, and he had a sudden revelation. For the first time, Peter had the sensation that he knew what that so-Claire smile meant. She was keeping something to herself. "I can't promise anything," she managed to hold his dark gaze. "This is still a Texan household, after all. We put meat even in the milkshake." "Swell." The blonde chuckled, gathering from the floor the clothes Peter had already discarded. She moved to the door, followed by his eyes. "I'll get your, err, your bottoms later." "Okay," he nodded. Peter waited until she was at the threshold to call for her attention. "Claire?" "Yeah?" she halted in her tracks, turning around with her arms full of bloodied rags. "Give me a shout if anything happens, alright? I'll be with you in a flash." Flash. Claire had a sudden one of a naked and dripping wet Peter charging to her rescue. A tiny part of her brain said that it maybe should have been exciting image, but it was actually so ridiculous that she couldn't help but to snort in laughter. The young woman was still laughing as she left Petrelli sitting on the stool inside the bathroom, blinking in puzzlement, as she closed the door behind her. "Did I say something funny?" ---O--- The rear doors of the Charger opened so suddenly that neither Ditko nor Cockrum had time to react. Their hands flew instinctively to the grips of the pistols underneath their jackets as they turned around, but by the time their fingers reached the plastic and metal weapons, there were already two men inside the sedan, sitting in the back seat. "Gentlemen, please," said the first one, with a cultured yet deeply accented voice. "There is no need for such a display of alarm. We are all friends here, yes?" Ditko had to lean and peer over the backrest of his seat to look at the speaking man, for he was so short. Not that there much to see, in his opinion. He seemed to be Chinese, probably from Hong Kong - judging by his Cantonese accent - in his late thirties or maybe early forties, with a slightly pock-marked face, and dressed in black, from his $5000 Armani suit, to his shirt and tie. He gave the senior agent a polite smile, one that didn't reach his dark piercing eyes. A chill ran down Ditko's spine. Those eyes were so cold and heartless he had the impression to be looking into an android's ones. The other man, on the other hand, was his exact polar opposite. He was so big to start with that, when he sat into the car, the rear suspension went down several inches and a grunting noise shook the entire structure of the Dodge. His 7-plus foot tall frame barely fit into the rear space, and he dwarfed the Chinese guy so much he made the man look even smaller than what he actually was. This man was African-American, with muscles big as a brick outhouse bulging and tensing a cheap brown suit that he wore with a shirt and no tie. Ditko doubted it was physically possible to tie the upper button around such a thick neck anyway. The black man only grunted gutturally as a greeting. Cockrum exchanged a quick glare with his partner, both of them wondering if things were getting better, or worse. "My name is Ghost," the Chinese man said, smiling all the while. "This is my partner, Mr. Stone." The younger of the two agents groaned, and his partner couldn't help a grin of his own. Most of the Company's specialists went by codenames, some more fortunate than others. It was as much if a mystery as it was a running joke to guess who had actually come up with them and what they meant. However, Ditko didn't feel like joking right now. The mere fact that these two had sneaked up on them unnoticed until they were inside the car spoke volumes of their skill. And that this kind of individual had been sent by their bosses, well, that said a lot about the interest they had in bagging and tagging young Miss Bennet. "You're welcome," the cigarette-loving man in black said, trying to sound as unimpressed as he could. Not because Ditko wanted to despise the newcomers, but because of the same reason you don't want to show yourself afraid in front of a tiger. "I take it you've already been briefed about the mission at hand." Stone grunted, his massive bald head barely nodding in affirmation. Ghost, on the other hand, was far more eloquent. "Absolutely. I understand your original attempt at retrieving Miss Bennet has proved less than successful, yes? A shame, I should say, it seemed like such a brilliant plan on paper. It must have been such a disappointment for you that it failed so soundly." The tiger, of course, always had the luxury of showing himself condescending. "Hey dude, we can only work with the tools we have at hand," Cockrum sneered at the Chinese man. "See if you can handle yourselves better." Ditko sent daggers at his partner with his eyes, but the man in the rear seat only stared at him with his cold polite smile. "Unfortunately, I'm afraid any further actions will have to be postponed at least until tomorrow." This shocked the two Company men, though they did their best not to show it. The older of them frowned, "How come?" Ghost took his time to gather an engraved silver cigarette case from the interior pocket of his jacket and extract a thin cigar from it. Slowly, he lit it up with the lighter incorporated in the case and blew a blue-grey cloud of smoke towards the general direction of the two men in front. "Even as we speak, there are two squad cars from the NYPD heading this way. And at least one sedan with Federal plates driven by two FBI agents as well. Now, as much as we want to be in possession of our intended target, we do not desire to face off against New York's finest in an open engagement, yes? Such a public exposure of our activities would be most... unacceptable." The two men in the back seat opened their doors and got ready to get out of the car. After crossing another look, Cockrum cursed under his breath and asked, "Hey, how the fuck did you find out about that?" Ghost, his body already and smoothly out of the vehicle, leaned to grin at them from outside. "You should switch on your police scanner, gentlemen. It is standard procedure after all, yes?" "Wait, this is ridiculous," Ditko prevented the short man from retreating. "We need to keep an eye on the gi- on the target. We can't afford to lose her." The Chinese man's smile turned even more ice-cold, if such a thing was even possible. "You don't need to worry about such an event, my friend. We already have somebody on the job." They closed the doors, Ghost carefully, the hulking black man so strongly that the whole car was rocked and both of the men inside marveled the windows didn't explode. "Fuck that, and fuck them," Cockrum angrily punched the dashboard as his partner started the engine. "We just got relegated to play second fiddle here, man. You still thinking the big men are showing their real cards?" Ditko didn't answer. He just calmly pulled the car out and drove past the Bennet house, switching on the headlights only when it was well behind them. "Well? What do we do now?" the younger man crossed his arms over his chest, his foot nervously tapping on the floor. "Any ideas?" His partner simply shrugged. "I don't know about you, but I'm gonna go buy a pack of cigarettes." ---O--- Peter knew there were a lot of things he should be thinking about. Like the best way of getting in contact with his family, or what was left of it. Heidi, his nephews, his mother...all of them would want to know that he was now awake and mobile again, but he doubted that just calling them up on the phone and saying 'Hey, guess who's back?' would be the ideal way to do it. Peter briefly wondered if Claire had kept in touch with his sister-in-law. If she had told Heidi how she was Nathan's illegitimate daughter. Half-sister to her sons. He also wondered if his mother hated him for having caused Nathan to die that way. Petrelli wondered, but the thoughts passed quickly, like sand between his fingers. He could just not concentrate on anything. His head was bent down as the spray of water from the shower hit his body, as hot as he could tolerate. His flesh turned pink as the nearly boiling water almost scalded him, but he still felt cold inside. All he could see was the blood being washed off him, pinkish and thin as it disappeared down the drain in complex rivulets. At one point, he heard soft noises in the bathroom and he turned his head slightly. Peter could see the out-of-focus figure of Claire through the smoked glass of the shower screen. She moved in silence, gathering the last discarded items of clothing he had left behind. He heard the rustling of plastic and supposed she was probably putting them into a garbage bag. Even only being able to see her distorted and enveloped in shadows, he had to admit the grace she moved with was uncanny for a sixteen-year-old. No, wait, make that eighteen-year-old. Two and half years had gone by, more or less, and she was an adult now. Another two years and a half of her life that he had lost, just like he had lost the first sixteen ones. He wondered what their relationship would be like now if for all those years they hadn't lived in ignorance of each other. If now he would actually feel familial towards her, feel like she really was his niece. But if she didn't feel like his niece – what she was – then what did she feel like? He was not sure he wanted to dwell on that. What Peter was sure about, was that he didn't have the energy right now to even maintain a straight and stable line of thought. His thoughts were erratic and chaotic, and he was going from one thing to the next in a millisecond. There was Claire and his blood going down the drain, and it spiraled in a clockwise motion down the drain because of the Earth's magnetic field. In the southern hemisphere it would go anti-clockwise, and that was called the Coriolis effect. He had been terrible at physics in school, were Claire's grades any better? He could bet Nathan would have been proud of her if he had been there to be her father. He was proud of her. Had his parents ever been proud of him? His father surely had never told him so, not once. He had preferred drinking to telling his secondborn that. That man had never been a big fan of Scotch. He had always favored bourbon, like Nathan. He did like it, on the other hand. It was one of his few guilty pleasures. Did Claire drink alcohol? Did she go to parties with her high school friends? Did she have a boyfriend? If so, did he know how special she was? Not only in the way an unexpected twist of genetics had turned her into, but in the way Peter himself knew she was. Circles within circles. His mind was spinning like his blood did into the darkness of the drain. Circles and circles. And all of them took him back to Claire Bennet. "Peter?" her voice came from afar, rescuing him. "Are you alright in there?" He could see her through the smoked glass, barely her silhouette, only at an arm's length. So near, yet so far away. "You're awfully quiet," she insisted. "Are you alright?" No, he wasn't. He didn't even know how he was. "I'm...I'm coming out." The young Texan remained still at the other side of the glass while he turned the water off. He felt suddenly wet and cold. "Claire?" "Yeah?" "I said,I'm coming out." "Oh!" Miss Bennet finally caught the meaning of his words. "I'll be, uh, I'll be waiting outside. I've left some clothes for you on top of the toilet, okay?" He nodded. Not sure she could notice his assertion through the glass, he added, "Right. Thank you." Peter didn't notice if she was nodding now, either. But he saw her reaching out and placing her hand flat at the other side of the glass. Silently amazed, he reciprocated by laying his own palm against hers. Even through the glass, she was so petite. But she felt so damn huge at that very moment. Then Claire was gone, without another word. And Peter didn't feel cold and wet anymore. He only felt empty. ---O--- Noah Bennet was a large man, but Peter had never really realized just how much so until he found himself lost in his sweatpants. They were so huge around his now stick-thin frame that when he knotted the cord around his waist, the laces hung down to his mid-thigh, and the legs pooled around his ankles. The T-shirt Claire had left for him, on the other hand, would have fit him perfectly if he had been his pre-coma fit self. Dried, short hair still wet but not dripping, he contemplated his reflection in the mirror. The tee was familiar – dark blue with the FDNY letters in yellow across the chest – but at first he couldn't point where he knew it from. It smelled like Claire, he knew that much. A fragrance of flowers, honey and girly soap he was starting to associate with his Texan niece. It felt good on him, soft and well worn. Comforting. Barefoot, he padded out of the bathroom. "Claire?" Peter called, feeling his voice hoarse and sleepy. "Shower's free!" "S'okay! I'll be up in a minute!" her voice came from somewhere downstairs. The bathroom was the last door on the main hallway of the house's second story, so Peter had to walk past by the rest of the rooms in his way to the stairs. Most of the doors were closed, the only one with some kind of identifying sign on it being one that had a skull and crossbones hanging at eye level, and a placard saying 'Lyle's. Forget the dog, beware of the owner.' He chuckled and continued walking, only stopping at the next door – the last one before the staircase - that was the only one half-open. Even though curiosity killed the cat, and he was by no mean nosy, something made Peter peek inside. It was Claire's room. He knew because the same fragrance from that T-shirt also permeated the interior, subtly making feel at ease as soon as he crossed the lintel of the door. It was nothing like the young Petrelli had expected his niece's room to be. Honestly speaking, he was not sure what he had imagined it might be. Maybe pop stars and hunk-of-the-month posters on pink walls, fluffy cushions and the kind of stuff he could associate with a still-growing teenager. But in this room, the only feature that seemed to belong to such a young person was a varied collection of teddy bears neatly piled up on one of the corners. Not discarded, but...amorously kept side by side, the largest ones on the bottom and one on top of the other as they progressively grew smaller. Stacked by someone who cared. The rest of it didn't belong to a child. The rest of the room was an adult's one. A small desk on one side, with a home computer and a printer and neatly ordered writing and school material. A few shelves on the light-green wall, with books, CDs and a small stereo sound system. A CD tower and a queen-sized bed with a single bedside table. A wardrobe by the window and a large notice board on the wall opposite the bed, with tens of photographs nailed to it. Peter walked into the room, not even realizing that his feet were moving. He examined Claire's belongings as he passed by, even though a tiny voice in his head told him that he maybe shouldn't. There were books on biology and genetics on the shelves – some of them advanced, college-level stuff – and classic novels and poetry compilations. No teen romances or Cosmo issues there, but there were some hardcover graphic novels and comic books that caused him to raise an eyebrow and release a chuckle. Alan Moore's Watchmen and the X-Men's Dark Phoenix Saga alongside Darwin's The Origin of Species and Shakespeare's Sonnets and Poems. If there was a word to define such an assortment, it was 'eclectic'. There was an empty space in one of the shelves, and the book it usually filled it was lying on the bedside table. Activating Evolution, by Chandra Suresh. Peter picked it up and quickly looked through its pages. It was a well-read edition, with handwritten notes on the margins, paragraphs highlighted with magic markers and sections identified by color-coded Post-its. He put it back on the table, wondering how many times Claire had read it, how many questions she had asked while looking at its pages and how and what kind of answers, if any, she had found in them. And then there were the pictures. The room was not really big, and at the height the notice board was hung, Peter couldn't comfortably look at them if he stood at the feet of the bed. So he sat down on its edge. He crossed his hands on his lap, examining the photos with a vacant expression. Claire was in many, but not all of them. Claire with her family. Claire with her father. Claire with Mr. Muggles. Noah Bennet and his wife, sitting at a table during what looked like a Thanksgiving dinner. Her brother raising his hands to stop whoever was taking the picture from doing so. Another one of him with Claire, the two of them actually smiling at each other with affection. Her father asleep on a couch, horn-rimmed glasses perched on his forehead, a spy novel open on his chest. Claire with friends. Claire with a beautiful blonde older woman, this one blowing a kiss to the camera as the young Texan looked at her and laughed. Claire with a handsome black man, squealing as he hugged her from behind and lifted her from the floor. The older blonde and the handsome man on their own, with a curly-haired young kid who was making a face as the two adults kissed. That same kid with a brown-haired girl of the same age, the two of them stilled for eternity as they sat side by side while they played on twin Nintendo handheld games. They were grinning at each other, like two best friends who had just shared a private joke. The girl piggyback-riding on Mohinder Suresh's back, both laughing. More and more pictures, nailed to the board with colorful pins, some of them overlapping, not all of them straight. The telepathic cop from Texas – Parkman? – making a funny face as he held a shiny FBI badge to the lens. Another one with both him and Claire, seriously saluting military-style, the effect of which was completely ruined by the fact that both of them were wearing silly English bobby hats. There were loads of Hiro and Ando. Together, on their own, or with his blonde niece. One with the three of them costumed – for Halloween, maybe? – as anime characters. Naruto Hiro, Sakura Claire, Sasuke Ando. Claire wrapping her arms around Hiro's neck from behind, the young Japanese guy smiling sweetly at her as he looked over his shoulder. Ando in a flashy mobster-like suit, giving a sort-of seductive smile while he fixed his cufflinks. Claire pointing at the Statue of Liberty. Claire at Central Park. Claire under the sun. Claire smiling. Claire laughing. Only there were very few pictures in which the smile was real, in which it reached her eyes. And in none of the very few in which it did, was she alone. There was a photograph in the center of the board. It was the only one that didn't have any other covering it. The only one that stood in its own, not nailed but glued by double-faced tape. It was the only one he had already seen before today. Nathan and himself, smiling, tuxedos on but bow-ties loose around their necks, brotherly arms around each other's shoulders during the wedding of the eldest Petrelli sibling. His expression never flinching, Peter reached out and took the picture from the board, taking great care in not damaging it as the tape came off. Like he was in a daze, the evolved human crawled backwards onto the bed until he was lying with his head onto the pillow. Looking at the ceiling, holding the picture to his heart, Peter wondered what to think, how to feel. He wasn't sure of anything anymore. The scent of Claire surrounded him, and he fell asleep. ---O--- "Peter, where are-" Claire found him a few minutes later, immobile on her bed. She didn't say anything, although her heart skipped a beat when she couldn't shake the impression that his uncle had slipped back into a coma. The young Texan woman took a couple of fast steps to the edge of the bed, and only breathed in relief when she noticed the rhythmically way in which his chest rose and fell. She closed her eyes and passed a hand over her face. She was tired, more so than she had felt in ages. "Oh, Peter..." she sighed, sitting down at his side, ever so gently so she wouldn't wake him up. Claire tenderly brushed the short bangs falling on his forehead, finding them still a bit damp. She grinned, with some bittersweetness. "I miss your cute emo hair, you know?" She saw the picture he held to his chest, and her head turned to find the empty spot on the center of her board. The smile faltered on her lips as she returned her eyes to her sleeping uncle. "And I miss him too," she said, leaning over and placing a soft kiss on her uncle's forehead. Claire stood up and silently retrieved a blanket from the interior of her wardrobe. As quietly as she could, the petite blonde used it to cover the dark-haired young man. Walking out of the room, she stopped at the doorway and turned around. She felt like she should say something, wish him good night or whatever. 'Sweet dreams, sweet prince,' went through her mind, but she felt silly and it felt inadequate. She didn't know if he would be dreaming. She didn't know if his dreams would be sweet either. Who was this man on her bed? Who was Peter Petrelli? No matter how good she dared to think she knew him through his diaries – and dear God, but that was a can of worms that she didn't want to open now that Peter was finally out of his coma – Miss Bennet still had no idea what was making him tick right now. She may have learnt who he had been, but who was he turning into? That was a whole different matter. Claire closed the door after switching off the light and went off to have her own shower. She may not know who the stranger on her bed was, but she sure as hell wanted to find out. ---O---	Mr Benn
Which cartoon characters were known as heroes in a half shell?	Dark Legacy Chapter Four: Stranger in my Bed, a heroes fanfic \| FanFiction Chapter Four: Stranger in my Bed Fear and panic in the air I want to be free From desolation and despair And I feel like everything I saw Is being swept away When I refuse to let you go "Map of the problematique," Muse Long Island, New York May 2009 This was a night of miracles and wonders. One of them – in Peter's opinion, maybe not the smallest one – was that Claire's tiny Rabbit soldiered on in spite of its lamentable state. That the police hadn't pulled them over yet was probably another miracle. The bodywork was completely ruined, especially on the rear end, and generously bullet-ridden all over. The roof was gone, and so was the windshield. And yet the yellow car kept going. The wind howled and made Claire's long blonde hair flow in a golden cloud around her head. She looked forward, a determined expression on her face. Eyes slit, nose wrinkled, pouty mouth transformed into a thin line. Peter thought she looked adorable. But then he was feeling pretty delirious right now, so he couldn't really trust his own judgment at this point. He didn't really understand what was going on; it was like he had gone to the toilet in the middle of a movie, and upon his return, the plot had like completely left the country. The characters were the same, but they were singing a way different tune. He had a vague recollection of being at a beach, and being told something important. But it was like he had woken up from a dream, and the details were so hazy that they just slipped between his fingers when he tried to grasp them. Nothing made much sense. "Are you okay?" Claire asked him, darting a look at her uncle for a second before returning her attention to the road. 'Do I look like I'm okay?' Peter wondered rather bitterly. He surely didn't feel like it, but he just said, "Yeah, peachy." The Texan nodded, and whispered, "Liar." Peter chuckled, but his laughter turned into a cough. Claire darted another look at him, this time a worried one. He made her think of the time she had visited him in jail back in Odessa, after he'd saved her from Sylar that night. Only his gauntness and short hair now added to his pale sweatiness to accentuate his sickly looks, even more than back then. The blonde reached out for him with her right hand and touched his forehead with its back. "You're feverish," she said, unable to hide her worry. "I'm alright," Peter shook his head, trying not to think about how soft and wonderfully cool her hand felt against his skin, and how much he missed the contact when she took it away. Yeah, fever, that had to be it. "I just need to rest a little, and I'll be fine." The blonde girl shut up about the fact that he shouldn't be sick, not as long as he was close to her. She couldn't remember ever having caught a cold or been sick herself ever since her power had manifested. And she wasn't sure resting was the best idea, either. God knew how he had 'rested' for long enough. "Do you remember anything?" the young woman asked, deciding to keep him awake. "I mean, after Sylar and the explosion?" Bile rose to Peter's throat at the memory. It might have been a long time since that night for Claire; but for him, it had just happened barely a few hours ago. He could still hear Nathan telling him he loved him before he flew Sylar up into the night sky. The young Petrelli male shook his head in response to Claire's question. "Not really, it's like I've been dreaming. How…how long…?" She licked her lips, but didn't answer. Her eagerness to start a conversation was suddenly gone. Seeing this Petrelli pressed her, "Claire?" "I, ah, I'm not really sure…maybe you're right and you should rest a little before…." This time it was Peter who reached out for her, capturing her hand as it rested on the knob of the gear change lever. "Claire, please." "Two years," she said bluntly, feeling like crying again. "Almost two and a half." Claire would have sworn that it was impossible for him to go paler, but at seeing his reaction, she realized she'd been wrong. With a small pained voice, Peter requested, "Please, stop the car." "Peter, we're in the middle of the highway-" "Claire! Pull over!" His niece pulled over and stopped in the emergency lane. The other cars honked in annoyance, but both driver and passenger paid them no mind. The Rabbit hadn't fully stopped, and Peter had already opened the door and was getting out. His body was shaken by nausea and his stomach doing somersaults as it tried to get rid of a content that wasn't even there. He fell to his knees, spitting acidic bile and saliva. 'Two years! Two and a half fucking years?!' What had he done? For the love of God, what had he done? It wasn't until he felt Claire's hand rubbing his back in soothing circles that Peter realized she had gotten out of the car too and moved to his side. It wasn't until he heard her whisper that his body stilled and he started breathing regularly. "It's okay, Peter. It's okay…" How the young man wished he could believe her. He wiped his lips with the sleeve of his dressing gown, "I'm sorry, I just…I was just surprised, I guess." Claire offered him a small bottle of water and Peter accepted it gratefully, taking a swig from it to wash his mouth out. After spitting it out, he frowned, "Where did you get this?" "Glove compartment," she shrugged. "Always have one around, just in case." "Just in case of what?" Peter stood up, towering over her. Petrelli handed the bottle back to her and their fingers interlaced over the plastic container. She didn't make any effort to get him off, and he didn't try to let her go. Peter suddenly gained a crooked smile, "Wait, this is a Texan thing, isn't it? You always have a bottle of water with you just in case your car breaks down in the middle of the desert." "Are you reading my mind?" Claire asked, suspicious. Peter shook his head. He just thought it was cute. "You know we don't have deserts in New York, don't you?" "You've obviously never been stuck in the FDR in the middle of rush hour," Claire finally yanked her hand back. "I bet you were always chauffeured around in a big limo as a kid, with a cooler and soft drinks. Right, rich boy?" "Nah. I was flown everywhere in helicopter. Limos are for the new rich and people without taste. Petrellis are old money and class, baby." "Yeah, you looked very classy puking your guts onto the ground a couple of minutes ago, baby." Claire arched her eyebrows at him playfully and Peter nodded. "Touché." They returned to the car, now both smiling. The Texan asked before putting the car back into gear, "Are you feeling better?" "Yeah, thanks," Peter tried to sound as sincere as he could. He did feel better, thanks to her, but he was far from feeling well. Claire resumed the drive towards Queens, and Peter tried to relax in his seat, which was difficult because a) his inner mental struggles, and b) the fact that he was covered in dried blood and it was starting to itch. "I need a shower." "We both need one," she sighed. The idea of sharing one with the man sitting alongside her flashed briefly though her mind, but unlike other times Claire had no problem pushing it away. She was too tired and definitely not in the mood. "We're pretty messy. I hate being shot." "Does it happen to you often?" "Just a few times, but who keeps count? It's never funny, though." Peter ran a hand through his sweaty hair. He couldn't get used to how short it was. "So, bring me up to date on the last two years. You live here now? I thought you'd have gone back to Texas." The once male nurse though that the brief stare that his niece flashed at him had been a hurt one, but he wasn't sure. "Did I say something wrong?" "No, everything's okay…well, apart from the obvious. Assassins and all." There it was: the sad little smile. There was something wrong. "Claire…come on. You know you can tell me anything." No, I can't, she thought. Not everything. She shrugged, "It's just…I've been coming to see you two or three times a week, and I've been keeping you updated on just about everything. I just thought…I don't know. Guess I kinda hoped that you could actually hear me all that time." Claire felt awful after the words left her mouth. She had the impression they made her sound selfish, like Peter's return was a disappointment, when it was anything but that. Truth be told, she couldn't feel more ecstatic about having him back than she already did. Confused too, and a bit scared, but happy above everything else. "I'm sorry," she apologized. "That kinda makes me sound like a spoiled brat, huh?" Peter was too slack-jawed to answer in any comprehensible way. She had been visiting him two or more times a week for the last two and a half years!? Or close enough? Why would she do that? Why would anyone do that? At a loss for words, he could just muster a polite, "Thank you." It didn't sound very enthusiastic. "It's alright," Claire shrugged again. "It's nothing any niece wouldn't do for her uncle, right?" "No, actually I think, it's…" Peter wasn't sure what to say. Or, better said, he wasn't sure how to say what he wanted. "It's definitely something. A something that really means a lot to me." Claire added nothing. She just gave him another darting look and a new Mona Lisa smile. They rode in silence for the rest of the trip. ---O--- It was nearly ten o'clock when they finally arrived at the Bennet residence. The house lights were off and the old Volvo station wagon belonging to Claire's mom was missing from the driveway. The young woman recalled something Sandra Bennet had told her that very morning during breakfast, about having dinner with some friends from the PTA and Lyle was supposed to be babysitting Micah and Molly at the Hawkins' because D.L. and Niki had to work that night. Dad was still in Wisconsin with Mohinder, so she and Peter had the house to themselves for now. Oh, joy. Well, at least they could clean up without freaking anyone out. Claire killed the engine of her car and it stuttered to a halt, but didn't remain completely silent. It hissed and clinked as it cooled off and made a lot of other mechanical noises that the young woman wasn't sure were normal. She had the impression this had been her little darling Rabbit's last ride. But boy, it had been a hell of a one. Peter was half-awake, half-dozing off and he needed a couple of seconds to realize they had arrived at their destination already. He heard the engine's noises too, but as he returned to his senses, he thought there was some non-mechanical sound added to the mix as well. It took him the good part of a minute to notice that Claire wasn't making any effort to get out of the car and that it was she who was making the strange noise. She was…clearing her throat? "Are you alright?" he asked. She simply raised one finger, requesting for a moment, and continued making the strange sound. Then she convulsed a few times, as if heaving, and Peter frowned deeply. "Claire - if you cough out a fur ball now, I'm officially gonna freak." Claire ignored him and heaved again until she finally spat something into her open hand. "Sorry. Bullet." She showed him the metal projectile. She had been right about getting shot, it wasn't funny. Petrelli made a mock face of disgust and Claire giggled, tossing it over her shoulder. The blonde girl abstained to comment how she would eventually expel the other bullet, the one that was probably in her stomach. There are some things you don't want even your loving uncle to know about you. They got out of the car and walked to the front entrance. Peter, tagging slightly behind his niece, rotated his left shoulder – where he had been shot – and found it creaked uncomfortably. "I think I still have mine here," he frowned. "Will it go away too?" Claire looked at him over her shoulder for a second. "It'll probably be better if we take it out ourselves. Ahhh, I think we have a problem here, by the way." He looked puzzled and the blonde explained herself, "There's no one at home, and my keys are with my cell phone. In my backpack." Peter sighed as he thought about it. He then aimed at the lock of the door with the open palm of his hand, focused and, closing his eyes, tried to form a mental picture of the latch at the other side of the door. He thought about himself – no, not himself, Sylar – turning the latch. There was a mechanical sound and the young Petrelli then pushed the door open. "Wow," Claire nodded, impressed. "You sure come in handy." "That's me, all right," the young man followed her into the house, "the human Swiss army knife." Switching on the lights on her way, the Texan girl guided him through the house and into the kitchen. "Nice place," Peter murmured, too tired to really notice but wanting to be polite. "Should we call the police now?" It was actually surprising that the men in blue weren't knocking on the door yet. Surely, somebody from the rest home would have called them in the following minutes after their face-off with O'Leary and Gunn, and the cops wouldn't have had any trouble finding Claire's backpack with her driver's license inside. Peter went to sit down on a kitchen stool but he was interrupted by a little furry ball that appeared out of nowhere, yelping annoyingly and jumping on his legs. The young empath couldn't help but to grin as he bent down to hold the tiny Pomeranian. "Hey, Mr. Muggles!" The cordless phone already in her hand, Claire's head snapped to look at him with wide eyes. Peter noticed her expression and frowned, as he pacified the little dog by scratching him between the ears. "What?" "Nothing," Claire said quickly, turning back to the phone so he couldn't see the big dumb smile that was spreading throughout her face and that she couldn't fight back. "It's just that he usually doesn't like strangers." 'Liar, liar, pants on fire!' her own voice sang within her head. What was making her smile was the fact that Peter knew the dog's name, and she had never told him anything about the canine except during his coma. He had been listening, even if he didn't realize so himself. "You're calling the cops then?" Peter asked as she dialed and raised the phone to her ear. "Better than that," she sighed. "I'm calling my dad." ---O--- Racine, Wisconsin May 2009 The investigation on the O'Connors' double murder had gotten them nowhere and frustration was the word to summarize the state of mind of the two men in the motel's room. The official position of the police department was that it had been a murder/suicide and they were more interested in closing the case than in delving any further into the situation. The evidence was too clear, in their opinion. The news of Bob being a sexual deviant had spread like wildfire all over the neighborhood, and in every door that Mohinder and Bennet had knocked, they had gotten similar versions of the same answer. He had seemed like just a regular guy, but then didn't they all? When Noah's cell phone started beeping, both men were bent over the professor's laptop, going over the details of the case for the umpteenth time and getting to the same dead end. Nobody knew anything, and what was worse, nobody wanted to know either. The man with the horn-rimmed glasses had just suggested they should call it a night and the next morning they could start checking their old cases and see if there was any coincidence with any previous deaths they might have not seen the first time. Bennet looked at the display of the phone and saw it was his home's number. He answered with a simple, "Hello?" "Dad? It's me." He smiled at his daughter's voice, "Claire bear? How are you doing, sweetheart? Everything alright?" "Ah, no, not exactly," the slight tremor in the young woman's voice caused Bennet's smile to fade. "Something's happened..." Mohinder noticed the way in which the older man's face suddenly dropped and how he blanched as he sat down on one of the twin beds of the room. He abandoned his work at the laptop to give all his attention on his friend, his own worry growing exponentially as the horror grew visible in Bennet's eyes. He considered his friend's family like his own. "What do you mean, he's awake? Oh...really? Well, thank God for that," the former paper salesman frowned deeply. "He's there with you? Right now? I see...okay, who else is there?" Whatever Claire was telling him, Mohinder was sure now, was not good. Not good at all. "And those men, do you think there were...no? Claire, are you sure about that?" The professor made a gesture with his hands, asking to know what was going on, but Bennet replied with a silent hand. 'Give me a moment'. Taking a deep breath, the man took off his horn-rimmed glasses and wiped the cold layer of sweat that had formed on his forehead. "Okay, this is what you're going to do. As soon as you hang up, call your mother, tell her not to go home and to spend the night at the Hawkins'...yes, I know she'll protest, but you need to convince her, okay? Then call Niki and D.L., and ask them to head back to their house as soon as they can. I'll contact them later, and I'll call Parkman myself, he'll take care of notifying the police and the law enforcement side of things...no, Mohinder and I will be there as soon as we can. You just stay calm and keep a cool head, alright, Claire? You're doing great, I'm very proud of you...I love you Claire bear, everything's going to be alright..." "What's going on?" Mohinder asked as soon as Bennet disconnected the call. "Claire was attacked at Peter Petrelli's rest home. Gunmen, apparently...and apparently there's been quite a number of people killed." The older man's words were seemingly emotionless, but he wasn't able to hide the paleness of his face nor the worry in his eyes. The Indian professor's heart skipped a beat. "My God, do you think it's people from the Company?" "I'm not sure," Bennet shook his head, browsing through his phone agenda. "Claire's description of her attackers doesn't seem to fit, and she suspects it was Peter they were really after, but she's not sure about that either. Could be a coincidence." Mohinder's eyes darted to the laptop and the report he was composing about the O'Connors' murder. "On the other hand, it might not be." "That's why I'm not taking any risks," the man with the horn-rimmed glasses looked pointedly at him. "I'm calling Parkman, the Hawkins will protect our families. Hiro's still in Japan?" "Yes, I believe he's doing some kind of job for his father," Mohinder nodded. "Call Ando then, have him locate Hiro and tell him to pick us up and transport us back home." He finally selected 'PARKMAN' on his phone's display and hit the call button. "If he's out of reach, I want a Yagamato jet collecting us at O'Hare and taking us to JFK ASAP. I'm not waiting for a regular flight. Not today." The professor nodded in agreement. If their families were in danger, there was no way they were going to just hang around in an airport terminal. He got his own phone and looked for Ando's number in its memory banks. "Ah, and there's something else..." Bennet added as the phone already started to beep in his ear. His voice was doubtful because he wasn't really sure of the meaning of what he was about to say. At Mohinder's enquiring look, he finally said, "Peter Petrelli woke up just when those men were about to kill him in the rest home. He's with Claire now." The professor's jaw nearly hit the floor. What the hell was going on here? ---O--- One Police Plaza, Manhattan, New York May 2009 Special Agent Matt Parkman, FBI, was feeling a bit rough around the edges as the lift climbed up to the tenth floor of the NYPD headquarters. His tie was crooked, his suit looked like it had been worn for two days straight – which it had been – and his five o'clock shadow started to itch. And his head was buzzing, way too annoyingly. Thank God he was alone inside the elevator, otherwise, he knew he wouldn't have had the strength to keep his telepathy in line and that would have been more than what his incoming headache would've been able to tolerate. The automatic doors dinged open and Parkman found himself face to face with his partner of two years in the Bureau. One look at the expression in Special Agent Audrey Hanson's eyes, and he knew his appearance was as bad as he feared it to be. "You look like shit," Audrey said, never one to keep her opinions to herself. And what was the point with someone who could read your mind, anyway? "Thanks. I love you too, Scully," Matt remarked snidely, stepping out of the elevator and accepting the plastic cup of steaming coffee that she offered him. "I was...I was at a party when you called." "A party for two? Let me guess, you and your good friend Mr. Jack Daniels?" She gave him an annoyed look. "And don't call me Scully. You know how much I hate it." Matt wasn't really interested in having that argument, again. He sipped the coffee. It was so black it could have been used to pave a road. "Don't bust my balls on this one, alright Hanson? Today's supposed to be my day off. What's this all about, anyway? Has to be important if the NYPD was desperate enough to call in the Bureau." The blonde agent – short hair perfectly combed, immaculate light gray business suit highlighting her figure – sighed. "They didn't request the FBI's help. They asked for you." Oh, so it's this they're interested in, Matt grinned mentally, projecting his thoughts into his partner's head. And here I thought it was because of my charming personality. Audrey rolled his eyes at him. As a rule, she usually refused to communicate with him telepathically. Mostly because even the use of the word 'telepathy' made her feel stupid. Like she was in a bad Star Trek episode or something. She just handed Parkman a manila folder – a case file –and started explaining the situation as they began to walk side by side. "It's the Central Park Stalker, you heard of him?" "Sure, it's been all over the news," Parkman sighed, reading the case details over. "Serial rapist, graduated to murder with his last two victims. A total of six women assaulted during the last two months, the survivors described him as an athletic man about six-one, roughly in his late twenties or early thirties, most likely Caucasian. No face description or fingerprints because he wears a ski mask and gloves. He uses a condom too, so no DNA. Clever little son of a bitch." "Yeah, and he favors using a hunting knife to subdue his victims," Audrey was unable to hide her disgust, or better said, she didn't even try. "He cut the first four pretty badly, but the shrinks agree he was just practicing. The last two weren't that lucky." Matt had a quick look at the photos of the surviving women. He was not very sure they'd been lucky at all. "So, what do they need me to do?" he asked, closing the file. "They got a suspect," the female agent said, making him arc his eyebrows. "One Ronald Lee Lipski, thirty-one, Caucasian, matches the height and weight descriptions. Works at the park, in the zoo's cleaning service." With that name, he has to be a serial killer, Matt thought, gaining a smile from her for the first time in the evening. Mirroring it softly, he asked, "But?" "But, all the evidence the police has on him is purely circumstantial," Audrey sighed. "They brought him in because the knife is apparently very rare, and he bought one just two days before the first attack. But get a load of this: when the cops searched his house, they found it dismantled in a bucket full of bleach." Cunning bastard. The bleach would have destroyed any blood or tissue remains that might have slipped in the cracks of the handle or stuck to the blade. Damn those CSI shows, honestly, to hell and back. "So they basically have nothing on him," Parkman grunted. "How are they even sure he's the right guy?" "They're sure, and what's more so am I. I've seen him, Matt. He did it, trust me." Audrey's use of his first name spoke volumes for the former LAPD officer. "In any case, the interrogation time limit's almost expired. If we don't get a confession within the next 90 minutes, he walks." They arrived at the interrogation area, a closed door marked as such. Audrey leaned her hand on the handle but Matt prevented her from opening the door, by wrapping his larger hand around hers. He spoke directly into her mind, as softly as he could. You weren't there when I woke up yesterday. The female FBI agent looked around, as if trying to ensure that no one else had heard her partner's unspoken words. Which was impossible, of course, but human impulse could not be denied and she couldn't shake the sensation off. Licking her lips, she looked into his eyes. And damn, he was flashing her the big-hearted puppy dog eyes routine. Audrey hated him when he did that. Well, no. Not really hate. She mostly wanted to kiss him. And then maybe slap him. This is not the best time to talk about that, Matt. When then? "Later," Audrey said aloud, effectively ending the mind-to-mind conversation. She opened the door and walked in. Parkman sighed and followed her. They meandered through a series of narrow, official-green painted corridors until they eventually made their way to a door labeled 'Interrogation #20'. Once again, Audrey led the way in and Parkman followed. Inside the darkened room, four men stood looking through a large one-way mirror that took up most of the width of the wall opposite to the entrance. As one, they turned to look at the incoming agents. Audrey nodded politely at the most senior of the present men, "Commissioner Gordon." "Welcome back, Agent Hanson. Agent Parkman," the older man – a white-haired gentleman in his fifties, with a neat grey suit in which lapel shone a gold pin with the NYPD emblem – greeted them. "I presume we all know each other here?" "I think so, sir," Parkman tried to be as politically polite as he could as he shook everybody's hand by order of grade. After Gordon's, he saluted a handsome African-American man in his early forties - D.A. Harry Dent. Then came the smart-suited man who was Audrey's and his own superior at the Bureau – Special Agent in Charge Jack Wayne – and finally he shook the hand of an unhappy-looking Lt. Samuel Grayson, NYPD. After shaking his hand, the police officer felt the need to comment, "I just want you to know that you've been called in against my wishes, Parkman. My men are perfectly able to deal with a scumbag like Lipski." "I have no doubt about that, lieutenant." Matt's well-practiced polite grin contrasted with the mental image he formed of two uniformed NYPD officers beating up a restrained suspect with thick phone books, and which he mentally fed to his partner. Audrey choked down a snort of laughter and apologized with a, "Sorry, I'm getting a cold," when all eyes turned to her. Mentally, she added, Asshole, you'll pay for that. Promises, promises, he grinned. Out loud, Matt told the policeman, "I'm just here to help." Parkman gazed through the window, at the scene taking place in the interrogation room itself. That room was as spare as it could be, one table, three chairs and probably enough testosterone in the air to give a lesbian activist a stroke. Two plainclothes detectives – right now both of them with their jackets off and their shirts sleeves rolled up – were surrounding a third man. The special agent was pretty sure that by now they had abandoned the good cop/bad cop routine, and gone into the bad cop/worse cop one instead. And he was quite certain that the suspect could smell that desperation along with the reek of sweat, coffee and cigarette smoke that had to be coming out of the policemen's pores. He didn't have to use his mind powers to see that Ronald Lee Lipski was a very disturbed human being. It was all in the eyes, in his dead, shark-like eyes. They were fixed upon the mirror in front of him, looking straight at whoever was on the other side. They seemed to be mildly amused, but Matt saw through that façade. That man was completely devoid of any human emotion. Apart from that, he was so ordinary-looking that Parkman was sure nobody would give him a second glance if they passed him by on the street. Average height and build, it was only his hands and bare forearms that revealed muscles like tense wire. He was probably stronger than he looked like, and would be resilient in a hand-to-hand fight, the kind of guy that takes the punches like they didn't hurt at all and who would bleed very little because he was mostly made of sinew and bone. Light brown, receding hairline, brown eyes and a face that was neither handsome nor ugly. Just plain. He was still wearing his uniform from the Central Park Zoo cleaning service, grey overalls and white T-shirt. His sleeves were rolled up to his elbows, but otherwise his clothes were so well kept that they seemed to have been just ironed, in spite of his having been in police custody for almost 70 hours. Parkman expanded his conscious to the man and read his thoughts. Lipski was singing inside his head. …Little Red Riding Hood...I don't think little big girls should...go walking in these spooky old woods alone… "Great," Matt grunted under his breath. "Now he ruined Sam the Sham for me." "What?" the commissioner frowned at him. The former LAPD officer ignored the older man, and inched closer to the one-way mirror, until his forehead was almost pressed to the glass. He closed his eyes, and let himself flow into Lipski's mind. It was like in that science-fiction show they used to have on TV a few years back. Like going through the wormhole on the other side of the Stargate. Like crossing millions of light years in the blink of an eye. And, all of a sudden, Matt Parkman's world was not his own, but the one of Ronald Lee Lipski. There is no sound but Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs singing "Little Red Riding Hood" in the background… It's all tinted red, like the world is covered by a thin veil of red silk…like everything is covered in blood… He's running through the woods… no, wait… a directional post, leading to the Zoo… Central Park… There's a girl ahead… he's running behind her… She turns her head around… there's panic in her eyes… He is not running, he is chasing her… Hunting her… He catches up, tackles her to the ground...he can feel his own arousal growing in exponential waves... she kicks and tries to put up a fight...but he is stronger...he is the stronger one...the hunter... He loves it all the more when they struggle...the whores... Sam is singing, laughing in the background...he drags the woman, the prey into the woods...his knife shines red in the moonlight... "Am I a good boy?" he hears himself saying, over the whimpers and begging cries of the whore... "Am I being a good boy, mom?" Parkman cut the connection off, waves of nausea rocking his stomach. His mouth tasted like sandpaper, and bile burnt its way up his esophagus until he managed to subdue the heaves to a tolerable level. "You alright, Parkman?" somebody asked. His head was buzzing too loud for him to know exactly who had said that. The thoughts then assaulted his mind from all sides. What's wrong with him? How the hell does he do it? We have to sort this out. Matt, calm down, I'm here, I'm right here with you. Everybody's thoughts assaulted his mind at once, and the FBI agent had to make a strong effort to push them out. He focused on the only words he cared about at that moment, his partner's. "I'm okay," Matt croaked, clearing his throat. "I'm, uh, I'm just a bit tired. Must be that flu bug going around, same one that got Agent Hanson." I'm alright, I promise, he silently told Audrey. Her look told him she knew he was lying. I just need a second here. And maybe a stiff drink, but Parkman didn't project that thought. He didn't want the blonde woman to bug him even more about that particular subject. "What do we know about his family?" "Nobody close that we know," SAC Wayne said. "He's never been married, no kids either. No brothers or sisters, father died when he was a baby." "And the mother?" Parkman inquired, interested. "Alzheimer's," Wayne, one of the most verbally economic men Matt had ever met, summarized it. "She lives in a rest home in Queens." "The bastard visits her every two days," Grayson growled. "He's her little darling son, the friggin' asshole." The telepathic agent bit his lower lip, considering Lipski through the one-way mirror for a second. The man's eyes were fixed – by chance – back on him. "Alright, let's do this." Parkman reached under his jacked and unclasped his handgun – holster and all – from his belt. He handed the semi-automatic to his partner, butt-first, and she gently accepted it, looking straight into his eyes. "Don't you want me to go in with you?" You don't need to do this alone, she added mentally. With a grateful smile, he shook his head. "Nah, I'll call if I need you." As he left the room, Dent released a sigh. "How does he do it? Get inside these monsters' heads all the time?" Of course, the man spoke figuratively. He couldn't know that was exactly Matt Parkman's gift and curse. Audrey didn't answer him, for there was no way she could make someone like the DA understand the truth. Her heart was clenched into a fist, when she saw her partner walking into the interrogation room. Of all the rag-tag group of evolved humans that had met on that fateful night at Kirby Plaza, Parkman was the one who used his special abilities the most often. Because of that, Professor Suresh theorized, he was the one whose skills had strengthened and upgraded the most. And because of that, his life was slowly but surely going completely down the drain. It had all started while Parkman was recovering from his gunshot wounds in the hospital that night, and he had been paid a visit by the authorities. By then, Noah Bennet – God bless his Man in Black mentality – had already come up with a nifty little story that had nothing to do with superpowers, flying Congressmen or exploding nuclear psychos. It went something like this: the infamous serial killer Gabriel Gray, a.k.a. Sylar, had traveled to New York looking for the one victim that had escaped his maniacal wrath, a teenaged girl called Claire Bennet. She had been sent to the Big Apple for a few days to stay with a friend and former associate of her father's, a successful artist by the name of Isaac Mendez, while the killer was being pursued by the FBI. But Sylar had somehow found about this, murdered Mr. Mendez and kidnapped young Miss Bennet. Fortunately for her, and unknown to the killer, there had been somebody else chasing after him. Disgraced LAPD Officer Matthew Parkman, rogue cop extraordinaire, had made Sylar's capture his own personal mission. He had beaten the Bureau at their own game, putting the clues together and following the leads, and Officer Parkman finally found and engaged the serial killer at Manhattan's Kirby Plaza. This was where things became a bit dodgy. In the subsequent shootout, Parkman and Sylar had wounded each other, the cop sustaining five severe impacts to the chest but managing to squeeze off one single shot that – so said Miss Bennet's eyewitness declaration – had hit Gray right between the eyes. Sylar's body, in one of those one-in-a-million chance flukes, had then fallen down an open sewer hatch and disappeared from sight, but there was no doubt in Claire's mind that he was dead. Nobody could survive a wound like that, both the eyewitness and Parkman had said firmly. When the suspicious FBI agents had asked her what she thought could have happened for the body to disappear without a trace, Claire had flippantly suggested that it had gotten eaten by those alligators she had always heard lived in the New York City sewers. That had been her own two cents to the fabricated story, and it had not amused the Federal agents interrogating her very much, in spite of her dazzling teenage smile. But the media was already calling Matt Parkman a hero – thanks mainly to Mr. Bennet's anonymous tip-off – and the local FBI office's collective hands were already full with the – coincidental? – murder of a famous organized crime boss and the disappearance of a newly elected Congressman, so basically there hadn't been very much they could do to prove or disprove the veracity of the story. The newspapers – tabloids mostly, to be honest – had subsequently painted the suspended LAPD officer as a Hollywood cliché. Dogged cop following his own instincts, chasing a murderous psychopath across the country, using investigative skills nobody had suspected that he had until he had finally cornered and killed the bad guy. Everybody loves a genuine American hero, after all. Offering Parkman a position in the Bureau as soon as he had been released from the hospital had been little more than a PR stunt by the FBI, something to save some face after Sylar had eluded them so easily – to the point of attacking a SWAT-protected convoy and murdering, for reasons still unknown, a Federal prisoner by the name of Ted Sprague. Nobody had actually thought Parkman would pass the demanding exam to get into the FBI Academy at Quantico, especially considering his well-documented and repeated failures to become a detective with the LAPD in the past. They had expected him to crash and burn, and then simply disappear back to LA to avoid the embarrassment. Instead, he had excelled at it. Tested a first-time-ever 100 in the written exam. Passed the rigorous 15-week physical and mental training with flying colors and finally graduated in the top-tenth percentile of his class at Quantico, in spite of being almost ten years older than the rest of the recruits. Of course, that his excellent performance on the written test had been due to the fact that Parkman had cheated like a mad bastard – how could he have failed if he could read the answers in the minds of the rest of the hopefuls attending, and the examiners themselves? But afterwards, it had been all his own merit. Studying? He had a keener mind than anyone – sometimes even himself – would give him credit for. Physical? He might be a bit chubby and overweight, apparently, but there was pure muscle underneath those layers of fat. And, clichéd image or not, he was a dogged cop. Eleven years on the force and never getting anywhere, pretty much proof of that. And he was set after proving to everyone, proving to himself, that Matt Parkman had what it took to run with the big dogs. Still, none of that changed the fact that the brass saw him as nothing more than a potential source of embarrassment for the Bureau. He had been given his requested assignment at the New York office – he'd wanted to be near Dr. Suresh and his investigations, and wanted to keep an eye on Molly too – but had been positioned at an unremarkable bureaucratic post. For a whole month, Parkman had spent his working life enclosed in a dark office, listening to surveillance tapes and transcribing them, and wondering every second if this was the bright future for which he had asked his pregnant-and-about-to-pop wife to forsake her job in California and set up shop on the other side of the country. Fox Mulder, he was not planning on turning into. But then, one fateful day – and wasn't he starting to have a lot of those? – SAC Jack Wayne had knocked on his door. The smart-suited man - somebody he had only briefly been introduced to and just because he was supposed to work under, although way down the chain of command – had politely asked him if the rumors he had heard about him being a skilled interrogator were true. Frowning, Parkman had asked who might be spreading such rumors about him. Non-noncommittal as he was, Wayne had simply answered, "Audrey Hanson." "You've never met anyone like me before," had been Parkman's self-assured response. He might have sounded smug, but the older agent had only nodded and then asked him to follow the SAC. Matt's first interrogation had been in front of a Middle-Eastern man by the name of Ahmed Marcobi. A Moroccan national, with a student visa and suspected of belonging to an al-Qaeda cell that might or might not be planning an attack on American soil. "See what you can get out of him," had been Wayne's only order, leaving him with the North Saharan man. It had to be the biggest irony of them all, Parkman had thought at the moment. There he was, in front of probably his last chance at making it big, being the top-level law enforcer he had always wanted to be, and he was going to fail miserably. He was going to crash and burn as all those over him had predicted he would. Because half a minute into the interrogation, and he realized that although he could hear the man's thoughts as clear as if he were speaking them aloud, Mr. Marcobi thought in Moroccan. And he didn't understand a word of it. He was truly screwed, and he couldn't even explain how much or why. But the newly appointed Federal agent didn't give up. It was not in his nature to do so. So he kept on questioning, probing further. Getting no verbal responses from the suspect, but a constant feed of thoughts that – for all he could understand – could be a complete confession or his laundry list. But he kept on concentrating, listening, looking... and in the end, he saw. The images had come into Parkman's brain unbidden. In flashes. Blinding. Dizzying. He saw faces, and understood names whispered in the man's accented mind-voice. He saw places, and felt the terrorist's mix of feelings about them. The exultant joy, mild regret, denied horror at what he had done, and what he was about to do. He saw Union Station, in Manhattan. He saw faceless people walking through it in masses. And he saw fire, and the flying debris of an explosion. He saw people falling dead as they contorted in painful spasms, choking as they brought their hands to their throats. He had heard one word he could understand. Anthrax. Parkman had kept on pressing, kept on pushing for answers. How did the terrorist get his bacterial spores? Where was the bomb? When was it going to explode? Marcobi's eyes had grown wide as the strange enemy questioned him about things he could not possibly know. Parkman subsequently saw blueprints. Saw a calendar with a day marked in red. Saw an hour written next to it. That very day. In two hours time. One hour and forty-five minutes later, a NYPD SWAT unit had stormed into Manhattan's Union Station and arrested five Moroccan and Algerian nationals. They had been in possession of a bomb made of 5 kilograms of Semtex plastic explosive and one ounce of anthrax dust. The FBI estimated that the number of possible fatal casualties if the detonation had taken place would have rendered 9/11 a footnote in the dark annals of terrorism. The six members of the al-Qaeda cell had gotten shipped off to Guantanamo Bay, and nobody had asked Parkman how exactly he had obtained the information. Not Special Agent in Charge Wayne, and certainly not anyone else. That day, the legend of Matt Parkman was born in the halls of the Bureau. The man did the job, but you didn't ask how. You only prayed that he kept on doing it. It was his shot at reaching the stars, and looking back on it now, it was also the beginning of his downfall. Things had been less than peachy at the Parkman house by then. Although both he and Janice had been making a serious effort to save their marriage, it had been really hard for Mrs. Parkman to adapt to such a sudden change in lifestyle. From a highly-paid attorney in a prestigious law firm of LA, she had become a very pregnant housewife in the NY suburbs. The roles had been reversed, and although she had been proud and supportive of her husband's career success, there had also been a slight bitterness at the reversal of fortune that she hadn't been able to shake off. Matthew Jr.'s birth had allowed husband and wife a new and temporary respite, but Matthew Sr.'s new job forced him to spend more and more time away, going places and doing things he simply couldn't tell her about – national security and all that. And then, too, there had been that thing regarding Audrey Hanson. Her husband's partner. The woman, Janice had known – because Parkman himself had told him so – that her husband had requested as his partner. Her jealousy had been ridiculous and unjustified, and what's more she had also known it. But like her feelings about her new role in life, Janice just hadn't been able to get rid of it. The arguments and rows returned, and with them paranoia, guilt and blame. After all, if she had made the mistake of being unfaithful once, why couldn't Matt do exactly the same thing to her? Matt's mind powers then took their third and so far final evolutionary step. Now, all of a sudden, he was not only able to hear and see other people's thoughts, but also to project his own into the minds of others. And, like had happened to him at the beginning, at first Parkman had not been able to control what was being emitted by his mind, especially when he was stressed or angry. After all, who's never had an argument with someone they love and said something horrible in the heat of the moment? That kind of something you immediately regret and wish you could take back, because you didn't really mean it. Because it was so horrible and hurtful, but you just couldn't stop yourself from saying it aloud. Now imagine if you couldn't control not your mouth, but your thoughts. If all that went through your mind, no matter how stupid or insensitive or unreal it was, came pouring out of your brain in a moment of rage and washed over the person you were fighting with. Imagine trying to convince that person that, although you thought those things, they are not real. That you didn't mean them. That you still love that person, even though you just thought that you hated them. Even though you just wished you'd never met them in the first place. Matt and Janice Parkman's marriage had crumbled like a sandcastle under a sledgehammer. She had left him, calling Parkman a freak and a monster, and taken their son away with her. Matt hadn't tried to stop her, as he wasn't entirely sure whether or not she was wrong. Janice had said, just before she walked out the door, to forget about visitation rights and even alimony as well; as far as she was concerned, the man she'd loved and married was now dead and gone. And if Matt tried to use the resources of the FBI to find her and Matt Jr. she'd leave the country, after she put a damn bullet in his brain. Parkman had spent the next few weeks sleeping on D.L. and Niki's couch, feeling miserable and mostly annoying the hell out of his friends. It had taken three women to kick him out of his self-blame guilt trip and back into some semblance of dignity. Audrey had given him tough love, Claire had nursed him, and Molly...he saw himself through her eyes, and Parkman couldn't stand that at all. The little girl worshipped him as her personal hero and although he felt like anything but that, he couldn't disappoint her. So he'd launched himself back into his work, and did his best to be that for her. He only wished he would be doing the right thing, that what he did was worth the pain and the cost to his soul. Serial killers and terrorists, crime lords and drug-dealing lowlifes, there was almost no case he didn't take, no mind he wouldn't probe and no criminal he couldn't apprehend. Matt Parkman had become a living legend. Respected, feared, shunned...and all that just by his peers. They say that when you look too long into the abyss, the abyss also looks back into you. And Matt Parkman not only looked, he had dived head-first into it. Every time he walked though the nightmarish landscape of a killer's mind, living his crimes as if they were his own, it was like another piece of his soul had gotten chipped away. Jack Daniels helped numb the pain. Making love to his female partner – or having sex with her, or whatever the hell it was that they really had together – offered him a fragile lifeline to sanity. But he was sinking down, fast. And as he opened the door of the room where Ronald Lee Lipski was being interrogated, Matt Parkman wondered if this would be the final blow to maintaining said sanity. It had to come eventually, but he prayed, prayed hard, it wouldn't be just yet. The two cops that had been carrying out Lipski's interrogation raised their eyes towards him as Matt stood in the doorway. He leaned against the doorframe and simply motioned with his head for them to leave the room. The detectives stared at each other for a second, and one of them whispered a curse under his breath. "Good luck, Parkman, but you're fucked," the other cop muttered, gathering his jacket before he and his partner moved to vacate the room. "You've no idea how tough this guy is." As they walked past Parkman and off the room, the once that had cursed whispered venomously to the Federal agent, "Freak." Matt only smiled and closed the door behind them. Feeling Lipski's shark-like eyes on him, he took a mere second to gather his wits. Then, Parkman started humming. Little Red Riding Hood, by Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. The killer's eyes went wide, and his back stiffened, but still remained silent. That was okay with Matt. He slowly made his way to the one-way mirror and the microphone console set up in the wall by it. Looking through it, and smiling, he switched the intercom off. At the other side, Lt. Grayson cursed under his breath. "That's completely against procedure! What the fuck does Parkman think he's doing?" "His job," Audrey said, her arms crossed over her chest. You better know what you're doing, Matt. Parkman simply winked at her. On the table of the interrogation room, the folders resuming the horrific tales of Lipski´s victims laid spread, along with a digital recorder. Matt sat down across the suspect and deliberately took his time to rearrange the files, all the way humming the song the plagued the psycho's nightmarish landscape. He could feel Lipski starting to shift in his chair. One by one, the FBI agent took a single picture from each folder and placed them side by side on the table, leaving the rest of the documents stacked in a neat pile afterwards. They were the 'after' mug shots of the victims. Two dead, four not much better than that. With a flicker of a finger, Parkman switched off the recording device as well and finally placed his hands on the table, looking the rapist killer right in the eye. "Have you been a good boy lately, Ronald? I don't think you've been." "Who the hell are you?" Lipski spoke for the first time in hours, his face the one of a man who had just been slapped. Matt grinned, but didn't answer him. The shark had left Lipski's eyes, and now was reflected on the telepathic agent's lips. "I just want to talk to you, Ronald," he said. "I don't want to talk about them," the killer sneered at the pictures. "I don't have anything to say." "Oh, I'm sorry, but I think you've misunderstood me," Parkman arched his brow innocently. "I want to talk about you. And your mother." ---O--- When Parkman began to talk, he had one hour and thirty minutes to get a confession from the psychopath in front of him. He only needed half an hour. Five minutes after his lips started to put into words the thoughts he was reading in Lipski's mind, the killer started to go pale and shiver, like he was in the middle of Antarctica, wearing only a bathrobe. Ten minutes and the cold-blooded murderer started to scream and insult him, demanding that Parkman shut up. Fifteen minutes, and he was crying like a child. On the twenty-minute mark, he was begging for Matt to stop. Twenty-five minutes, and Lipski started scribbling a confession on the yellow notepad on the table. Half an hour, case closed. Parkman stood up from the table, the signed, tear-stained confession in his hand. He moved back the one-way mirror and reconnected the intercom. Lipski was a broken down pile of crying flesh behind him, his face hidden in his cuffed hands. The agent didn't look much better, to be honest. "I'm done," Matt said to the people at the other side of the window, slamming the confession against the glass. Lt. Grayson's jaw dropped several inches. "You gotta be fuckin' kidding me." "I don't hear anyone laughing, Lieutenant," SAC Wayne commented matter-of-factly. "Simply amazing," Commissioner Gordon arched his snowy-white eyebrows. "It's not the first time I've seen Agent Parkman in action, but there is something truly... supernatural about him. How does he do it?" "I'll tell you how," Grayson produced a pack of cigarettes and – giving the current no-smoking legislation a complete kick in the ass – proceeded to light up. He was angry about his men's failure and the FBI's apparently easy success, and it showed in his obnoxiousness. "It's because he's just as much of a freak as all these psychos he catches. There's no goddamn way he could get into their minds like that if he wasn't as fucked up in here as the rest of them." He tapped his temple. "We're just lucky that he hasn't snapped...at least, not yet..." "Lt. Grayson," Audrey called his attention calmly as the policeman finished his tirade. The man blew out a cloud of smoke and looked at her expectantly and with scorn. The blonde remained coolly detached as she spoke her next words. "If you don't shut your mouth right the hell now, I'll not only close it for you, I'll see to it that you get a visit from the police shrink to determine whether or not you're fit to carry your badge any longer." "Now hang on, Hanson-" Grayson finally realized he had overstepped the mark, what with the way the Commissioner was staring at him unfavorably. "No, you listen to me, asshole," Audrey took a step towards the taller man, her petite frame still easy and non-threatening. He eyes, though, were ablaze. "Because the next time you have any words for my partner that aren't 'well done, Agent Parkman' or 'thank you for your assistance, Matt,' I'm gonna get my piece and shove it up your-" "Agent Hanson, that's enough," Wayne halted her tirade. He didn't raise his voice, but the authority in it was clear as glass. The middle-aged man turned to Commissioner and offered him his hand. "Frank, always a pleasure to collaborate with the NYPD." "Your help is always most appreciated, Stuart," the older man shook hands with him, giving Grayson a sideways admonishing glance. The door opened and Parkman walked in. With the tense exchange of words, nobody had noticed him slipping out of the interrogation chamber where the plainclothes cops were now retrieving a still-sobbing Lipski. Did I arrive just in time for the political ass-kissing? Audrey gave him an annoyed look, and he just cocked his eyebrows. What? Did I miss something? When his partner refused to answer, he sighed and gave Lipski's written confession to Dent. The handsome man frowned a bit as he examined and read it over. "That was some amazing work, Agent Parkman. But honestly, I'm worried about the legality of all this. I don't think any good defense lawyer would have much trouble having this confession tossed out as evidence during the trial." "The case against him doesn't need to go that far," Parkman said as he regained his sidearm from Audrey. "Lipski's willing to cut a deal. Life imprisonment without parole, ever, if you don't press for the death penalty. He only wants one thing in return." The African-American advocate waited a second for Matt to elaborate. So the FBI agent said, "You just have to promise that his mother never learns about what he did." "Goddamn twisted son of a bitch," Grayson mumbled under his breath. It was unclear who he was referring to, but at Audrey's steely gaze directed at him, the police detective managed to send a wintry smile to the man he hated. "Well done, Agent Parkman. Thank you for your assistance." "My pleasure," a slightly confused Matt welcomed him, just as his cell phone started buzzing inside his pocket. "If you'll excuse me one second, gentlemen." Parkman retrieved his phone and checked the caller ID before answering. BENNET. Frowning as he moved to one corner of the room and accepted the call, Matt took the cell to his ear. "Yeah, Parkman here." Audrey followed him with her eyes, while the other law enforcement officials fell into a hushed discussion about what to do next with the Lipski case. Mostly, they started to argue about how to handle the first press announcements and who should get credit for what. God, that was what she hated the most about the job. The politics. The PR. They were cops, for God's sake, not media whores. But all thoughts about the subject flew out of the window as Audrey noticed the way in which her partner's back suddenly stiffened and the several degrees of paleness his face fell while she listened to whoever was at the other end of the line. Parkman listened for a whole minute before answering with a clipped, "Of course, leave it in my hands. I'll be there myself in a few minutes." "What's wrong?" she asked in a hushed tone as he disconnected. "Family problems," Matt simply said, walking past towards the other men. This worried Audrey more than it should have. There was only one 'family' she was conscious of Matt having, now that his ex-wife and son were history. And it was one she honestly wasn't comfortable thinking about. It only served to remind Hanson that her partner and secret lover was part of a group that she could never truly belong to, even if she had wanted to. "Gentlemen, I'm sorry to interrupt you," Parkman said, gaining the other men's attention. "But I need an urgent favor." ---O--- Queens, New York May 2009 Ditko and Cockrum sat in the interior of their black Charger, parked in front of the house next door to the Bennet's. They were silent, the older man deep in thought as he looked at the two-storey home from behind the steering wheel. His partner was restless, constantly shifting in his seat and generally driving him bonkers. "We could just do it ourselves," the taller, younger man in black suggested – not for the first time. "Go in and take care of everything before they manage to get help." Ditko craved a smoke so badly he could have shot his colleague in the head just to get one. And he might do it anyway, if the other man kept on speaking much longer. "We've already screwed up enough for one day. So we just do as ordered." "We screwed up?" Cockrum was aghast. He snorted, "And here I thought it was those ass-hatted, good-for-nothing mobsters who had fucked it up all the way to hell. Those ass-hats and the bright minds who decided to use them as a cover-up." "It was a good plan," the older man pinched the bridge of his nose tiredly. "Nobody could have foreseen that Petrelli would wake up at exactly the wrong moment." The other Company man looked at his partner, annoyed. "Why do you always have to defend them? Jesus, it's like you're on their payroll or something." "Actually I am, yeah. And so are you. They pay for our houses, our clothes, the meals I put on my family's table and also that red Corvette you just made the first payment on." Ditko was the annoyed one now, and it really showed. A cigarette? He could smoke an entire pack in the next five minutes. Cockrum crossed his long arms over his chest and childishly looked away, towards the Bennet house. "Still," he insisted, "that doesn't make them right every single time." Yes, but Ditko needed to believe they were right. To question such an assumption, to doubt even one of their decisions would mean having to do so with every single one of them. It would mean doubting the rightness of their cause. It would mean having to accept they might just be cold-blooded killers, instead of the saviors of the world. He couldn't live with that on his mind. So, Ditko obeyed. As best as he could. As professional as he was. "So, what did they say?" Cockrum asked, and this time the older man was somewhat grateful to be taken out of his reverie. "What's Plan B?" "They're sending out the specialists." The younger man's eyes shot towards him, wide just for a second. Ditko only nodded, seriously. The fear that was reflected in his partner's look didn't need to be voiced aloud to be understood. Cockrum sighed and looked outside once again. The suburban neighbourhood seemed quiet and peaceful, a safe haven for honest working families. "This looks like a nice place to live." His partner didn't need to answer. Both shared the same thoughts at that moment. It was a nice place to live, yeah. A shame how it would soon become a war zone, though. ---O--- Convincing her mother the best thing she could do was to stay away from her own home was even more difficult than Claire had anticipated, especially after explaining to her the reason why. Sandra Bennet could appear to be aloof on the outside – and sometimes just not all the way there – but she was one heck of a fierce woman when it came to protecting and caring about her family. And the former cheerleader loved her adoptive mother all the more for that. Sometimes, she even wondered if Sandra hadn't been just another secret agent like her dad, and all that Mr. Muggles stuff wasn't just an act she had cooked up to confuse her enemies and put them all off-guard. Whatever the case, it was a lesson learned long ago that you didn't want to be at the wrong end of Mrs. Bennet's temper. So, eventually, Claire told her mom that she wasn't alone in the house, because Matt Parkman was already there. She really couldn't even start to figure how to tell her that her protector for the day was actually her just-awakened biological uncle. The same young man that looked like he was the one in need of protection right now, as he held the yapping dog in his arms and groggily let him lick his nose while he fought not to fall asleep. The blonde girl told her mother that she was alright, not to worry, that yes, she would be careful and that yes, she would take care of Mr. Muggles. She told her that she loved her. She then hung up the phone and briefly wondered what kind of hell was reserved for misleading daughters. Claire looked at Peter, who sensing her eyes upon him, turned to give her a tired smile. Pale and sweaty, gaunt and covered in dried blood, he looked truly awful. She wanted nothing more than to hug him and never let him go. "This really is one affectionate little fella," he grinned. "He just won't stop licking me." "It think he just likes the taste of your dried blood, Peter," she observed deadpan. "Argh," disgusted, the young Petrelli immediately and unceremoniously dropped the Pomeranian to the floor. "Bad, bad dog!" Mr. Muggles protested and yapped, trying to climb back up Peter's legs. The dark-haired young man poked him with a gentle TK burst and the tiny four-legged canine quickly scuttled away. "Get lost, you little monster." "Don't you ever do that in front of my mom, or she'll have you flayed alive," Claire chuckled, walking closer to him. "And we don't want that, don't we?" "No, we don't." One of those moments passed between them, in silence, as man and woman looked at each other in comfortable closeness. Yet, neither of them dared to fully reach for the other, in fear the gesture wouldn't be understood, or accepted. Finally, it was Claire who broke the quiet with a sigh. "Okay, while Matt and Dad and the rest arrive, we should do something about appearances. And we might take care of that bullet in your shoulder as well." Peter nodded, letting her take his hand and lead him to the bathroom upstairs. He missed the contact when she finally let him go. "I'll get my kit and some fresh clothes for you, alright?" The former nurse nodded, unable to find the words to thank her. A mere 'thank you' somehow didn't seem enough. He could only hope she would understand. Claire left him with his thoughts and quickly walked around the house, gathering what she needed. First, she went to her own room and got her 'kit', a plain first-aid box of which she had substituted the band-aids, gauzes and mercurochrome for scalpel, pliers and forceps. She got fresh clothes for both Peter and herself too. On her way from her parents' bedroom, where she had gotten a pair of her dad's sweatpants for his new houseguest, Claire stopped and turned around at the door, making a split-second decision. She returned to the wardrobe after leaving the pile of clothing on the bed and, kneeling down, uncovered a small safety deposit box by moving aside a few shoeboxes. The blonde girl used the combination Noah Bennet had given her upon setting it up – only for a life-threatening emergency, and wasn't this one? – on the digital padlock to open it and retrieve a semiautomatic pistol from its interior along with a fully loaded clip. It was a Glock 26, the same compact yet powerful gun that the NYPD advised its officers to use as either a backup or to be carried off-duty. Claire checked that the 10-round magazine was indeed full and inserted it into the butt of the pistol, quickly bringing the slide back to load a cartridge into the chamber. It didn't have a manual safety, but the trigger was a double-action only, which meant it was as safe as a revolver and so, she just tucked it into the waistband of her trousers, at the small of her back, and covered it with the hem of her T-shirt. She didn't plan to tell Peter about it, for fear he would get all freaked out and protective on her. She really knew how to take care of herself, although sometimes it seemed the complete opposite. And tonight, Claire was determined to take care of her uncle as well. The once cheerleader grabbed the pile of clothes and items from the bed and returned to the bathroom, humming under her breath. Peter was just as she had left him, sitting down on a stool in front of the mirror, looking at his own reflection with vacant eyes. For a second, her heart skipped a beat, as she couldn't shake the idea that he had lapsed back into catatonia. Then, Petrelli saw her image in the mirror as she stood behind him and turned slightly, giving her a small smile. Not a real one, as it didn't reach his eyes, but good enough to still her racing heart. "I thought you would've already gotten rid of those soiled rags by now," she said, leaving the clothes on top of the toilet bowl's closed lid. "You're that eager to get me all naked that way?" he chuckled tiredly, not really thinking about what he was saying. There was a dull 'clank!' as Claire stumbled over her own feet and let the first-aid kit fall to the floor. The box opened and its contents spread all over the tiled floor with a series of metallic clanks. She cursed between clenched teeth, and quickly knelt down to get everything back, hoping he wouldn't notice the tell-tale crimson shade her cheeks had suddenly acquired. "I'm so-sorry," she stuttered. "I'm so stupid, and clumsy and accident-prone. Thank God I can heal or-" "You're not stupid, so don't you ever say that again," Peter said sharply, and she realized he had gotten off the stool to go down by her side and help her in the task. Claire was warmed by the sincerity in his voice and could only look at him as he carefully gathered the fallen tools one by one and put them back into the box. "And you sure didn't seem clumsy at all back there when you saved me. Where did you learn to drive like that, by the way?" She grinned, tucking a loose strand of golden hair behind one ear. "What can I say? I'm half-Italian, half-white trailer park trash. I come genetically engineered to drive fast and hard." It was his turn for chuckling, but there was tiny sting within his chest at the reminder that Claire – after all – really was a Petrelli. "Yeah," he nodded, "Nathan was always a speed devil too. That's part of why he became a pilot, I think. Cars just weren't fast enough for him." His eyes instantly filled with unshed tears as, knelt on the floor, they looked at each other again. Then Peter got this expression on his face, like a small, lost boy, and Claire's heart broke in two as her uncle asked, "Did he have a nice funeral at least? I mean, did many people attend or-" "Yeah, yeah, it was beautiful," she nodded, reaching for him, laying a petite hand on his arm and feeling it tremble under her fingers. "He had a hero's funeral, with military honors and all. Just like he deserved." "That was all my fault, wasn't it?" Peter finally broke down into tears, openly crying. "It should've been me, Claire. I could have, I would have survived it! But I wasn't strong enough to stop Sylar and he - oh, Jesus, Nathan-" "No, no, Peter, stop!" Claire took him fully into her arms, embracing him tightly as the dark-haired young man began to be wracked by powerful sobs. "It wasn't your fault, you hear me? It was not your fault. It was Sylar's. Not yours, just his." But Claire Bennet didn't really believe that. Well, it was obvious how Gabriel Gray was the one to be blamed for her biological father's death, but he was not the only one. Angela Petrelli and whoever she had worked for or with had as much responsibility for the events of Kirby Plaza as that murderous psycho. And, truth be told, so did Nathan himself as well. But Peter wasn't ready to hear those truths. And this was neither the time nor the place to make him face them. All she wanted was for her uncle to stop blaming himself. He didn't deserve to be punished like that, when all he had done was to be the only courageous one, the only believer in a land of jaded atheists. The Texan girl held her secret crush tightly, one hand running smoothing circles on his back, the other lost between the silk short locks of his dark hair. After a couple of seconds, she felt his own arms wrapping themselves around her, nearly crushing her to him. Claire welcomed the sensation. She gave him her warmth and let herself get lost in the one provided by his body. His face fell into the crook of her neck and he cried, cried hard and long. She rocked Peter Petrelli, and wished her power could mend his broken heart. ---O--- Peter felt like a robot after his breakdown. Unresponsive as a puppet as, after he ran out of tears, Claire helped him to stand up and sit back down on the stool, all the while whispering soothing words in his ear. He wondered what he would do right now if he didn't have her. Maybe fall back into that coma. Maybe go nuts. Maybe say to hell with it all, and use Ted Sprague's power to explode into a nuclear fireball. Become someone who might as well have died along with his brother. These thoughts brought out in Peter a strange memory. Or maybe it was just the recollection of a dream, he wasn't sure. But there was a beach, and quiet waves breaking along the shore. And somebody was asking him to look for something worth living for. Claire derailed that particular train of thought when he heard the blonde girl – Young woman, actually, he corrected himself – taking in a sharp breath. Peter frowned and raised his eyes, which had been downcast as she eased his ruined bathrobe and pajama top off his torso. A pale, gaunt stranger returned his look from the mirror. Sunken chest, prominent ribs, stick-thin arms. It was a miracle he was alive and kicking. "Oh well," Petrelli groaned surly, "at least I'll make it as the poster boy for Anorexia Awareness this month." "That's not funny," Claire returned, unamused. "God, I knew you were getting way too skinny by being tube-fed all the time, but this is just-" "Thank you so much for your support," Peter cut her off, looking at her over his shoulder. "Well, don't you worry," Claire nonchalantly dismissed his ghost-like looks. "I'm sure you'll go back to your usual handsome self once we've gotten a few T-bone steaks inside you." "I don't eat meat," Peter observed, staring at her via the mirror and trying to ignore she had just used the word 'handsome' to define him. She probably had just said it to ease his discomfort at his current physical state. "I'm lacto-vegetarian." For the next few seconds, they just held gazes through the mirror. Claire looked like he'd just told her he was an alien from Alpha Centauri. "You're a what?" "Lacto-vegetarian. Means I don't eat meat or eggs, but I can have dairy products." "I know what it means, jeez," Claire rolled her eyes. "It's just that I can't believe it! I mean, you're supposed to be Italian, for God's sake! You live in the world's Italian food capitol." "Well actually, the world's Italian food capitol is, you know, in Italy." "What-ever. I don't know," she shrugged, "I guess I just thought you guys would have had these huge meals at home, everybody sitting around a big pot of steamy spaghetti and Bolognaise sauce, with pastrami and cheese..." Once again, Peter turned his head to look at her over his shoulder. "Seriously, you have a big problem remembering the family name. It's not Andretti, and sure as hell it's not Soprano eitherIt's Petrelli. Pe-treee-lli." They looked at each for another few seconds, and this time they both burst into giggles. Peter needed almost a full minute to calm down and stop laughing, and it was only then he realized how quickly, smoothly and easily Claire had managed to turn the tide of his emotion, to make him go from tears to laughter. She was amazing, and for more reasons he had ever thought. "C'mon skinny guy, bend over," Claire playfully told him, as Peter faced back towards the mirror. "Let's get that bullet out." Peter complied, unable to erase the grin from his lips. Then, Claire's hands were on his naked flesh and he felt like a lightning bolt had struck right him on his backbone. "Something wrong?" she asked, noticing his flinch. "No, errr..." There were goosebumps rising all over his skin, as she gently tested his wounded-yet-healed shoulder-blade with her fingertips, searching for the projectile embedded deep inside his flesh. "It's a bit chilly in here, that's all." Yeah, right. "Hey, what's this?" Claire inquired out of the blue, and Peter felt her fingers move from his shoulder to the nape of his neck. "What's what?" he frowned. Claire had never seen it before, because his hair had been so long all the time, but now that it had been sheared away and the back of it was down to buzz cut, she noticed a small scar right under his hairline. It was merely one inch long, but perfectly vertical and straight. "You have a scar here," she traced its contour with a delicate fingernail. "I've never seen it before." The young Petrelli male felt the goosebumps coming back, with a vengeance, and needed a couple of seconds to concentrate and decipher her words. "That, uh, it's a-a childhood accident. I fell from a swing when I was really little, like three or so. I don't remember it, but Mom said they had to give me some stitches. And that she got really scared for a while. Oh, speaking of which..." The blonde Texan arched a skeptical eyebrow, glad that in his bent over position, Peter couldn't see her expression. She had a really hard time trying to imagine a scared Angela Petrelli. "Your mom?" Claire simply asked softly. "Yeah." The subject of Peter's mother and what she would have eventually have to tell him about her, was not something that Claire wanted to pursue so she decided to change the subject. "I don't know where she is right now, but I'm sure she'll hear the big news about you soon enough. Anyway, you bumped your head real bad, huh? Well, that explains a lot of things about you." "Excuse me?" Chuckling, Claire turned her attention back to his shoulder and the task at hand while he mumbled something about no-good-mannered youngsters and the respect they didn't have for their elders. Claire finally located the bullet and pressed on it with her left thumb. As she got a scalpel from her kit box, she warned the dark-haired young man. "Seems to have gone quite deep, maybe lodged against the bone. This is gonna hurt a bit." "It's alright," he shrugged a bit. "I'm used to it." "Que macho," she rolled her eyes. "Okay, here I go." The razor-sharp blade bit into Peter's flesh two inches above the spot where the bullet was buried and he hissed in pain, flinching a little. He wasn't sure was shocked him the most, the pain of the actual cut, the coldness of the metal, or how sure and decided her hand felt all through the motion. Claire kept him still with her free hand as she carefully but with precision sliced down in a perfectly straight line for about four inches. "Thought you were used to the pain." "Okay, I might have spoken a bit too hastily there," he agreed with a chuckle. "It's alright, Peter, don't worry," Claire said softly as she moved her free hand to hold the wound open with her thumb and forefinger while she got rid of the scalpel and reached to retrieve a pair of long forceps. "That's the good thing about physical pain with regard to people like you and me, you know? As soon as it vanishes, even the memory of it fades away." She didn't need to add that it was just the opposite with the spiritual one. That lasted for a lifetime, and its scars, although invisible, never disappeared. She didn't need to say it aloud because both of them knew it too well. There was blood running from the wound, thick and dark down his pale back. She moved with a precise, quick speed and inserted the pincers into the open flesh. Peter groaned as she rummaged – as carefully as she could but still with energy – and grabbed the elusive projectile with her tool. "You, oh Christ, you actually know what you're doing, right?" Snorting, the blonde Texan ensured she had the bullet in a firm grasp before starting to pull. It resisted, though, being stubbornly trapped into his shoulder-blade. "Why do you think I keep this box handy? I can't just go to the hospital and have a doctor extract glass, or wood, or whatever from my body and then let him see the wound closing in front of his eyes. Nah, I just – c'mon you little bitch, just come out! – I usually have to do it myself." With a squishy sound and a nearly inaudible 'plop!' the offending piece of metal finally yielded and came out, the open wound regurgitating another dose of syrupy blood. "Ha! I gotcha!" Claire exclaimed, triumphant. Peter sighed in relief, fighting off a wave of nausea and dizziness. Claire released his wound and got the discarded, and already ruined, pajama top to soak the blood running down his back. The wound closed up by itself in mere seconds, leaving no trace it had ever existed. Just like she had said. Peter sent her a small frown. "And do you have to do it often these days? Pulling wood and glass and stuff out of yourself?" Still holding the forceps in her hand and with the bullet captured in its point, the former cheerleader just made a strange expression with her face as she shrugged again. "What can I say? I'm accident-prone." She moved the forceps towards him, offering him the projectile. "There you go, your first bullet. Congratulations." Opening his hand, the New Yorker let his niece drop the tiny piece of metal on his palm. He examined it for a brief instant and found it still covered in small chunks of flesh and gore. He grimaced, "What am I supposed to do with this?" Claire grinned. "Put it under your pillow. If you've been a good boy, the NRA fairy will come and exchange it for a shiny dollar while you sleep." Returning the grin, Peter arched one eyebrow. "The NRA fairy?" "Yeah, looks like a very small Charlton Heston, only it has butterfly wings and pointy ears. It gives money to kids so they can buy more guns, making use of their Constitutional rights and be able to protect this country from wild bears and invading British." "Yee-haw, God bless America!" "God bless!" His grin was silly, and he knew it, but didn't give a damn about that. She was making an effort to be serious, but the corners of her lips were curling upwards. Amazing? It didn't even begin to describe Claire Bennet. Peter only realized he had reached out to hold her hand when she stopped looking at him. Her smile turned doubtful and shy, and a tiny voice said inside his head, 'Ten years younger, AND she's your niece. Stop flirting with her, damn it!' Although he wasn't flirting, was he? If he was, he sincerely wasn't conscious of such, for this... exchange, felt so natural, so... them. Peter wondered when he had started to think about Claire and himself in the terms of 'them' instead of, well, 'Peter and Claire'. He didn't really know very much about her, to be honest. Just that she was amazing, funny, brave and beautiful. And my niece. Nathan's daughter. Sister to Simon and Monty. Oh! I hope to God they and Heidi are okay, it's been nearly two and a half years... Sighing, and blaming his current state of confusion for these erratic thoughts, he let Claire's hand go. "I think we should have those showers. Want go first?" Claire was looking away, deep in thought, and needed a couple of seconds to answer him. "No, ah, you go ahead, I'll get rid of the clothes meanwhile. We'll have something to eat afterwards?" "No meat?" he arched his eyebrow, boyishly. Her smile returned, but it was her sad little one, and he had a sudden revelation. For the first time, Peter had the sensation that he knew what that so-Claire smile meant. She was keeping something to herself. "I can't promise anything," she managed to hold his dark gaze. "This is still a Texan household, after all. We put meat even in the milkshake." "Swell." The blonde chuckled, gathering from the floor the clothes Peter had already discarded. She moved to the door, followed by his eyes. "I'll get your, err, your bottoms later." "Okay," he nodded. Peter waited until she was at the threshold to call for her attention. "Claire?" "Yeah?" she halted in her tracks, turning around with her arms full of bloodied rags. "Give me a shout if anything happens, alright? I'll be with you in a flash." Flash. Claire had a sudden one of a naked and dripping wet Peter charging to her rescue. A tiny part of her brain said that it maybe should have been exciting image, but it was actually so ridiculous that she couldn't help but to snort in laughter. The young woman was still laughing as she left Petrelli sitting on the stool inside the bathroom, blinking in puzzlement, as she closed the door behind her. "Did I say something funny?" ---O--- The rear doors of the Charger opened so suddenly that neither Ditko nor Cockrum had time to react. Their hands flew instinctively to the grips of the pistols underneath their jackets as they turned around, but by the time their fingers reached the plastic and metal weapons, there were already two men inside the sedan, sitting in the back seat. "Gentlemen, please," said the first one, with a cultured yet deeply accented voice. "There is no need for such a display of alarm. We are all friends here, yes?" Ditko had to lean and peer over the backrest of his seat to look at the speaking man, for he was so short. Not that there much to see, in his opinion. He seemed to be Chinese, probably from Hong Kong - judging by his Cantonese accent - in his late thirties or maybe early forties, with a slightly pock-marked face, and dressed in black, from his $5000 Armani suit, to his shirt and tie. He gave the senior agent a polite smile, one that didn't reach his dark piercing eyes. A chill ran down Ditko's spine. Those eyes were so cold and heartless he had the impression to be looking into an android's ones. The other man, on the other hand, was his exact polar opposite. He was so big to start with that, when he sat into the car, the rear suspension went down several inches and a grunting noise shook the entire structure of the Dodge. His 7-plus foot tall frame barely fit into the rear space, and he dwarfed the Chinese guy so much he made the man look even smaller than what he actually was. This man was African-American, with muscles big as a brick outhouse bulging and tensing a cheap brown suit that he wore with a shirt and no tie. Ditko doubted it was physically possible to tie the upper button around such a thick neck anyway. The black man only grunted gutturally as a greeting. Cockrum exchanged a quick glare with his partner, both of them wondering if things were getting better, or worse. "My name is Ghost," the Chinese man said, smiling all the while. "This is my partner, Mr. Stone." The younger of the two agents groaned, and his partner couldn't help a grin of his own. Most of the Company's specialists went by codenames, some more fortunate than others. It was as much if a mystery as it was a running joke to guess who had actually come up with them and what they meant. However, Ditko didn't feel like joking right now. The mere fact that these two had sneaked up on them unnoticed until they were inside the car spoke volumes of their skill. And that this kind of individual had been sent by their bosses, well, that said a lot about the interest they had in bagging and tagging young Miss Bennet. "You're welcome," the cigarette-loving man in black said, trying to sound as unimpressed as he could. Not because Ditko wanted to despise the newcomers, but because of the same reason you don't want to show yourself afraid in front of a tiger. "I take it you've already been briefed about the mission at hand." Stone grunted, his massive bald head barely nodding in affirmation. Ghost, on the other hand, was far more eloquent. "Absolutely. I understand your original attempt at retrieving Miss Bennet has proved less than successful, yes? A shame, I should say, it seemed like such a brilliant plan on paper. It must have been such a disappointment for you that it failed so soundly." The tiger, of course, always had the luxury of showing himself condescending. "Hey dude, we can only work with the tools we have at hand," Cockrum sneered at the Chinese man. "See if you can handle yourselves better." Ditko sent daggers at his partner with his eyes, but the man in the rear seat only stared at him with his cold polite smile. "Unfortunately, I'm afraid any further actions will have to be postponed at least until tomorrow." This shocked the two Company men, though they did their best not to show it. The older of them frowned, "How come?" Ghost took his time to gather an engraved silver cigarette case from the interior pocket of his jacket and extract a thin cigar from it. Slowly, he lit it up with the lighter incorporated in the case and blew a blue-grey cloud of smoke towards the general direction of the two men in front. "Even as we speak, there are two squad cars from the NYPD heading this way. And at least one sedan with Federal plates driven by two FBI agents as well. Now, as much as we want to be in possession of our intended target, we do not desire to face off against New York's finest in an open engagement, yes? Such a public exposure of our activities would be most... unacceptable." The two men in the back seat opened their doors and got ready to get out of the car. After crossing another look, Cockrum cursed under his breath and asked, "Hey, how the fuck did you find out about that?" Ghost, his body already and smoothly out of the vehicle, leaned to grin at them from outside. "You should switch on your police scanner, gentlemen. It is standard procedure after all, yes?" "Wait, this is ridiculous," Ditko prevented the short man from retreating. "We need to keep an eye on the gi- on the target. We can't afford to lose her." The Chinese man's smile turned even more ice-cold, if such a thing was even possible. "You don't need to worry about such an event, my friend. We already have somebody on the job." They closed the doors, Ghost carefully, the hulking black man so strongly that the whole car was rocked and both of the men inside marveled the windows didn't explode. "Fuck that, and fuck them," Cockrum angrily punched the dashboard as his partner started the engine. "We just got relegated to play second fiddle here, man. You still thinking the big men are showing their real cards?" Ditko didn't answer. He just calmly pulled the car out and drove past the Bennet house, switching on the headlights only when it was well behind them. "Well? What do we do now?" the younger man crossed his arms over his chest, his foot nervously tapping on the floor. "Any ideas?" His partner simply shrugged. "I don't know about you, but I'm gonna go buy a pack of cigarettes." ---O--- Peter knew there were a lot of things he should be thinking about. Like the best way of getting in contact with his family, or what was left of it. Heidi, his nephews, his mother...all of them would want to know that he was now awake and mobile again, but he doubted that just calling them up on the phone and saying 'Hey, guess who's back?' would be the ideal way to do it. Peter briefly wondered if Claire had kept in touch with his sister-in-law. If she had told Heidi how she was Nathan's illegitimate daughter. Half-sister to her sons. He also wondered if his mother hated him for having caused Nathan to die that way. Petrelli wondered, but the thoughts passed quickly, like sand between his fingers. He could just not concentrate on anything. His head was bent down as the spray of water from the shower hit his body, as hot as he could tolerate. His flesh turned pink as the nearly boiling water almost scalded him, but he still felt cold inside. All he could see was the blood being washed off him, pinkish and thin as it disappeared down the drain in complex rivulets. At one point, he heard soft noises in the bathroom and he turned his head slightly. Peter could see the out-of-focus figure of Claire through the smoked glass of the shower screen. She moved in silence, gathering the last discarded items of clothing he had left behind. He heard the rustling of plastic and supposed she was probably putting them into a garbage bag. Even only being able to see her distorted and enveloped in shadows, he had to admit the grace she moved with was uncanny for a sixteen-year-old. No, wait, make that eighteen-year-old. Two and half years had gone by, more or less, and she was an adult now. Another two years and a half of her life that he had lost, just like he had lost the first sixteen ones. He wondered what their relationship would be like now if for all those years they hadn't lived in ignorance of each other. If now he would actually feel familial towards her, feel like she really was his niece. But if she didn't feel like his niece – what she was – then what did she feel like? He was not sure he wanted to dwell on that. What Peter was sure about, was that he didn't have the energy right now to even maintain a straight and stable line of thought. His thoughts were erratic and chaotic, and he was going from one thing to the next in a millisecond. There was Claire and his blood going down the drain, and it spiraled in a clockwise motion down the drain because of the Earth's magnetic field. In the southern hemisphere it would go anti-clockwise, and that was called the Coriolis effect. He had been terrible at physics in school, were Claire's grades any better? He could bet Nathan would have been proud of her if he had been there to be her father. He was proud of her. Had his parents ever been proud of him? His father surely had never told him so, not once. He had preferred drinking to telling his secondborn that. That man had never been a big fan of Scotch. He had always favored bourbon, like Nathan. He did like it, on the other hand. It was one of his few guilty pleasures. Did Claire drink alcohol? Did she go to parties with her high school friends? Did she have a boyfriend? If so, did he know how special she was? Not only in the way an unexpected twist of genetics had turned her into, but in the way Peter himself knew she was. Circles within circles. His mind was spinning like his blood did into the darkness of the drain. Circles and circles. And all of them took him back to Claire Bennet. "Peter?" her voice came from afar, rescuing him. "Are you alright in there?" He could see her through the smoked glass, barely her silhouette, only at an arm's length. So near, yet so far away. "You're awfully quiet," she insisted. "Are you alright?" No, he wasn't. He didn't even know how he was. "I'm...I'm coming out." The young Texan remained still at the other side of the glass while he turned the water off. He felt suddenly wet and cold. "Claire?" "Yeah?" "I said,I'm coming out." "Oh!" Miss Bennet finally caught the meaning of his words. "I'll be, uh, I'll be waiting outside. I've left some clothes for you on top of the toilet, okay?" He nodded. Not sure she could notice his assertion through the glass, he added, "Right. Thank you." Peter didn't notice if she was nodding now, either. But he saw her reaching out and placing her hand flat at the other side of the glass. Silently amazed, he reciprocated by laying his own palm against hers. Even through the glass, she was so petite. But she felt so damn huge at that very moment. Then Claire was gone, without another word. And Peter didn't feel cold and wet anymore. He only felt empty. ---O--- Noah Bennet was a large man, but Peter had never really realized just how much so until he found himself lost in his sweatpants. They were so huge around his now stick-thin frame that when he knotted the cord around his waist, the laces hung down to his mid-thigh, and the legs pooled around his ankles. The T-shirt Claire had left for him, on the other hand, would have fit him perfectly if he had been his pre-coma fit self. Dried, short hair still wet but not dripping, he contemplated his reflection in the mirror. The tee was familiar – dark blue with the FDNY letters in yellow across the chest – but at first he couldn't point where he knew it from. It smelled like Claire, he knew that much. A fragrance of flowers, honey and girly soap he was starting to associate with his Texan niece. It felt good on him, soft and well worn. Comforting. Barefoot, he padded out of the bathroom. "Claire?" Peter called, feeling his voice hoarse and sleepy. "Shower's free!" "S'okay! I'll be up in a minute!" her voice came from somewhere downstairs. The bathroom was the last door on the main hallway of the house's second story, so Peter had to walk past by the rest of the rooms in his way to the stairs. Most of the doors were closed, the only one with some kind of identifying sign on it being one that had a skull and crossbones hanging at eye level, and a placard saying 'Lyle's. Forget the dog, beware of the owner.' He chuckled and continued walking, only stopping at the next door – the last one before the staircase - that was the only one half-open. Even though curiosity killed the cat, and he was by no mean nosy, something made Peter peek inside. It was Claire's room. He knew because the same fragrance from that T-shirt also permeated the interior, subtly making feel at ease as soon as he crossed the lintel of the door. It was nothing like the young Petrelli had expected his niece's room to be. Honestly speaking, he was not sure what he had imagined it might be. Maybe pop stars and hunk-of-the-month posters on pink walls, fluffy cushions and the kind of stuff he could associate with a still-growing teenager. But in this room, the only feature that seemed to belong to such a young person was a varied collection of teddy bears neatly piled up on one of the corners. Not discarded, but...amorously kept side by side, the largest ones on the bottom and one on top of the other as they progressively grew smaller. Stacked by someone who cared. The rest of it didn't belong to a child. The rest of the room was an adult's one. A small desk on one side, with a home computer and a printer and neatly ordered writing and school material. A few shelves on the light-green wall, with books, CDs and a small stereo sound system. A CD tower and a queen-sized bed with a single bedside table. A wardrobe by the window and a large notice board on the wall opposite the bed, with tens of photographs nailed to it. Peter walked into the room, not even realizing that his feet were moving. He examined Claire's belongings as he passed by, even though a tiny voice in his head told him that he maybe shouldn't. There were books on biology and genetics on the shelves – some of them advanced, college-level stuff – and classic novels and poetry compilations. No teen romances or Cosmo issues there, but there were some hardcover graphic novels and comic books that caused him to raise an eyebrow and release a chuckle. Alan Moore's Watchmen and the X-Men's Dark Phoenix Saga alongside Darwin's The Origin of Species and Shakespeare's Sonnets and Poems. If there was a word to define such an assortment, it was 'eclectic'. There was an empty space in one of the shelves, and the book it usually filled it was lying on the bedside table. Activating Evolution, by Chandra Suresh. Peter picked it up and quickly looked through its pages. It was a well-read edition, with handwritten notes on the margins, paragraphs highlighted with magic markers and sections identified by color-coded Post-its. He put it back on the table, wondering how many times Claire had read it, how many questions she had asked while looking at its pages and how and what kind of answers, if any, she had found in them. And then there were the pictures. The room was not really big, and at the height the notice board was hung, Peter couldn't comfortably look at them if he stood at the feet of the bed. So he sat down on its edge. He crossed his hands on his lap, examining the photos with a vacant expression. Claire was in many, but not all of them. Claire with her family. Claire with her father. Claire with Mr. Muggles. Noah Bennet and his wife, sitting at a table during what looked like a Thanksgiving dinner. Her brother raising his hands to stop whoever was taking the picture from doing so. Another one of him with Claire, the two of them actually smiling at each other with affection. Her father asleep on a couch, horn-rimmed glasses perched on his forehead, a spy novel open on his chest. Claire with friends. Claire with a beautiful blonde older woman, this one blowing a kiss to the camera as the young Texan looked at her and laughed. Claire with a handsome black man, squealing as he hugged her from behind and lifted her from the floor. The older blonde and the handsome man on their own, with a curly-haired young kid who was making a face as the two adults kissed. That same kid with a brown-haired girl of the same age, the two of them stilled for eternity as they sat side by side while they played on twin Nintendo handheld games. They were grinning at each other, like two best friends who had just shared a private joke. The girl piggyback-riding on Mohinder Suresh's back, both laughing. More and more pictures, nailed to the board with colorful pins, some of them overlapping, not all of them straight. The telepathic cop from Texas – Parkman? – making a funny face as he held a shiny FBI badge to the lens. Another one with both him and Claire, seriously saluting military-style, the effect of which was completely ruined by the fact that both of them were wearing silly English bobby hats. There were loads of Hiro and Ando. Together, on their own, or with his blonde niece. One with the three of them costumed – for Halloween, maybe? – as anime characters. Naruto Hiro, Sakura Claire, Sasuke Ando. Claire wrapping her arms around Hiro's neck from behind, the young Japanese guy smiling sweetly at her as he looked over his shoulder. Ando in a flashy mobster-like suit, giving a sort-of seductive smile while he fixed his cufflinks. Claire pointing at the Statue of Liberty. Claire at Central Park. Claire under the sun. Claire smiling. Claire laughing. Only there were very few pictures in which the smile was real, in which it reached her eyes. And in none of the very few in which it did, was she alone. There was a photograph in the center of the board. It was the only one that didn't have any other covering it. The only one that stood in its own, not nailed but glued by double-faced tape. It was the only one he had already seen before today. Nathan and himself, smiling, tuxedos on but bow-ties loose around their necks, brotherly arms around each other's shoulders during the wedding of the eldest Petrelli sibling. His expression never flinching, Peter reached out and took the picture from the board, taking great care in not damaging it as the tape came off. Like he was in a daze, the evolved human crawled backwards onto the bed until he was lying with his head onto the pillow. Looking at the ceiling, holding the picture to his heart, Peter wondered what to think, how to feel. He wasn't sure of anything anymore. The scent of Claire surrounded him, and he fell asleep. ---O--- "Peter, where are-" Claire found him a few minutes later, immobile on her bed. She didn't say anything, although her heart skipped a beat when she couldn't shake the impression that his uncle had slipped back into a coma. The young Texan woman took a couple of fast steps to the edge of the bed, and only breathed in relief when she noticed the rhythmically way in which his chest rose and fell. She closed her eyes and passed a hand over her face. She was tired, more so than she had felt in ages. "Oh, Peter..." she sighed, sitting down at his side, ever so gently so she wouldn't wake him up. Claire tenderly brushed the short bangs falling on his forehead, finding them still a bit damp. She grinned, with some bittersweetness. "I miss your cute emo hair, you know?" She saw the picture he held to his chest, and her head turned to find the empty spot on the center of her board. The smile faltered on her lips as she returned her eyes to her sleeping uncle. "And I miss him too," she said, leaning over and placing a soft kiss on her uncle's forehead. Claire stood up and silently retrieved a blanket from the interior of her wardrobe. As quietly as she could, the petite blonde used it to cover the dark-haired young man. Walking out of the room, she stopped at the doorway and turned around. She felt like she should say something, wish him good night or whatever. 'Sweet dreams, sweet prince,' went through her mind, but she felt silly and it felt inadequate. She didn't know if he would be dreaming. She didn't know if his dreams would be sweet either. Who was this man on her bed? Who was Peter Petrelli? No matter how good she dared to think she knew him through his diaries – and dear God, but that was a can of worms that she didn't want to open now that Peter was finally out of his coma – Miss Bennet still had no idea what was making him tick right now. She may have learnt who he had been, but who was he turning into? That was a whole different matter. Claire closed the door after switching off the light and went off to have her own shower. She may not know who the stranger on her bed was, but she sure as hell wanted to find out. ---O---	i don't know
Which killer lived at 186 Fleet Street and gave the bodies of his victims to Mrs Lovett for her to make meat pies with?	'Til Murder Do Us Part: 15 Couples Who Killed (Volume 3) - Absolute Crime Introduction For most people, murder becomes more interesting and entertaining when killers come in twos. Murderous pairs and killers are so fascinating to us because they pervert the basic human needs for love and companionship into something truly evil and wicked. When lovers start killing, they debase love itself into a deadly evil. Pals that kill together turn friendship into something monstrous and frightening. Instincts and emotions that should make life better become a deadly threat to all of us. Under normal circumstances, love and friendship make people better. Persons with somebody to believe in and trust are often braver and harder working. Those with somebody to fight for are often willing to struggle on until the bitter end. When a deadly pair is involved, something similar occurs. A person who would normally lack the courage to kill or rape or rob suddenly gets the courage to do so. Friendship and love can be just as empowering for killers, cannibals, and sadists as for the rest of us. Therefore we should always be afraid when those who look twisted or weird get together; it could be the beginnings of a deadly duo. A Murderous Duo Too Horrific to Be Real—or Were They? Sweeney Todd and Margery Lovett The story of Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street who murdered his customers, and his deadly paramour Margery Lovett, who made the victims’ bodies into meat pies, seems almost too horrific to be true. Yet there is probably a lot of truth behind the legend of the gruesome hairdresser and his murderous mate who have inspired everything from nursery rhymes to Broadway musicals. Sweeney Todd and Margery Lovett were apparently real people. They were the first celebrity serial killers to be extensively covered in the press. The deadly duo was also the first pair of sadistic cannibals to be widely glorified in popular culture. Sweeney and Margery were stock characters in pulp magazines and dime novels as early as the 1850s. The strangest thing about Sweeney Todd and Margery Lovett is that nothing is certain about them. We know that they were real people and that they certainly killed innocent people, but that’s about it. Nobody knows how many people they killed, why they killed them, or even how they killed them. The Man, the Woman, and the Legend The legend of Sweeney Todd and Margery Lovett is a well-known and gruesome one. Sweeney Todd operated a barbershop, where he would shave men; he would occasionally kill a customer with his straight razor and then dump the body in a secret pit under the barber shop. Margery Lovett, who owned a pie shop nearby, would have one of her accomplices cut up the body and serve it in a meat pie. To add icing on the cake, Sweeney’s barbershop and Margery’s pie shop were located on Fleet Street, the legendary home of London’s newspapers: the place where tabloid journalism and crime reporting were born. Sweeney and Margery’s trial was covered by the first crime reporter, Thomas Peckett Prest. They pushed Napoleon off the front pages back in 1801. Okay, that’s the legend, but it’s hard to tell what's fact and what’s fiction in this tale. Records were poor back in 1801, organized police forces were in their infancy, and journalism was a purely amateur affair. Discerning fact from fiction and legend from reality is difficult even though Sweeney Todd committed his crimes in the center of what was then the world’s largest and most advanced city. What We Know Sweeney Todd was a young man who grew up in London near the Tower of London. He apprenticed as a barber—then a good job because there was no way for a man to shave himself at the time. He apparently served a prison term for theft and then spent several years operating as an independent, or flying, barber on the streets until he made enough money to open his own shop. Along the way Sweeney Todd began committing murders using his straight razor. He later admitted that he slit the throat of a young gentleman on Hyde Park Corner but gives no motive. The motive might have been robbery, or perhaps Sweeney Todd was actually a hit man rubbing out somebody for money. By 1801 Sweeney Todd was running a barbershop at 186 Fleet Street near Temple Bar. Ironically enough, the Royal Courts of Justice—the Old Bailey—were just a few blocks away. In a bizarre twist of history, Sweeney Todd’s barbershop was located on the site where London’s first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, had been published a century before. How He Got Away with It Sweeney Todd located his barbershop over an old tunnel that connected to a nearby church. He built a trap door into the tunnel so it would be easy to dispose of bodies. When a likely victim would come into the shop, Sweeney Todd would simply slit his throat with the straight razor, which got the nickname “cutthroat” razor because of Sweeney’s activities. He then dumped the body down into the tunnel, where it would be eaten by rats and other vermin. The motive for most of the killings seems to have been plain old-fashioned robbery. Most of the victims were travelers or sailors; there were no travelers’ checks, credit cards, or paper money in those days. Travelers carried gold and silver coins, which Sweeney stole. Some of them also carried knives, watches, guns, jewelry, and other items, which Sweeney could sell or pawn for more cash. Even their clothing could be sold for a few pennies. In the era before modern communication, there was little or no way to track a person. Many people simply disappeared, a circumstance that Sweeney Todd and other serial killers took advantage of. This means it is impossible to tell how many people Sweeney Todd actually killed, although some estimates are as high as 160, which makes him Britain’s second most prolific serial killer after Harold Shipman, the Doctor Death of the National Health Service, who may have murdered more than 250 people in the late 20th Century. Caught by Smell It isn’t known how or when Sweeney Todd linked up with a woman named Marjory Lovett. All we know about Marjory Lovett was that she was a widow and she owned a pie shop. She apparently discovered that Sweeney was using abandoned crypts under St. Dunstan’s church to hide some of his bodies. The tunnel under his shop led to the crypts. Mrs. Lovett started putting meat from the bodies into the pies to save money. The exact relationship between the two isn’t known; we don’t know if they were lovers or simply business partners. Interestingly enough, we do know how Sweeney and Lovett got caught: by smell. In 1801 worshippers at St. Dustan’s began complaining about a terrible smell coming out of the old crypts. One parishioner even said it smelled like rotting corpses, but nobody had been buried in the crypts for many years. Eventually the Bow Street Runners, a sort of amateur police force that was a predecessor of Scotland Yard, began an investigation. Two of the runners went into the crypt but found no bodies, so they started looking around the neighborhood. One of them learned that several sailors had gone into Sweeney Todd’s barbershop for a shave and never came out again. The chief of the runners, Sir Richard Blunt, noticed that Todd’s barbershop was near the church. He and his men made another search of the underbelly of the church and discovered that one of the crypts was filled with decomposing bodies. They also found the tunnel to Todd’s shop and arrested him. Execution and the Beginning of a Legend Sweeney Todd was arrested, confessed, and tried at the Old Bailey a few blocks from his barbershop and hanged in 1802. It isn’t known how the Runners uncovered the connection to Margery Lovett, but she was arrested and confessed before committing suicide in jail before her trial. Since then Sweeney Todd and Margery Lovett have moved into the realm of legend. Some historians claim that they didn’t exist, others that they did. The buildings connected to them are real, and the Dundee Courier building where his barbershop was still stands. It now contains a Kwick Copy franchise. Stars of Stage, Screen, and Television The tale of Sweeney Todd became a staple in Victorian pulp fiction, the so-called penny dreadfuls, the first of which was The String of Pearls published in 1846. These were soon adapted for the stage in Victorian melodramas under the name Sweeney Todd: the Demon Barber of Fleet Street. A movie version appeared as early as 1926, and a sound version was made in 1936. The most famous version, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. A Musical Thriller, appeared in 1979. It was based on a 1973 reimagining of the Victorian melodrama, which gave a more sympathetic portrayal of the killer. With lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, the play became a hit, the highlight of Angela Lansbury’s stage career, and a staple of modern musical theater. This play was adapted for the screen by Tim Burton in 2007 and starred Johnny Depp and Helena Bonham Carter. There have also been several television movies based on Sweeney Todd’s career. These generally follow the Victorian version in which Todd is a bloodthirsty killer rather than sympathetic. The strangest part of Sweeney Todd’s legacy is its place in modern British slang. The terms “The Sweeney” or “Sweeney Todd” are popular nicknames for the Flying Squad, an elite unit of London’s Metropolitan Police Force that is known for being tough on criminals. The Sweeney was a famous British TV series about the Flying Squad. So a famous police unit takes its name from a famous serial killer. Gribben, Mark. "Sweeney Todd." n.d. trutv.com/library/crime. Online Encyclopedia Article. 20 May 2013. Knowledge of London. "Sweeney Todd." n.d. knowledgeoflondon.com. Travel Blog Entry. 20 May 2013. Wikipedia. "Harold Shipman." n.d. en.wikipedia.org. Online Encyclopedia Entry. 20 May 2013. —. "Sweeney Todd." n.d. en.wikipedia.org. Online Encyclopedia Entry. 20 May 2013. —. "Sweeney Todd (disambiguation)." n.d. en.wikipedia.org. Online Encyclopedia Article. 20 May 2013. Wisegeek. "Who is Sweeney Todd?" n.d. wisegeek.com. Blog Entry. 20 May 2013. © Absolute Crime, 2016. All Rights Reserved. ✕	Sweeney Todd
Patrick Bateman is a serial killer and businessman in which novel by Brett Easton Ellis?	Serial Killer - TV Tropes Serial Killer You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share — Norman Bates, Psycho Which Cop Show has one not appeared in? A Serial Killer is defined as someone who commits multiple murders, out of some kind of mental or sexual compulsion, in separate incidents with at least a few days in between killings. This is their "cooling off" period, when they temporarily lose the compulsion to kill, and distinguishes them from Spree Killers, who kill in much more regular intervals of weeks or days, if they don't simply go on a murderous rampage that usually ends only when someone captures or kills them. The minimum death toll to be classified as a serial killer is 3-5 people, providing they were killed in separate incidents over a period of more than 30 days. If numerous people are killed in a single incident (e.g. someone murders an entire family in their home), that is mass murder, though mass murderers can and do become serial killers if they act multiple times. It's worth pointing out that actually getting convicted of the three to five murders is rare. Historically, being convicted of one murder was generally enough to get you executed and pretty quickly as well, with no need or opportunity to prove the rest. Even with large-scale abolition of the death penalty, there's not much point in a prosecutor spending lots of money on multiple charges when just one will probably get the killer a life sentence. Of course, the killer could be deemed insane or kill themselves before the trial. Real Life serial killers are usually divided into 4 categories, and fictional killers tend to fall into one or more of these categories as well, if not by design, then by their nature. Visionary — The killer suffers a break from reality, delusions, and/or hallucinations, that compel them to murder. They might believe God or Satan , or simply voices , are telling them to kill, or that killing will prevent some kind of disaster. Tends to result from some kind of trauma and/or a mental illness like schizophrenia. The Insanity Defense will usually only apply to this type (though even this only counts if their mental illness impaired their sense of right and wrong), and as such if a killer is going for that defense, they will usually claim to be such — this very rarely works in Real Life , and in fact is very rarely attempted, probably because in practice there is only so much difference between being locked up in a jail cell for life for multiple murders, and being locked in an insane asylum for life for the same. Mission-Based — The killer believes that their actions are for the greater good , or in the service of some higher purpose, because they are performing some kind of social, political, philosophical, or religious service, generally targeting people they blame for society's ills, or view as sinful, distasteful, or dangerous. Though they may be deluded, they are not psychotic like the Visionary killer, having a rough grasp on reality. Vigilante killers are a sub-type of this. Hedonistic — Someone who kills for lust, thrill, or comfort/profit. The first two kill principally because they enjoy it ; lust-based killers get sexual satisfaction out of murder, while thrill-based ones simply find it exciting. Comfort/profit killers are the type who kill to maintain or fund a life of luxury, or otherwise for money; hitmen and assassins fall into this category, but it usually refers to cases of fraud, embezzlement, or robbery that involves killing somebody. Women serial killers are usually comfort killers, though not all comfort killers are women. Power/Control — These murderers kill because it makes them feel powerful. Often (though not always) the type who were mistreated or abused as children , they are driven more by insecurity or rage than by any pleasure they might get out of killing, though that might eventually play a part. If rape is involved, it is not, like a Hedonistic killer, motivated by lust, but as another means of dominating the victim. Very often involves torture , and/or binding the victim in some fashion , though neither of these are requirements. In addition, as mentioned, there are several sub-types of these killers that fit into the above categories. Some examples include: Revenge killers commit murders to lash out at real or perceived wrongs done to them in life, the victims typically being substitutes for the perpetrator of the original offense. May kill friends, relatives, or strangers for slights, sometimes petty in nature. Black Widow killers cash in on the insurance of murdered relatives (or friends with wills). Typically serial spouses who murder their new husbands/wives and then move on, though they have been known to murder other relations, including children. Almost always women. The Bluebeard killer is a male counterpart to the Black Widow killer, except that this specifically refers to men who kill their wives, not other relatives. Also, the motive is usually power, not financial gain, though that often plays a part. Professional Killers are now increasingly regarded as a sub-type of killer, falling under Comfort/Profit Hedonistic killers. Cost Cutters are those who kill to save money, such as a person who murders employees to avoid paying them. Lethal Caretakers are nurses, carers, or other such who kill patients and carees for profit, e.g. to cash in on social security checks in their name. Usually women. Angels of Death are similar, but kill patients for feelings of power and control, or sometimes serial mercy-killing (or believe their crimes to be such) , and are thus harder to trace. Again, usually women, though Harold Shipman — British doctor and the most prolific serial killer in the world, falls into this type. Munchausens By Proxy is a personality disorder where the perpetrator harms another for attention — for example, murdering a relative for sympathy at the loss, or killing someone and then trying to "save" them to act the hero. Usually not killers, but serial abusers of relations or strangers, but have been known to turn lethal. Murderers of prostitutes , which is Exactly What It Says on the Tin . Most often, a Serial Killer starts with killing a prostitute, and a Serial Killer's victims are likely to be mostly or even only prostitutes (such as Jack the Ripper , the Ur-Example of Serial Killers); in fact, it's not uncommon for such a murderer to target prostitutes, as they believe to be doing a favor to society by killing them, which makes these killings a type of Mission-Based Serial Killing. Sexual Predators are killers who lure victims to their death with promises of sex or intimacy, or simply chatting the victim up. May drug their victims to make it easier. Usually Lust killers, but other motives are suspected in certain cases. Sexual Sadists are lust killers who torture their victims before killing them; the torture is usually more important than the actual murder. The torture may be psychological and can last for a matter of seconds or minutes, or it can last for hours or days, depending on the offender. Antisocial killers are those suffering from a severe case of a Personality Disorder . Impulsive and impatient, they pathologically violate social norms and values, such as repeatedly committing serious and petty crimes. Serial murder is usually just one of many crimes they regularly commit, and they often do so in the course of other crimes, such as robbery, rape, and various forms of manipulation . Cannibalistic killers hunt down people so they can eat their flesh. Other times they do it out of curiosity after they've killed someone, the cannibalism not having been the primary motive for the murder. Jeffrey Dahmer is a well-known real life example of this type. Hannibal Lecter is the most iconic fictional example. Police killers are serial murderers who are also involved in law enforcement. There's a roughly equal chance that they're a Vigilante Man who thinks he is cleaning the street by killing criminals and anyone else they regard as immoral, or just an indiscriminate psycho who butchers people for fun while using their jobs as covers for their crimes. Supernatural killers are what happens when a normal, flesh and blood killer for any of the above types dies. Or rather, doesn't . He may discover Evil Makes You Monstrous , get turned into a vampire or werewolf , or linger on as a ghost. This usually makes them (perhaps literal) nightmares, as they suffer from a Horror Hunger , gain superpowers, and are nigh unkillable . Serial killers can further be divided into Organized and Disorganized. The former plan their crimes carefully and often well in advance, and are thus always premeditated. They may even hold a stable job and have a good education, and appear perfectly normal in every way . Such people are very likely to be The Chessmaster . The latter are much more impulsive and careless; their crimes may or may not be premeditated, and they are recklessly executed when they are, without due care for witnesses or leaving evidence. These tend to be poorly educated and not in steady employment. The following things tend to occur in a serial killer plot: The killer sends a note to the police, or a newspaper, or both, with a taunting message that ends in a challenge along the lines of "You can't catch me." A gruesome souvenir may also be included. A variation is to have the killer send a message saying "Please catch me before I kill more." Serial killers are often, but not always, portrayed as The Chessmaster , brilliantly layering one Evil Plan onto another. Often, this takes the form of a series of Batman Gambits that lead the police on a series of wild goose chases as the killer gloats. They have a wall full of newspaper clippings covering their actions . Sometimes they keep a photographic record of their kills, or even a souvenir of the victim's. Scenes of the killer watching news reports about their own crimes, and gloating about being in the media spotlight , are also common. If it's part of a Story Arc , one cop is probably going to fall victim (which is part of the requisite Tonight, Someone Dies hype). At the climax, one of the cops is usually Alone with the Psycho , but is saved Just in Time . If the killer is not depicted as Ax-Crazy , then the victims all have something to do with one another. If somebody else is wrongfully implicated, and looks close to taking the rap, the serial killer will bump them off , even though this means casting suspicion back on himself. Or the killer will kill again while the wrongfully accused is incarcerated, casting suspicion back on himself. Sometimes he will do it because it casts suspicion back towards himself, because he is insulted that the police suspect someone he considers unworthy of the attention. The killer might leave a distinctive Calling Card at each scene of his crimes. The killer might be a Poetic Serial Killer , who kills bad people with ironic methods. Or they're a Theme Serial Killer , and they have a set of themes (possibly taken from a poem/book), with each victim fitting the next theme in the killer's list (which they rarely get to complete). The killer will fondly recall or talk about their victims . Some of these plots have the Serial Killer insert themselves into the investigation, either by posing as a witness, victim, or in some cases, an investigator. The killer's purpose in doing this is either to misdirect the police or prove how much smarter the killer is than the cops. While it's much more common in fiction, this has actually happened in real life. Serial Killer plots tend to be men killing women, although The Bill subverted this. This is somewhat realistic , however, because in the real world, the vast majority of serial killers are men — or, more exactly, men tend to murder in ways that make it easier for them to get caught. Female serial killers will typically be Angels of Death and may work in health care or similar vocations. In fiction, they'll often have a Torture Cellar or do their killings in a Sinister Subway . Over the last few years, daytime soaps have had an unusually high number of serial killers. One Life to Live has had at least two in as many years. It's the chic way for producers to pare down their casts. It's notable that many of these behaviors are realistic for serial killers, though seeing all of them with one killer is unlikely. Also notable is the fact that they are practically never allowed to go uncaught by the end, despite many of the most famous unsolved cases in history being serial killer investigations. Sometimes they are more like a so-called ' Spree killer ', i.e. someone who goes on a murderous rampage in a smaller area over a shorter time. In fact, this is more common than actual serial killers, though characters often confuse the two, as time constraints mean the killings in a story usually take place over the space of a few days, whereas real serial killers by definition usually have weeks, months, or years between their kills. The term "serial killer" isn't actually that old ; it was coined in German (as "Serienmörder", serial murderer) in 1930 by Ernst Gennat, the highly influential director of the Berlin criminal police in the 1930s. "Serial murderer" crops up in 1966 and "serial killer" is generally attributed to FBI agent Robert Ressler in the 1970s, it didn't enter popular culture until 1981. A counterpart to the Serial Rapist ; it's not uncommon for the tropes to overlap. Compare with Psycho for Hire , where a job that requires killing people is used by villains to act out their sadism. See also Hunting the Most Dangerous Game , where someone makes an actual sport out of killing people. The killer feared by other killers is a Serial-Killer Killer . Many potential Serial Killers get caught quickly because they use an MO that makes their crimes easy to detect and identify, or have such a strong compulsion to murder they literally cannot stop themselves even when they know they are under suspicion and/or police surveillance. They may even enjoy it more if they know the cops are watching — yes, they see it as some kind of game. And finally, some of them are so sick and broken that they want to get caught. Examples: open/close all folders Anime & Manga The protagonist's neighbor, and later girlfriend, in Ana Satsujin is one of these. He finds out her secret before dating her and being her boyfriend is the reason she hasn't killed him. In ARAGO , the Patchman's M.O. is a burned hand print on the throat of the victim... And some body parts missing ( he uses them to patch up his own rotting body ). Attack on Titan has Kenny the Ripper, a Jack the Ripper Expy mentioned to have once stalked the streets of the Capitol decades prior. His killings are the stuff of legend, with one soldier wondering whether or not he actually existed. The story goes that he slit the throats of over 100 members of the Military Police Brigade and was never caught. Levi confirms this individual did indeed exist: Kenny Ackerman raised him, and later became a Captain in the Military Police's sinister 1st Brigade. It's later implied that many of his killings may have actually been in response to him and the rest of the Ackermans being hunted down by the government. One of the early Bleach villains counts. Unlike most other hollows, Shrieker is just as bad dead as he was alive. He was a serial killer in life and seemed to simply just really enjoy it. His actions as a hollow are more of the same, just much more creative with his new powers, including sealing the soul of the kid who killed him in a parrot. Needless to say, when Ichigo appeared and ripped out his tongue before curb stomping him, it was incredibly satisfying. Being impaled and dragged to Hell was the cherry on top. One particularly loathsome Contractor in the second season of Darker Than Black was a serial killer before getting his powers, and while being a Contractor means Lack of Empathy , that actually made him a bit saner and more able to control himself. In a way, Nick in the first season might qualify. He was killing people to carry out a goal, not just as an end in itself, but his Power at a Price involved a compulsion to untie his victim's shoes, and so he kind of fit the "killer with a calling card" idea. There's a ton of them in Deadman Wonderland ; they all eventually end up being forced to murder each other. A few are excited about that. Light Yagami, the protagonist of Death Note , being of the mission-based variety , with shades of hedonistic sprinkled in there, uses the titular Artifact of Doom to anonymously kill criminals . Near even lampshades this. Misa Amane the Second Kira, and Teru Mikami the Hand of Kira, both do the same while in Light's service. Beyond Birthday, in the Death Note spin-off Another Note: the Los Angeles BB Murder Cases Descendants of Darkness has played with this. In the Kyoto arc, Muraki goes on a serial killing spree, partially to draw Tsuzuki's attention, and partially to try and create a Frankenstein monster styled body with which to resurrect his hated brother so he can kill him with his own hands. Did I mention this guy's a psycho? He's also behind the serial vampire murders that constitute Tsuzuki and Hisoka's first case together (Nagasaki), and the cruise ship disappearances they investigate later, which turn out to be organ farming. This is kind of his thing. The two IceDevimon featured in Digimon Tamers and Digimon Frontier had shades of this. The Psychopathic Manchild named "Old Cho" from Domu : A Child's Dream psychically controlled 29 people into "committing suicide" all within three years, so he can take one possession of theirs as a trophy. The main plot of ERASED follows Blessed with Suck Satoru Fujinuma as he's sent back to his childhood in order to thwart a child serial kidnapper and murderer . The serial killer in question turns out to be Satoru's fifth-grade teacher, Yashiro Gaku, who appears to be in the hedonistic camp, killing children for his own sick pleasure. One early chapter of Franken Fran has Fran being brought on as a consultant for a serial killer case where the killer dumps severed body parts all over town (that, according to DNA tests, all come from the same person, despite the fact that this should be impossible.) Eventually subverted, as there is no killer. All the body parts indeed come from one person...who is suffering from a massively hyperactive malignant cancer that causes her to sprout entire extra body parts and organs, and the ones leaving the body parts everywhere are most likely her parents, who were cutting them off of her. Fullmetal Alchemist : Barry the Chopper is a comically violent serial killer even after his death. That said, the images of his backstory are rather unnerving, and the only reason he stops killing is because of his involvement with the various conspiracies. This series also gives us The Slicer, who (like Barry) is Animated Armor , created to guard Lab 5 following the execution. Scar is of a different (and often overlooked) variety. He only targets state alchemists with the motivation of revenge for the massacre of his people. This makes him a "mission-oriented" serial killer. He becomes more of a sympathetic Anti-Villain and then Anti-Hero over time. In the 2003 anime version , Barry the Chopper was encountered earlier as a Villainous Crossdresser . When we see him again as #66, he keeps on killing right up until he is killed by Scar. Goth follows a pair of murder-obsessed high school students who track down serial killers to admire their (often gruesome) work. In Ibitsu , Kazuki is horrified to learn, far too late, that he's not the first person approached by the "Strange Lolita" killer. The others who became the Strange Lolita's "older brothers" were never heard from again. Yoshikage Kira, the Big Bad of the of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 4, kills women for their hands, which he has a strange fetish for (he thinks of the hands as his "girlfriends" and he seems to show no interest in the rest of the body). He is all the more dangerous because his ability leaves no evidence, and he will kill anyone who comes in between him and the normal life he wants to live. Angelo Katagiri was arrested at the age of 12 for robbery and rape , and his crimes became progressively more violent as time went on. 20 years later he was sent to death row for the rape and murder of three teenage boys , and later escaped from prison and went on a killing spree using his Stand before being defeated by Josuke. MPD Psycho centers around the protagonist, who attempts to use his multiple personalities to track and thwart serial killers. Since one of his personalities is itself a serial killer, it goes without saying that things at times can get complicated. With all the seemingly random killings in StrikerS Sound Stage X of Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha , this was what the investigators originally thought the Mariage Case was about. However, it soon became clear that Mariage wasn't a serial killer but a group of undead super soldiers seeking the whereabouts of their king so they can begin a new war, all orchestrated by someone else as part of a terrorist scheme. Johan Liebert, the Monster . He even manipulated other killers into doing his work for him, most of whom also ended up dead. Johan is an unusual example in that it is debatable whether he has a compulsion to kill, since he shows that he can stop whenever he wants, and his traumatic childhood is revealed to have happened to someone else. It should be noted that having these false memories is the only sign of anything resembling insanity; all of his killings and manipulation may be motiveless and insane, but Johan himself comes across as terrifyingly sane (with the exception of one Freak Out ). Also, he does not appear to get any sort of benefit from killing; he shows no signs of getting a thrill or sexual pleasure from his acts, nor does he seem to get any kicks from domination, and the killings are usually carried out as pragmatically as possible (no wasting time through torture, etc.), which suggests that his use of other people to kill might be simple expedience rather than enjoying his ability to manipulate. In addition, with many of his victims, there is no financial gain or any real progress towards whatever plan he may have at the time, making their deaths pointless. The lack of any recognisable motive is the main reason why he's widely considered Nightmare Fuel incarnate. Mother Keeper has two. Lint is mentioned on multiple occasions to have been a serial killer before becoming a mother keeper, though little is said about his crimes. The second one is Graham Gregson who killed the real Graham Gregson, along with the man's entire family. He later also murdered Silas and everyone working for him. Murasakiiro No Qualia gives one in the form of the culprit to the Tokyo Dismembering Murders. A total and complete sociopath . Naruto Gaara constantly murders anyone who gets in his way, all because he believes that this is his sole purpose. Though he and his known victims are combat personnel and thus 'fair game', sort of, they were killed outside of combat situations. One notable instance would be the time Gaara killed two shinobi gamblers trying to get him to take a fall in the Chuunin Exam fights. HIDAN. Kills for pleasure, cool down time between kills, likes to torture. He may even be named after Hedonism, one of the above categories. Orochimaru is, or rather was, a straighter example; he fled the Leaf village after being exposed as a serial killer who had abducted and killed close to a hundred ninja, civilians, and babies to perform gruesome human experiments, though a number of these were technically unintentional in that he was usually trying to find safe ways of performing said experiments on himself and therefore wasn't really wanting them to die (not that he gave a crap if they did, it's just that their deaths were beside the point — plus, he seemed to be really enjoying himself). Pandora Hearts gives us Illegal Contractors, people that forge a Deal with the Devil in the hopes of changing the past. Part of the bargain requires them to sacrifice victims to their Chain, and many develop patterns or preferred victims over the course of time. The most notable examples include the mysterious Head Hunter and the Red-eyed Ghost — the former beheads victims and turns out to be both Humpty Dumpty and the Queen of Hearts, while the other is in fact Xerxes Break in a surprising example of a Serial Killer with a Sympathetic Murder Backstory . Kabuto from Parasyte . We don't know much about him, since by the time he first appeared he was already in jail, but a few flashbacks show that he used to be a big fan of mutilation, cannibalism, and necrophilia. He is brought to help the police catch parasites because he has the ability to see who is infected. It's implied to be because he sees other humans the same way parasites do — but at least the parasites need to eat humans to survive. He pretends that, deep down, everybody is like him, and he's just the only one who doesn't try to suppress his true nature. Naoki Urasawa , the creator of Monster, has another manga called Pluto , in which he manages to turn the titular character, a big, goofy-looking green cartoon robot with horns from the classic Astro Boy series, into a genuinely terrifying serial killer figure. Two of these appear in Private Actress . One is a Mad Doctor who kills people with Mis Matched Eyes , including a girl whose grown-up sister hires Shiho to make her pose as the reincarnation of her dead older sis . The other is Kana Juumonji/Satoka Ryoudou, the Big Bad of the manga, who as a little girl killed a bully and from then on started eliminating anyone who stood in her way... Udo Jinei, the first major villain in Rurouni Kenshin , is introduced as this, committing multiple murders in the past 10 years under the name "Kurogasa" ("Black Hat"), and targeting politicians who previously fought on the side of the newly-established Meiji government during the days of the Bakumatsu. According to his M.O., he always sends a message to his target in advance, telling them the exact day and time he's going to strike, and he always gets his target no matter how many guards the person has in place. In the anime, it's also noted that women and children have been among his collateral-damage victims during his career. It's revealed that Jinei was actually hired to perform all those murders by a crooked politician looking to make his rise to the top of the government. In the manga, while dying after committing suicide following his loss to Kenshin, Jinei admits to having been hired to commit the murders; the anime doesn't reveal it until much later, when we're introduced to the same politician, who currently has Saito on his payroll (at least, so he thinks). Cho Hakkai (AKA Cho Gonou), one of the main characters in Saiyuki , is a mass revenge serial killer who goes Ax-Crazy yandere after his twincest older sister/lover is sacrificed by his village as an offering to the local demon king, leaving half of the village and most of the demons clan dead in the aftermath. Tokyo Ghoul has several, primarily Ghouls with unusual feeding patterns. Shuu Tsukiyama stands out from other Ghouls due to his unusual feeding patterns imitating a human Serial Killer. He is a Picky People Eater to the extreme, and selects potential victims based on them having some exceptional or beautiful trait. At one point, Investigators discussing the " Gourmet " case are able to discern several important events taking place in the series based solely on him breaking from his strict patterns of behavior and feeding on victims that aren't up to his usual standards. Yuujirou Utsumi, from the second light novel. A businessman famous for his generous nature, he turns out to be a vicious cannibal that enjoys preying on young women. His adopted children are ghouls that he raised to commit the murders for him, while Utsumi himself turns out to be human. By the time he's caught, he's already terminally ill and no longer capable of forcing the children to do his bidding. In the sequel, the ghoul Torso is explicitly described as a serial killer. A deranged loner, he works as a taxi driver and kidnaps women with scars to become his dismembered " lovers ". He is considered disturbing even by others of his kind, and his home is a Cannibal Larder filled with the bodies of his victims. Underdog : Naoto's first opponent, Masaya Hiuchi, is an 18 year-old who was just recently released from a mental institution after brutally murdering several of his female classmates in middle school. His first actions in the tournament show that he's already up to his old tricks. Comic Books Batman has dealt with many of them, and several members of his rogues gallery fall into the category from time to time. The most recurring ones are The Joker (obviously) and Victor Zsasz. But by far the most notable serial killers in Batman history (by virtue of their actions being the main plot of a mini-series) are Holiday and The Hangman . Batman The Black Mirror adds the son of Commissioner Gordon, James Gordon Jr. Johnny the Homicidal Maniac is a serial killer protagonist . Psychologically, he see-saws between being a visionary and a thrill/control killer: On one hand, Johnny is very obviously psychotic, talks with his own furniture, suffers memory loss, and believes there's a thingnote fun fact:It's not a moose! living inside one of his walls (it's never consistent which wall), which he needs to paint with fresh blood regularly to keep the thing inside from escaping. On the other hand, Johnny is aware he's a psychotic serial killer and cherry-picks his targets from perceived Asshole Victims (or anybody unfortunate enough to stand close enough to one) and also exhibits a personal enjoyment in murdering people. Oh yeah, and that thing in the wall? It's real (well, that, or Johnny's psychosis is contagious. And sentient. And able to kill people). It's implied that Johnny was 'chosen' to become the thing's prison guard, with the duty having driven him insane and made him kill people. Then again, his personality doesn't really change all that much from being released from his duty. Senior Diablo notes that Johnny was pretty off to begin with, and being chosen just pushed him over the edge. The Sandman has an issue where a bunch of serial killers have a convention, in the style of a comic book or sci-fi convention. They advertise it as a convention for the cereal industry. The escaped nightmare who draws the plot's attention there is the Corinthian — who became one of these for his own amusement in Morpheus' absence. For over half a century. Has a crossover connection to Hellblazer , where John Constantine was having a run-in with the Cereal Convention's absent guest speaker at the time. ("Anyone seen the Family Man?") Dog Soup hung a lampshade on this trope, complaining at a panel discussion that female serial killers like herself are stereotyped as either angel-of-mercy nurses or black widows . "I'm a serial killer and a woman, and I'm proud of it!" Judging by the name, she is a lot more hands-on about her work. Bonus points because she's flanked by a woman in a nurse outfit and a woman tagged as "the grass widow," both of whom are giving her dirty looks as she says this. The presence of at least two conventioneers who'd written "God" on their name tags, along with the "Religion Panel," may also be a lampshading of the kinds of delusions commonly attributed to serial killers. Sin City : Kevin from the comic/film is a particularly disturbing example. He kills and cannibalizes vulnerable hookers. On the side he's also a hit man for the Cardinal. Roark Junior from the story That Yellow Bastard is another particularly vile one of these. He rapes little girls and slashes them to ribbons, and particularly enjoys hearing them scream. He's protected by his powerful U.S. Senator father, who makes life hell for anyone who tries to take Junior down. A serial killer briefly appears in the short story "Behind Door Number Three". He was targetting Old Town girls. Things ended very badly for him, to say the least. Carnage from Spider-Man is one of these; his alter ego Cletus Kasady was one even before he came in contact with the symbiote. (He had been convicted of eleven murders, but he bragged of a dozen more that the police couldn't find evidence for.) Early in his villainous career, he would leave the message "Carnage Rules!" written in his victim's blood (or with his own) at the site of each murder. Supergirl : In Many Happy Returns , two different Supergirls faced up to Xenon, a serial killer of Supergirls throughout the Multiverse and Hypertime. It's implied he's already killed a good number of them, and he is shown murdering a slightly South American-esque Supergirl. One story from Alan Moore 's famous run on Swamp Thing was told from the perspective of a serial killer who called himself the Bogeyman. His career comes to an abrupt and anticlimactic end when he runs across the eponymous plant-man. He gets a Continuity Nod in the Sandman story mentioned above. Onomatopoeia, a mask-wearing Serial Killer introduced in a Green Arrow story and later seen in Batman: Cacophany, targets Badass Normal vigilantes. He isn't against killing other people such as prostitutes either. The creepiest element of his character is one shared by more than a few Real Life serial killers: he leads a double life as a loving and seemingly normal family man with a wife and two kids. He handwaves the injuries he gets as sports accidents and has a secret trophy room in his house with the masks of the vigilantes he killed. At least one writer for The Punisher has described the character as a serial killer who kills criminals. Arkham Asylum: Living Hell , in addition to regular Batman villains, introduces Jane Doe, who kills people to take their identity and life, and Doodlebug, who drains people of their blood for his paintings but also to free several demons trapped beneath Arkham Asylum. Young Justice has Harm, a sociopathic killer whose ambition is to become the world's top murderer. Foolkiller is on a mission to do Exactly What It Says on the Tin . Although he often falls into Vigilante territory, he's not limited to criminals. The character points out frequently that many of the biggest "fools" have the protection of the "letter of the law" if not the "spirit of the law". Judge Dredd : Actually a fairly mundane type of villain in the dystopian urban setting. Recurring bad guy PJ Maybe, a mastermind-level Chessmaster , is probably the most famous example, but there have been regular serial killers, cannibalistic serial killers, skin-stealing serial killers, Snuff Film serial killers, a dentist serial killer, and robot-hating serial killers. There was even a secret club of serial killers who tried to set a new record by having all of their members go on a killing spree at the same time, unleashing a murder wave in Mega-City One that ended with their leader trying to detonate a nuclear bomb. Films — Animation Claudandus from Felidae personally kills a huge number of his fellow cats as part of his plan to create a Master Race . Syndrome from The Incredibles is this, even if he is never called that (this being Disney and all). He systematically murders the world's superheroes basically because he's jealous they're "special" and he's not. Films — Live-Action M , starring Peter Lorre as the bizarrely sympathetic child killer Hans Beckert, is one of the first film portrayals of a serial killer. Since many of these tropes had not taken effect yet, the climax was actually about saving him from a furious lynch mob . M was inspired by the case of Fritz Haarmann (aka "the Butcher of Hanover"), which also inspired two other movies: Tenderness of the Wolves in 1973, a fictionalized account of Haarmann's killing spree, and The Deathmaker in 1995, an account of Haarmann's psychological examination, based on the actual transcripts of his interrogation. Several Alfred Hitchcock films feature these: Norman Bates, in Psycho . Uncle Charlie, in Shadow of a Doubt , who is The Bluebeard and kills women out of a combination of greed and pathology. Unfortunately for his niece who discovers this, everyone thinks he's the nicest guy you could possibly meet . Bob Rusk, in Frenzy . Another killer with female victims, although of a sexual predator, Jack the Ripoff variety. The Avenger, in The Lodger ; however, the killer himself never actually appears in the film, as the plot centers around an innocent man wrongly suspected of being said killer. Peeping Tom is about a deranged amateur filmmaker who kills women while filming them (specifically their faces). The main antagonist in the time-travel movie, Frequency , specializes in killing nurses. David Allen Griffin in The Watcher , whose main purpose of doing this is so he can continually meet FBI Agent Joel . The other classic cinema example is Preacher Harry Powell (Robert Mitchum) in The Night of the Hunter , who famously has "Love" and "Hate" tattooed across his knuckles. Johnathan Doe from Se7en is possibly the most disturbing one on this list. He is a serial killer who is obsessed with sin and punishment, and models his unimaginably cruel murders after the Seven Deadly Sins . The most disturbing thing about him is not only his intelligence and sadism, but that everything goes according to his plan and he is victorious in the end. Rare female example: Erica Bain from The Brave One . Doubles as a Vigilante Woman . Jigsaw of the Saw movies arguably fits here, though he is fairly sporting — he gives his victims a (very slim) chance to escape, and apparently wants them to escape, on the hope that their life will be improved by the experience. As for his apprentices Amanda Young and (eventual successor) Mark Hoffman, well... Not so much. Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , who murdered his customers and sent them down the chute, where his partner Mrs. Lovett baked them into pies. His initial motive is revenge for what happened to him and his wife at the hands of the corrupt Judge Turpin, and his first killing is a man who recognized him from his days as Benjamin Barker and tried to blackmail him, but after "Epiphany", he starts committing the murders that would make him infamous. The Stepfather series of films involves an unnamed serial killer (he only ever uses aliases) obsessed with finding the perfect family to become a part of. Things are all smiles and sunshine for a while, but if the family doesn't reach expectations and becomes too hard to handle, he moves on to another, murdering his current one (and anyone else in the way) in a vicious cycle, being incapable of believing that there is no such thing as "the perfect family". One of the most memorable scenes in the original is of the killer losing his composure in the basement, thrashing around and muttering nearly incomprehensibly, unknowingly in front of his stepdaughter. Also, the "Family Killer", as he's called in the third film was apparently based off real life killer John List . Before becoming a dream-stalking ghost via demons , Freddy Krueger of A Nightmare on Elm Street fame was a serial killer by the name of the "Springwood Slasher", who would prey on young children (and, if an old newspaper in the fifth film is any indication, he'd do more than just butcher them). The sixth film reveals that he had a secret room in his house filled with trophies of his kills ( and various implements of torture ), and the opening of Freddy vs. Jason also at one point had him flipping through a scrapbook of his victims while chuckling to himself. Henry, the Villain Protagonist of Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer , is a brutal murderer who changes his M.O. for each kill, so the police don't know what he's up to. He eventually gets away with killing every other major character in the film, including his accomplice and his girlfriend. He's also so cold and unfeeling that he makes Dexter look like a warm, caring individual. The murderous truck driver from Steven Spielberg's Made-for-TV Movie Duel is strongly hinted to be one of these, with numerous license plates mounted on his vehicle, and notches carved in the headlight rims. The focus of an amusing subplot in the Steve Martin comedy The Man with Two Brains , when Martin's character accidentally stumbles across the identity of The Elevator Killer: Dr. Michael Hfuhruhurr: You. You're the elevator killer. Merv Griffin . The Elevator Killer: Yeah. Dr. Michael Hfuhruhurr: Why? The Elevator Killer: I don't know. I've always just loved to kill. I really enjoyed it. But then I got famous, and — it's just too hard for me. And so many witnesses. I mean, everybody recognized me. I couldn't even lurk anymore. I'd hear, "Who's that lurking over there? Isn't that Merv Griffin?" So I came to Europe to kill. And it's really worked out very well for me! Grindhouse 's Stuntman Mike: He's a stuntman. Who horribly butchers women. With his car. Yeah. Tracy Thoms, Zoe Bell , and Rosario Dawson turn the tables on the redneck lunatic. The Scream series each featured a Serial Killer in costume who hunted down all the friends and family of Sidney Prescott (or the cast of the Film Within a Film in the third one ). The various people who have donned the Ghostface mask are: Billy Loomis and Stu Macher in Scream (1996) , Mrs. Loomis and Mickey in Scream 2 , Roman Bridger in Scream 3 , and Jill Roberts and Charlie Walker in Scream 4 . Friday the 13th 's Jason Voorhees: He gets even worse after getting hacked up with a machete . Halloween 's Michael Myers: Killing just one sister just wasn't enough for him. Scorpio, in Dirty Harry . Scorpio was based on the real life Zodiac Killer who was active in San Francisco in the late 1960's, but never caught. Citizen X , a real one, Andrei Chikatilo. Evilenko, also based on Chikatilo (though much more loosely). Jack in the movie Blacktop, who, as the title suggests, works driving a truck around the mid-West and uses the trailer's freezer to store the strung-up corpses of his victims. Best part is, he's played by Meat Loaf . Mike and Bart in the black comedy How To Be A Serial Killer. Carl Panzram in Killer: A Journal of a Murder, memorably played by James Woods. Disturbing in its way since the story is based on an actual serial killer , although the film isn't nearly as gruesome as Panzram's real career. The Element of Crime subverts many of the expected associated tropes by featuring a very elusive child killer whose identity is never revealed (in fact, he may be have been dead already even before the events of the movie), and by having some of his murders actually committed by the people who pursue him, as they become crazy because of the very profiling method they're using . The protagonist of The Poughkeepsie Tapes is an especially terrifying example. Hugo Stiglitz of Inglourious Basterds was a serial killer that targeted Nazi officers despite being one himself. This got him immediate entry into the Basterds after they busted him out of prison. Angela Baker is a mission-based one. In the original Sleepaway Camp , she killed people who had wronged her in some way, while in the next two films ( Sleepaway Camp II: Unhappy Campers and Sleepaway Camp III: Teenage Wasteland ), she's developed an extreme set of morals, and is a puritanical killer, murdering people who personally offend her (so, the usual slasher film stereotypes). In the fifth film , she murders Alan's main tormenters. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : Leatherface. Several of his relatives also count, but in general, the dirty work is left to him. Child's Play : Charles Lee Ray, better known as Chucky the Killer Doll. Each installment of the Prom Night series features one. The first has Alex Hammond, the second and the third feature Mary Lou Maloney, the fourth has Father Jonas, and the 2008 remake has Richard Fenton. A few of the main characters in Predators . The murderer in Untraceable abducted and killed people in gruesome ways while broadcasting over the internet that he would spare the victim only if it didn't meet the number of viewers that he attracted, as it turns out the people he was killing were people connected to his father's suicide. Monsieur Verdoux, the Villain Protagonist of the eponymous Charlie Chaplin film, is a Bluebeard -style killer, inspired by the actual serial killer Henri Landru . Changeling features Gordon Northcott, who kidnapped and murdered more than 20 young boys on a small farm in California. Monster , the one with Charlize Theron (but not Charlize Theron's eyebrows) as Aileen Wuornos. The Convenience Store Killer from Cornered! . The murderer from Psycho Beach Party killing people they consider imperfect, eg. the disabled girl, a man with an extra toe, etc. The Exorcist III : The Gemini Killer, a serial murderer so evil that he became a body-hopping demon after his death. Some Guy Who Kills People - of the revenge variety. Child killer Rustin Parr in The Blair Witch Project . Zodiac is about the hunt for the real-life Zodiac Killer. Ted Bundy is a film about the real guy. Serial Mom is a humorous example of a Revenge Killer, in that she kills people over extremely small transgressions, like not rewinding rental videos (this was made back in the pre-DVD age), not recycling or wearing white shoes after Labor Day. Man Bites Dog : Notorious Belgian Cult Classic about a documentary crew following a serial killer during his daily activities. The serial killer in The Dead Zone focuses on killing women. He turns out to be a policeman who lived with his mother in a clown-patterned bedroom. The Cell deals with a new experimental technology, to enter the mind of a comatose serial killer in order to learn where he has hidden his latest kidnap victim. Butch Cavendish from The Lone Ranger , who's stated to be an Indian killer and has murdered and eaten people, is a Hedonistic version. In Split/Second , Cowboy Cop Harley Stone is pursuing a serial killer who cuts out his victims' hearts to eat them and has a personal vendetta with Stone. Subverted in that it turns out it is actually a giant monster with unexplained motives for killing people, although presumably intelligent. The protagonist of Cabin by the Lake is an obscure horror movie writer named Stanley, who murders women by kidnapping and drowning them, then writes his activities into his work. Dr. Decker from Clive Barker 's Nightbreed is a misanthropic serial killer who murders entire families and anyone else he comes across to 'cleanse' the world. He becomes an undead one at the end. In Hellraiser: Inferno , the Engineer is an eyeless serial killer who is going after the people around Joseph and playing an extensive cat and mouse game with him. Highwaymen features a crippled serial killer named Fargo who uses his customized car to go on a killing spree of women through vehicular homicide. Ghost in the Machine : Karl Hochman starts out as a mundane example who finds victims from address books, untill lightning strike overloading the MRI machine her is in ends up visualizing him. He then becomes a digital ghost who travels through computer networks, overloading electronic appliances, such as turning a hairdryer into a flamethrower. Running Scared (2006) : Dez and Edele, a couple who kidnap children to molest them before murdering them and disposing of their bodies. When Terese arrives to rescue Oleg from them, she can barely resist throwing up when she sees that the couple has dozens of videotapes in their collection, all with the names of various children marked on them. Being a fairytale-inspired story, they're an analogue for the witch from Hansel and Gretel . Fear City : The one in this film is a martial arts expert who mainly goes after strippers, toying with his prey before killing them. He apparently sees it as part of a mission to purify the world of sinners. Haunter : The villain of the movie is a serial killer who continued to kill people beyond his death and used his powers as a ghost to keep the spirits of his earlier victims trapped in the house. Road Games : Smith (alias Jones) is a hedonistic serial killer who rapes, strangles and dismembers young female hitchhikers . Nathan from Ex Machina could be interpreted as one. He repeatedly creates artificially intelligent robots which he subsequently deactivates and/or destroys. Since he thinks they are just machines, he does not consider himself a murderer. Crimson Peak : The Sharpe siblings are very appropriately named, especially Lucille . Since their father lost their entire fortune, Thomas and Lucille have fallen on hard times. Unfortunately, their way of getting out of financial distress involves Thomas charming wealthy heiresses to marry him , so that Lucille can kill his wives with poison after they have signed over their fortunes. Mick Taylor from Wolf Creek is a particularly terrifying example. Replicant : Edward "The Torch" Garotte is named such because he beats single mothers to death, then sets their houses on fire and leaves the child inside. The titular John Doe: Vigilante, who spends his nights killing child molesters/abusers, rapists, and abusive husbands/boyfriends, culminating in the man who killed his wife and daughter (the very thing that spurred his killing spree). Good Neighbors : The serial killer starts as a background detail, something that Louise is obsessed with. Then, someone close to Louise dies. Then, that gives her ideas. And ultimately, the serial killer is implied to be part of the cast. Literature Hannibal Lecter is the definitive serial killer series, in that almost every fictional serial killer since has been inspired by the two examples in the movie. Hannibal Lecter himself is a cultural icon. He's a well-educated man, a famous psychiatrist, and a genius who sometimes helps out the protagonists. His cold eyes are the only signs that he is a serial killing cannibal. Although in the book (but not the film), he has maroon eyes and six fingers on one hand . Francis Dolarhyde from Red Dragon (the first of the Lecter novels) and the movie Manhunter is a gruesome one, complete with scrapbook of newspaper clippings and drawings from when he was a kid, reflecting his Freudian Excuse . Rather than sending taunting letters to the cops, he sent fan letters to the incarcerated Hannibal Lecter himself. Buffalo Bill from the second book The Silence of the Lambs , is a complete maniac who kills and skins five women. Although feminine and very disturbing, he is a fairly generic serial killer. Buffalo Bill is actually a combination of real life serial killers Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, and Gary Heidnik. A rare Filipino version in Alex Carlos from Smaller And Smaller Circles . He is also a Depraved Dentist and uses his dental tools to kill and eviscerate his victims, usually young boys from slum areas. Mr. Fox by Helen Oyeyemi has the title character, a charming, wealthy aristocrat who is revealed to have killed hundreds of young women that he keeps in a chamber in his estate. Patrick Bateman from American Psycho is a sadistic sociopath, although he doesn't fit all of the qualifications. For one thing, he might not have actually killed anyone . Annie Wilkes from Misery is an "Angel of Death" example. She was a nurse, and killed many old patients, and later, babies in the hospitals she worked in. Child 44 by Tom Rob Smith has one operating in the Soviet Union in the early 1950's. The catch? The killer is the protagonist's brother, Andrei, from whom he was separated as a child. Turns out Andrei was killing his victims the same way that he and his brother killed game for food, in an effort to lure his brother back to him. Not to kill him, just to be with him again. You find out the identity of the killer a while before the end of the book (if you can put the clues together), so it becomes a whydunnit. Subverted in the Agatha Christie novel The ABC Murders , where Hercule Poirot receives a series of letters from 'ABC' threatening to kill a series of victims in alphabetical order and challenging Poirot to unmask him. Alexander Bonaparte Cust is being used as a front by the real killer, who wants to murder his brother for the inheritance and plans to cover it up by disguising it as the act of a serial killer. Played straight by Wargrave in And Then There Were None and Yahmose in Death Comes as the End . In Damnatio Memoriae , Enim and Jack are searching for whoever has been killing local girls in the town outside of their boarding school. Enim thinks he finds the killer, but given that he's an unreliable narrator, it's hard to know what really happened. A staple of the In Death series from the first book, Naked In Death, which features a serial murderer of Disposable Sex Workers . This turns out to be not quite a straight example - the first killing was unplanned and personal, and the other murders were committed by a different person to cover up the first by framing it as the work of a serial. However, NYPSD psychiatrist and profiler Dr. Mira has no doubts that, now that he's gotten a taste for it, the murder will absolutely find excuses to kill again. Over the following 52 novels and novellas in the series, Eve has gone up against nearly every type on the list. Martin Vanger from The Millennium Trilogy defies all stereotypes and all rules on top of this page. He is the kindly CEO of a corporation, a nice but troubled guy, and a friend who even saves the protagonist's life. And he is a serial killer who has been imprisoning, raping, and murdering hundreds of young Russian girls. This has been going on since he was a teenager. The most chilling thing is Martin's explanation for his actions: "This is every man's innermost dream. I take whatever I want". John Dread, from Tad Williams ' Otherland series, was raised by a violent, drug-addicted mother who fulfilled her revenge fantasies against the world by intentionally turning him into a sociopath. He started killing as early as 6, was moved from institution to institution and deemed "incorrigible", and finally escaped into society after Corrupt Corporate Executive Felix Jongleur noticed his abnormal psychic powers and began training him as a Psycho for Hire . He murders women for pleasure in fetishistic ways (acting out a Revenge Fic against his mother) and records all the killings in his private video library. He taunts the police by leaving bizarre clues at the scene and "fogging" security cameras with his "twist". He chafes at Jongleur's leash, and eventually breaks free by infiltrating the heroes' group in Otherland and discovering how to break the network's security, upon which point he proves how Eviler Than Thou he is by going on a godlike killing spree . Serial killers are the main subject of I Am Not a Serial Killer . In The Hellfire Club by Peter Straub, Dick Dart is most definitely this, despite how much he hates being called this by the media. In Stationery Voyagers, Clandish Consto toys around with the idea of making a career out of being a Serial Killer . Then, he decides to become a full-blown terrorist instead (with plans to become a god ). Gretchen "the Beauty Killer" Lowell, first introduced in Heartsick, has tortured and killed over 200 people, whether alone or by manipulating her lovers into killing for her. Kafka on the Shore , by Haruki Murakami, has a strange example: a character known as Johnny Walker (very strongly implied if not proven to be the dad of the main character, Kafka.) Why is it strange? Instead of people, he kills cats, and eats their hearts. The search for a serial killer in New York City in 1896 is the plot of Caleb Carr's The Alienist . Mr. Harvey from The Lovely Bones , for a pedophilic example. The period mystery Eater of Souls is a serial-killer story set in Ancient Egypt. One of the few cases where the "Supernatural" variant of this trope is genuinely and plausibly suspected by the investigators. The David Eddings novel Regina's Song has the Seattle Slasher, a killer who paralyzes sexual predators with a syringe of curare and then carves them to pieces with a linoleum knife. She was a Mission/Revenge type, targeting sex offenders because one of them raped and murdered her twin sister, and ultimately seeking out and killing the specific rapist responsible for that act. The Roman Empire setting of the Marcus Didius Falco novels might strike some as an odd place for a serial killer, but Three Hands in the Fountain has one anyway. Then again, the thoroughly modern sensibility of the series makes it work. Many of Michael Connelly 's mystery novels involve pursuit of a serial killer. The first story that featured the infamous demon barber Sweeney Todd , The String of Pearls, had Sweeney murdering his customers by means of a barber's chair rigged to send people down to his basement, taking his razor to any who survived the fall, then delivering the bodies to Mrs. Lovett's pie shop across the street through a tunnel below to be made into pies. Sweeney was not motivated by vengeance like in the musical, but money. The story is a lot less romantic or melodramatic than the musical, and it ends with the two getting caught, Mrs. Lovett poisoning herself before the trial after almost getting lynched by her customers during her arrest, and Sweeney himself being tried, convicted, and hanged for his crimes. In Provost's Dog , Deirdry Noll as the Shadow Snake is a comfort/profit killer. Her modus operandi is to find an otherwise poor family who has some small item of value (an enamel-on-gold lily pendant, some money, pearl earrings, a spell book, so on), kidnap one of their children, and demand the item in return for the child's life. If the item is not paid up in a week, she kills the child. In the Fate/Zero novel, the historical hero Gilles de Rais (summoned to the war as Caster) is a visionary serial killer (with aspects of a thrill killer) who kills to spite God for abandoning Jeanne d'Arc. He favours children as his targets . His master, Ryuunosuke, is a sadistic thrill killer who ended up summoning Caster out of curiosity and gleefully follows Caster because he considers him an artist. Cat of Many Tails by Ellery Queen has Ellery being hired as a special investigator to assist the NYPD to catch a serial killer who has been terrorizing New York. Initially, the only pattern Ellery can find in the killer's targets, who vary in sex, race, and marital status, is that each victim is younger than the one before. Two stories in Stephen King 's Night Shift features a serial killer: "Springheel Jack" in Strawberry Spring and the hammer murderer in The Man who Loved Flowers. In both, the protagonist is the killer; in the former it's a case of The Killer in Me , in the latter an extreme example of Bread, Eggs, Milk, Squick . Karkas, villain of Galaxy of Fear : The Brain Spiders, is a touchy, mercurial murderer who's killed at least ninety one people and cut a K into the forehead of each of them . " The Hunter" from Gun Machine has over two hundred kills to his name, performed over a series of twenty years, using "appropriate" pre-used guns to kill every target. He is eventually revealed to be a visionary mission killer: The Hunter is a delusional psychotic attempting to make a wampum pattern out of his murder weapons that he believed would kick-start the Ghost Dance and return Manhattan to its pristine pre-colonization state. Oscar Yeager in Hunter is a white supremacist serial killer, targeting mixed race couples and their children. He later broadens his targets to liberal journalists and government officials , and inspires several copycat killers. The Tim Dorsey novels have Serge A Storms, who goes on spree killings whenever he's off his meds (Read: Every single book). Some people he kills in the pursuit of wealth, and others he kills purely because they offend him, usually for some sort of anti-social behavior (Unsportsman like conduct at a Little League game, playing music too loud...) or for damaging some part of Florida history. A great deal of the humor in the stories comes from the truly inventive ways he can come up with to off people. Grant from From Russia with Love has urges to kill during full moon, and went working for the Soviets to be able to continue to do so. He became a SMERSH agent, and they use him as their chief executioner. The Big Bad of Never Send Flowers is a serial killer who specializes in arranging high-profile assasinations. In the Flannery O'Connor short story, A Good Man Is Hard To Find, a serial killer called "The Misfit" and minions meet up with a family, whose matriarch tries to talk her way out but it does not work out for her. In part of Ray Bradbury 's Dandelion Wine, a woman finds herself on a bridge chased by a serial killer called "The Lonely One" who remembers she has a pair of scissors in her purse. Saxon Hyde from Ghoul by Michael Slade , and the Headhunter, among others. All of the author's novels include a Serial Killer at the centre of the plot, but also discuss cases of Real Life killers such as Ted Bundy and Ed Gein. Slade is the pseudonym for Jay Clarke, a lawyer who specializes in criminal insanity. The Silver Codex A new serial killer makes their first kill. The Stranger Beside Me is a True Crime novel about Ted Bundy (mentioned below). Some women are gonna die. Roderick Whittle, aka Jack the Ripper , from Richard Laymon 's Savage . Live-Action TV Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Caleb was this pre-series. There's the Showtime series Dexter , and the books by Jeff Lindsay from which it was adapted, which feature as their title character a serial killer who is a police forensics expert, and who preys solely on serial killers whom he feels have escaped justice . In the books, Astor and Cody show signs of developing into serial killers, themselves. It's touched on with Cody in the TV series, but mostly left out due to Executive Meddling . The series also features a serial killer of the season that the police focused their attention towards. Season 1/"Darkly Dreaming Dexter: - The Ice Truck Killer, dabbling in the murders of prostitutes by methods quite like Dexter's methods. Turns out it's Dexter's own brother, Brian, who is later killed by Dexter. Season 2 - Dexter himself, after his garbage bags are found. Doakes takes the fall for it, and Lila kills him in a cabin explosion. "Dearly Devoted Dexter: - Dr. Danco, a former interrogation specialist and surgeon who was employed by the US government in El Salvador, who was sold out and starts to hunt down the people who caused it. A former comrade of Doakes. Killed while experimenting on Doakes with Dexter tied down. Doakes comes out of it missing a few body parts. A lot of them. He gets slightly better. Season 3 - The Skinner, a man known for, well... skinning people . He kidnaps Dexter and tries to get him to tell where Freebo, an associate of the Skinner, was. Dexter snaps his neck and then throws him into the incoming path of a police car. "Dexter in the Dark" - A serial killer who kills in an odd tradition, by beheading and throwing the body in a kiln. A subversion, since it's all being committed by several people in a cult worshiping Moloch, an old god. Arguably played straight when it turns out Moloch is very real, and drives people to murder. Dexter's stepchildren were about to be victims by the head of the cult until Cody saves the day. Season 4 - The Trinity Killer, a man who kills in threes. One of the most prolific and deadly killers in America, having avoided capture for three decades. Dexter unravels Trinity's double life and eventually kills him, but not until after Trinity (or someone using his signature) kills Rita. He killed each person during a cycle in different ways, to reflect deaths of family members he either directly or indirectly killed. It also turns out he killed in fours, but the first part of his cycle was not picked up by the original investigator because the bodies were never found. "Dexter by Design" - A killer who carves out the innards of victims and stuffs them with ironic objects based on the scenery. Averted, turns out they were corpses stolen from the Miami morgue. Then played straight when Dexter kills one of the two masterminds behind it, sending the other one into a killing spree. He then kidnaps Rita and tries to kill her. Dexter and kids save the day. Season 5: The barrel girl gang. Serial rapists as much as killers who murdered their victims to dispose the evidence in all but two cases. Season 6 The Doomsday Killer, who stages his murders to mirror bits of the Book of Revelations in order to bring about the apocalypse. The viewer is first lead to believe that the murders are done by religious studies professor James Gellar and his disciple Travis Marshall, but we later find out that Travis is the real killer haunted by the memory of Gellar, who died years ago. Season 7: Serial poisoner Hanna McKay. People who gave her trouble had a mysterious tendency to die of heart attacks... she's not the antagonist of the season, though; in fact, she's Dexter's love interest that season! Season 8: The Brain Surgeon, who literally cuts off people's skull with a saw and extracts bits and pieces of their brain. Turned out to be Oliver Saxon, Dexter neightbor's boyfriend, which is a cover identity; in reality, he's Daniel, the presumed-dead son of Evelyn Vogel (Dexter's Parental Substitute ). Jack of All Trades from Profiler both supported and subverted this trope. Jack was the killer, yes, but he had a girlfriend/project named "Jill", whom he made up to look like Sam Waters, the object of his obsession. But Jill, not Jack, is actually the one who kills off Sam's boyfriend Coop in Season Two. The Carver from Nip/Tuck . So far, the extraordinarily dreadful Wayne Callison has only appeared on two episodes of Shark , but several plot arcs were initiated by his fairly memorable role. Monk had a subversion in "Mr. Monk and the Really, Really Dead Guy". The "Six-Way Killer" sends the police a note bragging that he'll strike again within 72 hours, and the police focus all their resources on the case. Actually, the killer has no intention of killing anyone else. He wants to distract attention from a previous murder long enough for the police to lose their chance at a crucial piece of evidence. Played straight in "Mr. Monk's 100th Case": A modelling photographer goes to the houses of young actresses who have posed for him, takes them off-guard, strangles and kills them, then takes their lipstick (to sign his work). In addition, each target he kills, he paints the deceased target's photo in his own photo studio with lipstick, leading Randy to call him the Lipstick Killer, a name Stottlemeyer disapproves of. Monk has had some other serial killer cases before: one example is "Mr. Monk and the 12th Man", where this is Monk's only explanation for a string of eleven deaths. Criminal Minds has loads of these guys. That's part of the premise. As a side effect of this, and the writers' close working relationship with real members of the BAU, it is very rare for more than two of the listed criteria to appear in the same killer. Most villains that aren't serial killers are spree killers (a slightly different classification, but one that still ends up with a ton of people dead). The sheer variety of them covered in the show is one of its most interesting aspects. Heroes : Sylar. Throw in a slew of psychological issues and superpowers and you've got a doozy. Luke: Wow. So you're like a serial killer. Sylar: I'm not a serial killer. Luke: But you've got a pattern. You go after specific victims. You collect mementos. Sylar: Okay, technically, I'm a serial killer. American Horror Story: Asylum has Bloody Face, a masked serial killer running the unspecified area where Briarcliff is located in the 1960s and the ruins of Briarcliff in the present day somehow. In the past Kit Walker is falsely accused of being him after his wife disappears. He turns out to be Dr. Oliver Thredson, the mild-mannered psychiatrist, in the 1960s, and his son in the present day. Incidentally, the original is played by Zachary Quinto , who portrayed Sylar as mentioned above. American Horror Story: Freak Show has Twisty the Monster Clown , who kills anyone who doesn't enjoy his performances. He only lasts a few episodes, but manages to inspire Dandy Mott into following in his footsteps. American Horror Story: Hotel has James Patrick Marsh, who mixes real-life serial killer H.H. Holmes' plan of creating a hotel full of secret passages and hidden rooms to conceal his many many murders with a personality somewhat reminiscent of Howard Hughes. After his death he apparently served as a mentor to several real-life serial killers, who after their own deaths throw a dinner party with him at his hotel: John Wayne Gacy, Jeffrey Dahmer, Aileen Wuornos, Richard Ramirez, and the Zodiac Killer. The same episode also reveals that March's Dragon Miss Evers lost her own son to another real-life serial killer, the Wineville Chicken Coop Murderer Gordon Northcott, although he is never referred to by name. Finally, Detective John Lowe is pursuing the Ten Commandments Killer who turns out to be John Lowe himself. American Horror Story: Roanoke has sisters Miranda and Beatrice Jane. Having become nurses at hospice care facilities so that they could kill their patients, they later open one of their own and up their game, targeting specific patients whose names spell out "Murder", which they spray paint on a wall as they move along. Millennium : Frank Black (no, not the guy from Pixies) specializes in profiling serial killers. CSI has had at least four, including "The Miniature Killer", who made miniatures of the crime scenes before a murder, and ultimately tried to kill Sara Sidle. Turned out this killer was a woman. Others include: the "Blue Paint Killer", who lured women into a trap using wet paint,the "Dick and Jane Killer", who killed couples, keeping the girls to himself and leaving the male bodies to be found, the bodies stabbed sequentially to show their order of death, then ended up stabbing Dr. Ray Langstrom in the Season 10 Cliffhanger , and Sqweegel, a Canon Immigrant from a book written by one of the producers, who dressed in a full body latex bodysuit and shaved off all his hair to avoid leaving evidence. He was never caught. Dentist! Dr. Dave - cuddly older fellow, does dental work for the un-insured, eats lunch in the same little diner for forty years, loves his wife and (grown) kids, and callously murders young women and drops their bodies in places with high crime rates. And gets away with it for years. And when caught, calmly refuses to identify bodies because he simply doesn't care about the victims' families. Beyond creepy. Also, Paul Millander, who shot men in bathtubs and made it look like suicides. CSI: New York had one such arc with "The Cabbie Killer", a guy who gassed people in the back of his taxi- with the exhaust fumes. As means of murder go, that is Nazi-level, being the method used before Zyklon-B was introduced. The other two big CSI NY ones were: Shane Casey, who first targeted the people involved in the conviction of his brother, who committed suicide in prison. He killed them all in symbolic manners and left cryptic t-shirts on the bodies. Eventually,he was arrested and imprisoned, but escaped and turned his rage on Danny and by extension Lindsay ,because Danny forced him to confront evidence of his brother's guilt. He was only stopped when Lindsay shot him after he broke into the house and held their infant daughter hostage. The second was the Compass Killer, who left antique compasses at all his kills as his signature. Every CSI show has had numerous serial killer that lasted for only one episode, rather than forming story arcs. Of those that do make recurring appearances, most tend to either die in prison usually via suicide, or be killed by the cops. A classic ep of Hawaii Five-O played around with this trope. The killers (a man and woman) are preying on wealthy young widows and unmarried women, offing about one a month. There is no note to the cops, no wall of evidence. A wealthy young widow goes missing and her attorney pesters Five-O to find her. They come up with scads of missing women who fit the M.O., only to find the attorney's client alive and happy being a hippie on a beach. But all the other women ended up very, very dead. Being Five-O, McGarrett sets a trap using a policewoman as bait and catches said villains. Hawaii Five-O also had an episode with a family of serial killers, headed by Slim Pickens. They're presented as inbred hillbillys with barely an IQ point between them (hey, it was the 60's). In the end they are caught because one of the children kept a souvenir. They excused their crimes on two points. It wasn't robbery because they killed the people first and dead people don't need money and secondly it was okay to kill them because "They weren't kin." In the season 3 finale of Psych , the "Yin-Yang" killer, who will challenge a cop he views as worthy with riddles, challenges Shawn to catch him before he kills. However, Shawn beats him by taking his plan Off the Rails (Shawn was supposed to answer a cell phone they found, but threw it into the ocean), forcing him to change his intended target to keep Shawn "in the game". But it just causes him to be caught for the first time ever. And he turns out to be a she. Subverted in the final season of The Wire , where two cops invent a fictitious serial killer preying on homeless men, even going so far as to fabricate evidence and lie to the media. They use the subsequent uproar to get city hall to pony up funds withheld from the police due to a budget crisis. NUMB3RS has had quite a few, from serial snipers to people staging fake car accidents to murder to a murderer killing people in ways that mirror the death of every one of Jesus' apostles. Most of them only appear in one episode. This being a show about Math fighting crimes, all the serial killers are found using math. Law & Order: Criminal Intent : Nicole Wallace. Also, Kevin Riddick a.k.a. The Motel Ripper, Frank Mc Nare a.k.a B.B.J., Dr. Edwin Lindgard, and Jo Gage. Gormogon from Bones was the latest in a line of cannibalistic serial killers who preyed on those they believed to be members of secret societies. Other serial killers who feature in multiple episodes include Howard Epps, Jacob Broadsky and Grave Digger. Two of the four are thankfully dead, the third was captured,and the fourth just got her head shot off as she was going to trial. The one who lasted the longest (much to the the chagrin of the audience) is Christopher Pelant, who went so far as to leave a corpse in Hodgins and Angela's home, on top of their canopy bed. Booth shot him, but he managed to escape. How does he accomplish his crimes? Technobabble. Seriously, none of the technology he uses to hack things for his crimes works that way. Booth finally took him down with a shot square to the chest after Pelant threatened Brennan once to often. Or in other words, once ! NCIS gives us Kyle Boone, who killed close to thirty women (one his mother and another a Naval officer) and was ultimately caught by Gibbs some years before the series began. As he was set to be executed, however, more murders occurred. Turns out he'd trained his lawyer to carry on as part of a scheme to escape execution and gain more attention from Gibbs. The lawyer picked Recurring Character Paula Cassidy as his next victim...and she killed him. Others appeared as well, including a serial sniper going after Marine recruiters and a young Jack the Ripoff who laughed after he was caught, convinced that he'd be famous. Gibbs deliberately withheld his name from the press by claiming he had ties to several terrorist groups. In the season four episode Smoked, the dead body of a serial killer Fornell has been hunting for years turns up. In the end it turns out it was actually the dead man's wife who was the killer. Except they found the toe of one of the victims in her husband's stomach. At the end of season eight and beginning of season nine , they try to catch the P 2 P (Port-to-Port) killer, who kills navy personnel, dresses them up in uniforms belonging to people above them in the hierarchy, wraps them in plastic and ties their feet together. Turns out he didn't start out as a serial killer. He was part of a CIA/NCIS program called Operation Frankenstein which purpose was to train " super assassins" . The training pushed him over the edge and gave him a need to kill. And now this killing machine is angry because of what the CIA and NCIS did to him and seeks revenge. Supernatural : The monster in "Skin" is a shapeshifter whose MO is to take the appearance of someone and then torture, rape and kill one of their loved ones so they would be framed for his crimes. In "No Exit", the protagonists had to take out the ghost of H. H. Holmes, America's original serial killer. In a flashback in "Repo Man", a demon kills and mutilate women while he is possessing somebody. Years after having been sent back to hell by the Winchesters, a very similar killing spree starts again in the same region. The killer is the guy who was possessed by the demon in the past, who always wanted to be a serial killer but never had the strength or expertise to actually do so until he got possessed. Sam and Dean Winchester themselves are considered serial killers by the police because they travel the country killing people at least Once an Episode . Granted the people they kill are all possessed by demons but the cops don't know that. A handful of Cold Case examples. Usually it's the killer resurfacing after years of inactivity, or their dump sites being discovered that prompts the team to investigate. Tobias Lehigh Nagy ("The Smog Strangler") from Seinfeld ; Kramer gets mistaken for him . Another episode had The Lopper, who apparently cut the heads off of men who just happened to resemble Jerry. An episode of Everybody Hates Chris had Chris convince the neighborhood that a serial killer (who murdered people with scissors) was on the loose. Castle has had three encounters with serial killers. In the pilot, this trope was averted ; the killer framed a crazy person by killing two people in addition to his real target, and staging all three scenes to look like the work of a serial killer. Scott Dunn, the serial killer in "Tick Tick Tick..." and "Boom!", uses a series of ridiculously elaborate plans to point the police at a patsy, who was actually a victim. Later, he got his Alone with the Psycho time with the guest star, and nearly killed an FBI team with his diabolical Evil Plan . Defeated by Castle, who as an author is Genre Savvy and foiled his plot by explaining how he would have written it if it was one of his books. Castle and Beckett finally meet their match in "3xk". This killer is so brilliant that he got another criminal to kill some of his victims while he was hiding in jail on a minor charge— a nearly bullet-proof alibi. While Castle solves this one as well, it's too late to stop the killer from escaping. Escaping, that is, after knocking out Ryan, taking his gun, and gloating as he ties Castle up . The Mentalist : Red John, the Big Bad of the show, is of the uncatchable variety. Fortunately he only kills about once a year. He's technically retired in that most of his last victims are to cover his tracks, or to avenge an insult, whereas he began as someone who targeted women seemingly for kicks; a dramatic change of M.O. At least two serial killers appear for one episode as the murderer of the Victim of the Week . One is an ally of Red John, while the other, the San Joaquin killer, is killed by Red John after insulting him. Life had a serial killer who murdered people and stuffed them in trunks because they were happier than him. Kamen Rider Ouja from Kamen Rider Ryuki is a particularally nasty case. He was already an unrepentant psychopath with a body count before he got superpowers. The fact he actually enjoys killing people made him one of the most successful Riders in the Rider War with the most kills. Is ultimately killed by sniper fire when he emerges from Mirror World and is pinned down by the cops. Kamen Rider Wizard has Sora Takigawa/The Gremlin Phantom. Before his transformation, he murdered girls with black hair and white dresses, due to his love who rebuked him fitting that description before he killed her. After turning into a Phantom , he somehow retained his human self, and continued his killing spree. He's of the Revenge and Supernatural types. The first episode of Sherlock deals with a serial killer who's somehow been forcing his/her victims to apparently kill themselves. Turns out he's a cabbie who's being paid for each murder. Sherlock, incidentally, is beside himself with glee when he confirms that the deaths are in fact the work of a serial killer. Pops up from time to time on Law & Order , perhaps most notably in the episodes "Vengeance" (in which the A.D.A.s have to decide whether to allow the killer to be extradited to Connecticut, which has the death penalty, when they know the crime was really committed in New York), "Agony" (in which the A.D.A.s have so little evidence that they are forced to give the killer a sweetheart plea bargain...then find out he may not be guilty of that particular murder), and "Bodies" (in which the A.D.A.s prosecute the killer's lawyer for conspiring with him because he knows where the bodies are buried and won't say). Law & Order: Special Victims Unit has more then a few: given the show's premise they tend to be sexual predators, and a decent number of them are sexual sadists. Angel : The demon from "Lonely Hearts" wants to find the perfect body to inhabit , but until then it has to keep killing to find a new one when its latest acquisition has been worn out. Like all vampires, Penn in "Somnambulist" loves killings and rampages, but unlike most he has a particular pattern which he has kept for centuries, making him a truer example. As a human, he used to be a man who hated the restrictions of his puritan father. After being made a vampire by Angelus, he murdered his family and deliberately sought out victims who resembled his family, killing them in order to reenact his past murders. He then carved a cross on their faces - the police believes it was because he thought he was doing God's work, nicknaming him "The Pope", but it's actually to mock God. Many, many of them show up in Medium . Notable ones include Dr. Walker, a long-dead serial killer (played by Mark Sheppard ) who as a ghost whispers to the ears of innocent doctors until they loose their mind and become killers themselves, and a serial killer who has the same visions as Allison. True Blood : the main villain of the first season is a serial killer who strangles women who are sleeping with vampires or use their blood as a drug. Also, it's Rene. Everything by Macabre, or really any Death Metal band. Especially Cannibal Corpse, e.g. "Stripped, Raped, and Strangled". A rather famous example is the song "Dead Skin Mask" by Slayer . "213", about Jeffrey Dahmer, is a another. "Angel of Death" could count as well, since Mengele racked up quite a body count. Also, "Psychopathy Red" from World Painted Blood is about Russian killer Andrei Chikatilo. Radiohead 's "Climbing Up The Walls". Swans, a band never known for their cheery subject matter, have two songs actually from the perspective of serial killers: "Young God" (Ed Gein, who inspired Psycho ) and "Killing For Company" (Dennis Andrew Nilsen). Early Industrial music in general, but the Power Electronics sub-genre in particular (Whitehouse are notorious for this). Implied in Scott Walker's "The Electrician", the title character of which is a professional torturer. Sunn O))) 's "Bathory Erszebet." Band Of Susans' "Elizabeth Stride (1843-1888)" follows the last minutes of Jack the Ripper 's third victim. Eddie Low in Grand Theft Auto IV is a pedophilic serial killer. Catalina as well. In fact, in San Andreas , she has three bodies buried in her backyard. One of the convicts who are busted by Johnny Klebitz is an intelletual, yet cannibalistic serial killer, complete with a faux british accent. Trevor Philips is heavily implied to be one, among other things. Michael has implied that abducting and murdering hitchhikers is a pastime of his. He is also implied to be the "San Andreas Strangler", but claims he doesn't strangle people... anymore. Also, delivering innocent people to a cannibalistic cult could also make him one. Grand Theft Auto V has the Infinity Killer, who you never meet, but can find clues about in the form of newspaper clippings and writing on walls by the killer in certain places in San Andreas. If you follow the clues, you can even find the bodies of their victims. The killer is believed to be a man named Merle Abrahams, who went insane and became obsessed with the number 8. SHIKI in Tsukihime in the routes where he's in control over Roa. He doesn't actually enjoy killing and unlike Satsuki he isn't doing it to live. He just doesn't possess the power to stop. It's revealed that he's trying to find and kill Shiki because their mind-connection is driving him mad, but he can never find him because he was given false information about what he looks like. So instead he kills women who bear a resemblance to his sister Akiha because he wants to drink their blood. Touhou 's Sakuya Izayoi is a maid, and an awesome one at that. But she is a Knife Nut and her spellcards have a serial killer theme. Could it be that she used to be a serial killer before joining Remilia? The Origami Killer from Heavy Rain , a sick fuck who murders children by throwing them in deep ditches and waiting for them to drown, in addition to putting their fathers through hellish trials. It's really Scott Shelby: player-character, resident Nice Guy and private detective "investigating" the Origami Killer. There's also Dr. Adrian Baker, an insane doctor who murders people with surgery, and Leland White from the Taxidermist DLC, who murders young women before stuffing them and displaying them around his house. The Baldur's Gate series features several of these, starting with Neb, the child-killing gnome who returns in the sequel, and the "tanner" in Baldur's Gate 2, who removes the skin of his victims and makes clothes out of it. Tohru Adachi from Persona 4 is an interesting case. He was one of the three people who were granted the power to enter the TV world (the others being Taro Namatame and your character), and discovered that he could kill people by throwing them into the TV world. He had a major lust for both Mayumi Yamano and Saki Konishi, and tried to rape them both before throwing them into the TV. He then recruited Namatame to carry out his evil work by convincing him that by throwing people into the TV himself, that he would be able to protect them from what Adachi would do to them. And the reason he did all this? Because he was amused by it all. The Scissorman from the Clock Tower series. In the first game he's more a generic monster who chases you, but by the second game (the first one released in America), he fits this trope because there is genuine mystery as to his identity and most of the characters are criminal psychologists. Arcanum: Of Steamworks & Magick Obscura has the Whytechurch murderer, loosely based on Jack the Ripper . His true identity is Vincent, an elven wizard possessed by a demon. Morinth from Mass Effect 2 is an Ardat-Yakshi , an Asari with a genetic abnormality that kills whoever she meets by seducing and "melding" with them . She puts it to use to satisfy her insatiable lust. Liara mentions in Mass Effect 3 that Morinth was just hitting her stride, and that Ardat-Yakshi who kill leave behind astronomical body counts. Garrus references an Elcor serial killer that was operating on the Citadel during his first year on C-Sec. One of these can be optionally confronted in Action Doom 2: Urban Brawl , depending on which path throughout the game you take. Hugo's a huge, fat silent guy who looks like Hugo Andore and lives alone in a farmhouse in the middle of a forest where he keeps a vicious dog. He kidnaps children and apparently butchers them, then hangs them up in his barn. You confront him one-on-one and potentially beat him to death in a fist fight... or just slice him in half with a chainsaw , if you have found it . Dragon Age II has Quentin, an insane Blood Mage who murders women and takes parts of their bodies that resemble his dead wife in a crazy attempt to bring her back . His last victim is Hawke's mother Leandra. Kelder from the sidequest "Magistrate's Orders" is an insane killer who targets elven children because they are "too beautiful" and blames his impulses on imaginary demons (as opposed to the real ones in the setting). He has managed to escape justice thanks to 1) the protection of his powerful magistrate father and 2) the lack of concern most humans have for elves. Part of him is still sane enough to realize that he is beyond redemption and he begs Hawke to kill him. The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim has a serial killer on the loose in Windhelm whose methods and motivation are very similar to the one from Dragon Age II, except that this guy is trying to bring back his dead sister rather than a wife. Hubert Rejk from The Witcher 3 definitely qualifies as the mission-based type. He ritualistically tortured and murdered an untold amount of people in the name of the Church of the Eternal Fire , killing those he viewed as sinners or apostates. He also happened to be a vampire, but this had nothing to do with his motive. Kara no Shoujo : There are three serial killers, though one has disappeared from the police radar a few years back. They all appear to be a mix of type one and two. Sweet Tooth from Twisted Metal is of the hedonistic type with antisocial and disorganized sub types. And not just Sweet Tooth. There's a few more running around, while the cast of Black are either serial killers, will be turned into serial killers if they win or good guys who are going to be fucked over hard by a serial killer (which Calypso seems to be in this continuity). Naughty Bear is about a teddy bear who kills other teddy bears. The Emerald City Ripper, a serial killer that stalks the Barrens in the Dead Man's Switch campaign of Shadowrun Returns . He stuns his victims with magic and drugs and kills them in the process of extracting one of their internal organs while they're still alive as some kind of twisted souvenir taking. He is eventually revealed to be an organised profit killer for hire: His victims were all connected by their organs all coming from the same organ donor, whose corpse he had been hired to restore. Eddie Gluskin from Outlast was a serial killer of women, mutilating and raping them before murdering them. He was institutionalized at Mount Massive Asylum, and after the inmates riot, continues to kill people by cutting off their genitals. Sakahagi of Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne routinely kills his fellow Manikins and proceeds to skin them, using the skin as a coat. He later attempts to kill Chiaki, leading to the victim's Start of Darkness , before finally attempting to kill the main character. A Role in Town of Salem . They can kill 1 person each night, similar to the Mafia's killing role, but unlike the Mafia are lone wolves who usually act alone - but they can win in teams. Five Nights at Freddy's prominently features one in its backstory lore. One of the posters you can see on the cameras occasionally changes to newspaper articles about a man wearing a costume luring five children to the back room of Freddy's, where they were murdered and implied to be stuffed inside the suits. The second game expands on this detail in its minigames and in the third game we get to see the spirits of the children avenge their death by tricking the killer into wearing a faulty animatronic-hybrid suit. Which is also the same animatronic that's been trying to kill you the entire game, in fact . The indie horror game White Night has you wandering through the mansion of 'The Wolf of Black Lake', a serial killer that targeted dark-haired young women. Hot Line Miami 2 Wrong Number features the Miami Mutilator, a killer who leaves behind mutilated corpses with cryptic messages. It turns out that the killer is Manny Pardo, a detective working the case who you play as for parts of the game. . The very first episode shows the nameless killer bust into the victim's house and kill him...with a granola bar. There seems to be some mystery behind who the woman is in the picture, but the story is ongoing. A Played for Laughs version from Echo Chamber : In Terrible Interviewees Montage , there was one terrible interviewee known only as "???" who might have been one. He had a large knife, seemed Axe Crazy , and talked about a large freezer... Every lich in Angel Of Death is in the Supernatural category. Cody, however, is notable for how well known he becomes to the Public. As is Valthakar when he begins to kill innocent civilians, (unlike Cody, who only killed criminals,) in order to hurt Cody's public image. Then there's the Blue Butterfly, who, despite also being a lich seems to have every desire to kill in any case. Despite the series' name, none of the characters introduced so far are actually Angels of Death as defined on this page. The Alice Killer from the creepypasta of the same name has killed a total of five people, leaving playing cards with the word "Alice" written on them as part of his M.O. There is a Played for Laughs version in the Yogscast miniseries "Yogtours". Turpster , the host, will go around various offices and give the audience a tour of that office in each episode, only to kill the owner of that office when the episode reaches its end. Every person involved has died, bar Turps, although Hat Films fought back and Duncan Jones has been shown to appear alive again with no explanation . Worm features the Slaughterhouse Nine , a gang of thrill killers with high-end superpowers who rampage across North America attacking cities and subjecting random people to hideous torture and carnage . They likely have a higher body count than the rest of this page combined; their visit to Brockton Bay kills hundreds inside of a week, and they've been active for more than ten years. RedLetterMedia 's Mr. Plinkett is a 119-year old serial killer who murders women in his creepy basement. He's also a very opinionated movie critic. Stan: "Head for the woods , its always safe there! " In the same episode, Klaus claims that after university he traveled around Italy, stabbing students. A couple of Beavis And Butthead episodes dealt with serial killers, in "Most Wanted" the duo hunt for a serial killer with a tattoo on his forehead of the word "KILLER" whom we later find out is named Tom, so they can collect the prize money. They end up encountering him in their backyard and he attempts to kill them but due to their stupidity they think he is also looking for the killer. He becomes friends with them because Beavis is just as crazy as he is and as a reward he gives them tattoos of butts on their butts, we see him in a later episode calling a dating service to invite women over to his jail cell so he can kill them. Another episode "A Great Day" they encounter another serial killer whom resembles real life killer Jeffrey Dahmer after following a trail of blood to his house he gives them 20 bucks to forget what they saw, later on he can be seen loading a dead body into the trunk of his car and the duo present him with the body of a canary presumably belonging to the victim that had been stabbed to death he again tells them to forget what they saw and gives them another 20 bucks. The crazy old farmer from the episode "Cow Tippin'" is probably one, considering how he decides to chop up a cow that fell on Beavis with a chainsaw while muttering "The Lord giveth and the Lord taketh away...." In his first appearance on Courage the Cowardly Dog , Katz ran a Hell Hotel where he fed his guests to spiders for no discernible reason other than to just do it — yet another horrifying trope this show played straight and seriously. In his second appearance, he turned his victims into machines to have them battle to the death for his amusement. He also tried to blow up a submarine with all aboard and, despite having a motive this time, still relished in killing a huge number of people. His only appearence where what he's doing isn't a front for commiting murders is his candy shop. Then again, he seemed to be well versed in turning people into candy ... Benton Tarantella and Eroll Von Volkheim. Amatuer film directors who managed to slay 12 people before their deaths. Then they came back from the dead to keep doing it! An example of a supernatural one is the Great Fussili who tricks people and transforms them into puppets for him to play. Schwick is implied to have lured many people to their deaths by taking them to an underground "rehearsal room" feed them to his monster behind the door. An episode of Family Guy dealt with the "Fat Guy Strangler", who strangled fat men . It turns out to be Lois' brother Patrick (voiced by Robert Downey, Jr. ), who was sent to an insane asylum as a child after being traumatized by seeing Jackie Gleason having sex with his mother, and from there concluded that all fat people were evil and so went on a killing spree. An earlier episode had The Mass Media Murderer, who specifically targeted members of the press. Another episode briefly featured a Quahog encyclopedia of crime, which mentioned such figures as "The Berserk Hobo" and "The Golden Autumn Day Strangler". Stewie has killed many people over the course of the series. Flippy from Happy Tree Friends . On Jimmy Two-Shoes , this was Heloise's original characterization, before they decided to make her a Mad Scientist instead. She's still pretty Ax-Crazy . A Looney Tunes short entitled "Bye Bye Bluebeard" involved Porky Pig being paranoid about a serial killer named Bluebeard who raids houses to kill the residents and steal their food, a mouse hearing the news decides to impersonate him eventually Porky sees through his disguise and soon comes face to face with the real Bluebeard. South Park has (at least) four episodes involving serial killers. "Cartman's Incredible Gift" features the Left-Hand Killer, who is a better example of a typical serial killer in comparison to later examples, though not by much. He's mostly a parody of Francis Dolorhyde as depicted in the newer Red Dragon film, with a few other tropes thrown in. "Hell On Earth 2006" shows the "antics," of Ted Bundy, John Wayne Gacy and Jeffery Dahmer. Said "antics," are called so because they become a parody of sorts of The Three Stooges after their initial introduction. The obviously insane Hat McCullough from "Free Hat", though his defenders claim he killed those twenty-three babies in self-defense. "Merry Christmas Charlie Manson".	i don't know
Who killed at least 17 men and boys before being arrested in Milwaukee in 1991?	Newsroom \| Indiana State University Forensic anthropologist discusses cases November 2, 2009 A forensic anthropologist with the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC) in Hawaii discussed investigating serial killer cases to mass graves during a one-day Forensic Seminar at Indiana State University on Oct. 27. "A movie about a serial killer is something a lot of people are interested in," said Dr. Robert Mann, director of JPAC's Forensic Science Academy. "They will certainly put fear into your heart - a serial killer will do that." JPAC's Central Identification Laboratory is the largest forensic anthropology lab in the world. More than 30 civilian forensic anthropologists work in the lab toward achieving the fullest possible accounting of all Americans missing due to past military conflicts. In 2008, the laboratory opened the Forensic Science Academy, an advanced forensic anthropology program. In addition to discussing his work on two serial killer cases, Mann also spoke about uncovering single and mass graves to recover remains during the seminar for law enforcement officers, coroners and military personnel. Robert Huckabee, ISU associate professor of criminology and criminal justice, said he thought it was important to bring Mann to the university. "First, what they are doing is extremely honorable; all Americans should be aware of this organization and the men and women who do the hard work of returning the remains of missing service members to their families," he said. "Second, what JPAC does in terms of locating, recovering and identifying human remains is directly relevant to what police officers and coroners are often called on to do." That became clear when Mann discussed two serial killer cases in which he assisted in identifying victims. Mann worked on cases involving victims of Jeffrey Dahmer and Kendall Francois. Dahmer, murdered 17 men and boys before being arrested in Milwaukee in 1991. Francois killed at least eight women in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., before being arrested in 1998. After Dahmer was arrested in Milwaukee, he admitted to first killing a hitchhiker - 18-year-old Steven Hicks -- when he lived in Ohio. Dahmer dismembered the body and later smashed the bones with a sledgehammer before scattering the remains on his parents' property. Officers in Ohio set up an archeological grid on the property and sent everything they found, including numerous human and animal bone fragments, to the Smithsonian Institute, where Mann worked at the time. "With the human remains, they wondered if there was only one or more than one," Mann said. "It took us about a month to lay the remains out and try to identify them. We documented they had one individual." Forensic anthropologists then used the smashed teeth's root structure to positively identify Hicks so the remains could be returned to his family for burial. Mann became involved in the Francois case when the medical examiner in New York requested assistance. "She realized she had six legs and said she needed help," he said. In what was dubbed the House of Horrors, detectives found three bodies in a crawlspace under the house. In the attic, they made a more gruesome discovery. "He would take their bodies to the attic, dismember them and put them in containers," he said. "There were bones all over the place. There was decomposition everywhere." It took them a week to reunite the body parts that had been scattered across the attic. "They were white females, all about the same age, about the same size," he said. The victims' similarities made it more difficult to separate the remains. Mann, who studied with Body Farm founder Bill Bass, has worked to recover remains during more than 35 missions to Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Japan, Okinawa, South Korea, Latvia, Russia, Belgium, Germany, Poland and Hungary. He has written several books, including "Forensic Detective: How I Cracked the World's Toughest Cases." Huckabee said it is important for Indiana State to host such seminars. "It gives us the opportunity to share our university with practitioners who actually do criminal justice work on a daily basis," he said. "We can provide them an environment where they can focus on the activity at hand without the distractions of their workplace." He also pointed out the benefit for those who attend and work at ISU. "It gives our faculty and students an opportunity to interact with working professionals and to learn from them," he said. -30- Contact: Robert Huckabee, Indiana State University, associate professor of criminology and criminal justice, at 812-237-2195 or [email protected] Writer: Jennifer Sicking, Indiana State University, assistant director of media relations, at 812-237-7972 or [email protected] Photo: http://isuphoto.smugmug.com/photos/694991095_kBRUC-L.jpg Cutline: Dr. Robert Mann, forensic anthropologist and director of JPAC's Forensic Science Academy, speaks during a Forensic Seminar at Indiana State University. ISU Photo/Tony Campbell Story Highlights A forensic anthropologist with the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC) in Hawaii discussed investigating serial killer cases to mass graves during a one-day Forensic Seminar at Indiana State University on Oct. 27. See Also:	Jeffrey Dahmer
Which killer was executed by electric chair in January 1989 after confessing to the murder of around 30 young women during the 1970s, mostly by bludgeoning and strangling?	The most gruesome serial killers Email a friend MIRANDA Barbour, 19, is desperate to join the notorious club of violent serial killers. The pretty Pennsylvania teen claims she has murdered at least 22 people since she joined a satanic cult when she was 13 years old. If her story is verified, she will become the worst female serial killer in history. In a recent prison interview, after being charged with the murder of a man she met on Craigslist in November, she confessed to multiple gruesome crimes. “When I hit 22, I stopped counting ... but it’s less than 100,” she said. There are now serious doubts whether her claims of satanic killings across four US states, with the help of her husband Elytte, are accurate. Her father Sonny Dean says she is extremely dishonest and lives in a fantasy world. “Believe very little of what Miranda says. She has a long history of extreme manipulation and dishonesty. I would be very surprised if any evidence was found concerning other victims in the states of Alaska, Texas, California and North Carolina,” he told The Daily Item. In the current homicide investigation, the Barbours, who were married just weeks ago, repeatedly changed their accounts of the events leading up to the November 11 death of Troy LaFerrara, who police say met up with Miranda Barbour for companionship in exchange for money. News_Image_File: Elytte claims he help killed the final victim. Ultimately, police said, Miranda Barbour stabbed LaFerrara, 42, about 20 times in her parked car. They said Elytte Barbour held a cord tight against LaFerrara’s neck from the back seat and then dumped his body in an alley. If this killing is just the latest in a string of slayings by Barbour, she will join a club reserved for the monsters who have been convicted of horrendous crimes. SOME MEMBERS OF THE CLUB OF MONSTERS The Vampire of Sacramento News_Image_File: Richard “The Vampire” Chase.Richard Chase killed six people, drank their blood and ate their remains in a killing spree across Sacramento, California before being caught. When Chase was growing up, he developed hypochondria in which he claimed his heart would “stop beating”, bones were coming out of his head and his stomach was backwards. He also had a bizarre fascination with torturing animals. By the time he was 10 years old, he was murdering cats. In adolescence he had progressed to rabbits. He believed his heart would disintegrate without blood — so he drank a concoction of dead animals blood blended with intestines and coca-cola. Occasionally he injected the blood. Chase heavily abused drugs and was placed on medication for schizophrenia. As his need for blood got stronger — he was once found naked on a beach covered in blood with a cow’s liver in his car — he began reading about the killings of the local killer, Hillside Strangler. At 27, he moved on to humans. His first killing was a shooting on December 29, 1977. He killed father-of-two Ambrose Griffith in a random drive-by shooting while he was helping his wife with the groceries. He struck again on January 23, this time his crime was much more volatile. His victim, Teresa Wallin, was three months pregnant and he not only killed her with a butcher’s knife, he then raped her, removed her organs and drank her blood.News_Image_File: Teresa Wallin. On January 27, he committed his final murders. He killed Evelyn Miroth, her friend Danny Meredith, and her six-year-old son and her 22-month-old nephew after breaking into their home. He ate part of Miroth’s corpse. Chase was found guilty of six counts of murder and sentenced to die in the gas chamber. Aware of his sick crimes, prison inmates feared Chase and tried to convince him to take his own life. He committed suicide in his cell on December 26, 1980. The Yorkshire Ripper News_Image_File: Convicted serial killer Peter Sutcliffe murdered at least 13 women. Peter Sutcliffe murdered 13 women and attempted to kill at least seven others during his violent five-year crime spree in the UK. Sutcliffe began killing sex workers after a payment argument, yet he claims the reason for the slayings was after he received a message from God when he worked as a gravedigger. He claimed by killing off “the filth” he just “cleaned up the place a bit”. He had used the services of sex workers since he was a young man. A year after he married his wife, Sonia Szurma, he took his first victim. Wilma McCann, 28, a mother of four, who he hit with a hammer and stabbed a dozen times. He had attacked woman randomly twice before, but both times had been interrupted. His victims multiplied rapidly after this. He left a five pound note on one woman, which was almost his downfall. Knowing the possibility it could lead to his identify, he went back to the body but when he couldn’t locate the note he mutilated and moved the corpse. Although he was interviewed by police after being traced via the bank note, he was not considered a suspect. He continued to murder at an alarming rate — concerning the public when he strayed from his usual sex worker target — until his mother’s death in 1978. During this time he took a year hiatus. He had killed nine times.News_Image_File: Peter Sutcliffe, known as Yorkshire Ripper. The murders continued for another year and a half — with Sutcliffe murdering three more sex workers and one Bradford University student. In January, 1981, Sutcliffe was stopped by police with a sex worker in his car, which was fitted with fake numberplates. Although he had been questioned nine times by police, he was not yet a suspect. This changed when police realised his physical appearance matched that of The Yorkshire Ripper. He was also bizarrely wearing a sweater beneath his pants, with the neck hole where his genitals were. The arms covered his knees with padding for when he knelt over his victims. Sutcliffe confessed he was The Ripper two days later and calmly described his brutal attacks. He was convicted of all the crimes and, now aged 67, will never see the outside world again. Ted Bundy News_Image_File: Ted Bundy, convicted murderer, shown in Miami courtroom during 1979. Bundy was good looking and charismatic and used these characteristics to lure his 30 female victims to their deaths in Washington, Utah and Colorado in the United States. Police believe the actual body count may be double the recorded number. He won the trust of his victims in public places, sometimes acting injured or disabled to enhance their interest, then he would take them to a secluded place and kill them. Described as “the definition of heartless evil” and “a sadistic sociopath who took pleasure from another human’s pain”, Bundy decapitated at least 12 of his victims and performed sexual acts with many of the decomposed corpses, after he had applied make up to their faces. He kept some heads as trophies of his murders. Some victims he killed in the night while they slept. Bundy was born to an unwed mother, and his father has never been known, with speculation it could have been his violent grandfather. He was raised by his grandparents to avoid the stigma of being an illegitimate child, but uncovered the truth when he was 23. He held resentment to his mother for the rest of his life.News_Image_File: Convicted mass murderer Ted Bundy in a 1979 photo. Even though he confessed horrendous details about his crimes, he changed his stories and refused to confirm when he first killed. The first documented murder by Bundy was when he was 27 years old, in 1974 at the University of Washington. It followed a break up with his first serious girlfriend. From this time forward, about one woman went missing a month from university campuses. He often asked for assistance from pretty young women, and then they were never seen alive again. Although the police received tip offs matching Bundy to the crimes, they didn’t believe it possible for a clean-cut university student with no recent criminal record could be the killer. Later the same year, Bundy moved to Utah where more women begun disappearing.News_Image_File: Ted Bundy’s murder kit. At the end of 1974, Bundy became a prime suspect when he refused to stop when police tried to pull him over for a routine inspection. They found handcuffs, an ice pick, crowbar, pantyhose with eye holes cut out and the front seat was missing. He was convicted of kidnapping — but escaped twice and killed again. This time he murdered two women and brutally assaulted two others at a sorority house in Florida. His final murder was a 12-year-old girl. Police then closed in on him, using eyewitness reports and evidence to link him to three murders. News_Rich_Media: Serial Killer Ted Bundy shares his last interview before being executed. He refused to confess his crimes until just before his execution — where he said he killed 50 women. Bundy was executed in the electric chair on January 24, 1989. His final words were: “I’d like you to give my love to my family and friends.” Milwaukee Cannibal News_Image_File: A younger Dahmer. Jeffrey Dahmer, 31, murdered 17 men and boys during 1978 and 1991 in Wisconsin, America. He lured his victims to his apartment, where he killed his victims, ate parts of their bodies and kept skulls as souvenirs. He was caught in 1991, when an escaped victim flagged down a police car and took them to Dahmer’s apartment. It was here they discovered photographs of naked, dismembered bodies. As a young child, he had a weird fascination with animals and often collected carcasses from the side of the road. He would then cut them up behind his home. His father said he was “oddly thrilled” by the sound of bones. Dahmer himself expressed fantasies he had at a young age after realising he was homosexual and keeping his sexuality a secret. He thought of dissecting as a form of power over a victim and his fantasies featured dominance over a subservient partner. In 1978 he killed his first victim, a hitchhiker, as he didn’t want him to leave after they spent several hours drinking and listening to music together. He pleasured himself as he stood above the corpse.News_Image_File: Dahmer is charged with eight additional counts of 1st Degree Intentional Homicide in 1991. In 1985, he began to frequent the gay bathhouses of Milwaukee but became annoyed with movement of his partners during sexual relations. He started drugging his lovers and sexually assaulted them while unconscious. In 1989, Dahmer claims he accidentally killed a man he took home — that he only meant to drug him. In a disgusting twist, after disposing of the body in various way, he kept the skull for sexual pleasure. This was beginning of his murder spree. After this, he killed regularly, seeking victims from gay bars. He would drug the men, have sexual intercourse with them and then strangle them. By the summer of 1991, Dahmer was murdering one lover a week. He was caught after one of his victims fled after having a knife held to him with the words “I am going to eat your heart”. The victim had been taken into a room with The Exorcist playing, an odour coming from a large drum in the corner and posters of nude males on the wall. He flagged down a police car.News_Image_File: Mugshot of serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer. Once arrested, Dahmer said to police: “For what I did I should be dead.” Seven skulls along with many body parts were discovered in the apartment. “It was more like dismantling someone’s museum than an actual crime scene,” the medical examiner said. Dahmer was sentenced to more than 900 years in jail, but in 1994 he was murdered by another inmate. Ivan Milat News_Image_File: Ivan Milat killed seven tourists in Australia. Milat is arguably Australia’s most notorious serial killer who murdered seven travellers in the 1990s. The bodies of his victims were discovered in Belangalo State Forest in NSW. The crimes became known as the Backpacker Murders, as five of Milat’s victims were international travellers. Since the age of 17, Milat found himself in trouble with the law and was put on trial in 1971 for the alleged rape of two backpackers, but he was acquitted. In 1992, a group of walkers stumbled upon the remains of two missing British backpackers, who vanished from Kings Cross in Sydney. Over a year later, two more bodies were discovered in Belangalo State Forest. Eventually the remainder were found. Each one had been placed face down, with their hands behind their back.News_Image_File: Convicted backpacker murderer Ivan Milat, dressed in his orange overalls is escorted from hospital in 2009 by prison officers after getting treatment for his left pinky finger that he severed. The undoing of Milat was a call received by police years earlier from Paul Onions who claimed he escaped a gun-wielding man who had offered him a lift near Mittagong. He identified Milat in a line up. After searching Milat’s home, where many objects connected to the crimes were discovered, he was charged with the gruesome murders. Milat, now aged 69, remains in the maximum-security super prison in Goulburn, where he has repeatedly tried to harm himself by cutting off his fingers, swallowing razor blades and other metal objects. He also went on a hunger strike to attempt to get a PlayStation. He will never see the light of day.	i don't know
What nickname was given to the serial killer who killed and dismembered women in the Whitechapel area of London during the 1880s?	Casebook: Jack the Ripper - Introduction to the Case Buy now! Larry S. Barbee This is a brief review of the Jack the Ripper murders that occurred in London more than a hundred years ago. Much of the original evidence gathered at the time has been lost, and many "facts" are actually opinions by the various writers who have written about the case during the past century. Many aspects of the case are therefore contested, and so what follows is a summation of the case in general. There are many books available to the student of crime who wishes to grapple with the many mysteries associated with the case. "Jack the Ripper" is the popular name given to a serial killer who killed a number of prostitutes in the East End of London in 1888. The name originates from a letter written by someone who claimed to be the killer published at the time of the murders. The killings took place within a mile area and involved the districts of Whitechapel, Spitalfields, Aldgate, and the City of London proper. He was also called the Whitechapel Murderer and "Leather Apron." Significance and Importance Jack the Ripper has remained popular for a lot of reasons. He was not the first serial killer, but he was probably the first to appear in a large metropolis at a time when the general populace had become literate and the press was a force for social change. The Ripper also appeared when there were tremendous political turmoil and both the liberals and social reformers, as well as the Irish Home rule partisans tried to use the crimes for their own ends. Every day the activities of the Ripper were chronicled in the newspapers as were the results of the inquiries and the actions taken by the police. Even the feelings of the people living in the East End, and the editorials that attacked the various establishments of Society appeared each day for both the people of London and the whole world to read. It was the press coverage that made this series of murders a "new thing", something that the world had never known before. The press was also partly responsible for creating many myths surrounding the Ripper and ended up turning a sad killer of women into a "bogey man", who has now become one of the most romantic figures in history. The rest of the responsibility lies with the Ripper. He may have been a sexual serial killer of a type all too common in the 1990s, but he was also bent on terrifying a city and making the whole world take notice of him by leaving his horribly mutilated victims in plain sight. Lastly, the Ripper was never caught and it is the mysteries surrounding this killer that both add to the romance of the story and creating an intellectual puzzle that people still want to solve. The Victims It is unclear just how many women the Ripper killed. It is generally accepted that he killed five, though some have written that he murdered only four while others say seven or more. The public, press, and even many junior police officers believed that the Ripper was responsible for nine slayings. The five that are generally accepted as the work of the Ripper are: Mary Ann (Polly) Nichols, murdered Friday, August 31, 1888. Annie Chapman, murdered Saturday, September 8, 1888. Elizabeth Stride, murdered Sunday, September 30, 1888. Catharine Eddowes, also murdered that same date. Mary Jane (Marie Jeanette) Kelly, murdered Friday, November 9, 1888. Besides these five there are good reasons to believe that the first victim was really Martha Tabram who was murdered Tuesday, August 7, 1888, and there are important considerations for questioning whether Stride was a Ripper victim. As to the actual number of women that the Ripper killed, Philip Sugden wrote in his excellent book, The Complete History of Jack the Ripper, "There is no simple answer. In a sentence: at least four, probably six, just possibly eight." All five of these listed plus Tabram were prostitutes and were killed between early August and early November 1888. All but Tabram and Kelly were killed outdoors and there is no evidence to suggest that any of them knew each other. They varied in both age and appearance. Most were drunk or thought to be drunk at the time they were killed. Method of Operation Surprisingly, a full understanding of the Ripper's modus operandi was not established until several years ago. The Whitechapel murderer and his victim stood facing each other. When she lifted her skirts, the victim's hands were occupied and was then defenseless. The Ripper seized the women by their throats and strangled them until they were unconscious if not dead. The autopsies constantly revealed clear indications that the victims had been strangled. In the past some writers believed that the Ripper struck from behind when the victims were bent forward, their skirts hiked up their backsides while waiting to engage in anal sex. This is a very awkward arrangement and the risk that they may scream or elude his clutch's make this unacceptable. The Ripper then lowered his victims to the ground, their heads to his left. This has been proven by the position of the bodies in relation to walls and fences that show that there was virtually no room for the murderer to attack the body from the left side. No bruising on the back of the heads shows that he lowered the bodies to the ground rather than throwing or letting them fall. Given the inclement weather and filth in the streets it is unacceptable that the prostitutes or their client would have attempted intercourse on the ground. He cut the throats when the women were on the ground. Splatter stains show that the blood pooled beside or under the neck and head of the victim rather than the front which is where the blood would flow if they had been standing up. In one case blood was found on the fence some 14 inches or so from the ground and opposite the neck wound and this shows that the blood spurted from the body while in the prone position on the ground. This method also prevented the killer from being unduly blood stained. By reaching over from the victim's right side to cut the left side of her throat, the blood flow would have been directed away from him, which would have reduced the amount of blood in which he would have been exposed. If the victim was already dead before their throats were cut, then the blood spilt would have not been very much. With the heart no longer beating the blood would not have been "pressurized," so only the blood in the immediate area of the wound would have evacuated gently from the cuts. The Ripper then made his other mutilations, still from the victim's right side, or possibly while straddling over the body at or near the feet. In several cases the legs had been pushed up which would have shortened the distance between the abdomen and the feet. No sign of intercourse was ever detected nor did the Ripper masturbate over the bodies. Usually he took a piece of the victim's viscera. The taking of a "trophy" is a common practice by modern sexual serial killers. In the opinion of most of the surgeons who examined the bodies, most believed that the killer had to have some degree of anatomical knowledge to do what he did. In one case he removed a kidney from the front rather than from the side, and did not damage any of the surrounding organs while doing so. In another case he removed the sexual organs with one clean stroke of the knife. Given the time circumstances of the crimes (outside, often in near total darkness, keeping one eye out for the approach of others, and under extremely tight time constraints), the Ripper almost certainly would have had some experience in using his knife. The Ripper Letters It is commonly accepted by the experts on the case that none of the letters purported to have been written by the Ripper were in fact written by him. A letter dated September 25 and received on the twenty-seventh by the Central News agency was the first to be signed "Jack the Ripper". A postcard post marked October 1 followed. Because it referred to a "double event" the police thought it might be from the killer since it was posted the day after the Ripper killed two women. The post card also referred to the letter and must have come from the same source as the letter had not been released to the public yet. If the post card had been sent on September 30, the day of the "double event", instead of October 1, the likelihood that it was really written by the murderer would be significantly greater. The Whitechapel Murderer may have written the letter/post card but there is no evidence to suppose that he did and the police seem convinced that they were the work of a journalist. A recently discovered document states that a journalist from the Central News agency, Tom Bulling, was the writer. One other letter may have been written by the killer. In mid-October a small parcel was sent to George Lusk, who was head of a vigilance committee in Whitechapel. Inside was half a human kidney and a letter from someone claiming to be the killer, and that it was part of the kidney he removed from the victim Eddowes. It is impossible to know for sure if the Ripper really did send it. Most of the arguments in favor of it being from Jack have been based on inaccurate information and the myths rather than the facts surrounding the case. However, Eddowes did suffer from Bright's disease and the description of the kidney does match what a Bright's disease kidney would look like. Evidence In a time before forensic science and even finger printing, the only way to prove someone committed a murder was to catch either him or her in the act, or get the suspect to confess. The Whitechapel Murders unhappily fall into this period of time. One interesting feature of this case is that not one, but two police forces carried out investigations. The Metropolitan Police, known as Scotland Yard, was responsible for crimes committed in all the boroughs of London except the City of London proper. The single square mile in the heart of London known as the City of London had their own police force. When Eddowes was killed, it was in their territory and this brought them into the Ripper case. It is believed that the rank and file of the two forces got along and worked well together, but there is evidence that the seniors in each force did not. To what degree, if any, their failure to cooperate fully had on solving the case is not known. Most sources do not fault either police force for failing to solve the Jack the Ripper mystery, rightly pointing out that catching serial killers is still a hard task even by today's science and technology. Other than autopsies and taking statements from everybody who might know something there was little else that the Metropolitan police force did. The attitude of the people at the time was that the police were incompetent and that the Commissioner, Sir Charles Warren, was only good for policing crowds and keeping order rather than detective work. He was especially criticized for not offering a reward in the hope that a confederate or accomplice would come forth and inform against the Ripper. In fact, Warren had no objections for a reward being offered and it was his superior, Henry Matthews, the Home Secretary who refused the sanction of a reward. The City of London Police seems to have done a better job although they did not apprehend the killer either. City police officers made crime scene drawings, took many photographs of the victim Eddowes, and even though she was not in their jurisdiction, they took photographs of the Kelly victim. She is the only victim who was photographed at the crime scene. One of the splits between the leadership of the two forces was over graffito found in Goulston Street on the night of the "double event". A piece of Eddowes' apron, which the Ripper used to wipe off his knife, was found by a constable near a doorway that had a chalked message over the door. This message, "The Juwes are the men That Will not be blamed for nothing", may have been written by the Ripper and the City police officers wanted to photograph it. Warren felt that leaving it until it was light enough to be photographed might cause riots against the Jews living in Whitechapel whom the bigoted English residents already believed were responsible for the murders. Warren did not even compromise by willing to erase or cover up the word "Juwes" only. In the end the police never charged any suspect with the murders committed by the Ripper which shows they did not have a sufficient amount of evidence that would gain a verdict of guilty in criminal court. Suspects In 1894, Sir Melville Macnaghten, then Chief Constable, wrote a confidential report in which he names the three top suspects. Although some information concerning the suspect he believed most likely to have been the murderer had been available before the turn of the century, the name of that suspect was not made public until 1959. Macnaghten's suspect was M.J. Druitt, a barrister turned teacher who committed suicide in December 1888. Unfortunately for Macnaghten who wrote his memoranda from memory, the details he ascribes to Druitt are wrong. According to the Chief Constable, Druitt was a doctor, 41 years of age, and committed suicide immediately after the Kelly murder. In actuality Druitt was 31, not a doctor, and killed himself nearly a month after the last official murder. No other police officer supported Macnaghten's allegations, and one in fact, stated that the theory was inadequate and that the suicide was circumstantial evidence at best that the drowned doctor was the Ripper. While it is still possible that he was the Ripper, correct information gathered about Druitt so far makes him seem an unlikely candidate. In 1903, Frederick Abberline, a retired crack detective who had been in charge of the Ripper investigation at the ground level stated that he thought that multiple wife poisoner Severin Klosowski, alias George Chapman, might be Jack the Ripper. As with Macnaghten, no other officer has concurred with his opinion and modern criminal profiling science tends to reject Klosowski as a serious candidate. The name of Macnaghten's second suspect was confirmed as Aaron Kosminiski in the early 1980s when a researcher came upon Donald Swanson's personal copy of Robert Anderson's book of memoirs. Both Swanson and Anderson were officers who participated in the Ripper investigation; indeed, they were the ones given the responsibility of being in charge of the case. Anderson had written in his memoirs that appeared for the first time in 1910 that the police knew who the Ripper was. According to Anderson the Ripper was a Polish Jew who was put away in an insane asylum after the crimes, and then died soon after. Swanson had made some notes in his copy of the book concerning Anderson's suspect, and wrote that the suspect's name was Kosminski. At first it seemed that the case had been solved, but research has found a number of problems with the theory. No other officer supports' Anderson's allegation, and Swanson's notes seem to question his superior's claims rather than support them. Aaron Kosminski was a real person and was placed in an insane asylum. His records show him to be a docile and harmless lunatic that heard voices in his head and would only eat food from the gutter. The dates of his incarceration are wrong, and he did not die soon after his committal but lived on until 1919. Some researchers have tried to explain the problems by saying that the name Kosminski' was confused with another insane Polish Jew, who really was dangerous. The search continues. The third Macnaghten suspect, Michael Ostrog, has been investigated and there is nothing to indicate that he was nothing more than a demented con man. Dr. Francis Tumblety, the latest serious suspect, only became known to students of the Jack the Ripper murders in 1993. A collector of crime memorabilia obtained a cache of letters belonging to a crime journalist named G.R. Sims. Among the letters was one from John Littlechild, who had been in charge of the Secret Department in Scotland Yard at the time of the murders. Dated 1913, Littlechild writes to Sims: "I never heard of a Dr. D. (which many assume is a reference to Druitt as Macnaghten thought Druitt was a doctor and Sims was a confident of the Chief Constable), in connection with the Whitechapel Murders but amongst the suspects, and to my mind a very likely one, was a Dr. T . . . He was an American quack named Tumblety . . . " A book by the collector who found the letter goes to great lengths in trying to prove that Tumblety is the final solution for the mystery. Unfortunately, he fails to do so. There is no doubt that Tumblety was a legitimate suspect and that when he fled to America, Scotland Yard detectives came over to investigate him further. It is unlikely that Scotland Yard continued to view him as a serious suspect. James Monro, who succeeded Warren and was in overall command of the Secret department before becoming Commissioner, thought that the Alice McKenzie murder of July 1889 was the work of the Ripper. He stated in 1890 that he did not know who the Whitechapel murderer was but that he was working on his own theory. Ripper Research At the time of the murders and for the next few years, a lot was written about the murders including some tabloid type books. Most of it is worthless and only helped to set up many myths that have clouded serious attempts to figure out what really happened that autumn in London. Other than memoirs of officers who worked on the case, which is valuable, little else was written until after the first world war. In 1929 the first full length book in English about the Ripper, The Mystery of Jack the Ripper by Leonard Matters, was published. Once more there was growing interest in the murders again in that the Ripper was appearing in both nonfiction works and fictional formats such as Alfred Hitchcock's The Lodger. Cult-like interest, the interest that has really never left, began in the 1950s. Dan Farson did a television show about the Ripper and uncovered a version of the McNaghten memoranda. The first really good books began to be published in the 1960s, such as Tom Cullen's Autumn of Terror and Robin Odell's Jack the Ripper in Fact and Fiction. Interest in Jack the Ripper exploded in 1970 when a new theory was published in which the grandson of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, was accused of being the Ripper. Just like his nemesis in fiction, Sherlock Holmes, the 1970s saw Jack being either paired with someone famous or identified as being someone famous. It was a decade that also featured some entertaining but patently absurd conspiracy theories explaining who the Ripper really was. Plots involving Freemasons, court physicians, and sinister figures from occult organizations, have been paraded before the public as the final solution. In the midst of the madness some good came out. Donald Rumbelow's The Complete Jack the Ripper was published, and police files still existing from the investigations were made available to all and sundry. The 1980s saw a tide of books published to cash in on the centennial of the Murders in Whitechapel, and lost evidence was returned anonymously to the police and Swanson's notes on Anderson's suspect were found. The FBI's Behavioral Science Unit did a criminal profile of the Ripper and aspects of the murders were discussed in various professional journals. During the 1990s, two new books have appeared that are musts for people who are interested in the Ripper murders. The Jack the Ripper A to Z by Paul Begg, Martin Fido, and Keith Skinner is indispensable for doing research and Sugden's The Complete History of Jack the Ripper has replaced Rumbelow's worthy tome as the authoritative source for information. An interesting phony diary supposedly written by the Ripper was published and the authentic letter revealing the suspect Dr. Francis Tumblety has also been released to the public. The Future In the past ten years more evidence has been recovered, new information garnered through the young criminal sciences, and serious research conducted on the mystery of Jack the Ripper than at any other time since the case was officially closed in 1892. After more than a hundred years the case is still fascinating, and results are still being gotten through research. Nick Warren, a student of the crimes and a practicing surgeon, studied the second Kelly crime scene photograph that was recently recovered, and was able to establish that a hatchet was used by the Ripper to split one of his victim's legs! The likelihood of the case ever being solved is open to debate. If the police solved it but for some reason kept the Ripper's identity a secret, then I think that the odds are good that the answer will be rediscovered. Unfortunately, I and I think most serious students on the subject, do not think that the police did solve the case. Individual officers had strong opinions on who Jack the Ripper was, but not the Forces as a whole. This makes the challenge much more difficult as today's researchers must find new evidence rather than unearth that which has been lost. The evidence lost is considerable. Virtually all of the City of London Police files were lost in the Blitz during the last world war. What remains of the Metropolitan Police files are available to the public but the files are sparse. Some have claimed that the files were purposefully destroyed to keep the Murderer's identity a secret. The truth is more pedestrian and unromantic. Almost from the beginning items were removed for souvenirs. Often in those olden days when they ran out of room, the clerks would go to the end of the shelve and simply dump out the old files by the armful. When Abberline was interviewed in 1903, the journalist noted that the retired Scotland yard Inspector was surrounded by official files. Once, upon the death of a retired officer, a trunk full of files concerning his old cases was found in his possession. Modern day "Ripperologists" were not above souvenir hunting themselves. A number of documents were taken in the late 1970s/early 1980s and as a result the remaining material was put on microfilm. It seems perfectly possible that Jack the Ripper's identity may one day be discovered; it may be one of the serious suspects mentioned in this report, or one that the police dismissed too cavalierly all those years ago, or it may be someone completely unknown at this time. The future may or may not reveal the Ripper's name. Related pages:	Jack the Ripper
In the film Silence Of The Lambs what is the nickname given to the killer Jame Gumb who Agent Starling is persuing with the help of Hannibal Lecter?	Serial Murder — FBI Appendix C: Symposium Attendees Message from Director Mueller Every day, law enforcement officers across America are called to respond to murders. Each homicide case is tragic, but there are few cases more heartrending and more difficult to understand than serial murder. For years, law enforcement investigators, academics, mental health experts, and the media have studied serial murder, from Jack the Ripper in the late 1800s to the sniper killings in 2002, and from the “Zodiac Killer” in California to the “BTK Killer” in Kansas. These diverse groups have long attempted to understand the complex issues related to serial murder investigations. Until the Serial Murder Symposium, however, there had been few attempts to reach a consensus on some of these issues. This monograph presents the findings and collective wisdom of a multidisciplinary group of experts, who brought their individual experience and insights to the same table. Our hope is that it will give you new ideas and new resources as you continue your important work. The FBI is committed to contributing to the understanding of these horrific acts. The FBI’s National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime stands ready to assist our state, local, and international partners. We believe the best way to combat any threat — be it terrorism, gang violence, or serial murder — is to combine our knowledge and resources with those of our partners, and to work as a team. I am grateful for the partnerships that helped spur this symposium, and for the partnerships that were formed as a result. I deeply appreciate the work that went into this publication. I would like to thank all those who participated for their willingness to share their dedication, time and expertise. I believe it will be invaluable to our collective ability to understand, respond to, and hopefully prevent, serial murder. Robert S. Mueller, III Acknowledgments The NCAVC would like to gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the following individuals, without whose efforts the Symposium and this monograph would not have been possible: • The members of the Serial Murder Symposium Working Group, for their assistance in planning the Symposium. The names of these individuals are listed in Appendix B. • The Symposium attendees, for their generous sharing of time and expertise in the area of serial murder. The names of these individuals are listed in Appendix C. • Pamela Hairfield and Wilma Wulchak, Management and Program Analysts, FBI, NCAVC, for their skill, dedication, and perseverance in successfully handling the countless administrative tasks associated with the Symposium. • Cristie Dobson, Management and Program Assistant, FBI, NCAVC, for her talent and time spent copyediting this document and for her work on the cover art. • Assistant Director Michael J. Wolf (retired) and Executive Assistant Director J. Stephen Tidwell for their support of this project and for their willingness to dedicate the resources necessary for its successful completion. Foreword The topic of serial murder occupies a unique niche within the criminal justice community. In addition to the significant investigative challenges they bring to law enforcement, serial murder cases attract an over-abundance of attention from the media, mental health experts, academia, and the general public. While there has been significant, independent work conducted by a variety of experts to identify and analyze the many issues related to serial murder, there have been few efforts to reach a consensus between law enforcement and other experts, regarding these matters. In an effort to bridge the gap between the many views of issues related to serial murder, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) hosted a multi-disciplinary Symposium in San Antonio, Texas, on August 29, 2005 through September 2, 2005. The goal of the Symposium was to bring together a group of respected experts on serial murder from a variety of fields and specialties, to identify the commonalities of knowledge regarding serial murder. A total of 135 subject matter experts attended the five-day event. These individuals included law enforcement officials who have successfully investigated and apprehended serial killers; mental health, academic, and other experts who have studied serial killers and shared their expertise through education and publication; officers of the court, who have judged, prosecuted, and defended serial killers; and members of the media, who inform and educate the public when serial killers strike. The attendees also reflected the international nature of the serial murder problem, as there were attendees from ten different countries on five continents. The agenda encompassed a variety of topics related to serial murder including common myths, definitions, typologies, pathology and causality, forensics, the role of the media, prosecution issues, investigative task force organization, and major case management issues. Each day included panel discussions, case presentations, and discussion groups addressing a range of topics related to serial murder. This monograph is a culmination of the input and discussion of the attendees on the major issues related to serial murder. The contents are based upon the notes taken during the presentations, panel discussions, and break-out group sessions. The goal in publishing this monograph is to outline the consensus views from a variety of disciplines on the causality, motivations, and characteristics of serial murderers, which will enable the criminal justice community to generate a more effective response in the identification, investigation, and adjudication of these cases. National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime The National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC) is a component of the FBI’s Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG), located at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. The primary mission of the NCAVC is to provide behaviorally-based, operational support to federal, state, local, and international law enforcement agencies involved in the investigation of unusual or repetitive violent crimes, communicated threats, terrorism, and other matters of interest to law enforcement. The NCAVC is comprised of four units: Behavioral Analysis Unit-1 (Counterterrorism/Threat Assessment), Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 (Crimes Against Adults), Behavioral Analysis Unit-3 (Crimes Against Children), and the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (ViCAP). NCAVC staff members conduct detailed analyses of crimes from behavioral, forensic, and investigative perspectives. The goal of this analysis process is to provide law enforcement agencies with a better understanding of the motivations and behaviors of offenders. The analysis is a tool that provides investigators with descriptive and behavioral characteristics of the most probable offender and advice regarding investigative techniques to help identify the offender. The NCAVC also conducts research into violent crime from a law enforcement perspective. NCAVC research is designed to gain insight into criminal thought processes, motivations, and behaviors. Research findings are refined into innovative, investigative techniques that improve law enforcement’s effectiveness against violent criminals and are shared with law enforcement and other disciplines through publications, presentations, and training. The Serial Murder Symposium was conceived, planned, and coordinated by the staff of the Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 (BAU-2). The resources of BAU-2 are focused on serial, mass, and other murders; sexual assaults; kidnappings; and other criminal acts targeting adult victims. BAU-2 staff members have developed significant expertise on the subject of serial murder and regularly provide operational assistance, conduct research, and provide training on issues related to serial murder. I. Introduction Serial murder is neither a new phenomenon, nor is it uniquely American. Dating back to ancient times, serial murderers have been chronicled around the world. In 19th century Europe, Dr. Richard von Krafft-Ebing conducted some of the first documented research on violent, sexual offenders and the crimes they committed. Best known for his 1886 textbook Psychopathia Sexualis, Dr. Kraft-Ebing described numerous case studies of sexual homicide, serial murder, and other areas of sexual proclivity. Serial murder is a relatively rare event, estimated to comprise less than one percent of all murders committed in any given year. However, there is a macabre interest in the topic that far exceeds its scope and has generated countless articles, books, and movies. This broad-based public fascination began in the late 1880s, after a series of unsolved prostitute murders occurred in the Whitechapel area of London. These murders were committed by an unknown individual who named himself “Jack the Ripper” and sent letters to the police claiming to be the killer. Dear Boss I keep on hearing the police have caught me but they wont fix me just yet. I have laughed when they look so clever and talk about being on the right track. That joke about Leather Apron gave me real fits. I am down on whores and I shant quit ripping them till I do get buckled. Grand work the last job was. I gave the lady no time to squeal. How can they catch me now. I love my work and want to start again. You will soon hear of me with my funny little games. I saved some of the proper red stuff in a ginger beer bottle over the last job to write with but it went thick like glue and I cant use it. Red ink is fit enough I hope ha. ha. The next job I do I shall clip the ladys ears off and send to the police officers just for jolly wouldn’t you. Keep this letter back till I do a bit more work, then give it out straight. My knife’s so nice and sharp I want to get to work right away if I get a chance. Good luck. Yours truly Jack the Ripper These murders and the nom de guerre “Jack the Ripper” have become synonymous with serial murder. This case spawned many legends concerning serial murder and the killers who commit it. In the 1970s and 1980s serial murder cases such as the Green River Killer, Ted Bundy, and BTK sparked a renewed public interest in serial murder, which blossomed in the 1990s after the release of films such as Silence of the Lambs. Much of the general public’s knowledge concerning serial murder is a product of Hollywood productions. Story lines are created to heighten the interest of audiences, rather than to accurately portray serial murder. By focusing on the atrocities inflicted on victims by “deranged” offenders, the public is captivated by the criminals and their crimes. This only lends more confusion to the true dynamics of serial murder. Law enforcement professionals are subject to the same misinformation from a different source: the use of anecdotal information. Professionals involved in serial murder cases, such as investigators, prosecutors, and pathologists may have limited exposure to serial murder. Their experience may be based upon a single murder series, and the factors in that case are extrapolated to other serial murders. As a result, certain stereotypes and misconceptions take root regarding the nature of serial murder and the characteristics of serial killers. A growing trend that compounds the fallacies surrounding serial murder is the talking heads phenomenon. Given creditability by the media, these self-proclaimed authorities profess to have an expertise in serial murder. They appear frequently on television and in the print media and speculate on the motive for the murders and the characteristics of the possible offender, without being privy to the facts of the investigation. Unfortunately, inappropriate comments may perpetuate misperceptions concerning serial murder and impair law enforcement’s investigative efforts. It was decided by a majority of the attendees to issue a formal statement of position regarding the media’s use of these types of individuals. (The position statement is included in Section X of this monograph.) The relative rarity of serial murder combined with inaccurate, anecdotal information and fictional portrayals of serial killers has resulted in the following common myths and misconceptions regarding serial murder: Myth: Serial killers are all dysfunctional loners. The majority of serial killers are not reclusive, social misfits who live alone. They are not monsters and may not appear strange. Many serial killers hide in plain sight within their communities. Serial murderers often have families and homes, are gainfully employed, and appear to be normal members of the community. Because many serial murderers can blend in so effortlessly, they are oftentimes overlooked by law enforcement and the public. • Robert Yates killed seventeen prostitutes in the Spokane, Washington area, during the 1990s. He was married with five children, lived in a middle class neighborhood, and was a decorated U.S. Army National Guard helicopter pilot. During the time period of the murders, Yates routinely patronized prostitutes, and several of his victims knew each other. Yates buried one of his victims in his yard, beneath his bedroom window. Yates was eventually arrested and pled guilty to thirteen of the murders. • The Green River Killer, Gary Ridgeway, confessed to killing 48 women over a twenty-year time period in the Seattle, Washington area. He had been married three times and was still married at the time of his arrest. He was employed as a truck painter for thirty-two years. He attended church regularly, read the Bible at home and at work, and talked about religion with co-workers. Ridgeway also frequently picked up prostitutes and had sex with them throughout the time period in which he was killing. • The BTK killer, Dennis Rader, killed ten victims in and around Wichita, Kansas. He sent sixteen written communications to the news media over a thirty-year period, taunting the police and the public. He was married with two children, was a Boy Scout leader, served honorably in the U.S. Air Force, was employed as a local government official, and was president of his church. Myth: Serial killers are all white males. Contrary to popular belief, serial killers span all racial groups. There are white, African-American, Hispanic, and Asian serial killers. The racial diversification of serial killers generally mirrors that of the overall U.S. population. • Charles Ng, a native of Hong Kong, China, killed numerous victims in Northern California, in concert with Robert Lake. • Derrick Todd Lee, an African-American, killed at least six women in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. • Coral Eugene Watts, an African-American, killed five victims in Michigan, fled the state to avoid detection, and murdered another 12 victims in Texas, before being apprehended. • Rafael Resendez-Ramirez, a native of Mexico, murdered nine people in Kentucky, Texas, and Illinois, before turning himself in. • Rory Conde, a Colombian native, was responsible for six prostitute homicides in the Miami, Florida area. Myth: Serial killers are only motivated by sex. All serial murders are not sexually-based. There are many other motivations for serial murders including anger, thrill, financial gain, and attention seeking. • In the Washington, D.C. area serial sniper case, John Allen Muhammad, a former U.S. Army Staff Sergeant, and Lee Boyd Malvo killed primarily for anger and thrill motivations. They were able to terrorize the greater Washington, D.C. metro area for three weeks, shooting 13 victims, killing 10 of them. They communicated with the police by leaving notes, and they attempted to extort money to stop the shootings. They are suspected in a number of other shootings in seven other states. • Dr. Michael Swango, a former U.S. Marine, ambulance worker, and physician, was a health care employee. He was convicted of only four murders in New York and Ohio, although he is suspected of having poisoned and killed 35 to 50 people throughout the United States and on the continent of Africa. Swango’s motivation for the killings was intrinsic and never fully identified. Interestingly, Swango kept a scrap book filled with newspaper and magazine clippings about natural disasters, in which many people were killed. • Paul Reid killed at least seven people during fast food restaurant robberies in Tennessee. After gaining control of the victims, he either stabbed or shot them. The motivation for the murders was primarily witness elimination. Reid’s purpose in committing the robberies was financial gain, and some of the ill-gotten gains were used to purchase a car. Myth: All serial murderers travel and operate interstate. Most serial killers have very defined geographic areas of operation. They conduct their killings within comfort zones that are often defined by an anchor point (e.g. place of residence, employment, or residence of a relative). Serial murderers will, at times, spiral their activities outside of their comfort zone, when their confidence has grown through experience or to avoid detection. Very few serial murderers travel interstate to kill. The few serial killers who do travel interstate to kill fall into a few categories: • Itinerant individuals who move from place to place. • Homeless individuals who are transients. • Individuals whose employment lends itself to interstate or transnational travel, such as truck drivers or those in military service. The difference between these types of offenders and other serial murderers is the nature of their traveling lifestyle, which provides them with many zones of comfort in which to operate. Myth: Serial killers cannot stop killing. It has been widely believed that once serial killers start killing, they cannot stop. There are, however, some serial killers who stop murdering altogether before being caught. In these instances, there are events or circumstances in offenders’ lives that inhibit them from pursuing more victims. These can include increased participation in family activities, sexual substitution, and other diversions. • BTK killer, Dennis Rader, murdered ten victims from 1974 to 1991. He did not kill any other victims prior to being captured in 2005. During interviews conducted by law enforcement, Rader admitted to engaging in auto-erotic activities as a substitute for his killings. • Jeffrey Gorton killed his first victim in 1986 and his next victim in 1991. He did not kill another victim and was captured in 2002. Gorton engaged in cross-dressing and masturbatory activities, as well as consensual sex with his wife in the interim. Myth: All Serial killers are insane or are evil geniuses. Another myth that exists is that serial killers have either a debilitating mental condition, or they are extremely clever and intelligent. As a group, serial killers suffer from a variety of personality disorders, including psychopathy, anti-social personality, and others. Most, however, are not adjudicated as insane under the law. The media has created a number of fictional serial killer “geniuses”, who outsmart law enforcement at every turn. Like other populations, however, serial killers range in intelligence from borderline to above average levels. Myth: Serial killers want to get caught. Offenders committing a crime for the first time are inexperienced. They gain experience and confidence with each new offense, eventually succeeding with few mistakes or problems. While most serial killers plan their offenses more thoroughly than other criminals, the learning curve is still very steep. They must select, target, approach, control, and dispose of their victims. The logistics involved in committing a murder and disposing of the body can become very complex, especially when there are multiple sites involved. As serial killers continue to offend without being captured, they can become empowered, feeling they will never be identified. As the series continues, the killers may begin to take shortcuts when committing their crimes. This often causes the killers to take more chances, leading to identification by law enforcement. It is not that serial killers want to get caught; they feel that they can’t get caught. II. Definition of Serial Murder In the past thirty years, multiple definitions of serial murder have been used by law enforcement, clinicians, academia, and researchers. While these definitions do share several common themes, they differ on specific requirements, such as the number of murders involved, the types of motivation, and the temporal aspects of the murders. To address these discrepancies, attendees at the Serial Murder Symposium examined the variations in order to develop a single definition for serial murder. Previous definitions of serial murder specified a certain number of murders, varying from two to ten victims. This quantitative requirement distinguished a serial murder from other categories of murder (i.e. single, double, or triple murder). Most of the definitions also required a period of time between the murders. This break-in-time was necessary to distinguish between a mass murder and a serial murder. Serial murder required a temporal separation between the different murders, which was described as: separate occasions, cooling-off period, and emotional cooling-off period. Generally, mass murder was described as a number of murders (four or more) occurring during the same incident, with no distinctive time period between the murders. These events typically involved a single location, where the killer murdered a number of victims in an ongoing incident (e.g. the 1984 San Ysidro McDonalds incident in San Diego, California; the 1991 Luby’s Restaurant massacre in Killeen, Texas; and the 2007 Virginia Tech murders in Blacksburg, Virginia). There has been at least one attempt to formalize a definition of serial murder through legislation. In 1998, a federal law was passed by the United States Congress, titled: Protection of Children from Sexual Predator Act of 1998 (Title 18, United States Code, Chapter 51, and Section 1111). This law includes a definition of serial killings: The term ‘serial killings’ means a series of three or more killings, not less than one of which was committed within the United States, having common characteristics such as to suggest the reasonable possibility that the crimes were committed by the same actor or actors. Although the federal law provides a definition of serial murder, it is limited in its application. The purpose of this definition was to set forth criteria establishing when the FBI could assist local law enforcement agencies with their investigation of serial murder cases. It was not intended to be a generic definition for serial murder. The Symposium attendees reviewed the previous definitions and extensively discussed the pros and cons of the numerous variations. The consensus of the Symposium attendees was to create a simple but broad definition, designed for use primarily by law enforcement. One discussion topic focused on the determination of the number of murders that constituted a serial murder. Academicians and researchers were interested in establishing a specific number of murders, to allow clear inclusion criteria for their research on serial killers. However, since the definition was to be utilized by law enforcement, a lower number of victims would allow law enforcement more flexibility in committing resources to a potential serial murder investigation. Motivation was another central element discussed in various definitions; however, attendees felt motivation did not belong in a general definition, as it would make the definition overly complex. The validity of spree murder as a separate category was discussed at great length. The general definition of spree murder is two or more murders committed by an offender or offenders, without a cooling-off period. According to the definition, the lack of a cooling-off period marks the difference between a spree murder and a serial murder. Central to the discussion was the definitional problems relating to the concept of a cooling-off period. Because it creates arbitrary guidelines, the confusion surrounding this concept led the majority of attendees to advocate disregarding the use of spree murder as a separate category. The designation does not provide any real benefit for use by law enforcement. The different discussion groups at the Symposium agreed on a number of similar factors to be included in a definition. These included: • one or more offenders • two or more murdered victims • incidents should be occurring in separate events, at different times • the time period between murders separates serial murder from mass murder In combining the various ideas put forth at the Symposium, the following definition was crafted: Serial Murder: The unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s), in separate events. III. Causality and the Serial Murderer Following the arrest of a serial killer, the question is always asked: How did this person become a serial murderer? The answer lies in the development of the individual from birth to adulthood. Specifically, the behavior a person displays is influenced by life experiences, as well as certain biological factors. Serial murderers, like all human beings, are the product of their heredity, their upbringing, and the choices they make throughout development. Causality, as it relates to the development of serial murderers, was discussed at length by the Symposium attendees. Causality can be defined as a complex process based on biological, social, and environmental factors. In addition to these factors, individuals have the ability to choose to engage in certain behaviors. The collective outcome of all of these influences separates individual behavior from generic human behavior. Since it is not possible to identify all of the factors that influence normal human behavior, it similarly is not possible to identify all of the factors that influence an individual to become a serial murderer. Human beings are in a constant state of development from the moment of conception until death. Behavior is affected by stimulation received and processed by the central nervous system. Neurobiologists believe that our nervous systems are environmentally sensitive, thereby allowing individual nervous systems to be shaped throughout a lifetime. The development of social coping mechanisms begins early in life and continues to progress as children learn to interact, negotiate, and compromise with their peers. In some individuals the failure to develop adequate coping mechanisms results in violent behavior. Neglect and abuse in childhood have been shown to contribute to an increased risk of future violence. Substance abuse can and does lead to increased aggression and violence. There are documented cases of people who suffered severe head injuries and ultimately become violent, even when there was no prior history of violence. Symposium attendees agreed that there is no single identifiable cause or factor that leads to the development of a serial killer. Rather, there are a multitude of factors that contribute to their development. The most significant factor is the serial killer’s personal decision in choosing to pursue their crimes. There were several additional observations made by the attendees regarding causality: • Predisposition to serial killing, much like other violent offenses, is biological, social, and psychological in nature, and it is not limited to any specific characteristic or trait. • The development of a serial killer involves a combination of these factors, which exist together in a rare confluence in certain individuals. They have the appropriate biological predisposition, molded by their psychological makeup, which is present at a critical time in their social development. • There are no specific combinations of traits or characteristics shown to differentiate serial killers from other violent offenders. • There is no generic template for a serial killer. • Serial killers are driven by their own unique motives or reasons. • Serial killers are not limited to any specific demographic group, such as their sex, age, race, or religion. • The majority of serial killers who are sexually motivated erotized violence during development. For them, violence and sexual gratification are inexplicably intertwined in their psyche. • More research is needed to identify specific pathways of development that produce serial killers. IV. Psychopathy and Serial Murder Attendees at the Serial Murder Symposium agreed that there is no generic profile of a serial murderer. Serial killers differ in many ways, including their motivations for killing and their behavior at the crime scene. However, attendees did identify certain traits common to some serial murderers, including sensation seeking, a lack of remorse or guilt, impulsivity, the need for control, and predatory behavior. These traits and behaviors are consistent with the psychopathic personality disorder. Attendees felt it was very important for law enforcement and other professionals in the criminal justice system to understand psychopathy and its relationship to serial murder. Psychopathy is a personality disorder manifested in people who use a mixture of charm, manipulation, intimidation, and occasionally violence to control others, in order to satisfy their own selfish needs. Although the concept of psychopathy has been known for centuries, Dr. Robert Hare led the modern research effort to develop a series of assessment tools, to evaluate the personality traits and behaviors attributable to psychopaths. Dr. Hare and his associates developed the Psychopathy Check List Revised (PCL-R) and its derivatives, which provide a clinical assessment of the degree of psychopathy an individual possesses. These instruments measure the distinct cluster of personality traits and socially-deviant behaviors of an individual, which fall into four factors: interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and anti-social. The interpersonal traits include glibness, superficial charm, a grandiose sense of self-worth, pathological lying, and the manipulation of others. The affective traits include a lack of remorse and/or guilt, shallow affect, a lack of empathy, and failure to accept responsibility. The lifestyle behaviors include stimulation-seeking behavior, impulsivity, irresponsibility, parasitic orientation, and a lack of realistic life goals. The anti-social behaviors include poor behavioral controls, early childhood behavior problems, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release, and criminal versatility. The combination of these individual personality traits, interpersonal styles, and socially deviant lifestyles are the framework of psychopathy and can manifest themselves differently in individual psychopaths. Research has demonstrated that in those offenders who are psychopathic, scores vary, ranging from a high degree of psychopathy to some measure of psychopathy. However, not all violent offenders are psychopaths and not all psychopaths are violent offenders. If violent offenders are psychopathic, they are able to assault, rape, and murder without concern for legal, moral, or social consequences. This allows them to do what they want, whenever they want. The relationship between psychopathy and serial killers is particularly interesting. All psychopaths do not become serial murderers. Rather, serial murderers may possess some or many of the traits consistent with psychopathy. Psychopaths who commit serial murder do not value human life and are extremely callous in their interactions with their victims. This is particularly evident in sexually motivated serial killers who repeatedly target, stalk, assault, and kill without a sense of remorse. However, psychopathy alone does not explain the motivations of a serial killer. Understanding psychopathy becomes particularly critical to law enforcement during a serial murder investigation and upon the arrest of a psychopathic serial killer. The crime scene behavior of psychopaths is likely to be distinct from other offenders. This distinct behavior can assist law enforcement in linking serial cases. Psychopaths are not sensitive to altruistic interview themes, such as sympathy for their victims or remorse/guilt over their crimes. They do possess certain personality traits that can be exploited, particularly their inherent narcissism, selfishness, and vanity. Specific themes in past successful interviews of psychopathic serial killers focused on praising their intelligence, cleverness, and skill in evading capture. Attendees recognized that more research is needed concerning the links between serial murder and psychopathy, in order to understand the frequency and degree of psychopathy among serial murderers. This may assist law enforcement in understanding and identifying serial murderers. V. Motivations and Types of Serial Murder: The Symposium Model Over the past twenty years, law enforcement and experts from a number of varying disciplines have attempted to identify specific motivations for serial murderers and to apply those motivations to different typologies developed for classifying serial murderers. These range from simple, definitive models to complex, multiple-category typologies that are laden with inclusion requirements. Most typologies are too cumbersome to be utilized by law enforcement during an active serial murder investigation, and they may not be helpful in identifying an offender. The attendees at the Symposium discussed the issues surrounding motivation and the use of typologies to categorize varying types of serial murder. Identifying motivations in the investigation of a crime is a standard procedure for law enforcement. Typically, motivation provides police with the means to narrow the potential suspect pool. The same logical steps are taken when investigating homicide cases. As most homicides are committed by someone known to the victim, police focus on the relationships closest to the victim. This is a successful strategy for most murder investigations. The majority of serial murderers, however, are not acquainted with or involved in a consensual relationship with their victims. For the most part, serial murder involves strangers with no visible relationship between the offender and the victim. This distinguishes a serial murder investigation as a more nebulous undertaking than that of other crimes. Since the investigations generally lack an obvious connection between the offender and the victim, investigators instead attempt to discern the motivations behind the murders, as a way to narrow their investigative focus. Serial murder crime scenes can have bizarre features that may cloud the identification of a motive. The behavior of a serial murderer at crime scenes may evolve throughout the series of crimes and manifest different interactions between an offender and a victim. It is also extremely difficult to identify a single motivation when there is more than one offender involved in the series. The attendees at the Symposium made the following observations: • Motive generally may be difficult to determine in a serial murder investigation. • A serial murderer may have multiple motives for committing his crimes. • A serial murderer’s motives may evolve both within a single murder as well throughout the murder series. • The classification of motivations should be limited to observable behavior at the crime scene. • Even if a motive can be identified, it may not be helpful in identifying a serial murderer. • Utilizing investigative resources to discern the motive instead of identifying the offender may derail the investigation. • Investigators should not necessarily equate a serial murderer’s motivation with the level of injury. • Regardless of the motive, serial murderers commit their crimes because they want to. The exception to this would be those few killers suffering from a severe mental illness. To assist law enforcement in narrowing the pool of suspects, attendees at the Symposium suggested that broad, non-inclusive categories of motivations be utilized as guidelines for investigation. The following categories listed below represent general categories and are not intended to be a complete measure of serial offenders or their motivation: • Anger is a motivation in which an offender displays rage or hostility towards a certain subgroup of the population or with society as a whole. • Criminal Enterprise is a motivation in which the offender benefits in status or monetary compensation by committing murder that is drug, gang, or organized crime related. • Financial gain is a motivation in which the offender benefits monetarily from killing. Examples of these types of crimes are “black widow” killings, robbery homicides, or multiple killings involving insurance or welfare fraud. • Ideology is a motivation to commit murders in order to further the goals and ideas of a specific individual or group. Examples of these include terrorist groups or an individual(s) who attacks a specific racial, gender, or ethnic group. • Power/thrill is a motivation in which the offender feels empowered and/or excited when he kills his victims. • Psychosis is a situation in which the offender is suffering from a severe mental illness and is killing because of that illness. This may include auditory and/or visual hallucinations and paranoid, grandiose, or bizarre delusions. • Sexually-based is a motivation driven by the sexual needs/desires of the offender. There may or may not be overt sexual contact reflected in the crime scene. An offender selects a victim, regardless of the category, based upon availability, vulnerability, and desirability. Availability is explained as the lifestyle of the victim or circumstances in which the victim is involved, that allow the offender access to the victim. Vulnerability is defined as the degree to which the victim is susceptible to attack by the offender. Desirability is described as the appeal of the victim to the offender. Desirability involves numerous factors based upon the motivation of the offender and may include factors dealing with the race, gender, ethnic background, age of the victim, or other specific preferences the offender determines. VI. Investigative Issues and Best Practices Attendees at the Symposium identified successful investigative practices for solving serial murder cases. These factors were central to the discussions: • Identification of a Serial Murder Series • Leadership • Officer Assistance Programs Identification Symposium participants listed the initial identification of a homicide series as the primary investigative challenge. Historically, the first indication that a serial murderer was at work was when two or more cases were linked by forensic or behavioral evidence. Identifying a homicide series is easier in rapidly-developing, high profile cases involving low risk victims. These cases are reported to law enforcement upon discovery of the crimes and draw immediate media attention. In contrast, identifying a series involving high risk victims in multiple jurisdictions is much more difficult. This is primarily due to the high risk lifestyle and transitory nature of the victims. Additionally, the lack of communication between law enforcement agencies and differing records management systems impede the linkage of cases to a common offender. Attendees stressed the importance of law enforcement networking with other investigative agencies and cited the National Law Enforcement Teletype System (NLETS) messages, ViCAP Alerts, and the Law Enforcement Online (LEO) website as alternative mechanisms for sharing information to help determine other linked cases. The use of the FBI’s NCAVC, both the Behavioral Analysis Units and the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program, in linking potential cases was also encouraged. Leadership High profile investigations present a multitude of leadership challenges for law enforcement, from investigators to police executives. Law enforcement personnel may face external pressures from political entities, victims’ families, and the media. Collectively, strong management throughout the chain of command must continually reinforce the supreme goal of the investigation: To arrest and prosecute the offender. Attendees at the Symposium agreed that in successful serial murder investigations, the roles of both investigators and supervisors were clearly delineated. The investigative function is the primary mission, and all other activities are in support of that mission. In serial murder cases, the actual investigation should be directed by competent, homicide investigators, who have the experience to direct and focus the investigative process. Law enforcement administrators should not run the investigation but rather ensure that the investigators have the resources to do their job. Supervisors should also act as buffers between investigators and the other levels of command. There are several other strategies law enforcement executives may consider while preparing for these intense investigations: • Completing Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) between different law enforcement agencies, in order to obtain mutual support agreements and commitment of manpower, resources, and overtime. • Identifying all resources that may be needed during the investigation and maintaining detailed lists of available resources. • Establishing good working relationships with other departments prior to the crisis, through networking, scheduled meetings, and joint training. • Providing training opportunities in the latest techniques and methods of homicide investigation. Additional observations regarding leadership in task force operations include: • Communication on administrative issues should be restricted to management personnel of the various agencies, so as not to distract investigators. • The intense pressure in high profile investigations may at times decrease logical decision making. Tunnel vision and impulsivity should be avoided. • Law enforcement administration in each of the participating law enforcement agencies should present a unified front by agreeing to a written investigative strategy that outlines the investigative goals, the roles of the agencies, and establishes a clear and concise chain of command. • Command staff should focus on providing and managing the resources investigators need to solve the case, rather than directing the investigation. A major problem identified by attendees at the Symposium was the issue of micro-management. When a supervisor attempts to personally direct every action in an investigation, rather than allowing investigators to perform their jobs independently, they exacerbate problems in these high profile investigations. • While law enforcement attracts positive individuals with strong personalities, management should encourage all involved personnel to leave their “egos” at the door. This ensures that personality differences among investigators do not become a distraction to the investigation. Investigators who lack the ability to collaborate with colleagues can hinder the investigation and should not be assigned to investigative teams. Task Force Organization Once a serial murder series has been identified, it is important for the involved law enforcement agencies to work together. There are a number of operational and investigative issues critical to the successful establishment of an investigative task force. Initially, a lead agency for the task force should be designated and will assume the primary investigative role. The choice of a lead agency is based upon a number of factors including the number and viability of the cases, available resources, and investigative experience. Once established, all law enforcement agencies involved in the investigation should have representation in the task force. Any outlying agencies should also be included, even if they do not have an identified case in the investigation. An effective and reliable investigative model identifies a lead investigator and co-investigator, who, regardless of rank, are given complete control of the investigation. These investigators review all incoming information, collate the information, and assign leads. If the flow of incoming information becomes unmanageable due to an excessive influx of investigative tips, the lead investigators can delegate this responsibility to an experienced investigator, who will act as a lead control officer. Administrators must look beyond the traditional method of assigning the next available investigators regardless of skill or assigning investigators who have no desire to be involved in a major case. Consequently, law enforcement administrators must assign the most qualified investigator(s) to lead the current case. The lead investigator(s) must have the experience, dedication, and tenacity to direct all aspects of the investigation. They should also, with management’s support, have the ability to select a cadre of investigators and support personnel and assign such personnel as the investigation dictates. In serial murder investigations, the lead investigators must handle all crime scene activities and related leads, as each incident may be interwoven. It is the responsibility of the lead investigators or the lead control investigator to ensure relevant information is distributed to the entire task force. At the onset of the task force, the lead investigators should immediately implement a preplanned task force model. Common to most models is the need to establish an information management system to track tips and leads in the case. This computer system should account for the idiosyncrasies of the investigation while being flexible enough to handle any contingency. All personnel should be familiar with its operation, and it should be pre-tested to insure viability in investigative conditions. Primary to the investigation is sufficient manpower to successfully investigate and prosecute the case. The overwhelming consensus from the attendees is that the assignment of excessive numbers of personnel to the investigation may be counterproductive. A small group of experienced homicide investigators, under the direction of the lead investigator(s), is far more effective than a large number of less experienced investigators or investigators who are experienced in different areas of criminal activity. Additional personnel may be brought in for specific tasks as necessary. There should be a bifurcation of responsibility between the administration of the case and the investigation of the case. The task of running the investigation is the responsibility of the lead investigator. The administration provides all of the necessary support, including procurement of equipment, funding, and manpower. As an example, task force administrators must obtain authority for priority requests for services, from the forensic laboratory and other service providers. The lead investigator(s) and the administrators of the task force must have a close, cooperative working relationship, while maintaining their own areas of responsibility. Assignment of liaison personnel in serial homicide cases is highly recommended. The highest priority is the families of the victims, who will be supportive of the investigative efforts, when they believe the investigators are competent and all available resources are being used to identify and arrest the offender. An investigator with exceptional interpersonal and communication skills should be assigned to maintain constant contact with the families, keeping them apprised of the progress of the investigation and any pending press releases. Liaison must also be maintained with the numerous support entities both inside and outside the task force including the prosecutor’s office, the forensic laboratory, the medical examiner’s office, and surrounding law enforcement agencies. Additionally, a list of available experts in specific forensic and related fields should be compiled and liaison established for use in the investigation. As long as the flow of information is manageable, one individual can be assigned to multiple liaison duties. Resource Augmentation As the investigation continues, the manpower requirements of the task force will increase for various reasons, including increasing the number of investigators and support staff. Restraint must be practiced by task force administrators to avoid the use of excess personnel. As previously discussed, the use of fewer personnel may be more effective. The lead investigator is in the best position to recognize when additional personnel are needed. The administrator’s responsibility is to provide the authority for the permanent or temporary reassignment of the requested number of personnel to the task force. If additional personnel are needed to expand the task force, the reassignment should be for the duration of the task force, to insure continuity of investigative information. However, for short term needs such as a specific neighborhood canvass or road block canvass, personnel can be reassigned temporarily to complete the specific task and then be returned to their normal duties. In either event, the arrival of new personnel should be preplanned and a detailed case briefing provided. This briefing should include an explanation of their specific assignment, their work hours, details of the investigation as it applies to their assignment, expected standards for report completion, and a complete list of contact numbers. Additionally, personnel should be cautioned about discussing case sensitive information with anyone outside of authorized law enforcement personnel. Arbitrary rotation of personnel should be avoided, as it negatively affects the continuity of the investigation. Rotation of personnel should only occur if requested by the investigator, or there are officer assistance issues. If the task force is disbanded and later reinstated, the original investigators should be utilized. Communications Attendees stressed the importance of disseminating information to the investigators engaged in a serial murder investigation through the following: • Daily briefings are essential for investigators, especially when there are different work shifts. Periodic summary briefings are also necessary for managers and patrol officers. These can be accomplished via e-mails or at roll call and should be conducted by investigative personnel. • Communication on the operational level is paramount, especially in task force investigations and when serial murder cases involve multiple states. As all information must be shared seamlessly, teleconferences may not sufficiently allow for the flow of information. Face-to-face case briefings are suggested. • Submitting ViCAP reports on solved and unsolved murders, attempted murders, and sexual assaults for inclusion in the ViCAP database is strongly recommended and may facilitate the linkage of unknown related cases for law enforcement agencies. Data Management A common problem in serial investigations occurs when data is not entered into the electronic database in a timely manner. Useful leads are lost when investigators are overloaded with information. The following suggestions were provided regarding data management issues: • In order to avoid time lags, reports should be written as soon as the investigative lead is completed. If reports are not finished before the end of the investigator’s shift, the lead investigator(s) may not have time to review those reports. This will lead to a back-log of reports, containing pertinent and timely investigative information. • Sufficient time should be allocated during work shifts to complete reports. • Information should be obtained, documented, and distributed in a standardized manner, to maintain consistency among different agencies. Ideally, reports should be computer generated to ease the communication issues. • Systems similar to the FBI’s Rapid Start computerized case management system should be utilized, to effectively organize and collate lead information. Computerized systems promote the analysis of a tremendous amount of data. There should be sufficient personnel committed to ensure that data is recorded into the system, in a timely manner. • A murder book or series of murder books should be created and maintained. Murder books contain all of the pertinent investigative information and are traditionally in paper format but can also be developed electronically. • All rough notes should be maintained and entered into evidence. • Reports should be distributed to all participating law enforcement agencies and the prosecutor’s office. Analytical Tools The wide range of analytical resources available to law enforcement agencies is typically under-utilized at the onset of a serial murder investigation. Due to the voluminous amount of information characteristic of high profile investigations, critical lead information may be lost. The implementation of a tested and reliable case management system, as previously discussed, coupled with competent analytical staff, is imperative in serial murder investigations. Crime analysts offer critical support to the investigation by developing timelines on victims and suspects, compiling matrices to highlight similar case elements, and providing general analytical support. Analysts should be assigned to the initial investigation group, so information can be sorted, compared, and charted to provide timely lead information. It is recommended that a review team of experienced investigators be formed to assist the lead investigator(s) in filtering through the information gathered by analysts. The team should consist of two to four investigators from within the involved agencies, as well as the crime analysts. The team must remain intact throughout the investigation, to maintain the case integrity. Many agencies are not supported by an actual crime analysis unit or do not employ experienced analysts. In such cases, the agency should contact their neighboring jurisdictions or the FBI’s National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime for assistance. Symposium attendees also discussed the importance of the behavioral aspects of the investigation and recommended the FBI’s Behavioral Analysis Unit be utilized for the multitude of services it provides to include crime scene analysis, offender profiles, case linkage analysis, interview strategies, and prosecution strategy. The case consultations can be conducted at the BAU office in Quantico, Virginia, or a team of BAU staff members can respond to the respective agency, to personally view the crime scenes and discuss the behavioral issues with the pertinent task force members. Medical Examiners/Coroners A thorough autopsy and the subsequent collection of evidence are critical in serial murder investigations. Medical examiners and coroners operate according to their different state mandates and vary as to the thoroughness of their investigations. Consistent procedures to collect, record, and retrieve case information are important in linking cases in other jurisdictions. The following recommendations were made concerning medical examiners in serial murder investigations: • Medical examiners should share information on autopsies in potentially related cases. Joint meetings with investigators can provide additional background information on these cases. • A single medical examiner should be utilized in serial cases occurring within the same jurisdiction. • Once a series has been identified that involves several jurisdictions, the various medical examiner offices may consider performing joint autopsy procedures to ensure continuity in evidence collection. • Investigators should also ensure submissions of all unidentified victims to the FBI Laboratory’s National Missing Persons DNA database. • Investigators should also ensure the entry of unidentified remains recovered into the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and ViCAP. Administrative Issues Law enforcement agencies should review their current administrative policies relating to maintenance and storage of unsolved homicide case materials. Top priority should be given to these cases by extending the storage time limit and may include the following: • Mirror the FBI’s NCAVC 50-year minimum mandate to keep copies of all unsolved cases. • Retain records of unsolved homicide cases and the accompanying evidence until the case is closed. • Records should be electronically converted. • Evidence storage should be available for long term storage of forensic evidence in murder cases. • Submit cases to the FBI’s ViCAP database, which maintains case information indefinitely. Resources and Finances It is essential that an investigative agency have the resources available in order to establish the initial setup for a task force, both from financial and logistic perspectives. There should be a contingency plan in place to handle the resource issues in a major investigation. Buildings, office space, computers, phones, vehicles, food, and other necessities should be considered in the plan. Utilizing non-law enforcement agencies, such as the fire department for use of their high-tech equipment, may also be included in the plan. It was recommended that agencies develop emergency response plans and establish MOU’s at the local, state, and national level. Training Training continues to be an issue for all law enforcement departments. Complex homicide investigations, especially those involving serial murder cases, depend upon the experience and abilities of investigators to effectively conduct the investigation. With the retirement of many experienced homicide investigators, newer investigators need training and exposure to a wide range of investigative techniques. Attendees also suggested the utilization of standardized training for homicide investigators, crime analysts, and medical examiners. Officer Assistance Programs The brutality of the crime scenes; the senseless, repetitive acts inflicted on the victims; and a sense of helplessness in failing to catch the offender are all factors that may impact the emotional well-being of investigators involved in a serial murder case. Burnout, stress, and hopelessness are just some of the feelings that may affect members of the investigative team. To combat these issues, attendees suggested the following: • Regular debriefings. • Access to critical incident counselors. • Mental health evaluations upon request. • Adequate time off for investigators. NOTE: The majority of attendees agreed there should be a published, general guide to serial murder investigations, building upon the Multi-Agency Investigative Team Manual (MAIT) and addressing specific issues such as cooperative investigative models; investigative methods; case linkage; crime scene techniques; MOUs; training for police, medical examiners, and crime analysts; the role of regional intelligence centers; the integration of BAU and ViCAP; and the role of federal law enforcement. VII. Forensic Issues in Serial Murder Cases The forensic sciences have played a key role in criminal investigations for many years. Recently, there has been increased attention on the forensic sciences by law enforcement, prosecutors, and the general public. Particularly in high profile cases, intense media coverage concerning evidence issues and the work of crime laboratories has served to heighten this interest. In the past two decades, there have been tremendous technological advances in the laboratory testing of forensic samples. There have also been a number of improvements in the identification and collection of evidence at the crime scene, through innovative processing and evidence collection methods. Together, these advances allow for a greater probability of successful recovery and analysis of evidence than was previously possible. There is also growing recognition by criminal justice professionals of the wider scope of forensic techniques and available tests. The field of forensic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis and the legislation that allows DNA testing on a broader number of offenders has made some of the more remarkable advances. DNA testing now allows much smaller samples of biological material to be analyzed and the results to be more discriminating. DNA testing of forensic crime scene samples can now be compared against a database of known offenders and other unsolved crimes. Forensic laboratories have developed advanced analytical techniques through the use of computer technology. Systems such as the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), various Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS), and the National Integrated Ballistics Identification Network (NIBIN), were identified by the symposium as beneficial to serial murder investigations, by providing links between previously unrelated cases. CODIS is a national automated DNA information processing and telecommunications system that was developed to link biological evidence (DNA) in criminal cases, between various jurisdictions around the United States. Samples in CODIS include DNA profiles obtained from persons convicted of designated crimes, DNA profiles obtained from crime scenes, DNA profiles from unidentified human remains, and DNA from voluntary samples taken from families of missing persons. The CODIS data bank of these samples is comprised of three different indices or levels: the National DNA Index System (NDIS), the State DNA Index System (SDIS), and the Local DNA Index System (LDIS). What is important for law enforcement to understand is that the information contained at the LDIS and SDIS levels may not automatically be sent to, or searched against, the NDIS level. There are different legislation requirements for inclusion into NDIS, than to LDIS or SDIS, and not all LDIS and SDIS profiles are sent to NDIS. Even when NDIS is queried, individual SDIS data banks may not be queried. Therefore, when dealing with a serial murder case, investigators need to contact their LDIS or SDIS level representatives to ensure that in addition to the NDIS databank, samples are compared in the individual SDIS data banks of each state that is of investigative interest. In cases where there is only a partial DNA profile, a national “keyboard” search can be requested through the NDIS custodian, CODIS Unit, FBI Laboratory. AFIS is an electronic databank that compares unidentified latent and patent fingerprints to the known fingerprint file. There have been a variety of local AFIS systems in use since the 1980s. In 1999, the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, or IAFIS, became operational. IAFIS is designated as the national repository of criminal histories, fingerprints, and photographs of criminal subjects in the United States. It also contains fingerprints and information on military and civilian federal employees. IAFIS provides positive identification through comparisons of individuals based on the submission of fingerprint data, through both ten-print fingerprint cards and latent fingerprints. Some of the earlier AFIS systems were not compatible with the IAFIS system, and as a result, those earlier latent fingerprints may not be included in IAFIS. This becomes an issue in serial murder cases, when the offender committed offenses prior to the inception of IAFIS, as latent fingerprints from those earlier crimes will not be searchable. If there is a possibility the offender committed early crimes, the early AFIS systems need to be queried independently. Consultation with laboratory fingerprint experts may be necessary in order to establish what AFIS systems exist, which are interoperable, and the protocols required to query each system. NIBIN is a national databank of both projectile and cartridge information. NIBIN is the integration of two previous systems: the FBI’s Drugfire cartridge case imaging system and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives’ (ATF) Integrated Ballistic Identification System (IBIS). NIBIN is an imaging system that allows both bullets and cartridges recovered from a crime scene to be compared electronically against other bullets and cartridges recovered from previous crime scenes, in an effort to link previously unrelated cases. The system can search by geographic area or nationwide, depending upon the course of the investigation. ATF is maintaining the new system in over 75 locations, across the United States. When conducting serial murder investigations, it is important for investigators to promptly seek guidance from appropriate forensic database experts. Such experts can provide information regarding what limitations exist and what additional queries can be made of the systems, to obtain additional investigative information. Another area in which forensic science can play an important role is in the recovery and examination of trace evidence. Trace evidence is described as small, often microscopic material. It commonly includes hair and fiber evidence but may encompass almost any substance or material. Trace evidence may provide important lead information pertaining to offender characteristics, vehicle and tire descriptors, and environmental clues that relate to killing scenes and modes of transportation used to move bodies. A skilled trace evidence examiner can compare the trace evidence from all of the victims in a serial murder case, in an effort to identify evidence common to all of the victims. This trace evidence will reflect a “common environment” with which all of the victims were in contact. This common environment will repeat in objects in the serial offender’s world, such as his vehicles and/or residence. This can demonstrate that all of the victims had contact with the offender at the same location(s). Attendees at the Serial Murder Symposium universally acknowledged that serial murder cases present unique circumstances and concerns, particularly when multiple investigative jurisdictions are involved. In serial murder cases, crime scenes may occur in different law enforcement jurisdictions, each of whom may possess varying resources and abilities to process crime scenes. In some cases, agencies submit evidence to different laboratories, even though those agencies are located adjacent to one another. These issues degrade the ability of law enforcement to consistently collect evidence from a murder series. This may prevent identifying a serial killer or forensically linking previously unrelated cases to a common offender. Attendees identified a number of forensic issues facing the law enforcement community in serial murder investigations and made the following suggestions: • Once a series is identified, the same crime scene personnel should be utilized at related scenes to promote consistency in evidence identification and collection. Search personnel should follow established sterilization procedures to ensure there is no cross-contamination between the various crime scenes. • Cross-contamination should be proactively prevented by using different personnel to process crime scenes than those used to collect known sample evidence from potential suspects. • Documentation among the law enforcement agencies should be standardized to ensure continuity between separate cases. • Aerial photographs of every murder crime scene, as well as the accompanying ancillary scenes, should be taken. Aerial photographs clearly depict the geography of the area and demonstrate the physical relationships and the distances between the crime scenes. They also identify potential routes of ingress and egress to the area. • The number of laboratories and experts involved in serial murder investigations should be limited to properly certified facilities and personnel. Ideally, all evidence should be examined by a single crime laboratory, and that lab should utilize only one expert per discipline. If this is not possible, establish lines of communication between laboratories to ensure the sharing of pertinent information related to the investigation. • Priority status for laboratory examinations should be obtained to ensure a quick turn around on test results. • When consulting with forensic scientists, investigators should prioritize forensic examinations based upon their potential investigative value. In addition, forensic scientists should be consulted frequently to identify alternative sampling and/or testing that may lead to successful case resolution. • Forensic testimony should be limited to what is needed for successful prosecution. Utilization of charts, graphs, or other appropriate audiovisual aides showing forensic linkages will clearly and succinctly convey the facts of the cases. • When necessary, investigators should seek independent, secondary reviews of laboratory results. This may be somewhat problematic, since there are crime laboratories that will not duplicate forensic examinations. However, exceptions are sometimes made to this policy on a case-by-case basis. Forensic evidence case vignette: The case of serial child murderer Richard Mark Evonitz highlights the variety of forensic testing that may be utilized to solve difficult cases. In 1996 and 1997, in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, three young girls were abducted from their residences, sexually assaulted, and killed. The first case occurred on September 9, 1996, when Sophia Silva disappeared from the front porch of her house. She was found in October of 1996, in a swamp, 16 miles from her residence. A suspect was arrested and charged for her murder, based on a faulty trace evidence examination conducted by a state laboratory. On May 1, 1997, two sisters, Kristin and Kati Lisk, disappeared from their residence after returning home from school. Their bodies were discovered five days later in a river, 40 miles from their residence. After an examination by an FBI Laboratory Examiner yielded trace evidence that positively linked the Silva and Lisk homicides to a common environment, the suspect arrested in the Silva case was subsequently released. The investigation continued for an additional five years, until a girl was abducted in South Carolina. The victim was able to escape, and she identified Richard Mark Evonitz as her attacker. Evonitz fled South Carolina and was sighted in Florida. After a high-speed chase with police, Evonitz committed suicide. The investigation revealed that Evonitz had lived in Spotsylvania, in 1996 and 1997. Forensic searches were conducted on Evonitz’s residence in South Carolina, his former residence in Spotsylvania, Virginia, and his car. A detailed trace examination of the evidence from these searches and the evidence obtained from the three victims revealed a number of hair and fiber matches, providing sufficient evidence to tie Evonitz to the three murders. The following trace examinations linked Evonitz to all three homicide victims: • Fibers from a bath mat. • Fibers from an afghan. • Fibers from two separate carpets in Evonitz’s former home in Virginia. • Carpet fibers from the trunk of Evonitz’s car. • Head hair consistent with Evonitz. A trace examination also linked fibers from a pair of fur-lined handcuffs to the three homicide victims and the surviving victim. The unique combination of different hair and fiber evidence yielded the “common environment” to which all of the victims and the offender were exposed. Latent fingerprints belonging to Kristin Lisk were located on the inside of the trunk lid of Evonitz’s car, five years after the fact. VIII. Prosecution of Serial Murder Cases The recognition and investigation of a serial murder series is often perceived as a separate and distinct process from the other primary goal in these complex cases: the prosecution and conviction of the offender(s) responsible for the homicides. It was a consensus of Symposium attendees that law enforcement and prosecutors should work cooperatively as the investigative and prosecution processes are inextricably linked. When police suspect that one or more homicides may be the result of a serial killer, involving the prosecutor early on in the investigation may alleviate significant problems during trial. The experience of the Symposium attendees was that in successful prosecutions of serial murder cases, the prosecutor’s office was involved and remained accessible to law enforcement throughout the entire investigation and subsequent arrest. The partnership continued during the trial and resulted in the successful prosecution of the serial murderer. The prosecutor can assist with critical decisions early in the investigation that could potentially impact on court admissibility. Maintaining the integrity of the legal process is a paramount consideration when dealing with court orders, search warrants, Grand Jury testimony, subpoenas, evidence custody matters, capital murder issues, and concerns related to the possible offender’s competency and the voluntariness of confessions. Prosecutors are also in the best position to evaluate the different murder cases within the serial investigation for presentation in court. They can provide important recommendations regarding the future use of evidence, forensic laboratory work, witness reports, and suspect interviews during trial. Case management and investigative decision making are still controlled and managed by the law enforcement agencies. The prosecutor acts in an advisory capacity. The responsibilities and duties of the prosecutor should be clarified initially in the investigation to avoid potential confusion while the investigation progresses. In multi-jurisdictional cases, variations in evidentiary standards, search warrant requirements, interview protocols, the quality of the evidence, and the ability to prosecute for capital murder may dictate the appropriate venue for prosecution. This consideration may take on greater significance when the crimes occur in different states. Expert witnesses often play a significant role in high profile serial murder investigations, dealing with forensic and competency issues. In many investigations and prosecutions, the task of linking the defendant to the victim and the homicide scene(s) has been simplified because of physical, trace, and/or DNA evidence located at the scene. Expert forensic witnesses are utilized to explain the analysis and value of such evidence. Identifying and securing the services of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists will be important when addressing issues of competency, diminished capacity, and the insanity defense. Consideration should also be given for other collateral expert witnesses, who may be utilized to address issues outside of the customary topics, such as blood spatter. Prosecution case vignette: The Washington, D.C. Beltway sniper attacks serve as an excellent example of multi-jurisdictional prosecutorial considerations. The Beltway serial sniper attacks took place during three weeks of October 2002, in the Washington, D.C. metropolitian area. Ten people were killed and three others critically injured, in various locations throughout the metropolitan area. The killings actually began the month prior to the D.C. rampage, with these offenders committing a number of murders and robberies in several other states. The D.C. area shootings began on October 2nd, with a series of five, fatal shootings over a fifteen-hour period in Montgomery County, Maryland, a suburban county north of Washington, D.C. The investigation was initially spearheaded from Montgomery County, and as the number of shootings mutiplied, the task force involved numerous local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies from Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. The two men responsible for the homicides, John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo, were eventually captured at an interstate rest area in Western Maryland. It was ultimately decided that Fairfax County, Virginia, would have the first opportunity to try one of the murders, despite the fact that Maryland had more cases. It was felt that the case in Fairfax was the strongest case. The Fairfax County homicide was the ninth in the Washington, D.C. area series and the third homicide in Virginia. A conviction for murder was secured in this case against Malvo, resulting in a life sentence. Muhammad was tried next for Capital Murder in a case that occurred in Prince William County, Virginia, which resulted in a death sentence. Malvo, pursuant to a plea agreement, then plead guilty to one count of murder and one attempted murder in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, and was sentenced to life without parole. Prosecutors in Montgomery County, Maryland, subsequently tried and convicted Muhammad on six counts of murder, and he was sentenced to six consecutive life sentences, without the possibility of parole. Malvo plead guilty and testified against Muhammad. During these trials, Malvo confessed to four other shootings in California, Florida, Texas, and Louisiana. It is unknown whether these or several other jurisdictions, including Arizona, Georgia, Alabama, and Washington State plan to prosecute Muhammad and Malvo. IX. Media Issues in Serial Murder Investigations Serial murder cases are inherently newsworthy. Some investigations last for years. Many attract attention because of the type of victims involved, and in others the serial killers themselves are media-attractive. Media attention is exacerbated by the insatiable demands of the twenty-four-hours-a-day, seven-days-a-week news reporting industry. The constant news attention on the investigation inevitably results in conflicts with law enforcement. Often the relationship between law enforcement and the media is not a close one. In some law enforcement agencies, there is a long history of distrust and resentment underpinning this relationship. From the law enforcement perspective, the media publishes unauthorized information from investigations, hypothesizes on investigative progress, and uses talking heads to critique the investigative efforts. From the media’s standpoint, law enforcement withholds too much information and does not communicate adequately with the media. It is counterproductive for law enforcement to sustain contentious relationships with the media, while attempting to develop an overall strategy for a successful serial murder investigation. The only party who benefits from this negative relationship is the serial murderer, who may continue to avoid detection. A respectful, cooperative relationship between law enforcement and the media will serve the missions of both. It becomes essential for law enforcement personnel involved in a serial murder investigation to design and implement an effective media plan. The plan should provide timely information on a regular basis, without compromising the investigative endeavors. It is essential for media releases to be closely coordinated with investigative strategies. This helps determine the best times to both educate and solicit information from the public concerning certain aspects of the investigation. Once a media plan is established, law enforcement can be more proactive than reactive in its media strategy. Symposium attendees provided a number of suggestions regarding media issues: • Identify one spokesperson as the Public Information Officer (PIO), to speak on behalf of the investigation. This person would, in conjunction with other members of the investigative effort, prepare releases, make statements, and update the media on behalf of all involved jurisdictions, including forensic laboratories and medical examiners’ offices. To eliminate confusion and controversy, MOUs should include an agreement regarding the designation of a single PIO in multi-jurisdictional, serial murder investigations. • The role of the PIO is extremely demanding and time consuming, and they should not be assigned any additional investigative responsibilities. In addition, the PIO should have limited access to sensitive case facts. This will help minimize the possibility of critical information being inadvertently released to the media. • The PIO must be aware that any verbal comments they make to augment information in the written press release can negate the strategy of the written press release. Any verbal comments made in conjunction with written press releases should be coordinated and rehearsed with the lead investigator(s), prior to the release. • Press releases can be designed around several purposes: to announce a development in the case; to provide public safety information; to educate the public; to solicit information from the community; to provide behavioral information about the offender; to correct misinformation about the case; or to encourage someone who may know the offender to come forward. • Press releases should always have very specific objectives. New releases should be reviewed by lead investigators and management, prior to dissemination. Investigators should consult with proven behavioral experts experienced in serial murder cases, before releasing any behavioral-based offender information. • Press releases regarding the investigative effort should always have a positive tone. The PIO should continually remind the community that every available resource is being utilized in the investigation. A release can also include statements that discuss the impact of the case on the community, including the nature and scope of the threat to potential victims and the steps being taken by law enforcement to educate the community. • Inaccurate information distributed by the media regarding a serial murder investigation should be identified and addressed by law enforcement as soon as possible. Such information may include statements made by talking heads solicited by the media. This may require daily monitoring of news broadcasts and print media by investigators, to identify the incorrect statements or misinformation. • Contact should be made as soon as possible with media outlets to have erroneous information corrected or retracted. If the media outlet will not address the issue, corrective press releases should be quickly disseminated, either verbally or in written form. Regular meetings with owners and managers of media outlets during the course of a serial murder investigation may help alleviate these issues. • In high profile serial murder cases, the media may attempt to interact with members of the victims’ families. Victims’ families suffer emotionally from their loss and may interact with the media in ways that could negatively impact the case. A victim’s family’s goals and objectives may not correspond with those of law enforcement. This can be exacerbated when the investigation continues for a long period of time without conclusion. Establishing liaison with each of the victims’ families is the simplest way to counteract this. As was discussed previously in the investigative section, a single law enforcement officer should act as a liaison for each of the victims’ families. Aside from the traditional liaison role, the officer also educates the family as to the tenacious demands for information by the media and the potential negative consequences that unauthorized releases of information bring to the investigation. • Law enforcement should be creative in considering non-traditional methods of disseminating information to the public. This is particularly important if the media is editing information disseminated by law enforcement. One suggestion is to create an investigation web page that is updated regularly and provides the public with unedited versions of press releases, regular updates on the status of the investigation, and other information designed to appropriately inform the public. • Law enforcement should anticipate the inevitable public reaction resulting from an announcement that the investigation involves a serial killer. Either the media will link the cases and proclaim a serial murderer is operating, or investigators will proactively release the information. The investigative team should be prepared for either situation. If the media makes the announcement, it is important for law enforcement to respond quickly, so they do not appear unprepared or defensive. If law enforcement plans on making the announcement, the release should be timed to gain an investigative advantage. • There have been several serial killers who actively communicated with the police or the media. In these cases, investigators should consult with behavioral experts to assist with a proactive media strategy. Media Strategy Case vignette: The BTK case is an example of how a proactive media strategy contributed to the capture of a serial murderer. The BTK killer first emerged in 1974 and, over time, killed a total of ten victims. From 1974 until 1988, BTK sent a series of five communications to the media, citizens, and the police in which he not only named himself BTK (Bind them, Torture them, and Kill them) but also claimed credit for killing a number of the victims. He abruptly stopped communicating in 1988. He re-emerged in 2004 by sending a new communication to the media. The Wichita Police Department formed a task force with the Kansas Bureau of Investigation, the FBI, and other agencies. The FBI’s BAU-2 was contacted and provided a proactive media strategy that was utilized throughout the case. This strategy involved using the lieutenant in charge of the investigation to provide written press releases at critical times, which resulted in 15 press releases during the course of the investigation. BTK provided eleven communications to police and the media during the eleven-month investigation. The last communication BTK sent included a computer disk, containing information that eventually identified Dennis Rader as BTK. During Rader’s interrogation, he commented positively on the press releases and his perceived relationship with the investigative lieutenant who issued the press statements. X. Issues Regarding Talking Heads in the Media The public’s interest in serial murder cases makes serial murder an attractive storyline for the media. To further the public’s interest in these cases, the media uses people who are willing to speak as experts on the topic of serial murder and more specifically, individuals willing to comment on the current, featured case. These commentators are commonly referred to as talking heads, and it appears that there is no shortage of people willing to do this. Individuals utilized by the media to comment on serial murder cases include both experts and pseudoexperts. Experts are identified as academicians, researchers, retired law enforcement officials, mental health professionals, and retired law enforcement profilers who have developed specific knowledge and experience in serial murder investigations. Pseudoexperts are self-proclaimed profilers and others who profess to have an expertise in serial murder, when, in fact, their experience is limited or non-existent. The media will recruit talking heads, whether true experts or pseudoexperts, to offer their opinions on current cases, when they have no official role in the investigation and no access to any of the intimate facts of the case. When individuals appear in the media and discuss ongoing cases, they have an enormous potential to negatively influence investigations and may even cause irreversible damage. They often speculate on the motive for the murders and the possible characteristics of the offender. Such statements can misinform the public and may heighten fears in a community. They may contribute to mistrust and a lack of confidence in law enforcement and, more importantly, may taint potential jury pools. These statements may also impact the behavior of the serial murderer, because it is unlikely that an offender discriminates between a talking head and a law enforcement official actively involved in the case. When offenders are challenged by statements or derogatory comments made in the media, they may destroy evidence, or more tragically, react violently. Attendees of the Symposium were asked to discuss this issue and offer written comments. The following observations were made: • Law enforcement is strongly encouraged to continue its release of information to the public during an investigation, in order to alert the community to a public safety issue or to solicit assistance in the identification and/or capture of an offender. • There is a difference between law enforcement agencies proactively releasing information about an ongoing case and talking heads who comment on a case in which they have no investigative information. • Members of the media are encouraged to closely examine the credentials of any experts whom they are considering utilizing, to ascertain if the qualifications and experience level they claim is accurate. • When an expert is retained by the media, having the expert’s qualifications listed on a public website would offer the community the opportunity to assess the expert’s authenticity and credibility. • Responsible, retired law enforcement officers, clinicians, academicians, and researchers who are asked to provide statements concerning ongoing cases should refrain from doing so, unless requested by, or with the permission of, the agency who has jurisdictional responsibility over the case. • Individuals who have developed an expertise in a given field recognize that before an opinion can be rendered, complete and accurate information must be obtained and analyzed. Therefore, it is inappropriate, even for acknowledged experts in serial murder, to offer opinions regarding a specific case based solely upon incomplete and potentially inaccurate information available through the media. If responsible professionals are requested to provide statements about ongoing cases, the following guidelines are suggested: • Speak in general terms only. • Do not comment on the particulars of the current case. • Do not criticize the investigative efforts. • Do not misrepresent one’s credentials or experience. • Provide information to educate the public on the issues involved in serial murder. It was the opinion of the experts at the Symposium that it is not possible to regulate or officially censor comments made by talking heads during serial murder investigations. However, a policy statement issued by law enforcement to the media would be appropriate, and below is an example of such a statement: The media’s role in reporting the facts of a case is a major public service. However, providing a forum for speculative commentary can be counter-productive and potentially dangerous. Public comments on an active investigation with incomplete or incorrect information are merely speculation and can seriously jeopardize an ongoing case and place citizens at great risk. Accordingly, we respectfully request that restraint be exercised and comments withheld until after an arrest has been made. Epilogue We would once again like to recognize the individuals who attended and participated in the Serial Murder Symposium and thank them for their contributions. These individuals are among the world’s most knowledgeable experts on serial murder. Many have been involved for years in the study of serial murder, and they have collectively published dozens of books and articles on a number of diverse topics related to serial murder. Their publications are recommended for anyone involved in investigating, prosecuting, or studying serial murder. Due in a large part to the efforts of the professionals who attended the Symposium, there has been significant progress over the past few years in understanding serial killers and the crimes they commit. However, there is still much work to be done. Continued research in the topic areas addressed in this monograph is vital to advancing the knowledge on this important subject. The men and women of the FBI’s Behavioral Analysis Unit 2 look forward to continued partnerships in the collaborative efforts to better understand, and subsequently generate a more effective investigative response, to the serial killers that prey upon our citizens. San Antonio, Texas August 29 - September 2, 2005 Sponsored by the FBI’s National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, Behavioral Analysis Unit – 2, Crimes Against Adults Monday, August 29, 2005 7:30 a.m. – 8:00 a.m. Continental Breakfast 8:00 a.m. – 8:30 a.m. Welcome and Introductions SSA Mark A. Hilts, Unit Chief, NCAVC, BAU-2 SSA Stephen E. Etter, Acting Assistant Special Agent in Charge NCAVC SA Robert J. Morton, NCAVC, BAU-2 8:30 a.m. – 9:15 a.m. Panel: Serial Murder Myths, Scope, Definitions, and Typologies Speakers: SSA Robert J. Morton – Myths and urban legends Dr. Eric Hickey – Terms, definitions, typologies Dr. Tom Petee – Previous studies 9:15 a.m. – 10:15 a.m. Panel: Pathology/Causality Moderator: Dr. Gregory Saathoff Speakers: Dr. Debra Niehoff – Biological/Neurological perspective Dr. Robert Hare – Psychopathy Dr. Jay Corzine – Criminological perspective Dr. Wade Myers – Developmental perspective 10:15 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. Morning Break 10:30 a.m. – 11:45 a.m. Panel: Evaluation of Known Offenders Moderator: SSA James J. McNamara Speakers: Judge Ann Keary 10:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. Morning Break 10:30 a.m. – 11:45 a.m. Case Presentation: Ghana Serial Murder Case Moderator: SSA Gerard F. Downes Speakers: Deputy Commissioner David Assante-Apeatu SSA Charles K. Dorsey 11:45 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Lunch on your own 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Breakout Session #3 3:00 p.m. Early Dismissal (Breakout team leaders briefly meet) 5:00 p.m. – 8:30 p.m. Research Poster Session with Refreshments & Snacks Thursday, September 1, 2005 7:30 a.m. – 8:00 a.m. Continental Breakfast 8:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Panel: Task Force and Major Case Management Issues Moderator: MCS Kirk R. Mellecker Speakers: Chief Cal Walker – Long term investigations Major Gary Terry – Problem recognition Mr. Lloyd Sigler – Major case management Mr. Ken Farnsworth - Multi-jurisdictional issues Mr. Jim Bell – Lead control issues 10:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. Morning Break 10:30 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. Case Presentation: Resendez Serial Murder Moderator: SSA David T. Resch Speakers: SSA Alan Brantley (retired) Mr. Charles Rosenthal, Esq. 12:15 p.m. – 1:30 p.m. Lunch on your own 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Case Presentation: Lewis Lent Serial Murder Moderator: SSA Robert J. Morton Speakers: SSA Gerard F. Downes Captain Frank Pace 3:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m. Breakout Session #4 5:30 p.m. – 5:45 p.m. Breakout Team Leader Meeting Friday, September 2, 2005 7:30 a.m. – 8:00 a.m. Continental Breakfast 8:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m. Summary of Findings/Closing Remarks 9:00 a.m. Checkout and Travel Home Appendix B Serial Murder Symposium Working Group Dr. Kristen R. Beyer	i don't know
Which serial killer lived at 10 Rillington Place?	10 Rillington Place (1971) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Based on the real-life case of the British serial killer John Christie, and what happened to his neighbours Tim and Beryl Evans. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 21 titles created 08 Sep 2011 a list of 35 titles created 03 Oct 2011 a list of 31 titles created 24 Jun 2013 a list of 47 titles created 29 Oct 2015 a list of 23 titles created 10 months ago Title: 10 Rillington Place (1971) 7.6/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 BAFTA Film Award. See more awards » Photos Rillington Place (TV Mini-Series 2016) Crime A three-part drama about serial killer John Christie and the murders at 10 Rillington Place in the 1940s and early 1950s. Stars: Jodie Comer, Tim Roth, Nico Mirallegro A series of brutal murders in Boston sparks a seemingly endless and increasingly complex manhunt. Director: Richard Fleischer A young blind woman is pursued by a maniac while staying with family in their country manor. Director: Richard Fleischer An idealistic rookie cop joins the LAPD to make ends meet while finishing law school, and is indoctrinated by a seasoned veteran. As time goes on, he loses his ambitions and family as police work becomes his entire life. Director: Richard Fleischer Edit Storyline London, 1949. John Christie is an unassuming, middle-aged man who, along with his wife Ethel, lives in the ground-floor flat at 10 Rillington Place. His demeanor masks the fact of being a serial killer. His modus operandi is to act as a person with a medical background, lure unsuspecting women to his apartment on the pretense of curing them of some ailment, knock them unconscious with carbon monoxide gas, gain his sexual release through contact with the unconscious body, then strangle the victim dead before disposing of the body somewhere in the house or outside area. His next intended target is Beryl Evans, a young woman who has just moved into the top flat in the house. Beryl's husband, Tim Evans, is an illiterate man who likes to put on airs. Already with an infant daughter named Geraldine, the Evanses learn they are going to have another baby, which they cannot afford to have, nor can they afford to abort the pregnancy. This problem, on top of the constant issue of lack of money ... Written by Huggo The true story of John Christie - the serial killer. See more » Genres: 29 January 1971 (UK) See more » Also Known As: 10 Rillington place See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia The movie's closing epilogue states: "Christie confessed his crimes and was hanged at Pentonville Prison. Twelve years later Timothy John Evans was pardoned, his body exhumed and reburied in consecrated ground". See more » Goofs The caption '1949' appears on the screen as the Evans family come to view the top floor of 10 Rillington Place, but in fact they moved in in 1948. See more » Quotes Timothy John Evans : How do you actually do it? John Reginald Christie : That's something only doctors and myself know about, it has to be secret you understand. See more » Crazy Credits Prologue to opening credits: "This is a true story Whenever possible the dialogue has been based on official documents" See more » Connections Referenced in Nekromantik (1987) See more » Frequently Asked Questions (derby, kansas usa) – See all my reviews This British thriller is one of the best films I have ever seen. It tells the story of John Christie, the serial killer whose "career" lasted from the middle 1940's until the early 1950's. The name is taken from the scene of the murders; 10 Rillington Place, Notting Hill, London. Chillingly portrayed by the great actor Richard Attenborough , Christie was a little mouse of a man who first lured his victims home on some pretext or other, usually by saying that he could perform some desired medical procedure on them, for example, an abortion, which was illegal at the time. Once there, he put them at ease by offering them a cup of tea, deceived them into breathing gas from the pipe, rendering them unconscious, then strangled them. He disposed of the bodies, at first by burying them in the garden, then putting them under the sink in the water closet, and finally by tearing up and replacing floorboards and papering over cupboards. The primary reasons that Christie was able to do what he did for so long were first of all the war. London was undergoing the blitz, and people had a tendency to disappear during the bombing. Another reason was that he was able to turn the suspicions of the police from him to a not very bright truck driver named Timothy Evans, (played by John Hurt) who was convicted of the death of his baby daughter, and was also suspected in the murder of his wife, but due to English law could only be tried for one or the other of them. He was hanged in 1950. The scene in the film where Evans is hanged is chilling, and quite accurate. Slow at first and shot on location at the actual scene of the murders, the film shows a dangerous manipulative killer hiding behind a bland, mild exterior. Because he appeared so mild, Christie was all the more terrifying. Attenborough brings this out expertly and the overall effect is very creepy. This superbly-acted film is British cinema at its' very best. Cup of tea, anyone? 67 of 72 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	John Christie
What is the real name of the Yorkshire Ripper, convicted in 1981 of the murder of 13 people?	Rillington Place: What John Christie's residential burial ground looks like now \| The Independent Crime Rillington Place: What John Christie's residential burial ground looks like now The street where the serial killer lived might have been demolished in the seventies in a hasty attempt to erase the past, but local residents haven't forgotten Christie's crimes Thursday 24 November 2016 09:00 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Children play outside 10 Rillington Place, once the home of mass murderer John Christie, in 1966 Getty Images “I have a bad feeling about this place. The electrics go wrong. The toilets go wrong. The heating goes wrong. I'm going to get an exorcist in. I've had devout Catholics come and told them to bring holy water.” I’m in Notting Hill in west London with a 76-year-old man who doesn’t want to be named. He moved into his house after the area was rebuilt in 1978, and seems to regret it. “I think the place is cursed,” he says. “I've had bad luck since I've been here. I've been here 40 years. My health's gone. Everything's gone.” If you’re superstitious, you could say he has a good reason to be concerned, for he lives just beside where 10 Rillington Place used to be, and where John Reginald Christie used to live. You may have heard his name already: Christie killed at least eight women – including his own wife – over a 10-year period during the 1940s and 1950s. John Christie was eventually found guilty and hanged in 1953 (Getty) Until his arrest in 1953, Christie stored all of his victims' bodies on his property. Some he buried in his garden, while others he stashed beneath his floorboard, or hid away in a secret alcove in his kitchen. Back then, Notting Hill wasn’t the affluent area it is now. It was impoverished and derelict – or, as one observer put it, “a massive slum, full of multi-occupied houses, crawling with rats and rubbish". Rillington Place very much belonged here, housing a row of crumbling terraced houses. The secret alcove in Christie's kitchen where he stored at least two of his victims' bodies (Getty) After Rillington Place was flattened, Bartle Close and Andrews Square were built on top of it. The red-brick houses lining them cover Christie’s residential burial ground like a hastily stuck on plaster. During the seventies redevelopment would have likely been on the horizon for a place like Rillington, although it’s widely believed that its demolition was partly to help people forget the horrors of what had happened there. Bartle Road in Notting Hill, which was built after Rillington Place was demolished (Max Benwell) But despite the efforts of the local council to erase the past, Christie’s crimes are about to be unearthed again. The BBC is about to air a three-part series called Rillington Place, with Tim Roth starring as Christie and Samantha Morton as his wife Ethel. The last time Christie’s life was dramatised was in the 1971 film 10 Rillington Place, in which Richard Attenborough gave a memorably creepy performance as the serial killer, alongside John Hurt and Judy Geeson. The BBC drama will focus on two of Christie’s victims: Beryl Evans and her one-year-old daughter Geraldine. The mother and her child moved into the top floor flat of 10 Rillington Place in 1948. Christie killed them both a year later, then framed her husband Timothy Evans, a 24-year-old lorry driver from Wales. Evans – who had an IQ of 70 and seems to have been forced into giving a false confession – was charged and executed for the murder of his daughter in 1950. Caught on camera: Britain's best crime photography Caught on camera: Britain's best crime photography 1/38 37/38 38/38 It took another three years until Christie was brought to justice, although by then he had already killed three more women. When it became clear Evans had not killed his wife and child, his case was key in turning the tide against capital punishment, which was abolished in 1965. According to the BBC, Rillington Place will “explore the relationships and individual actions that led to this tragic miscarriage of justice”. However, it’s also likely that a large part of the show will satisfy our ongoing fascination with serial killers, who seem to endlessly vie for our attention, even from the grave. “There seems to be this incredible interest in serial murder at the moment,” says Professor David Wilson, a criminologist at the Birmingham City University, and author of A History of British Serial Killing . “There have been some dreadful crimes happening in his country recently, and they’re almost what I’d call ‘performance murders’. James Fairweather, the 17-year-old who killed two people in Colchester, for example: it was almost as if he wanted an audience.” (According to news reports, Fairweather was 'turned on' by serial killers such as Ian Huntley, and tried to emulate them.) Police officers guarding the entrance to 10 Rillington Place in Notting Hill, London (Getty Images) “There are specific things that fascinate people about 10 Rillington Place,” says Wilson. “The first thing is that Christie was a very respectable man. He had been a police officer, was holding down a job: people experience a certain schadenfreude when respectable people get into trouble.” But Christie was anything but harmless. It is now widely accepted that he was completely depraved – a necrophile posing as a backstreet abortionist who preyed on vulnerable women. He would invite his victims back to his flat and trick them into inhaling cooking gas.Once this knocked them out he would then rape their unconscious bodies, before strangling them to death. This was the case for Beryl Evans, who reportedly came to him as she had become pregnant again and couldn't afford to have another child. What’s particularly terrifying about Christie is how he treated the trail of death piling up around him. In 1946 he was digging in his garden when he unearthed a femur. Christie would have likely known whom it belonged to: three years earlier he had killed the 21-year-old munitions worker and prostitute Ruth Fuerst before burying her in the same plot of land. A year later he did the same to the 32-year-old Muriel Eady, who he worked with at a radio factory. You’d think Christie would have panicked upon seeing the thigh bone – the largest in the human body, with an average length of almost half a metre. But instead of hiding it away, he was completely nonchalant, and used it to prop up a rickety trellis on the right-hand side of his garden. He left it there for the next seven years. In this time, police searched his property for Beryl and Geraldine Evans. Yet he never even tried to move or conceal it. Mrs Hart, the neighbour of serial killer John Reginald Christie, points to the spot in the garden of 10 Rillington Place, where two of his victims were buried, circa 1953 (Getty Images) There is now a small garden where Christie’s house used to be. “They decided to not build anything on this land and it’s not listed as contaminated, but as a memorial garden,” says Kjell-ole Haune, a 40 year-old composer from Norway. He tells me how his children play across it, while families from the square have barbeques on it during the summer. “Why wouldn’t a property developer build here now?” he asks. “You could easily make £1m” After Christie's house was demolished, a small garden was made for the residents of St Andrews Square on top of 10 Rillington Place (Max Benwell) What happened here 60 years ago clearly hasn’t had the same impression on him as his elderly neighbour. He's happy to go over the details of Christie’s life in forensic detail, and show me exactly where he operated. When it comes to taking his photo, he goes inside to change out of the clothes he’s been wearing to renovate a nearby flat, and comes out dressed like a 18th century composer, with a long black overcoat and cravat. “I wear this sort of thing when I’m walking about,” he says. “Although I usually wear make-up too.” Kjell-ole Haune lives right by the land that Christie's house was built on (Max Benwell) Haune moved with his wife to St Andrews Square in 2005. They bought the flat for £340,000, and recently put it up for sale at £1.125m. Haune says that knew the Christie story before he moved. “The estate agent told me about the murders before we bought the place,” he says. “He told us that this used to be Rillington Place and there were infamous murders here by a guy called Christie.” There is now an empty gap where Christie's house used to be, occupied by a garden (Max Benwell) The fact that several women were once buried outside his door by an infamous serial killer didn’t put Haune off, however: he has lived happily at the address for the past 11 years. “We looked it up and read the story,” he says. “I think I would be a bit more suspicious if I bought on the ground floor.” Unlike the elderly unnamed resident, who lives below him, Haune doesn’t believe that Christie’s crimes are anything to worry about. “I didn’t have any bad vibes when I walked into the house,” he says. “And I thought to myself: London is a big city. Unless you can show me one plot of land where someone hasn’t been killed slaughtered, raped or stabbed in the past 1,000 years – well, I don’t think that plot of land in London exists.” More about:	i don't know
Two is the only even prime number?	Prime Curios!: 2 Fermat's Little Theorem tells us that if p is prime , then p divides 2p - 2. Every number of the form 2p-1(2p - 1), where 2p - 1 is prime, is an even perfect number . A "goody-two-shoes" is someone who thinks they are perfect. Consider the first 2 primes, i.e., 2 and 3. It is interesting that 210 is quite close to 103 in base 10. [ Wells ] The number of odd entries in the nth row of Pascal's triangle is 2 raised to the number of ones in the binary expansion of n. [ Su ] The number of representations of n as the sum of two primes is, at most, the number of primes in the interval [n/2, n - 2]. [ MOC ] Divisibility test for 2: A number is divisible by 2 if it ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. 2! + 2 = 22. [ Sladcik ] If a polygon has n sides, then n - 2 triangles are formed. [ Glencoe ] Every Fermat number is the product of all previous Fermat numbers plus 2. The smallest untouchable number, i.e., an integer that cannot be expressed as the sum of all the proper divisors of any positive integer (including the untouchable number itself). The first few are 2, 5, 52, 88, 96, .... 2^2^2^2 - 2^2^2 divides n^2^2^2 - n^2^2 for all n. [ Selfridge ] Euler 's formula: V - E + F = 2. For any convex polyhedron, the number of vertices and faces together is exactly two more than the number of edges. ( ) = 2. [ Kulsha ] The probability that the greatest prime factor of a random integer n is greater than the square root of n equals the natural logarithm of 2. [ Schroeppel ] 2 is the only prime digit p with prime number_of_letters (nol) in p, nol = 3, and prime sum p + nol = 5. [ Seidov ] Fermat's Last Theorem : The equation xn + yn = zn has no solution in positive integers for n greater than 2. [ Wiles ] If 2p - 1 is prime then p is prime. [ Murthy ] The length of the hypotenuse is 2 times the shorter leg in a 30-60-90 triangle. [ Sargent ] The smallest prime of the form 2p - p. [ Capelle ] The Pythagoreans considered 2 to be the first feminine number. The Pythagoreans were embarrassed by the discovery that the square root of 2 is an irrational number , so they tried to keep this fact a secret. [ Malinin ] 2 is the only prime of form nn + n. [ Luhn ] 2 r represents the circumference of a circle of radius r. [ Apostol ] The only difference between two consecutive primes which is prime. [ Luhn ] The only even prime number, therefore the "oddest" prime of all. Any number with only two positive divisors is a prime number. [ Gupta ] Bertrand's Postulate states that there is always a prime between n and 2n. You need only one hand to slap but 2 to clap. [ Murthy ] (2^2^2 + 1)^(2^2^2 + 1) - (2^2^2 + 1) - 1 is a 21 digit prime. [ Luhn ] The number of authors of the Even-Mansour Cipher is 2, which is odd, because one of the authors is Even. [ Croll ] The only prime which is the average of two consecutive terms of the Lucas sequence . [ Rupinski ] The floor function of phi^phi = 2, where phi is Golden Ratio. [ Gupta ] UCLA mathematician and prime number researcher Terence Tao taught himself arithmetic at age 2. The first 2 primes are the only 2 primes which are minimal primes in all bases. [ Rupinski ] Given any even digit E and any odd digit O, integer D, and 0 < R < 2D, there is exactly one number D digits in length containing only the digits E and O which leaves remainder R when divided by 2D. [ Rupinski ] It can be shown that the probability that the greatest prime factor of a random integer n is greater than sqrt(n) is ln 2. [ Rupinski ] The shortest possible game of chess ending in checkmate (Fools Mate) has only 2 moves played by each side. [ Patterson ] 2! is the only factorial that is prime. There is no prime between n! + 2 and n! + n. [ Capelle ] Pseudoprimes to base 2 are sometimes called Poulet numbers. !2 + 1 is prime. Note that !2 represents subfactorial 2. [ Gupta ] The smallest field in abstract algebra has 2 elements. The smallest dihedral prime . [ Patterson ] The only prime p such that p times reversal (p) - 1 is prime. [ Firoozbakht ] "When you're one step ahead of the crowd you're a genius. When you're 2 steps ahead, you're a crackpot." Rabbi Shlomo Riskin 2 is the smallest Kynea prime . [ McAlee ] Is it true that only 2 books of the King James Version of the Bible end in a question mark? Yes, the books of Jonah and Nahum. The first prime Bell number. Such numbers represent the number of ways a set of n elements can be partitioned into nonempty subsets. Named after Eric Temple Bell, a prolific Caltech math professor. [ Post ] 2 is the smallest prime Motzkin number. [ Post ] The addition and product of 2 with itself are equal, which gives it a unique arithmetic property among the positive integers. Mars is the only known planet to have two natural satellites. [ Brower ] De Polignac's Conjecture states that every even number is the difference of 2 consecutive primes in infinitely many ways. (n) is greater than or equal to (n/2)3/2 for each natural number n. Note that 2 and 3 are the first prime numbers. [ Capelle ] The number of words in the shortest verse (by number of letters) in the King James Version of the Bible (John 11:35) is "Jesus wept." [ Doyle ] The limiting sum in the infinite series of the reciprocal of triangular numbers . [ Beedassy ] The only " eban " prime, i.e., devoid of the letter 'e' in its English name. [ Beedassy ] A knight in the corner of the chessboard has only 2 possible moves. [ Silva ] The only prime that is common divisor to all odd primes gaps . [ Silva ] If p and q are consecutive prime numbers, then floor (p/q + q/p) = 2. Note that lim (p/q + q/p) = 2, as p and q approach infinity. [ Capelle ] The only prime whose cube is the sum of it s two consecutive primes. [ Silva ] The phase rule states that the number of degrees of freedom in a material system at equilibrium is equal to the number of components minus the number of phases plus the constant 2. (2 2). [ Capelle ] The only known number n such that the sum of the proper divisors of n is equal to phi (n). [ Firoozbakht ] Logicians Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) and Alfred Whitehead (1861-1947) went to great lengths to prove that 1 + 1 = 2, in their epochal Principia Mathematica. F. Viete (1540-1603) expressed as an infinite product containing only 2 (and its reciprocal 1/2). [ Caldwell ] It is possible to measure all of the integer distances from one to six on a six-inch ruler with just 2 marks. For example, the distance from the 2 to the right end is four inches. [ Caldwell ] The only prime digit whose complement is a nonprime digit. [ Beedassy ] The only digit d that appears exactly d times in d-digit primes. [ Silva ] The smallest number and only prime such that prime(n)= sigma (n). [ Gupta ] The smallest prime with a prime number of partitions. [ Pol ] "Check this out. The second derivative of e x is ex, right? And ex evaluated at 0 is equal to 1, right? Therefore 2 has got to be a prime number." (from the paper A Curious Way to Test for Primes by Dennis P. Walsh, 2007) The Solitude of Prime Numbers by Paolo Giordano is a quiet book about 2 damaged people, Alice and Mattia. The only prime number that is not the difference of two squares. [ Green ] Only prime whose sum of divisors is odd. [ Gupta ] Only prime whose sum of divisors is prime. [ Firoozbakht ] 53/7 is close to 2. [ Wesolowski ] The novel "Curios" by Richard Marsh is about some strange adventures of 2 bachelors. Anyone with an IQ in the top 2 percent of the population can join Mensa . The first of only four all-Niven numbers that are primes. [ Loungrides ] The sum of the reciprocals of the divisors of a perfect number . [ Rupinski ] There are about 2 lunar eclipses per year. [ NASA ] Pollen grains are tiny (only 2 cells). [ Nowicki ] There exists a periodic curve based on prime numbers intersected by only two curves. (There are 33 curios for this number that have not yet been approved by an editor.)	True
The African Rhinoceros has two horns on its head?	Prime Curios!: 2 Fermat's Little Theorem tells us that if p is prime , then p divides 2p - 2. Every number of the form 2p-1(2p - 1), where 2p - 1 is prime, is an even perfect number . A "goody-two-shoes" is someone who thinks they are perfect. Consider the first 2 primes, i.e., 2 and 3. It is interesting that 210 is quite close to 103 in base 10. [ Wells ] The number of odd entries in the nth row of Pascal's triangle is 2 raised to the number of ones in the binary expansion of n. [ Su ] The number of representations of n as the sum of two primes is, at most, the number of primes in the interval [n/2, n - 2]. [ MOC ] Divisibility test for 2: A number is divisible by 2 if it ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. 2! + 2 = 22. [ Sladcik ] If a polygon has n sides, then n - 2 triangles are formed. [ Glencoe ] Every Fermat number is the product of all previous Fermat numbers plus 2. The smallest untouchable number, i.e., an integer that cannot be expressed as the sum of all the proper divisors of any positive integer (including the untouchable number itself). The first few are 2, 5, 52, 88, 96, .... 2^2^2^2 - 2^2^2 divides n^2^2^2 - n^2^2 for all n. [ Selfridge ] Euler 's formula: V - E + F = 2. For any convex polyhedron, the number of vertices and faces together is exactly two more than the number of edges. ( ) = 2. [ Kulsha ] The probability that the greatest prime factor of a random integer n is greater than the square root of n equals the natural logarithm of 2. [ Schroeppel ] 2 is the only prime digit p with prime number_of_letters (nol) in p, nol = 3, and prime sum p + nol = 5. [ Seidov ] Fermat's Last Theorem : The equation xn + yn = zn has no solution in positive integers for n greater than 2. [ Wiles ] If 2p - 1 is prime then p is prime. [ Murthy ] The length of the hypotenuse is 2 times the shorter leg in a 30-60-90 triangle. [ Sargent ] The smallest prime of the form 2p - p. [ Capelle ] The Pythagoreans considered 2 to be the first feminine number. The Pythagoreans were embarrassed by the discovery that the square root of 2 is an irrational number , so they tried to keep this fact a secret. [ Malinin ] 2 is the only prime of form nn + n. [ Luhn ] 2 r represents the circumference of a circle of radius r. [ Apostol ] The only difference between two consecutive primes which is prime. [ Luhn ] The only even prime number, therefore the "oddest" prime of all. Any number with only two positive divisors is a prime number. [ Gupta ] Bertrand's Postulate states that there is always a prime between n and 2n. You need only one hand to slap but 2 to clap. [ Murthy ] (2^2^2 + 1)^(2^2^2 + 1) - (2^2^2 + 1) - 1 is a 21 digit prime. [ Luhn ] The number of authors of the Even-Mansour Cipher is 2, which is odd, because one of the authors is Even. [ Croll ] The only prime which is the average of two consecutive terms of the Lucas sequence . [ Rupinski ] The floor function of phi^phi = 2, where phi is Golden Ratio. [ Gupta ] UCLA mathematician and prime number researcher Terence Tao taught himself arithmetic at age 2. The first 2 primes are the only 2 primes which are minimal primes in all bases. [ Rupinski ] Given any even digit E and any odd digit O, integer D, and 0 < R < 2D, there is exactly one number D digits in length containing only the digits E and O which leaves remainder R when divided by 2D. [ Rupinski ] It can be shown that the probability that the greatest prime factor of a random integer n is greater than sqrt(n) is ln 2. [ Rupinski ] The shortest possible game of chess ending in checkmate (Fools Mate) has only 2 moves played by each side. [ Patterson ] 2! is the only factorial that is prime. There is no prime between n! + 2 and n! + n. [ Capelle ] Pseudoprimes to base 2 are sometimes called Poulet numbers. !2 + 1 is prime. Note that !2 represents subfactorial 2. [ Gupta ] The smallest field in abstract algebra has 2 elements. The smallest dihedral prime . [ Patterson ] The only prime p such that p times reversal (p) - 1 is prime. [ Firoozbakht ] "When you're one step ahead of the crowd you're a genius. When you're 2 steps ahead, you're a crackpot." Rabbi Shlomo Riskin 2 is the smallest Kynea prime . [ McAlee ] Is it true that only 2 books of the King James Version of the Bible end in a question mark? Yes, the books of Jonah and Nahum. The first prime Bell number. Such numbers represent the number of ways a set of n elements can be partitioned into nonempty subsets. Named after Eric Temple Bell, a prolific Caltech math professor. [ Post ] 2 is the smallest prime Motzkin number. [ Post ] The addition and product of 2 with itself are equal, which gives it a unique arithmetic property among the positive integers. Mars is the only known planet to have two natural satellites. [ Brower ] De Polignac's Conjecture states that every even number is the difference of 2 consecutive primes in infinitely many ways. (n) is greater than or equal to (n/2)3/2 for each natural number n. Note that 2 and 3 are the first prime numbers. [ Capelle ] The number of words in the shortest verse (by number of letters) in the King James Version of the Bible (John 11:35) is "Jesus wept." [ Doyle ] The limiting sum in the infinite series of the reciprocal of triangular numbers . [ Beedassy ] The only " eban " prime, i.e., devoid of the letter 'e' in its English name. [ Beedassy ] A knight in the corner of the chessboard has only 2 possible moves. [ Silva ] The only prime that is common divisor to all odd primes gaps . [ Silva ] If p and q are consecutive prime numbers, then floor (p/q + q/p) = 2. Note that lim (p/q + q/p) = 2, as p and q approach infinity. [ Capelle ] The only prime whose cube is the sum of it s two consecutive primes. [ Silva ] The phase rule states that the number of degrees of freedom in a material system at equilibrium is equal to the number of components minus the number of phases plus the constant 2. (2 2). [ Capelle ] The only known number n such that the sum of the proper divisors of n is equal to phi (n). [ Firoozbakht ] Logicians Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) and Alfred Whitehead (1861-1947) went to great lengths to prove that 1 + 1 = 2, in their epochal Principia Mathematica. F. Viete (1540-1603) expressed as an infinite product containing only 2 (and its reciprocal 1/2). [ Caldwell ] It is possible to measure all of the integer distances from one to six on a six-inch ruler with just 2 marks. For example, the distance from the 2 to the right end is four inches. [ Caldwell ] The only prime digit whose complement is a nonprime digit. [ Beedassy ] The only digit d that appears exactly d times in d-digit primes. [ Silva ] The smallest number and only prime such that prime(n)= sigma (n). [ Gupta ] The smallest prime with a prime number of partitions. [ Pol ] "Check this out. The second derivative of e x is ex, right? And ex evaluated at 0 is equal to 1, right? Therefore 2 has got to be a prime number." (from the paper A Curious Way to Test for Primes by Dennis P. Walsh, 2007) The Solitude of Prime Numbers by Paolo Giordano is a quiet book about 2 damaged people, Alice and Mattia. The only prime number that is not the difference of two squares. [ Green ] Only prime whose sum of divisors is odd. [ Gupta ] Only prime whose sum of divisors is prime. [ Firoozbakht ] 53/7 is close to 2. [ Wesolowski ] The novel "Curios" by Richard Marsh is about some strange adventures of 2 bachelors. Anyone with an IQ in the top 2 percent of the population can join Mensa . The first of only four all-Niven numbers that are primes. [ Loungrides ] The sum of the reciprocals of the divisors of a perfect number . [ Rupinski ] There are about 2 lunar eclipses per year. [ NASA ] Pollen grains are tiny (only 2 cells). [ Nowicki ] There exists a periodic curve based on prime numbers intersected by only two curves. (There are 33 curios for this number that have not yet been approved by an editor.)	i don't know
A rat can survive longer without water than a camel?	fUSION Anomaly. Camels This nOde last updated August 7th, 2005 and is permanently morphing... (2 Manik (Serpent) / 5 Yaxk'in (New Sun ) - 67/260 - 12.19.12.9.7) camel camel (kàm´el) noun 1. A humped, long-necked ruminant mammal of the genus Camelus, domesticated in Old World desert regions as a beast of burden and as a source of wool, milk, and meat. 2. A device used to raise sunken objects, consisting of a hollow structure that is submerged, attached tightly to the object, and pumped free of water . Also called caisson. 3. Sports. A spin in figure skating that is performed in an arabesque or modified arabesque position. [Middle English, from Old English and from Anglo-Norman cameil, both from Latin camêlus, from Greek kamêlos, of Semitic origin.] camel camel (kàm´el), hoofed ruminant (family Camelidae). The family consists of the true camels of Asia, the wild guanaco and domesticated ALPACA and LLAMA of South America, and the vicuña of South America. The two species of true camel are the single-humped Arabian camel, or dromedary (Camelus dromedarius), a domesticated animal of Arabia and N Africa; and the two-humped Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) of central Asia. Their humps are storage places for fat. Ranging in color from dirty white to dark brown, camels are well adapted for desert life and can go without water for several days. A camel's hump is a big mound of fat, not ethnic tribal noise track _Camel Bag_ MP3 (160k) by Muslimgauze off of _Azad_ CD on Staalplaat #022 (1999) includes insert cut from Arab newspapers with the Muslimgauze text cutout (every cover is therefore different), embossed jewel case (back & front), numbered limited edition of 925 (it was to be 1000 but 75 were destroyed at the pressing plant while they were being put together), approximately 600-650 of these include paper currency from an Arab/Muslim country (not necessarily the first 600-650) track _Came's Bag_ MP3 (160k) by Muslimgauze off of _Azad_ CD on Staalplaat #022 (1999) neo psychedelia track _The Train Runs Over The Camel But Is Derailed By The Gnat_ MP3 (192k) by The Flaming Lips off of _Zaireeka_ CDx4 (1997) all four cd's can be played in any combination with one another simulataneously on separate players for a new listening experience each time. track _Orange Camel Sherbert_ MP3 (192k) by Muslimgauze off of _Jebel Tariq_ full length MP3 (internet only release) on Staalplaat/Pretentious (2000) jazz rock track _Camel's Gak_ MP3 by Phantom Tollbooth Phantom Tollbooth has membership affiliations with Yo La Tengo, Bongwater, B.A.L.L., & King Missile 604 track _Follow That Camel!_ MP3 (320k) by o Genus Lama: Llama, Alpaca, and Guaaco o Genus Vicugna: Vicuna + Dromedary, Camelus dromedarius + Bactrian Camel, Camelus bactrianus Humans first domesticated camels many thousands of years ago. The Dromedary and the Bactrian Camel are both still used for milk and as beasts of burden—the Dromedary in northern Africa and western Asia; the Bactrian Camel further to the north and east in central Asia. Although there are almost 13 million Dromedaries alive today, the species is extinct in the wild: all bar a handful are domesticated animals (mostly in Sudan, Somalia, India and nearby countries). There is, however, a substantial feral population of about 200,000 in central Australia , descended from individuals that escaped from captivity in the late 19th century. The Bactrian Camel once had an enormous range, but is now reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals, mostly domesticated. It is thought that there are about 1000 wild Bactrian Camels in the Gobi Desert, and small numbers in Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey and Russia. Jeff Minter aka "Yak" - Owner of Llama soft and author of such videogame anomalies as _Attack Of The Mutant Camels_...he likes strange furry mammals... Telex	True
Charlie Chaplin once won first prize in a Charlie Chaplin look-a-like contest?	fUSION Anomaly. Camels This nOde last updated August 7th, 2005 and is permanently morphing... (2 Manik (Serpent) / 5 Yaxk'in (New Sun ) - 67/260 - 12.19.12.9.7) camel camel (kàm´el) noun 1. A humped, long-necked ruminant mammal of the genus Camelus, domesticated in Old World desert regions as a beast of burden and as a source of wool, milk, and meat. 2. A device used to raise sunken objects, consisting of a hollow structure that is submerged, attached tightly to the object, and pumped free of water . Also called caisson. 3. Sports. A spin in figure skating that is performed in an arabesque or modified arabesque position. [Middle English, from Old English and from Anglo-Norman cameil, both from Latin camêlus, from Greek kamêlos, of Semitic origin.] camel camel (kàm´el), hoofed ruminant (family Camelidae). The family consists of the true camels of Asia, the wild guanaco and domesticated ALPACA and LLAMA of South America, and the vicuña of South America. The two species of true camel are the single-humped Arabian camel, or dromedary (Camelus dromedarius), a domesticated animal of Arabia and N Africa; and the two-humped Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) of central Asia. Their humps are storage places for fat. Ranging in color from dirty white to dark brown, camels are well adapted for desert life and can go without water for several days. A camel's hump is a big mound of fat, not ethnic tribal noise track _Camel Bag_ MP3 (160k) by Muslimgauze off of _Azad_ CD on Staalplaat #022 (1999) includes insert cut from Arab newspapers with the Muslimgauze text cutout (every cover is therefore different), embossed jewel case (back & front), numbered limited edition of 925 (it was to be 1000 but 75 were destroyed at the pressing plant while they were being put together), approximately 600-650 of these include paper currency from an Arab/Muslim country (not necessarily the first 600-650) track _Came's Bag_ MP3 (160k) by Muslimgauze off of _Azad_ CD on Staalplaat #022 (1999) neo psychedelia track _The Train Runs Over The Camel But Is Derailed By The Gnat_ MP3 (192k) by The Flaming Lips off of _Zaireeka_ CDx4 (1997) all four cd's can be played in any combination with one another simulataneously on separate players for a new listening experience each time. track _Orange Camel Sherbert_ MP3 (192k) by Muslimgauze off of _Jebel Tariq_ full length MP3 (internet only release) on Staalplaat/Pretentious (2000) jazz rock track _Camel's Gak_ MP3 by Phantom Tollbooth Phantom Tollbooth has membership affiliations with Yo La Tengo, Bongwater, B.A.L.L., & King Missile 604 track _Follow That Camel!_ MP3 (320k) by o Genus Lama: Llama, Alpaca, and Guaaco o Genus Vicugna: Vicuna + Dromedary, Camelus dromedarius + Bactrian Camel, Camelus bactrianus Humans first domesticated camels many thousands of years ago. The Dromedary and the Bactrian Camel are both still used for milk and as beasts of burden—the Dromedary in northern Africa and western Asia; the Bactrian Camel further to the north and east in central Asia. Although there are almost 13 million Dromedaries alive today, the species is extinct in the wild: all bar a handful are domesticated animals (mostly in Sudan, Somalia, India and nearby countries). There is, however, a substantial feral population of about 200,000 in central Australia , descended from individuals that escaped from captivity in the late 19th century. The Bactrian Camel once had an enormous range, but is now reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals, mostly domesticated. It is thought that there are about 1000 wild Bactrian Camels in the Gobi Desert, and small numbers in Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey and Russia. Jeff Minter aka "Yak" - Owner of Llama soft and author of such videogame anomalies as _Attack Of The Mutant Camels_...he likes strange furry mammals... Telex	i don't know
Rubies and Sapphires are exactly alike except in colour?	Sapphire Gemstone & Jewelry Information, Blue & Fancy Sapphire: GemSelect. Sapphire; Origin and Sources Back to Top Sapphire is found in only a few locations in the world. The three most famous regions for blue sapphire are Kashmir, Burma and Sri Lanka. Sapphire has also been mined in Cambodia , Thailand, Vietnam and India. As of 2007, Madagascar has been leading the world in sapphire production, though Sri Lanka continues to be the only steady producer of fine quality blue sapphire. Sri Lanka and Madagascar produce sapphires in a wide range of colors and whilst Sri Lanka has been a known sapphire source for centuries, sapphire deposits in Madagascar were only recently discovered in 1998. The enormous deposits found in the village of Ilakaka came as a big surprise and led to a gemstone fever reminiscent of the 19th century Californian gold rush. Today, Madagascar and Tanzania are considered to be two of the most important sapphire sources. Australia is also known for significant sapphire deposits, though most Australian sapphire is known to form rather dark in color. In the USA, there are small sapphire deposits found throughout Montana and North Carolina. The finest quality blue sapphire, based on past auction prices , comes from Kashmir and Mogok, Burma. The finest Kashmir and Burmese sapphires display superb color and clarity without any thermal (heat) treatment. In recent times, limited resources in Burma have led miners to focus on more plentiful Burmese ruby . Some Sri Lankan (Ceylonese) sapphires are also unheated , but nowadays, the majority of sapphires have been heated, diffused or fracture-filled to improve color and clarity, regardless of their origin. The Kashmir mines, high up in the Himalayas, have produced spectacular world-renowned gems, but since the 1920s, virtually no new material has been found. The rare, fine blue sapphires of Pailin, Cambodia were also very highly regarded by gem traders throughout the world. Pailin sapphires ranged in color from light to deep blue, but they possessed a distinctive purity and intensity of color that was unlike any other sapphire sources. Many gem traders graded them as close in quality to Kashmir and Burmese sapphires; and certainly superior to Sri Lankan (Ceylonese), Thai, American, Vietnamese, Indian, African and Australian sapphires. Almost all the sapphires from around the world are cut and processed in Chanthaburi, Thailand. Along with Kanchanaburi and Trat, Chanthaburi was once one of main sources for Thai sapphire . Sapphire mining in Chanthaburi is mostly finished now, though there are a few small private mining locations scattered throughout the province. There is also a large market for Thai star sapphires that exhibit distinctive golden six-rayed stars. The golden black star sapphire is found nowhere else in the world. Nowadays, Chanthaburi, Thailand has become the main processing and trading center for almost all of the world's sapphires, rubies and other colored gemstones. Buying Sapphire and Determining Sapphire Value Back to Top Sapphire Color Blue is indeed the best-known and the most valuable of sapphire colors. The prized Kashmir and Burmese sapphires have a deep blue that is described as both intense and velvety. These sapphires are not often seen on the market today. Sri Lankan and Madagascar sapphires are the most common today, with a wide range of colors from light blue to dark blue. With blue sapphire, the intensity of blue is the most important factor. For example, a huge sapphire with a washed-out, weak blue color is much less valuable than a much smaller stone of excellent color. An intense, rich pure cornflower blue that is not too dark or too 'inky' is the most desirable colour. Overall, sapphires that are too dark or too light in color are less valuable, but light-blue sapphires often have greater brilliance that is rarely found in darker blue stones. Colorless sapphires are actually quite rare, since most stones will exhibit some faint hints of color. In the gem trade, when referring to sapphire, blue sapphire is the official designation; all other colors, including pink, green, orange, purple and white sapphire, are referred to as ' fancy sapphire '. Sapphire colors are best viewed under natural daylight. In artificial or incandescent light, sapphire colors can appear darker and inky black-blue. Many may even appear redder and less attractive than they really are. Sapphire colors are a result of trace impurities. The coloring agents found in blue sapphire are typically iron and titanium. Violet stones are colored by vanadium. Pink sapphire and purple sapphire are often colored by iron and titanium impurities. Most yellow sapphire is naturally on the lighter side. It is through heat treatment that a more intense yellow golden color is produced. Beryllium-treated sapphire may result in brilliant bright yellow. Small traces of iron can cause yellowish and greenish hues in stones. Chromium is known to produce fine pinks (and red in ruby), whilst iron and vanadium together can produce lovely orange stones. Padparadscha sapphire is a very rare sapphire with a pinkish-orange hue. A true padparadscha will always have a hint of pink. Many 'green' sapphires consist of fine alternating bands of blue and yellow sapphire, which are visible under a microscope. Sapphire Clarity and Luster Sapphire can occur transparent to opaque. Transparent materials are the most valuable. Some translucent materials are cut into beads or cabochons. Opaque materials have very little gemstone value, although they may sometimes be used for ornamental carvings. Sapphires are generally cleaner than ruby, so it is best to look for stones that are eye-clean. Eye-clean stones in larger sizes are quite rare, especially in ideal colors. In some cases, extremely fine silk throughout the stone can enhance the value of some sapphires. The famous sapphires from Kashmir have a velvety blue color which is caused by this fine silk. This same silk causes the asterism seen in star sapphires. However, too much silk weakens the color, rendering it an undesirable grayish colour. The rutile needles that are responsible for the silky shine reflect the light in sixty-degree angles. If the rutile needles are perfectly aligned in the same direction, the inclusions can result in six-rayed asterism when cut en cabochon and viewed under strong light. Sapphire exhibits an attractive vitreous luster. Sapphire Cut and Shape Various shapes and cutting styles are common with sapphires. Ovals, cushions, and rounds are commonly seen, as are other shapes, such as fancy hearts, pears and emerald cuts. Round stones can command very high premiums, especially in diamond-cut calibrated stones weighing 1 carat or more. Cabochons are common for translucent stones or for stones with visible inclusions. Briolettes, beads and tumbled sapphire can also be found, but is usually lower grade material. Sapphire Treatment The most common treatment for sapphire is heat treatment, though unheated sapphire specimens can be found. Stones are heated (generally before they are cut) to between 1700 to 1800 degrees Celsius (3100-3300 degrees F) for several hours. Most sapphires today are heated, and unheated stones in rich blue can command enormous prices in today's market. Some blue sapphires may also be diffusion treated, though this treatment is more common for star sapphires. Beryllium treatment is now being used to produce stunning orange and red colors that were once rarely seen. All sapphire treatments should be fully disclosed by any reputable dealer. Sapphire Gemological Properties: Back to Top Chemical Formula: Blue: none; colorless: orange-yellow, violet Please refer to our Gemstone Glossary for details of gemology-related terms. Sapphire: Related or Similar Gemstones Back to Top Red Ruby Sapphire is a gem-quality variety of corundum . It is closely related to ruby , which is corundum distinguished only by its red color. Sapphire of any other color is often referred to by a color-specific name; i.e., yellow sapphire, green sapphire or violet sapphire. Colorless sapphire is sometimes known as leuko-sapphire, and rare pinkish-orange sapphire is known as ' padparadscha ', a Sinhalese word for 'lotus flower'. Blue Sri Lankan sapphire is sometimes referred to as 'Ceylon sapphire', even though Sri Lanka is known to produce many colors other than blue. Misleading names like Oriental peridot (green sapphire) and Oriental topaz (yellow sapphire) were frequently used in the past, but they are now no longer used or accepted in the gem trade. There are also a variety of trade names used for specific forms of sapphire, such as star sapphire and color-change sapphire . Ruby-zoisite is a mixture of corundum (ruby) and zoisite (the same material as tanzanite ) formed within the same stone. Since sapphire comes in a such a wide variety of colors, it can be easily confused with many other gemstones such as zircon, beryl, chrysoberyl, spinel, tourmaline and quartz. However, sapphire has superior hardness and durability which can easily distinguish it from other similar colored gemstones. Sapphire Mythology, Metaphysical and Crystal Healing Properties Back to Top Sapphire is the birthstone for those who are born in September. As for the zodiac, it is regarded as the stone for Taurus . If a Taurus wears a sapphire, it is thought to protect from and cure mental disorders. Throughout history, sapphire has symbolized truth, sincerity and loyalty. It is also thought to bring peace, joy and wisdom to its wearer. In the past, the sapphire was also believed to be a talisman that would protect against evil spirits and other unsavory creatures of the night. The ancients regarded star sapphires as powerful talismans that could protect travelers and seekers. These talismans were considered to be so powerful, that they would continue protecting the wearer even after they had been passed on to another person. Abbes Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179) chronicled the healing powers of gemstones in her book, Physica. According to her view, gemstones are formed through the powerful combination of water and fire; therefore they hold powers corresponding to these natural phenomena. She also believed that each stone had a certain, divine blessing from God. She said the following about sapphire: "Who is dull and would like to be clever, should, in a sober state, frequently lick with the tongue on a sapphire, because the gemstone's warmth and power, combined with the saliva's moisture, will expel the harmful juices that affect the intellect. Thus, the man will attain a good intellect." Disclaimer: Metaphysical and Alternative Crystal Healing Powers and Properties are not to be taken as confirmed advice. Traditional, Ceremonial and Mythological Gemstone Lore is collected from various resources and does not represent the sole opinion of SETT Co., Ltd. This information is not to replace the advice of your doctor. Should you have any medical conditions, please see a licensed medical practitioner. GemSelect does not guarantee any claims or statements of healing or astrological birthstone powers and cannot be held liable under any circumstances. Sapphire Jewelry Design Ideas Back to Top Sapphire is one of the ' precious four ' gems, which also includes red ruby, green emerald and fine diamond; and so it is often seen in fine jewelry. Sapphire is one of the few colored gemstone varieties that can often be found in local retail jewelry stores. Next to diamond, sapphire is one of the most popular gemstones today, found in just about every design from exquisite brooches, pins, pendants, rings and necklaces to simple and classic traditional designs such as sapphire rings , sapphire studs or sapphire earrings. Sapphire is also an excellent gemstone carving material. You can often find ornamental carvings of animals and flowers made from some lower grade sapphire. Briolettes make for excellent sapphire earrings or pendants. Sapphire prices can range from extremely expensive to surprisingly affordable, so they can be used for anything from costume jewelry to high-end designs. Unheated sapphire is rare and expensive, while treated sapphire stones can be had at very affordable prices . Note: Buy colored gemstones by size and not by carat weight. Colored stones vary in size-to-weight ratio . Some stones are larger and others are smaller than diamonds by weight in comparison. Famous Sapphire Gemstones Back to Top Large sapphires are rare and often attract fame and myth. The largest star sapphire is the Star of India, which weighs an amazing 536 carats. Discovered about three hundred years ago in Sri Lanka, the Star of India was donated to the American Museum of Natural History by the financier J.P. Morgan. Later the infamous burglar, Jack Murphy, (AKA "Murphy the Surf"), stole the stone. Its recovery two months later only added to its fame. The Rockefeller Sapphire was purchased in 1934 by John D. Rockefeller from an Indian maharajah (believed to be the Nizam of Hyderabad) for an undisclosed price. It is a 62.02 carat faceted blue sapphire, in a rectangular step cut, mounted in a diamond ring. It was first sold by Sotheby's in 1988 for $2.82 million and then sold by Christie's in 2001 for $3,031,000 or approximately $48,871 per carat. The 423 carat Logan Sapphire is displayed in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. It is the largest faceted sapphire on public display and perhaps the largest known blue sapphire. This egg-sized, cushion-cut stone from Sri Lanka is set in a brooch surrounded by 16 carats of diamonds. It was donated by Mrs. John A. Logan to the Smithsonian Institute in 1960. Other famous sapphires include the Midnight Star, a 116 carat black star sapphire. The intensely blue 330 carat Star of Asia can be found in the American Museum of Natural History. Also, the English Crown Jewels contain two famous sapphires; the St. Edward's and the Stuart Sapphire (104 carats). Sapphire Gemstone Jewelry Care and Cleaning Back to Top Sapphire can be cleaned using a soft cloth or brush and plain warm soapy water. After wiping, be sure to rinse your sapphire well to remove soapy residue. Sapphire can change color under extreme heat, so avoid extreme temperature fluctuations. Also avoid the use of any harsh household chemicals and cleaners, including bleach or hydrofluoric acid, as chemicals can cause corrosion. Sapphire is quite durable, but it is still recommended to always remove any sapphire jewelry before engaging in vigorous physical activity, especially when exercising or playing sports. When removing jewelry, do not pull from the stone as this can weaken prongs, eventually leading to a lost stone. When storing sapphire gemstones, wrap them in a soft cloth or place them inside a fabric-lined jewelry box. First Published: December-23-2006 Last Updated: September-29-2016 © 2005-2017 GemSelect.com all rights reserved. Reproduction (text or graphics) without the express written consent of GemSelect.com (SETT Company Ltd.) is strictly prohibited. See more related information below	True
Donald Duck's middle name is Fauntelroy?	Ruby & Sapphire \| Judging Quality & Prices Join our Mailing List Note: The following are excerpts from Richard Hughes' book, Ruby & Sapphire. If you like what you see, order a copy direct from the publisher. "That which is beautiful is never too costly, nor can anyone pay too much for that which gives pleasure to all," said Abu Inan Farés, Sultan of Morocco, on completion of a beautiful building at Fez. To emphasize his delight, he refused to look at the architect's bill, but tore it up and threw the fragments into the River Fez. Sydney H. Ball, 1935, Economic Geology The Web version of Chapter 10 is divided into 5 sections: Part 2 begins with Connoisseurship in ruby Part 3 picks up with Market tastes Part 5 concludes with a Summary of important rubies & sapphires I gotta love for Angela, I love Carlotta, too. I no can marry both o' dem, so w'at I gona do? Thomas –1948] Between Two Loves MUCH of human activity concerns discretionary ability. The world is not composed of black and white, but of infinite shades of gray. Not fixed in space and time, these shades undergo continuous change. We are constantly called upon to make qualitative judgements. Such decisions are made daily – they are part of life – and our success in navigating life is closely tied to how we deal with these challenges. For assistance, society has developed guidelines. While such rules of thumb cannot predict the future of an individual event, if they are based upon the experiences of a large sampling of people, they have utility to the individual over the long haul. But when they are based merely upon "faith," rather than empirical methods, such beliefs constitute dogma. There is considerable evidence to suggest that many religious and cultural dogmas were at one time based on empiricism. For example, the prohibition against eating pork, widespread in Judaic and Islamic cultures, is believed to have grown out of the fact that, in desert societies, the keeping of pigs wasted precious water, and so was a selfish activity that harmed the group. But when such religions spread to wetter climes, where there was plenty of water to go around, the ban remained. Thus the problem. When empirical discovery solidifies into immobile dogma, as with the above example, the possibility of future discovery or change is ruled out, to the detriment of all. Similarly, according to the European thought extant during the time of Columbus, the earth was flat, and it was heresy to think otherwise. This is the difference between empirical beliefs, and those based upon faith alone, i.e., those based on observation and first-hand experience, rather than assumption. Figure 10.1 The three dimensions of color 10.1a: Three-dimensional view of a color solid. (This illustration courtesy of Minolta USA) Ruby & sapphire grading: A heretic's guide Having now committed one heresy, the discussion of religion, I shall proceed to commit another, discussion of colored stone grading. Comparable to those who opposed the mere thought of Columbus sailing into unknown waters, today many traders and gemologists oppose even a discussion of systematic quality analysis of colored stones. Akin to the priests of the Middle Ages, who fought against translation of the Latin Bible into vernacular languages, these high priests of the gem trade apparently feel that only those properly initiated into the "Great Order of Gemmarum et Lapidum" should be allowed to dine at the quality-analysis table. Others less fortunate must be content to scramble for the crumbs of knowledge those on high deem suitable to toss their way. Grading systems are as old as the gem trade itself. Witness ancient India's Garuda Purana, dating back as far as 400 AD (Shastri, 1978), which classified the then-known gems into categories on the basis of their characteristics. Over the succeeding centuries, these systems have been steadily refined. Diamond grading systems made their appearance in the 20th century, but modern attempts at colored stone grading date only from the late 1970s. Problems with some of these early attempts have led many to condemn the very idea of systematic grading. In the author's opinion, this is a mistake. Early forays into colored stone grading were primitive, and today many problems remain. This is to be found in the development of anything new. Look at the first airplanes. Clumsy and dangerous, they often killed their occupants. Today few would argue against their use, but in the beginning many did: "If humans were meant to fly, they would have been born with wings" was the typical refrain. I suppose if humans were meant to drive, we would have been born with horns and bumpers. 10.1b: Vertical slice through the color solid along the yellow-violet axis. Saturation increases horizontally from the center, while lightness/darkness varies along the vertical axis. Note that the highest saturation of yellow is naturally much lighter than that for violet. A slice along the green/magenta axis would show the highest saturations to have a similar lightness. In his excellent article on the methods and benefits of colored stone grading, Nelson (1986) cataloged a large variety of trade objections. In this author's (RWH) opinion, the key criticisms are threefold: Like the priests who opposed translation of the Latin Bible into common languages, dealers are afraid that colored stone grading will remove their trade advantages, thus cutting the traditional gem dealer out of the picture. [ 1 ] In a business where the most complicated and expensive piece of equipment is often an electronic balance, traders dislike the thought of having to send their stones out for lab grading. Many colored stone dealers abhor the thought that their trade might become like the diamond trade, where stones with certificates are traded in an indiscriminate manner, in some cases without ever viewing the gem. As a Geneva dealer once told me: "My five-year old son can trade certificate diamonds. It requires no knowledge, no training." This is a real problem, one which gemologists must answer before they can gain trade support for colored stone grading. 10.1c: Hue position is illustrated by the color wheel, representing a vertical slice through the color solid (the center is not shown). Mixing equal amounts of the three additive primaries (red-orange, violet, green) produces white, while equal mixtures of subtractive primaries (cyan, magenta, yellow) results in black. Unfortunately, the advantages to such a system are too often overlooked amidst the bluster and rhetoric. These benefits are the increased consumer confidence and thus, increased sales, which would follow adoption of such standards. Much time would also be saved by adoption of a standardized language for describing the appearance of colored gems. The key to developing a successful colored stone grading system will be in creating a language useful for communicating the overall appearance of a gemstone. Once a gem is adequately described, it is then up to the marketplace to determine relative value. Attempts to assign relative values to each grade will succeed only if the considerations of the real marketplace are taken into account. To make these decisions, gemologists must work closely with traders. An unfortunate paradox in the gem world (and one which is also present in many other fields) is that traders, who, by virtue of experience, are generally most qualified to judge quality, must be disqualified from doing so because of their bias. But traders must have input into the system for it to succeed. The elements of quality Quality is determined by reference to the so-called 3 c's: color, clarity and cut. While these factors are well defined for diamond, no universally-accepted system exists for colored gems. The following is based on the author's own extensive experience. Four blue sapphires showing a variation in saturation and tone. Stone 1 possesses a light tone and low saturation. Stone 2 is close to ideal in both tone and saturation. Stone 3 has greater saturation than Stone 2 in some areas, but its overall tone is too dark and it shows too much extinction. Stone 4 is so dark in tone that its saturation is reduced. Note that inclusions are far more visible in stones of light tone than those of dark tones. Photo: Wimon Manorotkul Color and appearance in colored gemstones To the color scientist, given an opaque, matt-finished object, there are three dimensions to color: Hue position: The position of a color on a color wheel, i.e., red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. Purple is intermediate between red and violet. White and black are totally lacking in hue, and thus achromatic ('without color'). Brown is not a hue in itself, but covers a range of hues of low saturation (and often high darkness). Classic browns fall in the yellow to orange hues. Saturation (intensity): The richness of a color, or the degree to which a color varies from achromaticity (white and black are the two achromatic colors, each totally lacking in hue). When dealing with gems of the same basic hue position (i.e., rubies, which are all basically red in hue), differences in color quality are mainly related to differences in saturation. The strong red fluorescence of most rubies (the exception being those from the Thai/Cambodian border region) is an added boost to saturation, supercharging it past other gems that lack the effect. Darkness (tone or value): The degree of lightness or darkness of a color, as a function of the amount of light absorbed. White would have 0% darkness and black 100%. At their maximum saturation, some colors are naturally darker than others. For example, a rich violet is darker than even the most highly saturated yellow, while the highest saturations of red and green tend to be of similar darkness. Figure 10.1 is a simplified illustration of the three dimensions of color. With gems, we are not dealing with opaque, matt-finish object of uniform color. Thus it is not enough to simply describe hue position, saturation and darkness. We must also describe the color coverage, scintillation and dispersion. Color coverage can be influenced by a variety of factors, including proportions, fluorescence and inclusions. The round Burmese red spinel at left is strongly fluorescent and the red emission adds extra power to the red body color, covering up extinction. With the fine emerald-cut Kashmir sapphire pictured at right, color coverage is improved by the presence of tiny needlelike inclusions, which scatter light across the stone, thus reducing extinction. This is what gives Kashmir sapphires their incomparable velvety color. Note that both of these gems have colors which are highly saturate, making them highly desirable. Photos: Wimon Manorotkul, John McLean Color coverage: Differences in inclusions, transparency, fluorescence, cutting, zoning and pleochroism can produce vast differences in the color coverage of a gem, particularly faceted stones. A gem with a high degree of color coverage is one in which color of high saturation is seen across a large portion of its face in normal viewing positions. Tiny light-scattering inclusions, such as rutile silk, can actually improve coverage, and thus appearance, by scattering light into areas it would not otherwise strike. The end effect is to give the gem a warm, velvety appearance (Kashmir sapphires are famous for this). Red fluorescence in ruby boosts this still further. Color zoning can also be influenced by color zoning, an unevenness of color. The oval sapphire above shows moderate color zoning. Moderate to severe color zoning does impact quality, and thus price. Color zoning is always judged in the face-up position, in an 180° arc from girdle to girdle, with the gem rotated through 360°. Color irregularities visible only through the pavilion generally do not impact value. Photo: Wimon Manorotkul Proper cutting is vital to maximize color coverage. Gems cut too shallow permit only short light paths, thus reducing saturation in many areas. Such areas are termed windows. Those cut too deep allow light to exit the sides, creating dark or black areas termed extinction. Areas which allow total internal reflection will display the most highly saturated colors. These areas are termed brilliance. Color zoning can also reduce color coverage. Ideally, no zoning or unevenness should be present. Pleochroism is sometimes noticeable in ruby and sapphire. It typically appears as two areas of lower intensity and/or slightly different hue on opposite sides of the stone. This is most notable when the table facet lies parallel to the c axis. In summary, a top-quality gem would display the hue of maximum saturation across a large percentage of its surface in all viewing positions. The closer a gem approaches this ideal, the better its color coverage. Scintillation ('sparkle'): This is an important factor in faceted stones. A gem cut with a smooth, cone-shaped pavilion could display full brilliance, but would lack scintillation. Thus the use of small facets to create sparkle as the gem, light or eye is moved. In general, large gems require more facets; small gems should have less, for tiny reflections cannot be individually distinguished by the eye (resulting in a blurred appearance). Dispersion ('fire'): This involves splitting of white light into its spectral colors as it passes through two non-parallel surfaces (such as a prism). The dispersion of corundum is so low (0.028) and the masking effect of the rich body color so high, that it is generally not a factor in ruby and sapphire evaluation. Clarity Clarity is judged by reference to inclusions. Magnification can be used to locate inclusions, but with the exception of inclusions which might affect durability, only those visible to the naked eye should influence the final grade. Background checks When you are examining a colored gemstone, act like a cop – always do a background check. The color of the background against which a gem is examined can have a major effect on color. Which is why wily Burmese and Thai miners traditionally offer up rubies to buyers on brass plates or yellow table tops. The yellow background color counters the bluish tint commonly present in ruby, making the gems appear more red. Yellow cellophane-lined stone papers or brass tweezers serve the same purpose. Don't be a sucker. For judging color, a plain white background is best. Figure 10.2 Rough rubies at the mining areas in Burma and Thailand are often displayed on brass plates. The yellow color of the background makes the ruby appear more red than it actually is. (Photo: Olivier Galibert) There are two key factors in judging clarity. These are: Visibility Size: Smaller inclusions are less distracting, and thus, better. Number: Generally, the fewer the inclusions, the better. Contrast: Inclusions of low contrast (compared with the gem's RI and color) are less visible, and thus, better. Location: Inclusions in inconspicuous locations (i.e., near the girdle rather than directly under the table facet) affect value less. Similarly, a feather perpendicular to the table is less likely to be seen than one lying parallel to the table. Affect on durability Type: Unhealed cracks may not only be unsightly, but also lower a gem's resistance to damage. They are thus less desirable than a well-healed fracture. As already mentioned, tiny quantities of exsolved silk may actually improve a gem's appearance, and thus, value. Location: A crack near the culet or corner would obviously increase the chances of breakage more than one well into the gem. Similarly, an open fracture on the crown is more likely to chip than one on the pavilion. Among the problems of existing colored stone grading systems is that the model chosen is based on diamond. While diamond does share a number of quality factors with ruby and sapphire, others are partly or wholly inappropriate. For example, beauty in diamond is largely a function of the material's brilliance and dispersion ('fire'). Any inclusions which alter the path of light could be detrimental to a diamond's appearance. [ 2 ] Perfect clarity is thus the ideal. As described above, perfect clarity is not necessarily the ideal for ruby and sapphire. While fractures and most other inclusions do have a detrimental effect on appearance and durability, small quantities of finely dispersed inclusions (such as exsolved rutile silk) can actually improve a richly colored gem's appearance. The watchword here is small; too much silk decreases transparency by scattering, reducing color saturation, and thus producing a more grayish color. [ 3 ] Cut ('make') The function of the cut is to display the gem's inherent beauty to the greatest extent possible. Since this involves aesthetic preferences upon which there is little agreement, such as shape and faceting styles, this is the most subjective of all aspect of quality analysis. Evaluation of cut involves five major factors: Shape This describes the girdle outline of the gem, i.e. round, oval, cushion, emerald, etc. While preferences in this area are largely a personal choice, due to market demand and cutting yields, certain shapes fetch a premium. For ruby and sapphire, ovals and cushions are the norm. Rounds and emerald shapes are more rare, and so receive a premium from about 10–20% above the oval price. Pears and marquises are less desirable, and so trade about 10–20% less than ovals of the same quality. The shape of a cut gem almost always relates to the original shape of the rough. Thus the prevalence of certain shapes, such as ovals, which allow greatest weight retention. Cutting style The cutting style (facet pattern) is also a rather subjective choice. Again, because of market demand, manufacturing speed and cutting yields, certain styles of cut may fetch premiums. The mixed cut (brilliant crown/step pavilion) is the market standard for ruby and sapphire. If a gem is cut too shallow, light will pass straight through, rather than returning to the eye as brilliance. This is termed a "window" (right). In well-cut gems, most light returns as brilliance (left). Brilliant areas are those showing bright reflections. Extinction is used to describe dark areas where little or no light returns to the eye. Photo: Wimon Manorotkul Proportions The faceted cut for ruby and sapphire is to create maximum brilliance and scintillation in the most symmetrically pleasing manner. Faceted gems feature two parts, crown and pavilion. The crown's job is to catch light and create scintillation (and dispersion, in the case of diamond), while the pavilion is responsible for both brilliance and scintillation. Generally, when the crown height is too low, the gem lacks sparkle. Shallow pavilions create windows, while overly deep pavilions create extinction. Again, proportions often are dictated by the shape of the rough material. Thus to conserve weight, Sri Lankan material (which typically occurs in spindle-shaped hexagonal bipyramids) is generally cut with overly deep pavilions, while Thai/Cambodian rubies (which occur as thin, tabular crystals) are often far too shallow. Depth percentage: In attempting to quantify a gem's proportions, reference is often made to depth percentage. This is calculated by taking the depth and dividing it by the girdle diameter (or average diameter, in the case of non-round stones). The acceptable range is generally 60–80%. Length-to-width ratio: Another measurement that is used for non-round stones is the length-to-width ratio. Overly narrow or wide gems of certain shapes are generally not desirable. Symmetry Like any finely-crafted product, well-cut gems display an obvious attention to detail. A failure to take proper care evidences itself in a number of ways, including the following: Asymmetrical girdle outline Off-center culet or keel line Off-center table facet Overly narrow/wide shoulders (pears and heart shapes) Overly narrow/deep cleft (heart shapes) Overly thick/thin girdle Table not parallel to girdle plane Wavy girdle Finish Lack of care in the finish department is less of a problem than the major symmetry defects above, because it can usually be corrected by simple repolishing. Finish defects include: Facets do not meet at a point Misshapen facets Rounded facet junctions Poor polish (obvious polishing marks or scratches) While these guidelines may be useful, one must not become a slave to them. In essence, the cut should display the gem's beauty to best advantage, while not presenting mounting or durability problems. If the gem is beautifully cut, things such as depth percentage or length-to-width ratio matter not one bit. What works, works. Influence of lighting on color With any colored gemstone, the color seen depends on the light source used to illuminate it. Over time, gem dealers have come to rely on skylight for their gem buying. Its major advantage is its strength, which ruthlessly reveals flaws. The quantity of light coming through even a modest-sized window is far greater than even the strongest, color-balanced fluorescent tube (or tubes). Another factor appears to be the large radiating area, when compared with the most artificial lights. Figure 10.3 Lighting can have a dramatic effect on the appearance of any colored gem. Incandescent lighting (left) is rich in red, orange and yellow wavelengths and thus pushes an object's color in that direction. In contrast, skylight (right) is more balanced, pushing the color in the opposite direction. (Illustration: Minolta) Latitude may also affect a stone's color, simply because skylight is stronger in the tropics. As a result, gems bought in the tropics will appear slightly darker when taken to more temperate climes. It is a slight, but nevertheless, noticeable difference. Surprisingly, north skylight (or south skylight in the southern hemisphere) is actually stronger on cloudy days. Another factor is the Purkinje shift. [ 4 ] In bright light, the eye is more sensitive to red; conversely, in dim light the eye is more sensitive to blue-violet light. Thus the color of blue sapphires would be slightly enhanced in dim lighting. The question of north skylight North daylight (skylight, as opposed to direct sunlight) has become the standard, because it produces the least glare, but blind adherence to such gemological dogma is just as bad as blind adherence to religious dogma. If you live north of the Tropic of Cancer (Europe, North America, Japan, China, etc.), north skylight will provide the least glare year round, because the sun always passes through the southern portion of the sky. This is especially true the farther north one goes. The opposite holds true for those who reside south of the Tropic of Capricorn (in the southern hemisphere), where the least glare is found using south skylight. What about those who live in the tropics? If they are north of the equator, north skylight is best, except May-July, when south skylight is preferred. For the tropics south of the equator, south skylight is best, except from Nov.-Jan., when north skylight is preferred. And if you live right on the equator, use north skylight from Oct.-Feb., and south skylight from April-August. During March and Sept., either north or south skylight can be used. Time of day Even skylight changes throughout the day. Generally speaking, rubies (and other red stones) look best during the midday hours. Sapphires, in contrast, look best in the early morning or late afternoon. If you are buying, this means that rubies should be purchased early or late in the day, while sapphires are best bought near midday, thereby preventing a surprise when the stone is examined under another lighting condition. The above is in contrast to what is often reported (Newman, 1994, p. 38). While direct sunlight is far more red at sunrise and sunset, the skylight is actually more blue. Since we use skylight, not direct sunlight, to illuminate gems, blue color will be enhanced early and late in the day. Similarly, the skylight at noon is less blue, thus enhancing the color of rubies in the middle of the day. Weather and pollution How might clouds or pollution affect color? Heavily-polluted or cloudy skies will result in more grayish (less blue) skylight, thus improving the appearance of rubies (as opposed to sapphires). Above Left. The Buddhist temple at Swayambunath, Nepal, silhouetted against a deep blue sky. It is obvious that such skylight would enhance the appearance of blue stones. Above Right. Fog in Sri Lanka's central highlands. The high moisture content gives the light a grayish cast. Right. Sunset on Sri Lanka's western coast. While such sunlight could easily enhance the color of red and yellow stones, it should be noted that direct sunlight is rarely used for examining gems. (Photos © R.W. Hughes) Artificial lighting Some type of artificial light is obviously the answer to neutralize the above factors. Many dealers today do their buying under special daylight lamps designed to simulate true north daylight, with a color temperature of approximately 5000–6100°Kelvin. Generally speaking, while their color balance is similar to north daylight, the fluorescent tubes used suffer from low light output. A 20-watt fluorescent daylight tube at a distance of 30 cm produces about 1000 lux of illumination, while a north-facing window in Bangkok averages 6000 lux. The answer appears to be short-arc xenon lamps. While rather expensive (compared to fluorescent lamps), they have a continuous output (like daylight), 6000°K color temperature, and produce illumination levels comparable to north daylight. For an excellent summary of the entire lighting question, see Sersen & Hopkins (1989) and Sersen (1990), from which the above is derived. Figure 10.5 When grading gems, viewing geometry, background and controlled lighting are crucial. The woman above is sorting sapphire rough from Australia. (Photo: Great Northern) Viewing geometry & background Gems are designed to be mounted in jewelry and viewed from predetermined angles. This is generally face-up, with the gem viewed in a 180° arc from girdle to girdle. Thus it is only logical that all quality determinations be made with the naked eye under the same viewing geometry. It is important that the gem be rotated through 360° in the girdle plane, so that its appearance is seen from all angles, just as it would be when mounted in jewelry. To ensure reproducibility and repeatability, a standardized light source against a standardized, neutral background (white is best) at a standardized distance should be used. The practice in diamond grading of judging body color through the pavilion facets is madness, and has no place in colored stone grading. [ 5 ] Summary of quality The appearance of a colored gem is a combination of many separate factors, each of which is related to, and affect, the others. It is precisely the complexity of these intertwined relationships that has bedeviled previous attempts to quantify quality. And yet, every time a dealer buys a gem, a quick mental analysis is made, usually within seconds. In grading any gem, one must be cognizant of, but not become lost in, the details. When all the minutiae has been pored over ad infinitum, ad nauseam, take a step back and simply look at the gem. In the age of high-powered microscopes this may constitute a radical concept, but one which is necessary. Fine precious stones are comparable to great works of art. Like a painting, to appreciate it, one must view the whole, not just the parts. Pricing factors Prices of Genuine Jewels The prices of jewels are not stable. There is no law governing their prices, and there is no reason why these prices should not fluctuate with time and place. Each country, each nation carries its own temper. Furthermore, at one time nobles begin to sell them off and at others, to stock them. Stones are plentiful at one time and scarce at another. God grants honour to some and disgrace to others. al-Biruni, 11th century AD Kitab al-Jamahir fi Ma'rifat al-Jawahir One of the great mysteries for novices is the relationship between price and quality. In a perfect world, price would directly relate to quality/weight/rarity. Unfortunately, Planet Gem is far from symmetrical. Market factors can have as much, or even greater, impact on prices as does quality. Prices are influenced by the following factors: Quality: Better qualities are more rare than lower qualities of the same size (see previous section ). Weight: Bigger stones are more rare, and so more expensive per carat than the same quality of a smaller size. Market factors: This is the great intangible. Market factors can dramatically affect price. Weight Generally, as a gem's weight increases, so does the per carat price. This is shown in Figure 1.6. Figure 10.6 Graph representing the relationship between price and quality/weight/rarity. Note that this is not a linear relationship. Price increases more quickly as quality/weight/rarity increases. Such a relationship has long been known, and was first quantified by Villafane in 1572, for diamonds. Today it is most commonly referred to as the 'Indian Law' or 'Tavernier's Law', and works as follows (Lenzen, 1970): Wt2 x C = price per stone Weight of gem 10 ct $100,000 Unfortunately, things were not so simple, even for diamonds in the time of Tavernier. The law could not accurately predict the price of diamond below 1 ct, and there were also problems with exceptionally large stones. But it does give a general idea of how prices increase with size. Carat psychology the case of many gems, including ruby and sapphire, psychological (but all too real) price jumps occur at certain weights. For example, a 0.99-ct ruby might be worth significantly less than one which weighs 1.05 ct. The 1.05 ruby would be worth more than one which weighed exactly 1.00 ct, as repolishing a 1.00-ct stone (or weighing it on someone else's scale) might send it below the important 1-ct barrier. Similar psychological weight hurdles are found at the 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100-ct levels. Market factors Just a few of the market factors that influence price include: Market supply vs. demand: Items which are plentiful and/or in low demand will be cheaper than those which are rare and/or in high demand. Financial situation of the seller: Sellers who need money will obviously be more flexible on price. Similarly, those who are not in need are less willing to reduce their price. Seller's business overhead: Prices can vary dramatically depending on the seller's overhead. A cup of coffee purchased by a street vendor may cost only a few cents; the same cup of coffee at a 5-star hotel in the same city may cost 10–20 times more, due to the hotel's higher overhead. Buyer's financial situation: Buyers whose businesses are prospering are often willing to pay higher prices. Buyer's sales prospect: Buyers who have a customer waiting for an item are often willing to pay higher prices. Buyer/seller personal relationship: No one likes to do business with unhappy or abusive people. When the buyer and seller enjoy each other's company, they often make special provisions for one another. Personal situation surrounding the sale: The author has seen buyers pay above-average prices for goods for a variety of reasons. These have ranged from trying to impress one's girlfriend, [ 6 ] to buying something simply to prevent a competitor from purchasing the same goods. For a generalized list of ruby and sapphire prices, see " Ruby & sapphire prices ", p. 491. Chapter 10 continues with… Notes The idea of the traditional dealer is one sorely in need of definition, considering that the tradition of many so-called "traditional" gem dealers dates back less than 30 years. [ return to text ] Unfortunately, the current diamond-grading system, largely based on the GIA model, has applied this idea in an overly zealous manner. Thus even a single microscopic inclusion, which in no way affect a diamond's appearance, removes it from the top clarity category. Many of the upper clarity grades have absolutely no visible difference in naked-eye appearance (see Hughes, 1987b, 1991). [ return to text ] Stones which look good from a distance, but upon closer examination exhibit clarity problems are termed bluff stones. [ return to text ] Johannes von Purkinje, a Czech physiologist, observed while walking in the fields in 1825 that blue flowers appeared brighter at dawn than at midday (Varley, 1983). [ return to text ] Nor in diamond grading, but that is another subject. [ return to text ] Apparently the lady was suitably impressed, for she is now his wife. [ return to text ] This page is http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/r-s-bk-quality.htm v. 1.1 7 March, 2013	i don't know
Which actor starred in the movie School Of Rock?	School of Rock (2003) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The School of Rock (original title) PG-13 \| After being kicked out of a rock band, Dewey Finn becomes a substitute teacher of a strict elementary private school, only to try and turn it into a rock band. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 21 titles created 03 Jan 2013 a list of 22 titles created 16 Feb 2014 a list of 35 titles created 03 Dec 2014 a list of 37 titles created 28 Aug 2015 a list of 45 titles created 15 Nov 2015 Title: School of Rock (2003) 7.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 8 wins & 18 nominations. See more awards » Videos A young boy wins a tour through the most magnificent chocolate factory in the world, led by the world's most unusual candy maker. Director: Tim Burton Berated all his life by those around him, a monk follows his dream and dons a mask to moonlight as a Luchador (Mexican wrestler). Director: Jared Hess After a bitter divorce, an actor disguises himself as a female housekeeper to spend time with his children held in custody by his former wife. Director: Chris Columbus The children of secret-agent parents must save them from danger. Director: Robert Rodriguez In a desperate attempt to win a basketball match and earn their freedom, the Looney Tunes seek the aid of retired basketball champion, Michael Jordan. Director: Joe Pytka A misfit ant, looking for "warriors" to save his colony from greedy grasshoppers, recruits a group of bugs that turn out to be an inept circus troupe. Directors: John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton Stars: Kevin Spacey, Dave Foley, Julia Louis-Dreyfus A toon-hating detective is a cartoon rabbit's only hope to prove his innocence when he is accused of murder. Director: Robert Zemeckis A Hawaiian girl adopts an unusual pet who is actually a notorious extra-terrestrial fugitive from the law. Directors: Dean DeBlois, Chris Sanders Stars: Daveigh Chase, Chris Sanders, Tia Carrere After wishing to be made big, a teenage boy wakes the next morning to find himself mysteriously in the body of an adult. Director: Penny Marshall When two kids find and play a magical board game, they release a man trapped for decades in it and a host of dangers that can only be stopped by finishing the game. Director: Joe Johnston A martial arts master agrees to teach karate to a bullied teenager. Director: John G. Avildsen After his swamp is filled with magical creatures, Shrek agrees to rescue Princess Fiona for a villainous lord in order to get his land back. Directors: Andrew Adamson, Vicky Jenson Stars: Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz Edit Storyline Down and out rock star Dewey Finn gets fired from his band, and he faces a mountain of debts and depression. He takes a job as a 4th grade substitute teacher at an uptight private school where his attitude and hijinx have a powerful effect on his students. He also meets Zack, a 10-year-old guitar prodigy, who could help Dewey win a "battle of the bands" competition, which would solve his financial problems and put him back in the spotlight. Written by Anonymous We don't need no education. See more » Genres: Rated PG-13 for some rude humor and drug references \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 3 October 2003 (USA) See more » Also Known As: School of Rock See more » Filming Locations: $19,622,714 (USA) (3 October 2003) Gross: Company Credits Production Co: Did You Know? Trivia There was a part in the original script where Freddy Jones, played by Kevin Alexander Clark , would forget his drumsticks to class and having Jack Black to say: "Would Keith Moon forget his sticks? No! He might get drunk and pass out on the floor, but he would never forget his sticks!" See more » Goofs During one of the scenes when the band is practicing Zack's song, there is a shot where Freddy is seen sitting on the stool doing nothing, but the drum line is still being played. See more » Quotes Dewey Finn : [when Ned asks him to sell one of his guitars] Would you tell Picasso to sell one of his guitars? See more » Crazy Credits Shortly after that, the band sings: The movie is over Credits got to roll Look at that name there I do not know that guy See more » Connections	Jack Black
In what decade rom was the school leaving age raised from 15 to 16?	‘School of Rock’ Series: Nickelodeon Announces Cast for TV Movie Adaptation \| Variety March 26, 2015 \| 10:55AM PT Nickelodeon is ready to rock. The kids’ cabler and Paramount Television announced the full cast for the upcoming “School of Rock” series, based on the 2003 Jack Black movie. The TV adaptation is currently in production at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles and is set to premiere this fall. Ricardo Hurtado, Lance Lim, Aidan Miner, Jade Pettyjohn and Breanna Yde have been cast as the “ School of Rock ” students, joining Tony Cavalero, who will topline the live-action, musical comedy series, playing musician-turned-substitute teacher Dewey. The series will follow Dewey, who becomes the most unique and well-liked teacher the students have ever had. Although he has an alternative approach to teaching and could probably learn more from his students about history or math, he uses the language of rock ‘n’ roll to elevate and inspire his class to reach new heights as the band called School of Rock. Hurtado has been cast as Freddy, the new kid who brings a fresh and rebellious perspective to the school. He is effortlessly cool, recognizes the opportunity in building the band with Dewey and challenges the class to take risks in the name of having fun. Lim (“Growing Up Fisher”) has been cast as Zack, a reserved child of overbearing parents who comes out of his shell to become the band’s electric guitarist. He fears the consequences of breaking the rules, but also embraces the independence that Dewey encourages. Miner (Nickelodeon Creative Lab’s “Homeroom”) plays Lawrence, the quirky, tech kid who ends up being the confident keyboardist for the band. Pettyjohn (Nickelodeon’s “Henry Danger”) plays Summer, the overachiever. Not satisfied with playing tambourine in the band, she ultimately becomes the manager when she realizes she can use her organizational skills to help out the band. Summer has a crush on Freddy (Hurtado). Yde (Nickelodeon’s “The Haunted Hathaways”) has been cast as Tomika, the tomboy of the bunch who is the bass player for the band. Although she’s more comfortable with a skateboard than a microphone, Tomika soon learns she is a double threat, as a gifted guitarist and singer. Tomika and Summer (Pettyjohn) are best friends. The series, which was given a straight-to-series 13-episode order, will be exec produced by Jim and Steve Armogida (“Crash & Bernstein,” “My Family”), plus the original movie’s director Richard Linklater (“Boyhood”) and producer Scott Rudin.	i don't know
Beauty School Drop Out is a song from which movie?	beauty school drop out grease - YouTube beauty school drop out grease Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jul 21, 2008 grease the movie- beauty school drop out a great movie.	Grease
What was the name of the school at which Ken Barlow was a teacher in the TV soap opera Coronation Street?	Grease by Frankie Valli Songfacts Grease by Frankie Valli Songfacts Songfacts This was featured in the movie of the same name starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John. Valli was not in the movie, but another Frankie was: Frankie Avalon played the Teen Angel and sang " Beauty School Dropout ." Valli would get a turn in acting: he appeared in seven episodes of the HBO series The Sopranos, which was about a quirky mafia family. This song was written and produced by Barry Gibb of The Bee Gees specifically for the movie. His music helped make Saturday Night Fever a huge hit two years earlier. That film was produced by Robert Stigwood, who was a partner in the Grease movie and got Gibb on board for the title song. For this project, Stigwood was interested in Gibb's pen, but not his voice, since The Bee Gees sound ingrained with Saturday Night Fever and he wanted Grease to have its own identity. Frankie Valli , who could sing in a similar high vocal range to Gibb, was asked to record it. Thanks to his many previous hits, Valli provided a familiar sound, but one that was not saturated on Pop radio, as he hadn't had a hit for a while. Gibb did sing backup on the track. Speaking with Billboard magazine in a 2013 interview, Valli explained how he came to record this song. "Barry Gibb called and said, 'I wrote a song. I think it's for you. It's going to be the title song for this motion picture," Valli recalled. "My manager at the time was Allan Carr, who was partners in Grease with Robert Stigwood. He called and said, 'What do you want to do? Do you want to be in the movie? Or sing the title song?' Well, I had already heard the title song, and I loved it. I called [famed arranger] Don Costa up and told him to come over right away and hear this song. He said, 'If you don't record this song, you're crazy.' So I said, 'What's the song if I want to be in the movie?' And they said 'Beauty School Dropout.' It was done by Frankie Avalon. It never became a hit, but he made a lot of money from it being on the soundtrack. But 'Grease' was one of the biggest records I ever had in my career." This was not used in the stage production of Grease - it was written specifically for the movie. The song doesn't make any specific references to the movie, but elegantly expresses it's theme: individuality. It explicitly empowers the title: It's got a groove, it's got a meaning Grease is the time, is the place, is the motion Grease is the way we are feeling In the bridge, the song gets transcendental: This is a life of illusion A life of control Mixed with confusion This was quite a departure for Valli: the Jersey Boy typically sang about girls and romance, not spiritual discovery. This was Valli's second US #1 hit as a solo artist. Three years earlier, he hit the top spot with " My Eyes Adored You ," and before that he had an astonishing five #1 hits with The Four Seasons. When he was approached about "Grease," Valli didn't have a record deal - the single was released on Robert Stigwood's RSO label, which issued the soundtrack. Valli quickly landed a deal with Warner Brothers, but never scored another hit on the Hot 100. "Grease" was Valli's only #1 not co-written by Bob Crewe or Bob Gaudio. Peter Frampton played lead guitar on this track. With its Disco beat, this song is way out place for the '50s, which is when Grease takes place. Audiences didn't seem to mind this anachronism: the single went platinum, and the soundtrack sold over 8 million copies in America. >> Suggestion credit: James - Beverly Hills, CA Barry Gibb produced this song with Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson, who worked on the music to the movie Saturday Night Fever. The Bee Gees never recorded a studio version of this song, but included it on their 1997 live set One Night Only, which was recorded at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas. Their performance was augmented by Frankie Valli's recorded vocals, which come in for the second verse. The performance was also released on DVD; during this song there are lots of shots of Olivia Newton-John, who earned a seat in the front row. This was the second US #1 hit from the Grease soundtrack, following " You're The One That I Want ," which was released ahead of the movie and hit the top spot on June 10, 1978, six days before the film hit theaters. The title track benefited from the success of the movie, which was a summer blockbuster. "Grease" rose up the Hot 100 in July and reached #1 on August 26. On January 31, 2016, the Fox network aired a live musical version of Grease, which opened with Jessie J performing this song in a long tracking shot that traversed the set and introduced much of the cast, including Boys II Men, who played the Teen Angel and did some of their " Motownphilly " harmonies in this opening number.	i don't know
Teacher Gordon Sumner went on to become the lead singer of a top band and then have a successful solo recording artist under what name?	STING GORDON MATTHEW THOMAS SUMNER Sting - Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner Biography - Early life Sumner was born in Wallsend, near Newcastle upon Tyne in northeast England, to Audrey Cowell and her husband, Ernest Sumner. He is the eldest of four children and has a brother, Philip, and two sisters, Angela and Anita. His father managed a dairy, and as a boy he would often assist him with the early morning milk delivery rounds. Sumner was raised in the Roman Catholic tradition, due to the influence of his paternal grandmother, who was from an Irish family. He attended St. Cuthbert's Grammar School in Newcastle upon Tyne, and then the University of Warwick in Coventry, which he left after only one term. During this time, he would often sneak into nightclubs like the Club-A-Go-Go. Here, he would watch acts such as Jack Bruce and Jimi Hendrix who would later influence his music. After jobs as a bus conductor, a construction labourer and a tax officer, he attended Northern Counties Teachers' Training College, which later became part of Northumbria University, from 1971 to 1974. He then worked as a teacher at St. Paul's First School in Cramlington for two years. From an early age, Sumner knew that he wanted to be a musician. His first music gigs were wherever he could get a job, performing evenings, weekends, and during vacations from college and teaching. He played with local jazz bands such as the Phoenix Jazzmen, the Newcastle Big Band, and Last Exit. Origin of nickname Sting has stated that he gained his nickname while with the Phoenix Jazzmen. He once performed wearing a black and yellow jersey with hooped stripes that bandleader Gordon Solomon had noted made him look like a bumblebee; thus Sumner became "Sting." He uses Sting almost exclusively, except on official documents. In a press conference filmed in the movie "Bring on the Night", he jokingly stated his children call him "Sting." The Police In January 1977, Sting moved from Newcastle to London , and soon thereafter he joined Stewart Copeland and Henry Padovani (who was very soon replaced by Andy Summers) to form the new wave band The Police. Between 1978 and 1983, they released five chart-topping albums and won six Grammy Awards. Although their initial sound was punk inspired, The Police soon switched to reggae-tinged rock and minimalist pop. Their last album, Synchronicity, which included their most successful song, "Every Breath You Take", was released in 1983. Another popular song of the Police is "Don't Stand So Close to Me" which made number 1. While never formally breaking up, after Synchronicity, the group agreed to concentrate on solo projects. As the years went by, the band members, particularly Sting, increasingly dismissed the possibility of reforming. In 2007, however, the band reformed and announced a world tour. Early solo work In September 1981, Sting made his first live solo appearance, performing on all four nights of the fourth Amnesty International benefit The Secret Policeman's Other Ball at the invitation of producer Martin Lewis. He performed solo versions of "Roxanne" and "Message in a Bottle", playing the guitar. He also led an all-star band (dubbed "The Secret Police") on his own arrangement of Bob Dylan's, "I Shall Be Released". The band and chorus included Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Phil Collins, Bob Geldof and Midge Ure, all of whom (except Beck) later worked together on Live Aid . His performances were featured prominently in the album and movie of the show and drew Sting major critical attention. Sumner's participation in The Secret Policeman's Other Ball was the beginning of his growing involvement in raising money and consciousness for political and social causes. In 1982 he released a solo single, Spread a Little Happiness from the Dennis Potter television play Brimstone and Treacle. The song was a re-interpretation of a song from the 1920s musical Mr. Cinders by Vivian Ellis, and was a surprise Top 20 hit in the UK. 1980s Sting's first solo album, 1985's The Dream of the Blue Turtles, featured a cast of accomplished jazz musicians, including Kenny Kirkland, Darryl Jones, Omar Hakim, and Branford Marsalis. It included the hit single "If You Love Somebody Set Them Free". The single included a fan favorite non-LP track titled "Another Day". The album also yielded the hits "Fortress Around Your Heart", "Russians", and "Love is the Seventh Wave". Within a year, it reached Triple Platinum. This album would help Sting garner a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year. The film and video "Bring On The Night" documented the formation of the band and its first concert in France. Also in 1985, he sang the introduction and chorus to "Money for Nothing", a groundbreaking song by Dire Straits. He would perform this song with Dire Straits at the Live Aid Concert at Wembley Stadium. Sting also provided a short guest vocal performance on the Miles Davis album You're Under Arrest. He also sang backing vocals in Arcadia's single "The Promise" from their only album, "So Red The Rose". He also contributed a version of "Mack the Knife" to the Hal Willner-produced tribute album Lost in the Stars: The Music of Kurt Weill. Sting released ...Nothing Like the Sun in 1987, including the hit songs "We'll Be Together", "Fragile", "Englishman in New York", and "Be Still My Beating Heart", dedicated to his recently-deceased mother. It eventually went Double Platinum. The song "The Secret Marriage" from this album was adapted from a melody by German composer Hans Eisler, and "Englishman In New York" was about the eccentric writer Quentin Crisp. The album's title is taken from William Shakespeare 's Sonnet. Soon thereafter, in February 1988, he released Nada Como el Sol, a selection of five songs from Sun sung (by Sting himself) in Spanish and Portuguese . Sting was also involved in two other recordings in the late 1980s, the first in 1987 with noted jazz arranger Gil Evans who placed Sting in a big band setting for a live album of Sting's songs (the CD was not released in the U.S.), and the second on Frank Zappa's 1988 "Broadway The Hard Way" album, where Sting performs an unusual arrangement of "Murder By Numbers", set to the tune "Stolen Moments" by jazz composer Oliver Nelson, and "dedicated" to fundamentalist evangelist Jimmy Swaggart. October 1988 saw the release of Igor Stravinsky's The Soldier's Tale with the London Sinfonietta conducted by Kent Nagano. It featured Vanessa Redgrave, Sir Ian McKellen and Sting in the role of the soldier. 1990s Sting's 1991 album The Soul Cages was dedicated to his recently-deceased father and included the Top 10 song "All this Time" and the Grammy-winning "Soul Cages". The album eventually went Platinum. The following year, he married Trudie Styler and was awarded an honorary doctorate degree in music from Northumbria University. In 1993, he released the album Ten Summoner's Tales, which went Triple Platinum in just over a year. The title is wordplay on his surname, Sumner and Geoffrey Chaucer's classic The Canterbury Tales. Concurrent video albums were released to support "Soul Cages" (a live concert) and "Ten Summoner's Tales" (recorded during the recording sessions for the album). In May 1993, Sting released a cover of his own classic Police song from the Ghost in the Machine album, "Demolition Man" for the Demolition Man film. Sting reached a pinnacle of success in 1994. Together with Bryan Adams and Rod Stewart, they performed the chart-topping song "All For Love" from the film The Three Musketeers. The song stayed at the top of the U.S. charts for five weeks and went Platinum; it is to date Sumner's only song from his post-Police career to top the U.S. charts. In February, he won two more Grammy Awards and was nominated for three more. The Berklee College of Music gave him his second honorary doctorate of music degree in May. In November, he released a greatest hits compilation called Fields of Gold: The Best of Sting, which eventually was certified Double Platinum. Sting's 1996 album, Mercury Falling debuted strongly, but it dropped quickly on the charts. Yet, he reached the Top 40 with two singles the same year with "You Still Touch Me" (June) and "I'm So Happy I Can't Stop Crying" (December). During this period, Sumner was also recording music for the upcoming Disney film Kingdom of the Sun, which went on to be reworked into The Emperor's New Groove. The film went through drastic overhauls and plot changes, many of which were documented by Sumner's wife, Trudie Styler. She captured the moment Sumner was called by Disney who then informed him that his songs would not be used in the final film. The story was put into a final product: The Sweatbox, which premiered at the Toronto Film Festival. Disney currently holds the rights to the film and will not grant its release. That same year Sting also released a little-known CD-ROM called All This Time, which was well ahead of its time in providing music, commentary and custom computer features describing Sumner and his music from his perspective. Also in 1996, Sting provided some vocals for the Tina Turner single On Silent Wings as a part of her Wildest Dreams album, this peaked at #13 in the UK. "Moonlight," a rare jazz performance by Sting for the 1995 remake of Sabrina, written by Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman and John Williams, was nominated for a 1997 Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television. The Emperor's New Groove soundtrack was released, however, with complete songs from the previous version of the film, which included Rascall Flatts and Shawn Colvin. This is seen by many as a move on Disney's part to soothe the relationship with Sting and to keep open the door for future projects. The final single used to promote the film was "My Funny Friend and Me". Sting as Feyd-Rautha Harkonnen in David Lynch's Dune (1984) 2000s Sting's September 1999 album Brand New Day included the Top 40 hits "Brand New Day" and "Desert Rose" (Top 10). The album went Triple Platinum by January 2001. In 2000, he won Grammy Awards for Brand New Day and the song of the same name. At the awards ceremony, he performed "Desert Rose" with Cheb Mami. For his performance, the Arab-American Institute Foundation gave him the Kahlil Gibran Spirit of Humanity Award. However, Sting was criticized for appearing in a Jaguar advertisement using "Desert Rose" as its backing track, particularly as he was a notable environmentalist. In February 2001, he won another Grammy. His song "After The Rain Has Fallen" made it into the Top 40. His next project was to record a live album at his Tuscan villa, which was to be released as a CD and DVD, as well as being simulcast in its entirety on the internet. The CD and DVD were to be entitled "On such a night" and should feature re-workings of Sting favourites such as "Roxanne" and "If You Love Somebody Set Them Free.". The concert, however, was scheduled for September 11 , 2001 and due to the terrorist attacks in America that same day, the project was altered in various ways. The webcast was shut down after one song (a reworked version of Fragile), after which Sting let it be up to the audience whether or not to continue with the show. Eventually they decided to go through with the concert, and the resultant album and DVD was released in November under a different title, "...All This Time". Both are dedicated "to all those who lost their lives on that day." He performed a special arrangement of "Fragile" with Yo-Yo Ma and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir during the opening ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah . In 2002 Sting won a Golden Globe Award and in June, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In the summer, Sting was awarded the honour of Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 2003 with, he released Sacred Love, a studio album featuring collaborations with hip-hop artist Mary J. Blige and sitar maestro Anoushka Shankar. He and Blige won a Grammy for their duet, "Whenever I Say Your Name." His autobiography Broken Music was published in October. Sting embarked on a Sacred Love tour in 2004 with performances by Annie Lennox. Sting went on the Broken Music tour, touring smaller venues, with a four piece band kicking off in Los Angeles on 28 March 2005 and ending this "College Tour" on 14 May 2005. Continuing with his involvement in Live Aid, he appeared at Live 8 in July 2005. During 2006, Sting collaborated with Roberto Livi in producing a Spanish language version of his cult classic "Fragile" entitled "Fragilidad" on the album "Rhythms Del Mondo" by Latino recording legends "The Buena Vista Sound" (previously known as the Buena Vista Social Club) available via www.apeuk.org In October 2006, Sting released an album, to mixed reviews, entitled Songs from the Labyrinth featuring the music of John Dowland (an Elizabethan-era composer) and accompaniment from Bosnian lute player Edin Karamazov. As a part of the promotion of this album, he appeared on the fifth episode of Studio 60 during which he performed a segment of Dowland's "Come Again" as well as his own "Fields of Gold" in the arrangement for voice and two archlutes. Reports surfaced in early 2007 that Sting would reunite with his former Police bandmates for a 30th anniversary tour. These rumours were confirmed by posts on the popular fanzine Stingus and on various other newswebsites such as De Standaard, Yahoo! etc. On February 11, 2007, Sting reunited with the other members of the Police as the introductory act for the 2007 Grammy Awards, singing "Roxanne", and subsequently announced The Police Reunion Tour. Sting occasionally has ventured into acting. Notable film roles include: The Ace Face, the King of The Mods, a.k.a. The Bell Boy in the movie adaptation of The Who album Quadrophenia (1979) Martin Taylor, a drifter in Brimstone and Treacle (1982) Feyd-Rautha Harkonnen in the movie Dune (1984) Mick, a black-marketeer in Plenty (1985) Baron Frankenstein in The Bride (1985) Himself in the documentary film Bring on the Night (1985) A "heroic officer" in The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988) Finney, a nightclub owner in Stormy Monday (1988) Daniel, British gentleman Julia and Julia (1988) Fledge in The Grotesque (1995), in which he appears nude Himself on The Simpsons episode Radio Bart (1992). J.D., Eddie's father and owner of a bar, in Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels (1998) Himself on the Vicar of Dibley Comic Relief special (2007). Sting narrated the American premier of the musical Yanomamo (1983), by Peter Rose and Anne Conlon outlining problems that existed in the Amazon Rainforest. This was made into a film and later broadcast as Song of the Forest (currently available from WWF-UK). Other appearances on the stage and television include guest spots on Saturday Night Live and Ally McBeal. He also provided the voice of Zarm on the 1990s television show Captain Planet and the Planeteers. In 1989 he starred as Macheath (Mack the Knife) in the The Threepenny Opera, the classic 1928 German musical work by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill in New York and Washington. He most recently appeared as a musical guest on the fictional series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip. Sting the musician on stage Activism While with the Police, Sting wrote "Driven to Tears," a scathing diatribe against world hunger, and it preceded his work on Sir Bob Geldof's "Feed The World" project. Sumner sang on "Do They Know It's Christmas?" -- a hit single from Geldof's pop music super-group called "Band Aid" which eventually led to the Live Aid Concert in July of 1985, in which Sting also took part, performing with Branford Marsalis, Phil Collins, and with the group Dire Straits. Throughout the 1980s, Sting strongly supported environmentalism and humanitarian movements, such as Amnesty International. In 1986 he was interviewed by the BBC about his support for Amnesty International and he stated: "I've been a member of Amnesty and a support member for five years, due to an entertainment event called The Secret Policeman's Ball and before that I did not know about Amnesty, I did not know about its work, I did not know about torture in the world." His most high-profile contribution to the human-rights cause came in 1988, when he joined a team of major musicians and rising starsï¿½-including Peter Gabriel and Bruce Springsteenï¿½-assembled under the banner of Amnesty International for the six-week world Human Rights Now! Tour celebrating the 40th anniversary of the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . In 1988, he released the single "They Dance Alone" which chronicled the plight of the wives and daughters of the disappeared, the innocent victims of the Pinochet regime in Chile. Unable to protest against the government about their missing loved ones, the women of Chile would pin photos of their relatives on their clothing, and dance in silent outrage against the government. With his wife Trudie Styler and Raoni Metuktire, a Kayapï¿½ Indian leader in Brazil , Sumner founded the Rainforest Foundation to help save the rainforests . His support for these causes continues to this day, and includes an annual benefit concert held at New York's Carnegie Hall with Billy Joel, Elton John, James Taylor and other music superstars. In the early 1990s, Sting performed with Don Henley and Billy Joel in New York's Madison Square Garden at The Concert for Walden Woods. He also took part in the post-9-11 rock telethon to raise money for the families of the victims of terror attacks in the United States, and performed at the Live 8 concert, the follow up to 1985's Live Aid Concert. Sting is known to support cannabis reclassification in the United Kingdom. Following Tony Blair 's intention to revoke the rescheduling of cannabis executed in January 2006, he has joined a list of prominent figures who have written to the Prime Minister urging him to keep cannabis as a class C drug. [1] Personal life Sting married actress Frances Tomelty from Northern Ireland, on 1 May 1976. Before they divorced in 1984, the couple had two children: Joseph (born 1976) and Fuchsia Catherine (born 1982). Joe is following in his father's musical footsteps and is a member of the band Fiction Plane. In 1982, shortly after the birth of his second child, Sting separated from Tomelty and began living with actress (and later film producer) Trudie Styler. The couple eventually married in 1992. Sting and Styler have four children: Bridget Michael (a.k.a. "Mickey," born 1984), Jake (born 1985), Eliot Pauline (nicknamed "Coco", born 1990), and Giacomo Luke (born 1995). Both of Sting's parents died from cancer in 1987. He did not, however, attend either funeral claiming that the media fuss would be a disrespect to his parents. Sumner owns several homes worldwide, including Elizabethan manor house Lake House and its 60-acre country estate in Wiltshire, England , a country cottage in the Lake District, a New York City apartment, a beach house in Malibu, California, a 600-acre estate in Tuscany, Italy , and two properties in London: an apartment on the Mall and an 18th century terrace house in Highgate. [2] According to an interview he did for German television broadcaster NDR in 1996 Sumner chose a tree on the Lake House estate beside which he wishes to be buried someday. Al TV (1988) (TV) .... Himself Trivia Sting was the artist's inspiration for the physical appearance of the character John Constantine in the Hellblazer comic book series. This resemblance was not carried over to the 2005 film adaptation of the series, Constantine, starring Keanu Reeves . Sting was a fan and frequent passenger of British Airways' supersonic Concorde . He appeared in several documentaries and publications as an unofficial spokesperson for the high-speed service, during both its November 2001 relaunch (following a crash and the subsequent grounding of the aircraft) as well as the service's October 2003 retirement. The song "Russians" from The Dream of the Blue Turtles used a theme (Suite from Lieutenant Kije, Op. 60) by Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev. Sting subsequently served as narrator for Peter and the Wolf: A Prokofiev Fantasy, one of the many versions of Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf that have been recorded by celebrities. In the official VHS release of the Synchronicity Tour, at the very beginning just before the performance, Sting can be heard playing ad-lib tunes on his bass, and the Cat Tune from Peter and the Wolf can be clearly recognised. A species of Colombian tree frog, Dendropsophus stingi (renamed from Hyla stingi in 2005), was named after him in recognition of his "commitment and efforts to save the rain forest" (Kaplan 1994). To keep physically fit, for years Sting ran five miles a day, and performed aerobics. However, around 1990 he met Danny Paradise who introduced him to yoga. Soon after, Sting began practicing yoga regularly. His practice consists primarily of an Ashtanga Vinyasa series, though he has experimented with other forms. Although Sting famously claimed to have had long bouts of tantric sex with his wife, he has more recently said that it was a dinner-party joke that took on a life of its own. This "tantric sex" would be immortalized in Barenaked Ladies' 1998 smash hit "One Week", stating "Like Sting, I'm tantric..." Sting has his own signature Fender Precision Bass, but over the years, has played a variety of basses, including a fretless Fender Precision Bass, a 1960s Fender Jazz Bass, a fretless Ibanez Musician Bass, a Spector NS-1, a Steinberger L2, a Framus electric double bass, and several others. 2005 Kentucky Derby winner Giacomo is named after Sting's son. Wrote the song Lullaby To An Anxious Child for his son Giacomo. Released the song on the You Still Touch Me CD Maxi Single in 1996. Sting has recorded a version of his song A Thousand Years with the fado singer Mariza In a music video of 'We'll be together', Sting was wearing a home-made jumper of Belgian Comic character, Tintin and Snowy.	Sting
Which politician was nicknamed the milk snatcher after stopping free milk in schools?	Gordon Sumner : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki More info on Gordon Sumner Wikis Gordon Sumner: Wikis Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics (Redirected to Sting (musician) article) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Sting Sting at the 2009 premiere of Moon Background information vocals, bass guitar, guitar, double bass, keyboards, Saxophone, Lute Years active Fender Telecaster Bass Sting, CBE (born Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner; 2 October 1951) is a British musician, singer-songwriter, activist, actor and philanthropist. Prior to starting his solo career, he was the principal songwriter, lead singer and bassist of the rock music band The Police . As a solo musician and member of The Police, Sting has received sixteen Grammy Awards for his work, receiving his first Grammy for Best Rock Instrumental Performance in 1981, and receiving an Oscar nomination for best song. He is a member of both the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Songwriters Hall of Fame . Contents 18 External links Early life Sumner was born in Wallsend , England, near Newcastle upon Tyne , [1] the eldest of four children born to Audrey (née Cowell), a hairdresser, and Ernest Matthew Sumner, a milkman and engineer. [2] His parents had three more children: Philip, Angela and Anita. Young Gordon would often assist his father with the early-morning milk-delivery rounds and his "best friend" was an old Spanish guitar with five rusty strings which had been left behind by an uncle who had emigrated to Canada. [3] He attended St. Cuthbert's High School in Newcastle upon Tyne . He would often sneak into nightclubs like the Club-A-Go-Go, where he would watch acts such as Cream and Jimi Hendrix , artists who would later influence his own music. After jobs as a bus conductor, a construction labourer, and a tax officer, he attended Northern Counties College of Education, (which later became part of Northumbria University ) from 1971 to 1974 and qualified as a teacher. [4] He then worked as a schoolteacher at St. Paul's Middle School in Cramlington for two years. His first music gigs were wherever he could get a playing job. He performed evenings, weekends, and during breaks from college and from teaching in jazz groups. He played with local jazz bands such as the Phoenix Jazzmen, the Newcastle Big Band, and Last Exit . He gained his nickname after he performed wearing a black and yellow sweater with hooped stripes while onstage with the Phoenix Jazzmen. Bandleader Gordon Solomon thought that the sweater made him look like a wasp , which prompted the nickname "Sting". In a press conference filmed in the movie Bring on the Night , he jokingly stated when referred to by a journalist as Mr. Sumner, "My children call me Sting, my mother calls me Sting, who is this Gordon character?" [5] The Police Main article: The Police In January 1977, Sting moved from Newcastle to London, and soon thereafter he joined Stewart Copeland and Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers ) to form the New Wave band The Police . Between 1978 and 1983, they released five chart-topping albums and won six Grammy Awards . Although their initial sound was punk inspired, The Police soon switched to reggae -tinged rock and minimalist pop . Their last album, Synchronicity , which included their most successful song, " Every Breath You Take ", was released in 1983. While never formally breaking up, after Synchronicity the group agreed to concentrate on solo projects. As the years went by, the band members, particularly Sting, dismissed the possibility of reforming. In 2007, however, the band reformed and undertook a world tour . Early solo work In September 1981, Sting made his first live solo appearance, performing on all four nights of the fourth Amnesty International benefit The Secret Policeman's Other Ball at the invitation of producer Martin Lewis . He performed solo versions of " Roxanne " and " Message in a Bottle ". He also led an all-star band (dubbed "The Secret Police") on his own arrangement of Bob Dylan 's " I Shall Be Released ". The band and chorus included Eric Clapton , Jeff Beck , Phil Collins , Bob Geldof and Midge Ure , all of whom except Beck later worked together on Live Aid . His performances were featured prominently in the album and movie of the show and drew critical attention to his work. Sumner's participation in The Secret Policeman's Other Ball was the beginning of his growing involvement in raising money and consciousness for political and social causes. In 1982 he released a solo single, " Spread a Little Happiness " from the film version of the Dennis Potter television play Brimstone and Treacle . The song was a re-interpretation of a song from the 1920s musical Mr. Cinders by Vivian Ellis , and was a surprise Top 20 hit in the UK. 1980s His first solo album, 1985's The Dream of the Blue Turtles , featured a cast of jazz musicians, including Kenny Kirkland , Darryl Jones , Omar Hakim , and Branford Marsalis . It included the hit single " If You Love Somebody Set Them Free ". The single included a fan favourite non-LP track titled "Another Day". The album also yielded the hits " Fortress Around Your Heart ", " Russians ", and "Love Is the Seventh Wave". Within a year, it reached Triple Platinum . This album would help Sting garner a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year. The film Bring on the Night , directed by Michael Apted , documented the formation of the band and its first concert in France. Sting performing in 1985 Also in 1985, he sang the introduction and chorus to " Money for Nothing ", a groundbreaking song by Dire Straits (he was given co-writer status and receives royalties based on his somewhat minor performance, supposedly because he reused his melody from The Police hit "Don't Stand So Close to Me" for his vocal parts. It is one of only two shared songwriting credits on any Dire Straits album). He performed this song with Dire Straits at the Live Aid Concert at Wembley Stadium . He also provided a short guest vocal performance on the Miles Davis album You're Under Arrest . He also sang backing vocals in Arcadia's single " The Promise " from their only album, So Red the Rose . He also contributed a version of " Mack the Knife " to the Hal Willner -produced tribute album Lost in the Stars: The Music of Kurt Weill. In 1984 he performed a song with a band called Band Aid. The song was, Do They Know It's Christmas for the relief of poverty in Africa. He released ...Nothing Like the Sun in 1987, including the hit songs " We'll Be Together ", " Fragile ", " Englishman in New York ", and "Be Still My Beating Heart", dedicated to his mother, who had recently died. It eventually went Double Platinum. The song "The Secret Marriage" from this album was adapted from a melody by German composer Hanns Eisler , and "Englishman In New York" was about the eccentric writer Quentin Crisp . The album's title is taken from William Shakespeare's Sonnet 130 . Soon thereafter, in February 1988, he released Nada como el sol , a selection of five songs from Sun sung (by Sting himself) in Spanish and Portuguese. He was also involved in two other recordings in the late 1980s, the first in 1987 with jazz arranger Gil Evans who placed Sting in a big band setting for a live album of Sting's songs (the CD was not released in the U.S.), and the second on Frank Zappa 's 1988 Broadway the Hard Way album, where Sting performs an unusual arrangement of "Murder By Numbers", set to the tune " Stolen Moments " by jazz composer Oliver Nelson , and "dedicated" to fundamentalist evangelist Jimmy Swaggart . October 1988 saw the release of Igor Stravinsky's The Soldier's Tale with the London Sinfonietta conducted by Kent Nagano . It featured Vanessa Redgrave , Sir Ian McKellen and Sting in the role of the soldier. 1990s His 1991 album The Soul Cages was dedicated to his recently deceased father and included the Top 10 song " All This Time ", which reached #5 on the U.S. Pop chart, and the Grammy-winning "The Soul Cages". The album eventually went Platinum. The following year, he married Trudie Styler and was awarded an honorary doctorate degree in music from Northumbria University . In 1991, Sting appeared on "Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin ", an album dedicated to the singer/songwriter duo. Sting performed "Come Down in Time", for the album which also features other popular artists and their renditions of John/Taupin Songs. The album was released on 22 October 1991 by Polydor. In 1993, he released the album Ten Summoner's Tales , which went Triple Platinum in just over a year. Ten Summoner's Tales was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 1993 and nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1994. The title is wordplay on his surname, Sumner and The Summoner's Tale , one of The Canterbury Tales . The single, "Fields of Gold" had moderate success on radio airways. Concurrent video albums were released to support Soul Cages (a live concert) and Ten Summoner's Tales (recorded during the recording sessions for the album). In May 1993, he released a cover of his own classic Police song from the Ghost in the Machine album, "Demolition Man" for the Demolition Man film. Together with Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart and Sting performed the chart-topping song " All for Love " for the film The Three Musketeers . The song stayed at the top of the U.S. charts for five weeks and went Platinum; it is to date Sting's only song from his post-Police career to top the U.S. charts. In February, he won two more Grammy Awards and was nominated for three more. The Berklee College of Music gave him his second honorary doctorate of music degree in May. In November, he released a greatest hits compilation called Fields of Gold: The Best of Sting, which eventually was certified Double Platinum. That same year, he was featured in a duet with Vanessa Williams on the song "Sister Moon," which appeared on her album The Sweetest Days . His 1996 album, Mercury Falling debuted strongly with the single "Let Your Soul Be Your Pilot", but it dropped quickly on the charts. He reached the Top 40 with two singles the same year with "You Still Touch Me" (June) and " I'm So Happy I Can't Stop Crying " (December) (which became a country music hit the next year in a version recorded with American country singer Toby Keith ). During this period, Sting was also recording music for the upcoming Disney film Kingdom of the Sun, which went on to be reworked into The Emperor's New Groove . The film went through drastic overhauls and plot changes, many of which were documented by Sting's wife, Trudie Styler . She captured the moment he was called by Disney who then informed him that his songs would not be used in the final film. The story was put into a final product: The Sweatbox, which premiered at the Toronto Film Festival . Disney currently holds the rights to the film and will not grant its release. That same year Sting also released a little-known CD-ROM called All This Time, which provided music, commentary and custom computer features describing Sting and his music from his perspective. Also in 1996, he provided some vocals for the Tina Turner single " On Silent Wings " as a part of her Wildest Dreams album. Sting has also cooperated with Greek popular singer George Dalaras , giving a common concert in Athens . "Moonlight", a rare jazz performance by Sting for the 1995 remake of Sabrina , written by Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman and John Williams, was nominated for a 1997 Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television. 2000s Sting live in Budapest , 2000 The Emperor's New Groove soundtrack was released with complete songs from the previous version of the film, which included Rascal Flatts and Shawn Colvin . This is seen by many as a move on Disney's part to soothe the relationship with Sting and to keep open the door for future projects. The final single used to promote the film was "My Funny Friend and Me". Sting's September 1999 album Brand New Day included the Top 40 hits "Brand New Day" and " Desert Rose ". The album went Triple Platinum by January 2001. In 2000, he won Grammy Awards for Brand New Day and the song of the same name. At the awards ceremony, he performed "Desert Rose" with his collaborator on the album version, Cheb Mami . For his performance, the Arab-American Institute Foundation gave him the Khalil Gibran Spirit of Humanity Award. However, Sting was criticized for appearing in a Jaguar advertisement using "Desert Rose" as its backing track, particularly as he was a notable environmentalist . In February 2001 he won another Grammy Award for his rendition of "She Walks This Earth (Soberana Rosa)" on A Love Affair: The Music Of Ivan Lins. His song "After The Rain Has Fallen" made it into the Top 40. His next project was to record a live album at his Tuscan villa, which was to be released as a CD and DVD, as well as being simulcast in its entirety on the internet. The CD and DVD were to be entitled On such a night and was intended to feature re-workings of Sting favourites such as "Roxanne" and "If You Love Somebody Set Them Free." The concert, scheduled for 11 September 2001, was altered in various ways due to the terrorist attacks in America that day . The webcast was shut down after one song (a reworked version of " Fragile "), after which Sting let it be up to the audience whether or not to continue with the show. Eventually they decided to go through with the concert, and the resultant album and DVD was released in November under a different title, ...All This Time. Both are dedicated "to all those who lost their lives on that day". He performed a special arrangement of " Fragile " with Yo-Yo Ma and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir during the opening ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah. In 2002 he won a Golden Globe Award for the song " Until... " from the film Kate and Leopold . Written and performed by him, "Until..." was also nominated for Academy Award for Best Song . In June he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame . In the summer, Sting was awarded the British honour of Commander of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). In 2003 he released Sacred Love , a studio album featuring collaborations with hip-hop artist Mary J. Blige and sitar performer Anoushka Shankar . He and Blige won a Grammy for their duet, "Whenever I Say Your Name". The song is based on Johann Sebastian Bach’s Praeambulum 1 C-Major (BWV 924) from the Klavierbuechlein fuer Wilhelm Friedemann Bach though Sting gave little comment on this adaptation. [6] The album did not have the hit singles like his previous releases. The first single, "Send Your Love" reached only #30 and reviews were mixed. However, the album did reach platinum status by January 2004. His autobiography Broken Music was published in October. He embarked on a Sacred Love tour in 2004 with performances by Annie Lennox . Sting went on the Broken Music tour, touring smaller venues, with a four piece band starting in Los Angeles on 28 March 2005 and ending this "College Tour" on 14 May 2005. Sting appears as a guest on the 2005 Monkey Business CD by American hip-hop group The Black Eyed Peas , adding vocals to the track "Union" which makes heavy use of samples from his Englishman in New York . Continuing with his involvement in Live Aid , he appeared at Live 8 in July 2005. During 2006, Sting collaborated with Roberto Livi in producing a Spanish language version of his cult classic " Fragile " entitled "Fragilidad" on the album Rhythms Del Mundo by Latino recording legends "The Buena Vista Sound" (previously known as the Buena Vista Social Club) available via www.apeuk.org. Sting with The Police at Madison Square Garden, New York, 1 August 2007 In October 2006, he released an album, to mixed reviews, entitled Songs from the Labyrinth featuring the music of John Dowland (an Elizabethan -era composer) and accompaniment from Bosnian lute player Edin Karamazov . As a part of the promotion of this album, he appeared on the fifth episode of Studio 60 during which he performed a segment of Dowland's " Come Again " as well as his own " Fields of Gold " in the arrangement for voice and two archlutes . Reports surfaced in early 2007 that Sting would reunite with his former Police band mates for a 30th anniversary tour. These rumours were confirmed by posts on the popular fanzine Stingus and on various other news websites such as De Standaard , Yahoo! etc. In May 2007, Deutsche Grammophon releases the opera Welcome to the Voice (composer Steve Nieve), with Sting portraying Dyonisos. On 11 February 2007, he reunited with the other members of the Police as the introductory act for the 2007 Grammy Awards , singing " Roxanne ", and subsequently announced The Police Reunion Tour , the first concert of which was held in Vancouver on 28 May in front of 22,000 fans at one of two nearly sold-out concerts. The Police toured for more than a year, beginning with North America and eventually crossing over to Europe, South America, Australia & New Zealand and Japan. The last concert was at Madison Square Garden on 7 August 2008, during which his three daughters appeared with him onstage. In 2007 he recorded a song called "Power's Out" with Nicole Scherzinger (lead singer of the Pussycat Dolls) the song is featured on her debut album Her Name Is Nicole which she was prepared to release in the beginning of 2008. On 1 February 2008, "Power's Out" was added on Nicole's official website and now "Power's Out" will be the official second single off Her Name Is Nicole. He also works with his sound enginere Ian Newton, and Newton's daughter, Jenny Newton, a singer.[citation needed] He is featured as a playable character in the video game Guitar Hero World Tour . [7] "Brand New Day" was the final song of the night for the Neighborhood Ball, one of ten inaugural balls honouring President Barack Obama on Inauguration Day, 20 January 2009. Sting was joined by Stevie Wonder on harmonica. According to an article posted on his official website, Sting entered the studio in early February 2009 to begin work on a new album " If on a Winter's Night... ", [8] released on October 2009. [9] Initial reviews by fans that had access to early promotional copies were mixed, and some questioned Sting's artistic direction with this album. [10] 2010s On February 4, 2010, Gulf News announced that Sting would be performing at the Meydan Racecourse launch in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . [11] The performance will take place on March 4, 2010, where Sting will entertain a projected sell-out crowd of 16,000. Al Braik Investments & AEG Live were the main sponsors of the event. Acting Sting occasionally has ventured into acting. Film and television roles include: The Ace Face, the King of The Mods, a.k.a. The Bell Boy in the movie adaptation of The Who album Quadrophenia (1979) Radio On : Just Like Eddie (1980) The angel Helith in the BBC TV film Artemis 81 (1981) Himself in Bee Movie (2007) Himself, mistaken by Tom Baker for Stomp, the lead singer of "The Cops" in Little Britain USA (2008) He plays his own song, Fields of Gold Himself in Brüno (2009) Sting narrated the American premiere of the musical Yanomamo (1983), by Peter Rose and Anne Conlon outlining problems that existed in the Amazon rainforest. This was made into a film and later broadcast as Song of the Forest (currently available from WWF-UK). Other appearances on the stage and television include guest spots on Saturday Night Live and Ally McBeal . He also provided the voice of Zarm on the 1990s television show Captain Planet and the Planeteers . In 1989 he starred as Macheath (Mack the Knife) in the The Threepenny Opera , the classic 1928 German musical work by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill in New York and Washington, in the production staged by John Dexter . He most recently appeared as a musical guest on the fictional series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip . Sting appeared on the television sitcom Ally McBeal as himself, being sued for appearing to sing to a fan by the fan's husband. Activism While with the Police, Sting wrote "Driven to Tears", an angry indictment of apathy in the face of world hunger, and it preceded his work on Bob Geldof 's " Feed The World " project. Sting sang on " Do They Know It's Christmas? " – a hit single from Geldof's pop music super-group called "Band Aid" which eventually led to the Live Aid Concert in July 1985, in which Sting also took part, performing with Branford Marsalis , Phil Collins and Dire Straits . Sting's first involvement in the human rights cause came in September 1981 when he was invited by producer Martin Lewis to participate in the fourth Amnesty International gala The Secret Policeman's Other Ball following the example set at the 1979 show by Pete Townshend . [12] Sting performed two of his Police compositions as a soloist – "Roxanne" and "Message in a Bottle"' – appearing on all four nights of the show at the Theatre Royal in London. Sting also led an impromptu super-group of other musicians (dubbed The Secret Police) performing at the show including Eric Clapton , Jeff Beck , Phil Collins , Donovan , Bob Geldof and Midge Ure in the show's grand finale – Sting's own reggae-tinged arrangement of Bob Dylan 's I Shall Be Released. The event was the first time that Sting had worked with Geldof, Collins and Ure – an association that developed further with 1984's Band Aid and 1985's Live Aid. Sting's performance – his first live appearances as a solo performer – was prominently featured on the album of the show (being its lead tracks) and in the film. In 1986 he was interviewed by the BBC about the origins of his support for Amnesty International and he stated: "I've been a member of Amnesty and a support member for five years, due to an entertainment event called The Secret Policeman's Ball and before that I did not know about Amnesty, I did not know about its work, I did not know about torture in the world."[citation needed]In 1986, Sting reuinted with the Police at Giants Stadium on the final show of Amnesty's A Conspiracy of Hope concerts of the US, a world tour during which he joined several other rock and pop singers. In late 1986, Sting befriended outspoken activist Quentin Crisp , to whom the song " Englishman in New York " is dedicated. Also in 1986, Sting contributed a haunting song made famous by Billie Holiday, "Strange Fruit," to a fund-raising compilation album entitled "Conspiracy of Hope: Honouring Amnesty International's 25th Anniversary." A high point in his many contributions to human-rights causes came in 1988, when he joined a team of other major musicians – including Peter Gabriel and Bruce Springsteen – assembled under the banner of Amnesty International for the six-week world tour Human Rights Now! Tour celebrating the 40th anniversary of the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . In 1988, he released the single "They Dance Alone" which chronicled the plight of the mothers, wives and daughters of the "disappeared", the political opponents of the regime killed by the Pinochet Government in Chile. Unable to publicly voice their grievances to the government about their missing loved ones, for fear that they would "go missing" too, the women of Chile would pin photos of their "disappeared" relatives on their clothing, and dance in silent outrage against the government in public places.[citation needed] Later, Sting would perform the song on stage in Chile and Argentina, dancing with some of those same women. He has said it was one of the most moving moments in his life. With his wife Trudie Styler and Raoni Metuktire, a Kayapó Indian leader in Brazil, Sting founded the Rainforest Foundation Fund to help save the rainforests and protect the rights of the indigenous peoples living there. His support for these causes continues to this day, and includes an annual benefit concert held at New York's Carnegie Hall with Billy Joel, Elton John, James Taylor and other music superstars. A species of Colombian tree frog, Dendropsophus stingi , was named after him in recognition of his "commitment and efforts to save the rain forest". [13] On 21 October 1991, Sting joined Don Henley and Billy Joel at New York's Madison Square Garden for a benefit rock show, The Concert for Walden Woods. On 15 September 1997, Sting joined Sir Paul McCartney, Eric Clapton, Sir Elton John, Phil Collins and Mark Knopfler at London's Royal Albert Hall for Music For Montserrat, a benefit concert for the Caribbean island that had recently been devastated by an eruption from a volcano. Sting and his wife Trudie Styler were awarded the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience award in Sherborn, Massachusetts on 30 June 2000. Singer/song writer, documentary film producers for their commitment to the environment through the establishment of the Rainforest Foundation; to human rights in China through the documentary film on Tiananmen Square; and to peace and social justice through the powerful gift of song. [14] In September 2001, Sting also took part in the post-9/11 rock telethon "America: A Tribute to Heroes" singing "Fragile" to help raise money for the families of the victims of terror attacks in the United States. Sting lost a close friend in the collapse of New York's World Trade Center towers. On 2 July 2005, Sting performed a complete set at the Live 8 concert, the follow up to 1985's Live Aid concert. In 2007, Sting joined Andy Summers and Stewart Copeland and played the closing set at the Live Earth Concert at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey . Joined by John Mayer and Kanye West , Sting and the Police fittingly ended the show singing "Message in a Bottle," as the event was dubbed "The SOS Concert." In 2008 Sting contributed to a music album called Songs for Tibet , to support Tibet and the current Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso . [15] On January 22, 2010, Sting performed "Driven to Tears" during the global telethon "Hope for Haiti." Criticism and controversy Sting has been severely criticized for playing a concert in Uzbekistan in October 2009, [16] [17] at the invitation of Gulnora Karimova , the daughter of the country's President-for-life Islam Karimov . [18] President Karimov has been accused of the practice of boiling his enemies to death, the killing of protesters within Uzbekistan, and mass conscription of children for slave labour. [16] [19] The minimum ticket price for Sting's concert was over US$250, which is about twice the country's average monthly salary. [16] [20] The concert was in the frames of local Art Week STYLE.UZ project sponsored by Gulnora Karimova. [21] After Marina Hyde of The Guardian newspaper accused Sting of being "in the pay of a tyrannical regime," he issued a statement acknowledging Islam Karimov's "appalling reputation in the field of human rights ." [16] He also claimed that the concert was given "sponsored by Unicef " [16] ; Unicef, when later approached by Hyde about this claim, stated that they were "quite surprised", as they had no connection with the event. Sting also stated that he made the decision to play the concert as he felt that cultural boycotts were "counter-productive, where proscribed states are further robbed of the open commerce of ideas and art and as a result become even more closed, paranoid and insular". [16] Writing on his blog, former British ambassador to Uzbekistan Craig Murray agreed with the musician that "cultural isolation does not help. I am often asked about the morality of going to Uzbekistan, and I always answer - go, mix with ordinary people, tell them about other ways of life, avoid state owned establishments and official tours. What Sting did was the opposite. To invoke Unicef as a cover, sat next to a woman who has made hundreds of millions from state forced child labour in the cotton fields, is pretty sick." [22] Personal life Sting at Madison Square Garden in New York City on 1 August 2007. Sting married actress Frances Tomelty from Northern Ireland, on 1 May 1976. Before they divorced in 1984, the couple had two children: Joseph (born 23 November 1976) and Fuchsia Catherine (a.k.a. "Kate", born 17 April 1982). Joe Sumner is a member of the band Fiction Plane . In 1980 Sting became a tax exile and moved to Galway in Ireland. In 1982, shortly after the birth of his second child, Sting separated from Tomelty and began living with actress (and later film producer) Trudie Styler . The couple eventually married in 1992, on 20 August. Sting and Styler have four children: Bridget Michael (a.k.a. "Mickey", born 19 January 1984), Jake (born 24 May 1985), Eliot Pauline (nicknamed "Coco", born 30 July 1990), and Giacomo Luke (born 17 December 1995). Both of Sting's parents died from cancer in 1987. He did not, however, attend either funeral stating that the media fuss would be disrespectful to his parents. [23] 1995 found Sting preparing for a court appearance against his former accountant who had misappropriated several million pounds of his money.[citation needed] Sting owns several homes worldwide, including Elizabethan manor house Lake House and its 60-acre country estate near Salisbury , Wiltshire; a country cottage in the Lake District ; a New York City apartment; a beach house in Malibu ; a 600-acre (2.4 km2) estate in Tuscany ; and two properties in London: an apartment on The Mall , an 18th-century terrace house in Highgate . [24] He also once owned a home in West Hempstead , New York. He also owns homes in the Caribbean, including one in the upscale community of Casa de Campo , Dominican Republic . According to an interview he did for German television broadcaster NDR in 1996, Sting chose a tree on the Lake House estate beside which he wishes to be buried.[citation needed]His net worth is estimated at $362.8 million according to Insider Money magazine. Kasparov and Sting, Times Square, New York. To keep physically fit, for years Sting ran five miles (8 km) a day and performed aerobics. He participated in running races at Parliament Hill and charity runs similar to the British 10K. However, around 1990 he met Danny Paradise who introduced him to yoga, and he later began practising yoga regularly. His practice consisted primarily of an Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga series, though now he practices many other forms. He wrote a foreword to the book, [25] written by Ganga White in 2007. An avid chess player, Sting played Garry Kasparov in an exhibition game in 2000, along with four fellow bandmates: Dominic Miller, Jason Rebello, Chris Botti, and Russ Irwin. Kasparov beat all five simultaneously within 50 minutes. [26] Journalist Stefanie Markidis is currently researching Sting and collaborating with him for a new publication due for first release in early 2010, called "Stingformation Files". Sting has incorporated some aspects of vegetarianism into his diet, but now he eats meat that he raises. [27] Sting is a fan of Newcastle United football club and wrote their song for the 1998 FA Cup final defeat against Arsenal. Views and advocacy Sting is a supporter of Britain’s involvement and further integration into the European Union and declared his support for the controversial Treaty of Lisbon in an interview in 2009: I‘ve lived in Europe for about 15 years, I live in Italy. So I feel very European. I think it‘s an inevitable thing that our future in the British Isles will be with Europe. We'll be part of Europe, we‘ll be better for it. [28] Sting has been critical of the television series The X Factor , describing it as "appalling" and "a soap opera which has nothing to do with music": I watched it the other night for the first time, I've never seen it before. I was appalled. I wouldn't get on The X Factor because I don't sound like anyone they're after, I sound like myself. I think they are basically aping pre-existing stereotypes of what singers should do and they're not being themselves. There's no X Factor there. The music industry is a multi-million dollar business and the shop floor is not The X Factor. It's pubs and clubs up and down the country or you get in your van and you go up and down the M1 and you build an audience that way. That's how you build a backbone. [29] I am sorry but none of those kids are going to go anywhere, and I say that sadly. How appalling for a young person to feel that rejection. It is a soap opera which has nothing to do with music. In fact, it has put music back decades. Television is very cynical. They are either Mariah Carey or Whitney Houston or Boyzone and are not encouraged to create any real unique signature or fingerprint. That cannot come from TV. The X Factor is a preposterous show and you have judges who have no recognisable talent apart from self-promotion, advising them what to wear and how to look. It is appalling. The real shop floor for musical talent is pubs and clubs, that is where the original work is. But they are being closed down on a daily basis. It is impossible to put an act on in a pub. The music industry has been hugely important to England, bringing in millions. If anyone thinks the The X Factor is going to do that, they are wrong. [30] Discography	i don't know
The book Tom Brown's School Days is set in which school?	Tom Brown's School Days - Wikiquote Tom Brown's School Days Jump to: navigation , search Map of Rugby School with portrait of the school's headmaster, Dr. Arnold. Tom Brown's School Days is an 1857 novel by Thomas Hughes set at Rugby School, an English public school for boys. Hughes attended Rugby School from 1834 to 1842, and the novel is set in the period of the 1830s. Contents Part I[ edit ] Ch. 1 - The Brown Family[ edit ] But the world goes on its way, and the wheel turns, and the wrongs of the Browns, like other wrongs, seem in a fair way to get righted. They can't let anything alone which they think going wrong. They must speak their mind about it, annoying all easy-going folk; and spend their time and money in having a tinker at it, however hopeless the job. It is an impossibility to a Brown to leave the most disreputable lame dog on the other side of a stile. Failures slide off them like July rain off a duck's back feathers. I pity people who weren't born in a vale. I don't mean a flat country, but a vale—that is, a flat country bounded by hills. The having your hill always in view, if you choose to turn toward him, that's the essence of a vale. There he is forever in the distance, your friend and companion; you never lose him as you do in hilly districts. I have been credibly informed, and am inclined to believe, that the various boards of directors of railway companies, those gigantic jobbers and bribers, while quarrelling about everything else, agreed together some ten years back to buy up the learned profession of medicine , body and soul. To this end they set apart several millions of money, which they continually distribute judiciously among the doctors, stipulating only this one thing, that they shall prescribe change of air to every patient who can pay, or borrow money to pay, a railway fare, and see their prescription carried out. If it be not for this, why is it that none of us can be well at home for a year together? It wasn't so twenty years ago—not a bit of it. Ch. 2 - The Veast[ edit ] As that venerable and learned poet (whose voluminous works we all think it the correct thing to admire and talk about, but don't read often) most truly says, "the child is father to the man"; a fortiori, therefore, he must be father to the boy. Tom's nurse was one who took in her instruction very slowly—she seemed to have two left hands and no head; and so Mrs. Brown kept her on longer than usual, that she might expend her awkwardness and forgetfulness upon those who would not judge and punish her too strictly for them. Class amusements , be they for dukes or plough-boys, always become nuisances and curses to a country. The true charm of cricket and hunting is that they are still more or less sociable and universal—there's a place for every man who will come and take his part. Only I have just got this to say before I quit the text. Don't let reformers of any sort think that they are going really to lay hold of the working boys and young men of England by any educational grapnel whatever which hasn't some bona-fide equivalent for the games of the old country "veast" in it; something to put in the place of the back-swording and wrestling and racing; something to try the muscles of men's bodies and the endurance of their hearts, and to make them rejoice in their strength . In all the new-fangled, comprehensive plans which I see, this is all left out; and the consequence is that your great Mechanics' Institutes end in intellectual priggism, and your Christian Young Men's Societies in religious Pharisaism . Life isn't all beer and skittles—but beer and skittles , or something better of the same sort, must form a good part of every Englishman's education. Ch. 3 - Sundry Wars and Alliances[ edit ] The object of all schools is not to ram Latin and Greek into boys, but to make them good English boys, good future citizens ; and by far the most important part of that work must be done, or not done, out of school hours. Ch. 4 - The Stage-coach[ edit ] Tom departs for Rugby school aboard the Tally-ho coach. "...If schools are what they were in my time, you'll see a great many cruel blackguard things done, and hear a deal of foul, bad talk. But never fear. You tell the truth, keep a brave and kind heart, and never listen to or say anything you wouldn't have your mother and sister hear, and you'll never feel ashamed to come home, or we to see you." Squire Brown, Tom's father I sometimes think that you boys of this generation are a deal tenderer fellows than we used to be. At any rate, you're much more comfortable travellers, for I see every one of you with his rug or plaid, and other dodges for preserving the caloric, and most of you going in those fuzzy, dusty, padded first-class carriages. It was another affair altogether, a dark ride on the top of the Tally-ho, I can tell you, in a tight Petersham coat, and your feet dangling six inches from the floor. Then you knew what cold was, and what it was to be without legs, for not a bit of feeling had you in them after the first half-hour. But it had its pleasures, the old dark ride. First there was the consciousness of silent endurance, so dear to every Englishman—of standing out against something, and not giving in. Then there was the music of the rattling harness, and the ring of the horses' feet on the hard road, and the glare of the two bright lamps through the steaming hoar-frost, over the leaders' ears, into the darkness; and the cheery toot of the guard's horn, to warn some drowsy pikeman or the ostler at the next change; and the looking forward to daylight; and last, but not least, the delight of returning sensation in your toes. Guard emerges from the tap, where he prefers breakfasting, licking round a tough-looking, doubtful cheroot, which you might tie round your finger, and three whiffs of which would knock any one else out of time. It's very odd how almost all English boys love danger; you can get ten to join a game, or climb a tree, or swim a stream, when there's a chance of breaking their limbs or getting drowned, for one who'll stay on level ground, or in his depth, or play quoits or bowls. Ch. 5 - Rugby and Football[ edit ] There's nothing for candor like a lower-school boy; and East was a genuine specimen—frank, hearty, and good-natured, well satisfied with himself and his position, and chock-full of life and spirits, and all the Rugby prejudices and traditions which he had been able to get together in the long course of one-half year during which he had been at the School-house. ...but over all is old Brooke, absolute as he of Russia, but wisely and bravely ruling over willing and worshipping subjects, a true football king. His face is earnest and careful as he glances a last time over his array, but full of pluck and hope, the sort of look I hope to see in my general when I go out to fight. You say you don't see much in it all; nothing but a struggling mass of boys, and a leather ball, which seems to excite them all to great fury, as a red rag does a bull. My dear sir, a battle would look much the same to you, except that the boys would be men and the balls iron; but a battle would be worth your looking at for all that, and so is a football-match. You can't be expected to appreciate the delicate strokes of play, the turns by which a game is lost and won—it takes an old player to do that—but the broad philosophy of football you can understand if you will. This is worth living for; the whole sum of school-boy existence gathered up into one straining, struggling half-hour, a half-hour worth a year of common life. Ch. 6 - After the Match[ edit ] "Tom...took his three tosses without a kick or a cry" Ah! light words of those whom we love and honor, what a power ye are, and how carelessly wielded by those who can use you! "Bullies are cowards, and one coward makes many..." Old Brooke We looked upon every trumpery little custom and habit which had obtained in the school as though it had been a law of the Medes and Persians, and regarded the infringement or variation of it as a sort of sacrilege. This didn't suit Flashman. What your real bully likes in tossing is when the boys kick and struggle, or hold on to one side of the blanket and so get pitched bodily onto the floor; it's no fun to him when no one is hurt or frightened. Ch. 7 - Settling to the Collar[ edit ] Everybody, I suppose, knows the dreamy, delicious state in which one lies, half asleep, half awake, while consciousness begins to return, after a sound night's rest in a new place which we are glad to be in, following upon a day of unwonted excitement and exertion. There are few pleasanter pieces of life. The worst of it is that they last such a short time; for, nurse them as you will, by lying perfectly passive in mind and body, you can't make more than five minutes or so of them. After which time the stupid, obtrusive, wakeful entity which we call "I," as impatient as he is stiff-necked, spite of our teeth will force himself back again and take possession of us down to our very toes. Two or three years, more or less, and then the steadily advancing, blessed wave will pass over your names as it has passed over ours. It was this quality above all others which moved such boys as our hero, who had nothing whatever remarkable about him except excess of boyishness; by which I mean animal life in its fullest measure, good nature and honest impulses, hatred of injustice and meanness, and thoughtlessness enough to sink a three-decker. Ch. 8 - The War of Independence[ edit ] Then came the mass of the form, boys of eleven and twelve, the most mischievous and reckless age of British youth, of whom East and Tom Brown were fair specimens. As full of tricks as monkeys, and of excuses as Irishwomen, making fun of their master, one another, and their lessons, Argus himself would have been puzzled to keep an eye on them; and as for making them steady or serious for half an hour together, it was simply hopeless. "Triste lupus, the sorrowful wolf," he began. But a character for steadiness once gone is not easily recovered, as Tom found, and for years afterward he went up to the school without it, and the masters' hands were against him, and his against them. And he regarded them, as a matter of course, as his natural enemies. In no place in the world has individual character more weight than at a public school. Remember this, I beseech you, all you boys who are getting into the upper forms. Now is the time in all your lives, probably, when you may have more wide influence for good or evil on the society you live in than you ever can have again. Quit yourselves like men, then; speak up, and strike out if necessary, for whatsoever is true, and manly, and lovely, and of good report; never try to be popular, but only to do your duty and help others to do theirs, and you may leave the tone of feeling in the school higher than you found it, and so be doing good, which no living soul can measure, to generations of your countrymen yet unborn. For boys follow one another in herds like sheep, for good or evil; they hate thinking, and have rarely any settled principles. Every school, indeed, has its own traditionary standard of right and wrong, which cannot be transgressed with impunity, marking certain things as low and blackguard, and certain others as lawful and right. This standard is ever varying, though it changes only slowly, and little by little; and, subject only to such standard, it is the leading boys for the time being who give the tone to all the rest, and make the School either a noble institution for the training of Christian Englishmen, or a place where a young boy will get more evil than he would if he were turned out to make his way in London streets, or anything between these two extremes. "And so we get a double set of masters," cried Tom, indignantly; "the lawful ones, who are responsible to the Doctor, at any rate, and the unlawful—the tyrants, who are responsible to nobody." Tom Brown "Don't you go to anybody at all—you just stand out; say you won't fag—they 'll soon get tired of licking you. I've tried it on years ago with their forerunners." Diggs That great event in the English year, the Derby, was celebrated at Rugby in those days by many lotteries. It was not an improving custom, I own, gentle reader, and led to making books and betting and other objectionable results; but when our great Houses of Palaver think it right to stop the nation's business on that day, and many of the members bet heavily themselves, can you blame us boys for following the example of our betters? Gambling makes boys selfish and cruel as well as men. Ch. 9 - A Chapter of Accidents[ edit ] "Not he," said Diggs, getting leisurely off the table; "it's all sham—he's only afraid to fight it out." They now often stole out into the hall at nights, incited thereto, partly by the hope of finding Diggs there and having a talk with him, partly by the excitement of doing something which was against rules; for, sad to say, both of our youngsters, since their loss of character for steadiness in their form, had got into the habit of doing things which were forbidden, as a matter of adventure; just in the same way, I should fancy, as men fall into smuggling, and for the same sort of reasons. Thoughtlessness in the first place. It never occurred to them to consider why such and such rules were laid down; the reason was nothing to them; and they only looked upon rules as a sort of challenge from the rule-makers, which it would be rather bad pluck in them not to accept; and then again, in the lower parts of the school they hadn't enough to do. They had done with Flashman in one sense, for he never laid finger on either of them again; but whatever harm a spiteful heart and venomous tongue could do them he took care should be done. Only throw dirt enough, and some of it is sure to stick; and so it was with the fifth form and the bigger boys in general, with whom he associated more or less, and they not at all. The evil that men and boys, too, do, lives after them: Flashman was gone, but our boys, as hinted above, still felt the effects of his hate. So it is, and must be always, my dear boys. If the Angel Gabriel were to come down from heaven, and head a successful rise against the most abominable and unrighteous vested interest, which this poor old world groans under, he would most certainly lose his character for many years, probably for centuries, not only with upholders of said vested interest, but with the respectable mass of the people whom he had delivered. They wouldn't ask him to dinner, or let their names appear with his in the papers; they would be very careful how they spoke of him in the Palaver, or at their clubs. What can we expect, then, when we have only poor, gallant, blundering men like Kossuth, Garibaldi, Mazzini, and righteous causes which do not triumph in their hands; men who have holes enough in their armor, God knows, easy to be hit by respectabilities sitting in their lounging-chairs, and having large balances at their bankers? But you are brave, gallant boys who hate easy-chairs, and have no balances or bankers. You only want to have your heads set straight to take the right side: so bear in mind that majorities, especially respectable ones, are nine times out of ten in the wrong; and that if you see a man or boy striving earnestly on the weak side, however wrong-headed or blundering he may be, you are not to go and join the cry against him. If you can't join him and help him, and make him wiser, at any rate remember that he has found something in the world which he will fight and suffer for, which is just what you have got to do for yourselves; and so think and speak of him tenderly. The May-flies must surely be the lotus-eaters of the ephemeræ; the happiest, laziest, carelessest fly that dances and dreams out his few hours of sunshiny life by English rivers. Part II[ edit ] Ch. 1 - How the Tide Turned[ edit ] "Hullo! look here. Tommy," shouted he, "here's fun!" and he brandished above his head some pretty little night-caps, beautifully made and marked, the work of loving fingers in some distant country home. The kind mother and sisters, who sewed that delicate stitching with aching hearts, little thought of the trouble they might be bringing on the young head for which they were meant. The little matron was wiser, and snatched the caps from East before he could look at the name on them. "But look here now, you must answer straight up when the fellows speak to you, and don't be afraid. If you're afraid, you'll get bullied." Tom Brown It was no light act of courage in those days, my dear boys, for a little fellow to say his prayers publicly, even at Rugby. [H]e who has conquered his own coward spirit has conquered the whole outward world. [H]owever we may fancy ourselves alone on the side of good, the King and Lord of men is nowhere without His witnesses; for in every society, however seemingly corrupt and godless, there are those who have not bowed the knee to Baal. Ch. 2 - The New Boy[ edit ] Tom shut his Bible with a slap. "...Hang it, I wish I could take things as you do—but I never can get higher than a joke. Everything's a joke. If I was going to be flogged next minute, I should be in a blue funk, but I couldn't help laughing at it for the life of me." Harry "Scud" East He was one of the miserable little, pretty, white-handed, curly-headed boys, petted and pampered by some of the big fellows, who wrote their verses for them, taught them to drink and use bad language, and did all they could to spoil them for everything in this world and the next. He had battled like a man, and gotten a man's reward. No silver teapots or salvers, with flowery inscriptions, setting forth his virtues and the appreciation of a genteel parish; no fat living or stall, for which he never looked, and didn't care; no sighs and praises of comfortable dowagers and well-got-up young women, who worked him slippers, sugared his tea, and adored him as "a devoted man"; but a manly respect... So he and she went quietly among the folk, talking to and treating them just as they would have done people of their own rank. They didn't feel that they were doing anything out of the common way, and so were perfectly natural, and had none of that condescension or consciousness of manner which so outrages the independent poor. The spirit of his father was in him, and the Friend to whom his father had left him did not neglect the trust. "Every man isn't born to be a martyr." George Arthur [East:] "How often have I told you, Tom, that you must drive a nail where it will go?" "And how often have I told you," rejoined Tom, "that it 'll always go where you want, if you only stick to it and hit hard enough? I hate half measures and compromises." "Yes, he's a whole-hog man, is Tom. Must have the whole animal, hair and teeth, claws and tail," laughed East. "Sooner have no bread any day than half the loaf." "I don't object to a compromise where you don't give up your principle." Tom Brown "There isn't such a reasonable fellow in the world, to hear him talk. He never wants anything but what's right and fair; only when you come to settle what's right and fair, it's everything that he wants, and nothing that you want. And that's his idea of a compromise. Give me the Brown compromise when I'm on his side" Harry "Scud" East "There are times when there is only one way, and that the highest, and then the men are found to stand in the breach." George Arthur Ch. 3 - Arthur Makes a Friend[ edit ] "He's a very good fellow, but as mad as a hatter. He's called Madman, you know. And never was such a fellow tor getting all sorts of rum things about him. He tamed two snakes last half, and used to carry them about in his pocket, and I'll be bound he's got some hedgehogs and rats in his cupboard now, and no one knows what besides." Tom Brown, talking of Martin The fact was, this was the first attempt at a friendship of his own which Arthur had made, and Tom hailed it as a grand step. The ease with which he himself became hail-fellow-well-met with anybody, and blundered into and out of twenty friendships a half-year, made him sometimes sorry and sometimes angry at Arthur's reserve and loneliness. Now, to persons of moderate invention this was a considerable task, and human nature being prone to repeat itself, it will not be wondered that the masters gave the same subjects sometimes over again after a certain lapse of time. To meet and rebuke this bad habit of the masters, the school-boy mind, with its accustomed ingenuity, had invented an elaborate system of tradition. Almost every boy kept his own vulgus written out in a book, and these books were duly handed down from boy to boy, till (if the tradition has gone on till now) I suppose the popular boys, in whose hands bequeathed vulgus-books have accumulated, are prepared with three or four vulguses on any subject in heaven or earth, or in "more worlds than one," which an unfortunate master can pitch upon. At any rate, such lucky fellows had generally one for themselves and one for a friend in my time. The only objection to the traditionary method of doing your vulguses was the risk that the successions might have become confused, and so that you and another follower of traditions should show up the same identical vulgus some fine morning; in which case, when it happened, considerable grief was the result—but when did such risk hinder boys or men from short cuts and pleasant paths? A fourth method, indeed, was used in the school, but of too simple a kind to require a comment. It may be called the vicarious method, obtained among big boys of lazy or bullying habits, and consisted simply in making clever boys whom they could thrash do their whole vulgus for them, and construe it to them afterward; which latter is a method not to be encouraged, and which I strongly advise you all not to practise. Ch. 4 - The Bird-fanciers[ edit ] Oh, Tom, you old humbug! you to be upbraiding any one with not learning his lessons! If you hadn't been floored yourself now at first lesson, do you mean to say you wouldn't have been with them? and you've taken away all poor little Arthur's joy and pride in his first birds' eggs; and he goes and puts them down in the study, and takes down his books with a sigh, thinking he has done something horribly wrong, whereas he has learned on in advance much more than will be done at second lesson. We boys had an idea that birds couldn't count, and were quite content as long as you left one egg. I hope it is so. "Good gracious, Tom, what a lot of feathers a duck has!" groaned East, holding a bagful in his hand and looking disconsolately at the carcass, not yet half plucked. "Mind, I don't ask questions," went on Mentor, "but I rather think some of you have been there before this after his chickens. Now, knocking over other people's chickens and running off with them is stealing. It's a nasty word, but that's the plain English of it. If the chickens were dead and lying in a shop, you wouldn't take them, I know that, any more than you would apples out of Griffith's basket; but there's no real difference between chickens running about and apples on a tree and the same articles in a shop. I wish our morals were sounder in such matters. There's nothing so mischievous as these school distinctions, which jumble up right and wrong, and justify things in us for which poor boys would be sent to prison." Ch. 7 - Harry East's Dilemmas and Deliverances[ edit ] It 's more than a game, it's an institution. Ch. 9 - Finis[ edit ] It was the first great wrench of his life, the first gap which the angel Death had made in his circle, and he felt numbed, and beaten down, and spiritless. Well, well! I believe it was good for him and for many others in like case; who had to learn by that loss, that the soul of man cannot stand or lean upon any human prop, however strong, and wise, and good; but that He upon whom alone it can stand and lean will knock away all such props in His own wise and merciful way, until there is no ground or stay left but Himself, the Rock of Ages, upon whom alone a sure foundation for every soul of man is laid. For it is only through our mysterious human relationships , through the love and tenderness and purity of mothers, and sisters, and wives, through the strength and courage and wisdom of fathers, and brothers, and teachers, that we can come to the knowledge of Him, in whom alone the love, and the tenderness, and the purity, and the strength, and the courage, and the wisdom of all these dwell for ever and ever in perfect fulness. About Tom Brown's School Days[ edit ] 'You see,' went on my companion, 'the difficulty about Tom Brown's Schooldays is this. It is obvious that part one and part two were written by different people. You admit that, I suppose?'	Rugby
Who won a gold medal in the 100 metres breaststroke at the 1980 Olympics in Moscow?	Tom Brown's School Days (1940) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Tom Brown's School Days ( 1940 ) Approved \| A young boy starts at Rugby boarding school. He is tormented by Flashman, the school bully. Director: 6 March 2015 12:00 AM, -08:00 \| JoBlo.com Around The Web a list of 45 titles created 23 Jul 2012 a list of 21 titles created 09 Sep 2012 a list of 87 titles created 16 Oct 2012 a list of 44 titles created 26 Mar 2014 a list of 300 titles created 3 months ago Title: Tom Brown's School Days (1940) 6.8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. A young boy starts at Rugby boarding school. He is tormented by Flashman, the school bully. Director: Gordon Parry Tom Brown's Schooldays (TV Movie 2005) Drama Drama about life at Rugby School in Victorian England. The headmaster is fair but not effective and life is brutal for the young boys because of bullying and it's consequences. The acting ... See full summary » Director: David Moore Feuding fathers deal with the shocking news that their sons were switched at birth, meaning that one of their daughters is about to marry her own brother. Director: Ralph Murphy Boxer Joe Pendleton dies 50 years too soon due to a heavenly mistake, and is given a new life as a millionaire playboy. Director: Alexander Hall Just before Halloween, three young brothers alone in a big house are menaced by three escaped mental patients who have murdered some traveling circus clowns and taken their identities. Director: Victor Salva Respected black cavalry Sergeant Brax Rutledge stands court-martial for raping and killing a white woman and murdering her father, his superior officer. Director: John Ford Philo Vance, accompanied by his prize-losing Scottish terrier, investigates the locked-room murder of a prominent and much-hated collector whose broken Chinese vase provides an important clue. Director: Michael Curtiz The life of the poor Tucker family, that worked as cotton pluggers and decided to get their own ground, but nature is against them. Director: Jean Renoir In post-war Cape Breton, a doctor's efforts to tutor a deaf/mute woman are undermined when she is raped, and the resulting pregnancy causes scandal to swirl. Director: Jean Negulesco 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.5/10 X This movie shows the idealized career of the singer Al Jolson, a little Jewish boy who goes against the will of his father in order to be in showbiz. He becomes a star, falls in love with a... See full summary » Director: Alfred E. Green A newspaper editor joins the class of a journalism professor who despises him, and they begin to fall in love. Director: George Seaton In the Sudan, in 1884-85, Egyptian forces led by a British general defend Khartoum against an invading Muslim army led by a religious fanatic, the Mahdi. Directors: Basil Dearden, Eliot Elisofon Stars: Charlton Heston, Laurence Olivier, Richard Johnson Edit Storyline Thomas Arnold is hired to be the new headmaster at Rugby, whose students have acquired a reputation for being wild, disruptive, and dishonest. He institutes strict disciplinary policies, and expels numerous boys as a result. Many of the teachers, trustees, and parents turn against him. Squire Brown, his most vocal supporter, decides to send his own son Tom to Rugby as a demonstration of confidence. Tom soon learns that the school is plagued by bullies, and he is frequently targeted by them. He and the other boys are hindered, though, by an unwritten understanding that none of them will ever report the misdeeds of another to the authorities. Written by Snow Leopard See All (25) » Taglines: THE GREATEST SCHOOL-STORY EVER WRITTEN COMES TO THE SCREEN IN ALL ITS GLORY! (original print ad - all caps) Genres: 19 July 1940 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Adventures at Rugby See more » Company Credits Did You Know? Trivia The earliest documented telecasts of this film in New York City occurred Monday 30 December 1946 on DuMont Television Network's WABD (Channel 5) and in Los Angeles Sunday 29 February 1948 on DuMont's KTLA (Channel 5). See more » Goofs When the boy shoots a pea-shooter at Fleishman from the back, it hits near the top of his stovepipe hat yet he grabs back of his neck in pain. See more » Quotes Dr. Thomas Arnold : A new boy is always important. He may be an influence for good or for evil. Movie based on Thomas Hugh's novel, yet he's given no credit for it. See more » Connections an exciting film for everyone to watch even now? 19 August 2006 \| by maccer-1 (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews one of the best old movies I have ever seen and would like to own it either on DVD or video, its exciting from start to finish, with a great story line even I could understand even at the early age of 14yrs, it has few good actors who in my mind will never be replaced even now. A clean film for all the family, something to get your teeth into with a story line that needs to be watched and listened too. even though black and white the film was well produced for its time and I would love to see it again over and over again. considering the age and the location the film contained beautiful places of interest and lots of great actors, these people will never be seen again which is why we should keep this film ongoing and to the fore front of all films. 10 of 11 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
Linford Christie won a gold medal representing Great Britain in the 100 metres at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, but what country was he born in?	Linford Christie wins 100m Gold - Barcelona 1992 Olympics - YouTube Linford Christie wins 100m Gold - Barcelona 1992 Olympics Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Oct 31, 2011 Click here for all Olympic highlights and let the Games never end: http://go.olympic.org/watch?p=yt&teas... Linford Christie was born in Saint Andrew, Jamaica and brought up by his grandmother until the age of seven when he followed his parents in emigrating to England. Coming out of the Barcelona 100m final starting blocks at the age of 32, Christie pulled away from a 'who's who' of famous sprinting names to claim his first Olympic title in a time of 9.96. Category	Jamaica
Who won the gold medal in the heptathlon in the 2000 Olympics?	Lightning Bolts: Why do all the top sprinters come from Jamaica? - CNN.com Lightning Bolts: Why do all the top sprinters come from Jamaica? By Paul Gittings, CNN updated 12:14 PM EDT, Thu June 21, 2012 STORY HIGHLIGHTS Jamaicans dominate men's and women's sprinting in track and field competition Usain Bolt will be defending his Olympic 100 and 200m titles in London in August Jamaican athletes hold 46 of the top 69 best times in the men's 100m event Their success can be attributed to upbringing, lifestyle and strong desire to win Editor's note: CNN's Aiming for Gold Olympics show airs on June 21 at 1630 GMT, on June 23 at 0730 and 2100, June 24 at 1630, June 30 at 1630 and July 1 at 0730 and 2100. (CNN) -- When the fastest men on the planet contest the Olympic 100 meters final in London on August 5, it will be a major upset if the winner does not come from the small Caribbean island of Jamaica. Injuries or false starts aside, Usain Bolt will take center stage as he bids to retain the title he won in Beijing in 2008, but if he slips up then young pretender Yohan Blake is waiting in the wings, not to mention veteran former world record-holder Asafa Powell. With such a pool of talent, 4x100m relay success is almost guaranteed, and Bolt is an even heavier favorite for 200m individual gold. In the women's events, Jamaican domination is also a common theme, with Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce defending her 100m crown and Veronica Campbell-Brown going for a hat-trick of golds in the 200m. Sprinters from the United States have won the majority of gold medals in the modern Olympic era and the likes of Tyson Gay will be keen to knock Bolt off the top of the podium in London. But Gay represents a country with a population of over 300 million people with a massive tradition in track and field through the eras of stars such as Jesse Owens, Carl Lewis and Florence Griffith-Joyner. So how is it that they are now largely second best to athletes from an impoverished island inhabited by fewer than three million people? And it's not only athletes who don the famous gold and green trim of Jamaica who have made their mark. Olympic 100m champions Linford Christie (for Great Britain in 1992) and Donovan Bailey (for Canada in 1996) were born and bred in Jamaica, as was the now disgraced Ben Johnson, who also represented Canada. Usain Bolt strikes his trademark pose after claiming gold in the 100 meters at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Bolt claimed his second gold in China with an emphatic victory in the 200m, setting another world record. Bolt completed a gold medal treble as Jamaica's sprint relay quartet also triumphed in Beijing. Bolt greets his inspiration, 1976 Olympic 200m champion Don Quarrie. Quarrie also won 100m silver at Montreal, and six gold medals at the Commonweath Games. Jamaica has a strong running tradition. Here Arthur Wint pips compatriot Herb McKenley to win gold over 400m at the 1948 London Olympics. Merlene Ottey shows off the Jamaican flag after her gold medal success at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart. The remarkable Ottey was still competing for Slovenia at a Diamond League Athletics meeting in London in 2011. Now 52, she still has hopes of qualifying for London 2012. Jamaica-born Linford Christie claimed gold for Britain in the 100m at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Donovan Bailey, who left Jamaica at the age of 13, won gold representing Canada in the Olympic 100m at Atlanta in 1996. Jamaica's Olympic 100m women's champion Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce also won the world title the following year in Berlin. Veronica Campbell-Brown is bidding for a hat-trick of 200m gold medals at the London Olympics following her triumphs in Beijing and Athens. Bolt's bow and arrow >> London 2012 Olympic stadium opens So what is the secret of this remarkable Jamaican sprinting pedigree and will it continue into the future? Role models With role models like Bolt and Campbell-Brown, the conveyor belt of talent certainly shows no signs of slowing. The 22-year-old Blake, who won last year's world championship 100m in Daegu when Bolt was disqualified in the final for false starting , is the latest to emerge. Bolt himself drew inspiration from a former Jamaican great -- Don Quarrie, who won the 1976 Olympic 200m title in Montreal and six Commonwealth Games gold medals. "For me Don Quarrie was somebody to watch and to be amazed by," Bolt told CNN's Aiming for Gold program. "That's why I love the 200m so much because I've seen Don Quarrie and I said, 'I can be that good.' Quarrie, (Herb) McKenley, these are the guys that I looked up to." McKenley and Arthur Wint were the first Jamaicans to taste Olympic success, at the 1948 London Games. The elegant Wint pipped McKenley for gold in the longer 400m sprint, while the latter achieved the rare feat of reaching the finals of the 100, 200 and 400m at the first post-war Olympics. Of Jamaica's current crop of women stars, Campbell-Brown was mentored by the great Merlene Ottey, who won a record 14 world championship medals for Jamaica in the sprint events and was still competing at international level for her adopted Slovenia past her 50th birthday. Now 52, Ottey still has hopes of qualifying for London 2012. "She (Ottey) is a very positive person, very strong, very hard working, very passionate and she is a friend," Campbell-Brown told CNN. A hard school Campbell-Brown went to the same high school in Jamaica as Ottey -- Vere Technical -- and both earned their trade in the ferociously competitive track and field schools competition on the island. Bolt is convinced the key to Jamaican success is the intense rivalry of grassroots athletics from an early age. Bolt: 'I can break 100 meter record' Human to Hero: Sprinter Yohan Blake Human to Hero: Veronica Campbell-Brown Tyson Gay's Olympic ambition "I feel we push our young athletes," he said. "There is this thing called the Boys and Girls Championships in Jamaica, which showcases the talent. "The level of competition is really high because it pushes you every day to be the best in your event, in your class." And even now as Bolt gets down on the blocks at a major championships, that early experience gained is invaluable. "I think it helped me to get past my fear of running in front of thousands and millions of people because I'm front of a home crowd and we are under a lot of pressure." The four-day championships play to crowds of up to 30,000 at the national stadium in Kingston, while a TV audience of over a million watch the live coverage. Many of the top stars go back to hand out medals and inspire the next generation. As a 16-year-old, Bolt thrived in this mini-Olympics in 2003, winning the 200/400 double in 20.23 and 45.30 seconds -- times which would have been good enough to qualify for most Olympic finals. Campbell-Brown was spotted at an early age while still at primary school and placed on the path to Olympic glory. "My coach and teacher at the time said to me, 'You are very talented, I think this is going to be a career path for you,' and he recommended Vere, which is still a sprint factory." Christie was unwittingly put on his course to Olympic glory by his grandmother. "She used to get us to to run errands to the shops and told us that she would spit on the ground and did not want it to dry before we got back. It meant we ran fast!" said the 52-year-old, who moved to Britain before he got the chance to compete in the Boys and Girls Championships. Coaching guru Despite the hot house atmosphere of the schools showpiece, it is still a big step to the international athletics arena. Even Bolt, with his supreme abilities, needed assistance to make it to the top. Former world champion sprinter Tyson Gay is seeking to put past disappointment behind him at London 2012. The American beat triple Olympic champion Usain Bolt in the 100 meters final at a Diamond League meeting held in Stockholm, Sweden in 2010. Bolt left Gay trailing in second place at the 2009 World Athletics Championships in Berlin when the Jamaican set a new world record of 9.58 seconds for the 100m. Gay broke Maurice Greene's U.S. record for the 100m during the American trials for the 2008 Olympics, but a hamstring injury picked up later during the trials in the 200m dented his prospects in Beijing -- where he failed to reach the final of the shorter event. Gay on the podium collecting the gold medal for winning the 100m at the 2007 World Athletics Championships in Osaka, Japan. He also won the 200m from Bolt and picked up another title in the 4x100m relay. Gay with compatriot Justin Gatlin at the 2005 World Athletics Championships in Helsinki. Gatlin won the 100/200m double, but the 2004 Olympic champion is now on the comeback trail after serving a four-year ban for a positive drug test. Gay goes for gold in London Beating Bolt >> The world's greatest athlete? Glen Mills grew up wanting to emulate McKenley and Wint, but he turned to coaching when he realized he would fall short. In his 22-year stint in charge of the Jamaican national athletics team, he oversaw 71 world championship medals and 33 in the Olympics. Mills quickly recognized that Bolt was a unique talent, but one who needed persuading to work hard. A defeat to Gay over 200m at the world championships in Osaka in 2007 proved a turning point. "I ran hard, came off the bend slightly behind Tyson Gay and I could not catch him. I was running really hard and I could not catch him," recounted Bolt. "After that race I went over and I said, 'Coach, I was really trying, but I couldn't catch him.' " Mills replied: "You are weak, you are very weak because you are not going to the gym and you don't like running 200." The rest is history. "I really dedicated myself to everything because I really wanted to be a champion," said Bolt, who became a global superstar the following year as he won the 100 and 200m in Beijing in breathtaking, record-breaking style. Mills stepped down from fulltime involvement with Jamaica in 2009, but still coaches Bolt and Blake and some other up-and-coming athletes. Cultural factors Bolt, like many of Jamaica's sprinting sensations, comes from a rural background where hard graft is part of the daily routine. The son of a coffee farm laborer, he grew up in a parish called Trelawny in the north of Jamaica. His house had no running water and as a child he had to walk for miles with heavy, loaded pails, building up a natural strength. In many ways it mirrors the rural backgrounds of the great Kenyan and Ethiopian long distance runners. Campbell-Brown, who also grew up in Trelawny, believes it is a factor in Jamaica's success. Two brothers, one Olympic spot The infamous black power salute Secrets to creating world's best runners "I would fetch water from the river, so I did a lot of walking. I would walk to school, there's a lot of hills," the 30-year-old said. "I think it's just hard work, determination and all the things that we have to do growing up as a young person that has contributed. "Jamaica is full of so much talent. It just so happens that a huge number of those talented people were born in Trelawny." Among them is Johnson, who lived in the area until emigrating to Canada in 1976 aged 15. His winning time of 9.79 seconds to win the 1988 Olympics 100m title was considered one of the greatest performances in the history of athletics. But a failed drugs test in Seoul for the banned steroid Stanozolol saw him stripped of the gold and gain worldwide infamy. Blake also had a rural upbringing, and tested his natural ability in unusual fashion. "We grew up in the country where your only friends are animals. I find it funny, once we were running with goats and stuff. I think the sprinting really starts from there," he told CNN. Living off the land may well have benefits in terms of diet, with yams the staple food. "My parents used to plant their own yams, it's very natural and often eaten with fish," said Campbell-Brown. Christie agrees: "It's often said you are what you eat, and the Jamaican diet is a really natural one, full of fruit and vegetables and protein." Sprinting showoffs Whether it's through their tough backgrounds and lifestyles, their healthy diet and then the rigors of early competition and training, Jamaica's sprinters have found the magic ingredient for success. But those factors alone are not unique in the world, so maybe there's another factor that gives them that extra edge? "Sprinting is a Jamaican attitude," said Christie. "To be a sprinter you need to be a little bit of showoff. Because like the heavyweight boxing champions of the world, this is what sprinting is all about and, you know, Jamaicans just love to show off!" The supreme "showoff" of his time, perhaps of all time, just has to be Bolt -- and it comes naturally to him. "I'm a person who always liked to express himself, even in my younger days, it comes naturally to me," he said. "Even when I was younger I would do stuff and notice that the crowd really clicked to that. "I've really just continued doing it. It's fun for me and people come out also to see me run fast but also to see 'What new thing is Usain going to do today, what is he going to come up with to make us laugh?' " Bolt's bow and arrow victory salute is his trademark, and if the form book is anything to go by he will be dusting off the routine a few more times in London -- and a host of his teammates are set to join him on the medal podiums. Part of complete coverage on	i don't know
What colour medal did Amir Khan win in the lightweight boxing tournament at the 2004 Olympics?	Amir Khan and the Most Successful Olympic Boxing Medalists in the Pro Ranks \| Bleacher Report Amir Khan and the Most Successful Olympic Boxing Medalists in the Pro Ranks Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse the slideshow Patrick McDermott/Getty Images 17 Comments The Olympic Games is viewed as an optimal platform for a boxing prospect to launch his career. Naturally, major promotional outfits and advisers heavily scout the Olympics in order to evaluate the world’s top amateur talent and make projections about which fighters can translate their in-ring success to the paid ranks. Even for the most successful amateur fighters, the transition to professional boxing can sometimes be a difficult one and, once the headgear comes off and the glove size shrinks, even Olympic medalists and World Amateur Champions can be exposed. The United States has the most storied Olympic boxing tradition of any nation, though the emergence of Cuba and former Eastern Bloc nations, as well as Russia, Germany and the UK has usurped traditional American dominance. The last truly deep U.S. boxing team competed at the 1988 games in Seoul, South Korea, though that assertion shouldn’t diminish the accomplishments of other Americans in subsequent Olympiads. Still, while the Olympics has proven to be a spring board for professional success and exposure in several memorable cases, it is perhaps more common to see Olympic participants who did not medal or non-Olympians currently holding world titles. Qualifying for the Olympics is an arduous task and the nature of the selection and competition process inevitably makes participation, and especially medaling, an exclusive club. Furthermore, it is often said that the current structure and rules of amateur boxing prevent pro-style fighters from having success. Now is not the time to get into the maddening shortcomings of amateur boxing; The Ring’s Olympic preview issue does an excellent job of this and confirms the happy news that the 2016 Games in Rio de Janerio will veer away from the electronic scoring that allows judges to score bouts as if playing Dance-Dance Revolution. So, let’s look at some current fighters who have won Olympic medals and professional titles, a feat that is increasingly rare in an era where Olympic bouts are won on weak flurries instead of clear and effective punching (to both the head and body). Yuriorkis Gamboa Hunter Martin/Getty Images Even though Yuriorkis Gamboa (21-0, 16 KOs) does not currently hold a world title, he makes this list because he has not lost a professional championship inside the ring. As an amateur, Gamboa won gold at the 2004 Olympics in Athens as a flyweight. Gamboa famously defected from Cuba while training with the national team in Venezuela and he made his highly anticipated professional debut in Germany in 2007. Since then, Gamboa’s obscene combination of speed, power and agility has enabled him to capture and unify featherweight titles. Though he has been out of action since September of 2011 due to promotional issues, expect Gamboa to recapture a title quickly upon returning to the ring. Guillermo Rigondeaux Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images Guillermo Rigondeaux (10-0, 8 KOs) is considered to be one of the greatest amateur boxers of all time. Amongst his plethora of accolades, Rigondeaux won Olympic gold in 2000 and 2004 and he would have surely been favored to win gold for a third time had he elected to remain an amateur and compete in Beijing. Given Rigondeaux’s pedigree and class, it is fitting that he is now a member of the exclusive club of boxers who have captured world titles before their tenth fight. In 2010—in only his seventh fight—Rigondeaux captured the interim WBA bantamweight title and he has since elevated his belt to a more legitimate imprint. Most recently, Rigondeaux was seen humiliating a very respectable opponent in Teon Kennedy on the Pacquiao-Bradley undercard. Rigondeaux’s poise, technique and stunning combination of power and accuracy suggest that his reign in a stacked bantamweight division could be dominant and lengthy. Amir Khan Getty Images/Getty Images At the 2004 Olympics in Athens, Amir Khan (26-2, 18 KOs) burst onto the international scene by capturing a silver medal in the lightweight division at the age of 17. Khan lost to Cuban legend Mario Kindelan, a defeat he was able to avenge right before turning professional. Khan entered the paid ranks with tremendous fanfare and hype and his rise seemed inevitable before he ran into Colombian banger Breidis Prescott and was stretched inside of a minute. The United Kingdom held its collective breath as Khan crumpled to the canvas and questions of legitimacy arose after the stunning defeat. To his credit, Khan has proven the naysayers wrong and, after hooking up with trainer Freddie Roach, Khan captured and unified the WBA and IBF junior welterweight titles. Khan controversially lost his titles to Lamont Peterson in a result now tainted by Peterson’s positive drug test for synthetic testosterone. Khan, however, is back in action this Saturday and will fight undefeated Danny Garcia for the WBC title and a “super” version of the WBA strap. Khan is expected to win and it appears as if he is poised for another extended title reign. Gennady Golovkin Photo courtesy of boxing360.com Gennady Golovkin (23-0, 20 KOs) captured the silver medal at the 2004 Olympics as a middleweight. Competing for Kazakhstan, Golovkin had entered the games as the 2003 World Amateur Champion where he defeated the likes of Matvey Korobov, Andy Lee, Lucian Bute (via stoppage) and Yordanis Despaigne. Golovkin translated his amateur success seamlessly into the paid ranks and in 2010 he captured the interim WBA middleweight title. Golovkin has since shed the interim status from his WBA strap while adding the less prestigious IBO belt to his haul. As a powerful and aggressive fighter, Golovkin has a crowd-pleasing style and honed killer instinct. He is slated to defend his belts against the ever dangerous and mysterious TBA opponent on August 25 in the United States . Andre Ward Mike Hewitt/Getty Images Andre Ward (25-0, 13 KOs) won light heavyweight gold at the 2004 Olympics and, unfortunately, remains the last American to be crowned Olympic champion. Ward was undefeated as an amateur between 1998 and 2004 and he has sustained his winning ways since turning pro after Athens. Some felt that Ward was being brought along with excessive caution early in his professional career, especially given his amateur pedigree. All of this complaining, of course, came to a dramatic halt as Ward’s career accelerated at a feverish pace with his inclusion in the Super Six World Boxing Classic. Ward was originally viewed as a long shot to win the tournament due to his lack of experience, even if his talent was never in doubt. By defeating Carl Froch to win the Super Six, Ward capped a tournament run where he thoroughly outclassed several of the world’s top super middleweights. As the current lineal 168-pound champion, Ward is poised for a September defense of his title against current light heavyweight kingpin Chad Dawson in what amounts to a highly intriguing and competitive matchup. Should Ward win, he will undoubtedly be on his way to greatness (if he isn’t already). Alexander Povetkin Jonathan Ferrey/Getty Images Alexander Povetkin (24-0, 16 KOs) won super heavyweight gold at the 2004 Olympics for Russia. He went into the games riding the momentum of winning the 2003 World Championships and his success in major tournaments made him a legitimate professional prospect after his triumph in Athens. Povetkin turned pro in 2005 and quickly ascended the diluted heavyweight ranks. In his 15th fight, Povetkin defeated Eddie Chambers in an IBF eliminator and became Wladimir Klitschko’s mandatory challenger. Povetkin, of course, has done everything he can to avoid the fight. Despite avoiding the younger Klitschko at all costs, Povetkin captured a version of the WBA title in 2011 and has made two defenses, the most recent one being a controversial majority decision victory over current cruiserweight champion Marco Huck. In an era with a deeper heavyweight division, Povetkin would probably not be on this list. Zsolt Erdei Ronny Hartmann/Getty Images Zsolt Erdei (33-0, 18 KOs) does not currently hold a world title, but he also carries the distinction of not having lost any of his championships inside the ring. Erdei represented Hungary at both the 1996 and 2000 Olympics, winning a bronze medal as a middleweight in the latter Games held in Sydney. Erdei’s amateur career also included tremendous success at the European Championships, as well as a gold medal at the World Amateur Championships in his home city of Budapest in 1997. As a pro, Erdei held the WBO light heavyweight title from 2004-2009, making 11 defenses grounded in skilled and technically proficient boxing. While his competition was nowhere near elite, Erdei, based on his skills, was a viable champion and he helped buttress this argument by moving up to cruiserweight to capture the WBC title from Giacobbe Fragomeni. Erdei retired after winning a title in a second weight class, though he has since made a comeback where he has fought exclusively in the United States. While his comeback has stalled due to injury, Erdei remains an intriguing option for any light heavyweight titlist and his amateur success is evidence of Hungary’s proud boxing tradition. Floyd Mayweather Jr. Rusty Jarrett/Getty Images Floyd Mayweather Jr. (43-0, 26 KOs) needs no introduction. As the most gifted boxer on the planet and undefeated pound-for-pound king, Mayweather has received every conceivable accolade in the sport. Before Mayweather was known as “Money”, he was a standout amateur who had to settle for a controversial bronze medal at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta where he fought as a featherweight. Mayweather’s loss in the semifinals was so perplexing that the referee erroneously raised Mayweather’s hand, assuming he had won . At this point, Mayweather’s Olympic setback seems like nothing but a bad dream. As a pro, Mayweather has won multiple world titles in five weight divisions. More significantly, he has redefined the arts of defensive boxing and counter-punching, all while carefully crafting himself into the most compelling and marketable fighter in boxing. Mayweather is a rare crossover star and his record and skills speaks for themselves. Wladimir Klitschko Al Bello/Getty Images Wladimir Klitschko, in many ways, is like a man without a country. Of course, I mean this figuratively because Klitschko literally represented his native Ukraine at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics where he won gold in the super heavyweight division. On a figurative level, Klitschko is a quality heavyweight stuck in era where boxing’s glamour division has lost its luster. While Klitschko has suffered three knockout losses in his career, he has, for the most part, feasted on every viable (and I use that term loosely) 200-plus pound contender. Klitschko’s current title reign as lineal champion has spanned 12 defenses and counting and he has achieved a level of dominance to the point where his vanquished foes are starting to be recycled as mandatory challengers. While the heavyweight division does have some intriguing prospects to keep an eye on, there does not seem to be an imminent threat to Klitschko’s dominance. The Future? Nick Laham/Getty Images Here is a short list of some recent Olympic medalists who are viable candidates to capture world titles as professionals: Andre Dirrell (20-1, 14 KOs): Dirrell won a bronze medal for the U.S. at the 2004 Olympics as a middleweight. However, his career has somewhat stalled since being injured in a disqualification win over Arthur Abraham during the Super Six. Dirrell has all the talent; he just needs to get busy. James DeGale (12-1, 9 KOs): DeGale won gold for Great Britain at the 2008 Olympics and his progress as a professional has been impressive. Despite a loss to fellow prospect and rival George Groves, DeGale currently holds the European super middleweight title and seems poised to challenge for a world championship in the not-too-distant future. David Price (13-0, 11 KOs): Price won a bronze for Great Britain at the 2008 Olympics and he has emerged as one of boxing’s most intriguing heavyweight prospects. His last three wins have come via devastating knockout against viable opposition and it is reasonable to speculate as to whether, at 6’8, he could one day challenge the Klitschkos . Deontay Widler (23-0, 23 KOs): Wilder was the only American to medal at the 2008 Olympics where he captured a bronze as a heavyweight. At 6’7 with thudding power, Wilder is an athletic and interesting prospect, though at this point he has yet to fight anyone with a pulse. The Once Viable Ethan Miller/Getty Images We now arrive at the geriatric section of the list and I use that term with some solemnity because the fighters mentioned here are boxers I generally respect. Their professional success is well-documented and, in some cases, legendary. What is also worth mentioning, conversely, is that none of them seem to be able to definitively retire, and soon the memories of their Olympic glory and world championship successes will be replaced (for younger generations) by the reality of brutal knockouts or lackluster and plodding performances. Joel Casamayor (38-6-1, 22 KOs): Casamayor won gold as a bantamweight at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona. His professional success led to world titles at super featherweight and lightweight. A once slick and skilled boxer, Casamayor’s skills have badly eroded. Roy Jones Jr. (56-8, 40 KOs): Jones was the victim of arguably the worst decision in Olympic boxing history when he had to settle for silver at the 1988 games in Seoul. As a pro, Jones won titles in four weight classes ranging from middleweight to heavyweight. Along the way he became known as one of the most athletic, spectacular and gifted boxers of his generation. It is sad to see an all-time great fighter like Jones deluding himself into thinking he can recapture a world title after a string of sickening knockout loses and flat performances. Antonio Tarver (29-6-1, 20 KOs): Tarver won a bronze for the U.S. at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta as a light heavyweight. Tarver would go on to capture the lineal light heavyweight title as a professional and win two out of three fights against Roy Jones Jr. However, if Tarver’s recent split draw against Lateef Kayode is any indication, it is time for the 43-year-old to focus on broadcasting. Jermain Taylor (30-4-1, 18 KOs): Taylor won a bronze medal for the U.S. at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney as a light middleweight. As a pro, he ended Bernard Hopkins’ historic middleweight title reign and he went on to make four defenses of the lineal championship. After getting sickeningly knocked out by Arthur Abraham in the first round of the Super Six, Taylor took some time off from boxing but has since embarked on a comeback. Hopefully the proud, former champion doesn’t get hurt. Evander Holyfield (44-10-2, 29 KOs): Holyfield had to settle for a controversial bronze medal at the 1984 (no, that is not a typo) Olympics in Los Angeles. Holyfield would go on to become one of the greatest cruiserweights and heavyweights of all time and his fighting spirit endeared him to boxing fans. However, Holyfield insists on fighting at 49, and given his financial problems , it is legitimate to wonder if his prolonged boxing career will lead to tragic circumstances.	Silver
Who won a silver medal in the men's javelin event at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta?	TheGoal.com Olympics 2004 Feature Story Athens, Fri. 27, Aug 04 [by Rich Cline] The very last news report from Athens, Sun 29 Aug 04 The men left Marathon this evening for the final event of the 2004 Olympics, running 26 miles across the countryside to Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens. Following the withdrawals of defending champion Gezahegne Abera of Ethiopia and Kenya's Sammy Korir, the favourite was Kenyan world record holder Paul Tergat, but he had dropped back to 10th by the end of the race. No Kenyan has ever won an Olympic marathon. Lima Vanderlei of Brazil had been setting the pace, despite being pushed off the road by a protester at one point. But it was Italy's Stefano Baldini was who crossed the finish line in historic Panathinaiko stadium first, followed by America's Mebrahtom Keflezighi, who was born in Eritrea. Vanderlei won the bronze. Hungary won their second successive Olympic water polo gold 8-7 after a close final match against Serbia and Montenegro today. Russia won bronze after beating the hometown boys Greece 6-to-5. Brazil added the Olympic men's volleyball gold to their world championship title after beating Italy today. Brazil were unbeaten throughout the Athens tournament. Three-times former Olympic champions Russia crushed the US team to win bronze. And Croatia claimed the gold medal in men's handball, even though they were 10 points down against Germany at halftime. Croatia also won gold atAtlanta 1996 but didn't qualify for the Sydney Games. In Boxing, it was Cuba's day, as they added three gold medals to their tally here in Athens. Britain's Amir Khan, who at 17 was hoping to be the youngest Olympic boxing champion since 1952, saw his unbeaten streak ended by Cuban lightweight Mario Kindelan in the final. Freestyle wrestling came to a close in a colourful fashion, as an on-mat brawl spread into the grandstands. Russia's world champion Buvaysa Saytiev and Belarus' Murat Gaidarov have long been strong rivals, but their animosity was pushed over the edge by an unusually close decision in a 74-kilogram qualifying match this morning. Saytiev was declared the winner, and the two wrestlers started fighting off the mat, triggering a fracas that involved spectators, officials and police. Saytiev came back later to win the gold. Russia also won the 96-kilogram category, while Iran won the 60-kilogram gold. There were a few more positive drug tests in Athens, bringing the total number to a record 20. Hungarian weightlifter Ferenc Gyurkovics was stripped of his silver medal after testing positive for a banned substance, and Puerto Rican wrestler Mabel Fonseca has been expelled for using a steroid. In a related story, it was revealed that America's world 200-metre champion John Capel wasn't allowed to compete in last night's 4-by-100 relay due to pre-Olympic testing that found marijuana in his system. And Olympics chief Jacques Rogge has been praising Greek organisers today, declaring the Olympics an all-round success. He cited TV ratings that are 15 percent above those for Sydney, and ticket sales higher than Barcelona and Seoul. He also described the security system as "flawless". Rogge's Rogge's predecessor Juan Antonio Samaranch hailed the Sydney Games as the greatest Olympiad ever; Rogge is expected to do the same for Athens at tonight's closing ceremony. PERSONAL NOTE: THE OLYMPIC STADIUM I first visited this stadium in June 2000, when I was here to collect interviews with athletes competing in an IAAF Grand Prix, as well as make some contacts for our work here four years later. The stadium then was rather bland and dumpy, with a chaotic system of inner stairwells and tunnels I kept getting lost in as I ran back and forth from the stands to the interview areas at the end of the races. Since then, the Olympic organisers have completely refurbished the stadium, transforming it into a state-of-the-art facility with unobstructed seating and a strikingly beautiful roof, designed by Santiago Calatrava (who also designed the cauldron), that arches over the stadium without touching it (it is anchored to the ground outside). They've also completely refurbished the inner catacombs of the stadium, so the press situation was vastly improved - although I kept having deja vu when I'd turn into a strangely familiar curving tunnel! Low-rung press like me do not have access to the opening or closing ceremonies - I was in the stadium three times for athletics competition, and the atmosphere was electric, especially with the Olympic flame towering above the action. Although from the outside it does look a bit like an oil refinery as you go past on the Metro! For the ceremonies the stadium was dressed up stunningly - with an elaborate network of aerial wires that allow props to be flown around the internal airspace. And then there are the fireworks that so cleverly used the architecture as they swirled, sparked and rocketed into the night sky (I could see them from where I was watching the opening in a park a few miles away). Well the closing ceremony is about to start so I'd better find a seat (and some free food!) here in the Zappeion Press Centre, where I'm watching on a massive screen. I hope you've enjoyed these reports - let me know what you liked and didn't like so I can refine the process for future sporting events. I'm already determined to be in Beijing in 2008 . . . and hoping the Olympics come to me in London in 2012. We'll find out next summer. Recent News	i don't know
Sean Kerly, Imran Sherwani and Ian Taylor were all members of Great Britain's gold-medal winning team in the 1988 Olympics in Seoul. In what sport?	Olympics Flashback: 1980-1988 - Times of India Times of India 21st Match \| 22 Jul, 2016 SNP139/9 St Lucia Zouks won by 35 runs North Group \| 22 Jul, 2016 NOTTS173/4 Nottinghamshire won by 6 wkts South Group \| 22 Jul, 2016 KENT157 Essex won by 33 runs STZ 22nd Match, Gros Islet, St Lucia Caribbean Premier League, 2016 Australia tour of Sri Lanka, 2016 ZIM New Zealand tour of Zimbabwe, 2016 1st Test \| 21 Jul, 2016 WI31/1 Day 2: Stumps - West Indies trail by 535 runs 2nd Test \| 22 Jul, 2016 ENG314/4 3-day practice match \| 22 Jul, 2016 NZ345/7 In part three of TOI Sports’ look back at great Olympic moments, we pick seven outstanding achievements from 1980-1988. \| TNN \| Jul 23, 2016, 08.35 AM IST Highlights Zola Budd found herself at the centre of controversy following an accident in the 1984 Olympics In 1984, Carl Lewis won 4 gold medals Greg Louganis won a gold medal in the final with five stitches to his head to cap his second consecutive Olympic victory in the springboard Carl Lewis won 4 gold medals at the 1984 Olympics. (Getty Images) Ahead of the Rio Olympics , TOI Sports looks back at some of the greatest moments in the history of the quadrennial Games. In today's edition, a look at seven inspirational achievements from 1980-1988. 1980: Allan Wells wins 100m gold in Moscow At 28, Alan Wells was considered old for a sprinter. Good thing for Scotland that the sprinter wasn't listening to the critics. The 1980 Olympics had been marred by sporting boycotts of 50 countries, led by the USA, West Germany, Canada, China and Japan. The British Government too backed the boycott, but the British Olympic Association did not. Ultimately, a British contingent missing the hockey team and those athletes who opted out for personal reasons were sent to Russia. Choosing to participate in the chance of a lifetime, Wells primed himself to become the first British sprinter since Peter Radford won bronze in Rome 1960 to win an Olympic medal. Having spent days on rigorously training in an unheated garage with the aim of winning medals in Moscow on his minds, Wells - who was already the British record holder at both 100 and 200 meters - was at peak fitness when he landed in Moscow in 1980. It was this attitude that turned him into a champion. In the second round of the 100-meter race, Wells set a new British record of 10.11 seconds. A winning performance in the semi-finals followed. The 100m final was a thrilling race, in which Wells and Cuba's Silvio Leonard appeared to have crossed the finish line together. Upon close examination, though, Wells was declared the winner and thus became the oldest ever Olympic 100m champion. Wells coasted into to the final, clocking the fastest time en route (20.59 in the second round) but ultimately came second to world record holder Pietro Mennea. He did manage to set a British record of 20.21 seconds, and became a Scottish sporting legend. 1980: Clash of the titans Before the 1980 Moscow Olympics, Sebastian Coe and Steve Ovett, Britain's great middle-distance rivals, had raced only once on the track. The pair dominated middle distance running in the late 1970s and first half of the 1980s, but nothing matched their rivalry in Moscow. During a ten-day period, the two sprinters traded the world record for the mile between them three times. At one point Coe held the 800, 1500m and mile world records at the same time, while Ovett subsequently became both the 1500m and mile world record holder. In the 800m, Coe's favored race, Ovett beat his rival. Then Coe turned the tables in Ovett's preferred 1500m. It was sport at its engaging best. Never has there been such a sprinting rivalry between two men. 1984: Carl Lewis wins four gold medals Carl Lewis entered the 1984 Los Angeles Games as one of the most decorated track and field athletes in the world, and pulled out all stops in finishing with four gold medals. Lewis, an African-American, was determined to match his hero Jesse Owens and succeeded in doing so - easily winning the 100m (in 9.9 seconds), 200m (a US sweep), 4x100m relay (setting a new world record) and long jump (he only took two jumps out of his allotted six) to earn a place in history alongside his lifelong idol. Lewis' off-field actions copped him criticism, however. He was dubbed brash after his manager admitted that he wanted to earn as much money as Michael Jackson. During the Games, Lewis opted to live with a friend instead of at the Olympic village. After he won the 100m, he did a victory lap with a US flag handed to Lewis by a fan. When he decided to take just two jumps out of six in the long jump, spectators booed him. It was the beginning of a long reign by King Carl. 1984: Zola Budd and Mary Decker collide Zola Budd, South African-born British athlete, found herself at the centre of controversy following a disastrous accident during the women's 3000m final at the Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The barefoot runner was given the chance to compete at the highest stage after being granted British citizenship - a decision that caused fury among anti-apartheid campaigners - but a dream opportunity turned to disaster. During the race, Budd appeared to have tangled with American Mary Decker, who was ruled out of the race. It was these few seconds that destroyed both women's hopes of a medal. The first replays showed that just after the half-way mark, with Budd marginally ahead, she bumped into Decker twice. In the second encounter, Decker's spikes caught Budd's heel. Such was the hostile crowd's reaction that Budd, just 18, became unnerved and finished seventh. While Video replays of the moment were inconclusive, there is no doubt that the 3000m race produced one of the greatest controversies in Olympic track and field history. 1988: Great Britain win hockey gold at Seoul When Imran Sherwani scored Great Britain's third goal to seal gold at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, a bunch of players completed a stunning campaign that turned them into overnight superstars. The British men's hockey team had entered the Games with a high degree of expectation, not least because they had reached the final of the 1986 World Championship - they lost to Australia - and qualified after missing out in Los Angeles in 1984. Such was the British expectancy that Ian Taylor, the goalkeeper, was made the country's flag bearer at the opening ceremony. Their campaign began on a dull note, as Britain squandered a 2-0 lead to draw 2-2 against the hosts. A win over Canada was followed by a controversial 2-1 loss to West Germany, in which the Australian umpire Don Prior, with the scores level at 1-1, awarded a penalty in the final minute which the Germans capitalized on. Wins over the Soviet Union and India took Britain into the semi-finals, where they faced Australia. Britain also took a two-goal lead but the world champions managed to draw level. Then, with less than two minutes on the clock, Sean Kearley completed a hat-trick to put Britain through to the final. The Germans had already beaten Britain in the group stage, and had not lost to them in 30 years, so naturally they were ranked favorites in front of a crowd of 12,000 at the Songnam Stadium. But thanks to Kerly and Sherwani, the underdogs took a 2-0 lead after 49 minutes, with Kerly netting his 15th Olympic goal. Sherwani's second goal was followed by a third in the 59th minute and when the final whistle blew, Richard Dodds' team was deserved gold medal winners. It was the first gold in 80 years, and likened to the achievements of the 1966 football team winning the World Cup. 1988: 'Flo-Jo' burns up the track Florence Griffith Joyner was to the 1988 Olympics what Wilma Rudolph was to the 1960 Rome Games. On July 16, 1988, at the US Olympic Trials in Indianapolis, 'Flo-Jo' - as she was known - accomplished a spectacular breakthrough when she ran the 100m in 10.49 records, demolishing Evelyn Ashford's record of 10.79. Her time was faster than the men's records in several countries, and she entered the Olympic as a world record holder. What took place in Seoul merely confirmed her greatness. 'Flo-Jo' twice broke the Olympic record and then won the final easily in 10.54 seconds. Four days later, in the semi-finals, she smashed a nine-year world record for 200m and then, 100 minutes later, set another world record in the final with a time of 21.34 seconds. These are records yet to be broken. Her third gold medal came in the 4x100m, and she also won silver in the 4x400m. 'Flo-Jo' made the 1988 Games hers. Her grace and athletic prowess made her the epitome of fitness and femininity. No female runner has since dominated the world stage, and it is unlikely that anyone will. 1988: Greg Louganis conquers his fears Greg Louganis arrived in Seoul as champion swimmer, with two Olympic gold medals from the Los Angeles Games in 1984 and silver in Montreal 1976, where he made his Games debut at 16. During the preliminary rounds of the three meter springboard competition, Louganis struck his head on the springboard while performing his penultimate dive, an attempted reverse 2½ somersault pike. Images of the sickening moment flashed around the globe and as news of a concussion filtered the airwaves it was feared that Louganis' campaign was over. But in a stirring display of perseverance and determination, the American returned to the diving board 35 minutes after the incident, a two-inch wound in his scalp. One day and five stitches later, he won a gold medal in the final to cap his second consecutive Olympic victory in the springboard. It was an outstanding performance. Stay updated on the go with Times of India News App. Click here to download it for your device. RELATED	Hockey
If Freddie Mercury was on vocals, Brian May was on lead guitar, and Roger Taylor was on drums, who was on bass guitar?	e-paper pakistantoday 07th august, 2012 by Pakistan Today - issuu KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:20 AM Page 1 supreme Court takes notice of faisal Raza abidi’s rant gurdawara attacker served in united states military PAGE \|19 Pakistan facing grave challenges, says altaf Hussain PAGE \|04 Rs 15.00 Vol iii no 42 19 pages Karachi edition tuesday, 7 august, 2012 Ramadan 18, 1433 Sharifs must appear in court, judge rules g g Accountability court judge hearing corruption references against Sharifs refuses to exempt them from personal appearance NAB prosecutor decries Sharifs’ request for partial treatment for being ‘national leaders’ RAWALPINDI A APP n accountability judge on Monday refused to exempt former prime minister nawaz Sharif and his brother, Punjab Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif from personal appearance in court even though their lawyer insisted that his clients were leaders of ‘national caliber’ and a senior lawyer should be allowed to appear on their behalf. As Special Accountability Court Judge Chaudhry Abdul Haq took up petitions requesting reopening of references against the Sharif family’s alleged corruption, the Sharifs’ lawyer informed the court that the Sharif family members were leaders of a national level and senior advocate Akram Sheikh would appear before the court on their behalf in the references. However, the judge said that appearance of an accused before the court in criminal cases was mandatory, as he adjourned the petitions against the alleged corruption done by the Sharif family vis-à-vis the Hudaibia Paper Mills, Ittefaq Foundries and lands in Raiwind. The judge said the accused could be summoned once the petitions were admitted for hearing. Continued on page 04 Car-sized rover, sophisticated toolkit to hunt for signs that life once existed on the Red Planet PASADENA EnoRmous stEP foRwaRd AS NASA LANDS ROVER ON MARS AFP NASA on Sunday successfully landed its $2.5 billion Mars Science Laboratory and Curiosity rover on the surface of the Red Planet, marking the most ambitious attempt to reach Mars in history. “Touchdown confirmed,” said a member of mission control at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory as the room erupted in cheers. “We are wheels down on Mars. Oh, my God.” A dusty image of the rover’s wheel on the surface, taken from a rear camera on the vehicle, confirmed the arrival of the car-sized rover and its sophisticated toolkit designed to hunt for signs that life once existed there. A second image arrived within seconds, showing the shadow of the rover on Mars. When the landing was announced after a tense, sevenminute process known as entry, descent and landing, the room filled with jubilation as the mission team cheered, exchanged hugs and chief scientists handed out Mars chocolate bars. President Barack Obama described the feat as a singular source of American pride. “The successful landing of Curiosity — the most sophisticated roving laboratory ever to land on another planet — marks an unprecedented feat of technology that will stand as a point of national pride far into the future,” he said in a statement. “It proves that even the longest of odds are no match for our unique blend of ingenuity and determination.” Charles Bolden, the NASA administrator, echoed that sentiment and applauded all the nations who contributed to science CuRiosity RoVER Lands on maRs NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory rover “Curiosity” will determine if the building blocks of life are present on the Red Planet LaunCHEd: noVEmbER 26, 2011 Cruise stage travel distance to mars: 570 million km Payload separates after 38 minutes n Previous landing sites for rovers and landers PHoEnix Landed: May 2008 Enters martian atmosphere Heat shield separates Viking 2 July/Aug 1976 PatHfindER* Sept 1997 Viking 1 July/Aug 1976 oPPoRtunity Jan 2004 Deployed Sojourner rover Rover and crane separate Crane rockets fire up for powered descent sPiRit JAN 2004 CuRiosity August 6, 2012 Rover emerges from crane sky crane suspends descending rover maRs mission: Study Gale Crater (154 km diameter) for signs that life may once have existed Look for clues about past and present habitable environment wEigHt: Cost: Designed to function for 2 years touchdown 7 minutes after entering martian atmosphere SOURCE: NASA/NEW SCIENTIST: afP experiments on board the rover. “It is a huge day for the nation, it is a huge day for all of our partners who have something on Curiosity and it is a huge day for the American people,” Bolden said. Obama’s science adviser John Holdren described the landing as “an enormous step forward in planetary exploration. Nobody has ever done anything like this. We are actually the only country that has landed surface landers on any other planet”, he told NASA television. “But this lander is vastly bigger, vastly more capable and much more complicated to bring in,” he added. “It was an incredible performance.” However, success was anything but certain with this first-of-its-kind attempt to drop a six-wheeled chemistry lab by rocket-powered sky crane on an alien planet. NASA’s more recent rover drop offs were done with the help of airbags. In the final moments, the spacecraft accelerated with the pull of gravity as it neared Mars’ atmosphere, Continued on page 04 8 KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:20 AM Page 2 02 News CARTOON Alternative energy sources to solve the energy crisis? iNfOTAiNmeNT For Olympic fencers, only steel will do Quick Look Story on Page 05 Story on Page 14 Creation of 7 new ministries unconstitutional: Rabbani ISLAMABAD: Calling the creation of seven new ministries unconstitutional, parliamentary Standing Committee on national Security Chairman Raza Rabbani on Monday said certain politicians and bureaucrats were the major hurdle in transfer of powers to the provinces. Talking to the committee’s review meeting on transfer of powers to provinces, Rabbani said certain powers tried to obstruct implementing of the 18th Amendment and they used various tactics to save ministries. Rabbani said 17 ministries had been taken to provinces after the approval of the 18th Amendment but the power of provinces had been robbed by creating seven new ministries. Rabbani also expressed concern about the non-implementation of Article 172 of the constitution despite the passage of two years. Senator Raja Zafarul Haq said an impression was being generated that obstacles were being created in the implementation of 18th Amendment. The committee called for submission of a report about the bottlenecks in the implementation of the 18th Amendment in its next meeting. INP Quetta doctors continue to boycott OPDs QUETTA: Balochistan doctors continued to boycott OPds on Monday, but provided emergency services in government and private hospitals over the abduction of dr Ghulam Rasool. The boycott of OPds entered sixth day on the call of the Pakistan Medical Association, Young doctors, Baloch doctors Forum and Paramedics Staff Association, while emergency wards in the government hospitals kept functioning as usual and patients were being provided medical assistance. However, due to the closure of the OPds, unavailability of doctors in wards and paramedical staff also abstaining from their duties, patients were compelled to leave the wards. Balochistan PMA leaders said they would continue their protests until the safe return of dr Rasool. INP Gunmen kill suspected ‘NATO’ driver in Jamrud PESHAWAR: Gunmen on Monday killed a truck driver in Khyber Agency’s Jamrid tehsil over suspicions that he was transporting supplies for nATO troops in Afghanistan, officials said. Officials first reported the incident as an attack on a nATO supply truck but later confirmed the truck was carrying “commercial goods for Afghanistan”. Pakistan had closed the Torkham border crossing, the quickest route from Pakistan’s port of Karachi to the Afghan capital, for nine days after gunmen killed a nATO supply truck driver on July 24. Local government official Bakhtiar Khan told AFP that three gunmen in a jeep fired on the truck, killing its driver. nATO traffic was very briefly suspended after the incident. Pakistan reopened the Torkham crossing on Saturday, having signed a deal with the united States last Tuesday allowing nATO convoys to travel into Afghanistan until the end of 2015. Islamabad in July lifted a seven-month blockade on nATO goods passing overland through Pakistan, imposed after botched uS air raids killed 24 Pakistani troops in november. AFP Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 KARACHI: Religious activists shout slogans against the reopening of NATO supplies during a protest on Monday. AFP Pakistan facing grave challenges: Altaf MoNItoRINg DESk M uTTAHIdA Qaumi Movement chief Altaf Hussain has warned that the country was facing grave challenges. In a telephonic address on Monday, Altaf said chief justice of Pakistan had taken action against the prime minister very promptly, but what of the action against killers of people who were roaming free across the country. He said terrorists and killers were released by courts on simple production of an nIC card as a surety bond. About the ongoing row between the judiciary and parliament, he said it would soon be established who was supreme. Addressing Interior Minister Rehman Malik, Altaf said: “Rehman Bhai, you are good, but the conditions in the country are not good.” “When I warned about the worsening conditions in the country I was not taken seriously and people made fun of my statement, but now things are clear to everybody,” Altaf said. He said extortionists in Karachi had prohibited weapons, and extorted money was being transferred to Indonesia. Altaf said businesses and industries had been destroyed by extortion mafia. He added that people were suffering due to price hike, load shedding and lawlessness. About the Balochistan situation, he said the Balochistan and Karachi situations were interlinked. “We do not want to divide Pakistan or Sindh,” he said. KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:20 AM Page 3 News 03 ARTS & eNTeRTAiNmeNT Aishwarya Rai Bachan faces camera New delhi presses the restart button… system crashes Team Pakistan’s moment to seize SPORTS eDiTORiAl A road leading to nowhere: Judicial wrangling has to stop. COmmeNT dr Faisal Bari says; Suicide at 14?: Where should the responsibility lie? M J Akbar says; Powerless in office: Woes of governance from across the border. Story on Page 18 Concerted struggle needed to save Pakistan: Nawaz LAHoRE P INP AKISTAn Muslim League-nawaz President nawaz Sharif has said that the country had reached the brink of destruction and concerted struggle was needed to rid it from corrupt rulers and ongoing problems. nawaz was talking to independent MnA Sardar Amjad Farooq Khan Khosa who called on the PML-n president at his Jati umra residence in Raiwind on Monday and announced his decision to join the party. nawaz said the PML-n believed in politics of principles and honesty and because of these principles people from various schools of thought were joining the party. He said the PML-n would not allow the rulers to damage the constitution, democracy and judiciary and would stand like a solid rock against such conspiracies. Punjab Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif, Opposition Leader nisar Ali khan and others were also present. Political observers are calling the joining of Sardar Amjad Farooq Khan Khosa in the PML-n as an important develop- ment, as he is a strong opponent of former party veteran Sardar Zulfikar Khosa in dera Ghazi Khan, who recently quit the PML-n over differences with the top leadership. Yes I can! Water car inventor accepts Physics teacher’s challenge to run car on water kARACHI sTAFF RePORT Breach in Tali Sultan Kot dam inundates several villages QuEttA sHAHzAdA zulFIqAR Over one and half dozen mud houses were submerged in Sibi district on Monday after a small dam spilled over late on Sunday after torrential monsoon rains hit several areas of Balochistan. According to reports received from different areas, heavy rains hit Sibi, Kohlu, Harnai, Jaffarabad, dera Murad Jamali and naseerabad districts. The rain which continued until next morning caused flash floods in low lying areas. A 10-foot breach in Tali Sultan Kot dam near Sibi caused flooding and destroyed many mud houses in the process, after which people spent the entire night in the open. Billboards and communication systems were also destroyed in the process. Reports said that the breach occurred after heavy flooding was observed in the Tali drain and flowed into surrounding villages of Sultan Kot, Tali, Chapa and Marghzani. The floods not only destroyed houses, but also inundated a graveyard situated in the area. no loss of life was reported in Tali. Flood water also affected crops standing on thousands of acres of land. deputy Commissioner of Sibi Shahid Saleem Qureishi rushed to the site with levy force and administrative officials and started immediate relief activities. ‘Bring it on’ was Agha Waqar’s reply to the challenge posed by a Physics professor to run his car on water. According to a private TV channel, Waqar not only accepted Professor Ranomal Malani’s challenge but also promised to run all the cars of Pakistan People’s Party MPA’s brother on water. Earlier, Malani had held a press conference claiming that Waqar was a fraud and had fooled everyone, including Federal Minister Khursheed Shah, and he had saved the party from fraud. He gave a cheque of Rs 5 million to the Press Club administration and asked them to keep it for 15 days. Waqar generously rejected the prize money and asked the money to be distributed among the needy. “He hid a Hydrogen cylinder in his demonstration on TV. He fooled everyone. I know it because I teach Physics. This is impossible,” alleged Malani showing delight over Waqar’s decision of not taking the money and gave him 10 days to prepare the kits. Waqar claimed that he will run the car solely on distilled water and will not add fuel or anything else to it. He previ- ously said that he can run a 1,000CC vehicle till 40 kilometres with one litre of water by attaching a small water kit in the car that separates hydrogen from water and supplies it to the engine. PAF aircraft makes emergency landing in Charsadda CHARSADDA AgeNCIes A small aircraft of the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) made an emergency landing in the Turangzai area of Charsadda district on Monday. According to police sources, the Mashak aircraft was partially damaged while making the emergency landing. PAF spokesman said that the aircraft made the emergency landing due to a technical fault, but both the pilots are safe. The police rushed to the spot and cordoned off the area. fair election to help overcome national challenges: Pm ISLAMABAD APP Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf on Monday said strengthening parliament through free and fair election was crucial to overcoming challenges facing the country. Addressing a gathering of senior journalists at an Iftar dinner hosted at the Prime Minister’s House, he said parliament should be strengthened and the way for it was holding free, fair and transparent elections. He said, “We are moving towards elections and appointment of an impartial chief election commissioner (CEC) has sent a positive message to the world.” Ashraf said the government was sincere and serious in holding fair election, as it was the right of the people to decide their next government. “If the parliament is sovereign and vibrant, Pakistan can undoubtedly move on the path to progress and prosperity,” he said. He PM said the judiciary was independent and media was free and now all national institutions had to work together to make Pakistan strong. The prime minister urged media to guide the nation with its wisdom and power of pen and said the media was free and strong and there was no possibility of rigging in election in its presence. Ashraf said media had the role to criticize, but it should also spread rays of hope as hopelessness led to destruction of societies. “Media has a responsibility to project a soft image of Pakistan and nobody should go to the extent of saying that existence of Pakistan was in danger,” he added. Ashraf said media had assumed great power and even stock exchange index dropped with a single headline or television report, so the media should ensure that only facts were reported. “The government is willing to bear criticism patiently but it also wants its side of the story to be told,” he stated. Ashraf said media had made consistent efforts to improve its professional standards and in recent years had leapt forward and expanded its role. “The government also played its part by ensuring access to information through legislation,” he said, adding that democracy and media could not exist without each other. He said all political parties were patriotic and all of them wanted election to be free and transparent. Ranikhet claims five more peacocks kARACHI AgeNCIes On Monday, five more peacocks died in Tharparkar, raising the death toll for peacocks to 198 in one month, across Sindh. The viral disease named Ranikhet is wreaking havoc especially in Tharparkar, and still not been controlled. On Monday, one peacock at Goth Malsario, one at Samorand, one at Sobharo and two at Seniharnangar died, which has taken the death toll for peacocks in Tharparkar to 172. The Wildlife department has said that this disease lasts for 2 to 18 days, but despite the passage of one month, deaths among peacocks’ have not ceased. Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:20 AM Page 4 04 News Enormous Continued fRom page 01 making a fiery entry at a speed of 13,200 miles (21,240 kilometers) per hour and then slowing down with the help of a supersonic parachute. After that, an elaborate sky crane powered by rocket blasters kicked in, and the rover was lowered down by nylon tethers, apparently landing upright on all six wheels. Scientists do not expect Curiosity to find aliens or living creatures. Rather they hope to use it to analyze soil and rocks for signs that the building blocks of life are present and may have supported life in the past. The project also aims to study the Martian environment to prepare for a possible human mission there in the coming years. It has already been collecting data on radiation during its eight and a half month journey following launch in november 2011 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Earlier on Sunday, Mars program director doug McCuistion called the science “absolutely crucial” to finding out if Earthlings are alone, how Mars evolved from a wet to a dry planet and how accessible Mars may be for human explorers in the future. “If we succeed, it will be one of the greatest feats in planetary exploration ever,” he told reporters. “Our success rate has been pretty darn good recently.” Attempts by global space agencies since 1960 have resulted in a near 40 percent success rate in sending landers, orbiters or other spacecraft for flybys to Mars. nASA has the best record. Gurdawara attacker served in US military Sharifs must Continued fRom page 01 WASHINgtoN sPeCIAl CORResPONdeNT P OLICE have identified the dead attacker, who killed six people inside a Sikh Gurdwara in Wisconsin state as a military veteran, while American leaders expressed their sorrow to the shocked Sikh community struggling to cope with Sunday’s tragedy. Police Chief in Oak Creek, Milwaukee area of the Midwest American state, John Edwards named the dead suspect as Wade Michael Page, 40, a six-year Army enlistee. A senior law enforcement official said Page rose to the rank of sergeant before being demoted to specialist and leaving the military in 1998, The Washington Post reported. Page shot the first police officer to arrive on the scene eight or nine times at close range after the officer went to render aid to a victim of the shooting he found in the parking lot, Edwards said. The shooter also fired at two police cars and disobeyed commands to drop his weapon before an officer fatally shot him with a squad rifle, the police chief said. Police said five Sikh men and one woman ranging in age from 39 to 84 were killed in the shooting rampage. Three other people were wounded, and two are in critical condition, Edwards said. Page “was the only shooter that was involved at the temple,” Edwards told reporters, according to the Post report. Police said Page received a “general discharge” from the military and was “ineligible for reenlistment.” Earlier, Police sources told Cnn the army veteran may have been a white supremacist. The Post quoted an unnamed defense department official as disclosing that Page was in the Army from 1992 to 1998. He trained at Fort Sill, Okla., and served at Fort Bliss in Texas and Fort Bragg in north Carolina. Page worked as a repair technician for the Hawk missile system and later was detailed to Psychological Operations as a specialist, the official said. Meanwhile, relatives of Satwant Kaleka, the president of the gurdwara in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, said Monday that he was killed fighting the attacker. “From what we understand, he basically fought to the very end and suffered gunshot wounds while trying to take down the gunman,” Kanwardeep Singh Kaleka, his nephew, said according to a Cnn report. “He was a protector of his own people, just an incredible individual who showed his love and passion for our people, our faith, to the end,” he said, near tears. The FBI said it had not determined a motive for the Sunday morning CHINIOT: Farmers of Jandwala village walk through flooded fields as flood water entered their village on Monday. shooting and that investigators were looking into whether the attack might be classified as domestic terrorism. Kaleka, a member of the temple, said those inside the gurdwara, or Sikh temple of worship, described the attacker as a bald white man, dressed in a white T-shirt and black pants and with a 9/11 tattoo on one arm — which “implies to me that there’s some level of hate crime there.” Because of their customary beards and turbans, Sikh men are often confused with Muslims, and they have been the targets of hate crimes since the September 11, 2001, attacks on new York and Washington, the Cnn reported. AFP CCP slams Abidi’s attack on CJP The vitriolic attack on the chief justice of Pakistan by Senator Raza Abedi is wholly unprecedented and in fact unbelievable, the Concerned Citizens of Pakistan (CCP) said in a statement on Monday. Abedi reportedly called upon the CJP to step down, warning that otherwise “he would throw him out of the court”. “A more blatant public contempt of court has never been committed in the history of the country. As a senator he should know that if anyone has anything against a member of the superior judiciary, the route lies through the Supreme Judicial Council. The method is not to throw him out of the court. The people should demand from him an unconditional apology, otherwise the law of contempt should take its course,” CCP President nasira Iqbal said. Pr Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 4 new polio cases confirmed in fATA, KP PESHAWAR: Four new cases of polio were identified in FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on Monday. The polio monitoring and coordination cell confirmed the cases after which the total number of polio cases has mounted to 27 across the country. Polio virus was detected in 18-monthold Haneefullah of Bara, 2.5-year -old Salam of Salarzai, sixmonth-old Saleem of Mardan and six month-old naureen of Lakki Marwat. The total number of polio cases in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has risen to six while thirteen polio cases have been reported in FATA. Among the 27 cases, two cases were identified earlier in Punjab. AgencIeS Robbers injure mother of SSP motorway Two robbers riding a motorbike stopped the family of SSP Motorway Intisar Hussain in defence area of Lahore at their doorstep and robbed jewelry, cash and other valuables, according to City 42. The family was returning home after Eid shopping. The criminals opened fire on the SSP’s mother when she offered resistance, resulting in bullet injuries to her arm and leg. MonITorIng DeSk Indian Sikhs shocked and angered by US temple shooting AMRItSAR/oAk CREEk/WASHINgtoN AFP Indian Sikhs, led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, voiced shock and anger on Monday at the killing of worshippers at a Sikh temple in the uS, with some suggesting Muslims may have been the intended target. “I am deeply shocked and saddened to learn of the shooting incident that has resulted in the loss of precious lives,” Singh, himself a Sikh, said in a statement. “That this senseless act of violence should be targeted at a place of religious worship is particularly painful,” Singh said. In Sunday’s attack, a gunman shot worshippers at a suburban Sikh temple in Wisconsin, in the midwestern united States, killing at least six people before he was shot dead by police. “I hope the American authorities would investigate who is behind this dastardly attack on innocent devotees and that they will ensure that such ghastly events do not take place,” Singh told reporters later. In the united States they have often been confused with Muslims and targeted by anti-Islam activists, particularly after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Leading Sikh politicians in India said the temple shooting in Wisconsin may have followed a similar pattern. “I think it is a case of mistaken identity. Sikhs are often mistaken to be from the Middle East,” Manpreet Singh Badal, founderpresident of the People’s Party of Punjab, told AFP. “This is an opportunity, although a very sad one, to raise awareness among Americans about the Sikh culture and identity,” he said. At Sikhdom’s holiest shrine, the Golden Temple in the northern Indian city of Amritsar, the atmosphere was tense and sombre as shocked Sikh devotees went to offer their prayers, amid the daily influx of tourists. Giani Gurbachan Singh, head priest at the Akal Takht, Sikhdom’s highest seat of religious and temporal authority, urged all Sikhs in the united States to “remain vigilant”. “This is a security lapse on the part of uS government wherein Sikhs have become the victims of violence,” Singh said, adding that a “chain of prayers” would be held in Sikh temples across India, including the Golden Temple. “This attack on Sikhs in the uS is shameful. People come to the gurudwara (temple) to find peace. It is a holy place,” said Kulwinder Singh, 50. “Sitting in India we are helpless,” said nita Singh, 45. “What happened in the uS has hurt Sikh sentiments. The uS government must take steps to see such incidents never occur in the future.” PRoTESTS: In Indianheld Kashmir, which has a large Sikh community, protesters blocked a national highway and brandished banners calling for stronger uS gun laws. In delhi, several dozen Sikhs demonstrated outside the uS embassy and chanted slogans denouncing “hate crimes”. “Sikhs contribute a lot to America, they are an important part of America,” said Manjit Singh, president of a delhi-based Sikh party. “This is a racially motivated case and the (uS) government needs to educate people about different communities so it doesn’t happen again.” “It is mandatory for the accused to appear before the courts in criminal cases. In case of absence, the accused may be declared absconders,” the judge said while reviewing the power of attorney submitted by counsel of the Sharif family, Chaudhry Hassan, empowering Akram Sheikh to appear before the court on behalf of Pakistan Muslim League-nawaz (PML-n) President nawaz Sharif, Shahbaz Sharif and three others. nAB Additional Prosecutor General Chaudhry Riaz objected to the power of attorney, saying everyone was equal in eyes of the law and there was no exemption to anyone, particularly in criminal cases. Hassan argued on the merits of the petitions about reopening of corruption references, saying the Sharif family always respected the courts. Judge Abdul Haq adjourned the hearing until September 15, directing the accused and defence counsel to come fully prepared as there would be no unnecessary delay in advancing the proceeding into the cases. On July 18, the court had issued notices to nawaz Sharif, Shahbaz Sharif, MnA Hamza Shahbaz and six other family members in the Hudaibia Paper Mills, Ittefaq Foundry and Raiwind land corruption cases. On July 28, fresh notices were issued as no accused had appeared before the court as asked. The petitions had requested the court to reopen references pertaining to Ittefaq Foundries and Raiwind assets. In the reference relating to Raiwind assets, the main allegation is that nawaz had acquired vast tracts of land upon which a number of palatial houses and mansions were built with resources which appeared to be grossly disproportionate to his known sources of income. Apart from Sharif, his mother is an accused in the case. Moreover, in the state versus Ittefaq Foundries etc case, nawaz, his brother Abbas Sharif and Kamal Qureshi are accused of committing corruption of Rs 1,063 million. The main allegation in the case is that Ittefaq Foundries Ltd obtained cash finance from the national Bank and per nAB’s allegations, the company willfully defaulted to pay back the amount in 1994. mother strangles 2 sons over dispute with husband MoNItoRINg DESk A mother strangled two sons, aged 7 and 5, and buried them in the courtyard of her house in Shujaabad, Multan, a private TV channel reported on Monday. According to the channel, the woman, Aasia, had frequent domestic disputes with her husband, a laborer, who worked in Karachi. Police were told that the mother killed her sons in frustration. Investigations into the case are underway.The channel quoted the residents of the area as saying that both boys had been missing since morning. KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:20 AM Page 5 05 Power ministry claims to have ended unscheduled outages ISLAMABAD APP The Ministry for Water and Power has claimed that it has ended unscheduled power cuts across the country but scheduled load shedding will continue to bridge the gap between electricity production and consumption. In a statement issued on Monday, a ministry spokesman said load shedding was due to shortage of electricity but some elements were politicizing it for personal and party interests. He said protest was a basic right of the masses but no one would be allowed to damage the public property in the name of protests. The spokesman said unscheduled electricity load shedding had been ended, however to balance the power production gap routine power cut would persist. He said the power shortfall had reached 3,410MW as the country was producing 14,191MW of electricity while demand stood at 17,601MW, adding that urban and rural areas of the country were facing eight and 12 hours of power cuts. BAHAWAlPuR: Young doctors hold a demonstration against Punjab Chief Minister shahbaz sharif on Monday. onLIne PHC grants interim bail to Sherpao in Bugti ‘murder’ case PESHAWAR: The Peshawar High Court (PHC) on Monday granted interim bail to former interior minister Aftab Ahmed Sherpao in Akbar Bugti murder case. Sherpao submitted petition in the PHC for interim bail and PHC Justice Shahjehan Akhundzada, accepting the petition, granted it until August 30. Later, Sherpao told reporters that his name was not mentioned in the FIR of Bugti murder case. He said the military operation in Balochistan was conducted for maintaining law and order and it was a provincial issue. He said he had submitted his statement in the Balochistan High Court in this regard and had fully cooperated in the investigation conducted until now. APP Power shortage should not be used for political motives: PM g Ashraf says president taking personal interest in power crisis MuZAFARABAD P APP RIME Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf on Monday said the government had been making sincere efforts to resolve the energy crisis and a number of projects, especially in the hydro sector, were in progress, adding that the power shortage should not be used for political motives. Addressing a function after inaugurating tunnel breaking machines at the neelum Jhelum Hydroelectric Project, the prime minister said, “Every one should join hands to find the solution to the energy crisis, instead of doing politics on this issue.” The prime minister said President Asif Ali Zardari had been taking personal interest in finding a permanent solution to the energy crisis. He said the president had directed the government to focus on increasing power generation, especially hydel, which was the cheapest mode. Ashraf said the government was also working to genearte electricity through alternative resources like solar and wind. He said thermal power generation was costly and the government was providing Rs 209 billion annual subsidy. He regretted that the previous governments did not pay any attention to improve the power generation in the country. Ashraf said though the present government added more than 3,000MW to the national grid, the country was still facing power shortage due to huge demand. The prime minister said he was pleased to observe that work on the neelum Jhelum project was in full swing despite some problems during initial stages. He said the project that would generate about 1,000MW would help reduce load shed- ding in the country. He said the 65 kmtunnel would be the first experience in the country and its powerhouse would be underground. The water of neelum would be diverted to Jhelum river, besides producing 1,000MW, he added. He appreciated the contribution of Pakistani and Chinese engineers and especially thanked China for cooperation and assistance in the project. Referring to the energy crisis, the prime minister said the government was sincerely taking practical steps to overcome it. Speaking on the occasion, Minister for Water and Power Chaudhry Ahmad Mukhtar said the government had initiated a number of projects that would generate 20,000MW of electricity in the next couple of years. He said that presently the hydel sector’s share was 32 percent and the government had planned to increase the share to 66 percent by 2025. interim bail for musa Gilani, makhdoom Shahab extended RAWALPINDI ONlINe A division bench of the Lahore High Court in Rawalpindi on Monday extended the interim bail of Ali Musa Gilani, son of former PM Yousaf Raza Gilani, and former health minister Makhdoom Shahabuddin in the ephedrine quota case until August 13. Musa and Shahab had appeared before the LHC bench of Justice Syed najamul Hassan and Justice Shahzad Ahmed Khan. Both have been on interim bail and appeared before the bench for its extension. Earlier on July 30, the bench had directed Shahab and Musa to cooperate with the investigation team of the AnF in connection with the controlled chemical ephedrine scam. The court had warned both that their non-cooperation would result in the cancellation of their interim bails and subsequent arrest by the AnF. upon assurances by counsel of Makhdoom Shahab and Musa for joining the investigation, the court had extended their interim bail until Aug 6. Alternative energy sources to solve the energy crisis? ISLAMABAD AgeNCIes Rich in solar and wind energy resources, with the capacity to generate around 143,000MW of electricity, the government has embarked on a project to attract foreign investment to help bridge the demand-supply gap by exploiting alternative energy sources. As per official estimates, the government is eyeing around $1.2 to $ 2.7 billion investment merely in the wind energy sector, and dozens of similar projects, to woo foreign investment in the solar energy sector, are in progress. Pakistan is currently developing wind power plants in Jhimpir, Gharo, Keti Bandar and Bin Qasim in Sindh. The government believes this would not only help reduce electricity shortage, but would also help ease the burden of oil imports, that cost over $12 billion annually.The average wind speed in most parts of the world is between 6.2 and 6.9 meters per second (fair category). There are a few places that fall under ‘good’ category where the wind speed is between 7 and 7.3 m/s. However, the wind speed in the Sindh corridor is stronger than the above two categories as it stands in the ‘excellent’ category of 7.5 to 7.7 m/s. According to a uSAId report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind energy, of which only the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts. Keeping in view this rich potential, the government has planned to achieve electric power of up to 2500 MW by the end of 2015, from wind energy to ease the energy shortage. Earlier, former Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani had inaugurated the country’s first-ever wind energy scheme `Zorlu Energy Wind Power Project’ with a generation capacity of 50MW in Jhimpir, on April 2009. The project is nearly 60 per cent complete and will start its trial production this year. This 60 kilometer long and 170 kilometer deep corridor alone has the potential to generate over 50,000 megawatts of electricity. Pakistan Alternative Energy development Board (AEdB) recently approved the new Park Energy Phase I, a 400-MW wind project, near Port Qasim. With the help of China 3 Gorges Corporation, a 50 MW wind energy plan at Jhimpir in Sindh will be completed next year. The wind power pilot project has been made operational by installing a wind turbine at daman-i-Koh in Islamabad. Recently, an Mou had been signed at the twoday second Pak-ChinaJoint Energy Group (JEWG) for setting up wind energy projects of an accumulative capacity of 550MW initially. Moreover, the government has also created a fund to implement alternative energy technology in the country. According to a study, the country has identified the cumulative potential of generating 3.2 million MW from various renewable energy resources. As per breakup, 340,000 MW could be generated from Wind, 2,900,000 from Solar, 50,000 MW from Hydro (large), 3,100 MW from Hydro (Small), 1800 MW from Bagass Cogeneration, 500 MW from Waste while 550 MW could be generated from Geothermal power sources. A number of countries have successfully developed renewable energy sources from wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, ocean tides and bio fuels to minimize dependence on fossil fuels. Sources in the energy sector said that currently 11 wind projects, with a cumulative capacity of 556 MW, have reached an advanced stage of completion and some of these would start supplying electricity by december this year, whereas the others would be functional by 2013. The government is determined to overcome the energy crisis in the country. It has taken several measures in the past and has been carrying out several programs to provide relief to the common man and help boost industry in the country, the sources added. Efforts were also being made to convince the owners of sugar mills to use cane waste for power generation. One of the advantages of using solar energy is that apart from the initial installa- tion and maintenance costs, solar energy is one hundred percent free and does not require expensive and constant raw material like oil or coal, and requires significantly lower operational labor than conventional power production. Realizing country’s growing demand for power, in the industrial and agricultural sectors, and growing domestic consumption, the government has initiated several solar power projects to address the power and energy crisis. Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:20 AM Page 6 Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 fiqaH-E-Hanfi fiqaH-E-jafRia 07:12 iftaR 07:22 iftaR 04:22 sEHER 04:12 sEHER Three killed in lyari gang war fighting kARACHI INP At least three persons were killed as a result of exchange of gunfire between two groups of Lyari gang war in the city area of Pak Colony on Monday. According to SHO of Pak Colony Police Station, Shakeel Sherwani, some armed men gunned down three men in Lashari locality of Jahanabad. A police source said a man, Jauhar, was killed in the same area on Sunday. The rival group avenged the killing on Monday by opening fire at their adversaries. Police held the incident a result of gang war. The shooting sparked tension in the entire area with panic among the local residents. Additional contingent of police was deployed in the area. Meanwhile, a rickshaw driver was killed while three others injured in multiple collision of vehicles here on Monday. The police arrested the dumper driver responsible while the enraged people set the vehicle ablaze. Two robbers killed, four arrested tANDoALLAHYAR INP KARACHI: A man collecting reusable items from sea water as he rides a makeshift boat on China greek. onLIne Police arrested four dacoits after exchange of fire and recovered arms and looted valuables from their possession. According to details, the police on a tip off reached the scene where five robbers were busy in looting citizens in dheenga Bozdar Link Road at gun point. On seeing the police party, the robbers started firing. In retaliation, the police fired and killed two robbers. The police arrested four robbers including two in injured condition while one of their accomplices managed to flee. The police claimed to have recovered three snatched motorcycles, arms and other looted valuables from the possession of dacoits. Let there be light… kARACHI NNI T HE Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC) has said that power supply to many parts of the port city has been restored after second breakdown on Monday morning. “Six grid stations out of 64 were tripped after a major fault in 220KV Bin Qasim transmission line,” ussama Qureshi, the KESC spokesman said, adding the power supply to maximum areas had been restored after removing the fault. The KESC spokesman further said that humidity factor was the main cause of tripping. According to reports, the areas which were affected by the power break down includes defence, Kharadar, Shah Faisal Colony, Malir, Korangi, II Chundrigar Road, Kashmir Colony, Mehmodabad, Akhter Colony, Clifton, Kharadar, Lyari. It is pertinent to add that massive power outages had plunged almost the whole Karachi into darkness on Saturday night as at least 24 out of 64 transmission lines of the Karachi Electric Supply Company were tripped. Five transmission lines of KESC (Karachi Electric Supply Company) had already tripped on Saturday night, while the 500KV transmission line of Jamshoro also tripped in early hours of Sunday affecting two 220KV and three 132KV lines depriving the citizens of 650 MW electricity generated by nTdC, silencing 20 out of city’s 64 grid stations. The hapless citizens spent a sleepless night, while they also faced great difficulty in preparing and having their sehri. Many areas like I I Chundrigar Road, Burns Road, PIdC, Akhtar Colony and others were among the victims of the massive outages. Intermittent tripping of transmission lines was attributed to constant wetting by dew, while the KESC, which imposed an emergency in its main control room(s), besides summoning all its personnel to restore electricity, apologized for the inconvenience. Meanwhile, Governor dr Ishrat-alIbad gave strict directives to the KESC officials to restore the electricity supply to the city at the earliest. The KESC spokesperson had announced on Sunday that power supply to 22 grid stations out of 61 had been restored. A number of localities in Karachi had plunged into darkness the previous night following a breakdown of power supply system of KESC. The situation developed when 22 grid stations tripped because of humidity in the main transmission lines. According to Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC) spokesman KESC’s two Extra High Tension (EHT) circuits of 220 KV and three lines of 132 KV, carrying electricity from Bin Qasim power plant were tripped at around 9:20 25 injured in accident HARIPuR INP pm. As a result, he said, power supply to 23 of 64 grid stations and dhabeji pumping station had been suspended, leaving almost all the city into darkness. At least 25 passengers including women and children were injured when a bus plunged into ravine here on Monday. According to details, a Haripur bound bus coming from Taxila went out of control while negotiating a sharp turn in Bullertop area of Haripur. As a result of accident, 25 people including women and children were injured. The police, local people and rescue teams reached the scene of the accident and started rescue operation. The injured were rushed to Pakistan Ordinance Factory Hospital and other hospitals. According to hospital sources seven injured people were in serious condition. Punjab govt running on stay order: Malik kARACHI INP HYdeRABAd: Peasants demonstrate against bonded labor, outside Hyderabad Press Club. onLIne Interior Minister Rehman Malik on Monday said the Punjab government run by Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif has been running on a stay order for the last four years. Talking to media persons at the Karachi airport, the interior minister accused banned Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) and Baloch Republican Army (BRA) of carrying out atrocities on the people of Balochistan. He said Balochistan is the top priority of the government. neither any military operation was launched in Balochistan nor it would be done in the future, he added. Rehman Malik said the government was trying to restore law and order in the country at priority bases. He said operation against extortionists and criminal elements was underway in Karachi and nobody would be allowed to take law into his hands. To a question, he said he did not play any role in Zulfiqar Khosa and his son’s resignation from PML-n but he invited them to join the PPP because doors of his party were always open for everyone. KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:20 AM Page 7 Karachi 07 Sindh govt legislates to protect businessmen kARACHI AFTAB CHANNA W KARACHI: A blacksmith is busy melting iron at his workshop. onLIne Govt alive to its responsibilities to youth: imdad Pitafi HYDERABAD APP Member Provincial Assembly (MPA) from Tando Allahyar Imdad Pitafi said on Monday that the governments of Pakistan Peoples’ Party (PPP) possessed the honour of opening new avenues of employment for the jobless youth so that they could improve their socio-economic condition and play their due role in the progress and prosperity of the country. The MPA expressed these remarks while handing over the appointment orders to youths of Tando Allahyar. Yousuf Kaboro appointed Director PiK ITH an aim to ensure security and safety of the business community in Sindh, particularly in the metropolis after the growing incidents of bhatta mafia, the Sindh government has decided to scruitnise the private security guards and to thoroughly check the measures taken by business community at their own, Pakistan Today learnt on Monday. Moreover, a thorough legislation is underway in this respect which would help the law enforcing agencies to maintain a peaceful atmosphere in the city. “The ‘Sindh Shops and Establishments Security Bill’ aims at ensuring security of persons and property of commercial and industrial units, shops and factories,” well-placed sources told Pakistan Today. The sources said the standing committee had finalized the draft bill and it would be submitted with the Sindh Assembly so that it could be approved from the elected members. The text of the bill says: “The ‘commercial establishment’ means an establishment which carries on any business or any work in connection with or incidental or ancillary to, a Bank, Money Changer or a financial institution, stock exchange, brokerage houses, hotels (Multinational or otherwise) and includes any other establishment as the Govern- ment may, by notification in the official gazette declare to be commercial establishment for the purpose of this Act. (ii) 'Employer' means a person owning or having charge of time business of an establishment, and includes an agent or manager or any other person acting on behalf of such person in the general management or control of such establishment. (iv) 'Industrial establishment' means a workshop or establishment, industrial unit and includes such other class or classes of establishments as the Government may, by notification in the official gazette declare to be industrial establishment for the purpose of this Act. (v) 'Shop' means any premises used wholly or in part for the whole-sale or retail sale of commodities or articles, either for cash or on credit, or where services are rendered to customers, and includes an office, a store room, godown, warehouse or place of work, whether in the same premises or otherwise, mainly used in connection with such trade or business. (vi) 'Residential hotels means any premises in which a bona fide business is carried on for the supply of dwelling accommodation and meals on payment of a sum of money by a traveller or any other member of the public or class of the public and includes a club. (vii) 'Restaurants' and 'eating house' means any premises in which is carried on wholly or principally the business of the supply of meals or refreshments to the public or a class of the public for consumption on the premises and (viii) 'Rules' means nadra urges parties to mobilize citizens for cnIcs kARACHI sTAFF RePORT nadra Chairman Tariq Malik has written letters to leaders of all political parties requesting their assistance in mobilizing Pakistani citizens to obtain their computerized national identity cards (CnlCs), which is also a pre-requisite for registration as voters, says a statement issued here on Monday. In his letter, the nadra chairman emphasized that political parties’ outreach and presence across the country provides an opportunity to nadra to access pockets of population that remains unregistered. nadra will extend its data acquisition units (dAus) to the door steps of citizens and is ready to perform registra- tion operations through numerous mobile units, he said in the letter. nadra has 452 national registration centers, 252 mobile registration vans and 70 semi-mobile unites countrywide registering adults in far flung areas. He urged the political parties to identify especially women folks who are still unregistered. He also reiterated and reinforced the institutional commitment to political neutrality, egalitarianism and public interest. These principles have guided nadra over the past five years and will continue to prevail, strengthening public trust of citizens of Pakistan and credibility around the world. He also extended his personal gratitude for their support and confidence that they have reposed in nadra, enabling to achieve as great landmark as more than 90 percent registration of citizens and preparation of final electoral rolls under the supervision of Election Commission of Pakistan. He said nadra had emerged as a well-respected state-of-the-art public institution, providing prompt and efficient services to the public. However, greater goals have yet to be achieved. There continues to be population who does not have computerized national identity cards, most of them being of women from far-flung rural areas. He assured that all systems of nadra were secure and very well safe-guarded and invited them to nadra headquarters to brief about nadra and its different projects. rules made under this Act, 3-The government may by order provide for the regulation of security of and enforcement of measures for the safety and security of the property and persons connected with the Commercial Industrial Establishment and Shops and Factories. 4- The employer of the respective establishment shall report Compliance to the issuing authority of the Government within orders fourteen days of the receipt of the said orders or directives a-If the employer of any establishment contravenes any order made under this Act shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to one month or with fine which may extend to fifty thousand rupees or with both and if the offence continues, the establishment may be kept sealed till such time the order is complied with. 6-(1) no prosecution shall be initiated against any Employer, for any offence under this Act except by or with the previous sanction of government or other officer or authority specially empowered by government in this behalf. (2)-no court inferior to that of a magistrate of the first class shall try an offence punishable under this Act or any rule made there under (3)-no court shall take cognisance of any offence under this Act except on a complaint made in writing within six months of the date on which the offence was discovered. Government may, by notification in the official Gazette make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act. Bead-making training programme kARACHI APP Government of Sindh’s Youth Affairs department organized a four months’ 'Bead-making' training programme under Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Youth development Programme (BBSYdP) at Glass Product design and Manufacturing Center GPdMC – a subsidiary of Small and Medium Enterprises development Authority (SMEdA), Government of Pakistan. An official said on Monday that two batches of twenty male and females members each from various districts of Sindh participated in the training course. He stated that the participants exhibited keen interest to learn the methods and technology to develop raw glass into costly beads. The graduation ceremony was held at GPdMC Site Hyderabad wherein 17 girls and 12 boys, having successfully completed the course, were awarded certificate of training. kARACHI SHO presented into court with full protocol APP Muhammad Yousuf Kaoro has been appointed as director Press Information Karachi (PIK) of the Sindh Information department (SId), officials announced on Monday. The sources stated further that Kaboro had assumed the charge of office. kHAIRPuR ONlINe Ku announces exams date kARACHI ONlINe The controller of examination has announced that the date for submission of examination forms and fee of BA/Bcom (fresh candidates) registered in 2011 external annual examinations 2012 will be accepted without late fee from August 6 2012 to September 17, 2012. Meanwhile, Karachi university has extended the last date for payment of Semester examinations fee of 3, 5, 7 and 9 semester till 31 August 2012 with a late fee of Rs.1, 000. KARACHI: Workers are busy cleaning the floor of Mazar-e-quaid as the preparations for National day celebrations are in full swing. onLIne The SHO and six other policemen accused of parading a couple naked on the streets have been handed over to police on 14-day judicial remand. The accused SHO was brought to court premises on front seat of the vehicle without handcuffs - a condition contrary to one reserved for criminals while the six policemen were properly handcuffed. A rather haughty and arrogant SHO showed his complete disregard for the holy month of Ramadan as he smoking publicly with large visible puffs. Besides, he was also offered a chair to sit comfortably and a mobile phone facility in his lock-up. The couple, Mumtaz, uzma, and Suhbat, arrested under charges of consuming alcohol, were booked on the night of 27th July, and were forced to parade naked for a kilometer from the site of arrest to Gumbat Thana. Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:20 AM Page 8 08 karachi ‘All I want is justice’ 33°C weATHeR uPDATeS The latest 'honour killing' in Hyderabad has shocked people because the family is middle class and it happened in an open court High 32°C i 26°C 31°C i 26°C 32°C i 27°C PRAYeR TimiNGS fajr Sunrise 04:30 05:54 zuhr 12:39 maghrib 19:22 isha 20:47 CiTY DiReCTORY emeRGeNCY HelP ReSCue 1122 eDHi CONTROl 115, 32310066, 2310077 mOTORwAY POliCe 130 POliCe 15 GOVeRNOR’S HOuSe 136 CHief miNiSTeR’S HOuSe 99202051 fiRe BRiGADe 16, 99215007-8 BOmB DiSPOSAl 15, 99212667 ReD CReSCeNT 35833973 KHiDmAT-e-KHAlQ fOuNDATiON 36333811 HOSPiTAlS ABBASi SHAHeeD CiVil JiNNAH NiCVD AGHA KHAN TABBA 99260400-09 99215749, 99215960 99201300-39 99201271-6 34930051 36811841-50 BlOOD BANK HuSSAiNi fATimiD PwA 32238405-8 32225284, 32258656 99215740, 32735214 COmPlAiNT KeSC Sui GAS PTCl KwSB CDGK 118 1199, 99231603 1218 1339 134 RAilwAYS eNQuiRY CiTY STATiON CANTT STATiON 117, 99213565-6 99213538 99201118 AiRPORT fliGHT eNQuiRY PiA ReSeRVATiON 114 111-786-786 COlleGeS / uNiVeRSiTieS KARACHi uNiVeRSiTY NeD uNiVeRSiTY fuuAST DuHS SmiC fAST-Nu SzABiST iOBm iBA iVS Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 99261300-06 99261261-8 99244141-9 99215754-7 99217501-3 111128128, 34100541-7 111922478 35090961-7 111422422 35861039-40 S NEWS DESk O-CALLEd honour killings by families who believe their daughters have disgraced them are increasingly common in the country. But the gunning down last week of a woman by her brother, a lawyer, in front of dozens of witnesses in a packed courtroom in the bustling city of Hyderabad marks an alarming new low. The family of 22 year-old Raheela Sehto had already made their fury at her marriage to Zulfiqar Sehto – a love match struck without their permission – abundantly clear. They reacted by filing a claim with local police that their daughter had been kidnapped by her 30-year-old husband, a life-long neighbour who had wooed Raheela over the years, although largely through clandestine mobile phone conversations. Her uncle had tried to throttle her with a scarf at an earlier appearance at the high court in Hyderabad in July. The couple had petitioned the court for its protection and to try and have the kidnapping charges thrown out. But Sehto, a university graduate working for the local electricity company, said they felt they had no reason to fear for their lives in court, even when in the earlier part of the morning he was sitting almost directly in front of his wife's eventual killer, Javed Iqbal Shaikh, her brother. Shortly after the two judges had returned to their seats after a break, Shaikh, dressed in the black suit and tie of his profession, produced a gun he had smuggled into court, lunged at Raheela and shot her point-blank in the left side of the head. "Before she fell to the ground, my wife was looking straight at me," said Sehto. The gunman, Shaikh, then tried to shoot Sehto, but was overpowered by police. Although furious families have succeeded in killing their daughters in police custody before, it is the first time such an incident has occurred in open court. The killer managed to evade security checks, including two sets of metal detectors and body searches, because he was one of the country's obstreperous lawyers – an entitled group that has been known to assault policemen violently. "The lawyers, they don't like to be searched," said Amjad Shaikh, a police superintendent in Hyderabad. "Security is a little bit of a problem there." Apparently unrepentant, Shaikh gave interviews to journalists later, while in custody, saying he had "lost my mind". "I did that in rage because she had dishonoured the family," he said to a newspaper. Four other family members who accompanied him in court have also been charged over the killing. "Everyone is very shocked by this because it happened in an educated family," said the police officer. "normally, honour killings happen in the rural areas where people are not educated." In the countryside such crimes can even be given the obstreperous of local "jirgas", informal and illegal justice systems run by communities that enforce tribal law. The superintendent added that the involvement of the Shaikhs was also unusual, saying they are known for being "peaceful". The Shaikhs of Sindh tend to enjoy high levels of education are traditionally involved in trade and are little connected with tribal customs. According to the latest survey of violence against women by the Aurat Foundation, a rights group, there were 2,341 honour killings in 2011 in Pakistan – a 27 percent jump on the year before. The report also said there were more than 8,000 abductions and 3,461 rapes and gang rapes. But the figures were just "the tip of the iceberg", it warned, saying researchers relied on those cases that were reported in the media only. Amar Sindhu, a professor of philosophy at Sindh university and a women's rights activist, said the phenomenon was less to do with "cultural and social practices" and more to do with "the complete absence of the rule of law". "Even in the 19th-century, the colonial authorities were able to reduce these crimes by enforcing laws when social, cultural and religious practices were just as male dominated and antiwoman as they are today," she said. sculpturEs show DATe: JulY 17 TO 21TH, 2012 Sehto struggled to speak as he described the loss of his young wife, whom he had known for almost his entire life, growing up in the small town of Behlani. "She was my neighbour and we went to each other's home since we were children," he said. "We began to fall in love more than 18 months ago, but they kept refusing my family's request to marry her." Raheela agreed to elope with Sehto only after her father attempted to marry her off to a Shaikh from Punjab whom she did not know, he said. His family has now left Behlani, and he said he will never return. "All I want is justice, I want the court to convict Javed and his accomplices with the death penalty," he said. EXhIBItIon BY hAmrA ABBAs DATe: JuNe 19 TO JulY 19, 2012 Courtesy: Guardian DATe: THuRSDAY, 7:00 Pm, weeKlY eVeNT VeNue: fiNe ARTS PAKiSTAN KARACHi VeNue: CANVAS GAlleRY VeNue: THe SeCOND flOOR (T2f) fiNe ART PAKiSTAN GAlleRY Cordially invites you on the exhibition of sculptures by Akbar Khan, latif Ghouri and m.K.Saleem on Tuesday, 17th 2012. Chief Guest: Anjum Ayaz inaugurates the show. internationally acclaimed artist Hamra Abbas, recipient of the Abraaj capital art prize and the Sharjah biennale jury prize, exhibits her culturally loaded, iconographic works at Canvas Gallery on Tuesday June 19th 2012, from 5 pm - 8 pm. Hamra received her BfA and mA from the National College of Arts, lahore and a meisterschueler from universitaet der Kuenste, Berlin. She lives and works between lahore, Pakistan and Boston, uSA. The show remains open daily until July 19th 2012, from 11 am - 8 pm (excluding sundays) Join us at T2f every wednesday for interactive sessions on mirza Ghalib’s poetry, conducted by author and translator, musharraf Ali farooqi. Ghalib made easy by @micromAfThe poetry of mirza Ghalib (27 December 1797 – 15 february 1869) has been considered complex, abstract and difficult to comprehend. even for Ghalib’s contemporaries, his language and imagery presented a challenge. KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:20 AM Page 9 Foreign News 09 Egyptian army vows to avenge deadly Sinai attack CAIRo E AFP GYPT’S army vowed Monday to “avenge” the killing of 16 guards by gunmen near the Israeli border, as President Mohamed Morsi ordered security forces to take full control of the increasingly lawless Sinai Peninsula on the frontier. In Sunday’s attack, gunmen in Bedouin attire drove up to a border post and opened fire before crossing into the Jewish state in an armoured vehicle, Egyptian officials said. Israel said five gunmen were killed on its side. The 1979 peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, under which Israel withdrew from the Sinai which it had occupied in the 1967 Middle East war, set strict limits on Egyptian troop numbers in the peninsula. But Israel has complained of growing lawlessness on its southern border since the overthrow of veteran strongman Hosni Mubarak early last year and called for ac- tion by Cairo. “We swear in the name of God to avenge them,” the army said. “Egyptians will not have to wait long before they see a reaction to this attack by terrorists,” it said in a statement carried by the official MEnA news agency. “Anyone liaising with these groups that have attacked our troops in the Sinai in recent months will pay dearly, be it inside Egypt or abroad,” it added. Israel said two armoured vehicles were seized, one of which exploded by itself and the other of which was destroyed by a helicopter. “The bodies of the five gunmen have been found by the Israeli army,” an Israeli military spokesman said, but did not give details. Israeli military spokesman Yoav Mordechai told army radio: “We were ready because we had previous information from Shin Bet (security service) and from military intelligence services, which allowed us to thwart a bloody attack.” The armoured vehicle that crossed the border “fired in every direction after entering Israeli territory before being at- tacked by tanks and from the air,” said Mordechai. The gunmen were “members of the global jihad based in Sinai, which has become a hothouse for world terrorism because of the weak control exercised” by Egypt, he added. President Morsi said he had given “clear instructions” that Egypt must take “full control of the Sinai.” “Those responsible for this crime will be hunted down and arrested,” he said. “Everybody will see that the Egyptian military and police forces can get these criminals wherever they are,” he said. france calls on myanmar to protect muslims after new deaths PARIS AFP France called Monday for Myanmar authorities to protect civilians of all ethnic groups “without discrimination” after reports of renewed deadly violence between Buddhists and Muslim Rohingya. “France attaches great importance to a peaceful and concerted resolution to ethnic questions in Burma, in order to achieve national reconciliation,” foreign ministry deputy spokesman Vincent Floreani said in a statement. The ministry called for the status of Muslims in Myanmar’s western Rakhine state “to be clarified with regard to right to nationality and for them to enjoy, whatever their status, full respect for human rights.” “There are reports of worrying acts of violence by security forces against civilians. We call on the Burmese authorities to protect all civilian populations, without discrimination, and to investigate possible abuses,” Floreani said. Fighting in western Rakhine state has killed 80 people from both sides since June, with six reportedly killed on Sunday, although authorities say the situation has been generally calm in recent weeks. Libya’s interim rulers to hand over power MuMBAI: Indian students, their faces painted with anti-nuclear messages, march on Monday during a rally marking the 67th anniversary of the world’s first atomic bombing over Hiroshima by the us. AFP tRIPoLI AFP Hiroshima marks anniversary of atomic bombing HIRoSHIMA AFP A bell tolled to mark a moment of silence while people joined hands in prayer as tens of thousands marked the anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on Monday. Ageing survivors, relatives, government officials and foreign delegates attended an annual ceremony at Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park commemorating the uS bombing of the city nearly seven decades ago, as a rising tide of antinuclear sentiment swells in post-Fukushima Japan. “On this day, in this city, let me proclaim again: there must never be another nuclear attack — never,” said Angela Kane, un high representative for disarmament affairs, reading a message from Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. “Such weapons have no legitimate place in our world. Their elimination is both morally right and a practical necessity in protecting humanity.” An American B-29 bomber named Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945, turning the western Japanese city into a nuclear inferno and killing an estimated 140,000 in the final chapter of World War II. At 8:15 am (2315 GMT Sunday) on Monday, the time of detonation, the toll of a bell set off the minute of silence as pedestrians came to a standstill and bowed slightly, linking hands under a scorching sun. Some 50,000 people attended the official ceremony, while thousands of others joined demonstrations, marches, forums, and concerts held across the city, a long-time focal point for the global movement against nuclear weapons. British lawmaker with leading role in hacking hearings quits LoNDoN AFP High-profile British lawmaker Louise Mensch, who played a leading role in parliamentary hearings over the phone-hacking scandal, announced Monday that she is quitting to move to new York with her family. Mensch, 41, a prominent presence on Twitter who recently set up her own social network, tweeted: “I am devastated by the necessary decision that I have had to announce today. “It has, however, proved impossible to balance the needs of my family.” The Conservative MP’s husband Peter Mensch is the manager of hard rock band Metallica and lives in new York. They were married a year ago in Manhattan, but Louise Mensch has three children from a previous marriage who live with her in Britain. Since her election in 2010 Mensch has become a well-known Conservative figure and was seen as a po- tential minister. She came under the spotlight as a lawmaker on parliament’s Culture, Media and Sport Committee, which has questioned Rupert Murdoch over the hacking scandal that forced him to close his news of the World tabloid. Australian-born media tycoon Murdoch, 81, shut the 168-year-old newspaper in July last year after revelations that it accessed the voicemail messages of a murdered schoolgirl sparked a wave of public disgust. Mensch set up her own politically-focused social networking website, Menshn, in June. She has also published 14 “chick-lit” novels under her maiden name, Louise Bagshawe. Prime Minister david Cameron said he was accepting her resignation “with enormous regret”. “It goes without saying that I had wished to see you serve for longer and at a more senior level,” he said. Her departure will trigger a by-election in the marginal constituency of Corby and East northamptonshire seat in central England. Iranians ‘confess’ to nuclear scientist murders tEHRAN AFP Iranian state television on Monday showed several Iranians alleged to be part of a group of 13 who “confessed” to killing four Iranian nuclear scientists after being trained by Israeli intelligence. It said the network received orders from “Washington and London.” The television report, available online (http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/4047313), showed the suspects speaking of how they purportedly prepared to murder the scientists, and broadcast a re-enactment of assassins on a motorbike fixing a magnetic bomb to a victim’s car, while dramatic music played in the background. It also showed images of a number of prefabricated temporary buildings in an arid area and said the site was an Israeli military camp used for their training. The 40-minute report, which was broadcast overnight, said the 13 comprised eight men and five women, all of whom were named. One of them was Majid Jamali Fashi, who was executed on May 15 after being found guilty of spying for Israel’s Mossad spy service and playing a key role in the January 2010 murder of a top nuclear scientist in return for payment of $120,000. Iran’s intelligence service recently said it had broken a ring of other “spies” linked to the scientists’ slayings, which it blamed on Israel and the united States. The united States vehemently denied any involvement in the most recent assassination, on January 11 this year. Israel has refused to confirm or deny involvement in any of the killings. Libya’s interim authorities said they will hand over power to a newly elected congress on Wednesday, less than a year after its fighters overthrew the regime of Moamer Kadhafi. “We affirm that August 8, 2012 will be the day that power will be transferred peacefully,” Saleh darhoub, spokesman for the outgoing national Transitional Council (nTC), told journalists in Tripoli early Monday. Libyans cast ballots on July 7 in their first free election since a popular uprising last year that escalated into a civil war and ousted the regime of now slain dictator Kadhafi. They elected a 200-member legislative assembly comprising party and independent representatives, which will replace the nTC and lead the country until fresh elections can be held on the basis of a new constitution. The transition comes against a backdrop of heightened insecurity. Three men suspected of planning bomb attacks were killed in a sting operation outside the capital on Sunday. “The brain of the operation refused to surrender and fought fiercely which resulted in the death of three people, including him,” darhoub said. iran president to attend saudi summit tEHRAN AFP Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is to attend an extraordinary summit of Muslim leaders in the holy city of Mecca next week at the invitation of the Saudi king, an aide said on Monday. Ahmadinejad will attend the summit “to discuss the development in Muslim countries,” Mohammad Reza Forqani, head of international affairs in the president’s office, told the official IRnA news agency. Forqani said the two-day summit will start on August 14. Saudi Arabia last month called for the summit with the aim of “unifying the ranks” of Muslims. It hosts the headquarters of the 57member pan-Muslim body, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, in the Red Sea city of Jeddah. King Abdullah invited Ahmadinejad, the official Saudi Press Agency reported on Sunday, despite heightened tensions between the Sunnidominated kingdom and the predominantly Shiite Islamic republic. Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:20 AM Page 10 10 Comment Suicide at 14? Dedicated to the legacy of the late Hameed Nizami Where should the responsibility lie? Arif Nizami Editor Lahore – Ph: 042-36298305-10 Fax: 042-36298302 Karachi – Ph: 021-34330811-3 Fax: 021-34330900 Islamabad – Ph: 051-2287414-6 Fax: 051-2287417 Web: www.pakistantoday.com.pk Email: [email protected] A road leading to nowhere Judicial wrangling has to stop I By Dr Faisal Bari f the idea was to bring back millions of dollars allegedly looted and deposited by Zardari in Swiss banks, the direction taken by the Supreme Court over the period has brought it nowhere near the goal. With nRO declared null and void in december 2009, a war of nerves started between the SC and PPP. This was followed by the nRO implementation judgment in April. It was believed by the apex court that an order to the chief executive would be enough to make him write the Swiss letter. This has failed to happen and there is little likelihood that the move would produce the desired result in days to come. A prime minister has been sacked in the process while another one faces the axe. If the purpose was to convey the message to all and sundry that even the most powerful cannot escape the law, few would be persuaded by what has so far happened. President Zardari, the principal target, remains unaffected by the efforts made by the apex court. Meanwhile, the criteria for the choice of cases taken up by the court have been questioned. The shenanigans on the part of the holiest of the holy cows have gone unnoticed. nobody has cared to find how much money has been pocketed in defence deals or if the case of the ex-generals involved in a multi billion rupee nLC scam is being pursued satisfactorily. The PPP has decided to move a petition in the Supreme Court seeking review of the order striking down the Contempt of Court Act 2012. This is what any law abiding party should do when it does not agree with a verdict. The new PM should attend the court when called in deference to the highest court in the country. Fearing that the SC might turn down the petition, there are also attempts by some of the PPP leaders to pressurize the court. A number of party leaders who are unhappy over the way the elected PM was sacked have issued statements. There are expressions of dismay over the perceived prejudice on the part of the court which the PPP thinks is softer on its political opponents. An unrealistic demand has been made for legislation to allow the government to remove the judges. The criticism is not fair in all cases. There is therefore a need on the part of the PPP to discourage any attempt to scandalise the judges or the apex court. The parliament, executive and judiciary are presently enjoying freedom and tasting power that they had never experienced before. All the three have to realize that while it is excellent to have a giant’s strength, it is tyrannous to use it like a giant. By Rabia Ahmed T here were small reports, barely noticeable, on the city pages of a couple of national dailies a few days back. And almost no follow up since. Tanvir, son of Allah ditta, resident of Okara, a 14-yearold suffering from cancer, committed suicide by throwing himself from a fourth floor window of the Jinnah Hospital in Lahore. This news has not caused any ripples in the news world or in the policy circles at the provincial level. One of the reports just mentioned that the head of Jinnah Hospital, has constituted a committee to look into whether there was any negligence on the part of the hospital staff or not. Tanvir had been under treatment at the hospital for the last 10 days. He had attempted to kill himself a day earlier too, but that attempt had been foiled by staff on duty. At 2.45 am on the morning of the incident he was successful. He reached a window and threw himself from it and suffered serious head injuries and succumbed to them at the spot. The administration at Jinnah Hospital also made the point that they had mentioned to the family of the deceased that he had been quite depressed and had attempted to kill himself a day earlier too. Though the hospital administration took the plea that the child was very depressed at the diagnosis of cancer and the depression was the cause of the act, the newspaper reports also mentioned that though Tanvir had been at the hospital for the last 10 days he had not been getting requisite medicines for the treatment of his cancer and he was also very worried that this would put significant financial pressure on his father and family as well. The reports also said that Allah ditta, Tanvir’s father, works as a labourer. The diagnosis of cancer is definitely a grave event. A lot of cancers are still not very amenable to treatments, and even where treatments are available they are expensive and require significant resources of time, energy and money to manage. It would not be surprising at all if over the 10 days that Tanvir was in Jinnah Hospital and would have heard doctors/nurses discuss his case that he might have become depressed. But this should have been anticipated by the medical team. And if he was indeed depressed, as the hospital administration maintains, it should be easy to see what steps, if any, the medical team had taken or were planning to take to address the issue. Just saying that the medical team had conveyed news of Tanvir’s depression to the family is not saying anything at all: the medical team cannot pass on the responsibility of Tanvir’s care, whether he was depressed or not, to the family while he was admitted in the hospital. But one of the reports also said that Tanvir committed suicide as he was not getting any treatment or medications for his ailment over the 10 days that he had been there. If true, this could cause a depression too. It was also reported that he also felt that his ailment would impose a heavy burden on the family as well. These claims need to be investigated. What sort of cancer did Tanvir have? Could Jinnah Hospital have helped Tanvir? What diagnostic investigations did they do over the 10 days that he was there? If they could have helped him, did they? And if they could not have helped him, did they convey this to Tanvir’s father (as Tanvir was still a minor), and could they have referred Tanvir’s case to any other institution within Lahore? Could Shaukat Khanum have helped Tanvir? Tanvir had attempted to kill himself a day earlier too but his attempt had been foiled by the staff present at the time. Again, the hospital staff holds that they had conveyed this to the family. But if Tanvir was depressed and had already attempted killing himself once, had the hospital initiated or implemented any proto- cols to keep an eye on him or to deal with the issue medically? Just letting the family know that their loved one had tried to commit suicide is surely not the only or the right way to deal with the issue. One of the reports did mention that the Principal of Jinnah Hospital has given instructions to have grills installed on all third and fourth floor windows so that a repeat of such an incident does not take place. This is an administrative way of addressing the issue that ensures that the institution and people working there are not held responsible, especially legally. But surely the responsibility of the hospital and the medical team is much more than that. They have to see whether they had done everything for Tanvir that could have been done and/or if they missed out on things there. It is hard to imagine the despair that Tanvir must have felt. The decision to end a life and that too by oneself and at the age of 14 does not happen easily. Was it his cancer diagnosis alone that drove him to this decision? Or was it lack of facilities and treatment options and his worries about the financial implications for the family that were factors too. If the latter were also reasons, this needs to be investigated. Public hospitals do offer free or subsidized services to the poor, or so they claim, across Pakistan. If they do why did Tanvir feel that he was not getting treatment? The news of Tanvir’s suicide will not trigger any major media follow up or any major investigation. The reports from the day showed that everyone was ready to move on by pointing out that Tanvir had cancer, that he was depressed and he had already attempted to end his life once. The implication was that Tanvir himself was responsible for what happened to him. But it is a sad reflection on the state of our health systems: another reminder of where we are as a society and polity. Even the suicides of the poor and the ill are not enough to shake us. The writer is an associate Professor of Economics at LuMS (currently on leave) and a Senior advisor at Open Society Foundation (OSF). He can be reached at [email protected] What politicians do best It seems to be nothing P olitics brings out the mean streak in people, and a nasty, selfish streak it is. Take the Olympics for example. In 1972 at Munich, in the then West Germany, terrorists belonging to the organisation ‘Black September’ broke into the Athletes’ village and took some of the Israeli contingent hostage. The standoff lasted several hours, leaving eleven hostages and a West German police officer dead. Five of the hostage takers also died. Forty years later at a ceremony at the London 2012 Athletes’ village, the President of the (IOC) President Mr Jacques Rogge mentioned those events in a short speech, and led a moment of silence in memory of those who died in 1972. As well, the Israeli Olympic contingent wore black armbands at the otherwise festive opening ceremony of the games. The many who condemned this commemoration, said that by reminding the world of divisive issues, such displays at the Olympics undermined the aims for which the games exist, of peace, friendship Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 and respect, and a joint participation in the joy of sport. Obviously, if one team is allowed to use the Olympics as a political platform, others (some would say more deserving) ought to be granted the opportunity as well, because there is always another side to each coin, and many coins in the mint (displaced Palestinians, Burmese Muslims, the residents of Aleppo, the list goes on). Besides, there are other, more appropriate platforms. The Israeli contingent may have reminded the world, lest it forget, and the spirit of the Olympics suffered as a result, but the Israelis shot themselves in the foot and suffered most of all, because of their tasteless timing. Similarly, here in the Punjab, one Khwaja Asif of the PML(n) may be seen hopping around, an axe stuck through his bleeding foot as in the urdu idiom, after accusing Imran Khan of ‘gambling away’ funds donated for the Shaukat Khanum Hospital. At a press conference in Lahore, Khwaja Asif alleged that Imran Khan had used Zakat donations to make foreign investments which later failed, in the face of opposition from the hospital’s board of governors. He also made allegations, of nepotism at Shaukat Khanum. He should have criticised Imran the leader of the PTI, not Imran the founder of the hospital, because the PTI Imran shoots his mouth too often, has an unfortunate predilection for khaki and a bit of a mullah streak, alas; but most people give him credit for a measure of integrity and few will or can criticise his greatest achievement, the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, in Lahore, all else notwithstanding. Those allegations have since been responded to, and most properly relegated to the electioneering bin, as they should. In a country where politicians switch allegiances with monotonous predictability, where few projects progress beyond the high level meeting stage, or if they do are rife with corrupt practice from the start, these accusations are definitely a bit rich, and malicious. Also, like with the Israelis at the Olympics, their timing is deliberately hurtful, with elections around the corner and the PTI gaining ground, and particularly because they have been made during Ramzan, when people open their purses wider than usual to give Zakat. Pakistanis are generous in charity. Approximately half of Shaukat Khanum Hospital’s revenue is obtained from the services it offers. The rest of its costs are met by Zakat and charitable donations from all over the world. As a result of PML-n’s Khwaja Asif’s allegations, these donations may drop this year, with a subsequent drop in the hospital’s capacity to treat its patients. The ones really hurt therefore are not Imran and the PTI, but Shaukat Khanum Hospital’s poor and sick cancer patients. That is what our politicians do best, isn’t it? Hurt the poor. Imran Khan began the hospital project as far back as 1989. It is a measure of his dedication that he has stuck unwaveringly with this project for more than twenty years. now that the hospital has come into being, a beautiful, well administered hospital, staffed with qualified and dedicated personnel, it is comparable to other similar hospitals anywhere in the world. The SKMCH, a cancer hospital, treats patients with a very high standard of care…free of charge if they are financially unable to pay, which is a large percentage of those seen. The poor and sick people of Pakistan, whose options would otherwise be limited to facilities provided by a government that couldn’t care less are indebted to Imran Khan for his dedication and perseverance in this cause. Whatever lustre remained to the PML(n) has been dimmed by these remarks. For the discerning, this should go a long way towards helping them fill out that ballot paper come election time. The writer is a freelance columnist. read more by her at http://rabia-ahmed.blogspot.com/ KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:20 AM Page 11 Comment 11 Powerless in office Woes of governance from across the border Third eye By M J Akbar T ime heals, but, regrettably, rather more so in proverbs than in politics. Time is rarely on the side of governments in desperate need of it. When the ship of state begins to leak, time, being a rascal, punctures a few extra holes in the hull. Any pragmatic captain knows that a limping ship must return to port or sink. But political captains tend to be counterintuitive. Loath to surrender control of the steering wheel, they head straight for icebergs in the hope that some miracle will save the crew and passengers. The evidence against illusion is compelling. do the math from the news floating in the air, and I am discounting the impact of Anna Hazare since conventional delhi wisdom dismisses him as a has-been. I would not be too complacent about his silent impact, but let us leave this to one side. Examine the obvious. If uPA had either opted for or been forced into a general election in, say, March this year, Congress would probably have won 11 out of Assam’s 14 Lok Sabha seats. After the massacres and calamities of July, it will be lucky to win three. Time has stolen seats of an already embattled party, not revived its spirits. A train accident in nellore reminded the country that it does not have a minister for railways, at least one who sits in office. The massive blackout which was reported across the world, but was invisible to Congress spokesman Manish Tewari, generated widespread anger. Every story, from disparate corners, is threaded by one fact: Governance has collapsed. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh can’t help looking helpless. He has a problem he cannot quite discuss in public but does surely admit in the privacy of his drawing room: The Congress has run out of talent. He did not promote power minister Sushilkumar Shinde to the home ministry on the very day of the blackout because he has some macabre sense of humor. He did so because he has no other option. Shinde is perhaps the only Cabinet minister left with both the experience and maturity to glide calmly into this office. His has been a quiet but remarkable journey from constable to the man in executive charge of India’s police forces. Some of the names circulating in delhi for finance and home before Chidambaram and Shinde were given the jobs, are too embarrassing to repeat. There was a time when there were enough Congress stalwarts to fill two Cabinets. But Congress has almost systematically degraded its ranks to the point where even its chief ministers do not quite measure up to a home ministry’s needs. They could have looked towards Sharad Pawar, of course; but Congress culture forbids anything but second class jobs to those who keep it in office. Congress did have one excellent option. Power would have been the perfect portfolio for Rahul Gandhi. The failure of his predecessors was precisely the kind of space for him to display administrative mettle, and set up his claim for leadership of the country. Someone has persuaded Rahul Gandhi that he can become Prime Minister of India if he dips his toe in the water now and then, in front of exulting television cameras, without actu- ally going through the bother of learning how to swim. It is not easy to govern India, or even broad parts of it. Young Akhilesh Yadav is discovering that chief ministership requires something more than a broad smile after being sworn in. The price of poor administration is steep, and extracted quickly. Rarely has any stock plummeted as fast as that of Akhilesh Yadav in uttar Pradesh. He has been in office for only some 20 weeks, so he has a chance to recover, but that will not be easy. You have to rule with both hands, think upon your feet; and work around the clock. Governance is about managing people, and the first thing they want is undivided attention. Then they want decisions, particularly those that affect life and death, such as security during communal tension. The last phase of the uPA Government will begin when the prime minister shifts from helpless to hopeless. He has not quite made the transition, since he thinks there is some hope left in his Pakistan visit in late november. Asif Zardari used Ajmer Sharif as a cloak; religion is dr Singh’s excuse as well. Sentiment is no bad thing, but cosmetics do not heal wounds. They are ephemeral. The bubbles that swarmed across front pages when dr Singh became finance minister for a month have evaporated. If any animal spirits were released, they are not yet visible. When dr Singh returns from Pakistan, he will have a year of real time left, if he is allowed to complete his full term. Six months are always hostage to a general election. One wonders what uPA can achieve in one year that was beyond its capacity in the previous four. The columnist is editor of The Sunday Guardian, published from delhi, India on Sunday, published from London and Editorial director, India Today and Headlines Today. Editor’s mail send your letters to: Letters to Editor, Pakistan Today, 4-Shaarey Fatima Jinnah, Lahore, Pakistan. Fax: +92-42-36298302. e-mail: [email protected]. Letters should be addressed to Pakistan Today exclusively. islam-the road to prosperity As the day of Independence of Pakistan reaching closer and faster, the thought begins to revolve in one’s mind, considering why our ancestors did liberate this part of land? What made them to spend their blood and sweat just for a separate piece of earth? did they face so many hardships and brutality from the Hindus and British just to see Pakistan on the verge of disaster or their vision was something else? These are some thought provoking questions that we have still not been able to answer. We are still been incapable to decide the path to follow, the system to adopt and the ideology to accept. Since the independence, we have tried and tested every form of government, from one man show to a parliament of hundreds, but still nothing has got changed. Before 1947 British ruled us and now we are the slaves of America. We have witnessed well accepted first PM Liaquat Ali Khan, uS puppet Field Marshall Ayub Khan, pro-Soviet Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, so called Islamist General Zia-ul-Haq, corrupt Benazir, nationalistic nawaz Sharif, coward Pervez Musharraf and now shameless current PPP government. It’s been long sixty five years we have not found the key to success and the way to prosper. When we see China that was founded two years later after Pakistan’s independence, we feel much pity. The core reason behind the calamity faced by Pakistan and the Muslim world is the contradiction between its ideology and the system being implemented in those countries. Capitalism and democracy have failed to suit our belief. The basic tenets of these two notions like majority rule, personal freedom, freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of ownership, federalism, sovereignty of man and others are in contradiction with Islam. Pakistan could not prosper until we eliminate Interest based Capitalist economic system where more than 65% of revenue of the country comes from taxes on the people. Out of these taxes 70% are indirect taxation that are to be paid by even a beggar, unemployed, handicapped, widow, elderly people and children without any differentiation. While, Islam apply no taxes on common man and taxes like GST, Income tax, withholding tax, toll taxes etc are all illegal and will be abolished in Islamic system. The permanent sources of revenue would only be Kharaj, Jizya, ushr, the fifth of Al-Rikaz (hidden treasures minerals), import and export duty on foreign traders, Zakat on import and export of the Muslim Trader and Hima (protecting from public properties). The rules related to collection of funds and its distribution constitutes “Economic System” and cannot be taken from other than Islam. In democracy, the human needs are unlimited while there are limited resources to fulfill, in result the needs of all the people won’t be fulfilled and the solution lies in the increase in production to fulfill needs of as many people as possible. SYEd HaSSaM aHMEd Karachi empowering the women The other day, I had read in the newspapers that President Asif Ali Zardari has announced that the government has decided to appoint women to the judiciary. This is indeed a welcome and long overdue move. It is like saying better late than never. President Zardari made the much appreciable announcement, which amounts empowering the women in all spheres of national life, at the concluding ceremony of “One Million Signatures Campaign” which was aimed at creating awareness regarding violence and discrimination against women. The President on this occasion, as per the media reports, quite rightly pointed out that such practices are just not a problem for Pakistan but are common elsewhere in the subcontinent as well . discrimination against women, be it in terms of their education, job or promotion opportunities, rights of inheritance or reproductive health care is one of the greatest impediments in our overall development. President Zardari also availed the opportunity to recall and laud the achievements of his government citing the passage of the Protection Against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act 2010, Criminal Law Amendment Act 2010, Criminal Law Second Amendment Act 2011 and Women in distress and detention Fund Act 2011. While welcoming the President’s announcement, it is sincerely hoped that his announcement will be turned into reality and the Federal Government would soon be taking practical steps for inducting women in the judiciary. We have had distinguished women judges in the past, though not in appreciable number, and our future women justices could do well by learning some valuable lessons from their experiences in the males dominated society of ours. But still the credit goes to President Asif Ali Zardari for taking a step further to enhancement of empowering of the women . The implementation of the President’s announcement is keenly awaited now. Saadia aHSan Lahore Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:21 AM Page 12 12 aishwarya Rai bachan faces camera A ISHWARyA Rai Bachchan returns to face the camera nine months after giving birth to Beti B, Aaradhya. The last time the actress faced the camera was when she was six months pregnant and it was for a commercial. Postdelivery, she chose to stay away from the arclights completely so she could be with her bundle of joy. A source revealed, “Ash did a photo-shoot for a jewellery brand. Having lost oodles of weight, there is a marked glow on her face and she looks even more ravishing now.” Shrikumar, who shot the commercial in mumbai said, “This is my first ad with Ash. What impressed me about her was a passion for detailing.” Adds Shrikumar, “There are a few interesting underwater shots in the ad too. For me, it has been the most memorable experience shooting with her.” NeWs desK mika and shaan turn actors H AVInG carved a niche as singers, mika Singh and Shaan are all set to act now in Balwinder Singh... Famous Ho Gaya, directed by Sunil Agnihotri. Said Agnihotri, “ Justin Timberlake, Will Smith, Jamie Foxx, mark Wahlberg, Frank Sinatra, Snoop Dog, to name a few, who were primarily known for their singing turned successful actors. I am sure mika and Shaan too will succeed in creating space for themselves in the acting arena. Also, I wanted to come up with an interesting cast and they fit the bill perfectly. Once they heard the script, they found it to so hilarious that they instantly agreed to be a part of the film. What’s interesting is that they will be dancing to songs sung by themselves.” mika told us, “Though I have made appearances in films earlier, this is my first venture where I will actually be acting and playing a character. Besides an interesting script, Shaan, who is my co-star in the film, is like a brother to me. It’s great to do a film together.” Shaan’s equally excited. “I was looking for a right script and this is just the perfect one,” he said. Balwinder Singh... Famous Ho Gaya, produced by Sunil Agnihotri Productions in association with Vandana motion Pictures Pvt Ltd, will hit the floors soon. NeWs desK to my CaREER Actor Jeremy Renner says he is “married” to his career. The 41-year-old is currently single and has never married and says he made a decision to put work first in his life after seeing many of his family go through divorces. ‘I come from a large, large family with many divorces so I chose not to go down that route straight away. Instead I essentially got married to my career,” contactmusic.com Renner as saying. NeWs desK I don’t want to be a clone of Aditya Chopra: Uday Chopra dMITTInG he’d never make it big in Bollywood, uday Chopra goes to Hollywood, but not as actor. In a summer green shirt and faded denims, uday Chopra is comfortable in his sprawling office that looks out to a carefully tended terrace garden. You sense it is a season of change — the gardeners are pruning the rambunctious monsoon plants while the scion of one of Bollywood’s most influential families is chipping away at his new role as CEO of Yash Raj Entertainment (YRE). He’s heading the banner’s international film producing and financing subsidiary that’s working with Olivia Wilde, nicole Kidman and Olivier dahan of La Vie En Rose fame. He has just launched a comic book label called Yomics (“pronounce it y-yomics; there is a nice lilt to it”) that draws from characters of famous Yash Raj films, while he continues to be occasional actor in films like the dhoom franchise. “Of the three, acting will remain my first love. But it has taken a back seat,” says Chopra, who hasn’t been a favourite with the box office. “There came a point when I had to be realistic. I knew I would never really hit stardom or make a successful career out of acting. I had to change a tracks,” he says. It was five years ago, during a casual chat with older brother Aditya Chopra, that the idea of creating a presence in the “world’s most competitive film industry” was born. “We knew we wanted to do something in Hollywood, but didn’t know how. It was impossible for Aditya to shut shop and move to LA. I could have done it, but I wasn’t ready then.” Significant flops (neal ‘n’ nikki, Pyar Impossible), and a heartbreak later (he dated actress Tanisha Mukherjee for two years), Chopra was left with two options. “I could go behind the scenes, and turn filmmaker. Or do something radical.” The first option was ruled out, considering father Yash Chopra and Aditya’s towering legacy. “I didn’t want to be Aditya Chopra’s clone. At best, I would have been another Aditya Chopra. That may be great for a lot of people, but not for me,” he says with startling honesty. Chopra’s decision to start from scratch in 2010 — he began by signing up for a film course at the university of California, Los Angeles, before launching YRE — was met with resistance. “My father thought I was mad,” he smirks. “In LA, no one knows YRF. They might agree to grant you one meeting. But the brand does not open doors the way it does here.” Clinching his first deal for The Longest Week was tough for someone who had no idea how to make a perfect pitch. But that seems to have changed. Hear him speak about how he managed to secure the script for Kidmanstarrer Grace of Monaco in the face of furious bidding, and you know he has come of age. NeWs desK RobERt Pattinson sPottEd in a CLub Post bREak uP diane kruger cast as abraham Lincoln’s stepmother G eRmAn actress Diane Kruger will star in The Green Blade Rises, produced by Terrence malick, according to Deadline.com. Kruger, 36, will play Sarah Bush Lincoln, a widow who became Abraham Lincoln’s stepmother in 1819. AJ edwards will direct this indie movie about the strongwilled woman who played a role in shaping the future US President’s character. The film will start shooting in the fall in black and white. With its focus on Lincoln’s formative years, The Green Blade Rises sets itself apart from two other films about the 16th President of the United States. Timur Bekmambetov turned the historical figure into a axe-wielding vampire slayer in this year’s Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, while Steven Spielberg went for a classic biopic simply titled Lincoln, set to hit theaters in november. NeWs desK Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 OBERT Pattinson must be having a hard time, trying to recuperate from the happenings of the last fortnight. With Reese Witherspoon providing him with a kind shoulder to cry on, his friends are not far behind. They are trying their best to get Robert Pattinson’s mind off his girlfriend Kristen Stewart cheating with director Rupert Sanders by taking him to a cowboy dance and music club, as reported by RadarOnline.com. He was spotted at The deer Lodge in Ojai, California, 90 minutes from the house he used to share with estranged girlfriend Kristen Stewart. “I’ve been told by several people that Robert Pattinson was here enjoying the music with his friends. He seemed in good sprits,” a deer Lodge employee told RadarOnline.com. “I wasn’t on that night so I didn’t personally see him, but several others did.” Robert Pattinson has been reportedly staying at his Water for Elephants co-star Reese Witherspoon’s Ojai ranch. The deer Lodge has been a popular local hangout spot and offers live music, dancing and beer. “Awesome night in Ojai. Got to hang with a rowdy bunch of Brits & one of them happened to be Edward,” a fellow visitor to the club tweeted after R bumping into the star - who plays Edward Cullen in the popular Twilight movies, as reported by RadarOnline.com. The tweet continued, “He wasn’t moping and the girls were definitely just his friend, the girls were drunk and literally danced on the floor.” Adding further, the visitor posted on Twitter, “The girls were nice. I stood next to them at the bar. He wasn’t drunk. Just taking in the scene. Smoked next to him outside.” Robert Pattinson has been keeping an extremely low profile since his girlfriend, Kristen Stewart, was publically exposed in the news that she had an affair with her Snow White and the Huntsman director, Rupert Sanders. As Robert Pattinson takes his first step towards re-gaining normalcy and living life one day at a time, the girlfriend Kristen Stewart is struggling to come to terms with her infidelity with director Rupert Sanders. The actress is ‘crying non-stop’ at the home of producer Giovanni Agnelli who she has been staying with since the split. NeWs desK KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:21 AM Page 13 13 brad Pitt plans wedding in free time B RAD Pitt is reportedly utilising his free time to plan his wedding with Angelina Jolie. The 48year-old has taken charge of preparations for the wedding that is expected to take place end of September. “Angelina isn’t so bothered about when they tie the knot, it’s Brad who is piling on the pressure,” says a source, adding, “He wants everything to be absolutely perfect.” NeWs desK kristen stewart to play lead role in Lie down in darkness A meRICAn actress Kristen Stewart just snatched the leading role in Lie Down in Darkness, a film based on the novel of the same name by Sophie’s Choice author William Styron. In spite of her much publicized fall-out with Robert Pattinson, Kristen Stewart is on track professionally. According to new york magazine’s movie blog Vulture, the 22-year-old will play the leading role in the family drama produced by Open Road media. Vulture reports that Jennifer Lawrence (The Hunger Games) had also been eyeing the role in this indie movie, set in Virginia, about a beautiful young woman called Peyton Loftis whose jealous mother and alcoholic father push her to commit suicide. NeWs desK CHaRLizE tHERon not HaPPy witH nEw Look CTRESS Charlize Theron is reportedly not comfortable with her bald look and wants her golden locks to grow back really soon. The 36-year-old had shaved her head for a role in her upcoming film Mad Max: Fury Road and even though she is glad with her action, she does not like her bald look personally, reports femalefirst.co.uk. “She is not going out in public as much because of her hair. She’s growing it out as soon as possible,” national enquirer magazine quoted a source as saying. Theron admits she worked very hard for the movie and waited for three years for the a movie to come together. “It’s been three years. It’s time to skin this cat already! I’m very excited about it. The original Mad Max created such a vivid world, so to go back and re-imagine it and replay in that sandbox sounds like fun to me. It’s a really challenging piece of material,” she said. The actress will be seen as Furiosa in the action film, which also stars actor Tom Hardy. The film is the fourth movie in the Mad Max series. NeWs desK story set for new x-men movie T He next flick in the X-men franchise will be based on the Days of Future Past storyline, a favorite among marvel Comics fans. Bryan Singer, who served as a producer on the previous X-men movies and directed the first two, officially announced to Ign.com plans to base the next movie on Days of Future Past, a story arc set in the future, where mutants are hunted down by giant robots called Sentinels and sent to concentration camps. matthew Vaughn is back behind the camera after directing X-men: First Class. James mcAvoy and michael Fassbender will also come back in the roles of Professor X and magneto. The plot will open the door for comebacks by actors in the first three films, since it switches between two periods, past and future. The shooting is expected to start in January 2013. NeWs desK Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:21 AM Page 14 Infotainment 14 For Olympic fencers, only steel will do governor quits after controversial video shown to kids on sex-ed A LYMPIC fencing mixes the ancient and the modern, combining rules laid down more than 500 years ago with electronic scoring systems and Kevlar jackets. The delicate balance of old and new has sustained the sport since its debut at the first modern Olympics in 1896. The sport’s three disciplines — sabre, foil and epee — require weapons of differing sizes and styles, but they share one thing in common: The best blades are made from maraging steel, a highstrength alloy used in everything from airplane landing gear to missile casings. What makes this steel ideal for fencing is a crack in the blade tends to spread 10 times slower than a crack in carbon steel, so the blades are more robust and won’t break as often. Manufacturers have experimented with other materials, like carbon-fiber composites, but for fencers, nothing beats the feel of steel. “Your sword is basically an extension of your own arm,” said Eric Mallet, a former member of France’s Junior national team who now runs the Austin Fencers Club in Austin, Texas. “There are ways to make blades with different materials, but fencers are unanimous about not liking the way those blades feel, the way they bend, the way they respond to your hand.” Of the three weapons, the sabre is the shortest with a maximum blade length of 88 centimetres and a weight limit of 500 grams. Points are scored by a combination of sticking and O slashing, a style that honors the sabre’s ancestor, the cavalry sword. The best sabreists, like twotime gold medalist Mariel Zagunis (whom we’ll see competing in the 2012 Summer Games), are a tightly knit combination of quickness and explosiveness as they target the opponent’s upper body. The medium-sized weapon is the foil, originally used as a training weapon for the other disciplines. It has the same 500-gram weight limit as the sabre, but its tapering blade is about 2.5 centimetres longer. Practically all Olympic-level foilists, including 2012 Olympian Alexander Massialas, use a pistol-style grip, rather than the traditional straight handle, for improved strength and control. Control is paramount, as points are scored only with the tip of the blade, which must be placed in a small target area. And the largest of the three is the epee, which can weigh up to 770 grams and has a maximum blade length of 90 centimetres. The epee, used by athletes like Maya Lawrence and Seth Kelsey, is the closest peer to the historical dueling sword, with a stiff triangular blade for stabbing the opponent anywhere on the body. To keep track of the action, fencing employs a scoring system based on opening or closing electric circuits. In sabre, fencers wear electrically conductive jackets, masks, and gloves. Each sword is wired through a socket in the handguard, so when the blade strikes an area of the opponent’s body covered by conductive material, a current flows through a cord and illuminates a light on the scoring box. Any part of the blade might set off a scoring touch in sabre, but to suit the thrusting style of epee and foil, the blades are equipped with a pushbutton tip. In foil, the circuit is complete when the foilist plugs the weapon in to a wire that runs to the scoring machine. A hit depresses the tip, breaking the circuit and tripping a scoring light: Red or green for hits within the target area, covered by a conductive vest; and white or yellow for off-target hits. Fencers forgo wearing conductive material in the epee, where the entire body is a target, and rely again on wired blades with push-button tips that register a hit on any non-grounded surface. At the Olympics and the World Championships, fencing does away with many of the wires by using a wireless scoring system, but such a system can only be used in situations where few people are competing simultaneously. Too many people introduces interference that disrupts the system. Spectators may worry about the safety of the fencers in the middle of all that flashing steel, but those uniforms are made of Kevlar and other ballistic-grade fabrics, and masks must be able to support 12 kilograms of force. A 2008 study by the united States Fencing Association found that the sport was significantly safer than football, soccer or basketball. “In the last 20 years, the International Fencing Federation has made a tremendous amount of effort to make equipment and the fights extremely safe,” Mallet said. school governor has quit his role over the decision to show a controversial sex education video to children as young as Five. The Living and Growing dVd has caused uproar around the uK for its graphic sex scenes using cartoon couples. It has received such strong criticism from parents and even government minister nick Gibbs that the Channel 4-produced dVd was removed from sale. But Westbury Leigh Primary School in Wiltshire, which bought it before it was withdrawn, has decided to show the film to its pupils. The decision has prompt furious Keith Miller, a governor at the school for 12 years, to quit his role. Miller, 75, said: "Sex education in schools is essential and I am not against it. "But the important thing is the way it is done, and this film was showing far too much to children at far too young an age. "I wanted to see it for myself after hearing about the content, which I could have done, but was told I couldn't go along to a showing of the film to parents, which seemed very wrong to me.” NeWs desK dangling toddler rescued from balcony in China A four-year-old girl hanging precariously by her head from railings of a second floor balcony in China has been rescued by emergency services. Passers-by called the police immediately after noticing the four-year-old, who was home alone, crying as she hung from the balcony rails last Friday. “I drove by with my friends in the morning and happened to hear the girl crying. Looking up, I saw her neck stuck in the protective rails and so I soon called police,” said Zheng Shuqi, a resident of Xiaochang city in Hubei. Residents reacted quickly. Receiving no response from within the flat they used a ladder from a nearby store to prop up the child’s legs. A police officer then succeeded in freeing the child after clambering onto the railings himself. The young girl was taken to hospital where doctors said she was unharmed aside from a slight abrasion on her cheek. NeWs desK a quarter of germany’s power now produced by renewables G 33-year-old renowned pianist found dead in her apartment NTeRNATIONALLy renowned Romanian pianist Mihaela Ursuleasa has been found dead in her apartment in the Austrian capital, Vienna. She was 33. The musician's agent, Andreea Butucariu, said in a statement from Berlin Friday that Ursuleasa had died on Thursday from the effects of a cerebral hemorrhage and asked for her family's privacy to be respected. Police in Vienna confirmed the cause of death. Butucariu told Romanian media that Ursuleasa had recently cancelled two concerts in the Romanian capital, Bucharest, on unspecified health grounds. Ursuleasa began playing the piano at 5 years old under the guidance of her Gypsy jazz musician father in then communist Romania. She obtained a grant to study in Vienna at 12, a year after communism collapsed. She went on to play at Ny's Carnegie Hall, with the Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester in Berlin, with Orchestre National de France and also with the London Philharmonic Orchestra. NeWS DeSk i Olympic flag fail A flag malfunction punctures Serena Williams’ golden moment on the podium after her triumph over Maria Sharapova in the London 2012 Ladies Gold Medal match. As the Star Spangled Banner sounded in SW19, the moment should have been one to savour for Serena Williams after she claimed her first singles Olympic gold following her 6-0 6-1 demolition of Maria Sharapova on Saturday. However, the gusty conditions that had previously worked to the American’s advantage by upsetting her Russian opponent’s notoriously fragile service game turned against her. The watching crowds gasped as the uS flag blew free and fluttered into the stand leaving only the standards of Russia and Belarus to fly proudly during the anthem. Thankfully for the organisers, Williams, who became only the second female player after Steffi Graf to complete a Golden Grand Slam with the win, said she was not upset by the incident. “Oh God, no. It was amazing to just be up there for the uSA and hold this medal,” she said. NeWs desK ERMAnY has announced that it's managed to hit an ambitious target for power generation producing 25 percent of the country's energy from renewables, up from 21 percent in 2011. The country produced 67.9 billion kilowatt hours of clean energy in the first half of 2012 -an increase of 19.5 percent from the same period the year before. Wind energy is the largest contributor, accounting for 9.2 percent of energy output, and biomass accounted for 5.7 percent. Solar power comprised 5.3 percent of the total, and also saw the biggest increase -- rising 47 percent. That makes Germany the biggest market globally for solar power, with its installed capacity accounting for more than a third of the total capacity of the entire world. The rest of the 25 percent total was made up of contributions from hydroelectric power and waste incineration plants. The country's energy industry association, BdEW, said in a statement that the milestone reinforced Germany's position as a leader in green technology. However, the country remains ten percent short of its primary target of achieving 35 percent of its total energy needs from renewables by 2035. NeWs desK Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:21 AM Page 16 Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 lightning Bolt flashes to london gold Page 18 indian hockey coach feels the heat of team’s early exit LoNDoN AFP India hockey coach Michael nobbs has apologised for his team's embarrassing Olympic Games performance, claiming they have let down the entire nation. Eight-time champions India have lost all four of their preliminary round matches in London and are in danger of finishing last in the 12-team tournament. The national mood has not been improved by seeing bitter rivals Pakistan move to the brink of qualifying for the semifinals. India's 4-1 defeat to South Korea on Sunday left them with a record of six goals scored against 15 conceded and sitting rock bottom of Group B. Meanwhile, Pakistan, the three-time champions, find themselves on the verge of a semi-final place in Group A, although they face a tough task if they are to get through to Thursday's knockout round. Pakistan, gold medallists in 1960, 1968 and 1984, stepped back into contention with a nail-biting 5-4 win over South Africa. It took their points tally to seven from four matches -- one behind World Cup winners Australia and Great Britain. On Tuesday, Pakistan tackle Australia while Spain, the Beijing 2008 silver medallists who also have seven points, face the hosts. Both Australia and Britain are unbeaten in the tournament. "Australia are one of the best sides here. We cannot make any mistakes in that match," said Pakistan coach Akhtar Chaudhry. "We have to play very carefully and if my forwards move like they did against South Africa, it will be a very good match." Two goals in the last 10 minutes saved Pakistan's chances of making the semi-finals in Sunday's win over South Africa, the tournament's highest-scoring match so far. Captain Sohail Abbas made it 4-4 in the 64th minute with a trademark penalty corner flick into the top corner before Waseem Ahmad claimed Pakistan's winner three minutes later. "It's do-or-die game against Australia but our spirits are very high," said Pakistan star Rehan Butt. HOCKeY POINTs TABle RK 1 2 3 4 5 6 TeAM Australia Great Britain Pakistan Spain Argentina South Africa MP 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 Netherlands Germany Korea Belgium New zealand india 4 4 4 4 4 4 gROuP A W T l 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 3 0 1 3 gROuP B 4 0 0 3 0 1 2 0 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 4 gF 16 13 9 7 4 8 gA 5 7 9 9 11 16 dIFF 11 6 0 -2 -7 -8 PTs 8 8 7 7 1 1 14 9 7 5 5 6 5 6 4 7 9 15 9 3 3 -2 -4 -9 12 9 6 4 4 0 Team Pakistan’s moment to seize LoNDoN A AgHA AKBAR T the start of their campaign the Aussies looked formidable, even insuperable. Their record since 2010 had been awesome, and proclaimed World Champions they strutted as insufferably as only Aussie sportsmen can. And it seemed becoming: after all they had kept on winning everything post-delhi World Cup – the Commonwealth gold and the Champions Trophy etc. Here they pummeled the South Africans 6-0 in the opener, and humiliated Spain 5-0 to confirm that they were by far the favourites. Sean Kerly, the great Great Britain Olympic gold winning striker of the 1980s, had similar thoughts. But having been around for as long as he has been, and with a Pom’s insight about the arch rival, Kerly was quick to add a proviso: “With the Aussies you never know… At times they can be their own worst enemy”. Prophetic words? Or had the gold shirts peaked too early? We shall see. In their last two matches, a 2-2 draw versus Argentina another 3-3 result against Great Britain – both from a vantage of 2-0 and 3-0 respectively, they seem to have forgotten how to win a game. It may be deceptive, but the Aussies now do look vulnerable. And for both their last pool game, it is Pakistan that faces them today. Can Team Pakistan seize the moment and revive its prospects of sneaking into the semis or will it be the Aussies stamping their authority once again, remains to be seen. But the group has been thrown wide open by the daring Great Britain draw with all three goals in the second half that restricted the Aussies to eight points – level with GB, with Pakistan and Spain trailing at three and four with seven points apiece. Pakistan take on the Aussies in the first game, and whatever the result, until the evening game between Spain and Britain is not played out, who stands where would not be clear. There is no gainsaying that despite the two confounding results, the Aussies are still far better equipped to trounce Pakistan and reassert themselves. Regardless Pakistan should still go out with ambition burning bright. As is their wont, the Aussies would try to bully them into submission. But if the aggression and a good tempo were maintained by Sohail Abbas and his charges, with the mantle of unassailability already having slipped, the Aussies might feel the heat. At such times, they also become edgy. If anything, the Brits have proved that on such occasions they can be stopped in their tracks – and even be bested. It is going to be one tense 70 minutes, and a win can do Pakistan a whole world of good. Only win ensures Pakistan place in last four stats corner S.PERvEZ QAISER Pakistan will play their last league match against World Champions Australia at Riverbank Arena on Tuesday (August 7). This group A match will start at 14.45 hours (PST). Pakistan has won five and Australia four in nine matches played between the two teams in Olympics. Pakistan has scored 16 and conceded 19 goals in these matches. After losing four successive matches against Pakistan, Australia went to win their first match at Montreal in 1976. Australia beat Pakistan 2-1 in the semi final. The Aussies defeated Pakistan 3-1 when two teams played last time at Beijing Olympics four years ago. Group A is still wide open after Great Britain staged the best comeback of this Olympic hockey tournament to date, scoring three goals in a 19-minute span to recover from a three-goal deficit and draw current World Champion Australia, 3-3. James Tindall’s goal with 4:30 left in regulation capped the improbable comeback and threw the Group A standings back into chaos. Australia and Great Britain now lead the hotly contested group with eight points, while Pakistan and Spain have seven points each. It means the two semi-final spots all come down to Tuesday’s preliminary round matches when Australia takes on Pakistan and Great Britain faces Spain. Australia entered the tournament looking invincible with an extremely strong start and every recent title under the sun, but the preliminary round action has chipped away at the armor and now they find themselves in an unusual tight spot for the last game of the group. Pakistan’s win against Australia will make sure that Pakistan qualifies for the semi final of the London Olympics 2012. PAK-Aus IN OlYMPIC HOCKeY: YeAR 1960 1964 1968 1968 1976 1984 1988 2000 2008 VeNue Rome Tokyo mexico mexico montreal lA Seoul Sydney Beijing ROuNd Group match Group match Group match final Semi final Semi final Group match Third place Group match ResulT Pak beat Aus Pak beat Aus Pak beat Aus Pak beat Aus Aus beat Pak Pak beat Aus Aus beat Pak Aus beat Pak Aus beat Pak sCORe 3-0 2-1 3-2 2-1 2-1 1-0 4-0 6-3 3-1 Man arrested for throwing bottle on 100m track LoNDoN AFP A man was in police custody Monday after being arrested for throwing a bottle onto the track the second the men's Olympic 100m final was about to start, London police said. The man shouted abuse then threw the bottle just as the showpiece final was about to get under way, a Scotland Yard spokesman said. As the starter called "set" and the athletes rose to wait for the bang, the bottle landed behind the blocks in lane five, a few metres (yards) behind Jamaica's Yohan Blake, who went on to take the silver medal. It came to a halt just as the sprinters set off. Blake said: "I was so focused I didn't see anything. I was so focused on just running to the line." The police spokesman told AFP that the man was arrested inside the Olympic Stadium "on suspicion of causing a public nuisance". "He had been heard to shout abuse and then threw a plastic bottle on to the track," he said. "That was immediately prior to the start of the men's 100m final. He remains in custody at an east London police station." Jamaica's usain Bolt defended his Olympic title, winning the race in a new Olympic record of 9.63 seconds. Speaking afterwards, Bolt told reporters he had been unaware of the incident. "I keep hearing that. I don't know who would have done that," he said. uS sprinter Justin Gatlin, who won bronze, said: "It was a little distraction and I didn't know what it was. "But when you're in those blocks and the whole stadium's quiet you can hear a pin drop." Gatlin said the incident had not affected the race. "You just have to block it out and go out there and do what you got to do. You can't complain about that, the race went on and it was a great race." lONDON: A man is detained by security shortly after a bottle has been thrown onto the track the second the men's 100m final at the athletics was about to start on August 5, 2012 in london, during the london 2012 Olympic Games. AFP KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:21 AM Page 17 Sports 16 ICC U19 Cricket World Cup 2012 opens in Queensland QueeNSlAND: The participating captains and other players of the iCC u19 Cricket world Cup 2012 at the Allan Border field, Brisbane. The iCC u19 Cricket world Cup 2012 will be staged in Queensland August 11 to 26 and Australia will defend the title. Cricket Headquarters, had legendary QuEENSLAND sTAFF RePORT T HE ICC u19 Cricket World Cup 2012 officially opened in Brisbane with representatives from the 16 competing sides urged to “enjoy every moment’’ of the ninth edition of the event to be staged from August 11 to 26 in Queensland. The Welcome Function, hosted in the Century Room, over-looking the Allan Border Field at the Queensland england, SA second test ends in a draw LEEDS AFP The second test between England and South Africa ended in a draw o the fifth and final day of the match here at the at the Headingley o Monday Earlier, Kevin Pietersen enjoyed rare success as a bowler and Stuart Broad took four quick wickets to give South Africa some anxious moments just before tea. despite their efforts, the match was almost certain to end in a draw. South Africa were 239 for seven at tea, a lead of 233 with a possible 44 overs remaining. Pietersen followed up a thrilling century in the first innings by taking the first three wickets with his occasional off-spin bowling. He had never taken more than one wicket in an innings in 87 previous Test matches. While Pietersen prised open the South African batting, dismissing Jacques Rudolph, Graeme Smith and Hashim Amla, he leaked runs with some loose deliveries. After he had taken three for 52 in nine overs, captain Andrew Strauss took him off and brought back fast bowler Broad. With his fourth ball Broad trapped AB de Villiers leg before wicket. sCOReBOARd sOuTH AFRICA, FIRsT INNINgs: 419, eNglANd, FIRsT INNINgs: 425, sOuTH AFRICA, seCONd INNINgs (OVeRNIgHT 39-0) JA Rudolph lbw b Pietersen 69 gC smith c Taylor b Pietersen 52 HM Amla c Cook b Pietersen 28 AB de Villiers lbw b Broad 44 JH Kallis c †Prior b Broad 27 JP duminy lbw b Broad 0 Vd Philander lbw b Broad 6 AN Petersen not out 16 dW steyn c & b Anderson 3 M Morkel c Cook b Broad 10 eXTRAs: (lb 2, w 1) 3 TOTAl: (9 wickets dec; 67.4 overs) 258 Fall of wickets 1-120 (Rudolph, 37.2 ov), 2-129 (smith, 41.5 ov), 3-182 (Amla, 51.5 ov), 4-209 (de Villiers, 55.4 ov),5-209 (duminy, 55.5 ov), 6-223 (Philander, 59.1 ov), 7-230 (Kallis, 61.5 ov), 8-247 (steyn, 66.1 ov), 9-258 (Morkel, 67.4 ov) BOWlINg: JM Anderson 19-7-40-1, sCJ Broad 16.4-2-69-5, sT Finn 14-2-55-0, TT Bresnan 9-2-40-0, KP Pietersen 9-1-52-3 eNglANd 2Nd INNINgs (TARgeT: 253 RuNs) KP Pietersen c Imran Tahir b Philander 12 AN Cook c Rudolph b steyn 46 AJ strauss c & b duminy 22 IJl Trott not out 30 MJ Prior run out (smith/†de Villiers) 7 IR Bell not out 3 eXTRAs (lb 8, w 1, nb 1) 10 TOTAl (4 wickets; 33 overs) 130 Fall of wickets 1-21 (Pietersen, 3.1 ov), 2-75 (strauss, 13.6 ov), 390 (Cook, 17.4 ov), 4-106 (Prior, 19.4 ov) BOWlINg: M Morkel 10-4-33-0, Vd Philander 6-1-26-1, dW steyn 7-1-26-1, Imran Tahir 4-0-20-0, JP duminy 2-0-10-1, JH Kallis 42-7-0, Toss: england, Match drawn presences and of individuals who loomed large wherever the players, coaches and team officials looked. Paintings of noted Queensland cricket identities such as Matthew Hayden, Andrew Symonds, Martin Love and Jimmy Maher, who had played 100 or more first-class matches for their State, looked down from the walls as past greats paid tribute to the next generation of potential stars from the 10 Full Members and six qualifiers from the As- sociate and Affiliate Member countries. International cricket identities such as Courtney Walsh, david Boon, Geoff Lawson, Chris Harris, Greg Chappell and local heroes Ian Healy, Michael Kasprowicz, Stuart Law (another two to have their paintings on display in the Century Room) mixed with the young men who will represent their countries when the tournament gets underway this week. Harris (Zimbabwe), Lawson (Afghanistan) and Law (Australia) will have coaching roles for the World Cup while Chappell (Australia) and Walsh (West Indies) occupy management roles. The theme from all speakers at the opening ceremony was a simple one – enjoyment. The traditional custodians of the land where the ceremony took place, the Turrbal people, provided the “welcome to country” ceremony courtesy of elder ‘uncle’ Joe Kirk, whose grandsons danced a welcome to the teams gathered. Kasprowicz, speaking as the official representative from Cricket Australia, where he is one of two Queensland based directors, highlighted the friendships he made when he played at u19 level for Australia, where his captain was damien Martyn and his wicketkeeper was Adam Gilchrist. Boon, one of the three match referees for the tournament, urged all teams to play hard, be competitive, but above all to enjoy their experience. Master of Ceremonies Healy said the chance to play in three different areas of Queensland, with matches hosted in Brisbane, on the Sunshine Coast and in Townsville, would provide teams with a wonderful chance to enjoy the Queensland surrounds. Kasprowicz congratulated all of the sides upon reaching the tournament, and emphasised that this event could well be the stepping stone for a number of players to return for the ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 to be hosted in Australia and new Zealand. “This tournament will provide the best young cricketers in the world with an ideal opportunity to enjoy international exposure, showcase their skills and lay a claim for higher honours in their future,’’ he said. If past ICC u19 Cricket World Cups are any guide, there are a number of young men that we will see in the next few weeks who will be well in contention to be back in Australia and new Zealand in 2015 when the biggest event on the international cricketing calendar, the World Cup, will be staged.” He made special mention of the six qualifying nations – Papua new Guinea, nepal, namibia, Scotland, Ireland and Afghanistan – and wished them luck for the next two weeks. Kasprowicz also praised the army of volunteers from Queensland who will give of their time during the tournament. “As we all know, volunteers are the lifeblood of our game and this event is the perfect example of all those hardworking individuals who give so freely of their time to make our game as strong as it is,” he said. FINAL RESULTS TILL 1:00 AM Ostapchuk wins women’s shot put gold LoNDoN AFP Belarus' nadezhda Ostapchuk won the women's Olympic shot put title here on Monday with a throw of 21.36m. The 31year-old inflicted the first defeat in nearly two years on defending champion Valerie Adams of new Zealand, who took silver with 20.70m, while Russia's Yevgeniya Kolodko took bronze with a personal best of 20.48m. Noroozi wins second gold for iran Medal hope is still alive kHABEER uL tANWIR T he Pakistan hockey team started its Olympic quest as underdogs. Their performance in the first four games even though cannot be called as extraordinary but they have still kept the country’s hopes alive. Pakistan started its Olympic campaign after a dismal performance at the Azlan Shah Cup at Ipoh, Malaysia where Pakistan which is currently ranked eighth in the hockey world finished rock bottom. They faced consecutive defeats at the hands of Malaysia, South Korea, Britain, India and new Zealand. Apart from Malaysia, all the other teams had a place in the Olympics. The team management and the PHF in particular gave same old lame excuses to their dismal performance. One of them was of the blue turf but one fails to understand why the turf was blamed for their own follies like crucial missing as it is just the change of colour otherwise the surface is the same. Hockey pundits believe the sacking dutch coach Michel van den just before team’s Olympics preparation dented the team’s progress but they should understand that at that point in time the team was being built under new management. Although under the dutch coach, the team regained the 2010 Asian Games gold medal at Guangzhou, China after a lapse of 20 years and qualified for the London Olympics and also won silver in the 2011 edition of the Azlan Shah Cup but they should also understand the implication the PHF was facing for his non-cooperation in team’s training. Pakistan though began its Olympics campaign with a draw against Spain but it showed glimpses of its past by winning against Argentina and South Africa. But their spineless loss to Great Britain in between made things hard for them and has put them in a do-or-die situation in their last league match against Australia. Their defeat to Britain yielded immense criticism from Olympians but the mix of seniors and juniors brought Pakistan back into contention with win over South Africa and the odds turned slightly in Pakistan’s favour after Australia played a draw against Argentina. And now all the top four teams of Pool A Pakistan, Australia, Great Britain and Spain would be dying to earn a place in the last four. Australia and Great Britain can also rest with a draw but Pakistan and Spain are in a must win situation. All Pakistan need is the keep its defence knitted stronger and the midfield and forwards work with coordination with the latter finding a proper opening to land home the ball. One must remind that Pakistan is the only team that has surprised the Australians in Australia to win a tri-nation tournament recently and as Manzoor Junior, the team captain of 1984 Gold Medalist Olympic team, puts it that if Pakistan plays its traditional game of through passes and rapid attacks their place in the semifinal is certain. So Pakistan’s only hope at the London Olympics lies with the Green Shirts who have the fire and all they need is to advocate it in practical on the field. LoNDoN AgeNCIes Iran won their second Greco-Roman Wrestling gold in two days after Omid noroozi beat Georgia's Revaz Lashkhi in the 60kg category this evening. despite being one of the powerhouses of Olympic wrestling, Iran had not won Olympic gold in the GrecoRoman discipline before London, but now they have two after noroozi followed compatriot Hamid Soryan by winning at the ExCeL. Kom sets up Boxing medal LoNDoN AgeNCIes Mary Kom guaranteed India an Olympic Fly Weight Boxing medal as she booked her place in the semis by defeating Tunisia's Maroua. The 29-year-old five-time champion fought her way to a 15-6 win and there was no disguising her delight. She said: 'I'm so, so happy. This is the first time women's boxing has been included in the Olympics. I waited for so many years to be a part of the Olympics and when I have become a part of it, it feels so good to go back home with a medal.' Russian pair near perfect yet again LoNDoN AgeNCIes The Russian duo have dominated today's Synchronised Swimming action, with their free routine judged near perfect. natalia Ischenko and Svetlana Romashina compete in the duets Synchronised Swimming free routine preliminary on day 10 of the London 2012 Olympic Games. Russia has been the nation to beat in Synchronised Swimming since winning their first gold at Sydney 12 years ago and are the clear favourites at London 2012. natalia Ishchenko and Svetlana Romashina concluded a nigh-on perfectly executed, haunting routine to the music of the film Sleepy Hollow today. Their technical routine was judged to have been just 1.800 off perfection yesterday and today the judges awarded them a total of 98.600. When combined with yesterday's mark, that gave them an overall result of 196.800 out of 200. China go into the final in second place, with Spain third. Ischenko said: 'Today we are maybe about 90 per cent happy. We have small things to fix for the final. I hope the judges did not see the mistakes our coach saw.' Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:21 AM Page 18 17 Sports Exhilaration, slog and magnificent Bolt London diary S AgHA AkBAR LOG and exhilaration, more slog, more exhilaration, yet more slog and yet more exhilaration. After a time, such is the grind that fatigue sets in. The mind and the body say: stop and escape to comfort and relax. The spirit says, persevere and participate – after all, it’s only another few days, and then it would all be gone, for four years, no less. This is how it goes at every Olympic Games. You come enthused, you get exhausted but then you continually get recharged – by a sporting endeavour that trumps the best one had seen and leaves an indelible imprint, by a volunteer who is as bone tired as one is yet not allowing the smile to fade away, by a colleague who stays gamely engaged despite working against time, his own deadline haunting him. Above everything else feet hurt. That happens regardless of where the Games are held – Atlanta, Sydney, Beijing or now at London. The newest bugbear is security – and the onus to keep the Games incident-free takes precedence over all else. At Beijing, the security was a no-nonsense affair. But with their eye for forensic detail, or perhaps out of practice a better nuanced approached, it was not really visibly ubiquitous and overbearing. But the Brits are so absolutely paranoid about terror, and their obsession for security knows no bounds. Their solution to this, like almost our entire dMG class (perhaps it was passed on to them from the days of the Raj) is to segregate and lock people out. The consequence is more steel locking people from stepping out of their assigned areas than in perhaps all the jails on this planet locking the Sharapova now No 2 PARIS: Russia's Maria Sharapova, winner of the silver medal at the London Olympics, moved up one place to world number two in the latest WTA rankings released on Monday. Belarussian Victoria Azarenka, winner of bronze in London, holds the world number one ranking, as Poland's Agnieszka Radwanska paid the price for her first round defeat as she fell one spot to world number three. Olympic champion Serena Williams, winner of the singles gold and the doubles with sister Venus, has moved closer to the leading trio. Williams is less than 800 points off the top spot which she hasn't held since October 2010. AFP criminals in. This translates into walks for miles to get from one point to another, and in between going through unending stairs everywhere – temporary steel bridges erected to provide cumbersome detours – when actually one just intended to go next door. What indeed is mindboggling is the volume of security once you get into the locked-in areas, your baggage screened and accreditation already checked scores of times, and you still cannot go anywhere close to the athletes with whom you want to converse, chat up with the officials who belong to your country and whose responses are essential to provide insight and depth. The amazing part is that this is being done to nearly 27,000 athletes, officials and media when each one of them is accredited and security cleared! But the spectacle is really very powerful. Last night I spent three hours to get to and get back from the Olympic Stadium (since one had arrived late and all seats had been taken, watched it standing with hundreds of other journalists barely able to stand after a long, tough day at the office) for an event that lasted only nine seconds and a bit. But to watch usain Bolt thunder out of the blocks and defend his 100-metre sprint crown in the presence of others all eight who were good enough to win gold though only fractions of a second slower and still faster than blinking of an eye was superb. Bolt clocked his second best time ever, the new Olympic record. Witnessing it from a vantage point was glorious – the whole pack getting out of the blocks at lightening pace and then the winner separated from the second best by 12 fractions of a second. A moment of exhilaration that would remain etched to memory. And it paid a thousand times back for the pain. 3. AGNieSzKA RADwANSKA (POl) 8260 (-1) 4. SeReNA williAmS (uSA) 8045 5. SAmANTHA STOSuR (AuS) 6195 6. PeTRA KViTOVA (Cze) 5275 7. ANGeliQue KeRBeR (GeR) 5225 8. CAROliNe wOzNiACKi (DeN) 4206 9. SARA eRRANi (iTA) 3620 10. mARiON BARTOli (fRA) 3400 11. li NA (CHN) 3245 12. ANA iVANOViC (SRB) 3085 13. DOmiNiKA CiBulKOVA (SVK) 2945 (+1) 14. mARiA KiRileNKO (RuS) 2835 (+1) 15. VeRA zVONAReVA (RuS) 2800 (-2) 16. KAiA KANePi (eST) 2514 17. flAViA PeNNeTTA (iTA) 2270 (+2) 18. JeleNA JANKOViC (SRB) 2220 ATP world rankings RANKINgs 1. ViCTORiA AzAReNKA (BlR) 8820 PTS 2. mARiA SHARAPOVA (RuS) 8720 (+1) PARIS: Andy Murray's Olympic gold medal win in London on Sunday has allowed him to close the gap on Rafael nadal for third place in the world rankings. The Scot, who defeated world no.1 Roger Federer in straight sets to record the biggest win of his career, is now just 785 points behind the Spaniard going into the buildup to the uS Open which starts in late August. nadal has already said he will not play in the Masters series events in Toronto and Cincinnati to fully recover from strained knee muscles. Federer retained the top ranking but has novak djokovic breathing down his neck. AFP ATP WORld RANKINgs TOP 20 1. ROGeR feDeReR (Sui) 11435 PTS 2. NOVAK DJOKOViC (SRB) 11270 3. RAfAel NADAl (eSP) 8905 4. ANDY muRRAY (GBR) 8120 5. DAViD feRReR (eSP) 5455 6. JO-wilfRieD TSONGA (fRA) 5230 7. TOmAS BeRDYCH (Cze) 4515 8. JuAN mARTíN Del POTRO (ARG) 3340 (+1) 9. JANKO TiPSAReViC (SRB) 3320 (-1) 10. JuAN mONACO (ARG) 2695 11. NiCOlAS AlmAGRO (eSP) 2575 (+1) 12. JOHN iSNeR (uSA) 2440 (-1) 13. mARDY fiSH (uSA) 2135 (+2) 14. GilleS SimON (fRA) 2070 (-1) 15. mARiN CiliC (CRO) 2015 (-1) 16. OleKSANDR DOlGOPOlOV JR. (uKR) 1940 (+9) 17. Kei NiSHiKORi (JPN) 1770 18. PHiliPP KOHlSCHReiBeR (GeR) 1685 (-2) Bolt sets Olympic Record to retain title stats corner S. PERvEZ QAISER usain Bolt emphatically confirmed his status as the greatest sprinter in history as he retained his Olympic 100m title in peerless fashion at London 2012, winning Sunday’s final in an Olympic record time of 9.63 seconds. The Jamaican, who holds the world record, finished ahead of countryman Yohan Blake and American Justin Gatlin. Seven of the eight finalists ran under 10 seconds in what was the fastest Olympic 100m final in history. But usain Bolt came home first, clocking the second quickest time in history. Yohan Blake equalled his personal best of 9.75 in second, with Justin Gatlin also setting a new personal best of 9.79 as he took the bronze. FAsTesT 100M TIMes: TIMe 9.58 secs 9.63secs 9.69secs 9.69secs 9.71secs ATHleTe usain Bolt usain Bolt usain Bolt Tyson Gay Tyson Gay VeNue Berlin london Beijing Shanghai Berlin dATe 16-08-2009 05-08-2012 16-08-2008 20-09-2009 16-08-2009 MeN's 100 MeTRes WINNeRs IN OlYMPIC Golden glory can spark more success, says Murray LoNDoN AFP Britain's Andy Murray believes his Olympic triumph will provide the perfect springboard to break his Grand Slam drought. Murray produced the performance of a lifetime to win his first Olympic gold medal with a crushing 6-2, 6-1, 6-4 demolition of world number one Roger Federer in the men's final on Sunday. The 25year-old's astonishing display avenged his heart-breaking Wimbledon final defeat against Federer last month, but more importantly for Murray it provided concrete evidence that he can win these kind of high-stakes encounters with the world's best players. Murray has been beaten in four Grand Slam finals and some suggested the world number four was destined to be remembered as a nearly-man who fell short of the standards set by Federer, Rafael nadal and novak djokovic. At times, Murray has also doubted whether he could match-up to those three giants of the men's game and that nagging feeling triggered his tearful reaction to losing the Wimbledon final. But now Murray Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 has banished those demons by humiliating seventime Wimbledon champion Federer on Centre Court and he believes that is the perfect preparation for a renewed assault on the majors, starting at the uS Open in new York later this month. "It will help with the way I go into this kind of match," Murray said. "Come uS Open time I hope this will have given me the confidence to go in there and believe in myself a bit more than I have in the past. "I should give myself a shot at winning there. I played very well at the uS Open in the past. It's a surface I like playing on. I hope I can have a good run there." Murray's dominance of Federer was so complete that he didn't drop a serve in the entire match and lost only one point on his serve in the final set. Federer has rarely been so brutally dispatched and it was the kind of jaw-dropping display that took even Murray by surprise. "I have lost some tough matches and I've had a lot of questions asked about me many times," said Murray, the first British man to win Olympic singles gold since Josiah Ritchie in 1908. "So I'm just glad I managed to put on a performance I've been waiting for. "To win against Roger in straight sets on Centre Court, it probably hasn't happened for years, so I must have played a very good match. "It was a big match for both of us. So just to win in the way that I did makes those losses a bit easier to take." There has been a new-found maturity and muscularity about Murray's play since losing at Wimbledon and he believes his positive reaction to that defeat -- so different to his response to past let-downs - was the key to the way he thrived at the Games. YeAR 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 VeNue Athens Paris St louis london Stockholm Antwerp Paris Amsterdam los Angeles Berlin london Helsinki melbourne Rome Tokyo mexico City munich montreal moscow los Angeles Seoul Barcelona Atlanta Sydney Athens Beijing london WINNeR Thomas Burke (uSA) frank Jarvis (uSA) Archie Hahn (uSA) Reginald walker (RSA) Ralph Craig (uSA) Charles Paddock (uSA) Harold Abrahams (Britain) Percy williams (Canada) eddie Tolan (uSA) Jesse Owens (uSA) Harrison Dillard (uSA) lindy Remigino (uSA) Bobby-Joe morrow (uSA) Armin Hary (Germany) Bob Hayes (uSA) James Hines (uSA) Valeriy Borzov (Soviet union) H Crawford (Trinidad & Tobago) Allen wells (Great Britain) Carl lewis (uSA) Carl lewis (uSA) linford Christie (Great Britain) Donovan Bailey (Canada) maurice Greene (uSA) Justin Gatlin (uSA) usain Bolt (Jamaica) usain Bolt (Jamaica) TIMINgs 12.0 11.0 11.0 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.6 (OR) 10.8 10.3 (wR) 10.3 (ewR) 10.3 (eOR) 10.4 10.5 10.2 (OR) 10.0 (wR) 9.9 (wR) 10.14 10.06 10.25 9.99 9.92 (wR) 9.96 9.84 (wR) 9.87 9.85 9.69 (wR) 9.63 (OR) KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:21 AM Page 19 Sports 18 watch it Live PTV SPORTS LONDON OLYMPIC 08:00AM MedAls TABle RANK COuNTRY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 18 19 20 21 21 23 24 25 China uSA Great Britain South Korea france italy Kazakhstan Russia Germany Hungary North Korea Netherlands South Africa New zealand Japan Denmark Romania Belarus Cuba Brazil Jamaica Poland ukraine ethiopia Australia g B TOTAl 31 28 16 11 8 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 19 14 11 5 8 5 0 17 10 1 0 2 1 0 12 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 12 14 19 11 6 9 4 0 15 7 3 1 4 0 4 13 2 2 3 1 5 1 1 6 1 7 64 61 38 22 25 16 6 37 22 8 5 9 4 7 27 8 8 7 5 8 4 4 8 3 20 TOP 25 MedAl COuNTRIes uNTIl lAsT uPdATe LONDON: Usain Bolt crosses the finish line with other runners. Afp Title favourites Pearson, Rudisha, Adams coast LIGHTNING BOLT FLASHES TO LONDON GOLD LoNDoN AFP SAIn Bolt stormed to a successful defence of his Olympic 100m crown in the second-fastest time ever recorded Sunday as the Jamaican superstar confirmed his status as the greatest sprinter of all time. Bolt made a hesitant start but left the field for dead from 60 metres to win by two metres (yards) in 9.63sec, slower only than his world record of 9.58sec set in 2009. Jamaican compatriot and training partner Yohan Blake, long tipped as Bolt's successor as the fastest man in the world, claimed silver after equalling his personal best of 9.75sec. American 2004 Olympic gold medal- U LoNDoN AFP Title favourites Sally Pearson of Australia, Kenyan david Rudisha and new Zealander Valerie Adams all sailed through their respective Olympic qualifying heats on Monday. The trio nailed world golds in daegu, South Korea, last year and again showed their class in front of another packed morning session at the Olympic Stadium in east London. Pearson clocked the leading time in the 100m hurdles, timing 12.57sec to finish ahead of American duo Lolo Jones and Kellie Wells, and Turkey's two-time defending European champion nevin Yanit. "I was quite nervous and I'm glad it's over," said Pearson. "I can go back and fix my body for tomorrow now. "There's no more work to do. This is it. Tomorrow is another day at the office and I'll see what I can do." Also making the cut was reigning Olympic champion dawn Harper, but one to miss out was 2009 world champion Brigitte Foster-Hylton, the 37-year-old Jamaican clipping a hurdle to limp home well off the pace in 13.98. To the crowd's dismay, there was no Jessica Ennis, the recentlycrowned heptathlon gold medallist having opted out of the individual hurdles despite running a blistering 12.54sec en route to winning the mutli-discipline event. list Justin Gatlin completed his remarkable comeback from a four-year doping ban by taking the bronze medal in a personal best of 9.79sec. The victory crushed pre-Olympics concerns that Bolt was suffering a cri- sis of form and fitness after his defeat to Blake in the Jamaican trials and injury concerns. "I tell you people, when it comes to the championships it's about business for me -- and I brought it," said Bolt, who kissed the track after his win and performed his trademark bow-and-arrow celebration. With Bolt, Tyson Gay, Asafa Powell and Blake topping the all-time 100m list, the final featured the four fastest men in history. "usain has been to this level and he knows what it takes, he's a world beater and he's fastest man in the world," said Blake. The 2007 double world champion Tyson Gay came in fourth, one hundredth of a second off his teammate Gatlin in 9.80sec, with a third American, Ryan Bailey, fifth in 9.88. lONDON: Jamaica’s usain Bolt celebrates after winning the gold medal in the men's 100m final at the athletics event during the london 2012 Olympic Games on August 5, 2012 in london. AFP Gold medallist minxia wu of China poses on the podium in the medal ceremony for the women's 3m Springboard Diving final at the Aquatics Centre. minxia overcomes personal sacrifice to win sixth medal LoNDoN edNA zHOu Wu Minxia took gold in women's three-meter springboard last night, making diving history and continuing China’s winning streaks in the sport. Her successes here in London have come at great personal sacrifice. Wu began training when she was six years old, and at 16 she left home to train a government-sponsored facility. Last week, after winning the 3m synchronized springboard final, Wu’s parents finally revealed the news of her grandparents’ death over a year ago, as well as her mother’s eight-year battle with breast cancer, which is currently in remission. The family had kept the news secret from her in order to not affect her performance in London 2012. The 26-year old from Shanghai easily won the women’s three-metre springboard with 414.00 points, making this her sixth medal and first individual gold. She ties with her former synchronized diving partner Guo Jingjing as the most-decorated diver of all time. Wu’s current synchro partner He Zi won silver, while Mexico’s Laura Sanchez Soto captured bronze in an upset over Italy's Tania Cagnotto. Earlier in the week, Wu also won the 3m synchronized springboard title with He, making her the first woman to win three consecutive Olympic synchronized titles. She is also the only other woman besides Guo to have won both the 3m springboard and 3m synchronized springboard at the Olympic Games. It was impossible to watch Wu’s performance over the past week and not expect her to win gold. Tuesday, 7 August, 2012 KHI 07-08-2012_Layout 1 8/7/2012 2:21 AM Page 20 Tuesday, 7 August, 2012	i don't know
If the US states that border Canada from west to east are Washington, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota, what comes next?	Canada–United States border - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Canada–United States border NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE "International Boundary" redirects here. For other boundaries between nations, see border . Canada–United States border The Peace Arch at the border between Surrey , British Columbia , and Blaine , Washington Characteristics Signing of the Treaty of Paris at the end of the American War of Independence Current shape The Canada–United States border ( French : Frontière entre le Canada et les États-Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States , the second- and fourth-largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes , and on the Atlantic , Pacific , and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is with Alaska . Eight Canadian provinces and territories ( Yukon , British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , Ontario , Quebec , and New Brunswick ), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington , Idaho , Montana , North Dakota , Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York , Vermont , New Hampshire , and Maine ) are located along the border. Contents U.S. counties sharing a land or water border with Canada Land border Water border Sign welcoming drivers into the United States at the Peace Arch between Blaine, Washington and Surrey, British Columbia The Treaty of Paris (1783)[ edit ] The 45th parallel forms an approximate border between the Canadian province of Quebec (to the north), and the U.S. states of New York and Vermont (to the south). The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States. In the second article of the Treaty the parties agreed on all of the boundaries of the United States, including but not limited to the boundary with British North America to the north. The agreed boundary included the line from the northwest angle of Nova Scotia to the northwesternmost head of Connecticut River, and proceeded down along the middle of the river to the 45th parallel of north latitude . That parallel had been established in the 1760s as the boundary between the province of Quebec and New York (including what later became the state of Vermont). It was surveyed and marked by John Collins and Thomas Valentine in 1771–3. [1] The St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes became the boundary further west (between what is now Ontario and the United States). Northwest of Lake Superior the boundary followed rivers to the Lake of the Woods . From the Lake of the Woods, the boundary was agreed to go straight west until it met the Mississippi River . In fact that line never meets the river since the river's source is farther south. The Jay Treaty (1794)[ edit ] The Jay Treaty of 1794 (effective 1796) created the International Boundary Commission, which was charged with surveying and mapping the boundary. It also provided for removal of British military and administration from Detroit and other frontier outposts on the U.S. side. It was superseded by the Treaty of Ghent (effective 1815) concluding the War of 1812 , which included pre-war boundaries. Rush–Bagot Treaty (1817)[ edit ] The Rush–Bagot Treaty of 1817 provided a plan for demilitarizing the two combatant sides in the War of 1812 and also laid out preliminary principles for drawing a border between British North America (later Canada) and the United States. The London Convention (1818)[ edit ] The 49th parallel north forms a border between the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , and Manitoba (to the north), and the US states of Washington , Idaho , Montana , North Dakota , and Minnesota (to the south). Westward expansion of both British North America and the United States saw the boundary extended west along the 49th parallel from the Northwest Angle at Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains under the Treaty of 1818 . This treaty extinguished British claims south of that latitude to the Red River Valley , which was part of Rupert's Land . The treaty also extinguished U.S. claims to land north of that line in the watershed of the Missouri River , which was part of the Louisiana Purchase ; this amounted to three small areas, consisting of the northern part of the drainages of the Milk River (today in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan ), the Poplar River (Saskatchewan), and Big Muddy Creek (Saskatchewan).[ citation needed ] Ashburton Treaty (1842)[ edit ] Disputes over the interpretation of the border treaties and mistakes in surveying required additional negotiations resulting in the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842. The treaty resolved the dispute known as the Aroostook War over the boundary between Maine on the one hand, and New Brunswick and the Province of Canada on the other. The treaty redefined the border between New Hampshire , Vermont, and New York on the one hand, and the Province of Canada on the other, resolving the Indian Stream dispute and the Fort Blunder dilemma at the outlet to Lake Champlain . The part of the 45th parallel that separates Quebec from Vermont and New York had first been surveyed in 1771–3 after it had been declared the boundary between New York (including what later became Vermont) and Quebec, and it was surveyed again after the War of 1812. The US Government began to construct fortifications just south of the border at Rouses Point on Lake Champlain. After a significant portion of the construction was completed, measurements revealed that at that point, the actual 45th parallel was three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km) south of the surveyed line; the fort, which became known as "Fort Blunder", was in Canada. This created a dilemma for the United States that was not resolved until a provision of the treaty left the border on the meandering line as surveyed. The border along the Boundary Waters in present-day Ontario and Minnesota between Lake Superior and the Northwest Angle was also redefined. [2] [3] The Oregon Treaty (1846)[ edit ] Main article: Oregon Treaty An 1844 boundary dispute during U.S. President James K. Polk 's administration led to a call for the northern boundary of the U.S. west of the Rockies to be latitude 54° 40' north (related to the southern boundary of Russia 's Alaska Territory ), but the United Kingdom wanted a border that followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. The dispute was resolved in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which established the 49th parallel as the boundary through the Rockies. The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–61)[ edit ] Boundary Marker No.1 on the 49th parallel north on the western shore of Point Roberts, Washington , erected in 1861 The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–61) laid out the land boundary, but the water boundary was not settled for some time. After the Pig War in 1859, arbitration in 1872 established the border between the Gulf Islands and the San Juan Islands . The International Boundary Survey (1872–76)[ edit ] The International Boundary Survey, called the Northern Boundary Survey in the United States, began in 1872. [4] Its mandate was to establish the border as agreed to in the Treaty of 1818. Archibald Campbell led the way for the United States. Donald Cameron headed the British team. This survey focused on the border from the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. [5] The Alaska boundary dispute (1903)[ edit ] In 1903 a joint United Kingdom – Canada – U.S. tribunal established the boundary with Alaska , much of which follows the 141st meridian west .[ citation needed ] The Treaty of 1908[ edit ] On April 11, 1908, the United Kingdom and the United States agreed, under Article IV of the Treaty of 1908 , to survey and delimit the boundary between Canada and the United States through the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes, in accordance with modern surveying techniques, and thus accomplished several changes to the border. [6] [7] International Boundary Commission (1925)[ edit ] For the bilateral commission concerning boundary waters use, see International Joint Commission . The Oregon Country / Columbia District Modern International Boundary Commission boundary marker at Point Roberts, Washington . The reverse side has the same wording in French . In 1925, the International Boundary Commission was made a permanent organization responsible for surveying and mapping the boundary, maintaining boundary monuments (and buoys where applicable), as well as keeping the boundary clear of brush and vegetation for 6 metres (20 ft). This " border vista " extends for 3 metres (9.8 ft) on each side of the line. Along the 49th parallel, the border vista is theoretically straight but in practice follows the 19th century surveyed border markers and varies by several hundred feet in spots. [8] The Commission's annual budget is about US $1.4 million. [9] The Commission is headed by two commissioners, one of whom is Canadian, the other American. [10] In July 2007, the Bush administration relieved U.S. Commissioner Dennis Schornack of his post in connection with a dispute between the boundary commission and the U.S. government over private construction near the border. [11] Schornack rejected the dismissal, saying that the commission is an independent, international organization outside the U.S. government's jurisdiction, and that according to the 1908 treaty that created it, a vacancy can only be created by "the death, resignation or other disability" of a commissioner. [12] The Canadian government said that it was taking no position on the matter, [13] but Peter Sullivan, the Canadian commissioner, said on July 13 that he was ready to work with David Bernhardt, a Colorado -based solicitor of the Department of the Interior , who was designated as the acting U.S. commissioner by President Bush. [14] Security[ edit ] Law enforcement approach[ edit ] A sign at the International Boundary in Point Roberts, Washington , warning against illegal crossing of the border Rail crossing at Peace Arch Park , connecting British Columbia and Washington The International Boundary is commonly referred to as the world's longest undefended border, but this is true only in the military sense, as civilian law enforcement is present. It is illegal to pass the border outside border controls. Everyone passing the border must be checked. The relatively low level of security measures stands in contrast to that of the United States – Mexico border (one-third as long as the Canada–U.S. border), which is actively patrolled by U.S. customs and immigration personnel to prevent illegal migration and drug trafficking . Parts of the International Boundary cross through mountainous terrain or heavily forested areas, but significant portions also cross remote prairie farmland and the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River , in addition to the maritime components of the boundary at the Atlantic , Pacific , and Arctic oceans. The border also runs through the middle of the Akwesasne Nation and even divides some buildings found in communities in Vermont and Quebec whose construction pre-dated the border's delineation. On the Maine–New Brunswick border, it divides the Aroostook Valley Country Club . [15] The actual number of U.S. and Canadian border security personnel is classified ; there are in excess of 17,000 United States Border Patrol personnel on the Mexico–U.S. border alone. [16] Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States, security along the border was dramatically tightened by both nations in both populated and rural areas. Both nations are also actively involved in detailed and extensive tactical and strategic intelligence sharing. As of December 2010 [update] , Canada and the United States are negotiating an agreement titled "Beyond the Border: A Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Competitiveness" which would give the U.S. more influence over Canada's border security and immigration controls, and more information would be shared by Canada with the U.S. [17] Security measures[ edit ] The border crossing where British Columbia Highway 37A ends at Hyder, Alaska , is unmanned by United States Customs, though Canadian Customs does maintain a presence in the area Border crossing between Yukon and Alaska Residents of both nations who own property adjacent to the border are required to report construction of any physical border crossing on their land to their respective governments, and this is enforced by the International Boundary Commission. Where required, fences or vehicle blockades are used. All persons crossing the border are required to report to the respective customs and immigration agencies in each country. In remote areas where staffed border crossings are not available, there are hidden sensors on roads and also scattered in wooded areas near crossing points and on many trails and railways, but there are not enough border personnel on either side to verify and stop coordinated incursions.[ citation needed ] There is no border zone ; [18] the U.S. Customs and Border Protection routinely sets up checkpoints as far as 100 miles (160 km) into U.S. territory. [19] [20] Smuggling[ edit ] Smuggling of alcoholic beverages ( "rum running" ) was widespread during the 1920s, when Prohibition was in effect nationally in the United States and parts of Canada . In more recent years, Canadian officials have complained of drug , cigarette , and firearms smuggling from the United States, while U.S. officials have complained of drug smuggling from Canada. In July 2005, law enforcement personnel arrested three men who had built a 360-foot (110 m) tunnel under the border between British Columbia and Washington that they intended to use for smuggling marijuana , the first such tunnel known on this border. [21] Cornwall, Ontario , experiences ongoing smuggling – mostly of tobacco and firearms from the United States – due to its location. The neighbouring Mohawk territory of Akwesasne straddles the Ontario–Quebec–New York borders, and its First Nations sovereignty prevents Ontario Provincial Police , Royal Canadian Mounted Police , Canada Border Services Agency , Canadian Coast Guard , United States Border Patrol, United States Coast Guard , and New York State Police from exercising jurisdiction over exchanges taking place within the territory. [22] [23] Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI)[ edit ] Main article: Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative In late 2006, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced a rule regarding new identification requirements for U.S. citizens and international travelers entering the U.S. Implemented on January 23, 2007, this final rule and first phase of the WHTI specifies six forms of identification—one of which is required in order to enter the U.S. by air: a valid passport , a passport card , a state enhanced driver's license (available in Michigan , New York, Vermont, Washington, British Columbia, Manitoba , Minnesota, Ontario, and Quebec [24] ) per the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, or trusted traveler program card ( NEXUS , FAST , or SENTRI ); a valid Merchant Mariner Credential when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business; or a valid U.S. military identification card when traveling on official orders. [25] [26] [27] Since June 2009, every traveller arriving via a land or sea port-of-entry (including ferries ) has been required to present one of the above forms of identification to cross the border. Other border crossings (airports, seaports, rail stations)[ edit ] Border sign at the Rainbow Bridge, Niagara Falls The U.S. maintains immigration offices, called pre-clearance facilities , in eight Canadian airports with international air service to the United States ( Calgary , Edmonton , Halifax , Montreal , Ottawa , Toronto , Vancouver , and Winnipeg ). This expedites travel by allowing flights originating in Canada to land at a U.S. airport without being processed as an international arrival. Canada does not maintain equivalent personnel at U.S. airports due to the sheer number of U.S. departure locations with Canadian-bound flights and the limited number of flights compared to the number of U.S.-bound flights that depart major Canadian airports. Similar arrangements exist at major Canadian seaports that handle sealed direct import shipments into the U.S. Additionally, at Vancouver's Pacific Central Station , passengers are required to pass through U.S. pre-clearance facilities and pass their baggage through an X-ray before being allowed to board the Seattle -bound Amtrak Cascades train, which makes no further stops before crossing the border. Pre-clearance facilities are not available for the popular New York City to Montreal ( Adirondack ) or Toronto ( Maple Leaf ) lines, as these lines have stops between Montreal or Toronto and the border. Instead, passengers must clear customs at a stop located at the actual border. Ferry services operate between the province of New Brunswick and the state of Maine, as well as between the province of British Columbia and the states of Washington and Alaska . There are also several ferry services in the Great Lakes operating between the province of Ontario and the states of Michigan, New York, and Ohio . The ferry between Maine and Nova Scotia ended its route in 2009, but resumed operations in 2014. Boldt Castle on Heart Island in the St. Lawrence River has a border control point on the island, but no specific location on the Canadian side.[ citation needed ] Canadians must present identification to land on the island. Cross-border airports[ edit ] The international boundary is marked as a black line on the floor of the reading room of the Haskell Library . In this picture, Canada is on the right side of the line and the United States is on the left. One curiosity on the Canada–U.S. border is the presence of six airports that straddle the borderline. The airports were built prior to the U.S. entry into World War II as a way to legally transfer U.S-built aircraft such as the Lockheed Hudson to Canada under the provisions of the Lend-Lease Act . In the interest of maintaining neutrality, U.S. military pilots were forbidden to deliver combat aircraft to Canada. The aircraft were flown to the border, landed, and then at night towed on their wheels over the border by tractors or horses. The next day the planes were crewed by RCAF pilots and flown to other locations, typically airbases in Eastern Canada , from where they were often flown to the United Kingdom and deployed in the Battle of the Atlantic . [28] Piney Pinecreek Border Airport is located in Manitoba and Minnesota. The northwest/southeast-oriented runway straddles the border, and there are two ramps; one in the U.S. and one in Canada. The airport is jointly owned by the Minnesota Department of Transportation and the local government of Piney, Manitoba . It is assigned U.S. identifier 48Y and Canadian identifier JX2. International Peace Garden Airport is located in Manitoba and North Dakota adjacent to the International Peace Garden . The runway is entirely within North Dakota, but a ramp extends across the border to allow aircraft to access Canadian customs. While not jointly owned, it is operated as an international facility for customs clearance as part of the International Peace Garden. Coronach/Scobey Border Station Airport is located in Saskatchewan and Montana . The east–west runway is sited exactly on the border. The airport is jointly owned by the Canadian and U.S. governments and is assigned U.S. identifier 8U3 and Canadian identifier CKK3. Coutts/Ross International Airport is located in Alberta and Montana. Like Coronach/Scobey, the east–west runway is sited exactly on the border. It is owned entirely by the Montana Aeronautics Division. It is assigned U.S. identifier 7S8 and Canadian identifier CEP4. Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is located in Alberta and Montana, and similarly has an east–west runway sited exactly on the border. It is assigned U.S. identifier H28 and Canadian identifier CEQ4. Avey Field State Airport is located in Washington and British Columbia. The privately owned airfield is mostly in the U.S., but several hundred feet of the north–south runway extend into Canada, and both Canadian and U.S. customs are available. It is assigned U.S. identifier 69S but does not have a Canadian identifier. The Haskell Free Library and Opera House straddles the border in Derby Line, Vermont , and Stanstead, Quebec . Private homes are divided by the International Boundary line between Estcourt Station, Maine , and Pohénégamook , Quebec. Private homes between Beebe Plain, Quebec and Beebe Plain, Vermont ; a seasonal home between Alburgh, Vermont , and Noyan, Quebec , at the intersection of Matthias Lane in Alburgh and Chemin au Bord du L'eau in Noyan; and one house between Richford, Vermont , and Abercorn, Quebec , [29] are also divided by the border. [30] The Halfway House, a tavern also known as Taillon's International Hotel, straddles the border between Dundee, Quebec , and Fort Covington, New York . [31] It was built in 1820, before the border was surveyed. [32] Practical exclaves[ edit ] To be a true international exclave , all potential paths of travel from the exclave to the home country must cross over only the territory of a different country or countries. Like exclaves, practical exclaves are not contiguous with the land of the home country and have land access only through another country or countries. Unlike exclaves, they are not entirely surrounded by foreign territory. Hence, they are exclaves for practical purposes, without meeting the strict definition. The term pene-exclave was defined in Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently — in particular by wheeled traffic — only through the territory of another country." [33] :283 Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves. [34] :31 Thus, a practical exclave has land borders with other territory but is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters. [35] :60 Catudal (1974) [36] :113 and Vinokurov (2007) [34] :31–33 further elaborate upon examples, including Point Roberts . "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada." [36] Practical exclaves can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless, a discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts. [34] :47 Practical exclaves of Canada[ edit ] Akwesasne : Because of the St. Lawrence River to the north, the Rivière-aux-Saumons to the east, and New York State, U.S., to the south, the Quebec portion of the Akwesasne reserve is a practical exclave of Canada. To travel by land from Tsi:Snaine (Snye or Chenail, Quebec) or Kana:takon ( Saint Regis, Quebec ) to elsewhere in Canada, one must drive through New York State. Campobello Island , located at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay , adjacent to the entrance to Cobscook Bay , and within the Bay of Fundy . The island is part of Charlotte County , New Brunswick , but is actually physically connected by the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge with Lubec , Maine – the easternmost tip of the continental United States . Practical exclaves of the United States[ edit ] The state of Alaska is bounded by British Columbia and Yukon , the Arctic Ocean , the Bering Sea , and the Pacific Ocean . (Additionally, because of the terrain, several municipalities in the " panhandle " are inaccessible by road except via Canada.)	Minnesota
If 11 is 3, 100 is 4, 101 is 5, what is 1001?	Map of South Dakota - South Dakota Map, Sioux Falls Attractions Facts, Sd History - World Atlas South Dakota Description South Dakota History South Dakota, the Mt. Rushmore State, is located in the Great Plains of North America. Surrounded by six states, Wyoming and Montana to the west, North Dakota to the north, Minnesota and Iowa on the east and Nebraska on the south, the area just northeast of Belle Fourche in Butte County , claims to be the geographical center of the entire United States . When French explorers, the LaVerendrye brothers, arrived in South Dakota in 1743, the area was inhabited by the Sioux (Dakota) Indians. The Sioux had moved into the area in the second quarter of the 18th century and soon drove out the earlier inhabitants, the Hidatsa, Mandan and Arikara. The U.S. acquired most of South Dakota from France in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase . Following the transaction, President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Corps of Discovery and selected Lewis and Clark to lead the expedition. They spent late summer and early fall in 1804 in the South Dakota region. In 1817, a fur trading post was established at present-day Fort Pierre and was the beginning of American settlement in the area. The 1858 Treaty with the Yankton Sioux ceded most of the eastern part of South Dakota to the U.S. The Dakota Territory, which included present day North and South Dakota and parts of Wyoming and Montana, was organized in March 1861. Following the completion of the railway to Yankton in 1873 plus gold discovery in the Black Hills in 1874, Settlement by people from the eastern U.S. and northern Europe was rapid. South Dakota Statehood Statehood for both North and South Dakota was established on November 2, 1889. The exact order of admission of the two states remains unknown. Because of the alphabetical position, North Dakota is considered to be the 39th state and South Dakota, the 40th. Indian wars were frequent with the last major conflict occurring between the Sioux Indians and the U.S. at the Wounded Knee Massacre. At least 146 Sioux were killed, including women and children and 31 U.S. soldiers. South Dakota Economy During the 1930's, a lack of rainfall, high temperatures and over-cultivation of the farming lands resulted in the Dust Bowl. Massive dust storms blew away fertile topsoil resulting in ruined harvests. These adverse economic conditions drove many people away from the state, resulting in a decline in population. The 1940's saw economic stability return to South Dakota as demand for agricultural products grew and construction began on six large dams, four of them partially located in South Dakota. South Dakota, although still dependent upon its agricultural output, has diversified its economy. The financial services sector expanded when several large companies moved their credit card operations to the state. The production of ethanol has had a considerable economic impact, as South Dakota is one of the top producers in the U.S. South Dakota Tourism Tourism is now the second largest contributor to the economy. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial attracts over three million visitors each year as they come to gaze upon the sculptures of the heads of four former U.S. Presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln. From its climate with four distinct seasons, to the vast range of scenery , South Dakota is the "land of infinite variety". See Also	i don't know
If Winston Churchill was the first post war Prime Minister, Clement Atlee was second, Churchill third, and Anthony Eden fourth, who was 5th?	Winston Churchill - Wikiquote Winston Churchill Jump to: navigation , search Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, 'This was their finest hour.' Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill KG OM CH TD FRS PC (Can) ( November 30 , 1874 – January 24 , 1965 ) was a British politician and statesman, best known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during World War II. He was Prime Minister of the UK from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. Contents Early career years (1898–1929)[ edit ] To improve is to change, so to be perfect is to have changed often. Every influence, every motive, that provokes the spirit of murder among men, impels these mountaineers to deeds of treachery and violence. The strong aboriginal propensity to kill, inherent in all human beings, has in these valleys been preserved in unexampled strength and vigour. That religion, which above all others was founded and propagated by the sword — the tenets and principles of which are instinct with incentives to slaughter and which in three continents has produced fighting breeds of men — stimulates a wild and merciless fanaticism. The love of plunder, always a characteristic of hill tribes, is fostered by the spectacle of opulence and luxury which, to their eyes, the cities and plains of the south display. A code of honour not less punctilious than that of old Spain, is supported by vendettas as implacable as those of Corsica. Description of the tribal areas of what is now Pakistan , commonly referred to as Waziristan Downloadable etext version(s) of this book can be found online at Project Gutenberg It is, thank heaven, difficult if not impossible for the modern European to fully appreciate the force which fanaticism exercises among an ignorant, warlike and Oriental population. Several generations have elapsed since the nations of the West have drawn the sword in religious controversy, and the evil memories of the gloomy past have soon faded in the strong, clear light of Rationalism and human sympathy. Indeed it is evident that Christianity, however degraded and distorted by cruelty and intolerance, must always exert a modifying influence on men's passions, and protect them from the more violent forms of fanatical fever, as we are protected from smallpox by vaccination. But the Mahommedan religion increases, instead of lessening, the fury of intolerance. It was originally propagated by the sword, and ever since, its votaries have been subject, above the people of all other creeds, to this form of madness. In a moment the fruits of patient toil, the prospects of material prosperity, the fear of death itself, are flung aside. The more emotional Pathans are powerless to resist. All rational considerations are forgotten. Seizing their weapons, they become Ghazis—as dangerous and as sensible as mad dogs: fit only to be treated as such. While the more generous spirits among the tribesmen become convulsed in an ecstasy of religious bloodthirstiness, poorer and more material souls derive additional impulses from the influence of others, the hopes of plunder and the joy of fighting. Thus whole nations are roused to arms. Thus the Turks repel their enemies, the Arabs of the Soudan break the British squares, and the rising on the Indian frontier spreads far and wide. In each case civilisation is confronted with militant Mahommedanism. The forces of progress clash with those of reaction. The religion of blood and war is face to face with that of peace. Luckily the religion of peace is usually the better armed. The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War (1898), Chapter III. I pass with relief from the tossing sea of Cause and Theory to the firm ground of Result and Fact. The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War (1898), Chapter III. It is better to be making the news than taking it; to be an actor rather than a critic. The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War (1898), Chapter VIII. Nothing in life is so exhilarating as to be shot at without result. The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War (1898), Chapter X. How dreadful are the curses which Mohammedanism lays on its votaries! Besides the fanatical frenzy, which is as dangerous in a man as hydrophobia in a dog, there is this fearful fatalistic apathy. The effects are apparent in many countries. Improvident habits, slovenly systems of agriculture, sluggish methods of commerce, and insecurity of property exist wherever the followers of the Prophet rule or live. A degraded sensualism deprives this life of its grace and refinement; the next of its dignity and sanctity. The fact that in Mohammedan law every woman must belong to some man as his absolute property, either as a child, a wife, or a concubine, must delay the final extinction of slavery until the faith of Islam has ceased to be a great power among men. Individual Moslems may show splendid qualities. Thousands become the brave and loyal soldiers of the Queen; all know how to die; but the influence of the religion paralyses the social development of those who follow it. No stronger retrograde force exists in the world. Far from being moribund, Mohammedanism is a militant and proselytizing faith. It has already spread throughout Central Africa, raising fearless warriors at every step; and were it not that Christianity is sheltered in the strong arms of science, the science against which it had vainly struggled, the civilisation of modern Europe might fall, as fell the civilisation of ancient Rome. (This passage does not appear in the 1902 one-volume abridgment, the version posted by Project Gutenberg.) Downloadable etext version(s) of this book can be found online at Project Gutenberg It is the habit of the boa constrictor to besmear the body of his victim with a foul slime before he devours it; and there are many people in England, and perhaps elsewhere, who seem to be unable to contemplate military operations for clear political objects, unless they can cajole themselves into the belief that their enemy are utterly and hopelessly vile. To this end the Dervishes, from the Mahdi and the Khalifa downwards, have been loaded with every variety of abuse and charged with all conceivable crimes. This may be very comforting to philanthropic persons at home; but when an army in the field becomes imbued with the idea that the enemy are vermin who cumber the earth, instances of barbarity may easily be the outcome. This unmeasured condemnation is moreover as unjust as it is dangerous and unnecessary. The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan (1899), Volume II pp. 394–395 (This passage does not appear in the 1902 one-volume abridgment, the version posted by Project Gutenberg). What is the true and original root of Dutch aversion to British rule? It is the abiding fear and hatred of the movement that seeks to place the native on a level with the white man … the Kaffir is to be declared the brother of the European, to be constituted his legal equal, to be armed with political rights. On the Boer War , London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900). I think we shall have to take the Chinese in hand and regulate them. I believe that as civilized nations become more powerful they will get more ruthless, and the time will come when the world will impatiently bear the existence of great barbaric nations who may at any time arm themselves and menace civilized nations. I believe in the ultimate partition of China — I mean ultimate. I hope we shall not have to do it in our day. The Aryan stock is bound to triumph. Speech and interview at the University of Michigan, 1902. In former days, when wars arose from individual causes, from the policy of a Minister or the passion of a King, when they were fought by small regular armies of professional soldiers, and when their course was retarded by the difficulties of communication and supply, and often suspended by the winter season, it was possible to limit the liabilities of the combatants. But now, when mighty populations are impelled on each other, each individual severally embittered and inflamed—when the resources of science and civilisation sweep away everything that might mitigate their fury, a European war can only end in the ruin of the vanquished and the scarcely less fatal commercial dislocation and exhaustion of the conquerors. Democracy is more vindictive than Cabinets. The wars of peoples will be more terrible than those of kings. House of Commons, 13 May 1901, Hansard vol. 93 col. 1572. The ability to foretell what is going to happen tomorrow, next week, next month, and next year – and to have the ability afterwards to explain why it didn’t happen. Newspaper interview (1902), when asked what qualities a politician required, Halle, Kay, Irrepressible Churchill. Cleveland: World, 1966. cited in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 489 ISBN 1586486381 Governments create nothing and have nothing to give but what they have first taken away — you may put money in the pockets of one set of Englishmen, but it will be money taken from the pockets of another set of Englishmen, and the greater part will be spilled on the way. Every vote given for Protection is a vote to give Governments the right of robbing Peter to pay Paul and charging the public a handsome commission on the job. “Why I am a Free Trader,” Chapter I in T.W. Stead’s journal Coming Men on Coming Questions (April 13, 1905), bottom p. 9. The doctrines that by keeping out foreign goods more wealth, and consequently more employment, will be created at home, are either true or they are not true. We contend that they are not true. We contend that for a nation to try to tax itself into prosperity is like a man standing in a bucket and trying to lift himself up by the handle. [1] :9 From "Why I am a Free Trader" (1905), Churchill revised this several times, the earliest recorded version coming from the speech "For Free Trade" at the Free Trade Hall, Manchester, 19 February 1904: It is the theory of the Protectionist that imports are an evil. He thinks that if you shut out the foreign imported manufactured goods you will make these goods yourselves, in addition to the goods which you make now, including those goods which we make to exchange for the foreign goods that come in. If a man can believe that he can believe anything. (Laughter.) We Free-traders say it is not true. To think you can make a man richer by putting on a tax is like a man thinking that he can stand in a bucket and lift himself up by the handle. (Laughter and cheers.) [2] :Vol.I: 261 Politics are almost as exciting as war, and – quite as dangerous … [I]n war, you can only be killed once. But in politics many times. From a conversational exchange with Harold Begbie, as cited in Master Workers, Begbie, Methuen & Co. (1906), p. 177. For my own part I have always felt that a politician is to be judged by the animosities which he excites among his opponents. I have always set myself not merely to relish but to deserve thoroughly their censure. November 17, 1906, Institute of Journalists Dinner, London; in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 392 ISBN 1586486381 The conditions of the Transvaal ordinance under which Chinese Labour is now being carried on do not, in my opinion, constitute a state of slavery. A labour contract into which men enter voluntarily for a limited and for a brief period, under which they are paid wages which they consider adequate, under which they are not bought or sold and from which they can obtain relief on payment of seventeen pounds ten shillings, the cost of their passage, may not be a healthy or proper contract, but it cannot in the opinion of His Majesty's Government be classified as slavery in the extreme acceptance of the word without some risk of terminological inexactitude. In the House of Commons , February 22, 1906 "King’s Speech (Motion for an Address)" , as Under-Secretary of the Colonial Office , repeating what he had said during the 1906 election campaign. This is the original context for terminological inexactitude, used simply literally, whereas later the term took on the sense of a euphemism or circumlocution for a lie. As quoted in Sayings of the Century (1984) by Nigel Rees . I submit respectfully to the House as a general principle that our responsibility in this matter is directly proportionate to our power. Where there is great power there is great responsibility, where there is less power there is less responsibility, and where there is no power there can, I think, be no responsibility. In the House of Commons , February 28, 1906 speech South African native races The Times is speechless, and takes three columns to express its speechlessness. Speech at Kinnaird Hall, Dundee, Scotland ("The Dundee Election"), May 14, 1908, in Liberalism and the Social Problem (1909), Churchill, BiblioBazaar (Second Edition, 2006), p. 148 ISBN 1426451989 What is the use of living, if it be not to strive for noble causes and to make this muddled world a better place for those who will live in it after we are gone? How else can we put ourselves in harmonious relation with the great verities and consolations of the infinite and the eternal? And I avow my faith that we are marching towards better days. Humanity will not be cast down. We are going on swinging bravely forward along the grand high road and already behind the distant mountains is the promise of the sun. Speech at Kinnaird Hall, Dundee, Scotland ("Unemployment"), October 10, 1908, in Liberalism and the Social Problem (1909), Churchill, Echo Library (2007), p. 87 ISBN 1406845817 The unnatural and increasingly rapid growth of the feeble-minded and insane classes, coupled as it is with steady restriction among all the thrifty, energetic and superior stocks constitutes a national and race danger which is impossible to exaggerate. I feel that the source from which the stream of madness is fed should be cut off and sealed before another year has passed. ( Home Secretary ) Churchill to Prime Minister Asquith on compulsory sterilization of ‘the feeble-minded and insane’; cited, as follows (excerpted from longer note) : It is worth noting that eugenics was not a fringe movement of obscure scientists but often led and supported, in Britain and America, by some of the most prominent public figures of the day, across the political divide, such as Julian Huxley, Aldous Huxley, D.H. Lawrence, John Maynard Keynes and Theodore Roosevelt. Indeed, none other than Winston Churchill, whilst Home Secretary in 1910, made the following observation: [text of quote] (quoted in Jones, 1994: 9)., in ‘Race’, sport, and British society (2001), Carrington & McDonald, Routledge, Introduction, Note 4, p. 20 ISBN 0415246296 'I propose that 100,000 degenerate Britons should be forcibly sterilized and others put in labour camps to halt the decline of the British race.' As Home Secretary in a 1910 Departmental Paper. The original document is in the collection of Asquith's papers at the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Also quoted in Clive Ponting , "Churchill" (Sinclair Stevenson 1994). Everything tends towards catastrophe and collapse. I am interested, geared up and happy. Is it not horrible to be made like this? In a letter to his wife Clemmie, during the build up to World War I. Like chasing a quinine pill around a cow pasture. On playing golf : as cited in The quote verifier: who said what, where, and when (2006), Keyes, Macmillan, p. 27 ISBN 0312340044 Sure I am of this, that you have only to endure to conquer. You have only to persevere to save yourselves, and to save all those who rely upon you. You have only to go right on, and at the end of the road, be it short or long, victory and honor will be found. Remarks at the Guildhall, 4 September 1914, after the first British naval victory of World War I, the sinking of three German cruisers in the Battle of Heligoland Bight , as cited in Churchill: A Life, Martin Gilbert, Macmillan (1992), p. 279 : ISBN 0805023968 I am finished. On losing his position at the Admiralty in 1915. Said to Lord Riddell , as cited in Maxims and Reflections, Chapter I (On Himself), Churchill, Houghton Mifflin Company (1947). [The] truth is incontrovertible. Panic may resent it, ignorance may deride it, malice may distort it, but there it is. Speech in the House of Commons, May 17, 1916 "Royal Assent" . I think a curse should rest on me — because I love this war. I know it's smashing and shattering the lives of thousands every moment — and yet — I can't help it — I enjoy every second of it. A letter to a friend (1916). No compromise on the main purpose; no peace till victory; no pact with unrepentant wrong -- that is the Declaration of July 4th, 1918. At a joint Anglo-American rally in Westminster, July 4, 1918, speaking against calls for a negotiated truce with Germany. As printed in War aims & peace ideals: selections in prose & verse (1919), edited by Tucker Brooke & Henry Seidel Canby, Yale University Press, p. 138. The Great War differed from all ancient wars in the immense power of the combatants and their fearful agencies of destruction, and from all modern wars in the utter ruthlessness with which it was fought. … Europe and large parts of Asia and Africa became one vast battlefield on which after years of struggle not armies but nations broke and ran. When all was over, Torture and Cannibalism were the only two expedients that the civilized, scientific, Christian States had been able to deny themselves: and they were of doubtful utility. From The World Crisis, 1911–1918 : Chapter I (The Vials of Wrath), Churchill, Butterworth (1923). One might as well legalise sodomy as recognise the Bolsheviks. Paris, 24 January 1919. Churchill: A Life. Gilbert, Martin (1992). New York: Holt, p. 408. ISBN 9780805023961 I do not understand this squeamishness about the use of gas. We have definitely adopted the position at the Peace Conference of arguing in favour of the retention of gas as a permanent method of warfare. It is sheer affectation to lacerate a man with the poisonous fragment of a bursting shell and to boggle at making his eyes water by means of lachrymatory gas. I am strongly in favour of using poisoned gas against uncivilised tribes. The moral effect should be so good that the loss of life should be reduced to a minimum. It is not necessary to use only the most deadly gases: gases can be used which cause great inconvenience and would spread a lively terror and yet would leave no serious permanent effects on most of those affected … We cannot, in any circumstances acquiesce to the non-utilisation of any weapons which are available to procure a speedy termination of the disorder which prevails on the frontier. Statement as president of the Air Council, War Office Departmental Minute ( 1919-05-12 ); Churchill Papers 16/16, Churchill Archives Centre , Cambridge . Many argue that quotes from this passage are often taken out of context, because Churchill is distinguishing between non-lethal agents and the deadly gasses used in World War I and emphasizing the use of non-lethal weapons; however Churchill is not clearly ruling out the use of lethal gases, simply stating that "it is not necessary to use only the most deadly". It is sometimes claimed that gas killed many young and elderly Kurds and Arabs when the RAF bombed rebelling villages in Iraq in 1920 during the British occupation. For more information on this matter, see Gas in Mesopotamia . Lenin was sent into Russia by the Germans in the same way that you might send a phial containing a culture of typhoid or cholera to be poured into the water supply of a great city, and it worked with amazing accuracy. On Vladimir Ilyich Lenin , in the House of Commons, November 5, 1919 as cited in Churchill by Himself (2008), Ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 355 ISBN 1586486381 First there are the Jews who, dwelling in every country throughout the world, identify themselves with that country, enter into its national life and, while adhering faithfully to their own religion, regard themselves as citizens in the fullest sense of the State which has received them. Such a Jew living in England would say, 'I am an English man practising the Jewish faith.' This is a worthy conception, and useful in the highest degree. We in Great Britain well know that during the great struggle the influence of what may be called the 'National Jews' in many lands was cast preponderatingly on the side of the Allies; and in our own Army Jewish soldiers have played a most distinguished part, some rising to the command of armies, others winning the Victoria Cross for valour. There is no need to exaggerate the part played in the creation of Bolshevism and in the actual bringing about of the Russian Revolution, by these international and for the most part atheistical Jews, it is certainly a very great one; it probably outweighs all others. With the notable exception of Lenin, the majority of the leading figures are Jews. Moreover, the principal inspiration and driving power comes from the Jewish leaders. Thus Tchitcherin, a pure Russian, is eclipsed by his nominal subordinate Litvinoff, and the influence of Russians like Bukharin or Lunacharski cannot be compared with the power of Trotsky, or of Zinovieff, the Dictator of the Red Citadel (Petrograd) or of Krassin or Radek -- all Jews. In the Soviet institutions the predominance of Jews is even more astonishing. And the prominent, if not indeed the principal, part in the system of terrorism applied by the Extraordinary Commissions for Combating Counter-Revolution has been taken by Jews, and in some notable cases by Jewesses. The same evil prominence was obtained by Jews in the brief period of terror during which Bela Kun ruled in Hungary. The same phenomenon has been presented in Germany (especially in Bavaria), so far as this madness has been allowed to prey upon the temporary prostration of the German people. Although in all these countries there are many non-Jews every whit as bad as the worst of the Jewish revolutionaries, the part played by the latter in proportion to their numbers in the population is astonishing. "Zionism versus Bolshevism", Illustrated Sunday Herald (February 1920) (A note: Churchill viewed Bolshevism as a heavily Jewish phenomenon. He contrasted the Jewish role in the creation of Bolshevism with a more positive view of the role that Jews had played in England. [1] ). …the schemes of the International Jews. The adherents of this sinister confederacy are mostly men reared up among the unhappy populations of countries where Jews are persecuted on account of their race. Most, if not all of them, have forsaken the faith of their forefathers, and divorced from their minds all spiritual hopes of the next world. This movement among the Jews is not new. From the days of Spartacus-Weishaupt to those of Karl Marx, and down to Trotsky (Russia), Bela Kun (Hungary), Rosa Luxembourg (Germany), and Emma Goldman (United States), this world-wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilisation and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality, has been steadily growing. It played, as a modern writer, Mrs. Webster, has so ably shown, a definitely recognisable part in the tragedy of the French Revolution. It has been the mainspring of every subversive movement during the Nineteenth Century; and now at last this band of extraordinary personalities from the underworld of the great cities of Europe and America have gripped the Russian people by the hair of their heads and have become practically the undisputed masters of that enormous empire. Rt. Hon. Winston Churchill ‘Bolshevism versus Zionism; a struggle for the soul of the Jewish people’ in Illustrated Daily Herald, 8 February 1920. However we may dwell upon the difficulties of General Dyer during the Amritsar riots, upon the anxious and critical situation in the Punjab, upon the danger to Europeans throughout that province, … one tremendous fact stands out – I mean the slaughter of nearly 400 persons and the wounding of probably three to four times as many, at the Jallian Wallah Bagh on 13th April. That is an episode which appears to me to be without precedent or parallel in the modern history of the British Empire. … It is an extraordinary event, a monstrous event, an event which stands in singular and sinister isolation. Speech in the House of Commons, July 8, 1920 "Amritsar" ; at the time, Churchill was serving as Secretary of State for War under Prime Minister David Lloyd George Men who take up arms against the State must expect at any moment to be fired upon. Men who take up arms unlawfully cannot expect that the troops will wait until they are quite ready to begin the conflict. Speech in the House of Commons, July 8, 1920 "Amritsar" ; at the time, Churchill was serving as Secretary of State for War under Prime Minister David Lloyd George Frightfulness is not a remedy known to the British Pharmacopaeia. Speech in the House of Commons, July 8, 1920 "Amritsar" ; at the time, Churchill was serving as Secretary of State for War under Prime Minister David Lloyd George I yield to no one in my detestation of Bolshevism, and of the revolutionary violence which precedes it. … But my hatred of Bolshevism and Bolsheviks is not founded on their silly system of economics, or their absurd doctrine of an impossible equality. It arises from the bloody and devastating terrorism which they practice in every land into which they have broken, and by which alone their criminal regime can be maintained. … Governments who have seized upon power by violence and by usurpation have often resorted to terrorism in their desperate efforts to keep what they have stolen, but the august and venerable structure of the British Empire … does not need such aid. Such ideas are absolutely foreign to the British way of doing things. Speech in the House of Commons, July 8, 1920 "Amritsar" Let me marshal the facts. The crowd was unarmed, except with bludgeons. It was not attacking anybody or anything. It was holding a seditious meeting. When fire had been opened upon it to disperse it, it tried to run away. Pinned up in a narrow place considerably smaller than Trafalgar Square, with hardly any exits, and packed together so that one bullet would drive through three or four bodies, the people ran madly this way and the other. When the fire was directed upon the centre, they ran to the sides. The fire was then directed to the sides. Many threw themselves down on the ground, and the fire was then directed on the ground. This was continued for 8 or 10 minutes ... [i]f the road had not been so narrow, the machine guns and the armoured cars would have joined in. Finally, when the ammunition had reached the point that only enough remained to allow for the safe return of the troops, and after 379 persons … had been killed, and when most certainly 1,200 or more had been wounded, the troops, at whom not even a stone had been thrown, swung round and marched away. … We have to make it absolutely clear … that this is not the British way of doing business. … Our reign, in India or anywhere else, has never stood on the basis of physical force alone, and it would be fatal to the British Empire if we were to try to base ourselves only upon it. Speech in the House of Commons, July 8, 1920 "Amritsar" I cannot pretend to feel impartial about the colours. I rejoice with the brilliant ones, and am genuinely sorry for the poor browns. In "Painting as a Pastime", first published in the Strand Magazine in two parts (December 1921/January 1922), cited in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 456 He ought to be lain bound hand and foot at the gates of Delhi, and then trampled on by an enormous elephant with the new Viceroy seated on its back. Referring to Mahatma Gandhi in conversation with Edwin Montagu, Secretary of State for India, 1921. [3] [4] Every day you may make progress. Every step may be fruitful. Yet there will stretch out before you an ever-lengthening, ever-ascending, ever-improving path. You know you will never get to the end of the journey. But this, so far from discouraging, only adds to the joy and the glory of the climb. In "Painting as a Pastime", the Strand Magazine (December 1921/January 1922), cited in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 568 ISBN 1586486381 I am most anxious that in dealing with matters which every Member knows are extremely delicate matters, I should not use any phrase or expression which would cause offence to our friends and Allies on the Continent or across the Atlantic Ocean. Speaking on inter-Allied debts in the House of Commons (December 10, 1924); reported in Parliamentary Debates (Commons) (1925), 5th series, vol. 179, col. 259. The choice was clearly open: crush them with vain and unstinted force, or try to give them what they want. These were the only alternatives, and though each had ardent advocates, most people were unprepared for either. Here indeed was the Irish spectre — horrid and inexorcisable. The World Crisis, Volume V : the Aftermath (1929), Churchill, Butterworth (London). No hour of life is lost that is spent in the saddle. My early life, 1874–1904 (1930), Churchill, Winston S., p. 45 (1996 Touchstone Edition), Might a bomb no bigger than an orange be found to possess a secret power to destroy a whole block of buildings — nay to concentrate the force of a thousand tons of cordite and blast a township at a stroke?. Pall Mall Gazette (1924) on HG Wells' suggestion of an atomic bomb, in "BBC Article" Too often the strong, silent man is silent only because he does not know what to say, and is reputed strong only because he has remained silent. Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches (1974), Chelsea House, Volume IV: 1922–1928, p. 3462 ISBN 0835206939 I decline utterly to be impartial as between the fire brigade and the fire. Speech in the House of Commons, July 7, 1926 "Emergency Services" , responding to criticism that he edited the British Gazette in a biased manner during the General Strike , as cited in The Yale Book of Quotations (2006), ed. Fred R. Shapiro, Yale University Press, p. 152 ISBN 0300107986 Make your minds perfectly clear that if ever you let loose upon us again a general strike, we will loose upon you — another " British Gazette ." Speech in the House of Commons, July 7, 1926 "Emergency Services" ; at this time, Churchill was serving as Chancellor of the Excheqer under Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin . Threatening the Labour Party and trade union movement with a return of the Government-published newspaper he edited during that May's General Strike. If I had been an Italian, I am sure I would have been entirely with you from the beginning to the end of your victorious struggle against the bestial appetites and passions of Leninism. To Benito Mussolini in a press conference in Rome (January 1927), as quoted in Churchill : A Life (1992) by Martin Gilbert. A sheep in sheep's clothing. On Ramsay MacDonald . This is often taken as referring to Clement Attlee , but Scottish historian D. W. Brogan is cited in Safire’s Political Dictionary (2008), William Safire , Oxford University Press US, p. 352 ISBN 0195343344 as follows: ‘Sir Winston Churchill never said of Clement Attlee that he was a sheep in sheep’s clothing. I have this on the excellent authority of Sir Winston himself. The phrase was totally inapplicable to Mr. Attlee. It was applicable, and applied, to J. Ramsay MacDonald, a very different kind of Labour leader.’ To improve is to change, so to be perfect is to have changed often. Winston Churchill, “His complete speeches, 1897–1963”, edited by Robert Rhodes James, Chelsea House ed., vol. 4 (1922–1928), p. 3706. Lors d’un débat avec Philipp Snowden, chancelier de l’Echiquier, à propos des droits de douane sur la soie. Often misquoted as: To improve is to change, to be perfect is to change often. An infected Russia, a plague-bearing Russia; a Russia of armed hordes not only smiting with bayonet and with cannon, but accompanied and preceded by swarms of typhus-bearing vermin which slew the bodies of men, and political doctrines which destroyed the health and even the souls of nations. The Aftermath, by Winston Churchill (published 1929), p. 274 She shone for me like the Evening Star. I loved her dearly — but at a distance. On his mother, Lady Randolph Churchill, Chapter 1 (Childhood). Where my reason, imagination or interest were not engaged, I would not or I could not learn. Chapter 1 (Childhood). Thus I got into my bones the essential structure of the ordinary British sentence, which is a noble thing. On studying English rather than Latin at school, Chapter 2 (Harrow). Headmasters have powers at their disposal with which Prime Ministers have never yet been invested. Chapter 2 (Harrow). Mr. Gladstone read Homer for fun, which I thought served him right. Chapter 2 (Harrow). I then had one of the three or four long intimate conversations with him which are all I can boast. On his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, Chapter 3 (Examinations). In retrospect these years form not only the least agreeable, but the only barren and unhappy period of my life. I was happy as a child with my toys in my nursery. I have been happier every year since I became a man. But this interlude of school makes a sombre grey patch upon the chart of my journey. It was an unending spell of worries that did not then seem petty, of toil uncheered by fruition; a time of discomfort, restriction and purposeless monotony. This train of thought must not lead me to exaggerate the character of my school days … Harrow was a very good school … Most of the boys were very happy … I can only record the fact that, no doubt through my own shortcomings, I was an exception. … I was on the whole considerably discouraged … All my contemporaries and even younger boys seemed in every way better adapted to the conditions of our little world. They were far better both at the games and at the lessons. It is not pleasant to feel oneself so completely outclassed and left behind at the very beginning of the race. Chapter 3 (Examinations). Certainly the prolonged education indispensable to the progress of Society is not natural to mankind. It cuts against the grain. A boy would like to follow his father in pursuit of food or prey. He would like to be doing serviceable things so far as his utmost strength allowed. He would like to be earning wages however small to help to keep up the home. He would like to have some leisure of his own to use or misuse as he pleased. He would ask little more than the right to work or starve. And then perhaps in the evenings a real love of learning would come to those who are worthy — and why try to stuff in those who are not? — and knowledge and thought would open the ‘magic casements’ of the mind. Chapter 3 (Examinations). I had a feeling once about Mathematics, that I saw it all—Depth beyond depth was revealed to me—the Byss and the Abyss. I saw, as one might see the transit of Venus—or even the Lord Mayor's Show, a quantity passing through infinity and changing its sign from plus to minus. I saw exactly how it happened and why the tergiversation was inevitable: and how the one step involved all the others. It was like politics. But it was after dinner and I let it go! Chapter 3 (Examinations), p. 27. Although always prepared for martyrdom, I preferred that it should be postponed. Chapter 4 (Sandhurst), p. 72. You will make all kinds of mistakes; but as long as you are generous and true, and also fierce, you cannot hurt the world or even seriously distress her. Chapter 4 (Sandhurst). I wonder whether any other generation has seen such astounding revolutions of data and values as those through which we have lived. Scarcely anything material or established which I was brought up to believe was permanent and vital, has lasted. Everything I was sure or taught to be sure was impossible, has happened. Chapter 5 (The Fourth Hussars). I have no doubt that the Romans planned the time-table of their days far better than we do. They rose before the sun at all seasons. Except in wartime we never see the dawn. Sometimes we see sunset. The message of sunset is sadness; the message of dawn is hope. The rest and the spell of sleep in the middle of the day refresh the human frame far more than a long night. We were not made by Nature to work, or even play, from eight o’clock in the morning till midnight. We throw a strain upon our system which is unfair and improvident. For every purpose of business or pleasure, mental or physical, we ought to break our days and our marches into two. Chapter 6 (Cuba). I do think unpunctuality is a vile habit, and all my life I have tried to break myself of it. Chapter 7 (Hounslow). I now began for the first time to envy those young cubs at the university who had fine scholars to tell them what was what; professors who had devoted their lives to mastering and focusing ideas in every branch of learning; who were eager to distribute the treasures they had gathered before they were overtaken by the night. But now I pity undergraduates, when I see what frivolous lives many of them lead in the midst of precious fleeting opportunity. After all, a man’s Life must be nailed to a cross either of Thought or Action. Without work there is no play. Chapter 9 (Education At Bangalore). I accumulated in those years so fine a surplus in the Book of Observance that I have been drawing confidently upon it ever since. Chapter 9 (Education At Bangalore). It is a good thing for an uneducated man to read books of quotations. Bartlett's Familiar Quotations is an admirable work, and I studied it intently. The quotations when engraved upon the memory give you good thoughts. They also make you anxious to read the authors and look for more. Chapter 9 (Education At Bangalore). I had been brought up and trained to have the utmost contempt for people who got drunk — and I would have liked to have the boozing scholars of the Universities wheeled into line and properly chastised for their squalid misuse of what I must ever regard as a gift of the gods. Chapter 10 (The Malakand Field Force). Never, never, never believe any war will be smooth and easy, or that anyone who embarks on the strange voyage can measure the tides and hurricanes he will encounter. The statesman who yields to war fever must realise that once the signal is given, he is no longer the master of policy but the slave of unforeseeable and uncontrollable events. Antiquated War Offices, weak, incompetent, or arrogant Commanders, untrustworthy allies, hostile neutrals, malignant Fortune, ugly surprises, awful miscalculations — all take their seats at the Council Board on the morrow of a declaration of war. Always remember, however sure you are that you could easily win, that there would not be a war if the other man did not think he also had a chance. Chapter 18 (With Buller To The Cape), p. 246 A jibe at Prime Minister (and First Lord of the Treasury ) Ramsay MacDonald during a speech in the House of Commons, January 28, 1931 "Trade Disputes and Trade Unions (Amendment) Bill" . India is a geographical term. It is no more a united nation than the equator. Speech at Royal Albert Hall, London (18 March 1931). It is alarming and also nauseating to see Mr. Gandhi , a seditious Middle Temple lawyer of the type well-known in the East, now posing as a fakir , striding half naked up the steps of the Viceregal palace to parley on equal terms with the representative of the King-Emperor . Comment on Gandhi's meeting with the Viceroy of India , addressing the Council of the West Essex Unionist Association (23 February 1931); as quoted in "Mr Churchill on India" in The Times (24 February 1931). We shall escape the absurdity of growing a whole chicken in order to eat the breast or wing, by growing these parts separately under a suitable medium. "Fifty Years Hence", The Strand Magazine (December 1931). We are stripped bare by the curse of plenty. Lecture at Cleveland, Ohio (February 3, 1932), reported in Robert Rhodes James, ed., Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963 (1974), vol. 5, p. 5130; referring to the theory that over-production caused the Depression. We know that he has, more than any other man, the gift of compressing the largest number of words into the smallest amount of thought. A jibe directed at Ramsay MacDonald , during a speech in the House of Commons, March 23, 1933 "European Situation" . This quote is similar to a remark (“He can compress the most words into the smallest ideas of any man I ever met”) made by Abraham Lincoln . [Frederick Trevor Hill credits Lincoln with this remark in Lincoln the Lawyer (1906), adding that ‘History has considerately sheltered the identity of the victim’.] One may dislike Hitler's system and yet admire his patriotic achievement. If our country were defeated, I hope we should find a champion as indomitable to restore our courage and lead us back to our place among the nations. "Hitler and His Choice", The Strand Magazine (November 1935). We cannot tell whether Hitler will be the man who will once again let loose upon the world another war in which civilisation will irretrievably succumb, or whether he will go down in history as the man who restored honour and peace of mind to the Great Germanic nation. "Hitler and His Choice", The Strand Magazine (November 1935). Mr. Gandhi has gone very high in my esteem since he stood up for the untouchables … I do not care whether you are more or less loyal to Great Britain … Tell Mr. Gandhi to use the powers that are offered and make the thing a success. Letter to G.D. Birla (1935); published in Winston S. Churchill, Volume Five: The Coming of War 1922–1939 (1979) by Sir Martin Gilbert The world looks with some awe upon a man who appears unconcernedly indifferent to home, money, comfort, rank, or even power and fame. The world feels not without a certain apprehension, that here is some one outside its jurisdiction; someone before whom its allurements may be spread in vain; some one strangely enfranchised, untamed, untrammelled by convention, moving independent of the ordinary currents of human action. At an unveiling of a memorial to T. E. Lawrence at the Oxford High School for Boys (3 October 1936); as quoted in Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T.E. Lawrence (1989) by Jeremy M Wilson. Occasionally he stumbled over the truth, but hastily picked himself up and hurried on as if nothing had happened. On Stanley Baldwin , as cited in Churchill by Himself (2008), Ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 322 Also quoted by Kay Halle in Irrepressible Churchill: A Treasury of Winston Churchill's Wit (1966). Anyone can see what the position is. The Government simply cannot make up their mind, or they cannot get the Prime Minister to make up his mind. So they go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all powerful to be impotent. So we go on preparing more months and years — precious, perhaps vital to the greatness of Britain — for the locusts to eat. Speech in the House of Commons, November 12, 1936 "Debate on the Address" , criticizing the Government of Stanley Baldwin for its conciliatory stance toward Hitler . The era of procrastination, of half-measures, of soothing and baffling expedients, of delays, is coming to its close. In its place we are entering a period of consequences. Speech in the House of Commons, November 12, 1936 "Debate on the Address" Cited in Al Gore 's documentary An Inconvenient Truth This speech is also commonly known by the name "The Locust Years" . Courage is rightly esteemed the first of human qualities, because, as has been said, 'it is the quality which guarantees all others.' In Great Contemporaries , "Alfonso XIII" (1937). The essence and foundation of House of Commons debating is formal conversation. The set speech, the harangue addressed to constituents, or to the wider public out of doors, has never succeeded much in our small wisely-built chamber. To do any good you have got to get down to grips with the subject and in human touch with the audience. In Great Contemporaries, "Clemenceau" (1937). Whatever one may think about democratic government, it is just as well to have practical experience of its rough and slatternly foundations. No part of the education of a politician is more indispensable than the fighting of elections. In Great Contemporaries, "Lord Rosebery" (1937). I do not agree that the dog in a manger has the final right to the manger even though he may have lain there for a very long time. I do not admit that right. I do not admit for instance, that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America or the black people of Australia. I do not admit that a wrong has been done to these people by the fact that a stronger race, a higher-grade race, a more worldly wise race to put it that way, has come in and taken their place. To the Peel Commission (1937) on a Jewish Homeland in Palestine. Dictators ride to and fro on tigers from which they dare not dismount. And the tigers are getting hungry. "Armistice - or Peace?", published in The Evening Standard (11 November 1937). For five years I have talked to the House on these matters – not with very great success. I have watched this famous island descending incontinently, fecklessly, the stairway which leads to a dark gulf. It is a fine broad stairway at the beginning, but after a bit the carpet ends. A little farther on there are only flagstones, and a little farther on still these break beneath your feet. [ … ] Look back upon the last five years – since, that is to say, Germany began to rearm in earnest and openly to seek revenge … historians a thousand years hence will still be baffled by the mystery of our affairs. They will never understand how it was that a victorious nation, with everything in hand, suffered themselves to be brought low, and to cast away all that they had gained by measureless sacrifice and absolute victory – gone with the wind! Now the victors are the vanquished, and those who threw down their arms in the field and sued for an armistice are striding on to world mastery. That is the position – that is the terrible transformation that has taken place bit by bit. Speech in the House of Commons (24 March 1938) "Foreign Affairs and Rearmament" , 12 days after the Anschluss (the Nazi annexation of Austria). [O]ur loyal, brave people … should know the truth. … they should know that we have sustained a defeat without a war, … and that the terrible words have for the time being been pronounced against the Western democracies; ‘Thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting.’ And do not suppose that this is the end. This is only the beginning of the reckoning. This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proferred to us year by year unless by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigour, we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time. Speech in the House of Commons (5 October 1938) "Policy of His Majesty’s Government" , a week after the announcement of the Munich Accords. The stations of uncensored expression are closing down; the lights are going out; but there is still time for those to whom freedom and parliamentary government mean something, to consult together. Let me, then, speak in truth and earnestness while time remains. BBC broadcast (“The Russian Enigma”), London, October 1, 1939 ( partial text , transcript of the "First Month of War" speech ). First, Poland has been again overrun by two of the great powers which held her in bondage for 150 years but were unable to quench the spirit of the Polish nation. The heroic defense of Warsaw shows that the soul of Poland is indestructible, and that she will rise again like a rock which may for a spell be submerged by a tidal wave but which remains a rock. BBC broadcast (“The Russian Enigma”), London, October 1, 1939 ( First Month of War (excerpt) , transcript of the full text ). I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this Government: 'I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.' We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us: to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival. Speech in the House of Commons , after taking office as Prime Minister (13 May 1940) This has often been misquoted in the form: "I have nothing to offer but blood, sweat and tears ..." The Official Report, House of Commons (5th Series), 13 May 1940, vol. 360, c. 1502. Audio records of the speech do spare out the "It is" before the in the beginning of the "Victory"-Part. Side by side … the British and French peoples have advanced to rescue … mankind from the foulest and most soul-destroying tyranny which has ever darkened and stained the pages of history. Behind them … gather a group of shattered States and bludgeoned races: the Czechs, the Poles, the Norwegians, the Danes, the Dutch, the Belgians -- upon all of whom the long night of barbarism will descend, unbroken even by a star of hope, unless we conquer, as conquer we must; as conquer we shall. Radio broadcast, Be Ye Men of Valour , May 19, 1940 ( partial text ). Every morn brought forth a noble chance, and every chance brought forth a noble knight. Speech in the House of Commons, June 4, 1940; passage praising the airmen of the Royal Air Force and their efforts during the evacuation of Dunkirk . This is a close paraphrase of Tennyson: When every morning brought a noble chance, And every chance brought out a noble knight. We shall fight on the beaches We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the Old. Speech in the House of Commons (4 June 1940). Bearing ourselves humbly before God … we await undismayed the impending assault … be the ordeal sharp or long, or both, we shall seek no terms, we shall tolerate no parlay; we may show mercy – we shall ask for none. BBC Broadcast, London, July 14, 1940 "War of the Unknown Warriors" . Of this I am quite sure, that if we open a quarrel between the past and the present, we shall find that we have lost the future. Speech in the House of Commons, June 18, 1940 "War Situation" . Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilisation. Upon it depends our own British life and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us now. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age, made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, 'This was their finest hour.' Speech in the House of Commons, June 18, 1940 "War Situation" . The gratitude of every home in our Island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world, except in the abodes of the guilty, goes out to the British airmen who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger, are turning the tide of the World War by their prowess and by their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few. All hearts go out to the fighter pilots, whose brilliant actions we see with our own eyes day after day; but we must never forget that all the time, night after night, month after month, our bomber squadrons travel far into Germany, find their targets in the darkness by the highest navigational skill, aim their attacks, often under the heaviest fire, often with serious loss, with deliberate careful discrimination, and inflict shattering blows upon the whole of the technical and war-making structure of the Nazi power. Speech in the House of Commons , also known as " The Few ", made on 20 August 1940. However Churchill first made his comment, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few" to General Hastings Ismay as they got into their car to leave RAF Uxbridge on 16 August 1940 after monitoring the battle from the Operations Room.. Farewell to RAF Uxbridge . Global Aviation Resource (6 April 2010). Retrieved on 12 September 2010. Crozier, Hazel. RAF Uxbridge 90th Anniversary 1917–2007. RAF High Wycombe: Air Command Media Services. Churchill repeated the quote in a speech to Parliament four days later complimenting the pilots in the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain . The speech in the House of Commons is often incorrectly cited as the origin of the popular phrase " never was so much owed by so many to so few ". Queen Elizabeth II during her speech in Polish Parliament 26.03.1996 said that Churchill said "so few" about unforgettable and brave Polish pilots from Battle of Britain. We are waiting for the long-promised invasion. So are the fishes. Radio broadcast, London, Dieu Protège La France [God protect France], October 21, 1940 ( partial text ). Goodnight then: sleep to gather strength for the morning. For the morning will come. Brightly will it shine on the brave and true, kindly upon all who suffer for the cause, glorious upon the tombs of heroes. Thus will shine the dawn. Vive la France! Long live also the forward march of the common people in all the lands towards their just and true inheritance, and towards the broader and fuller age. Radio broadcast, London, Dieu Protège La France [God protect France], October 21, 1940 ( partial text ). These cruel, wanton, indiscriminate bombings of London are, of course, a part of Hitler’s invasion plans. He hopes, by killing large numbers of civilians, and women and children, that he will terrorise and cow the people of this mighty imperial city … Little does he know the spirit of the British nation, or the tough fibre of the Londoners. Radio broadcast during the London Blitz, September 11, 1940. Quoted by Martin Gilbert in Churchill: A Life, Macmillan (1992), p. 675 Radio broadcast to German occupied , Vichy , and Free France (21 October 1940) The hour has come; kill the Hun. How Churchill said he would end his speech if Germany invaded Britain ( John Colville 's diary entry for January 25, 1941). In The Churchill War Papers : 1941 (1993), ed. Gilbert, W.W. Norton, pp. 132–133 ISBN 0393019594 Here is the answer which I will give to President Roosevelt: Put your confidence in us. … We shall not fail or falter; we shall not weaken or tire. Neither the sudden shock of battle, nor the long-drawn trials of vigilance and exertion will wear us down. Give us the tools and we will finish the job. BBC radio broadcast, February 9, 1941. In The Churchill War Papers : 1941 (1993), ed. Gilbert, W.W. Norton, pp. 199–200 ISBN 0393019594 I must point out … that the British nation is unique in this respect. They are the only people who like to be told how bad things are, who like to be told the worst, and like to be told that they are very likely to get much worse in the future and must prepare themselves for further reverses. Speech in the House of Commons, June 10, 1941 "Defence of Crete" , in The Churchill War Papers : 1941 (1993), Churchill/Gilbert, Norton, p. 785 ISBN 0393019594 . If Hitler invaded Hell, I would make at least a favourable reference to the devil in the House of Commons. To his personal secretary John Colville the evening before Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union . As quoted by Andrew Nagorski in The Greatest Battle (2007), Simon & Schuster, pp. 150–151 ISBN 0743281101 Hitler is a monster of wickedness, insatiable in his lust for blood and plunder. Not content with having all Europe under his heel, or else terrorised into various forms of abject submission, he must now carry his work of butchery and desolation among the vast multitudes of Russia and of Asia. The terrible military machine — which we and the rest of the civilised world so foolishly, so supinely, so insensately allowed the Nazi gangsters to build up year by year from almost nothing — cannot stand idle lest it rust or fall to pieces. … So now this bloodthirsty guttersnipe must launch his mechanized armies upon new fields of slaughter, pillage and devastation. Radio broadcast on the German invasion of Russia, June 22, 1941. In The Churchill War Papers : 1941 (1993), W.W. Norton, pp. 835–836 ISBN 0393019594 We ask no favours of the enemy. We seek from them no compunction. On the contrary, if tonight the people of London were asked to cast their votes as to whether a convention should be entered into to stop the bombing of all cities, an overwhelming majority would cry, "No, we will mete out to the Germans the measure, and more than the measure, they have meted out to us." {applause} The people of London with one voice would say to Hitler: "You have committed every crime under the sun. Where you have been the least resisted there you have been the most brutal. It was you who began the indiscriminate bombing. We remember Warsaw! In the first few days of the war. We remember Rotterdam. We have been newly reminded of your habits by the hideous massacre in Belgrade. We know too well the bestial assaults you're making upon the Russian people, to whom our hearts go out in their valiant struggle! {cheers} We will have no truce or parley with you, or the grisly gang who work your wicked will! You do your worst! — and we will do our best! {sustained cheering} Perhaps it may be our turn soon. Perhaps it may be our turn now." July 14 , 1941 , in a speech before the London County Council. The original can be found in Churchill's The Unrelenting Struggle (English edition 187; American edition 182) or in the Complete Speeches VI:6448. Never give in — never, never, never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. Speech given at Harrow School , Harrow, England, October 29, 1941. Quoted in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, 2008, p. 23 We have not journeyed all this way across the centuries, across the oceans, across the mountains, across the prairies, because we are made of sugar candy. Speech before Joint Session of the Canadian Parliament, Ottawa ( December 30 , 1941 ) The Yale Book of Quotations, ed. Fred R. Shapiro, Yale University Press (2006), p. 153 ISBN 0300107986 When we consider the resources of the United States and the British Empire compared to those of Japan, when we remember those of China, which has so long and valiantly withstood invasion and when also we observe the Russian menace which hangs over Japan, it becomes still more difficult to reconcile Japanese action with prudence or even with sanity. What kind of a people do they think we are? Is it possible they do not realise that we shall never cease to persevere against them until they have been taught a lesson which they and the world will never forget? Members of the Senate and members of the House of Representatives, I turn for one moment more from the turmoil and convulsions of the present to the broader basis of the future. Here we are together facing a group of mighty foes who seek our ruin; here we are together defending all that to free men is dear. Twice in a single generation the catastrophe of world war has fallen upon us; twice in our lifetime has the long arm of fate reached across the ocean to bring the United States into the forefront of the battle. If we had kept together after the last War, if we had taken common measures for our safety, this renewal of the curse need never have fallen upon us. Do we not owe it to ourselves, to our children, to mankind tormented, to make sure that these catastrophes shall not engulf us for the third time? Speech to a joint session of the United States Congress, Washington, D.C. (26 December 1941) . 'It is not given to us to peer into the mysteries of the future. Still, I avow my hope and faith, sure and inviolate, that in the days to come the British and American peoples will for their own safety and for the good of all walk together side by side in majesty, in justice, and in peace. Ending of the Speech to a joint session of the United States Congress, Washington, D.C. (26 December 1941); reported in Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963, ed. Robert Rhodes James (1974), vol. 6, p. 6541. The Congressional Record reports that this speech was followed by "Prolonged applause, the Members of the Senate and their guests rising"; Congressional Record, vol. 87, p. 10119. When I warned them that Britain would fight on alone whatever they did, their generals told their Prime Minister and his divided Cabinet, "In three weeks England will have her neck wrung like a chicken." Some chicken! Some neck! ISBN 0300107986 The most dangerous moment of the War, and the one which caused me the greatest alarm, was when the Japanese Fleet was heading for Ceylon and the naval base there. The capture of Ceylon, the consequent control of the Indian Ocean, and the possibility at the same time of a German conquest of Egypt would have closed the ring and the future would have been black. Quote about the (April 5, 1942) Easter Sunday Raid on Colombo, Ceylon (Sri Lanka). From a conversation at the British Embassy, Washington D.C., as described by Leonard Birchall , RCAF, in Battle for the Skies (2004), Michael Paterson, David & Charles, ISBN 0715318152 It was an experience of great interest to me to meet Premier Stalin … It is very fortunate for Russia in her agony to have this great rugged war chief at her head. He is a man of massive outstanding personality, suited to the sombre and stormy times in which his life has been cast; a man of inexhaustible courage and will-power and a man direct and even blunt in speech, which, having been brought up in the House of Commons, I do not mind at all, especially when I have something to say of my own. Above all, he is a man with that saving sense of humour which is of high importance to all men and all nations, but particularly to great men and great nations. Stalin also left upon me the impression of a deep, cool wisdom and a complete absence of illusions of any kind. I believe I made him feel that we were good and faithful comrades in this war – but that, after all, is a matter which deeds not words will prove. Speech in the House of Commons, September 8, 1942 "War Situation" . I hate Indians. They are a beastly people with a beastly religion. In conversation to Leo Amery , Secretary of State for India. This quotation is widely cited as written in "a letter to Leo Amery" (e.g., in "Jolly Good Fellows and Their Nasty Ways" by Vinay Lal in Times of India (15 January 2007)) but it is actually attributed to Churchill as a remark, in an entry for September 1942 in Leo Amery : Diaries (1988), edited John Barnes and David Nicholson, p. 832 : "During my talk with Winston he burst out with: 'I hate Indians. They are a beastly people with a beastly religion'." Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning. Referring to the British victory over the German Afrika Korps at the Second Battle of El Alamein in Egypt. The problems of victory are more agreeable than those of defeat, but they are no less difficult. Speech in the House of Commons , November 11, 1942 Debate on the address . I have not become the King’s First Minister in order to preside over the liquidation of the British Empire. speech at Lord Mayor’s Luncheon, Mansion House, London, November 10 , 1942 The Yale Book of Quotations, ed. Fred R. Shapiro, Yale University Press (2006), p. 153 Before Alamein we never had a victory. After Alamein, we never had a defeat. The Second World War, Volume IV : The Hinge of Fate (1951) Chapter 33 (The Battle of Alamein) BBC News story on the 60th anniversary of Alamein . The maxim ‘Nothing avails but perfection’ may be spelt shorter: ‘Paralysis.’ Minute [brief note] to General Ismay, December 6 , 1942 , on proposed improvements to landing-craft. In The Second World War, Volume IV : The Hinge of Fate (1951), Appendix C. I am sure it would be sensible to restrict as much as possible the work of these gentlemen, who are capable of doing an immense amount of harm with what may very easily degenerate into charlatanry. The tightest hand should be kept over them, and they should not be allowed to quarter themselves in large numbers among Fighting Services at the public expense. On psychiatrists, in a letter to John Anderson , Lord President of the Council (December 19, 1942) In The Second World War, Volume IV : The Hinge of Fate (1951), Appendix C. There is no finer investment for any community than putting milk into babies. Radio broadcast (March 21, 1943), cited in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 21 ISBN 1586486381 By its sudden collapse, … the proud German army has once again proved the truth of the saying, 'The Hun is always either at your throat or at your feet'. Speech before a Joint Session of Congress (May 19, 1943), Washington, D.C., in Never Give In! : The best of Winston Churchill’s Speeches (2003), Hyperion, p. 352 ISBN 1401300561 The empires of the future are the empires of the mind. Speech at Harvard University , September 6, 1943, in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations (1999), Knowles & Partington, Oxford University Press, p. 215 ISBN 0198601735 To achieve the extirpation of Nazi tyranny there are no lengths of violence to which we will not go. Speech to Parliament, September 21, 1943. Quoted in Churchill, Hitler, and the Unnecessary War (2008) by Patrick J Buchanan , p. 396. I have nothing to add to the reply which has already been sent. Response to Dundee Council after refusing to expand on his reasons for not accepting the Freedom of the City Memo ( October 27 , 1943 ). I hate nobody except Hitler — and that is professional. Churchill to John Colville during WWII, quoted by Colville in his book The Churchillians (1981) ISBN 0297779095 Everyone is in favour of free speech. Hardly a day passes without its being extolled, but some people's idea of it is that they are free to say what they like, but if anyone says anything back, that is an outrage "The Coalmining Situation", Speech to the House of Commons (October 13, 1943) [5] We shape our buildings, and afterwards our buildings shape us. Speech to the House of Commons (October 28, 1943), on plans for the rebuilding of the Chamber (destroyed by an enemy bomb May 10, 1941), in Never Give In! : The best of Winston Churchill’s Speeches (2003), Hyperion, p. 358 ISBN 1401300561 The essence of good House of Commons speaking is the conversational style, the facility for quick, informal interruptions and interchanges. Harangues from a rostrum would be a bad substitute for the conversational style in which so much of our business is done. But the conversational style requires a fairly small space, and there should be on great occasions a sense of crowd and urgency. There should be a sense of the importance of much that is said and a sense that great matters are being decided, there and then, by the House. … It has a collective personality which enjoys the regard of the public, and which imposes itself upon the conduct not only of individual Members but of parties. Speech in the House of Commons, October 28, 1943 "House of Commons Rebuilding" . The House of Commons has lifted our affairs above the mechanical sphere into the human sphere. It thrives on criticism, it is perfectly impervious to newspaper abuse or taunts from any quarter, and it is capable of digesting almost anything or almost any body of gentlemen, whatever be the views with which they arrive. There is no situation to which it cannot address itself with vigour and ingenuity. It is the citadel of British liberty; it is the foundation of our laws; its traditions and its privileges are as lively today it broke the arbitrary power of the Crown and substituted that Constitutional Monarchy under which we have enjoyed so many blessings. Speech in the House of Commons, October 28, 1943 "House of Commons Rebuilding" . You might however consider whether you should not unfold as a background the great privilege of habeas corpus and trial by jury, which are the supreme protection invented by the English people for ordinary individuals against the state. The power of the Executive to cast a man in prison without formulating any charge known to the law, and particularly to deny him the judgment of his peers is in the highest degree odious and is the foundation of all totalitarian government, whether Nazi or Communist. In a telegram (November 21, 1942) by Churchill from Cairo, Egypt to Home Secretary Herbert Morrison ; cited in In the Highest Degree Odious (1992), Simpson, Clarendon Press, p. 391 ISBN 0198257759 When I make a statement of facts within my knowledge I expect it to be accepted. To Joseph Stalin in 1944, on the fact that there had been no plot between Britain and Germany to invade the Soviet Union. The Grand Alliance, Winston S. Churchill. The object of presenting medals, stars, and ribbons is to give pride and pleasure to those who have deserved them. At the same time a distinction is something which everybody does not possess. If all have it it is of less value … A medal glitters, but it also casts a shadow. Speech in the House of Commons, March 22, 1944 "War Decorations" . I have left the obvious, essential fact to this point, namely, that it is the Russian Armies who have done the main work in tearing the guts out of the German army. In the air and on the oceans we could maintain our place, but there was no force in the world which could have been called into being, except after several more years, that would have been able to maul and break the German army unless it had been subjected to the terrible slaughter and manhandling that has fallen to it through the strength of the Russian Soviet Armies. Speech in the House of Commons, August 2, 1944 "War Situation" . The Russians will sweep through your country and your people will be liquidated. You are on the verge of annihiliation. To Stanisław Mikołajczyk in Moscow, October 14, 1944. Quoted in Churchill, Hitler, and the Unnecessary War (2008) by Patrick J Buchanan , p. 380. A love of tradition has never weakened a nation, indeed it has strengthened nations in their hour of peril; but the new view must come, the world must roll forward … Let us have no fear of the future. Speech in the House of Commons, November 29, 1944 "Debate on the Address" . It seems to me that the moment has come when the question of bombing of German cities simply for the sake of increasing the terror, though under other pretexts, should be reviewed. After the devastation of Dresden by aerial bombing, and the resulting fire storm (February 1945). Quoted in Where the Right Went Wrong (2004) by Patrick J Buchanan , p. 119 ISBN 0826261221 The very first thing the President did was to show me the new Presidential Seal , which he had just redesigned. He explained, 'The seal has to go everywhere the President goes. It must be displayed upon the lectern when he speaks. The eagle used to face the arrows but I have re-designed it so that it now faces the olive branches … what do you think?' I said, 'Mr. President, with the greatest respect, I would prefer the American eagle's neck to be on a swivel so that it could face the olive branches or the arrows, as the occasion might demand.' An exchange (March 4, 1946) with Harry S. Truman aboard the Presidential train in Washington, D.C. 's Union Station before journeying to Fulton, Missouri ; as quoted in "The Genius and Wit of Winston Churchill" by Robin Lawson. When I was a young subaltern in the South African War, the water was not fit to drink. To make it palatable we had to put a bit of whiskey in it. By diligent effort I learned to like it. Aboard the Presidential train during the journey to Fulton, Missouri (March 4, 1946); quoted in Conflict and Crisis by Robert Donovan, University of Missouri Press (1996), p. 190 ISBN 082621066X A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory…. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. On Soviet communism and the Cold War, in a speech at Fulton, Missouri on March 5, 1946 ( complete text ). Churchill did not coin the phrase "iron curtain", however; the 1920 book Through Bolshevik Russia by English suffragette Ethel Snowden contained the line "We were behind the ‘iron curtain’ at last!" (This fact is mentioned in the article 'Anonymous was a Woman' , Yale Alumni Magazine Jan/Feb 2011). We must build a kind of United States of Europe. Speech at Zurich University (September 19, 1946) ( partial text ) ( [2] ). We must all turn our backs upon the horrors of the past. We must look to the future. We cannot afford to drag forward cross the years that are to come the hatreds and revenges which have sprung from the injuries of the past. Speech at Zurich University (September 19, 1946) ( partial text ) ( [3] ). Some people regard private enterprise as a predatory tiger to be shot. Others look on it as a cow they can milk. Not enough people see it as a healthy horse, pulling a sturdy wagon. As quoted in The Economist (6 July 2012) Is there any need for further floods of agony? Is the only lesson of history to be that mankind is unteachable? Let there be justice, mercy and freedom. The people have only to will it, and all will achieve their hearts' desire. Speech at Zurich University (September 19, 1946) ( partial text ) ( [4] ). The salvation of the common people of every race and of every land from war or servitude must be established on solid foundations and must be guarded by the readiness of all men and women to die rather than submit to tyranny. Speech at Zurich University (September 19, 1946) ( partial text ) ( [5] ). There is less there than meets the eye. On Prime Minister Clement Attlee , to President Truman , in 1946. When Truman defended Attlee (‘He seems a modest sort of fellow’), Churchill replied ‘He’s got a lot to be modest about.’ As cited in The Origins of the Cold War in Europe (1994), Reynolds, Yale University Press, p. 93 ISBN 0300105622 I gather, young man, that you wish to be a Member of Parliament. The first lesson that you must learn is that, when I call for statistics about the rate of infant mortality, what I want is proof that fewer babies died when I was Prime Minister than when anyone else was Prime Minister. That is a political statistic. When Churchill was in opposition after 1945, he led the Conservative Party in a debate about the Health Service. As he listened to Aneurin Bevan ’s opening speech, he called for some statistics about infant mortality … [which were] supplied, copiously and accurately, by Iain Macleod , then working in the back rooms of the Conservative Research Department . But, in his speech, Churchill made only one bold and sweeping use … [of Macleod’s detailed research]. Encountering MacLeod afterward, Churchill made the above statement. As cited in The Life of Politics (1968), Henry Fairlie, Methuen, pp. 203-204. When I am abroad I always make it a rule never to criticize or attack the Government of my country. I make up for lost time when I am at home. In the House of Commons (April 18, 1947), cited in The Oxford Dictionary of Political Quotations (1996), Jay, Oxford University Press, p. 93. When I was younger I made it a rule never to take strong drink before lunch. It is now my rule never to do so before breakfast. Reply to King George VI , on a cold morning at the airport. The King had asked if Churchill would take something to warm himself. As cited in Man of the Century (2002), Ramsden, Columbia University Press, p. 134 ISBN 0231131062 All the greatest things are simple, and many can be expressed in a single word: Freedom; Justice; Honour; Duty; Mercy; Hope. United Europe Meeting, Albert Hall, London (May 14, 1947). Cited in Churchill by Himself, ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs (2008), p. 26 ISBN 1586486381 Many forms of Government have been tried and will be tried in this world of sin and woe. No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time. Speech in the House of Commons (11 November 1947), published in 206–07 The Official Report, House of Commons (5th Series), 11 November 1947, vol. 444, cc. . Socialism is the philosophy of failure, the creed of ignorance and the gospel of envy. Speech (May 28, 1948) at the Scottish Unionist Conference, Perth, Scotland, in Never Give In! : The best of Winston Churchill’s Speeches (2003), Hyperion, p. 446 ISBN 1401300561 For my part, I consider that it will be found much better by all Parties to leave the past to history, especially as I propose to write that history. Speech in the House of Commons (January 23, 1948), cited in The Yale Book of Quotations (2006), Fred R. Shapiro, Yale University Press, p. 154 This quote may be the basis for a statement often attributed to Churchill : History will be kind to me. For I intend to write it. I am shocked by this wicked crime. The Second World War, Volume I : The Gathering Storm (1948) Moral of the Work, p. ix One day President Roosevelt told me that he was asking publicly for suggestions about what the war should be called. I said at once 'The Unnecessary War'. The Second World War, Volume I : The Gathering Storm (1948). Their horse cavalry, of which they had twelve brigades, charged valiantly against the swarming tanks and armoured cars but could not harm them with their swords and lances. On the Polish defense against Germany, in The Second World War, Volume I : The Gathering Storm (1948). I felt as if I were walking with destiny, and that all my past life had been but a preparation for this hour and for this trial. On his appointment as Prime Minister, May 10, 1940; The Second World War, Volume I : The Gathering Storm (1948). Those who are prone, by temperament and character, to seek sharp and clear-cut solutions of difficult and obscure problems, who are ready to fight whenever some challenge comes from a foreign power, have not always been right. On the other hand, those whose inclination is to bow their heads, to seek patiently and faithfully for peaceful compromise, are not always wrong. On the contrary, in the majority of instances they may be right, not only morally, but from a practical standpoint. How many wars have been averted by patience and persisting good will! Religion and virtue alike lend their sanctions to meekness and humility, not only between men but between nations. How many wars have been precipitated by firebrands! How many misunderstandings which led to wars could have been removed by temporizing! How often have countries fought cruel wars and then after a few years found themselves not only friends but allies! The Second World War, Volume I : The Gathering Storm (1948) Chapter 17 (The Tragedy of Munich), p .287 Still, if you will not fight for the right when you can easily win without bloodshed; if you will not fight when your victory will be sure and not too costly; you may come to the moment when you will have to fight with all the odds against you and only a precarious chance of survival. There may even be a worse case. You may have to fight when there is no hope of victory, because it is better to perish than to live as slaves. The Second World War, Volume I : The Gathering Storm (1948) Chapter 19 (Prague, Albania, and the Polish Guarantee). Baldwin, Stanley … confesses putting party before country, 169-70; ... Index entry, The Second World War, Volume I : The Gathering Storm (1948). Broadly speaking, short words are best, and the old words, when short, are best of all. Speech on receiving the London Times Literary Award November 2 , 1949 Never Give In! The Best of Winston Churchill’s Speeches, Hyperion (2003), p. 453 We are masters of the unsaid words, but slaves of those we let slip out. Quoted in Words of Wisdom: Winston Churchill, Students’ Academy, Lulu Press (2014), Section Three : ISBN 1312396598 If you make 10,000 regulations you destroy all respect for the law. In the House of Commons (3 February 1949), as quoted in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 17 ISBN 1586486381 The reason for having diplomatic relations is not to confer a compliment, but to secure a convenience. In the House of Commons (17 November 1949) "Foreign Affairs" , on diplomatic recognition of the People’s Republic of China, as cited in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 16 When I look back on all these worries I remember the story of the old man who said on his deathbed that he had had a lot of trouble in his life, most of which had never happened. The Second World War, Volume II : Their Finest Hour (1949) Chapter 8 (September Tensions). War is mainly a catalogue of blunders. On the Soviet Union’s failure to form a united Balkan front against Hitler ; in The Second World War, Volume III : The Grand Alliance (1950) Chapter 20 (The Soviet Nemesis). No American will think it wrong of me if I proclaim that to have the United States at our side was to me the greatest joy. I could not foretell the course of events. I do not pretend to have measured accurately the martial might of Japan, but now at this very moment I knew the United States was in the war, up to the neck and in to the death. So we had won after all! … Hitler's fate was sealed. Mussolini's fate was sealed. As for the Japanese, they would be ground to powder. The Second World War, Volume III : The Grand Alliance (1950) Chapter 32 (Pearl Harbor). Some people did not like this ceremonious style. But after all when you have to kill a man it costs nothing to be polite. Churchill ended his December 8, 1941 letter to the Japanese Ambassador, declaring that a state of war now existed between the United Kingdom and Japan, with the courtly flourish "I have the honour to be, with high consideration, Sir, Your obedient servant". The Second World War, Volume III : The Grand Alliance (1950) Chapter 32 (Pearl Harbor). It excites world wonder in the Parliamentary countries that we should build a Chamber, starting afresh, which can only seat two-thirds of its Members. It is difficult to explain this to those who do not know our ways. They cannot easily be made to understand why we consider that the intensity, passion, intimacy, informality and spontaneity of our Debates constitute the personality of the House of Commons and endow it at once with its focus and its strength. Speech in the House of Commons, October 24, 1950 "Motion for Address in Reply" . I am reminded of the professor who, in his declining hours, was asked by his devoted pupils for his final counsel. He replied, "Verify your quotations." The Second World War, Volume IV : The Hinge of Fate (1951). Let me have the best solution worked out. Don’t argue the matter. The difficulties will argue for themselves. Memo (May 30, 1942) to the Chief of Combined Operations on the design of floating piers (which later became Mulberry Harbours) for use on landing beaches; in The Second World War, Volume V : Closing the Ring (1952) Chapter 4 (Westward Ho! Synthetic Harbours). There are two main characteristics of the House of Commons which will command the approval and the support of reflective and experienced Members. The first is that its shape should be oblong and not semicircular. Here is a very potent factor in our political life. The semicircular assembly, which appeals to political theorists, enables every individual or every group to move round the centre, adopting various shades of pink according as the weather changes. I am a convinced supporter of the party system in preference to the group system. I have seen many earnest and ardent Parliaments destroyed by the group system. The party system is much favoured by the oblong form of chamber. It is easy for an individual to move through those insensible gradations from left to right, but the act of crossing the Floor is one which requires serious attention. I am well informed on this matter for I have accomplished that difficult process, not only once, but twice. On the rebuilding of the House of Commons after a bomb blast. The Second World War, Volume V : Closing the Ring (1952) Chapter 9. Of course, when you are winning a war almost everything that happens can be claimed to be right and wise. In The Second World War, Volume V : Closing the Ring (1952) Chapter 12 (Island Prizes Lost). ‘In war-time,’ I said, ‘truth is so precious she should always be attended by a bodyguard of lies.’ Discussion of Operation Overlord with Stalin at the Teheran Conference (November 30, 1943); in The Second World War, Volume V : Closing the Ring (1952), Chapter 21 (Teheran: The Crux), p. 338. Personally, I am always ready to learn, although I do not always like being taught, but I shall not attempt to foreshadow the proposals which will be brought before the House tomorrow. Today it will be sufficient and appropriate to deal with the obvious difficulties and confusion of the situation as we found it on taking office. In debate in the House of Commons, 4 Nov 1952 A number of social problems arose. I had been told that neither smoking nor alcoholic beverages were allowed in the [Saudi] Royal Presence. As I was the host at luncheon I raised the matter at once, and said to the interpreter that if it was the religion of His Majesty [Ibn Saud] to deprive himself of smoking and alcohol I must point out that my rule of life prescribed as an absolutely sacred rite smoking cigars and also the drinking of alcohol before, after, and if need be during all meals and in the intervals between them. The King graciously accepted the position. His own cup-bearer from Mecca offered me a glass of water from its sacred well, the most delicious I had ever tasted. Discussion of an audience with Saudi King Ibn Saud at the Fayoum oasis, Egypt, on February 17, 1945; in The Second World War, Volume VI : Triumph and Tragedy (1953), Chapter 23 (Yalta: Finale), pp. 348-349. By noon it was clear that the Socialists would have a majority. At luncheon my wife said to me, 'It may well be a blessing in disguise.' I replied, 'At the moment it seems quite effectively disguised.' On the (July 26, 1945) landslide electoral defeat that turned him out of office near the end of WWII, in The Second World War, Volume VI : Triumph and Tragedy (1953), Chapter 40 (The End of My Account), p. 583. The Chinese said of themselves several thousand years ago: “China is a sea that salts all the waters that flow into it.” There’s another Chinese saying about their country which is much more modern—it dates only from the fourth century. This is the saying: “The tail of China is large and will not be wagged.” I like that one. The British democracy approves the principles of movable party heads and unwaggable national tails. It is due to the working of these important forces that I have the honour to be addressing you at this moment. Address to a joint session of Congress, Washington, D.C. (January 17, 1952); reported in Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963, ed. Robert Rhodes James (1974), vol. 8, p. 8326. The object of Parliament is to substitute argument for fisticuffs. Speech in the House of Commons (June 6, 1951) ; in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 22 ISBN 1586486381 But now let me return to my theme of the many changes that have taken place since I was last here. There is a jocular saying: ‘To improve is to change; to be perfect is to have changed often.’ I had to use that once or twice in my long career. Address to a joint session of Congress, Washington, D.C., January 17, 1952 "We Must Not Lose Hope", in The Great Republic : A History of America (2000), Churchill, Random House, p. 399 Dogs look up to you, cats look down on you. Give me a pig! He looks you in the eye and treats you as an equal. As cited in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 535 Churchill's black cat, Nelson, is reputed to have had a chair at Cabinet. Without tradition, art is a flock of sheep without a shepherd. Without innovation, it is a corpse. From a speech given at the Royal Academy of Art in 1953; quoted in Time magazine ( 1954-05-11 ). To jaw-jaw is always better than to war-war. Remarks at a White House luncheon ( 1954-06-26 ) Quoted in Has been falsely attributed to Otto von Bismarck . For myself, I am an optimist — it does not seem to be much use being anything else. Speech at the Lord Mayor's banquet in London ( 1954-11-09 ). An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile — hoping it will eat him last. In Reader's Digest (December 1954). I have taken more out of alcohol than alcohol has taken out of me. As cited in The Forbes Book of Business Quotations (2007), Ed. Goodwin, Black Dog Publishing, p. 49, It’s not enough that we do our best; sometimes we have to do what’s required. As cited in The Forbes Book of Business Quotations (2007), Ed. Goodwin, Black Dog Publishing, p. 168, ISBN 1579127215 I am a sporting man. I always give them a fair chance to get away. Asked why he missed so many trains and aeroplanes, as cited in My Darling Clementine (1963), Fishman, W.H. Allen : Star Books edition (1974), p. 218 ISBN 0352300191 "Keep England White" is a good slogan. On Commonwealth immigration, recorded in Harold Macmillan's diary entry for 1955-01-20 (Peter Catterall (ed.), The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950-57 (Macmillan, 2003), p. 382). This Treasury paper, by its very length, defends itself against the risk of being read. As cited in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 50, ISBN 1586486389 I want no criticism of America at my table. The Americans criticize themselves more than enough. As cited in Churchill By Himself (2008), Ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 128 ISBN 1586486381 My ability to persuade my wife to marry me [was] quite my most brilliant achievement … Of course, it would have been impossible for any ordinary man to have got through what I had to go through in peace and war without the devoted aid of what we call, in England, one’s better half. As cited in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 511, ISBN 1586489577 We have surmounted all the perils and endured all the agonies of the past. We shall provide against and thus prevail over the dangers and problems of the future, withhold no sacrifice, grudge no toil, seek no sordid gain, fear no foe. All will be well. We have, I believe, within us the life-strength and guiding light by which the tormented world around us may find the harbour of safety, after a storm-beaten voyage. At Chateau Laurier, Ottawa, Canada, November 9, 1954 ; as cited at The Churchill Centre . The day may dawn when fair play, love for one's fellow men, respect for justice and freedom, will enable tormented generations to march forth triumphant from the hideous epoch in which we have to dwell. Meanwhile, never flinch, never weary, never despair. From the ending of Churchill's last major speech in the House of Commons on ( 1955-03-01 ). I think it is the most important subject facing this country, but I cannot get any of my ministers to take any notice. To Sir Ian Gilmour on Commonwealth immigration to England in 1955 (Gilmour, Inside Right (Hutchinson, 1977), p. 134). I am ready to meet my Maker. Whether my Maker is prepared for the great ordeal of meeting me is another matter. On his 75th birthday, in reply to a question on whether he was afraid of death, quoted in the N. Y. Times Magazine on November 1, 1964, p. 40 according to Quote It Completely! (1998), Gerhart, Wm. S. Hein Publishing, p. 262 ISBN 1575884003 We are all worms. But I do believe I am a glow-worm. As quoted by Violet Bonham-Carter in Winston Churchill as I Knew Him (1965), according to The Yale Book of Quotations (2006), Fred R. Shapiro, Yale University Press, p. 155 ISBN 0300107986 In the course of my life I have often had to eat my words, and I must confess that I have always found it a wholesome diet. Quoted by Lord Normanbrook in Action This Day: Working With Churchill. Memoirs by Lord Norman Brook (And Others) (1968) Often misquoted as: Eating my words has never given me indigestion. [6] . I have worked very hard with Nehru. I told him he should be the light of Asia, to show all those millions how they can shine out, instead of accepting the darkness of Communism. 18 February 1955, WSC to Eden’s private secretary Evelyn Shuckburgh. Historians are apt to judge war ministers less by the victories achieved under their direction than by the political results which flowed from them. Judged by that standard, I am not sure that I shall be held to have done very well. Quoted by Robert Boothby in Robert Boothy, Recollections of a Rebel (London: Hutchison, 1978), pp. 183–84. Take away that pudding – it has no theme. As cited in Oxford Dictionary of Quotations by Subject (2010), ed. Susan Ratcliffe, Oxford University Press, p. 193 : ISBN 0199567069 ; reported in The Way the Wind Blows (1976), Lord Home , Quadrangle, p. 217. [Magna Carta provided] “a system of checks and balances which would accord the monarchy its necessary strength, but would prevent its perversion by a tyrant or a fool.” ISBN 0-88029-423-X Thus ended the great American Civil War , which upon the whole must be considered the noblest and least avoidable of all the great mass conflicts of which till then there was record. No one can understand history without continually relating the long periods which are constantly mentioned to the experiences of our own short lives. Five years is a lot. Twenty years is the horizon to most people. Fifty years is antiquity. To understand how the impact of destiny fell upon any generation of men one must first imagine their position and then apply the time-scale of our own lives. Vol I; The Birth of Britain At this point the march of invention brought a new factor upon the scene. Iron was dug and forged. Men armed with iron entered Britain from the Continent and killed the men of bronze. At this point we can plainly recognise across the vanished millenniums a fellow-being. A biped capable of slaying another with iron is evidently to modern eyes a man and a brother. On the end of the Bronze Age and start of the Iron Age , Vol I; The Birth of Britain. We see the crude and corrupt beginnings of a higher civilisation blotted out by the ferocious uprising of the native tribes. Still, it is the primary right of men to die and kill for the land they live in, and to punish with exceptional severity all members of their own race who have warmed their hands at the invaders' hearth. On the sack of Verulamium (St. Albans) by Queen Boadicea Apparently, as in so many ancient battles, the beaten side were the victims of misunderstanding and the fate of the day was decided against them before the bulk of the forces realised that a serious engagement had begun. Reserves descended from the hills too late to achieve victory, but in good time to be massacred in the rout. On the Battle of Mons Graupius, which ended British resistance to Roman rule, Vol I; The Birth of Britain. Like other systems in decay, the Roman Empire continued to function for several generations after its vitality was sapped. For nearly a hundred years our Island was one of the scenes of conflict between a dying civilisation and lusty, famishing barbarism. The cities are everywhere in decline. Trade, industry and agriculture bend under the weight of taxation. The contrast between the morals at the centre of power and those practiced by wide communities in many subject lands presented problems of ever growing unrest. On the last years of Rome and Roman Britain; Vol I; The Birth of Britain. And wherever men are fighting against barbarism, tyranny, and massacre, for freedom, law, and honour, let them remember that the fame of their deeds, even though they themselves be exterminated, may perhaps be celebrated as long as the world rolls round. Let us then declare that King Arthur and his noble knights, guarding the Sacred Flame of Christianity and the theme of a world order, sustained by valour, physical strength, and good horses and armour, slaughtered innumerable hosts of foul barbarians and set decent folk an example for all time. On King Arthur Vol I; The Birth of Britain. The picture rises before us vivid and bright: the finely carved, dragon-shaped prow; the high, curving stern; the long row of shields, black and yellow alternately, ranged along the sides; the gleam of steel; the scent of murder. On the Viking Long Ships , Vol I; The Birth of Britain. When we reflect upon the brutal vices of these salt-water bandits, pirates as shameful as any whom the sea has borne, or recoil from their villainous destruction and cruel deeds, we must also remember the discipline, the fortitude, the comradeship and martial virtues which made them at this period beyond all challenge the most formidable and daring race in the world. On The Vikings , Vol I; The Birth of Britain. When the next year the raiders returned and landed near Jarrow they were stoutly attacked while harassed by bad weather. Many were killed. Their "king" was captured and put to a cruel death, and the fugitives carried so grim a tale back to Denmark that for forty years the English coasts were unravaged. On a Viking Raid in 794 A.D.; Vol I; The Birth of Britain. "872, Ivar , King of the Northmen of all Ireland and Britain , ended his life." He had conquered Mercia and East Anglia. He had captured the major stronghold of the kingdom of Strathclyde, Dumbarton. Laden with loot and seemingly invincible, he settled in Dublin and died there peacefully two years later. The pious chroniclers report that he "slept in Christ." Thus it may be that he had the best of both worlds. On Ivar , a Viking King (c. 872 ); Vol I; The Birth of Britain. A group of pagan ruffians and pirates had gained possession of an effective military and naval machine, but they faced a mass of formidable veterans whom they had to feed and manage, and for whom they must provide killings. Such men make plans, and certainly their descent upon England was one of the most carefully considered and elaborately prepared villainies of that dark time. On the Danish invasion of England in 892 ; Vol I; The Birth of Britain. Without any coherent national organisation to repel from the land on which they had settled the ever-unknowable descents from the seas, the Saxons, now for four centuries entitled to be deemed the owners of the soil, very nearly succumbed completely to the Danish inroads. That they did not was due--as almost every critical turn of historic fortune has been due--to the sudden apparition in an era of confusion and decay of one of the great figures of history. On King Alfred the Great ; Vol I; The Birth of Britain. It was Twelfth Night, and the Saxons, who in these days of torment refreshed and fortified themselves by celebrating the feasts of the Church, were off their guard, engaged in pious exercises, or perhaps even drunk. Down swept the ravaging foe. The whole army of Wessex , sole guarantee of England south of the Thames , was dashed into confusion. Many were killed. On King Alfred's defeat by the Danes in January, w:878 ; Vol I; The Birth of Britain. Civilisation had been restored to the Island. But now the political fabric which nurtured it was about to be overthrown. Hitherto strong men armed had kept the house. Now a child, a weakling, a vacillator, a faithless, feckless creature, succeeded to the warrior throne. On Ethelred the Unready ; Vol I; The Birth of Britain. We have seen that Alfred in his day had never hesitated to use money as well as arms. Ethelred used money instead of arms. He used it in ever-increasing quantities, with ever-diminishing returns … There is the record of a final payment to the Vikings in 1012. This time forty-eight thousand pounds' weight of silver was extracted, and the oppressors enforce the collection by the sack of Canterbury , holding Archbishop Alphege to ransom, and finally killing him at Greenwich because he refused to coerce his flock to raise the money. The Chronicle states: "All these calamities fell upon us through evil counsel, because tribute was not offered to them at the right time, nor yet were they resisted; but, when they had done the most evil, then was peace made with them. And notwithstanding all this peace and tribute they went everywhere in companies, harried our wretched people, and slew them" On Ethelred the Unready's policy; Vol I; The Birth of Britain. It is vain to recount further the catalogue of miseries. In earlier ages such horrors remain unknown because unrecorded. Just enough flickering light plays upon this infernal scene to give us the sense of its utter desolation and hopeless wretchedness and cruelty. On a series of Viking raids; Vol I; The Birth of Britain. The lights of Saxon England were going out, and in the gathering darkness a gentle, grey-beard prophet foretold the end. When on his death-bed Edward spoke of a time of evil that was coming upon the land his inspired mutterings struck terror into the hearers. On the death of King Edward the Confessor in January, 1066 , months before the Norman Invasion ; Vol I; The Birth of Britain. On September 28 the fleet hove in sight, and all came safely to anchor in Pevensey Bay . There was no opposition to the landing. The local " fyrd " had been called out this year four times already to watch the coast, and having, in true English style, come to the conclusion that the danger was past because it had not yet arrived had gone back to their homes. On the landing of William the Conqueror at Pevensey ; Vol I; The Birth of Britain. William now directed his archers to shoot high into the air, so that the arrows would fall behind the shield-wall, and one of these pierced Harold in the right-eye, inflicting a mortal wound. He fell at the foot of the royal standard, unconquerable except by death, which does not count in honour. The hard-fought battle was now decided. On the death of King Harold at the Battle of Hastings on October 14 , 1066 ; Vol I; The Birth of Britain. Joan was a being so uplifted from the ordinary run of mankind that she finds no equal in a thousand years. She embodied the natural goodness and valour of the human race in unexampled perfection. Unconquerable courage, infinite compassion, the virtue of the simple, the wisdom of the just, shone forth in her. She glorifies as she freed the soil from which she sprang. On Saint Joan of Arc ; Vol I: The Birth of Britain, p. 422 Time after time, history ran over the luddites and romanticists, those who sought to restore the old and delay the new. And every time, history did it with faster, more reliable and more advanced vehicles. On the w:Luddites ; Vol II: The New World, p. 121 By an uncompleted process of terror, by an iniquitous land settlement, by the virtual proscription of the Catholic religion, by the bloody deeds already described, he cut new gulfs between the nations and the creeds. 'Hell or Connaught' were the terms he thrust upon the native inhabitants, and they for their part, across three hundred years, have used as their keenest expression of hatred 'The Curse of Cromwell on you.' … Upon all of us there still lies 'the curse of Cromwell'. On Oliver Cromwell's policies in Ireland ; Vol II: The New World, p. 232 Disputed[ edit ] America should have minded her own business and stayed out of the World War. If you hadn't entered the war the Allies would have made peace with Germany in the Spring of 1917. Had we made peace then there would have been no collapse in Russia followed by Communism, no breakdown in Italy followed by Fascism, and Germany would not have signed the Versailles Treaty, which has enthroned Nazism in Germany. If America had stayed out of the war, all these 'isms' wouldn't today be sweeping the continent of Europe and breaking down parliamentary government — and if England had made peace early in 1917, it would have saved over one million British, French, American, and other lives. Published as having been made in an (August 1936) interview with William Griffin, editor of the New York Enquirer , who was indicted for sedition by F.D.R.'s Attorney General Francis Biddle in 1942. In a sworn statement before Congress in 1939 Griffin affirmed Churchill had said this; Congressional Record ( 1939-10-21 ), vol. 84, p. 686. In 1942, Churchill admitted having had the 1936 interview but disavowed having made the statement (The New York Times, 1942-10-22 , p. 13). In his article "The Hidden Tyranny," Benjamin Freedman attributed this quotation to an article in the isolationist publication Scribner's Commentator in 1936. However, that magazine did not exist until 1939. He may have gotten the date wrong or might have been referring to one of its predecessors, Scribner's Monthly or Payson Publishing's The Commentator . This is the type of arrant pedantry up with which I will not put. "Churchill on Prepositions" , and alt.english.usage at google groups have been the most immediate sources for much of the information which indicates this remark or others like it were probably not remarks actually made by Churchill. The earliest known version makes no mention of Churchill, and appeared in the Strand Magazine, later quoted in the "Pepper and Salt" section of the Wall Street Journal on 1942-09-30 : When a memorandum passed round a certain Government department, one young pedant scribbled a postscript drawing attention to the fact that the sentence ended with a preposition, which caused the original writer to circulate another memorandum complaining that the anonymous postscript was "offensive impertinence, up with which I will not put." The earliest known attribution of this to Churchill appears to be in Plain Words (1948) by Sir Ernest Gowers, who writes: It is said that Mr. Winston Churchill once made this marginal comment against a sentence that clumsily avoided a prepositional ending: "This is the sort of English up with which I will not put". A far more elaborate version also appeared in the Wall Street Journal on the December 9 that same year: The carping critic who can criticize the inartistic angle of the firemen's hose while they are attempting to put out the fire, has his counterpart in a nameless individual in the British Foreign Office who once found fault with a projected speech by Winston Churchill. It was in the most tragic days of World War II, when the life of Britain, nay, of all Europe, hung in the balance. Churchill prepared a highly important speech to deliver in Parliament, and, as a matter of custom, submitted an advanced draft to the Foreign Office for comment. Back came the speech with no word save a notation that one of the sentences ended with a preposition, and an indication where the error should be eliminated. To this suggestion, the Prime Minister replied with the following note: "This is the type of arrant pedantry up with which I will not put." Over the years many variants that seem to have been based on informal anecdotes have arisen including: "This is the type of pedantry up with which I will not put." "This is the sort of bloody nonsense up with which I will not put." The substance of the eminent Socialist gentleman’s speech is that making a profit is a sin, but it is my belief that the real sin is taking a loss. Reported in James C. Humes, Speaker's Treasury of Anecdotes About the Famous (1978), p. 45, as a remark made in the House of Commons responding to a Laborite speech on the evils of free enterprise; reported as unverified in Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations (1989). It is always wise to look ahead – but difficult to look further than you can see. Appears in Churchill By Himself, ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs , p. 576 (“Appendix I : Red Herrings”) : ISBN 158648577 , with the following explanatory note ; "Reported by the usually reliable Graham Cawthorne, but not in Hansard; possibly an aside to a colleague, however" You are a small exclamation mark at the end of a very long and insignificant sentence in the book of history. a remark made in the House of Commons responding to a Laborite speech; reported as unverified in Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations (1989). Bessie Braddock: Winston, you are drunk, and what's more you are disgustingly drunk. Churchill: Bessie, my dear, you are ugly, and, what's more, you are disgustingly ugly. But tomorrow I shall be sober and you will still be disgustingly ugly. Churchill's bodyguard Ronald Golding claims that he witnessed Churchill say this in 1946 to Labour MP w:Bessie Braddock . Golding's claim, made to Churchill expert Richard Langworth, was reported in Langworth's collection Churchill by himself . Langworth adds that Churchill's daughter Lady Soames doubted the story. The basic idea of this joke was published as early as 1882, although it was used to ridicule the critic's foolishness rather than ugliness: " ... are you Mr. —-, the greatest fool in the House of Commons?" "You are drunk," exclaimed the M.P. "Even if I am,” replied the man, "I have the advantage over you – I shall be sober to-morrow, whereas you will remain the fool you are to-day." (1882 August 05, The Daily Republican-Sentinel, His Advantage, p. 5, col. 2, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, cited by Quote Investigator ). Reported as false by George Thayer, The Washington Post (April 27, 1971), p. B6. Often given in a shorter form, e.g " Winston, you are drunk." "Indeed, Madam, and you are ugly—but tomorrow I'll be sober." Churchill's interlocutor may be given as Lady Astor rather than Braddock. Misattributed[ edit ] The Balkans produce more history than they can consume (also reported in the form: The peoples of the Balkans produce more history than they can consume, and the weight of their past lies oppressively on their present.) Although widely attributed to Winston Churchill (e.g. by the President of the British Academy, Professor Sir Adam Roberts [6] ), the quote is spurious. The remark was quoted - although without attribution, and concerning East Central Europe instead - by Margaret Thatcher in her speech, "New Threats for Old," in Westminster College, Fulton, Mo., at a joint commemoration with the Churchill Centre of the "Iron Curtain" speech's 50th anniversary, on 9 March 1996: "It is, of course, often the case in foreign affairs that statesmen are dealing with problems for which there is no ready solution. They must manage them as best they can. That might be true of nuclear proliferation, but no such excuses can be made for the European Union's activities at the end of the Cold War. It faced a task so obvious and achievable as to count as an almost explicit duty laid down by History: namely, the speedy incorporation of the new Central European democracies--Poland, Hungary and what was then Czechoslovakia--within the EU's economic and political structures. Early entry into Europe was the wish of the new democracies; it would help to stabilize them politically and smooth their transition to market economies; and it would ratify the post-Cold War settlement in Europe. Given the stormy past of that region--the inhabitants are said to produce more history than they can consume locally--everyone should have wished to see it settled economically." [7] The sources of Thatcher's quote is likely a passage in the 1911 "Chronicles of Clovis", by Hector Hugh Munro (Saki), referring actually to Crete : "It was during the debate on the Foreign Office vote that Stringham made his great remark that "the people of Crete unfortunately make more history than they can consume locally." It was not brilliant, but it came in the middle of a dull speech, and the House was quite pleased with it. Old gentlemen with bad memories said it reminded them of Disraeli." [8] Power will go to the hands of rascals, rogues and freebooters. All Indian leaders will be of low calibre and men of straw. They will have sweet tongues and silly hearts. They will fight amongst themselves for power and India will be lost in political squabbles. Often cited as from a speech "on the eve of Indian Independence in 1947", e.g. "Anything multiplied by zero is zero indeed!" in Rediff India Abroad (11 April 2007), or even from a speech in the house of Commons, but it does not appear to have any credible source. May have first appeared in the Annual Report of P. N. Oak 's discredited "Institute for Rewriting Indian History" in 1979, and is now quoted in at least three books, as well as countless media and websites. There is no such thing as a good tax. The correct attribution is Oklahoma Senator Thomas Gore, in his speech to the National Tax Association in 1935. [9] [10] . Though it is often attributed to Churchill, there is no evidence he ever said it. If you're not a liberal when you're 25, you have no heart. If you're not a conservative by the time you're 35, you have no brain. The earliest example of this quotation is found in Jules Claretie's Portraits Contemporains (1875), where the following remark is ascribed to lawyer and academic Anselme Polycarpe Batbie: "Celui qui n’est pas républicain à vingt ans fait douter de la générosité de son âme; mais celui qui, après trente ans, persévère, fait douter de la rectitude de son esprit" (English: "He who is not a republican at twenty compels one to doubt the generosity of his heart; but he who, after thirty, persists, compels one to doubt the soundness of his mind"). [11] [12] According to research by Mark T. Shirey, citing Nice Guys Finish Seventh: False Phrases, Spurious Sayings, and Familiar Misquotations by Ralph Keyes, 1992, this quote was first uttered by mid-nineteenth century French historian and statesman François Guizot when he observed, Not to be a republican at 20 is proof of want of heart; to be one at 30 is proof of want of head. (N'être pas républicain à vingt ans est preuve d'un manque de cœur ; l'être après trente ans est preuve d'un manque de tête.) However, this ascription is based in an entry in Benham’s Book of Quotations Proverbs and Household Words (1936): the original place where Guizot said this has not been located. This quote has been attributed variously to George Bernard Shaw , Benjamin Disraeli , Otto von Bismarck , and others. Furthermore, the Churchill Centre , on its Falsely Attributed Quotations page, states "there is no record of anyone hearing Churchill say this." Paul Addison of Edinburgh University is quoted as stating: "Surely Churchill can't have used the words attributed to him. He'd been a Conservative at 15 and a Liberal at 35! And would he have talked so disrespectfully of Clemmie, who is generally thought to have been a lifelong Liberal?" Variants: Any man who is under 30, and is not a liberal, has no heart; and any man who is over 30, and is not a conservative, has no brains. Show me a young conservative and I'll show you someone with no heart. Show me an old liberal and I'll show you someone with no brains. If you are not a socialist by the time you are 25, you have no heart. If you are still a socialist by the time you are 35, you have no head. There is nothing better for the inside of a man than the outside of a horse. According to The quote verifier: who said what, where, and when (2006), Keyes, Macmillan, p. 91 Mark Riebling , "Churchill's Finest Hour," City Journal (November 27, 2009). Full essay online Winston Churchill led the life that many men would love to live. He survived 50 gunfights and drank 20,000 bottles of champagne. [...] And of course, by resisting Hitler, he saved Europe and perhaps the world. Following the pattern set by Julius Caesar in The Gallic War, Churchill wrote books to vindicate policy; but he may also have made policy with an eye toward writing books. If so, the implications are alarming. Did Churchill conceive bold operations, such as the disastrous 1915 Dardanelles offensive, because these would make exciting episodes in the text of his life? A. J. Balfour once joked that Winston had written an enormous book about himself and called it The World Crisis. Was there more truth in that joke than we have so far known? He was the outlier of a new type: the first twentieth-century personality to be famous for being famous. If he toured Africa with 17 pieces of matched luggage, or got hit by a car crossing Fifth Avenue in New York, he wrote about it. His life became a forerunner of reality TV; in today’s terms, he did everything to seek celebrity but release a sex tape. A great question of Churchill biography, therefore, is how this Paris Hilton of British politics became the second coming of King Arthur. What then is the moral of Churchill’s life? He was the twentieth century’s great man, but we must sharply circumscribe his greatness. Because he drew the sword from the stone in 1940, what he did before and after seems admirable. Through his steadfast stance, Churchill rallied the English to die with honor—therefore they deserved to win. Whoever shall seek to save his life shall lose it; and whoever shall lose his life shall preserve it (Luke 17:33). Yet were it not for this one courageous triumph, we might now say of him: Never had one man done so little with so much.	Harold Macmillan
If Dr. No was first, From Russia With Love was second, and Goldfinger was third, what was fourth?	BBC - History - British History in depth: Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline On This Day Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline Do you know which prime minister brought 'fallen women' to 10 Downing Street? Or which one fought a duel? Or who was known as 'the Goat'? Take a political journey through nearly 300 years of high ideals and low cunning, from Gordon Brown to the first man to hold prime ministerial powers, Robert Walpole. Margaret Thatcher Conservative, 1979 - 1990 Britain's first female prime minister came to power with the country descending into industrial and economic chaos. A relatively inexperienced politician, she nonetheless adopted a personal style of indomitable self-confidence and brooked no weakness in herself or her colleagues. Derisively dubbed the 'Iron Lady' by the Soviet press, she wore the moniker with pride. Her government's free-market policies included trade liberalisation, deregulation, sweeping privatisation, breaking the power of the unions, focus on the individual and the creation of an 'enterprise culture'. 'Thatcherism' has had a profound and lasting economic and social impact on Britain, and still sharply divides opinion to this day. The first PM to serve three consecutive terms (including two 'landslide' victories) she was eventually toppled by her own party following the disastrous imposition of a 'poll tax'. Nonetheless, she is generally considered to be one of the best peace time prime ministers of the 20th Century. James Callaghan Labour, 1976 - 1979 Callaghan inherited the office of prime minister following the surprise resignation of Harold Wilson. With only a tiny parliamentary majority to support him, he faced an increasingly one-sided confrontation with organised labour in the form of rampant strike action. Things came to a head in the so-called 'Winter of Discontent', a phrase from Shakespeare borrowed by Callaghan himself to describe the events leading up to February 1979. Britain was 'strikebound', with public servants staging mass walk outs, leaving food and fuel supplies undelivered, rubbish uncollected and - most notoriously - bodies unburied. Things became so bad in Hull it was dubbed 'the second Stalingrad'. The tabloid press has since been accused of overstating the severity of the situation (and wrongly quoting him as saying 'Crisis? What Crisis?') but it was enough at the time to sound the death knell for Callaghan's government later in the same year. Harold Wilson Labour, 1974 - 1976 In March 1974, Wilson became prime minister for the third time at the head of a minority government, following the first hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) for 45 years. Often described as a wily fixer and negotiator, it took all of his skills to hold on to power in the face of economic and industrial turmoil. His party was also sharply divided, with many Labour members of parliament (MPs) bitter about Wilson's manoeuvring against his colleagues. He called another general election in October 1974, thereby ending the shortest parliament since 1681, and was returned to office with a majority of just three seats. He presided over a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), and a collapse in the value of the pound which prompted a humiliating 'rescue operation' by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Exhausted, Wilson resigned saying 'politicians should not go on and on'. Edward Heath Conservative, 1970 - 1974 Heath succeeded in taking Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union, despite two previous failed attempts by Britain to gain entry, in 1961 and 1967. But his government was dogged by torrid industrial relations and recurrent economic crises. Things came to a head in January 1974, when industry was put on a 'three-day week' to conserve fuel. Fuel was in dangerously short supply following a combination of domestic industrial action (coal miners on 'work-to-rule') and a quadrupling of prices by Middle Eastern oil exporting nations in the wake of Israel's victory in the Yom Kippur War. In March 1974, Heath called a general election on the question of 'who governs Britain?' - the unions, or the elected representatives of the people. To his surprise the result was a hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) and he was ousted. Harold Wilson Labour, 1964 - 1970 In 1964, 'Good old Mr Wilson' - an avuncular, pipe-smoking figure - came to power amid much excitement and optimism. He had promised a 'new Britain' forged in 'the white heat of a second industrial revolution'. In reality, his administration never escaped from a cycle of economic crises, vainly battling against further devaluations of the pound. Wilson won a second general election in 1966 (the year England lifted the football World Cup) making him the first Labour PM to serve consecutive terms. In 1967, the government failed in its application for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) and was also finally forced to devalue sterling. The electorate became disillusioned with Wilson, who lost narrowly to the Conservatives in the 1970 election. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Conservative, 1963 - 1964 In 1963, a change in the law allowed hereditary peers to disclaim (or 'drop') their titles, which in turn meant they were able to become members of parliament (MPs). The only peer ever to do so and become prime minister was Douglas-Home, formerly the 14th Earl of Home, who assumed the office when Harold Macmillan retired due to ill health. He was the first prime minister in the post-war period not to win his own mandate (be elected or re-elected by popular vote). Harold Macmillan, Conservative, 1957 - 1963 Macmillan came to power at a time when Britain was confronting its loss of world-power status and facing mounting economic troubles. Nonetheless, he successfully associated the Conservatives with a new age of affluence and the burgeoning consumer revolution. But his oft-quoted assurance 'You've never had it so good' actually finishes 'What is beginning to worry some of us is, is it too good to be true?'. His government is principally remembered for the so-called 'Profumo Affair', a sex scandal that erupted in 1963 and contributed to the Conservatives' defeat at the general election the following year. Secretary of State for War John Profumo had been having an affair with a showgirl who was also seeing the Soviet naval attaché to London - a serious transgression at the height of the Cold War. After lying to the House of Commons, Profumo admitted the truth in June 1963 and resigned in disgrace. Macmillan resigned due to ill health in October the same year. Sir Anthony Eden, Conservative, 1955 - 1957 When Sir Winston Churchill retired due to ill health, Eden took over as prime minister. Many years before, Churchill had anointed Eden as his successor, but later acknowledged he had made 'a great mistake'. His opinion was born out as the new PM blundered into the Suez Crisis. Following Egypt's decision to nationalise the Suez canal, Britain (the principal shareholder), France and Israel invaded in October 1956 to near-universal condemnation and the threat of nuclear strikes by the Soviet Union. Within a week, Britain was forced into an embarrassing climb-down. Humiliated and in ill-health, Eden left the country for a holiday at the Jamaican home of James Bond author, Ian Fleming. He returned in mid-December to the sarcastic newspaper headline: 'Prime Minister Visits Britain'. He resigned on 9 January 1957. Sir Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1951 - 1955 Churchill's desire to return to power, despite his assured place in history, had much to do with his belligerent refusal to accept that the British public had rejected him in 1945. Now the electorate was seeking to put behind it the hardships and privations of the post-war years under Clement Atlee and return to a more traditional idea of society - so-called 'housing and red meat' issues. Churchill tried - and failed - to recreate the dynamism of his wartime administration, and he struggled to adjust to the political realities of the Cold War, preferring direct action and personal diplomacy to proxy wars and cabinet consensus. His refusal to retire, despite suffering a stroke, caused mounting frustrations among his colleagues. At the age of 80, he finally conceded to his failing health and stepped down, although he continued to serve as an MP. Clement Attlee, Labour, 1945 - 1951 World War Two had sharply exposed the imbalances in Britain's social, economic and political structures. For a population that had sacrificed so much, a return to the pre-war status quo was simply not an option. In 1942, a report by Sir William Beveridge, chairman of a Ministry of Health committee, had advocated a system of national insurance, comprehensive welfare for all and strategies to maintain full employment. The 'Beveridge Report' formed the basis of Labour pledges in the 1945 election and resulted in a landslide victory. Attlee's government successfully harnessed the wartime sense of unity to create the National Health Service, a national insurance scheme, a huge programme of nationalisation (including the Bank of England and most heavy industries) and a massive building programme. He also made Britain a nuclear-armed power. These sweeping reforms resulted in a parliamentary consensus on key social and economic policies that would last until 1979. But by 1951, a row over plans to charge for spectacles and false teeth had split the cabinet. Party disunity and a struggling economy contributed to Attlee - cruelly dubbed by Churchill 'a modest man with much to be modest about' - losing the next election. Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1940 - 1945 By the time Churchill was asked to lead the coalition government in 1940, he had already enjoyed colourful and controversial careers as a journalist, soldier and politician. He had twice 'crossed the floor' of the House of Commons, the first time defecting from Conservative to Liberal and serving as First Lord of the Admiralty during the early years of World War One. Demoted in the wake of the slaughter at Gallipoli, he preferred to resign and take up a commission fighting on the Western Front. Despite standing against the Conservatives in a 1924 by-election, Churchill was welcomed back into the party that same year and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer for five years under Stanley Baldwin. But personal disagreements and his vehement anti-Fascism would lead to nearly a decade in the political wilderness. Following Neville Chamberlain's resignation in 1940, Churchill finally realised his 'destiny' and accepted the office of prime minister. Promising nothing more than 'blood, toil, tears and sweat', he almost single-handedly restored Britain's desire to fight on in adversity. Despite Churchill's enormous personal popularity, by 1945 the electorate no longer wanted a war leader and the Conservatives lost by a landslide. Neville Chamberlain, Conservative, 1937 - 1940 Rarely has the hyperbole of politicians been as resoundingly exposed as when Neville Chamberlain returned from his 1938 negotiations with Adolf Hitler, brandishing his famous 'piece of paper' and declaring the agreement it represented to be 'peace for our time'. Within a year, Germany had invaded Poland and Britain was plunged into World War Two. With his policy of 'appeasement' towards Hitler utterly bankrupted, Chamberlain resigned in 1940. He was replaced by Winston Churchill. When the issue of honours was discussed, he stated that he wanted to die 'plain Mr Chamberlain, like my father'. His father, Joseph Chamberlain, was the politician who split the Conservatives in 1903 by pushing for tariffs on imported goods. It was this very issue that convinced Churchill to defect to the Liberals, with whom he first achieved high office. Chamberlain died six months after resigning. Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1935 - 1937 When Baldwin returned to power in 1935, the financial crisis sparked by the Wall Street Crash six years before appeared to be over. It was to be swiftly replaced by a constitutional crisis brought about by Edward VIII's desire to marry a twice-divorced American, Wallis Simpson. Baldwin advised Edward that Mrs Simpson would not be accepted as Queen by the public, and that the king could not condone divorce as head of the Church of England. The king proposed a 'morganatic' marriage, whereby Mrs Simpson would become his consort, but not Queen. The government rejected the idea and threatened to resign if the king forced the issue. The story then broke in the press, to general disapproval by the public. Rather than break the engagement, Edward abdicated on 11 December 1936. Credited with saving the monarchy, Baldwin is also condemned for failing to begin re-arming when it became clear that Nazi Germany was building up its armed forces. Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1929 - 1935 MacDonald began his second term at the head of a minority government (one that does not have an outright majority) and with the economy in deep crisis. Britain was still in the grip of the Great Depression and unemployment soon soared to two million. With fewer people able to pay tax, revenues had fallen as demand for unemployment benefits had soared. Unable to meet the deficit, by 1931 it was being proposed that benefits and salaries should be cut. Labour ministers rejected the plan as running counter to their core beliefs. MacDonald went to the king, George V, to proffer his resignation. George suggested MacDonald to try and form a 'national government' or coalition of all the parties. (This is the last recorded direct political intervention by a British monarch.) The National Government was formed, with MacDonald as prime minister, but Stanley Baldwin, leader of the Conservative Party, the de facto 'power behind the throne'. MacDonald is still considered by many in the Labour Party as their worst political traitor. Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1924 - 1929 In May 1926, the Trades Union Congress called for a general walkout in support of a coal miners' protest against threatened wage cuts. It was the first and, to date, only general strike in British history. The strike affected key industries, such as gas, electricity and the railways, but ended after just nine days due to lack of public backing and well-organised emergency measures by Baldwin's government. Far from succeeding in its aims, the General Strike actually led to a decline in trade union membership and the miners ended up accepting longer hours and less pay. It also gave impetus to the 1927 Trade Disputes Act, which curtailed workers' ability to take industrial action. Baldwin's government also extended the vote to women over 21 and passed the Pensions Act, but eventually fell as a result of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the Depression that followed. Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1924 In 1924, MacDonald briefly became the first Labour prime minister, ending two centuries of Conservative - Liberal domination of British politics. It was the first party to gain power with the express purpose of representing the voice of the 'working class'. An MP since 1906, MacDonald was respected as a thinker, but criticised by many within his own party as insufficiently radical (despite appointing the first female cabinet minister, Margaret Bondfield, in 1929). His opposition to World War One had made him deeply unpopular and he continually suffered a torrid time at the hands of the press. The publication by two newspapers of the 'Zinoviev letter' did much to damage his chances in the run up to the 1924 election. The letter (which he had seen but decided to keep secret) purported to be from Soviet intelligence and urged British communists to commit acts of sedition. He lost by a wide margin. The letter is now widely accepted to be a fraud. Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1923 During his very brief first term as prime minister, Stanley Baldwin bumped into an old school friend on a train. Asked what he was doing these days, Baldwin replied: 'I am the prime minister.' Having come to power following Andrew Bonar Law's resignation, he called an election in the hope of gaining his own mandate (election by popular vote), but lost. Andrew Bonar Law, Conservative, 1922 - 1923 Branded the 'unknown prime minister' by his bitter political rival HH Asquith, Canadian-born Bonar Law is principally remembered for a single speech he made in 1922. The Conservatives had been part of a coalition under the Liberal prime minister, David Lloyd George, since 1916. Many were considering joining Lloyd George permanently, but Bonar Law's speech changed their minds. Instead, the Conservatives withdrew from the coalition and Lloyd George was forced to resign. The king, George V, asked Bonar Law to form a new government. Reluctantly he accepted, despite still grieving two sons killed in World War One and - as it turned out - dying of throat cancer. He held office for 209 days before resigning due to ill health. He died six months later and was buried at Westminster Abbey, upon which Asquith commented: 'It is fitting that we should have buried the Unknown Prime Minister by the side of the Unknown Warrior.' David Lloyd George, Liberal, 1916 - 1922 Lloyd George guided Britain to victory in World War One and presided over the legislation that gave women the vote in 1918, but he is remembered as much for his private life as his public achievements. Nicknamed the 'Welsh Wizard', he was also less kindly known as 'The Goat' - a reference to his countless affairs. (Scandalously, he lived with his mistress and illegitimate daughter in London while his wife and other children lived in Wales.) The first 'working class' prime minister, Lloyd George had risen to prominence by solving the shortage of munitions on the Western Front. It was his desire to get to grips with the requirements of 'total war' that led to his split with then Liberal Prime Minister HH Asquith. It also brought him closer to the Conservatives, with whom he formed a new coalition government when Asquith resigned. That coalition would disintegrate six years later in the midst of a scandal. Serious allegations were made that peerages had been sold for as much as £40,000. (One list even included John Drughorn, who had been convicted for trading with the enemy in 1915.) Lloyd George resigned in October 1922. HH Asquith, Liberal, 1908 - 1916 Asquith's government had shown great longevity, but disintegrated in the face of the unequalled disasters of the Somme and Gallipoli. With World War One going badly, fellow Liberal David Lloyd George had seized his chance and ousted Asquith. But in the preceding eight years, the two politicians had together overseen one of the greatest constitutional upheavals of the 20th Century and ushered in some of the predecessors of the Welfare State. Old Age Pensions were introduced and Unemployment Exchanges (job centres) were set up by then Liberal minister Winston Churchill. But when Lloyd George attempted to introduce a budget with land and income taxes disadvantageous to the 'propertied' classes, it was thrown out by the House of Lords. Lloyd George branded the Lords 'Mr Balfour's poodle' (a reference to Conservative leader AJ Balfour's supposed control over the peers). The stand-off resulted in two general elections during 1910, the second of which the Liberals won with a 'peers against the people' campaign slogan. The budget was passed and, in 1911, the Parliament Act became law. The Act stated that the Lords could only veto a Commons bill twice, and instituted five-yearly general elections. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Liberal, 1905 - 1908 Arthur James Balfour, Conservative, 1902 - 1905 The nephew of the Marquess of Salisbury, Balfour had none of his uncle's political skills despite a long period of mentoring. He was instead something of a philosopher, publishing several weighty books, including 'A Defence of Philosophic Doubt', 'The Foundations of Belief', and 'Theism and Humanism'. Following a cabinet split Balfour resigned, gambling that the Liberals would be unable to form a government and that he would be returned to power. He was wrong. Marquess of Salisbury, 1895 - 1902, Conservative Salisbury came to power for the third and final time when the weak Liberal government of the Earl of Rosebery fell. The political climate was one of rising resentment among the lower and middle classes, who demanded better conditions, social reforms and proper political representation. Bitterly divided, the Liberals would nonetheless experience a revival as they sought reforms of the squalid, disease-ridden British 'concentration camps' used in the Boer War. But it was the founding of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC) on 27 February 1900 that signalled a quiet, yet highly significant sea-change in British politics. This coalition of socialist groups would win two seats in the 1900 general election and 29 seats in 1906. Later that same year, the LRC changed its name to the Labour Party. Despite failing health, Salisbury agreed to stay on to help Edward VII manage the transition following the death of his mother, Queen Victoria. He resigned in favour of his nephew, AJ Balfour, in the first months of the new King's reign. (Notably, he was the last serving prime minister to sit in the Lords.) Earl of Rosebery, Liberal, 1894 - 1895 Rosebury reluctantly became prime minister on the insistence of Queen Victoria, despite still mourning the loss of his wife. Desperate to have a minister she actually liked, Victoria had taken the unusual step of not consulting the outgoing PM, William Gladstone, about his successor. Rosebery, who always loved horseracing more than the 'evil smelling bog' of politics, was gratefully allowed to resign a year later. Notably, he is the only prime minister to have produced not one, but three Derby winners, in 1894, 1895 and 1905. (Despite his aversion to politics, Rosebery was no stranger to scandal. The Prince of Wales had reputedly once intervened to prevent him from being horsewhipped by the Marquess of Queensbury, with whose son Rosebery was believed to be having an affair. Queensbury's other son was Lord Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde's lover.) William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1892 - 1894 Gladstone's fourth term as prime minister was completely overshadowed by his insistence on introducing a third bill on the subject of 'Home Rule' for Ireland. The Conservative-dominated House of Lords threw the bill out and generally obstructed Liberal attempts to pass legislation. With his cabinet split and his health failing, the 'Grand Old Man' stepped down for the last time. The public was, in any case, exhausted with Home Rule and instead wanted reforms to working conditions and electoral practices. (Meanwhile, out on the political fringe, the Independent Labour Party had been set up under Keir Hardie to represent the working class and 'secure the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange'. Leading figures in the party included George Bernard Shaw and Ramsay MacDonald.) Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1886 - 1892 William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1886 Gladstone came to power for the third time with 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland still the dominant issue. A bitter election battle had seen the Conservative government fall after Irish Nationalist members of parliament sided with the Liberals to defeat them. Instead, the Liberals formed a government in coalition with the Irish Nationalists and Gladstone tried to push through his second attempt at a Home Rule bill. The bill split the Liberals and Gladstone resigned. He lost the general election when the 'Liberal Unionists' - those who wanted Ireland to be ruled from Westminster - broke away from Gladstone's Liberals to fight the next election as a separate party. Most Liberal Unionists were of the 'Whig' or propertied faction of the party, which meant that when they went, they took most of the money with them. Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1885 - 1886 William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1880 - 1885 Having failed to force Gladstone to serve under Lord Hartington, Queen Victoria reluctantly accepted 'that half-mad firebrand' as prime minister for the second time. He had only lately returned to politics from retirement after his so-called 'Midlothian Campaign', in which he spoke to large crowds - a practice considered by polite Victorian society to be 'undignified'. His campaign did much to discredit Disraeli's government and had clearly struck a chord with a public eager for social and electoral reform. The Ballot Act in 1872 had instituted secret ballots for local and general elections. Now came the Corrupt Practices Act, which set maximum election expenses, and the Reform and Redistribution Act, which effectively extended voting qualifications to another six million men. There were other burning issues. The United States had just overtaken Britain as the world's largest industrialised economy, and 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland continued to dominate. In seeking support for Home Rule, James Parnell's Irish Nationalists sided with the Conservatives to defeat a Liberal budget measure. Gladstone resigned and was replaced by the 'caretaker government' of the Marquess of Salisbury. Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1874 - 1880 After a brief taste of power in 1868, it had taken Disraeli six years to become prime minister again. He wasted no time in bringing about the social reforms he had envisaged in the 1840s as a member of the radical Young England group. His Acts included measures to provide suitable housing and sewerage, to protect the quality of food, to improve workers rights (including the Climbing Boys Act which banned the use of juveniles as chimney sweeps) and to implement basic standards of education. In 1876, Disraeli was made the Earl of Beaconsfield, but continued to run the government from the Lords. He persuaded Queen Victoria to take the title 'Empress of India' in 1877 and scored a diplomatic success in limiting Russian influence in the Balkans at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. He retired in 1880, hoping to spend his remaining years adding more novels to his already impressive bibliography, but died just one year later. William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1868 - 1874 Upon taking office for the first time Gladstone declared it his 'mission' to 'pacify Ireland' - a prize that was always to elude him. Nonetheless, Gladstone was to become the dominant Liberal politician of the late 19th Century, serving as prime minister four times despite earning Queen Victoria's antipathy early in his career. (She famously complained that 'he always addresses me as if I were a public meeting'.) He had started his career as an ultra-conservative Tory, but would end it as a dedicated political reformer who did much to establish the Liberal Party's association with issues of freedom and justice. But Gladstone also had his idiosyncrasies. He made a regular habit of going to brothels and often brought prostitutes back to 10 Downing Street. In an era when politicians' private lives were very private, his embarrassed colleagues nonetheless felt it necessary to explain his behaviour as 'rescue work' to save 'fallen women'. Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1868 On being asked to become prime minister following the resignation of the Earl of Derby, Disraeli announced: 'I have reached the top of the greasy pole'. He immediately struck up an excellent rapport with Queen Victoria, who approved of his imperialist ambitions and his belief that Britain should be the most powerful nation in the world. Unhappily for the Queen, Disraeli's first term ended almost immediately with an election victory for the Liberals. Despite serving as an MP since 1837 and twice being Chancellor of the Exchequer, Disraeli's journey to the top was not without scandal. In 1835, he was forced to apologise in court after being accused of bribing voters in Maidstone. He also accrued enormous debts in his twenties through speculation on the stock exchange. Disraeli suffered a nervous breakdown as a result, but eventually paid off his creditors by marrying a rich widow, Mary Anne Wyndam Lewis, in 1839. Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1866 - 1868 The introduction of the 1867 Reform Act made Derby's third term as prime minister a major step in the true democratisation of Britain. The Act extended the vote to all adult male householders (and lodgers paying £10 rental or more, resident for a year or more) living in a borough constituency. Simply put, it created more than 1.5 million new voters. Versions of the Reform Act had been under serious discussion since 1860, but had always foundered on Conservative fears. Many considered it a 'revolutionary' move that would create a majority of 'working class' voters for the first time. In proposing the Reform Act, Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Leader of the House of Commons, had warned his colleagues that they would be labelled the 'anti-reform' party if they continued to resist. The legislation was passed, and also received the backing of the Liberals under their new leader, William Gladstone. Earl Russell, Whig, 1865 - 1866 Viscount Palmerston, Liberal, 1859 - 1865 Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1858 - 1859 The property qualification - the requirement that a man must own property in order to stand as a member of parliament - was finally abolished during Derby's second term as prime minister. It meant that members of parliament (MPs) were no longer drawn exclusively from the 'propertied' classes and could realistically be 'working class'. This fulfilled one of the six conditions set out by the Chartists - supporters of the Third Chartist Petition, written in 1838. It demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for MPs, and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Viscount Palmerston, Liberal , 1855 - 1858 Earl of Aberdeen, Tory, 1852 - 1855 It was something of a cruel irony that Aberdeen came to be blamed for blundering into the dreadful Crimean War. As plain George Hamilton Gordon he had made a successful career as a diplomat and had done much to normalise Britain's relationships with its powerful neighbours. Vivid reports from the front by WH Russel of the Times have since led to the Crimean being styled the first 'media war'. His reports publicised the squalor and disease that were claiming more soldiers' lives than the fighting, and inspired Florence Nightingale to volunteer and take the first 38 nurses out to treat the wounded. In 1855, Aberdeen conceded to his critics and resigned. Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1852 Earl Russell, Whig, 1846 - 1851 Confronted by the Irish Potato Famine, declining trade and rising unemployment, Russell still managed to push through trade liberalisation measures and limits on women's working hours. A dedicated reformer, he nonetheless presided over the rejection of the Third Chartist Petition. Set out 1838, it demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for members of parliament (MPs), and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Already rejected once by parliament in 1839, the petition had gathered 5 million signatures by 1848. Presented to parliament a second time, it was again rejected. The Chartist movement slowly petered out, even as revolutions blazed across Europe, but many of its aims were eventually realised. Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1841 - 1846 Peel's second term as prime minister was nothing short of tumultuous. Economic depression, rising deficits, Chartist agitation, famine in Ireland and Anti-Corn League protests crowded in. A raft of legislation was created to stabilise the economy and improve working conditions. The Factory Act regulated work hours (and banned children under eight from the workplace), the Railway Act provided for cheap, regular train services, the Bank Charter Act capped the number of notes the Bank of England could issue and the Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground. But a failed harvest in 1845 provided Peel with his greatest challenge. There was an increasing clamour for repeal of the Corn Laws, which forbade the import of cheap grain from overseas. Powerful vested interests in the Tory Party opposed such a move, but in the end Peel confronted them and called for repeal. After nearly six months of debate, and with the Tories split in two, the Corn Laws were finally repealed. Defeated on a separate issue, Peel resigned the same day, but was cheered by crowds as he left the Commons. (The 'Peelite' faction of the Tories is widely recognised as the foundation of the modern Conservative.) Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1835 - 1841 Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1834 - 1835 Invited by William IV to form a new government, Peel immediately called a general election to strengthen his party. Campaigning on his so-called 'Tamworth Manifesto', Peel promised a respectful approach to traditional politics, combined with measured, controlled reform. He thereby signalled a significant shift from staunch, reactionary 'Tory' to progressive 'Conservative' politics. Crucially, he pledged to accept the 1832 Reform Act, which had recently increased the number of people eligible to vote. Peel won the election, but only narrowly. He resigned the following year after several parliamentary defeats. (Peel is probably best remembered for creating the Metropolitan Police in 1829 while Home Secretary in the Duke of Wellington's first government. The nickname 'bobbies' for policemen is derived from his first name.) Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1834 Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1834 In a bid to repress trade unions, Melbourne's government introduced legislation against 'illegal oaths'. As a result, the Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union failed. In March of the same year, six labourers were transported to Australia for seven years for attempting to provide a fund for workers in need. They became known as the 'Tolpuddle Martyrs'. Melbourne himself was notoriously laid back. When first asked to become prime minister he declared it 'a damned bore'. Having accepted, he would often refuse to allow his cabinet colleagues to leave the room, insisting 'I'm damned if I know what we agreed on. We must all say the same thing.' Earl Grey, Whig, 1830 - 1834 In June 1832, the Reform Act finally passed into law after 15 torrid months of debate. It extended the vote to just 7% of the adult male population, based on a series of lowered property qualifications. Introduced in March 1831, the bill scraped through the Commons by a single vote, but was thrown out at the committee stage (when the bill is debated in detail - sometimes called the 'second reading'). Parliament was dissolved and the general election was fought on the single issue of the Reform Act - an unprecedented event in British political history. The Whigs won the election and passed the bill, but the House of Lords (with a majority of Tories) threw it out, sparking riots and civil disobedience across the country. With the spectre of France's bloody revolution clearly in mind, William IV eventually agreed to create 50 Whig peers to redress the balance in the Lords if the bill was rejected again. The Lords conceded and the Act was finally passed into law. After all his efforts, Earl Grey is principally remembered for giving his name to a fragrant blend of tea. Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1828 - 1830 Wellington's first term in office was dominated by the thorny subject of Catholic emancipation. Catholics were permitted to vote, but were not allowed to sit as members of parliament (MPs) and had restrictions on the property they could own. Initially, the 'Iron Duke' was staunchly in favour of the status quo, but soon came to realise that emancipation might be the only way to end conflict arising from the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland in 1801. He became such an advocate that he even fought a duel with the 10th Earl of Winchilsea over the issue. The Earl had accused him of plotting the downfall of the 'Protestant constitution', but then backed down and apologised. They still had to go through the ritual of the duel at Battersea Fields, with both men deliberately firing high and wide. Wellington eventually drove the legislation through, opening the way for Catholic MPs. Viscount Goderich, Tory, 1827 - 1828 George Canning, Tory, 1827 Canning finally became prime minister after a long career in politics, only to die of pneumonia 119 days later. He had famously fought a duel in 1809 with his bitterest political rival, Lord Castlereagh, and was shot in the thigh. Castlereagh committed suicide with a penknife in 1822, after becoming depressed about his falling popularity. Earl of Liverpool, Tory, 1812 - 1827 Liverpool is the second longest serving prime minister in British history (after Robert Walpole), winning four general elections and clinging on to power despite a massive stroke that incapacitated him for his last two years in office. Liverpool became PM at a time when Britain was emerging from the Napoleonic Wars and the first rumblings of 'working class' unrest were just beginning to be felt. Staunchly undemocratic in his outlook, Liverpool suppressed efforts to give the wider populace a voice. He was unrepentant when, in 1819, troops fired on a pro-reform mass meeting at St Peter's Fields in Manchester, killing eleven - the so-called 'Peterloo Massacre'. Trade unions were legalised by the 1825 Combination Act, but were so narrowly defined that members were forced to bargain over wages and conditions amid a minefield of heavy penalties for transgressions. (Liverpool's one concession to popular sentiment was in the trial of Queen Caroline on trumped up adultery charges. The legal victimisation of George IV's estranged wife, who was tried in parliament in 1820, brought her mass sympathy. Mindful not to provoke the mob in the wake of Peterloo, the charges were eventually dropped.) Spencer Perceval, Tory, 1809 - 1812 Perceval bears a dubious distinction as the only British prime minister to be assassinated. As chancellor of the exchequer he moved in to 10 Downing Street in 1807, before rising to the office of prime minister two years later. His 12 young children - some born while he was in office - also lived in the PM's crowded residence. Against expectations, he had skilfully kept his government afloat for three years despite a severe economic downturn and continuing war with Napoleon. He was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons on 11 May 1812 by a merchant called John Bellingham who was seeking government compensation for his business debts. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately. Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later. Duke of Portland, Tory, 1807 - 1809 Lord Grenville, Whig, 1806 - 1807 William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1804 - 1806 Faced by a fresh invasion threat from Napoleon, George III once again turned to Pitt. A shadow of his former self due to failing health and suspected alcoholism, Pitt nonetheless accepted. He made alliances with Napoleon's continental rivals - Russia, Austria and Sweden - then, in 1805, Admiral Lord Nelson shattered French invasion hopes at the Battle of Trafalgar. Pitt did not have long to savour victory before Napoleon defeated both Russia and Austria to stand astride the whole of Europe. Heartsick, utterly exhausted, penniless and unmarried, Pitt died on 23 January 1806 at the age of 46. Henry Addington, Tory, 1801 - 1804 Addington secured the Peace of Amiens with France in 1802, but would see Britain plunge into war with Napoleon again just two years later. He also passed the first Factory Act into law. The Act was the earliest attempt to reform working conditions in factories. It set a maximum 12 hour working day for children and addressed issues like proper ventilation, basic education and sleeping conditions. (Notably, his government also awarded Edward Jenner £10,000 to continue his pioneering work on a vaccine for smallpox.) But he was generally poorly regarded, prompting the satirical rhyme 'Pitt is to Addington, as London is to Paddington' - a reference to his distinguished predecessor as prime minister, William Pitt. William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1783-1801 Pitt 'the Younger' was the youngest prime minister in British history, taking office at the tender age of just 24. But his youth did not seem to disadvantage him as he threw himself into the manifold problems of government, holding on to the top office for 17 years - fifteen years longer than his father, Pitt 'the Elder'. His first priority was to reduce the National Debt, which had doubled with the loss of the American colonies in 1783. George III's mental illness then threw up the spectre of a constitutional crisis, with the transfer of sovereignty to the erratic Prince of Wales only narrowly averted by the king's recovery. Further threats to the monarchy emanated from across the Channel, with the bloody French Revolution of 1789 and subsequent war with France in 1793. War increased taxes and caused food shortages, damaging Pitt's popularity to the extent that he employed bodyguards out of fear for his safety. In a bid to resolve at least one intractable conflict, he pushed through the Act of Union with Ireland in 1800, but the related Emancipation of Catholics Bill was rejected by the king a year later. Having lost George III's confidence, Pitt was left with no option but to resign. Duke of Portland, Tory, 1783 Earl Shelburne, Whig, 1782 - 1783 Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1782 Lord North, Tory, 1770 - 1782 North is chiefly somewhat unfairly remembered as the prime minister who lost the American colonies. Groomed by George III to lead his parliamentary supporters, North was fiercely loyal to his king, whose policy it had been to 'punish' the American colonials. The American War of Independence, reluctantly entered into by both sides, had been prosecuted at the king's behest in retaliation for their refusal to pay more towards their own defence. As hostilities progressed, North's blundering and indecision worsened an already difficult situation, and by 1782 it was clear that the outcome was likely to be a disaster. He begged George III to be allowed to resign, but the king refused to release him until the war was over. North has since become the yardstick for prime ministerial mediocrity, with later PMs being criticised as 'the worst since Lord North'. Duke of Grafton, Whig, 1768 - 1770 An unremarkable prime minister, Grafton had a quite remarkable appetite for extra-marital affairs and openly kept several mistresses. He scandalised polite society in 1764 by leaving his wife and going to live with his mistress, Anne Parsons, also known as 'Mrs Houghton'. (Horace Walpole referred to her derisively as 'everybody's Mrs Houghton'.) Popular opinion had disapproved of Grafton's behaviour, until his wife did something even more shocking. She eloped with the Earl of Upper Ossory and had a child by him. Grafton divorced her in 1769, then abandoned Mrs Houghton and married Elizabeth Wrottesley, with whom he had 13 children. The Mrs Houghton ended up marrying the king's brother. This unsuitable union gave impetus to the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, which decreed that the monarch had to give permission for all royal weddings. Earl of Chatham, Pitt 'The Elder', Whig, 1766 - 1768 Pitt 'the Elder' is widely credited as the man who built the British Empire, although much of this was done in the role of secretary of state under the governments of the Duke of Newcastle. He chose his fights carefully, conducting military campaigns where conditions were best suited to British merchants. Pitt added India, West Africa, the West Indies and the American colonies to Britain's overseas possessions, and was persistently belligerent towards colonial rivals like France and Spain. His relentless imperialism kept the merchants happy but infuriated men like Newcastle who counted the financial cost of his wars. Pitt was a superb public speaker and a master of the devastating put-down, but his career was dogged with recurrent mental illness and gout. Ironically, it was during his term as prime minister that he was at his least effective, often struggling to build support. He collapsed in the House of Lords in October 1768 and died four days later. (Pitt was the MP for a 'burgage borough' - an empty piece of land with no-one living on it. His constituency, Old Sarum, was a mound in Wiltshire. On polling day, seven voters met in a tent to cast their votes.) Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1765 - 1766 George Grenville, Whig, 1763 - 1765 Grenville is one of the few prime ministers to have been sacked by the monarch. He was fired after a row with George III over who should rule in his place if his mental health continued to deteriorate. Earl of Bute, Tory, 1762 - 1763 Bute was one of Britain's more unpopular prime ministers. Things came to a head when he failed to lower the taxes he had raised to fight France in the American colonies. Rioting erupted, his effigies were burnt and the windows in his house were smashed. Bute was generally disliked by colleagues and public, and was lampooned for his 'fine pair of legs', of which he was reputed to be extremely proud. His close relationship with the Prince of Wales's widow, the Dowager Princess Augusta, was also the subject of much scurrilous gossip. The nickname 'Sir Pertinax MacSycophant' was a contemptuous reference to the Roman Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax, who was murdered three months after his meteoric assent by his own bodyguard. Unable to muster support in parliament, Bute resigned in 1763. Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1757 - 1762 Newcastle healed his rift with Pitt 'the Elder' by inviting him to serve in his government as secretary of state. Effectively a power-sharing coalition of two powerful men, the relationship gave birth to the British Empire. Their government eventually fell as a result of the new king, George III's hostility to Pitt, who had sought to restrict the influence of the monarch in political matters. Duke of Devonshire, Whig, 1756-1757 Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1754 - 1756 Newcastle became PM after his brother, Henry Pelham, died in office. It is the only instance of two brothers serving as prime minister. Newcastle enraged Pitt 'the Elder' by refusing to promote him in the new government, then compounded the insult by sacking him. Henry Pelham, Whig, 1743 - 1754 Earl of Wilmington, Whig, 1742 - 1743 Sir Robert Walpole, Whig, 1721 - 1742 Walpole is widely acknowledged as the first prime minister, although he never actually held the title. He was also the longest serving, lasting 21 years. But Walpole's first stint in government, as secretary of war, had ended inauspiciously with a six month spell in the Tower of London for receiving an illegal payment. Undeterred, he rose to power again on the back of a collapsed financial scheme in which many prominent individuals had invested. Walpole had the foresight (or luck) to get out early, and as a result was credited with great financial acumen. George I invited him to become chancellor and gave him the powers that came to be associated with the office of prime minister. His owed his longevity in office (and the incredible wealth he accumulated) to a combination of great personal charm, enduring popularity, sharp practice and startling sycophancy. The accession of George II saw him temporarily eclipsed, but he worked hard to win over the new monarch. He was rewarded with both the new King's trust and 10 Downing Street, which remains the official residence of the prime minister to this day. Walpole was eventually brought down by an election loss at Chippenham and died just three years later.	i don't know
If Elton John has had 7, ABBA have had 9, and Cliff Richard has had 14, who has had the most with 21?	Beatles' long reign at number one in singles chart - BBC News BBC News Beatles' long reign at number one in singles chart 4 June 2012 From the section Entertainment & Arts comments Image caption The Beatles made their chart debut in 1962 with Love Me Do The Beatles have been declared the biggest selling singles act under the Queen's 60-year reign. The Fab Four, who split more than 40 years ago, had 17 number ones during their eight-year chart domination. They held off artists such as runner-up Elvis Presley, Sir Cliff Richard and Madonna. BBC Radio 2 is to broadcast a countdown of the 60 biggest selling artists since the singles chart began in 1952 - the year the Queen took the throne. Top 10 biggest selling singles acts 1. Beatles 9. David Bowie 10. Rihanna Elvis has continued to have strong sales over the past 10 years thanks to a reissue campaign with tracks such as A Little Less Conversation. Sir Cliff has had 124 top 40 hits and 14 number ones in the list compiled by the Official Charts Company. And Madonna has made the top 40 more than 60 times. Rihanna, who only made her debut chart position in 2005, is in 10th place, yet the Rolling Stones only reached number 13. Although Mick Jagger's wrinkly rockers have continued to release singles, they have failed to make it to the top 10 since 1981. Sir Paul McCartney (11th) is listed twice for his Beatles years and his solo career as is George Michael (21st) for his own hits and as a member of Wham! (43rd). Tony Blackburn will count down the chart from 14:00-17:00 BST on Radio 2. He said: "This chart offers a fascinating look at the past 60 years in music and shows the impact that modern stars like Rihanna and Katy Perry have had. "The list is really varied and will provide something for everyone. There are definitely a few surprises in store - Coldplay being at 60 for one!"	Elvis Presley
If Finland won in 2006, Serbia in 2007, and Russia in 2008, who won in May 2009?	Cliff Richard - The Ultimate Pop Star Cliff Richard - The Ultimate Pop Star Home - Brief History of the Ultimate Pop Star from Harry to Cliff to Sir Cliff From a young lad in India, aged 2 to a young lad at the RAH, aged 69 years, 11 months and 30 days. Cliff Richard \| I'm Dreaming Of A White Christmas \| A brief history of the man who loves Rock and Roll and became the first real Rock and Roll singer in the U.K. Harry Rodger Webb was born the first child of Dorothy Marie Webb and Rodger Webb in Kings English Hospital , Victoria Street, Lucknow, Inida, weighing 9 lbs on 14th October 1940. His parent names were Rodger and Dorothy Webb, who lived in Dehra Dun, but because there were no hospitals there Dorothy had to travel 300 miles to Lucknow. Due to the unrest they left their home in Howrah on 21st August 1948 by train to Bombay and boarded the Ranchi. The boat started its journey on the 24th August through the Arabian Sea , docked at Aden on the 29th and then sailed through the Red Sea towards the Suez canal. It docked at Port Said on 2nd September and then sailed across the Mediterranean to arrive at Tilbury Docks on Monday 13th September 1948. 1958 It all started at the. A singer was at the front of his band The Drifters, dressed in white shirt and black trousers. John Foster was in the Five Horseshoes, Burford Street, Hoddesdon drinking with his mates at the bar. He watches the singer and is impressed, he walks over and gives them his phone number and promises a spot for them at the 2 I's Coffee Bar which was the place to be, that Saturday. A young girl by the name of Jan Vane approached Cliff at the 2 I's and asked him if he had a fan club, he laughed and said no. The Cliff Richard Fan Club was started. Cliff plays Ripley Ballroom Cliff Quotes - Marriage is my ultimate aim, but not until I am 27 I think teenagers are great, but I am one of them Expresso Bongo was released I would like to make a western with Elvis and would pick Sandra Dee as the actress to play against him, she's fab. USA tour. Elvis mentioned 3 singers he liked before going in the army and one was Cliff. Six and a half thousand people pack Blackpool's Opera House and several hundred fans smash down a door to get to Cliff. Cliff buys a Ford Thunderbird. Cliff sings the Ding Dongs in Cherry Wainers song Happy Like a Bell. Comedian Charlie Drake and singer Cliff stir gigantic pudding with the large wooden spoons, 1961 Cliff tours South Africa -In the greatest scenes of mass hysteria that Cliff had produced to date, 3,000 screaming fans greeted him and the Shadows at the airport. The hysteria didn't stop at the airport as fans lined the route from the airport to the hotel and it was estimated 10,000 fans were waiting in front of the hotel, chanting "We want Cliff". Cliff is unaware of the apartheid situation so offers to do a second concert for Black citizens with the proceeds going to Salisbury Society for Handicapped Africans. A Cliff Richard shirt is designed for a mail order firm in black and white. Price 32s/6d Cliff's Dad dies, aged 57 The Young Ones was classed as best musical Britain has ever made and the single goes straight to No. 1 Cliff buys a Hillman Automatic for his mother Cliff suffers with laryngitis and is offered medicine Cliff buys a Chevrolet for his mom. Cliff and Shads send autographed Easter eggs to fans in hospital Cliff attends a bull fight in Spain. He states he wasn’t impressed and wouldn't go to another. A fan writes a report in the paper to say that Cliff fans should pull their socks up and not let Britain's King of Talent be beaten by a flash in the pan group like the Beatles. Cliff wins American poll honour, as most promising singer The ABC Theatre in Church Street Blackpool opened on 31st May 1963 with the summer season stage show "Holiday Carnival" starring Cliff Richard and The Shadows. Summer Holiday released Cliff appears in Aladdin Pantomime with The Shadows Wonderful Life was Cliff's third film Cliff buys a holiday home in Portugal 1965 When Cliff is interviewed by the press, they suggest he may retire to his holiday home in Portugal. Cliff quotes – The truth is sooner or later I do hope to retire from the business, let's face it, that's the ultimate ambition of most entertainers. We can't go on forever and the time must come when we have to quit. I would rather leave while I am at the top than wait for the public to turn its back on me. I never eat breakfast or lunch, occasionally, I may have cheese and biscuits, as I have to look after my figure. I would like to get married eventually, I have had a couple of false alarms. I arrange my work to have weekends free for youth activities. All my friends are teachers. Cliff received NME trophy for being voted Top British Singer for the sixth time. Cliff goes on holiday to Norfolk Broads with the Young Crusaders Cliff voted top British singer for the eighth time. Cliff takes O level in Religious Instruction in Lewes in Sussex. He is put in a room on his own and five masters of the school took turns to watch he doesn’t cheat. He comments, imagine cheating in a R.I. exam. Cliff goes on holiday to Cornwall with the Crusaders then to his villa in Portugal. Cliff Richard Ltd is formed Finders Keepers is recorded at Pinewood Studios. The film was shot on the south coast and the studios. Doubles were used for the shots in Spain which included some of the far distance opening shots on the train. Cliff’s mother Dorothy marries former Chauffeur, Derek Bodkin. Cliff didn’t know until the morning of the wedding. Cliff performs at a Billy Graham Convention. Cliff’s fan club closes. Cliff sells Rookswood for £43,500 and moves in with Bill Latham and his mother. Cliff states he would like to film Wuthering Heights. Thurderbirds are Go EP is released containing three Shadows Tracks and a vocal from Cliff. Puppet figures appear of Cliff and the Shadows in the film. The plot is as follows - That night, Alan dreams about Lady Penelope. Eew, puppet dreams! Alan dreams that he goes to the "real" Swinging Star, a nightclub in space. Entertainment is provided by Cliff Richard Jr. The song Cliff sings harks back to a more innocent time, back when pop music was wholesome and singers expressed only respect and love: A shooting star will shoot you Mars will go to war The man on the moon will jump on you If you don't love me no more Cliff quotes - I would like to take up teaching as I have to think ahead, because I can't expect to remain a star for the rest of his life. If I do retire it will be in the region of five years time. Cliff plays Buttons in Cinderella with The Shadows as Broker's Men, Terry Scott and Hugh Lloyd as Ugly Sisters, Peter Gilmore as The Prince, Tudor Davies as Dandini, Jack Douglas as Baron Hardup, Pippa Steele as Cinderella and speciality act The Adorable Tanya - a baby elephant. Sharon Osbourne (Arden) is part of the Aida Foster Children for this production. 1967 Cliff quotes - I want to get out of the business, because I feel I have to. I want to be an ordinary teacher in an ordinary school. It wont' be a complete break, I’ll still be make records. The reason I can't go on as I am, is the public get fed up with a pop singer talking about religion. 1968 Cliff sings Congratulations and comes second in the Eurovision. It is announced that 56 versions of Congratulations are to be released around the world and Cliff recorded the song for release in nearly every country in Europe. Germany whose votes lost us the contest placed a 150,000 advance order. It reaches the top of the charts in Holland, Denmark, Belgium Sweden and Norway. Cliff plays Riley in Matter of Diamonds http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/278357?view=synopsis Two a Penny film opened in London in June 1968. Cliff played Jamie Hopkins, an art student and wants to make money quickly so begins to deal in drugs. Jamie and his girl friend Carol go to a Billy Graham revivalist meeting, and Carol is immediately converted. Soon after, Jamie is caught stealing drugs. As Carol continues to draw away from Jamie, he begins to see the religious light, and they are reunited. Cliff cuts a 650 lb Christmas pudding for the Mental Health Trust at London's Carlton Towers Hotel. A letter is published in Disc and Music Echo stating that "having Seen Cliff Richard, I am convinced he's going to reach the class and status of Frank Sinatra". Cliff comments on peoples changing attitude towards Christmas. Cliff performs at the London Palladium in November, but it is reported that there was a weak supporting bill and therefore the audience figures were low. Cliff stats it was a bad time of year as there is no money in November. A reporter states that Cliff’s concerts with the Settlers, were boring, and that the Devil still has all the best songs. Cliff reveals he will do a show called Cliff in Scotland and that he will wear a kilt. 1969 Cliff sings with the Settlers at RAH in aid of the homeless refugees in Biafra. Cliff takes part in a 12 minute colour film about the John Groom Childrens Home in Kent and sings a song called Thank you. Cliff states that his first thrill in show business was when he was impersonated by Benny Hill. Peter Kaye is praised by the press for his impersonation of Cliff on BBC TV Cliff sings carols with the Crusaders and raises £20.00. Cliff states he had a jacket made out of Black Watch tartan material. 1970 The press comment - You never hear of Cliff being nasty to anyone, he never swears and has never forgotten his fans. I'm sure he will still be with us in the 1980's Cliff is described as mechanically charming, which upsets Cliff, he comments - Some people knock me for trying to be pleasant and friendly 1971 Flying Machine, is Cliff's first single not to make the Top 30 but it tops the charts in Denmark and Malaysia. Cliff receives the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Services to British Music Cliff sings Power to all our Friends in Luxembourg. Cliff appears in BBC series the Case, with Olivia Newton John and Tim Brooke-Taylor Produced as a joint project between the BBC and the Swedish broadcasting authorities It was a comedy based around Cliff trying to get rid of a stolen suitcase of money which he inadvertantly picked up on his way to Sweden. Olivia features for about 12 minutes with very little dialogue but performing three songs. She sings an otherwise unreleased duet with Cliff - Close To You and two solos Just A Little Too Much and Banks of the Ohio. 1973 Take my High is premiered. Cliff plays his first football match in 20 years for the Buzz Allstars 11 versus Collalera Christian Choir. Cliff appears as Bottom at Cheshunt School in Midsummer Nights Dream Brand New Song is released but doesn't make the charts. Cliff's next song for the Eurovision, Power to all our Friends, is released and is his sixtieth song. He is asked if he could foresee another 60. Cliff quoted - I don't really think so, it takes a long time to make 60 records. What I really want is a big hit, as I haven't had one for quite a few years, but some people seem to think I have because for some reason I get a lot of airplay. Cliff embarks on a gospel tour. Cliff only releases one single called You Keep Me Hangin On. 1975 Its Only Me You Left Behind and Honky Tonk Angel are released. Neither makes the charts. Cliff is interviewed and asked why he had sung Honky Tonk Angel and he refused to sing it again. 1976 Cliff records Miss You Nights and makes his first appearance in the single charts since July 1974, also released in the U.S. Cliff visits America promoting I'm Nearly Famous LP as Devil Woman is played on San Franciscan radio stations and Devil Woman enters the Cashbox and Billboard charts reaching No. 6 in the Billboard Chart and No. 5 in the Cashbox chart to give Cliff his 3rd hit in the US. Cliff complained about the language in the NME and it is reported that he refuses to have the NME in his house. Cliff performs in Kalamandir Auditorium in New Delhi. He visits Mother Theresa of Calcutta and the homes of the destitute and dying. The Cliff Richard movement Tear Fund concert in 1976 raised over £37,000 providing a generator for a hospital in India and vehicles for many countries. Advert for Devil woman stated "Every DJ said Miss You Nights was Cliff Richard's best single for many years. They'll say the same, and more about his new one. Quite simply, it's probably the greatest rock single of 1976" 1977 Cliff quotes –It is the first generation of forty year olds who dig rock and roll and when I am sixty I am going to love rock, it will be our music. 1978 Cliff and the Shads reunite to play a two week 20th anniversary show at the London Palladium 1979 A No. 1 for Cliff - 11 years and 124 days since he last tops the charts with Congratulations, Cliff gets a No. 1 with We Don't Talk Anymore, knocking down the Boomtown Rats with I don't like Mondays. Cliff walks along the Mall to Buckingham Palace with 1000's of people singing carols accompanying himself on the guitar and performs on a specially constructed stage facing Buckingham Palace. The Queen and Prince Charles join in the carols from the balcony of the Palace and later Cliff is received in the Royal residence after the celebrations which mark the end of the Year of the Child. Cliff sets the alarms off in a store where he had buys a shirt. The assistant was so mesmerised at serving Cliff, she forgot to remove the anti-shoplifting device. Cliff saw the funny side and commented that he was glad he wasn't buying a dress for Sue Barker, as he would have feared the comments of him walking out the shop with a dress. 1980 Cliff receives his OBE IN 1980 - Dressed in black suit, red tie, red rose and bright red training shoes, Cliff quotes - I haven't got any morning dress so I thought I would wear something colourful. I have been to the palace before and I noticed that there is a lot of red about. I have always been a firm Royalist and have followed the Royal Family since I was a child. Cliff is invited to Selfridge store to design his own shop window. Cliff's window is on a traditional religious theme "Christmas through the eyes of a child". 1981 Cliff tours America, his song Little in Love is No. 17 in the charts and he performs on John Kelly in LA, John Davidson show, Dionne Warwick Solid Gold Show, Merv Griffin show, and continues onto Ontario and New York and flies on Concorde. Cliff sings with a choir of 400 girls to raise money for St Brendan's school, Clevedon, Bristol, the headmaster, John Davey had been Cliff's school teacher who helped him to pass his O level in R.I. in 1965. Cliff embarks on a tour of US and Canada for a month While playing in America Cliffs equipment goes missing from a tour truck worth £40,000 1982 Cliff is interviewed by 8 Australian newspapers and 9 radio stations over a period of 14 hours. The Only way Out recorded 1983 Cliff dines with Princess Anne and Tim Rice. 12th December is the start of Cliff's own pro-celebrity tennis tournament which is staged at the Conference Centre, Brighton. Participating are Hank, Trevor Eve, Mike Read, Sue Barker, Sue Mappin, Jo Durie and Ann Hobbs. The round robin tournament is won by Trevor and Anne. Cliff celebrates 25 years and has six weeks of sell out concerts 1984 Cliff and Bill Latham go to Haiti and visit a place called La Gonave. Cliff is upset by what he sees and writes a song called La Gonave about his experiences there. Cliff discusses the musical Time with Dave Clark Cliff makes She's so Beautiful video in the Lake District Cliff dines at the House of Commons Cliff attend a Christians in Sport service and opens Addlestone District Health Centre in Surrey and opens a new X ray unit at Weybridge Hospital 1986 Cliff takes dance lessons at Pineapple Studios and makes a film for Living Doll with the Young Ones. http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp/artists/r/richard_cliff/clips/living_doll.shtml Time opens at the Dominion Theatre with Cliff playing Chris Wilder "Rock Star" The world premiere opened on 9th April and it ran for 2 years. Cliff was later replaced by David Cassidy. An album was released in the UK and USA and the other artistes that appeared on the album were Freddie Mercury, Julian Lennon, Murray Head, Dionne Warwick, Burt Bacharach, Richard Carpenter, Leo Sayer, Ashford and Simpson, Dusty Springfield, John Christie, John Helms, Mike Moran and Paul Milkes-Kingston. The Dominion hosted the musical Time, which required reconstructing the theatre to accommodate the show's effects including a holographic floating head of Akash, played by Sir Laurence Olivier. The production was derived from the musical The Time Lord and Cliff plays rock musician Chris Wilder who has been transported to the High Court of the Universe in the Andromeda Galaxy. The Time Lord has come to earth to find out what the earth's people are doing in their quest for peace. Chris Wilder has to defend the planet. Sir Laurence Olivier released a spoken single Theme from Time and it reached No. 27 in the Australian charts. Cliff escapes a car crash. He was involved in a five car motorway pile up in torrential rain. His Golf GTI was a write-off as another car swerved and braked hard. Cliff was helped from the wreckage and walked away unhurt but shaken. The police called a mini-cab to take him to the theatre where he was appearing in Time and he continued with the show as normal. 1987 Some People recorded Cliff Takes part in Its a Royal Knockout with Prince Edward, the Duchess of York and a host of other celebrities at Alton Towers. The show featured members of the Royal Family alongside sporting and showbiz celebrities. It was conceived and organised by Prince Edward who had been keen to develop a career in TV and theatre after he left the Royal Marines. The show featured Prince Edward, The Princess Royal, The Duke and Duchess of York as team captains, each of whom supported a different charity. The contestants competed in ridiculous and somewhat humiliating games; for example in one round they dress up as giant vegetables and throw fake hams at each other. The event raised over £1 million for the WWF, Save the Children, Shelter for the Homeless and the Duke of Edinburgh International Project. 1988 Mistletoe & Wine makes No. 1. Bookies William Hill to lose £10,000 if Cliff Richard tops the Christmas charts with Mistletoe and Wine. A 47 date UK tour and 200,000 tickets sold out within 72 hours of going on sale Cliff plays at Savvas Club in Usk, South Wales Cliff records his 100th single The Best Of Me. THE EVENT The biggest challenge for Cliff ever, was the Event at Wembley Stadium, it was a make or break decision, the weather could be bad or he could have problems with his throat. The tickets went on sale for one night and sell out in a single weekend, a second concert was arranged for the next night which also sold out. 144,000 tickets had been sold for the two nights. The Dallas Boys and the Vernon Girls have reformed for the show and the Kalin Twins are scheduled to appear Their last appearance with Cliff was in 1958, when they were the stars of the show. · 14 cameras are used taking 41 miles of film, · To record the event over 60,000 feet of 48 track digital tape are used · 120 technicians are involved with 1,510,000 watts of lighting and 2150,000 watts of sound are used. · The stage is 400 ft long, 15 ft high and 150 ft deep. · The weight suspended over the stage is approx 14 tons. · 90 artists take part in the show · 3,000 people are involved checking tickets, selling merchandise, controlling the crowds, filming and recording. · 3,485 meals are served · Cliff sings forty-five songs and makes five costume changes · At the end of the show Cliff sings From a Distance and was so overcome he was in tears but managed to finish the song and left the stage in tears. He was only a boy from Cheshunt. Cliff reads lessons for the Wishing Well Appeal Thanksgiving Service at Westminster Abbey and attends Bill Graham conventions. Billy lunches with Cliff at home. 1990 Cliff & Shadows perform at Knebworth. Artists include Tears for Fears, Pink Floyd, Status Quo, Elton John, Paul McCartney and Robert Plant also appear which was in Aid of the Nordoff Robbins Music Therapy Clinic. Cliff's 1990 tour is a record breaker. 28 dates, beginning with a record breaking 12 nights at Birmingham NEC in November. Similar format to the Event. Saviours Day video is shot at Durdle Dor in Dorset. On the day of the filming there were posters advertising that Cliff was going to be filming for the video and stating that they wanted extras. It was a warm September day and it was stated that they needed to be dressed in winter clothes. The charity shops were raided for scarves and hats. Cliff sung on the top of Durdle Dore and helicopters filmed him from above. A No. 1 Written by Chris Eaton and produced by Cliff Richard and Paul Moessl, "Saviour's Day" was the 13th UK No. 1 Cliff reaches 50 and has party with friends at home, when midnight strikes he pronounces he doesn't feel any different. Cliff switches on Oxford Street Christmas lights. Cliff dines with Frank Dunlop to discuss Wuthering Heights Cliff attends a reception at 10 Downing Street Records song for the Trainer TV series More to Life, written by Simon May and Mike Read. It reaches No. 21 on the charts. Stated in paper - Cliff has been acclaimed as a modern day Saint because he can get up and wiggle his bum in a devilish way and still be holy. Sits for a model of himself at the Rock Circus Wins spectacle Wearer of the Year Award Flies to Uganda for Tear Fund and records a documentary Lunches at the House of Commons and stays for Question Time Commences on a tour called Access All Areas Celebrates the 10th Birthday of the tennis tournament at the NIA Birmingham with Michael Ball, Roy Castle and Frank Bruno among the guests. 1993 Cliff performs on Michael Ball's show but is unable to play guitar because he has a broken bone in his left hand. Records with Tammy Wynette This Love as part of Tammy's 25 years in showbusiness. Tammy commented on recording with Cliff as a breathtaking experience stating Cliff has one of the best voices she has ever heard and includes the memory of that day as one of the highlights. Cliff Richard's favourite Bible Stories is published, containing 42 stories selected by Cliff. Ian Samwell presented with a platinum disc for sales of Move It at CR Fan Club convention in Torrence, California. Cliff awarded Mens Head of the Year Heathcliff box office opens Cliff visits Haworth to visit the home of Emily Bronte and walks to Top Withens and the ruined farmhouse that is said to have inspired her. Cliff drives to Portugal Cliff performs for 250 people at the Byfleet village hall to raise money for the repairs to the local church. The Hit List Tour commences Cliff performs in the Royal Variety Show with ONJ and sings songs from Heathcliff. Cliff became Sir Cliff when he received his knighthood Cliff grows his hair and puts on weight to act the part of Heathcliff Radio 2 ban Cliff's Misunderstood Man as they state the guitar section as being too noisy at the end of the track 1996 It rains at Wimbledon and Cliff is asked to do an impromptu performance. A quote follows by the media "The ageing popster’s rendition of ‘Singing in the Rain’, backed by an implausible choir of women tennis stars Virginia Wade, Martina Navratilova, Pam Shriver, Gigi Fernandez and Conchita Martinez, stunned sodden centre-court spectators". Cliff talks in the Mail as to how he was bullied at school and used to have to fight day in and out with the bullies. Cliff starts rehearsing for Heathcliff and hits Jimmy Johnston's nose, resulting in stitches in a fight scene. Cliff said he enjoyed the scene, but it also frightened him that he was enjoying being violent. 1997 Heathcliff starts its run - The show was a runaway success, and gave Cliff his highest selling video ever, topping the UK video charts for two months upon its 1998 release. Cliff appears in Coronation Street Cliff sings Abide with Me at the Cup final 1998 40 Years in showbusiness and Cliff is feeling a little "WICKED" The Real album is recorded and "Can't Keep This Feeling in" is released by an unknown artist called Blacknight 001. ................... Newspaper article - Sir Cliff Richard this week has the perfect answer to Chris Evans and the other DJs who have condemned him as a wrinkly old has-been. His new single, Can't Keep This Feeling In, is number 10 in the charts, vying for position with Spacedust, Fatboy Slim and B'witched. The 58-year-old Richard has received satisfying proof that good pop music, like jazz, can be made by musicians of any vintage and that ageism is as absurd and self-defeating in the pop charts as anywhere else. For years he had chafed against the refusal of cutting-edge radio stations to play his records, not for any lack of quality but simply because of his age, his bran-wholesome image and long-time involvement in evangelical Christianity. Finally, he resorted to desperate measures - albeit possibly breaching St Paul's definition of perfect truth. As well as the regular single of Can't Keep This Feeling In, a heavily remixed rap version was released under the pseudonym Blacknight (the name of his new record label) and subtitled the Step Child mix after Step Child, the producer who did the electronic doctoring. Without Richard's halo around it, the track was instantly playlisted by youth-oriented stations all over the country, including some that had previously blacklisted him. Hardcore rap and soul DJs, who would have committed hara-kiri on their turntables rather than play a Cliff Richard record, went overboard for Blacknight. Dirty Den at KLIMAXX FM predicted the supposed newcomer's debut single would "do big things on the urban scene". E-Ze at Juice 105 FM called it "wicked rap with a good feel". DJ Pugwash at Unique FM said it had "street flava" and Kurt Gee at Rebel FM hailed it as a "cool toon". The release of the same song in ordinary format proved that Richard did not have to resort to such subterfuges and that he did not need validation from Dirty Den and DJ Pugwash either. Choice FM interview the unknown artist Blacknight and ask who he is, Cliff states - I am Cliff Richard Proving a point for Cliff, they stopped playing the record. Opens Roy Castle Lung Cancer Centre in Liverpool sporting a new very short hairstyle. Breaks records with the longest ever residence at Londons RAH. He plays 32 dates. 90,000 tickets for 20 dates sell out in 36 hours so a further 12 are added. Suffers with a chest infection and is advised not to release his single Vita Mia as the extra workload of promoting the single would affect his health. Appears at Althrop for the Concert for Diana. http://news.bbc.co.uk/ 1/hi/entertainment/121635.stm Sir Cliff Richard, who headlined the event, said - "This is our first opportunity to pay tribute to a wonderful, compassionate woman. She struck a chord in all our hearts. I would like to think we have found a true icon and if we can keep it alive a lot of people will be helped by money raised in her name." The full line-up of stars taking part in the concert was as follows: Andrea Quinn, the BBC Concert Orchestra, the Chicken Shed Theatre Company, Chris de Burgh, David Hasselhoff, Edward Higginbottom, Jasper Carrott, Jimmy Ruffin, Julian Lloyd Webber, Lawrence Gowan, Lesley Garrett, the Lighthouse Family, Maxim Vengerov, Miriam Stockley, Peter Robinson, The Royal Academy of Music, Sir Cliff Richard, the College of New College, Oxford, the Soweto String Quartet, T'Pau, Vincenzo la Scola, The Cliff Richard sweet pea is launched. Later Cliff appears on Chris Evans Channel 4 show, TFI Friday - During the interview Richard admitted that before appearing on the programme he had never seen it. Whether or not the ginger-haired maestro was annoyed by this sacrilege is not known. But last week on his Virgin Radio breakfast show, Evans announced that as the station's owner - as well as its chief DJ - he wanted the organisation's entire stock of Cliff Richard records "thrown out". None the less, it became clear that by attacking pop music's equivalent of the Queen Mother, Evans might have gone too far, even for him. Virgin Radio's London offices were picketed by outraged Cliff fans (or "saddoes" as the red-haired one kindly dubbed them). A national newspaper has started a reader campaign against what it terms "the mad mullah" of the airwaves to make him rescind his Cliff Richard fatwa. And as if in divine judgment, figures just released show that Evans's Virgin show has lost half a million listeners in recent months. Richard says he has nothing personal against Evans. "He was nice to me on his show - then he turns round and slags me off something rotten. But you've got to respect the success he's had. He started all this, and I think I've come out of it slightly better. People now realise there are other pop gurus around." Chris Evans refuses to play Cliff and smashes his records as he said he was rude to him on his show. Cliff comments that he hadn't been rude to him. 1999 Jill Dando a good friend of Cliff is shot on her doorstep and Cliff is devastated by the news. He questioned why God had allowed this to happen to such a lovely person. Cliff's first encounter with Jill was arranged as a surprise by turning up as her Prince Charming at the Opera Ball in Vienna. Cliff became a good and valued friend. She learnt tennis so she could partner him at his tournament. When he went to dinner at her home, she hid most of her vast collection of his recordings to disguise from him just how great a fan she really was! Sir Cliff Richard, Ms Dando's childhood heart-throb, was among those speaking warmly of the Crimewatch and holiday presenter, as well as performing a touching song This Love as a celebration of Jill's life. Cliff admitted to being emotional during the performance but gritted his teeth and tried to stay vibrant. Among the guests was her friend, the broadcaster Carol Vorderman, BBC newsman John Simpson, sports presenter Des Lynam and former BBC political editor John Cole and BBC director-general, Sir John Birt. Cliff's Mom's health deteriorates and it becomes clear that she doesn't recognise Cliff. Cliff has the highest sales for the year 2000 calendar. Cliff announces he is taking the year 2000 off, there will be no concerts and nothing in his diary for a year for the first time since he started in 1958. Millennium Prayer is written to form part of the Share Jesus International production, Hopes and Dreams . Cliff sings on the CD released containing the songs from the production. Steve (Dylan) Deal, Cliff and Paul Field. Steve won two Ivan Novella awards Cliff decides it would make a good single for the Millennium. Millennium Prayer - The controversy of a charity single - · After 41 years Cliff quits EMI in charity disc dispute - EMI rejected the song because it was not the right material for them. · Radio 2 snubs Cliff's new Christmas song. They stated it did not have broad enough appeal · It was panned by the critic's and many radio stations refused to play it. · Premier Radio asks listeners to boycott Radio 2. Fans protest outside Broadcasting house. · Cliff beats Radio ban as Millennium Prayer nears No. 1. Cliff sells 61,915 copies while Boyzone sells only 55,599. · Sir Cliff zooms into No. 2. · Proceeds of the single went to aid charity Childrens Promise. · Cliff celebrates as his single reached the top of the charts knocking off Wamdue Projects King of my Castle. · It became Cliff's 14th No. 1 hit and the third highest selling single of his career. Some reports - Congratulations - but I'm sorry mate, I still hate the song - Oh Lord, I never thought my column would one day be dedicated to Cliff Richard. What's more I never believed the Lord's Prayer sung to the tune of Old Lang Syne would have made it to the top. But I kneel to a greater power a miracle has been performed. Cliff has practically no radio play and his song was almost universally derided when it was first released. Everyone including me considered the song a huge mistake but against all odds Millennium Prayer has triumphed. Why Cliff struck a chord. He's the only one reminding us of the true meaning of the Millennium. George Michael brands Cliff's single vile. 2000 Cliff celebrates his 60th birthday with an 8 day cruise on the Seabourne Goddess 1 which departs from St Tropez, calling at Monte Carlo, Barcelona, Palma and Malaga. The journey is quite rough and most of the guests are travel sick. Alan Park, Cliff's keyboard player marries on board and Cliff gives the bride away. Shirley Bassey sings Happy Birthday to Cliff. http://www.songsofshirleybassey.co.uk/info/articl37.html Cliff receives an outstanding achievement away at the South Bank Awards in London. Hearts on Fire was Cliff's only performance in the year. This was arranged previously, so he promised to honour it. Cliff hands over a cheque to Children's Promise for £1 million. Cliff buys a new home in Barbados. Cliff opens new Christian offices in Dudley. What are you doing? Don't you realise we get famous people in here? Sit down. Waiter to Cliff Richard when he tried to take photographs in a Hollywood Restaurant. 2001 Wanted album is released Cliff photographed in red trunks on the beach of Barbados, which appears in many magazines and papers with comments about Cliff still having a good figure at the age of 60. Rumours that Cliff is to play Dracula. Cliff releases his first red wine from his Portuguese vineyard called Vida Nova meaning New Life. Start of the World Tour. Cliff Flies to Nashville to record Somethings goin on album. . The songwriters asked him questions on what he liked in life and they recorded songs to suit his ideals - · Moments with friends and a cup of coffee - Simplicity · Cars - What car · Faith and God - Faithful one. The 'Living Doll' singer said: "Don't think for a minute that I've abandoned my ambition to break through in the States" His spokesman said: "It has always niggled him that he has failed to make a success of things in America" http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/features/2003/03/12/cliff.shtml Cliff, the Musical is the brainchild of two Twickenham-based producers - Colin Rozee and Trevor Payne. Over the last year the pair has been working with ex-BBC Radio One jock Mike Read to bring their creation to the West End. Cliff appears in Party at the Palace for the Queens 50th Jubilee with other artistes including Paul McCartney, Atomic Kitten and Ozzy Ozbourne. 2004 Cliff receives the The Ultimate Pop Star award due to the fact that he has sold more singles in the UK than any other music artist, ahead of the Beatles in second place and Elvis Presley in third. 1. Cliff Richard (20,969,006)	i don't know
If the equator crosses Africa's West coast in the country of Gabon, in which country does it cross the East coast?	Which African countries does the equator pass through? \| Reference.com Which African countries does the equator pass through? A: Quick Answer The equator passes through the African countries of Gabon, Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya and Somalia. In total, the equator passes through 12 countries. Full Answer In addition to the six African countries that the equator passes through, it also passes through Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati and Sao Torne and Principe. The equator represents a great circle that is equal distance from both poles on the Earth, the North and South Poles. It divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The tropics are more likely to be found around the equator and as a result, temperatures are consistently hotter in these areas of the world than any others.	Somalia
If this character was played by Michael Keaton in 1989, Val Kilmer in 1995, and George Clooney in 1997, who played him in 2008?	Weaver's Week 2002-04-13 - UKGameshows Weaver's Week 2002-04-13 13th April 2002 Iain Weaver reviews the latest happenings in UK Game Show Land. In the week when C4 committed to BIG BROTHER until edition 6 in 2005, this also happened: - The Fifteen To One Final - Merger on Survivor - Bad news for literate Americans UNIVERSITY CHALLENGE, REUNITED New Oxford 64 -v- Trinity Cambridge 95 Trinity was the first champion side of the Paxman Revival; New the second champs of the Gascoigne Original. Once again, Thumper is stumped by simple mental arithmetic, working out the VAT due on £420. The man from the Inland Revenue is also stumped by this question, but helps the side go 3/4 on Euro designs. Trinity has a decent lead, but the sides draw level just after the picture round, and New goes ahead with the next question. Class Of... New goes 3/6 on questions about 1994, when Trinity's campaign started; and 3/3 on '64. Trinity goes 1/3 on 1964. Trinity gets 3/4 on pieces of classical music played backwards. The lead swaps hands a few times, but is extended when Trinity goes 3/3 on love potions. That would be the Hidden Graduate Indicator of the Week - how come Trinity 95 knows so much about aphrodisiacs? A penalty causes a slight murmur, but 2/3 on playwrights and a Kipling question to a Harvard professor of English seals Trinity's win, 225-175. Eric Gray, the prof, scores 76 for Trinity, with Robin Battacharya making 70. Francis Lambert makes 58.5 for New. Trinity got 21/33 bonuses and one penalty; New 17/27 and no penalties. At least one of every bonus set was answered correctly. Next week: Leicester 63 -v- Somerville Oxford 02 Nil points to Teletext, the text magazine for ITV. That service asserted that the man from the Inland Revenue should know everything about VAT, when (as any fool knows) it's Customs and Excise that handles this tax on sales. Burgundy ties all round for Teletext's reputation for accuracy, then. And not many points for the BBC's equivalent, Ceefax. It ran a story this week about criticisms of WEAKEST LINK from Thailand. Readers of this column will have seen an extended version of the snippet back on February 23. I took that story from the BBC's own website. FIFTEEN TO ONE FINAL While my attention was elsewhere, Matti Watton scored 412. This was not enough to beat Michael Penrice's 423, so the Mastermind champion takes the Cypriot jug for top of the finals board. Four ladies have made the final, and the fifteen have racked up 29 grand final appearances between them. Blatant channel promotion (1): Who plays the president in THE WEST WING, shown on C4? After the first round, it's one down, fourteen to go. Michael Penrice's first mistake of the series falls on the second question in round two. Blatant channel promotion (2): After POPSTARS and POP IDLE, what is the name of C4's series that will find an opera performer and auditions begin soon? Defending champion Daphne Fowler falls early in the second round, followed by Gareth McMullan and Mr Penrice. Leader of the Conservative Party question: Vladimir Putin is President of Russia. Who is that country's Prime Minister? Former champion Matti Watton, back for the first time in a year, is looking strong. So is newcomer Olav. Geography question: The Equator crosses the west coast of Africa in Gabon. In which country does it cross the continent's east coast? The second round finishes surprisingly quickly. The finalists: Matti Watton, an archivist from Birmingham Olav Bjortomt, a journalist from Littlehampton Nigel Jones, a computer programmer from Bath Rhetorical: How come there are so many travel agents advertising in the central break? Matti gets the first three, and seems to be running away with it. Careful: What was the name of the computer that beat Garry Kaspar... This is turning into a walkover. Counting: Of the 15 member states, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK have two EU commissioners each. The other members have one. How many commissioners are there? Matti has an unassailable lead with 10 questions to spare. His final score of 222 with three lives intact would easily have made the final in its own right. Those answers in full: Martin Sheen, OPERATUNITY (!), Iain Duncan Smith, Somalia, Deep Blue (not Big Blue, as Nigel said) 20. SURVIVOR: SPIT ROAST Last week, Meeta got her wish, and left Panama for the comforts of home. Wherever that is. The emerging eight are in it for the long haul now, no one's leaving until the end. The Red team, North island + Alistair, 34, Motherwell. The Blue team, South island + Bridget, 42, Oxford. + Jonny, 30, Edinburgh. + Susannah, 27, Wimbledon. On the islands, the teams have been given video cameras to make some home movies. This allows the housemates to see themselves as the viewers are seeing them. Alistair gets Dave to present a documentary about the island's flood defences. Jonny shoots the females in their tops. The producers have nothing to show for the day before merger. This is almost as dull as last year's show. Or watching other people's home movies. Day 15. Merger day. It's raining. Big Scarf has changed into a big black mac and huge trilby hat. He looks like The Grim Reaper. The ceremonial burning of the tribal insignia is off, due to the rain. They're trampled into the mud, which seems more fitting. Dr Death tells the tribe that they're individuals now - well, we see him appear to do that, but the audio is clearly added in post-production. At the camp, there are live chickens, a night's food, and a comfortable chair to give pieces to camera. The new tribal insignia bears more than a close resemblance to the flag of Panama. The clearing chosen by the producers is full of ants, but there's a clearer path about a quarter of a mile away. Alistair is the group's leader during their move, Bridget the thorn in the side. After moving camp, the team relaxes by drinking and swearing a lot. This has suddenly turned into Big Brother, hasn't it? Home movies, moving house, pointless physical challenges, booze, nocturnal activities. All we need is a Geordie voiceover and we're there. Day 16, and Big Mac has a challenge. The underwater breath holding challenge. 1'42 for Alistair, 2'16 for Drew, 2'06 for Susannah. Drew and Suze go to the final: pull a log under the beam and hold it aloft. All underwater, naturally. Big Mac calls it a tie. A fresh set of clothes, and Big Mac's Laundry Service will wash the old stuff. Plus the luxury item they picked before leaving (a photo and the complete works of Shakespeare) and one each of the other's luxuries. They pick a hammock and a football. Big Mac leaves a tarpaulin to cover the inside of their shelter. That makes it more of a waterproof tent. Day 17, and Big Mac has a surprise. Go to Council. Go directly to Council. Do not pass go. Do not collect immunity. Bree and Helen look favoured to go, until Suze lets one of the chickens escape. When it comes back, Drew and Bree lead the catching. Big Mac outlines the procedure from here on in. Ties will be broken by a re-vote, not last year's countback. "And one more thing: there will be no vote tonight." All eight go through to next week, when it's goodbye to the chicken, and hello to the Standing Around On A Log Challenge. Survivor has continued to attract low ratings. 4.8m / 26% this week, is barely half the inheritance from the football beforehand. This is the first week that Survivor has beaten the BBC news. ITV can take some comfort that it's not the worst performing show on the schedule. That dishonour fell to the half hour from 3:30 on Saturday afternoon, when a mere 300,000 / 3% saw the channel. That was the lowest score registered by any of the five terrestrial networks. By that standard, Survivor is The Hit Reality Show Everyone's Watching. COUNTDOWN Confirmation from producer Damian Eadie via the C4 forum that American spellings will not be allowed from the next series, starting in late June. The use of American spellings - COLOR, ODOR, LABOR and their ilk - has always been controversial. On the one hand, they are in the dictionary in their own right; on the other, they're not in conventional British English usage. Both arguments have merits; personally, I'd plump for the status quo, as the words are explicitly listed in the dictionary. We've now had six champions retire undefeated with eight wins apiece. There's still two months before the final stages, and if only the top eight will be invited back, there's a chance that one or more of the octochamps won't make it back. I have a feeling that this is a combination of the six-month-long series - prior to 1998, there was a final after 13 weeks of competition, they are after 26 weeks. The extension to 15 rounds has also made upsets less likely, and favours letters whizzes over numbers stars even more than before. To Richard Whiteley, I have just one thing to say: leotards. HOW MANY YEARS IN JAIL! BET NOW! BET NOW! Despite the fact that Tuesday's funeral was swarming with undercover and plain sight police officers, the BANZAI team decided to place their man in the front row of the crowd with a speed gun. His 'mission', which will not be aired, was to clock the QM's hearse for a bet. Some eagle-eyed coppers spotted him in the crowd and put a stop to the stunt. Which could have been good news, as a gun (even a speed gun) in the presence of armed officers tends to be unhealthy. Don't try this at home, readers. The bet may yet appear, if (or when...) the producers time the hearse over a short distance from the videos, then go out and measure it. David Boothroyd had the original idea. NEXT WEEK Crossed fingers, touch wood, this week's schedules will go as scheduled. Millionaire has finished for the summer, so there's a slight element of barrel-scraping here. This Saturday's BBC1 lineup: 1730 Generation Game, 1825 outtakes, 1855 Waiting Game, 1935 Jet Set. There's a repeat of BULLSEYE on Granada + at 2330. If it all gets too much, Saturday is BANZAI night on E4 from 2200. Sunday is UNDER OFFER morning on UK Style - the C5 show where people can win a house hasn't enough shows for a full day. BARE NECESSITIES returns to BBC Choice at 2000 - in tonight's repeat, the teams are stuck on the Azores with only a few essentials and Ed Hall (of X-FIRE and SURVIVOR RAW "fame") for company. Monday has Sky One debut DIRTY MONEY at 1230. Six contestants use careful strategy and dirty tactics to steal money from their opponents. Marcus Bentley, the narrator to BIG BROTHER, hosts. Repeated at 0900 the following morning, it appears. Fifteen To One is repeating a series from last year. This week's Smart Alec is Lionel Blair. Note the earlier time for SURVIVOR - 2100 Wednesday. The last word is at 2220, following the News At Ten at ten. The return of comedy quiz HAVE I GOT NEWS FOR YOU at 2100 Friday on 1. This week's guests include 6Music host Phil Jupitus. Also on the radio this week, a treat for fans of I'M SORRY I HAVEN'T A CLUE. The 30th anniversary of the show is celebrated at 1815 Saturday on Radio 4 FM. On 1500m long wave, Humph will give an abridged reading from the rules of Mornington Crescent. The full broadcast will begin after the midday Shipping Forecast on April 31. To have Weaver's Week emailed to you on publication day (usually Saturday), receive our exclusive TV roundup of the game shows in the week ahead, and chat to other ukgameshows.com readers sign up to our Yahoo! Group . This page was last modified on 26 September 2004, at 03:26. This page has been accessed 5,209 times.	i don't know
What name is given to abdominal thrusts performed on a choking victim, which is named after the American physician to whom it is credited?	Abdominal thrust \| definition of abdominal thrust by Medical dictionary Abdominal thrust \| definition of abdominal thrust by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/abdominal+thrust Related to abdominal thrust: Heimlich maneuver , abdominal thrust maneuver abdominal thrust quick, hard movements directed inward and upward towards the diaphragm to assist an adult to expel foreign objects in the airway. See Heimlich maneuver . abdominal thrust An alternative to the Heimlich manoeuvre when a patient is unconscious or lying down. With the patient on his or her back, the heel of the hand is placed just above the navel, the free hand is paced on top of the other hand, the arms are kept straight and four rapid thrusts are made downwards and in the direction of the head. Heim·lich ma·neu·ver (hīm'lik mă-nū'vĕr) Action designed to expel an obstructing bolus of food from the throat by placing a fist on the abdomen between navel and costal margin, grasping fist from behind with other hand, and forcefully thrusting it inward and upward to force the diaphragm upward, thus forcing air up the trachea to dislodge obstruction. abdominal thrust,	Abdominal thrusts
The band Kaiser Chiefs took their name from a football club in which country?	CNA Certified Nursing Assistant FL -- Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com CNA Certified Nursing Assistant FL --... CNA Certified Nursing Assistant FL -- Part 1 Cna Certified Nursing Assistant Fl -- Part 1 by saxmax , Sep. 2010 Don't have an account? Sign Up » Upgrade to Cram Premium You have created 2 folders. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! Download the official Cram app for free > Shuffle How to study your flashcards. Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key A key: Read text to speech.a key Play button Click or Press Spacebar to Begin » Card Range To Study 554 Cards in this Set Front Acute care facilities provide care to individuals known as A. patients. A. trauma care to acutely ill individuals. B. obstetrical care to mothers and infants. C. care for individuals who are undergoing surgery. D. services to persons with stable chronic illnesses. D. services to persons with stable chronic illnesses. Long-term acute care hospitals A. are comparable to long-term care nursing facilities. B. provide services to unstable, short-term patients. C. accept patients with a good chance for improvement. D. provide acute, complex care for terminally ill patients. C. accept patients with a good chance for improvement. Health care is financed by all of the following except A. the Health Care Financing Association. B. private insurance plans. A. the Health Care Financing Association. Cost containment A. is not a priority for the health care worker. B. involves saving money from your paycheck. C. requires workers to use costly supplies. D. involves avoiding waste and minimizing expenses. D. involves avoiding waste and minimizing expenses. An important consideration in health care is A. preserving life at all costs. B. withholding expensive care from the elderly. C. maintaining and enhancing quality of life. D. humanizing care only for young patients. C. maintaining and enhancing quality of life. Medicare payment to the acute care facility is based on A. the actual cost of providing care. B. diagnosis related groups. C. an rate equivalent to private insurance. D. a uniform procedural payment scale. B. diagnosis related groups. The governmental agency that protects the health and safety of employees is A. JCAHO. The purpose of continuous quality improvement is to A. write deficiencies on the staff. B. create a good paper trail. C. identify and correct problems. D. develop material safety data sheets. C. identify and correct problems. 10. Nursing care is planned and directed by A. registered nurses. C. licensed practical (vocational) nurses. D. supervisory personnel. A. registered nurses. You report your concerns about patient care to your immediate supervisor, who seems unconcerned and tells you she is too busy to address the problem.You should A. say nothing. B. inform the next person in authority. C. report to the physician. D. complete an incident report. B. inform the next person in authority. When delivering care, A. complete only those procedures that you are instructed to do. B. always do everything that the patient requests. C. perform procedures that are safely within your scope of practice. D. assist only the patients listed on your assignment. C. perform procedures that are safely within your scope of practice. The OBRA regulations A. provide recognition to nursing assistants through registration. B. define the scope of RN practice in acute care facilities. C. determine the members of the interdisciplinary team. D. regulate hospital structure and function. A. provide recognition to nursing assistants through registration. The Patient's Bill of Rights is A. given to patients only if requested. B. provided to all patients upon hospital admission. C. given to clients who are receiving care in the home. D. not a legally binding document. B. provided to all patients upon hospital admission. Documents that provide instructions about the patient's wishes for treatment—in the event the patient is unable to communicate her wishes are A. ethical practices. C. the bill of rights. D. grievances. Informed consent means that the A. physician makes health care decisions on behalf of the patient. B. health care personnel will make decisions in the patient’s best interest. C. patient makes decisions based on full disclosure of procedures, benefits, and risks. D. patient has a right to complain if he is unhappy with the outcome of care. C. patient makes decisions based on full disclosure of procedures, benefits, and risks. The rights of residents in long-term care facilities A. were legislated by OBRA 1987. B. are identical to hospital patients’ rights. C. are more restrictive than rights in other health care settings. D. do not include advance directives. A. were legislated by OBRA 1987. Legal standards are A. moral codes of conduct. B. guides to lawful behavior. C. ethical codes of conduct. D. voluntary agreements for workers. B. guides to lawful behavior. Ethical standards are A. guides to legal behavior. B. actions that constitute illegal behavior. C. acts of wrongdoing. D. principles of moral behavior. D. principles of moral behavior. You may discuss confidential patient information with A. your supervisor. D. libel. B. coercion. A mentally confused patient refuses a bath. You know that the patient’s daughter is named as the attorney in the patient’s durable power of attorney for health care, and the daughter has signed the consents for hospital treatment. You should A. honor the refusal and not give the bath. B. return later and try to bathe the patient then. C. call the daughter and ask her what to do. D. force the patient to bathe. B. return later and try to bathe the patient then. A nursing assistant delivers a meal tray to the bedside of a patient who cannot speak. He places the tray on the table and leaves the room. The patient is in bed, with the rails up, and cannot get to the tray. When the assistant returns, the patient is sleeping. The patient has not eaten. The assistant removes the tray and documents the appetite as “0.” The assistant’s actions constitute A. neglect. When answering the phone, you should A. identify the unit, yourself, and your title. B. take orders from the physician. C. yell down the hall to locate the person being called. D. tell the caller to call back later. A. identify the unit, yourself, and your title. Written communications that you will be using are A. physician progress notes. B. flow sheets and charts. C. laboratory notes. B. flow sheets and charts. "Report" refers to A. the nursing assistant giving information to the patient's family. B. informing the patient about his medical condition. C. receiving information you will need to carry out your assignment. D. informing your coworkers about your patients’ personal problems. C. receiving information you will need to carry out your assignment. Computers are used in health care facilities for A. business and financial functions only. B. communicating and compiling databases. C. patient entertainment. B. communicating and compiling databases. Active listening involves B. looking at the patient even if you are not paying attention. C. paying attention. During communication with patients, eye contact A. is often interpreted as a sign of hostility. B. communicates caring and concern. C. is not appropriate in the North American culture. D. makes less of an impression than spoken words. B. communicates caring and concern. Handoff communication A. is given when a patient transfers to the care of another worker or department. B. is not necessary if your shift report and documentation are complete and timely. C. is given to the patient and family members by the nursing assistant at the time of discharge. D. should be given by licensed professionals only because this is a highly technical procedure. A. is given when a patient transfers to the care of another worker or department. An effective means of showing you understand a communication is to A. use your body language. B. write it down. Subjective symptoms are those that you A. see, feel, and hear. B. cannot visualize. D. think, feel, and see. B. cannot visualize. Objective symptoms are those that you A. think are correct. B. are told about by the patient. C. use your senses to detect. D. suspect may be true. C. use your senses to detect. It is important for you as a nursing assistant to know what normal observations are so that you A. know when the patient's behavior is normal. B. have the information needed to perform direct care. C. can recognize whatever is not normal and report it. D. can perform good assessments. C. can recognize whatever is not normal and report it. When making observations, it helps to A. review the patient systematically and use all of your senses. B. expose the patient's body so that you can check the skin. C. measure all patients by the same standard. D. observe only those things that the patient complains of. A. review the patient systematically and use all of your senses. The nursing assistant contributes to the nursing process by A. performing assessments. B. initiating the patient's care plan. C. observing and reporting changes. D. developing a nursing diagnosis. C. observing and reporting changes. The chart is A. sent home with the patient upon discharge. B. a legal document that may be used in court. C. discarded when the patient is discharged. D. the physician's legal responsibility. B. a legal document that may be used in court. The correct international time for 7:43 PM is A. 0743 The pain assessment (rating) scale is used A. by staff, to determine the level of a patient’s pain. B. for record keeping and statistical purposes only. C. so the nursing assistant knows whether pain should be reported. D. as a tool for the patient to communicate the pain intensity. D. as a tool for the patient to communicate the pain intensity. The HIPAA rules A. increase the physicians’ control over patients’ medical records. B. make the nursing department totally responsible for charting patient information. C. make patients more accountable for protecting their personal medical data. D. protect all individually identifiable health information in any form. D. protect all individually identifiable health information in any form. Whose responsibility is it to keep the patient's room safe and clean? A. The housekeeper's If the nursing assistant notices a broken piece of equipment, she should A. say nothing, as this is not her responsibility. B. Quickly bring it to the maintenance department. C. report it to the appropriate person. D. discard it in the biohazardous waste. C. report it to the appropriate person. Examples of fire hazards are A. radios and televisions. B. linen and trash in the room. C. overloaded outlets. D. smoking in designated areas. C. overloaded outlets. When oxygen is in use, A. post an "Oxygen in Use" sign at the desk. B. use cotton blankets and gowns. C. standard precautions are not necessary. D. remove the call signal. B. use cotton blankets and gowns. The first thing to do if you discover a fire is to A. call for help. B. remove the patient to a safe area. C. pull the fire alarm in the hallway. D. close the door to the room to contain the fire. B. remove the patient to a safe area. When using the fire extinguisher, always A. aim the extinguisher at the base of the fire. B. point the extinguisher toward the top of the flames. C. hold the extinguisher steady, with as little movement as possible. D. leave the pin in place. A. aim the extinguisher at the base of the fire. 10. Adapting the environment and using techniques to prevent injury is A. ergonomics. The purpose of the MSDS is to A. inform employees of the location of hazards in the facility. B. explain how to read chemical labels on hazardous materials. C. identify the source of information for electrical hazards. D. list precautions to take in the presence of a chemical hazard. D. list precautions to take in the presence of a chemical hazard. When lifting a heavy patient or object, A. bend at the waist. B. use your strong leg muscles. C. keep your feet close together. D. avoid close contact. B. use your strong leg muscles. When moving a dependent patient in bed, A. perform this procedure by yourself. B. use a sheet to turn and reposition the patient. C. always have two or three other people assist. D. use the mechanical lift whenever possible. B. use a sheet to turn and reposition the patient. Proper body alignment is A. positioning the patient in a state of flexion. B. maintaining the patient in a state of extension. C. keeping the patient in a position of function. D. positioning the patient so the toes point downward. C. keeping the patient in a position of function. When positioning a patient in bed, you should A. use pillows and props for support if necessary. B. turn the patient from side to side every three hours. C. avoid the supine position whenever possible. D. rest the patient's back on the side rail for support. A. use pillows and props for support if necessary. A patient is receiving tube feeding. The nurse instructs you to position the patient in Fowler's position. This means the A. head of the bed is elevated 20 to 30 degrees. B. patient is on his side with knees flexed. C. head of the bed is elevated 45 to 60 degrees. D. knee rest should be elevated and the head flat. C. head of the bed is elevated 45 to 60 degrees. When moving a patient, A. use your strong arm muscles to do the heaviest work. B. bend from the hips and knees and use your leg muscles. C. bend at the waist to prevent injury to your back. D. inhale deeply and relax your abdominal muscles. B. bend from the hips and knees and use your leg muscles. When positioning a patient on the side, A. cross the arms over the chest. B. place a pillow between the legs. C. flex the neck as much as possible. D. raise the side rail near the back. B. place a pillow between the legs. Beginning procedure actions include D. lowering the bed height. B. handwashing. A turning sheet is positioned A. lengthwise on the bed. B. under the head and shoulders. C. from the shoulders to below the hips. D. from the waist to the knees. C. from the shoulders to below the hips. When turning the patient toward you, you should A. pull on the patient's wrist and shoulder. B. extend the legs and arms until they are straight. C. place your hip against the bed to add leverage. D. place one hand on the shoulder and one on the hip. D. place one hand on the shoulder and one on the hip. When assisting a patient to move up to the head of the bed, you should A. keep the head of the bed elevated. B. leave the pillow under the patient's head. C. place the pillow against the headboard. D. raise the knee rest of the bed. C. place the pillow against the headboard. Restraints are B. used for staff convenience. C. an alternative to bed alarms. D. applied when the patient wanders. A. medical devices. The logrolling procedure should always be used for patients who A. are unconscious. B. have had spinal cord surgery. C. are paralyzed on the left side. D. are totally dependent. B. have had spinal cord surgery. Mrs. Hernandez keeps trying to climb over the side rails. The nurse instructs you to put them down. When you enter the room, the patient is ambulating with an unsteady gait, pushing the overbed table. You suggest using a A. vest restraint. Which of the following principles should guide the use of restraints? A. The most restrictive device is used for as long as necessary. B. The least restrictive device is used for the least time possible. C. Restraints are used any time the patient will not cooperate. D. Restraints are used as a means of behavior management. B. The least restrictive device is used for the least time possible. When preparing to transfer a patient who is paralyzed from the bed to the chair, position the chair A. on the patient's strongest side. B. on the patient's weakest side. C. so that it is facing the side of the bed. D. in vertical alignment at the foot of the bed. A. on the patient's strongest side. When transferring a patient, A. instruct the patient to lock his hands behind your neck. B. use a transfer belt whenever possible. C. place your hands under the patient's shoulders. D. keep your feet close together. B. use a transfer belt whenever possible. When moving a dependent patient from the bed to a chair, A. back the chair up against the wall or strong furniture. B. brace the patient's strongest leg with your leg and foot for support. C. instruct the patient to keep her feet as close together as possible. D. bend from the waist and use your arm muscles. A. back the chair up against the wall or strong furniture. When using a mechanical lift, A. two nursing assistants are needed. B. place the chair at right angles to the foot of the bed facing the foot of the bed. C. place the sling under the patient's buttocks and legs. D. leave the door to the room open, in case help is needed. A. two nursing assistants are needed. When transferring a conscious patient from a stretcher to the bed, A. lock the wheels of the stretcher only and raise the near rail. B. remove the bath blanket covering the patient before beginning the transfer. C. adjust the height of the bed so it is higher than the stretcher. D. use a sheet, and arrange for others to help. D. use a sheet, and arrange for others to help. When transferring an unconscious patient from a stretcher to the bed, how many nursing assistants are required to safely perform the procedure? A. Two 33. Before beginning a transfer, A. always explain what you are going to do and how the patient can help. B. position the patient so he moves toward the weakest side. C. instruct the patient to put his hands around your neck. D. position the chair so the patient makes a 90-degree turn. A. always explain what you are going to do and how the patient can help. Before transferring a dependent patient from bed to chair, you should A. obtain the mechanical lift. B. know the patient’s capabilities. C. have the patient place her arms around your waist. D. ask at least two other nursing assistants to help. B. know the patient’s capabilities. When applying a transfer belt, A. fasten the belt in the back. B. apply the belt as loosely as possible. C. make sure the belt is below the breasts. D. slip one hand under the belt so it is not too tight. C. make sure the belt is below the breasts. When administering first aid, your first consideration is A. maintaining the airway. C. signs and symptoms of shock. D. the degree of trauma to the patient. A. maintaining the airway. When providing first aid at the scene of an automobile accident, you should A. ask bystanders to leave. B. get everyone out of cars and onto the ground. C. consider safety hazards at the scene. D. do nothing until a qualified person directs you. C. consider safety hazards at the scene. You are performing CPR on a patient whom you have found on the floor in an empty lounge area. No one else is in the vicinity. You should get help by A. running for the nurse. B. calling out loudly. C. waiting for someone to find you. D. looking for a call signal or phone. B. calling out loudly. An indication of complete airway obstruction is A. the victim tells you he is choking. B. high-pitched sounds on inhalation. C. the victim coughing forcefully to expel a foreign body. D. the victim has his fingers in his mouth. B. high-pitched sounds on inhalation. When performing the Heimlich maneuver, your hands should be placed A. on the diaphragm. B. immediately below the ribcage. C. slightly above the navel. D. on the lower abdomen. C. slightly above the navel. Chest thrusts are indicated for a choking victim if A. you are unable to get your arms around the victim. B. the victim is lying in bed in the supine position. C. you believe the obstruction is high in the throat. D. the victim is elderly or paralyzed. A. you are unable to get your arms around the victim. 7. If a choking victim loses consciousness, you should A. position the patient in the supine position, tip the head back, and begin CPR. B. place the victim in the prone position and apply steady downward pressure on the back. C. immediately begin rescue breathing once every five seconds. D. never place your fingers in the victim's mouth. A. position the patient in the supine position, tip the head back, and begin CPR. When an airway obstruction is present in a conscious infant, you should A. perform 6 to 10 abdominal thrusts in rapid sequence. B. administer 6 to 10 quick back blows. C. deliver a combination of back blows and chest thrusts. D. administer four chest thrusts, then attempt rescue breathing. C. deliver a combination of back blows and chest thrusts. Early signs and symptoms of shock include A. slow pulse, elevated blood pressure. B. restlessness, perspiration, rapid pulse. C. flushed face, hot skin, elevated blood pressure. D. chest pain, edema, shortness of breath. B. restlessness, perspiration, rapid pulse. 10. Late signs and symptoms of shock include A. mottled skin, decrease in temperature. B. elevated blood pressure, rapid pulse. C. warm, moist skin. D. fever and slow, bounding pulse. A. mottled skin, decrease in temperature. 11. Place the patient in which position when shock is suspected? A. High Fowler's If a patient is having a seizure, your main objective is to A. stop the seizure activity. B. protect the patient from injury. C. keep the patient awake. D. restrain the patient. B. protect the patient from injury. The most common cause of airway obstruction is A. the tongue falling back into the throat. B. laughing and talking while eating. C. putting foreign objects into the mouth. D. allergic reaction to a substance. A. the tongue falling back into the throat. If the patient has a known neck injury, open the airway by A. hyperextending the neck as far as it will go. B. flexing the neck forward. C. using the jaw-thrust maneuver. D. obtaining an oral airway device. C. using the jaw-thrust maneuver. Room air contains approximately A. center of the chest. When doing adult CPR, compress the sternum straight down A. 1/2 to 1 inch. B. 1 to 1.5 inches. C. 1.5to 2 inches. D. 2.5 to 3.5 inches. C. 1.5to 2 inches. When doing adult CPR, compress the chest A. at a rate of 80 per minute. B. 80 actual times per minute. C. at a rate of 100 per minute. D. 100 actual times per minute. C. at a rate of 100 per minute. Once you begin CPR, you should not stop until A. an equally qualified rescuer instructs you to. B. you believe the CPR will not be effective. C. the patient’s color improves. D. you are exhausted and unable to continue. D. you are exhausted and unable to continue. The compression-to-ventilation ratio for one-person CPR in an adult is A. 30:2. When doing infant CPR, compress the chest A. at a rate of 80 per minute. B. 80 actual times per minute. C. at a rate of 100 per minute. D. 100 actual times per minute. C. at a rate of 100 per minute. The “landmark” for hand position in CPR for an infant is A. on the sternum directly between the nipples. B. just below the line between the nipples. C. on the upper half of the ribcage. D. on the xiphoid process. B. just below the line between the nipples. The depth of compressions for a child is A. approximately one-third to one-half the depth of the chest. B. approximately one-half to three-fourths of the depth of the child’s body. C. approximately three-fourths of the depth of the child’s body. D. 1/2 to 1 inch. A. approximately one-third to one-half the depth of the chest. Complications of head injury may not be evident for up to A. 2 hours. The benefits of early defibrillation in cardiac arrest have not been proven. A. True B. False B. False When doing abdominal thrusts, pressing on the patient’s ribs with your forearms could cause serious injury to the internal structures, including the liver. A. True B. False A. True If there are two rescuers, the preferred hand placement for chest compressions in an infant is to encircle the chest and back with the hands, then compress downward with the thumbs. A. True B. False A. True In the unconscious patient with an obstructed airway, probe the airway with your fingers to determine if a foreign body is present. A. True Assistive devices are used to A. help the staff in ambulating the patient. B. compensate for problems the patient has with walking. C. keep the patient from walking too fast, which may cause a fall. D. prevent back injuries in health care workers. B. compensate for problems the patient has with walking. To use standard crutches, an adult must have A. paralysis on one side of the body. B. stable legs. D. the ability to walk long distances. C. two strong arms. When a cane fits the patient properly, the A. hand is even with the waist. B. hand is even with the top of the leg. C. wrist is bent at a 90-degree angle. D. wrist is even with the hip joint. D. wrist is even with the hip joint. When a patient uses a cane with a three-point gait, the A. weight is distributed evenly between the feet and the cane. B. cane and the strong leg move at the same time. C. patient holds the cane approximately 6 inches away from the body. D. patient holds the cane on the weak side of the body. A. weight is distributed evenly between the feet and the cane. When a patient uses a cane with a two-point gait, the A. cane and the strong leg move at the same time. B. cane and the weak leg move at the same time. C. strong leg always moves first. D. patient holds the cane in the weak hand. B. cane and the weak leg move at the same time. Patients who sit in wheelchairs should be taught to shift their weight every A. 15 minutes. A. 15 minutes. When a patient is properly positioned in a wheelchair A. the hips are positioned at a 90 degree angle, at the back of the chair. B. the arms are on the armrests with the shoulders slightly elevated. C. there should be at least an inch between the backs of the knees and the seat. D. the inner thighs should be internally rotated to reduce pressure on the buttocks. A. the hips are positioned at a 90 degree angle, at the back of the chair. The health care worker who is responsible for taking vital signs is the A. nursing assistant. 60. A rectal temperature registers A. one degree higher than oral. B. one degree lower than oral. C. one degree higher than axillary. D. one degree lower than axillary. A. one degree higher than oral. 61. You are assigned to take Mr. Lippincott's temperature orally every four hours. At 8:00 AM it is 99.2 degrees F. At 12:00 PM it is 102. degrees F. You should A. document it on the clipboard or flow sheet at the end of your shift. B. continue taking temperatures on the other patients you are assigned to. C. report Mr. Lippincott's temperature to the nurse at once. D. refill the water pitcher and instruct the patient to drink plenty of ice water. C. report Mr. Lippincott's temperature to the nurse at once. What color is the dot at the end of the stem on a rectal thermometer? A. Red D. main indicator of illness. B. volume. 68. An apical pulse is checked A. for one full minute. B. after the nurse gives a heart medication. C. on children 12 or younger. D. on patients over age 65. A. for one full minute. The average pulse rate in an infant is A. 80 to 100 beats per minute. B. 100 to 120 beats per minute. C. 140 to 180 beats per minute. D. 120 to 160 beats per minute. C. 140 to 180 beats per minute. Apnea is B. difficult or labored respirations. C. rapid and shallow respirations. D. no respiration. 72. The average respiratory rate for adults is A. 12 to 24 per minute. B. 14 to 22 per minute. C. 12 to 20 per minute. D. 18 to 26 per minute. C. 12 to 20 per minute. 73. The site at which the pulse is most commonly taken is the A. radial artery. 80. When reading a mercury blood pressure gauge, A. view the gauge at eye level. B. slightly tilt the gauge. C. read the gauge in the center. D. deflate the cuff rapidly. A. view the gauge at eye level. 81. The blood pressure cuff should be applied A. one inch above the elbow. B. two inches above the elbow. C. three inches above the elbow. D. four centimeters above the elbow. A. one inch above the elbow. 82. When inflating the blood pressure cuff A. quickly inflate the cuff until it reaches 150mm Hg. B. inflate the cuff until you can no longer feel the pulse, add 30mm, then release. C. always inflate the cuff to 200mm Hg. D. inflate the cuff to at least 150, add 40, then release. B. inflate the cuff until you can no longer feel the pulse, add 30mm, then release. 83. If you are unable to hear the blood pressure and must repeat the procedure, A. wait 30 to 60 seconds. B. wait one to two minutes. C. wait three to five minutes. D. take the blood pressure again immediately. B. wait one to two minutes. The lower bar of the upright scale is calibrated in increments of A. 1 pound. When weighing a patient on a wheelchair scale, A. walk the patient up the ramp, then transfer to the chair. B. lock the wheels when the patient is on the scale. C. lock the ramp in the closed position when weighing the patient. D. transfer the patient to the sling on the scale. B. lock the wheels when the patient is on the scale. 86. The reason the patient's height and weight are obtained on admission is A. to order the proper diet. B. because it is part of routine vital signs taken on all patients. C. to obtain a baseline reading for comparison purposes. D. so the medical record is complete. C. to obtain a baseline reading for comparison purposes. 87. When weighing a patient on a bed scale, A. keep the patient's body in contact with the bed for safety. B. reassure the patient that he will not fall. C. maintain the lift in the closed-leg position. D. have the patient sit in the sling with feet on the bed. B. reassure the patient that he will not fall. 88. The small lines on the upper bar of the balance scale indicate A. 1/4 pound. During communication with patients, eye contact A. is often interpreted as a sign of hostility. B. communicates caring and concern. C. is not appropriate in the North American culture. D. makes less of an impression than spoken words. B. communicates caring and concern. Handoff communication A. is given when a patient transfers to the care of another worker or department. B. is not necessary if your shift report and documentation are complete and timely. C. is given to the patient and family members by the nursing assistant at the time of discharge. D. should be given by licensed professionals only because this is a highly technical procedure. A. is given when a patient transfers to the care of another worker or department. An effective means of showing you understand a communication is to A. use your body language. B. write it down. Subjective symptoms are those that you A. see, feel, and hear. B. cannot visualize. D. think, feel, and see. B. cannot visualize. Objective symptoms are those that you A. think are correct. B. are told about by the patient. C. use your senses to detect. D. suspect may be true. C. use your senses to detect. It is important for you as a nursing assistant to know what normal observations are so that you A. know when the patient's behavior is normal. B. have the information needed to perform direct care. C. can recognize whatever is not normal and report it. D. can perform good assessments. C. can recognize whatever is not normal and report it. 43. When making observations, it helps to A. review the patient systematically and use all of your senses. B. expose the patient's body so that you can check the skin. C. measure all patients by the same standard. D. observe only those things that the patient complains of. A. review the patient systematically and use all of your senses. The nursing assistant contributes to the nursing process by A. performing assessments. B. initiating the patient's care plan. C. observing and reporting changes. D. developing a nursing diagnosis. C. observing and reporting changes. The chart is A. sent home with the patient upon discharge. B. a legal document that may be used in court. C. discarded when the patient is discharged. D. the physician's legal responsibility. B. a legal document that may be used in court. The correct international time for 7:43 PM is A. 0743 47. The pain assessment (rating) scale is used A. by staff, to determine the level of a patient’s pain. B. for record keeping and statistical purposes only. C. so the nursing assistant knows whether pain should be reported. D. as a tool for the patient to communicate the pain intensity. D. as a tool for the patient to communicate the pain intensity. 48. The HIPAA rules A. increase the physicians’ control over patients’ medical records. B. make the nursing department totally responsible for charting patient information. C. make patients more accountable for protecting their personal medical data. D. protect all individually identifiable health information in any form. D. protect all individually identifiable health information in any form. 49. Principles of growth and development include A. individuals grow at their own rate. B. development ceases during middle adulthood. C. individuals learn the same developmental tasks. D. all of the above. A. individuals grow at their own rate. 50. A three-month-old infant A. has Moro, rooting, and grasp reflexes. B. understands simple commands. C. is fearful of strangers. D. is able to smile. D. is able to smile. 51. The toddler A. is able to interact and play with other children of the same age. B. does not know the difference between right and wrong. C. may react with frustration and other misbehavior if disciplined. D. becomes sexually curious. C. may react with frustration and other misbehavior if disciplined. An adolescent is A. 12 to 14 years of age. B. 12 to 16 years of age. C. 16 to 18 years of age. D. 14 to 20 years of age. D. 14 to 20 years of age. Middle-aged adults are A. 35 to 65 years old. B. 40 to 60 years old. C. 45 to 65 years old. D. 50 to 65 years old. D. 50 to 65 years old. According to Maslow, needs on the lowest level A. must be satisfied before other needs become important. B. include safety and security needs. C. are not important as long as needs at the other levels are satisfied. D. include the need to be loved by others. A. must be satisfied before other needs become important. 55. The most basic human needs are A. oxygen and nutrition. C. giving and receiving love. D. self-respect and approval. 58. The patient has religious beliefs that your church teaches are wrong. You should A. explain why the patient's beliefs are incorrect. B. ask your pastor to visit the patient. C. respect the patient's beliefs, and say nothing. D. invite the patient to attend services at your church. C. respect the patient's beliefs, and say nothing. 59. Pain is A. a warning of something wrong. B. normal in aging individuals. C. the nurses’ responsibility. D. normal in ill individuals. A. a warning of something wrong. 60. Acute pain A. usually lasts more than six months. B. occurs suddenly due to tissue damage or injury. C. is imaginary pain that occurs as a result of amputation. D. always radiates to surrounding areas of the body. B. occurs suddenly due to tissue damage or injury. 61. Chronic pain A. occurs without warning due to tissue damage. B. may be intermittent or continuous. C. radiates from the site of origin. D. is less of a concern than acute pain. B. may be intermittent or continuous. 62. The nursing assistant’s report of pain should always be A. subjective. 66. When caring for patients from other cultures, remember that A. cultural customs influence how care is given. B. the sex of the caregiver usually does not matter. C. disrobing is unacceptable in all cultures. D. most patients prefer to be dependent on caregivers. A. cultural customs influence how care is given. 67. When caring for patients from other cultures, the nursing assistant should A. assume that all patients should be treated the same. B. never make exceptions because of culture or ethnicity. C. recognize that cultural beliefs are easily changed during illness. D. be willing to modify care in keeping with the patient’s culture. D. be willing to modify care in keeping with the patient’s culture. 68. Your patient holds an unusual-looking religious item when he prays. You should A. handle the item with care and respect. B. avoid touching the item. C. pretend not to see the item. D. remove the item and store it in a drawer. A. handle the item with care and respect. 69. Microorganisms that cause disease are called A. microbes. 76. An example of indirect contact with a pathogen is A. person-to-person contact. B. hand contact with a contaminated object. C. contact with an insect that transmits a disease. D. body fluids or sexual contact. B. hand contact with a contaminated object. 77. An example of droplet transmission of a disease is by A. coughing, sneezing, or talking. B. germs carried through the ventilation system. C. microbes carried by moisture and dust in the air. D. inhaling the odor of unpleasant excretions. A. coughing, sneezing, or talking. 78. Body defenses against infection include A. fingernails and toenails. B. hair on the head. C. mucous membranes. A. blood and body fluids. 86. Smallpox is A. a bacterial illness that was eradicated in the 1990s. B. spread by direct, indirect, and airborne contact. C. a minor illness similar to flu. D. not a preventable condition. B. spread by direct, indirect, and airborne contact. 87. Early signs and symptoms of smallpox include A. high fever, feeling very tired. B. rash with pustules. C. sore throat and nasal drainage. D. blisters on the hands and feet. A. high fever, feeling very tired. The purpose of infection control is to A. remind all staff to wear gloves. B. encourage good handwashing. C. disrupt the chain of infection. D. isolate patients with diseases. C. disrupt the chain of infection. 89. Spores A. can live in the environment for a long time. B. are easily eliminated with alcohol hand cleaner. C. cannot live long outside the human body. D. are not a common concern in health care. A. can live in the environment for a long time. SARS is believed to be spread by A. airborne and direct contact methods. B. fomites and vectors. C. inhalation and contact methods. D. common vehicles and inhalation. C. inhalation and contact methods. 91. Scabies are spread by A. ticks. 92. Medical asepsis refers to A. absence of all germs from the environment. B. practices that limit the spread of pathogens. C. environmental barriers that confine pathogens to a single patient room. D. measures taken to sterilize instruments that could spread pathogens. B. practices that limit the spread of pathogens. 93. The nursing assistant practices medical asepsis by A. wearing gloves for all patient contact. B. sterilizing equipment after each use. C. following the guidelines for handwashing. D. wiping environmental surfaces daily. C. following the guidelines for handwashing. 94. The most important step of the handwashing procedure is A. applying germicidal soap. B. using very hot water. C. friction. D. using a towel to touch the faucet. C. friction. 95. Handwashing should be performed for a minimum of A. 5 to 10 seconds. B. 10 to 15 seconds. C. 15 to 20 seconds. D. 20 to 30 seconds. C. 15 to 20 seconds. 96. Handwashing should be performed before and after A. direct patient care. B. touching an environmental surface. C. passing each meal tray. D. handling clean linen. 97. Standard precautions are used for A. contacting blood and body fluids. B. passing meal trays. D. giving report to the nurse. A. contacting blood and body fluids. 98. Who is responsible for ensuring that health care workers use standard precautions? A. The health care facility B. The Department of Labor C. The health care worker D. OSHA C. The health care worker 99. The most important method of preventing the spread of infection is A. use of a gown. B. handwashing. D. toxic disease. B. nosocomial infection. 102. If your eyes, nose, or mouth contact blood or other potentially infectious materials, the first thing you should do is A. wash with soap and water for 15 minutes. B. report to your supervisor immediately. C. rinse the area well with clear water immediately. D. contact your personal physician immediately. C. rinse the area well with clear water immediately. 103. When using a waterless hand cleaner, A. dispense the product into your hand and allow it to air-dry. B. rub the product into all surfaces of the hands until it dries. C. dispense the product, then wipe it off with a paper towel. D. apply 15 mL of waterless hand cleaner, then rinse with warm water. B. rub the product into all surfaces of the hands until it dries. 104. When applying the principles of standard precautions, you must use A. isolation technique. D. universal and body substance standards. C. personal protective equipment. 105. While you were washing dishes last night, a glass broke and nicked your hand. When you care for patients, you should A. wear gloves. B. apply hand lotion frequently. C. use plenty of alcohol gel. D. avoid getting the injury wet. A. wear gloves. 106. You are assigned to assist with a procedure in which there is a high risk of splashing of secretions. Select the correct personal protective equipment for this task. A. Gown, mask, gloves, head covering B. Gloves, mask, eye protection, gown C. Mask, eye protection, gown, shoe covers D. Gown, gloves, HEPA mask, paper cap B. Gloves, mask, eye protection, gown 107. Practices designed to interrupt the spread of certain highly transmissible diseases are A. standard precautions. 108. When entering a room in which airborne precautions are used, wear a A. surgical mask and gown. B. HEPA mask or equivalent. C. gown, gloves, and face shield. D. HEPA mask and gown. B. HEPA mask or equivalent. 109. You are assigned to bathe Mrs. Long, a patient in contact precautions. Select the correct personal protective equipment. A. HEPA mask, gown, face shield B. Gown and gloves C. Surgical mask and face shield D. Surgical mask and gown B. Gown and gloves 110. There are no large isolation gowns on the unit, and a patient in a contact precautions room needs the bedpan. Six small size gowns are available. You should: A. apply gloves without a gown, which is not needed since patient contact will be limited. B. apply a small gown (with the opening in back) and gloves. C. apply 2 small gowns (one covering the front and one covering the back) and gloves. D. apply a small isolation gown and put a second patient nightgown on backwards. C. apply 2 small gowns (one covering the front and one covering the back) and gloves. 111. Intestinal microbes can cause infection if they are accidentally spread to the urinary tract. A. True Suffixes are terms added to the A. beginning of a word. B. end of a word. C. middle of a word. D. combining form of a word. B. end of a word. 2. Word roots are A. terms with a specific meaning, regardless of where they are placed in a word. B. terms that connect two medical words together. C. prefixes. A. terms with a specific meaning, regardless of where they are placed in a word. 3. A combining form is A. a noun that is added to the beginning of the suffix. B. the shortened form of a word. C. a vowel that is added to the beginning of the word root. D. the foundation of a medical term. C. a vowel that is added to the beginning of the word root. 4. Abbreviations are A. terms that change a word's meaning. B. the foundation of medical terminology. C. added to the ends of words to change their meanings. D. shortened forms of words. D. shortened forms of words. 5. Prefixes are A. terms added to the end of a word. B. words that refer to the part of the body being treated. C. terms added to the beginning of a word. D. vowels that combine two medical words into one. C. terms added to the beginning of a word. 6. Which is not included in the anatomic position? A. Facing the observer B. Arms at the sides with palms forward C. Standing erect D. Standing with the back to the observer D. Standing with the back to the observer 7. Lateral refers to body parts A. close to the midline. B. away from the midline. C. behind the midline. D. in front of the midline. B. away from the midline. 8. Proximal refers to body parts that are A. closest to the point of attachment. B. away from the midline. C. farthest away from the point of attachment. D. points of attachment for ligaments. A. closest to the point of attachment. 9. How many quadrants are in the abdomen? A. One 13. The function of the circulatory system is to A. manage fluids and electrolytes and eliminate waste. B. regulate body temperature and eliminate waste. C. produce hormones and absorb nutrients. D. transport oxygen and nutrients and remove waste. D. transport oxygen and nutrients and remove waste. 14. The function of the integumentary system is to A. coordinate body functions, carry oxygen, and remove carbon dioxide. B. maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. C. protect the body, regulate body temperature, and eliminate waste. D. support and protect body parts. C. protect the body, regulate body temperature, and eliminate waste. 15. The heart, blood vessels, and spleen are parts of what system? A. Circulatory 17. The etiology of an illness is the A. expected outcome of the illness. B. signs and symptoms of the disease. C. cause of the illness. D. progression of the disease. C. cause of the illness. 18. The prognosis is the A. expected outcome of a disease. B. cause of an illness. C. causative factor. D. presenting signs and symptoms. A. expected outcome of a disease. 19. Symptoms of a disease are A. noticed only by the patient. B. observed by others. C. risk factors for the development of a condition. D. the cause of the illness. A. noticed only by the patient. Signs of a disease are A. noticed only by the patient. B. observed by others. C. risk factors for the development of a condition. D. the cause of the illness. B. observed by others. Conditions that have the potential to cause the patient’s health to worsen are A. risk factors. 32. Signs of acute inflammation are A. cool skin that is blue in color. B. swelling and warmth of the skin. C. absence of sensation and function. D. all of the above. B. swelling and warmth of the skin. 33. A URI is an infection of the A. throat and lungs. C. nose, sinuses, and throat. D. nasal passages and lungs. C. nose, sinuses, and throat. 34. Pneumonia is a A. serious inflammation of the lungs caused by pathogens. B. chronic disorder that is the result of allergies. C. minor disorder that will go away with rest and antipyretics. D. disease related to loss of elasticity in the bronchi. A. serious inflammation of the lungs caused by pathogens. 35. COPD refers to all of the following except A. emphysema. 40. When caring for a patient who is receiving oxygen therapy, A. adjust the oxygen flow rate to patient comfort. B. allow the patient to adjust the rate as needed. C. never check the flow meter, as this is the nurse's responsibility. D. check the flow rate each time you are in the room. D. check the flow rate each time you are in the room. 41. The licensed professional who specializes in the care of patients with disorders of the cardiopulmonary system, respiration, and sleep disorders is the A. Respiratory Care Practitioner (RCP). B. Professional Respiratory Technician (PRT). C. Respiratory Practitioner Technologist (RPT). D. Oxygenation Specialist Practitioner (OSP). A. Respiratory Care Practitioner (RCP). 42. The patient in respiratory distress may find it easier to breathe in the A. prone position. 43. When collecting a sputum specimen, A. collect 2 to 4 tablespoons of saliva from the mouth. B. avoid contaminating the outside of the container. C. use a suction catheter. D. rinse the mouth with mouthwash before collecting the specimen. B. avoid contaminating the outside of the container. The patient who has had the larynx removed because of cancer A. can speak normally. B. normally feels very frustrated. C. must be tube-fed. D. breathes mainly through the nose. B. normally feels very frustrated. Esophageal speech involves A. using an electronic device to speak. B. regurgitating air in order to speak. C. speaking nasally. D. learning a form of sign language. B. regurgitating air in order to speak. When caring for patients who are receiving oxygen, A. PPE is not necessary. B. change the flow rate if the patient requests it. C. check the flow rate when in the room. D. keep the elastic straps fastened tightly. C. check the flow rate when in the room. The oxygen concentrator A. stores oxygen and delivers it at a preset rate. B. removes impurities and other gases from the air. C. delivers more oxygen than other sources. D. should be used for emergencies. B. removes impurities and other gases from the air. The patient in the orthopneic position A. is elevated 30 to 40 degrees. B. is propped up on one or two pillows to extend the neck. C. dangles to make breathing easier. D. sits upright and leans forward. D. sits upright and leans forward. 49. To suspend the ball in the incentive spirometer, the patient A. inhales. Most of the patients who are at high risk for hypoxemia A. are in the intensive or coronary care units. B. have had their risk identified on admission. C. are on medical, surgical, or other hospital units. D. have orders for precautions to prevent complications. C. are on medical, surgical, or other hospital units. The purpose of the Passy-Muir valve is to A. enable a ventilator patient to breathe. B. enable a tracheostomy patient to speak. C. assist a laryngectomee to swallow. D. measure the oxygen in a breathing tube. B. enable a tracheostomy patient to speak. All of the following are signs and symptoms of emphysema except A. fatigue. C. nasal congestion and drainage. D. loss of appetite and weight loss. C. nasal congestion and drainage. 54. Patients with emphysema are at high risk of A. pneumonia. D. cough. B. headache. 56. The best approach for the nursing assistant to take in the care of the patient with COPD is A. giving total care so the patient gets as much rest as possible. B. providing lots of high-fat and high-carbohydrate snacks. C. pushing the patient in a wheelchair so she does not have to walk. D. providing fluids the patient likes and encouraging her to drink. D. providing fluids the patient likes and encouraging her to drink. 57. The external opening on the skin surface through which a patient with a tracheostomy breathes is the A. adapter. B. reduces air to the nose and throat. C. is used for administering feedings. D. is used for emergency suctioning. B. reduces air to the nose and throat. 60. You are serving lunch trays and find that Mr. Hmong’s tracheostomy cuff is not inflated. You should A. inflate the cuff. B. serve the lunch tray and leave the room. C. call the RN or RCP to inflate the cuff. D. ask the patient if he is having trouble breathing. C. call the RN or RCP to inflate the cuff. When caring for patients with COPD, the nursing assistant should do all of the following except A. help the patient conserve energy. B. limit raising arms over the head. C. pace the schedule, allow for rest. D. always use aerosol deodorants. D. always use aerosol deodorants. The patient with a laryngectomy will not be able to A. communicate by talking. B. take a deep breath. C. make his needs known. D. drink from a glass. A. communicate by talking. If a patient has had a laryngectomy, the A. patient will be able to smell unpleasant odors. B. procedure will be reversed when breathing improves. C. upper airway is no longer connected to the trachea. D. patient will be able to drink from a straw. C. upper airway is no longer connected to the trachea. When a person breathes normally, the structures in the nose and mouth do all of the following except A. trap foreign particles. B. moisten the inhaled air. C. warm and humidify the air. D. cool and dry the air. D. cool and dry the air. When caring for a patient with a tracheostomy or laryngectomy, an important consideration is to A. encourage the patient to use a straw for water. B. make sure that nothing enters the stoma. C. deflate the cuff at mealtime. D. deflate the cuff so the patient can gargle. B. make sure that nothing enters the stoma. When caring for a patient with chest tubes, you should A. make sure the tubing is clamped off at all times. B. position the drainage bottles above the heart. C. turn the patient, but avoid traction on the tube. D. keep the head of the bed flat at all times. C. turn the patient, but avoid traction on the tube. You serve a meal tray to a patient who is wearing an oxygen mask. You should A. put the tray down and leave the room. B. remove the mask and give the patient the tray. C. remove the tray because the patient cannot eat. D. ask the nurse if the patient can use a cannula while eating. D. ask the nurse if the patient can use a cannula while eating. If a liquid oxygen bottle tips over in the patient’s room, you should A. remove the patient and close the door. B. remain with the patient and call for help. C. pick the bottle up and set it upright. D. leave the room as quickly as possible. A. remove the patient and close the door. A patient with a CPAP mask is swallowing air and belching, which causes discomfort. You should A. inform the RCP immediately. B. elevate the head. D. remove the mask and call the RN. B. elevate the head. The third time Mr. Maciejewski uses a Passy-Muir valve, he becomes slightly diaphoretic and his respiratory rate increases to 28 per minute. You should A. do nothing, as this is a normal reaction. B. apply gloves and remove the valve. C. use the call signal to notify the nurse. D. take the patient’s blood pressure. C. use the call signal to notify the nurse. 71. Patients with chronic diseases may have times when they are free of symptoms. A. True 2.Pressure ulcers are caused by A. rough handling during transfers. B. anything that interferes with circulation. C. scrubbing with a washcloth during bathing. D. using too much soap on the skin. Correct Answer: B 3. The first sign of pressure ulcer formation is A. skin appears pale. C. red or blue-gray discoloration. D. a tear in the skin. Correct Answer: C 4. Aging changes in the skin include A. enhanced circulation and elasticity. B. increased oil production. D. dryness and thinning increase. Correct Answer: D 5. The nursing assistant should change the patient's position A. every shift. B. every 2 hours or more often. C. every 3 hours. D. every 4 hours if the patient looks uncomfortable. Correct Answer: B 6. If you note formation of a Stage I pressure ulcer, you should A. massage the area. B. apply heat to the area. C. notify the nurse. D. apply cold to the area. Correct Answer: C 7. An important factor to consider in pressure ulcer prevention and healing is A. nutrition. C. use of adaptive devices. D. massage. 8. The skin over a Stage II pressure ulcer is A. deeply eroded. B. blistered or superficially broken. C. blue in color. 9. A Stage III pressure ulcer shows A. full-thickness skin loss extending to the muscle, tendon, or bone. B. a highly defined area or red, shiny, intact skin. C. full-thickness skin loss with damage of subcutaneous tissue. D. partial-thickness skin loss with an abrasion or blistered surface. Correct Answer: C 10. A Stage IV pressure ulcer appears as A. full-thickness skin loss extending to the muscle, tendon, or bone. B. partial-thickness skin loss with an abrasion or blistered surface. C. full-thickness skin loss with damage of subcutaneous tissue. D. a highly defined area or red, shiny, intact skin. Correct Answer: A 11. The outer layer of skin is the A. epidermis. A. turning the patient at least every 4 hours. B. using very warm water and friction for bathing. C. avoiding pressure, shearing, and friction. D. assisting the patient to be in the chair instead of bed. pressure ulcers by An intact blister is an example A. Stage I pressure ulcer. B. Stage II pressure ulcer. C. Stage III pressure ulcer. D. Stage IV pressure ulcer. of a 17. Deep tunneling can occur in a A. Stage I pressure ulcer. B. Stage II pressure ulcer. C. Stage III pressure ulcer. D. contusion or abrasion. The most important way to to prevent pressure ulcers is to A. apply padding to the chair. B. prevent incontinence. C. turn residents every 3 hours. D. keep pressure off bony prominences. event pressure ulcers is to Correct Answer: D 19. A red area that does not go away when pressure is relieved for 30 minutes is a A. bony prominence. B. Stage I pressure ulcer. C. skin tear. D. Stage II pressure ulcer. Correct Answer: B 20. Friction commonly occurs when A. dirt, oils, and perspiration are not removed from the skin. B. the patient is positioned directly on a body prominence. C. a patient is dragged across a sheet or other surface. D. the patient is moved by using a lifting sheet. Correct Answer: C A. scrubbing the skin with an abrasive cloth, substance, or chemical. B. sliding a patient from the bed to the chair with adaptive equipment. C. dragging the heels across the bed surface when moving with a lifting sheet. D. stretching the skin in one direction while the bone moves in the opposite direction. Correct Answer: D 22. Dark purple bruises on the forearms and back of hands that are common in elderly individuals are A. senile purpura. 29. Prevent pressure ulcers on the heels and feet by A. applying heel protectors when the patient is in bed. B. putting socks on the feet when the patient is in bed. C. putting pillows under the feet. D. suspending the feet off the surface of the bed. Correct Answer: D A. does not affect heart function. B. involves diminished blood flow to the extremities. C. causes extremities to feel warm to the touch. D. is reversible with drugs and surgery. Correct Answer: B 31. Patients with peripheral vascular disease A. heal poorly. C. have high blood pressure. D. have thin toenails. 41. Nursing assistant care for the patient with peripheral vascular disease includes A. making sure there is no pressure on the feet. B. keeping the toenails trimmed short to prevent injury. C. assisting the patient to ambulate in socks. D. washing the feet in hot water to prevent infection. Correct Answer: A 42. Patients with leukemia are A. terminally ill. B. at high risk of infection. C. at risk for pressure ulcers. D. usually on fluid restriction. Correct Answer: B 43. The purpose of a stent is to A. dissolve fatty deposits. C. enhance oxygen to the brain. D. keep an artery open. Correct Answer: D 44. A transient ischemic attack (TIA) A. interrupts blood flow to the heart. B. disrupts oxygen in the extremities. C. interrupts blood flow to the brain. D. causes permanent damage. 45. Patients who have had a TIA are at great risk of A. heart attack. 48. A patient informs you that she is having angina. You should A. have her stop activity and assume a comfortable position. B. monitor for bleeding and document your findings. C. take the vital signs, then give her a drink of ice water. D. administer oxygen, then go for the nurse immediately. Correct Answer: A A. are thin vessels that connect veins and venules. B. carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. C. carry blood in which the nutrients have been used. D. carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. Correct Answer: B 50. If the patient does not get adequate exercise, all of the following will occur except A. bones lose minerals and muscles atrophy. B. contractures and deformities develop. C. body circulation is slowed. D. osteoporosis will cause bones to break. Correct Answer: D 51. When you are assigned to perform range-of-motion exercises on a patient, you should A. force the joint as far as it will go. B. repeat each exercise five times. C. repeat each exercise two times. D. reassure the patient if pain develops. Correct Answer: B 52. Treatment for a patient with bursitis includes A. cold applications to relieve pain. B. vigorous exercise. C. heat applications to promote healing. D. stretching the joint to relieve spasticity. Correct Answer: C 53. Rheumatoid arthritis is believed to be A. hereditary. D. treated with traction. Correct Answer: A 55. When caring for a patient with an arm sling, the nursing assistant should do all of the following except A. make the patient comfortable so he can wear the sling at all times. B. monitor the skin behind the neck for irritation and breakdown. C. monitor the skin under the arm for irritation and breakdown. D. wash the underarm and keep the area clean and dry. Correct Answer: A 56. When caring for a patient with a recent surgical repair of a hip fracture, you should A. position the patient carefully in adduction. B. avoid the supine position. C. avoid internal and external rotation. D. keep the patient prone as much as possible. Correct Answer: C 57. Points where bones come together and permit movement are A. joints. 65. Fractures are classified by A. type of break and whether the skin is broken. B. location of fracture and extent of damage. C. severity of fracture and pattern of injury. D. size of fracture and whether the skin is broken. Correct Answer: A 66. When a hip fracture is present, the affected leg is commonly A. lengthened and externally rotated. B. shortened and internally rotated. C. lengthened and internally rotated. D. shortened and externally rotated. Correct Answer: D 67. After hip replacement surgery, the patient should be instructed to A. use the trapeze and lift by pushing down with the affected leg. B. keep the legs in a position of abduction as much as possible. C. avoid crossing the legs when in the bed or chair. D. maintain the extremity in flexion as much as possible. Correct Answer: B 68. A patient who has had hip surgery is at very high risk of A. heel ulcers. D. depression. Correct Answer: A 69. If a patient has had hip surgery, never elevate the head of the bed more than A. 90 degrees without specific permission. B. 75 degrees without specific permission. C. 45 degrees without specific permission. D. 30 degrees without specific permission. Correct Answer: C 70. “Hip fracture” is the term used to describe A. a fracture of the pelvic bone, sacrum, or ischium. B. a fracture in the upper third or head of the femur. C. a fracture in the lower third of the femur or knee. D. a fracture directly over the ilium or upper ischium. Correct Answer: B 71. All of the following are true about contractures except A. contractures make caring for the patient more difficult. B. joint movement becomes painful because the muscles have shortened. C. contractures are easily reversible complications of prolonged immobility. D. there is a direct relationship between contractures and pressure ulcers. Correct Answer: C A. produces axons and dendrites. B. controls body activities and growth. C. produces cerebrospinal fluid. 95. When caring for patients who have had a CVA, you know that they A. are always mentally confused. B. have brain damage opposite the side of paralysis. C. will remain paralyzed for the rest of their lives. D. will not regain bowel and bladder control. Correct Answer: B 96. A stroke is caused by A. a blockage in the heart muscle. B. neurological problems. C. loss of blood flow to part of the brain. D. inflammation, infection, and edema. Correct Answer: C 97. Damage to the left side of the brain will affect the patient's ability to A. remember. D. move the left arm. Correct Answer: B 98. The overall goal of nursing care for a patient who has recently suffered a stroke is to A. prevent complications caused by immobility. B. assist the patient to regain the ability to speak. C. assist the patient to regain the ability to eat. D. reverse brain damage caused by the stroke. Correct Answer: A 99. Rehabilitation from a stroke A. may be very frustrating for the patient. B. does not address aphasia, which is permanent. C. involves reversing hemianopsia and edema. D. focuses on unilateral neglect and lability. Correct Answer: A 100. A patient with Parkinson's disease will have A. frequent episodes of vomiting. B. headaches. C. muscle tremors and rigidity. D. numbness and vertigo. 101. A patient with advanced Parkinson's disease may have A. Lhermitte’s sign. D. speech and hearing problems. Correct Answer: B 113. The patient with ALS is A. at high risk of choking. B. usually bedridden. D. at risk of heart problems. Correct Answer: A 114. After a tonic-clonic seizure, A. stimulate the patient to reverse confusion. B. the patient will have involuntary movement. C. the patient will be tired and want to sleep. D. do not leave the patient alone. Correct Answer: C A. lasts for 2 to 20 seconds. B. is mild and may go unnoticed. C. does not cause unconsciousness. D. is a life-threatening condition. Correct Answer: D 116. Treatment for a patient with paralysis includes all of the following except A. preventing complications of immobility. B. giving total care, which is easier for the patient. C. preventing musculoskeletal deformities. D. restoring as much independence as possible. Correct Answer: B 117. The most common cause of autonomic dysreflexia is A. involuntary movement. 137. When caring for a patient with an indwelling catheter, A. secure the catheter to the leg or abdomen at all times. B. fasten the catheter to the patient’s body when in bed. C. avoid fastening the catheter to the patient’s body. D. fasten the catheter to the patient’s body when out of bed. Correct Answer: A 138. When performing catheter care on a male patient, A. cleanse from the shaft of the penis to the meatus. B. cleanse from the meatus of the penis to the shaft. C. cleanse the distal two inches of the penis only. D. begin at the scrotum and wash up the shaft. Correct Answer: B 139. When performing catheter care on a female patient, A. wipe from front to back. B. wipe from back to front. C. scrub back and forth. D. wash up and down each side. Correct Answer: A 140. When disconnecting a catheter, A. clamp the tubing securely. B. gloves are not necessary. C. insert a sterile plug into the catheter. D. loop the tubing through the side rail. Correct Answer: C 141. A condom catheter is A. inserted into the urethra. B. a closed drainage system. C. an external drainage system. D. emptied into a urinal. Correct Answer: C 142. When a leg bag is attached to a condom catheter, the bag should be secured to the A. knee. C. inner calf or thigh. D. back of the thigh. Correct Answer: C 143. The best time of day to collect a urine specimen is A. first thing in the morning. B. at bedtime. D. body substance precautions. Correct Answer: C 147. When preparing to collect a clean-catch urine specimen from a female patient, cleanse the vulva A. only one time with each swab. B. from back to front. C. by pouring disinfectant solution. D. rubbing each side back and forth. Correct Answer: A 148. When collecting a 24-hour urine specimen, A. ask the patient to urinate in a large bottle. B. place the collection container in the freezer. C. discard the first specimen of the day. D. discard the last specimen of the 24-hour period. Correct Answer: C 149. Specimens should be transported to the lab in A. a plastic bag with a biohazard label. B. a paper bag with a biohazard label. C. the original specimen collection container. D. a latex glove with a biohazard label. Correct Answer: A 150. When the patient is in bed, the urinary drainage bag is A. positioned upright on the floor. B. attached to the frame of the bed. C. attached to the foot of the bed. D. attached to the bottom of the side rail. Correct Answer: B 151. When the patient is in a wheelchair, the closed urinary drainage bag is attached to the A. frame. 152. When the patient is ambulating, the urinary catheter tubing and drainage bag are A. suspended from an IV pole. B. carried above the level of the bladder. C. placed in a plastic bag for modesty. D. carried below the level of the bladder. Correct Answer: D 153. When the physician orders an hourly output measurement on a patient with a catheter, A. clamp the catheter and release it hourly to measure the urine. B. empty the bag into a graduate each hour to measure the urine. C. use a catheter bag with a urimeter and empty it hourly. D. measure the level in the drainage bag hourly. Correct Answer: C 154. Most people excrete about A. 15 to 25 mL of urine each hour. B. 30 to 50 mL of urine each hour. C. 50 to 80 mL of urine each hour. D. 75 to 110 mL of urine each hour. Correct Answer: C 155. The patient with an indwelling urinary catheter should consume A. 500 to 800 mL of fluid each day. B. 1000 to 1200 mL of fluid each day. C. at least 1500 mL of fluid each day. D. at least 3000 mL of fluid each day. Correct Answer: D 156. Empty the urinary drainage bag A. every 2 hours. B. at the beginning of the shift. C. only at the end of the shift. D. whenever it is full. Correct Answer: D 157. The patient with a catheter will complain of feeling the urge to urinate because A. the pressure of urine in the bladder increases when a catheter is inserted. B. a saline-filled balloon holds the catheter in place and presses on the sphincter. C. the catheter stimulates the external meatus, creating the urge to void. D. intra-abdominal pressure is increased when a catheter is in place. Correct Answer: B 158. A Pap smear is a test used to diagnose cancer of the A. ovaries. 166. Breast self-examination should be A. performed at least annually. B. done on the last day of the menstrual cycle. C. performed only after a positive mammogram. D. done weekly in the shower. Correct Answer: B 167. A radical mastectomy includes removal of A. the breast only. B. breast and lymph nodes. C. breast, muscles, and axillary glands. D. both breasts, muscles, lymph nodes, and nipples. Correct Answer: C A. are always spread by unclean individuals. B. are spread by sexual intercourse only. C. can cause severe health problems if not treated. D. can be readily eliminated with antibiotics. Correct Answer: C 169. When performing breast self-examination, monitor for all of the following except A. dimpling. C. changes in the nipples. D. change in temperature. 170. Gonorrhea in the female A. can cause sterility. B. causes burning on urination. C. is treated with silver nitrate. D. is asymptomatic. 171. Venereal warts are a sexually transmitted disease that A. cause sterility. B. predispose a female to cancer. C. can be cured surgically. D. cause cheesy discharge. 172. The water temperature of a nonsterile vaginal douche should be A. 90 degrees F.	i don't know
Which British band named themselves after the villain from the sci-fi movie Barbarella?	Weird Origins of 8 Popular Band Names - Neatorama Neatorama • 3 There are some weird bands out there with some even weirder names. Here's a collection of bands and the story of how they came up with their titles. If you have any bands you're curious about, list them in the comments, I might do a part two of this article if you all like it. Pink Floyd Pink Floyd was originally called "The Tea Set," but changed their moniker after finding a group of the same name was booked at a show they were scheduled to play. The band decided to change their name to "The Pink Floyd Sound" –later shortened to "Pink Floyd" -after seeing the names "Pink Anderson" and "Floyd Council" on the notes of a Blind Boy Fuller album. It’s likely all for the best, would you go and see a movie called “The Tea Set’s The Wall?” Source Image via Tea Set on Wikipedia Black Sabbath Ozzy’s band of mischief didn’t start off nearly as dark as it ended up. The group’s first name was "The Polka Tulk Blues Company," which was soon shortened to just “Polka Tulk.” After a while, they renamed themselves “Earth,” but had to change their name again when they found out there was another British band with that name. One day, bassist Geezer Butler saw a bunch of people lined up at the theater across the street from their rehearsal room. The movie showing was the Boris Karloff movie Black Sabbath. He noted how much money people spend to see scary films and used the film’s title for a song he wrote inspired by occult writer Dennis Wheatley. This song changed the entire music direction of the band and they started playing much darker songs than other musicians of the time. In 1969, the group decided to change their name to "Black Sabbath" to reflect their new decision to make the musical version of horror movies. Source \| Image Via IMDB Lynyrd Skynyrd The original band was called “The Noble Five” and the year after it was changed to “My Backyard.” By 1970, it was obvious the group needed a new moniker. They decided on "Leonard Skinnerd," to make fun of their high school gym teacher Leonard Skinner, who frequently harassed boys to maintain the school dress code that banned long hair. They changed the spelling before they released their first album and the rest was history. Source Motörhead Before founding Motörhead, Lemmy Killmister was in a psychedelic rock group called Hawkwind. He was a heavy user of amphetamines and the last song he wrote for the band was called "Motorhead" –a British expression for a speed freak. Lemmy also held onto that song and it became a standard of the Motörhead lineup. The umlauts in the band name mean nothing -he just thought they sounded cool. Source Joy Division History buffs may know the term “joy division” to mean a prostitution division of a concentration camp, it was used to reward prisoners and guards alike. It’s interesting that a term this vile has lost most of its meaning, as most people merely associate it with the band, who adopted the name after reading the term in the 1955 novel The House of Dolls. Source Duran Duran Here’s a group that got the right name, right away. But where did “Duran Duran” come from? The villain in Barbarella, a really bad B-movie, was called “Dr. Durand Durand.” Source Image Via Barbarella on Wikipedia Porno For Pyros After leaving Jayne’s Addiction, band members Perry Farrell and Stephen Perkins wanted to start up a new project. Farrell was looking in a porno magazine where he saw an ad for fireworks. The name fits even better when you consider that right around the time of their inception, the LA Riots had just happened. Source Gogol Bordello The band was originally called "Hütz and the Béla Bartóks," but they decided to change it because, according to singer Eugene Hütz, no one in America knows about Béla Bartók (in case you don’t know, he is a Hungarian composer considered by many to be the best composer of the twentieth century). As a result, the group changed their name to Gogol Bordello. “Gogol” referencing writer Nikolai Gogol because the band considered him to have “smuggled” Ukranian culture into Russian society, which is similar to what the group wishes to do with their Eastern-styled music in America. Of course, I think you know what “bordello” means. Source	Duran Duran
The author of Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy had an asteroid named after him after he died in 2001. What was his name?	5 Bands Named After Movie Characters \| All Shook Down 5 Bands Named After Movie Characters Posted By Rae Alexandra on Thu, Aug 14, 2014 at 12:01 PM 2.bp.blogspot.com In a somewhat bizarre turn of events, David Lynch and Duran Duran have collaborated on a movie together. The film will comprise of the '80s Brit legends performing live in Los Angeles, paired with images of Lynch's interpretations of the band's lyrics. If that sounds like a wonderful way to spend an evening, mark the date September 10th in your diaries because it's the only night it'll be shown in theaters. Maybe we shouldn't be so surprised by this cinematic event though — Duran Duran did, afterall, steal their name from a character in Jane Fonda classic, Barbarella. So, with that in mind, we'd like to present a list of other bands who stole their names from movie characters. 1. Save Ferris Back at the turn of the (Twentieth) Century, ska-punk blew the fuck up and saxophones seemed like a perfectly reasonable prospect for the first time since the 1980s. And while it was No Doubt that hit the big-time, we always thought fellow lady-fronted Orange County-ers, Save Ferris were much more of a good-time. The name of course came from the title character of Ferris Bueller's Day Off — and the misguided campaign to save his life after he skips school and everyone thinks he's dying. Is it a stupid name? Yes. But ska wasn't exactly lofty in its intellectual ambitions, so it's perfectly fine. 2. Shai Hulud We would put money on the fact that a huge chunk of metalcore fans have no idea whatsoever that this East Coast quintet is named after the giant sandworms from crazy-pants Frank Herbert sci-fi novel, Dune — which neatly brings us back to David Lynch, since he directed the 1984 movie version (which was even more bat-shit than the book had been). Why would you name your band after giant space worms? Don't try to rationalize it, people — at the time that this band formed and started touring, then-vocalist Chad Gilbert (now lead-guitarist in New Found Glory, and boyfriend to Paramore's Hayley Williams) was, like, 14-years old. Most teenage boys would do far worse... 3. T'Pau If you hear the word T'Pau and immediately think of this British band's one and only big hit in America, "Heart and Soul", then you were either alive and conscious of music in 1987, or you are a giant music geek. If you hear the world T'Pau and immediately think of the lady Vulcan elder on Star Trek, who led a rebellion against the Vulcan High Command, then you are a giant sci-fi nerd. Either way, you could probably win a trivia quiz. Congratulations. 4. Veruca Salt To the uninitiated, Veruca Salt was simply one of the most repulsive band-names of the 1990s (outside of America, a verruca is a foot wart). Everyone else on earth recognized this band name as a reference to one of the annoying children from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory — specifically the one who was deemed a "bad egg" by one of Willy Wonka's maniacal machines and disposed of down a garbage chute. The Chicago quartet of the same name fared slightly better, having huge hits like "Seether" and "Volcano Girls" in the mid-1990s. No-one pushed them down a garbage shoot, to our knowledge, but they sure did disappear quickly... 5. Mogwai This is what the band Mogwai sounds like: This is the sound made by the creature the band named themselves after: Take your pick.	i don't know
What country is home to Kenai Fjords National Park?	Kenai Fjords National Park (U.S. National Park Service) Contact Us Where Mountains, Ice, and Ocean Meet At the edge of the Kenai Peninsula lies a land where the ice age lingers. Nearly 40 glaciers flow from the Harding Icefield, Kenai Fjords' crowning feature. Wildlife thrives in icy waters and lush forests around this vast expanse of ice. Native Alutiiq relied on these resources to nurture a life entwined with the sea. Today, shrinking glaciers bear witness to the effects of our changing climate.	United States
What fruit is nicknamed the Alligator Pear?	NPS: Nature & Science» Geology Resources Division Kenai National Park, Alaska Glacier-carved Valleys Filled with Ocean Waters The Kenai Fjords are coastal mountain fjords whose placid seascapes reflect scenic icebound landscapes and whose salt spray mixes with mountain mist. Located on the southeastern Kenai Peninsula, the national park is a pristine and rugged land supporting many unaltered natural environments and ecosystems. The land boasts an icefield wilderness, unnamed waterfalls in unnamed canyons, glaciers that sweep down narrow mountain valleys, and a coastline along which thousands of seabirds and marine mammals raise their young each year. Kenai Fjords National Park derives its name from the long, steep-sided, glacier-carved valleys that are now filled with ocean waters. The seaward ends of the Kenai Mountains are slipping into the sea, being dragged under by the collision of two tectonic plates of the Earth's crust. What were once alpine valleys filled with glacier ice are now deepwater mountain-flanked fjords. The forces that caused this land to submerge are still present. In 1964, the Alaskan Good Friday earthquake dropped the shoreline another six feet in just one day. As the land sinks into the ocean, glacier-carved cirques are turned into half-moon bays and mountain peaks are reduced to wave-beaten islands and stacks. Though the land is subsiding, a mountain platform one mile high still comprises the coast's backdrop. The mountains are mantled by the 300-square-mile Harding Icefield, the park's dominant feature. The icefield was not discovered until early this century when a mapping team realized that several coastal glaciers belonged to the same massive system. Today's icefield measures some 35 miles long by 20 miles wide. Only isolated mountain peaks interrupt its nearly flat, snowclad surface. These protruding nunataks-this Eskimo word means "lonely peaks"-rise dramatically from the frozen clutches of the Ice Age. The mountains intercept moisture-laden clouds, which replenish the icefield with 35-65 feet of snow annually. Time and the weight of overlying snow transform the snow into ice. The pull of gravity and the weight of the snowy overburden make the ice flow out in all directions. It is squeezed into glaciers that creep downward like giant bulldozers, carving and gouging the landscape. Along the coast eight glaciers reach the sea, and these tidewater glaciers calve icebergs into the fjords. The thunderous boom of calving ice can sometimes be heard 20 miles away. The park's wildlife is as varied as its landscape. Mountain goats, moose, bears, wolverines, marmots, and other land mammals have re-established themselves on a thin life zone between marine waters and the icefield's frozen edges. Bald eagles nest in the tops of spruce and hemlock trees. Steller sea lions haul out on rocky islands at the entrances to Aialik and Nuka Bays. Harbor seals ride the icebergs. Dall porpoises, sea otters, and gray, humpback, killer, and minke whales ply the fjord waters. Halibut, lingcod, and black bass lurk deep in these waters, through which salmon return for inland spawning runs. Thousands of seabirds, including horned and tufted puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, common murres, and the ubiquitous gulls, seasonally inhabit steep cliffs and rocky shores. Exit Glacier, the remnant of a larger glacier once extending to Resurrection Bay, is one of several rivers of ice flowing off the icefield. Active, yet retreating, it provides the perfect setting to explore. Here are found newly exposed, scoured, and polished bedrock and a regime of plant succession from the earliest pioneer plants to a mature forest of Sitka spruce and western hemlock. Humans have had little lasting impact on this environment, although the park includes a few Native American archeological sites and isolated gold extraction locations. The park's overwhelming significance is as a living laboratory of change. Plants and wildlife subsist here amidst dynamic interactions of water, ice, and a glacier-carved landscape relentlessly pulled down by the Earth's crustal movements. The Harriman Expedition, a steamship-borne venture visiting the fjords in 1899, predicted this area's future value as a scenic tourist attraction. To protect this life and landscape, a national monument was proclaimed in 1978, and the 580,000-acre Kenai Fjords National Park was established in 1980. TOP OF PAGE Currently, we do not have a listing for a park-specific geoscience book. The park's geology may be described in regional or state geology texts. Please visit the Geology Books and Media webpage for additional sources such as text books , theme books , CD ROMs , and technical reports . Parks and Plates: The Geology of Our National Parks, Monuments & Seashores. Lillie, Robert J., 2005. ISBN 0-393-92407-6 9" x 10.75", paperback, 550 pages, full color throughout The spectacular geology in our national parks provides the answers to many questions about the Earth. The answers can be appreciated through plate tectonics, an exciting way to understand the ongoing natural processes that sculpt our landscape. Parks and Plates is a visual and scientific voyage of discovery! Ordering from your National Park Cooperative Associations' bookstores helps to support programs in the parks. Please visit the bookstore locator for park books and much more. TOP OF PAGE Information about the park's research program is available on the park's research webpage . For information about permits that are required for conducting geologic research activities in National Parks, see the Permits Information page. The NPS maintains a searchable data base of research needs that have been identified by parks. A bibliography of geologic references is being prepared for each park through the Geologic Resources Evaluation Program (GRE). Please see the GRE website for more information and contacts.	i don't know
What is the name of the clockwork device used by pianists to measure time?	Puzzles - Coffeetime Triv (Sat) 1: Who played Basil Fawlty in `Fawlty Towers`? 2: Who had a hit single with `Crocodile Rock` in 1972? 3: Who is the author of the `Harry Potter` books? 4: What is the name of the clockwork device used by musicians to measure time? 5: `Question or Nominate` was a phrase commonly heard on which UK TV quiz show? 6: Which two colours are Dennis the Menace`s jumper? 7: In which film did Roy Scheider play a sheriff and Richard Dreyfus a marine biologist? 8: The name of which (non-UK) football club is an anagram of `Red Admiral`? 9: In 2004, Fathers 4 Justice campaigner Jason Hatch caused an embarrassing security breach at Buckingham Palace dressed as who? 10: The Colosseum is located in the capital city of which country? 1: Who played Basil Fawlty in `Fawlty Towers`? John Cleese 2: Who had a hit single with `Crocodile Rock` in 1972? Elton John 3: Who is the author of the `Harry Potter` books? J.K.Rowling 4: What is the name of the clockwork device used by musicians to measure time? A metronome 6: Which two colours are Dennis the Menace`s jumper? Red and black 8: The name of which (non-UK) football club is an anagram of `Red Admiral`? Real Madrid Wow! I got a footie and an anagram question. I'm going to need to lie down! 9: In 2004, Fathers 4 Justice campaigner Jason Hatch caused an embarrassing security breach at Buckingham Palace dressed as who? Batman? 10: The Colosseum is located in the capital city of which country? Italy 5: `Question or Nominate` was a phrase commonly heard on which UK TV quiz show? 15 to 1 Patience, so you did. Well done all three of you only one missing is 7: and 'Marine Biologist' (the new wannabe career for Britain's 6th-formers) might have given it to you - the fiilm was Jaws	Metronome
When Elisha Graves Otis invented it, he called it the safety hoist. What do we call it now?	Puzzles - Coffeetime Triv (Sat) 1: Who played Basil Fawlty in `Fawlty Towers`? 2: Who had a hit single with `Crocodile Rock` in 1972? 3: Who is the author of the `Harry Potter` books? 4: What is the name of the clockwork device used by musicians to measure time? 5: `Question or Nominate` was a phrase commonly heard on which UK TV quiz show? 6: Which two colours are Dennis the Menace`s jumper? 7: In which film did Roy Scheider play a sheriff and Richard Dreyfus a marine biologist? 8: The name of which (non-UK) football club is an anagram of `Red Admiral`? 9: In 2004, Fathers 4 Justice campaigner Jason Hatch caused an embarrassing security breach at Buckingham Palace dressed as who? 10: The Colosseum is located in the capital city of which country? 1: Who played Basil Fawlty in `Fawlty Towers`? John Cleese 2: Who had a hit single with `Crocodile Rock` in 1972? Elton John 3: Who is the author of the `Harry Potter` books? J.K.Rowling 4: What is the name of the clockwork device used by musicians to measure time? A metronome 6: Which two colours are Dennis the Menace`s jumper? Red and black 8: The name of which (non-UK) football club is an anagram of `Red Admiral`? Real Madrid Wow! I got a footie and an anagram question. I'm going to need to lie down! 9: In 2004, Fathers 4 Justice campaigner Jason Hatch caused an embarrassing security breach at Buckingham Palace dressed as who? Batman? 10: The Colosseum is located in the capital city of which country? Italy 5: `Question or Nominate` was a phrase commonly heard on which UK TV quiz show? 15 to 1 Patience, so you did. Well done all three of you only one missing is 7: and 'Marine Biologist' (the new wannabe career for Britain's 6th-formers) might have given it to you - the fiilm was Jaws	i don't know
Lanolin comes from what animal?	What the Heck is Lanolin? What the Heck is Lanolin? 1 Comment Many people know lanolin to have positive moisture properties for our skin. But what exactly is lanolin and where does it come from? Most people either don’t know that answer or don’t realize the consequences behind using it. Lanolin is extracted from the wool of sheep, specifically, from their oil glands. Whether you knew this or not doesn’t matter, what matters is whether you buy it or continue to. When buying a product that is made with or from lanolin, you are directly or indirectly supporting the wool industry. If you don’t already know about the horrors of the wool industry be sure to check out the problem with UGG boots here and where to find vegan boots here . Though extracting lanolin from wool is not itself harmful, the wool industry is. And by buying a product that contains this ingredient, you are still financially supporting them. And whether or not the sheep is killed in the process or getting this wool, sheared or mulesing (very cruel!), the sheep will be killed regardless when their production of wool starts to decline or in the process of mulesing itself. Another question that seems to come up is what exact products is this animal derived ingredient typically found? Because of lanolin’s protective qualities, it is commonly used in cosmetic creams and lotions designed to smooth and moisturize the skin. Though this is the most common product, below, you will find that this doesn’t stop it from getting into so many others! Alternatives are not only essential to those who wish to not support this cruel industry but for those who receive allergic reactions. Besides, although this may seem like a natural ingredient, why use an animal derived ingredient if there are alternatives? Animals are not ours to use just as we are not for other human use. Natural ingredients that can be used as an alternative for skin include: aloe, olive oil, coconut oil, cocoa butter, vitamin E oil, almond oil, or grapeseed oil. Also, there is such thing as vegetable lanolin that is 100% plant based! Products (but are not limited to) that contain lanolin: Disclaimer: these products may or may not test on animals. Further research is required and can be easily done here ! · St. Ives Blemish and Blackhead Apricot Scrub *(which in itself is no longer cruelty-free!) · Burt’s Bees Lip Shimmer · Poison Ivy/Oak/Sumac (0) The great thing about the links above is you can easily click any category and it will show you all the products that contain lanolin! It’s as simple as this. An easy way to go about this is to simply get in the habit of checking the ingredients of the products you use or to go through the database and see which cruelty-free companies that you already use contain lanolin. Another caution is for vegan tattoo aftercare. Some lotions that you will receive can contain lanolin. Coconut oil is a wonderful alternative to this! Again, these products may or may not be tested on animals. The goal here is to realize how crucial it is to look at ingredients and be aware of what is in them. Though lanolin may not be in all products, it is in a lot more than you would think, as you can see. Just because you know a company is cruelty-free, this doesn’t always mean they don’t contain any animal derived ingredients, Burt’s Bees, for example. Finding alternatives to products that use animal derived ingredients can be a lot simpler than you’d think. Switching to a 100% natural ingredient like coconut, for example, has wonderful, wonderful benefits for you and for animals! If you’d still rather use a product itself, finding a 100% vegan product can be fairly easy, too. Notice I said fairly since research is required. But, once you adapt and realize which companies do and don’t test, you’ll be a pro before you know it! No animals need to be harmed in order to use a certain product. 99.9% of the time there is a substitute or alternative. You will not only feel better about doing this but the animals will thank you. Related articles across the web	Sheep
Written by Ernest Hemingway, what is the subject of the 1932 non-fiction book Death In The Afternoon?	Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin \| Lansinoh BPA and BPS free What does the “BPA and BPS Free” Icon on your packaging mean? The chemical bisphenol-A (BPA) is widely known to be a hormone disrupter. Acting like an estrogen imposter, BPA has been linked to cancer, type 2 diabetes, depression, heart disease and a number of other ailments. BPA can be especially dangerous in pregnancy, infancy and childhood – so much so that many governments around the world have banned BPA in the production of baby bottles (as well as other products). The chemical bisphenol-S (BPS) is used as a plasticizer by some manufacturers and, in many cases, has been used to replace BPA. BPS is also a hormone disrupter, but is currently allowed for the production of baby bottles and similar products. Because safety is a top priority for Lansinoh, we have taken proactive measures to ensure our Lansinoh® mOmma® bottles with NaturalWave® Nipples are BPA and BPS free. Additionally, all our products that may come in contact with breastmilk are BPA and BPS free, as well as our mOmma® toddler line. This includes: Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin Lansinoh® Clean & Condition Baby wipes Lansinoh® Signature Pro™ Double Electric Breast Pump Lansinoh® Smartpump™ Double Electric Breast Pump Lansinoh® Manual Breast Pump Lansinoh® Breastmilk Storage Bottles and Lids Lansinoh® Disposable Nursing Pads and Ultra-Soft Disposable Nursing Pads Lansinoh® LatchAssist® Nipple Everter Lansinoh® Simple Wishes® Hands-Free Pumping Bra Lansinoh® Soothies® Gel Pads TheraoPearl® 3-in-1 Breast Therapy Packs Lansinoh® mOmma® Bottle with NaturalWave® Nipple Lansinoh® mOmma® Spill-Proof Cup Lansinoh® mOmma® Warming Plate Lansinoh® mOmma® Developmental Meal Set Lansinoh is committed to providing breastfeeding solutions so every mom can breastfeed for as long as she chooses. Moms who use Lansinoh should feel comfortable knowing they’re using safe and effective products, whatever their breastfeeding needs may be. Is Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin BPA and BPS Free? Yes! Because safety is a top priority for Lansinoh, we have taken proactive measures to ensure Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin is both BPA and BPS Free. Can I still use my Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin if it expired? If your tube has expired, we do not recommend using it when breastfeeding – you should purchase a fresh tube. Don’t worry if you have used it before you noticed that it had expired. It is ultra purified and bacteriostatic, meaning it will inhibit bacteria growth. If Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin stains my clothing or bedding, how do I remove it? It’s best to treat it like a grease stain before washing, so use any products that contain a grease-fighting agent. If you have already washed and dried the item, it might take some special effort to remove the stain. However, because lanolin is an organic ester the stain will eventually be removed. Where does lanolin come from? Lanolin comes from the fleece of sheep after shearing. After the sheep is shorn, the wool is washed but the raw wool grease remains. This material undergoes a series of refinements that result in our ultra pure lanolin. One hundred pounds of wool will yield about two to four pounds of lanolin. It is a natural and renewable raw material - not a processed synthetic compound. The term lanolin comes from the Latin word lana for wool and oleum for oil, although chemically it is a wax not an oil. It comes from a sheep’s sebaceous glands’ secretions that are deposited onto the wool fiber. It is nature’s way of protecting the fleece from the weather’s harmful elements. The reason it is so beneficial when applied to the skin is because it’s an organic ester and similar to the oil our own skin produces (sebum). What if my pet ingests Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin? There is no cause for concern if your pet ingests Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin. Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin is nontoxic and not listed with the Poison Control Center. It will pass through the gut harmlessly; keep in mind that your pet may have a loose stool. What if my child ingests Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin? Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin does not need to be removed prior to breastfeeding because it is nontoxic. It is not listed with Poison Control Center, so it is not harmful if your child ingests it. If ingested in a larger amount than used by a mother when nursing, Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin will pass through the gut harmlessly and could cause a loose stool. How does Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin work? Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin provides a moisture barrier that slows down the loss of internal moisture that is vital to healthy, supple skin. This eases discomfort and restores natural moisture balance to provide fast relief. It allows for the exchange of air (respiration) and moisture (transpiration) so that the skin does not become over-hydrated. The consistency of Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin is part of its effectiveness. The skin of the areola contains many nerves, and by coating the free nerve endings and placing them in a more normal environment it can provide instant relief. Do I have to remove Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin before breastfeeding? Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin does not need to be removed prior to breastfeeding because of the intensive purification process used in production. We do recommend applying it after breastfeeding instead of before so that it has some time to absorb into your skin. How is Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin different from other lanolins? There are many grades of lanolin ranging from a crude industrial grade to our ultra pure medical grade. Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin has been refined by a patented process to remove allergenic components such as the free lanolin alcohols and environmental impurities like pesticide residues and detergents. Because of the purity of Lansinoh® HPA® Lanolin, it does not have to be removed prior to breastfeeding.	i don't know
The Thirty Years' War was finally ended in 1648 with what peace treaty?	Thirty Years War ends - Oct 24, 1648 - HISTORY.com Thirty Years War ends Publisher A+E Networks The Treaty of Westphalia is signed, ending the Thirty Years War and radically shifting the balance of power in Europe. The Thirty Years War, a series of wars fought by European nations for various reasons, ignited in 1618 over an attempt by the king of Bohemia (the future Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II) to impose Catholicism throughout his domains. Protestant nobles rebelled, and by the 1630s most of continental Europe was at war. As a result of the Treaty of Westphalia, the Netherlands gained independence from Spain, Sweden gained control of the Baltic and France was acknowledged as the preeminent Western power. The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands. The principle of state sovereignty emerged as a result of the Treaty of Westphalia and serves as the basis for the modern system of nation-states. Related Videos	Peace of Westphalia
What nationality is Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot?	Treaty of Westphalia - Empire History Empire History About Me > The Treaty of Westphalia: 1648 The Treaty of Westphalia was a collective name given to a series of peace agreements that brought about an end to the bloody Thirty Years War (1618-48) in Europe. The peace made at Westphalia would cement the Nation-State as the primary focus of the International Relations discipline. The treaty was devised at the first modern diplomatic congress and placed emphasis on the sovereign state governed by a sovereign ruler. The Peace of Westphalia, 1648. The Treaty recognized the new boundaries of European States, including an independent Portugal and a Unified Netherlands. Create a free website	i don't know
Which country was the only original member of OPEC outside of the Middle East?	OPEC Member Countries Map 11,854,977 km² 33,327,700 bbl/day The OPEC member countries map shows a World Map, where all the member countries of OPEC have been highlighted. OPEC stands for the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. The mission of OPEC is to coordinate and unify petroleum policies of Member Countries. OPEC is made up of eleven developing countries - Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. These countries rely on oil revenues as their main source of income. All these countries export oil substantially. The organization aims at coordinating and unifying petroleum policies of its member countries. OPEC also aims at stabilizing prices in the international oil markets. It wants to secure a steady income to the producing countries. OPEC has not succeeded always in putting a stabilizing influence on the market. Oil revenues are vital for the economic development of these nations. The Representatives of OPEC Member Countries (Heads of Delegation) get together at the OPEC Conference to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies. Their aim is to promote stability and harmony in the oil market. About 40 per cent of the world's oil output comes from the OPEC member countries. They possess more than three-quarters of the world's total proven crude oil reserves.	Venezuela
Name any year that Leonardo Da Vinci was alive.	Sun sets on Opec dominance in new era of lower oil prices - Telegraph Energy Sun sets on Opec dominance in new era of lower oil prices Flood of new oil supply coming onstream from outside Opec and weakening demand makes the group's role in energy markets less relevant, writes Andrew Critchlow By Andrew Critchlow , Commodities editor 1:00PM GMT 22 Nov 2014 Follow It wouldn’t be the first time that a meeting of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (Opec) has taken place in an atmosphere of deep division, bordering on outright hatred. In 1976, Saudi Arabia’s former oil minister Ahmed Zaki Yamani stormed out of the Opec gathering early when other members of the cartel wouldn’t agree to the wishes of his new master, King Khaled. The 166th meeting of the group in Vienna next week is looking like it could end in a similarly acrimonious fashion with Saudi Arabia and several other members at loggerheads over what to do about falling oil prices. Whatever action Opec agrees to take next week to halt the sharp decline in the value of crude, experts agree that one thing is clear: the world is entering into an era of lower oil prices that the group is almost powerless to change. This new energy paradigm may result in oil trading at much lower levels than the $100 (£64) per barrel that consumers have grown used to paying over the last decade and reshape the entire global economy. It could also trigger the eventual break-up of Opec, the group of mainly Middle East producers, which due to its control of 60pc of the world’s petroleum reserves has often been accused of acting like a cartel. Related Articles Iraq and Iran plot oil revolution 28 Jan 2014 Even worse, some experts warn that a prolonged period of lower oil prices could reshape the entire political map of the Middle East, triggering a new wave of political uprisings in petrodollar sheikhdoms in the Persian Gulf, which depend on the income from crude to underwrite their high levels of public spending and support less wealthy client states in the Arab world. “We are now entering a new era in world oil and we will have lower prices for some time to come,” says Daniel Yergin, the Pulitzer prize-winning author of The Quest: Energy Security and the Remaking of the Modern World. “Oil was really the last commodity in the super-cycle to remain standing.” Mr Yergin spoke exclusively to The Sunday Telegraph ahead of what is being called the most important gathering of Opec in more than 20 years. As oil ministers from its 12 member states prepare to fly into Vienna this week they face their biggest challenge since the depths of the financial crisis at the beginning of 2009, as bearish sentiment and oversupply grips the market. Brent crude prices have fallen by almost 30pc since reaching their high point for the year of $115 per barrel in June. “The oil market is being redefined by two factors. Firstly, the astonishing growth in US oil production, which is real and dynamic. Secondly, the realisation that the world economy is much weaker that was previously expected so demand is being squeezed,” says Mr Yergin, who also sits on the US Secretary of Energy Advisory Board. The fall in prices comes at a time when Opec’s domination of the world oil market is being challenged seriously for the first time in more than 30 years by the unexpected and sudden resurgence of the US as a major producer. By 2020, Citigroup estimates that America will be pumping more than 14m barrels per day (bpd) of oil and petroleum liquids, giving it the capacity to export almost 5m bpd, which will transform the energy markets. Lifting the ban on US crude oil exports, which first came into force in the 1970s to ensure energy security, is becoming an evermore likely move by Washington as it seeks to apply pressure on Russia’s President Vladimir Putin to back down over Ukraine. According to the energy advisers IHS, such a move would further stimulate growth in domestic production and cut America’s existing import bill by $67bn, a figure not far from Britain’s total expenditure on defence. “They recognise that the threat from North American supply is a challenge to Opec today just like the North Sea was in the 1980s,” said Mr Yergin. “Opec is going to have a very hard time adjusting to this because there isn’t agreement within the group on what to do. Everyone is happy for Saudi Arabia to cut production but the Saudis don’t want to cut and lose more market share, especially to Iran and Iraq.” Opec nations are producing about 200,000 bpd more than their agreed quota of 30m bpd, while demand for the group’s oil is expected to fall as low as 29.2m bpd next year, as more North American supply becomes available. To balance supply with demand would suggest that Opec will have to agree on cutting up to 1m bpd from its members’ production and the responsibility for delivering this will fall mainly to Saudi Arabia. The kingdom is the world’s biggest and cheapest exporter and because of its ability to immediately pump up to 12.5m bpd is viewed as the “swing” producer within Opec and the world. If the group is to agree cuts, that will mean Riyadh will have to make the biggest contribution to the overall reductions and surrender more market share to its rivals within the group such as Iran and Iraq. Opec owes its existence to a period of great economic and political upheaval in the 1960s, when demand for crude oil began to surge from rapidly growing industrialised economies and producing countries in the Middle East started to emerge as newly independent states. Created in Baghdad by five original members including Saudi, Iraq and Venezuela, the organisation offered the first real counterbalance to the so-called “seven sisters” of international oil companies such as Shell and BP, which had dominated global supply up to that time. The group normally meets a few times every year at its headquarters in Vienna unless an “extraordinary” meeting is called for in response to events such as the Arab Spring in 2010, or the financial crisis. Some members urged such an emergency gathering in response to the current sharp drop in prices but appeals for deep cuts to production have so far been resisted by Saudi Arabia’s oil minister, Ali al-Naimi. Saudi Arabia is the undisputed dominant force within the group, but its power is increasingly being challenged by an axis of Iran and Iraq. Since the downfall of Saddam Hussein and the exit of a major US military presence in the country, Baghdad has moved closer politically to its Shiite Muslim neighbour Iran. The country holds vast oil reserves and has plans to produce up to 9m bpd by the end of the decade, despite the threat posed by Islamic State militants in its northern provinces. Iran, Saudi Arabia’s natural enemy in the Gulf, even before the downfall of the Shah in 1979, could also be in a position to boost its capacity significantly, if the West lifts nuclear sanctions restricting international investment in its energy sector. Both countries need prices to remain high given the weakness of their wider economies and lack of foreign currency reserves, making it likely that they will push for a big cut in Opec production next week. Iran’s influential oil minister Bijan Zanganeh has already called for emergency bilateral talks with Saudi Arabia in Vienna to discuss the thorny issue of how to accommodate an expected increase in production from the Islamic state. Last week Mr Zanganeh said: “The countries in the south of the Persian Gulf are interested in keeping their market share and a decrease in market share will be difficult.” Then there are the non-aligned countries, including Venezuela, Nigeria and Angola. These states account for a combined 6.6m bpd of Opec supply and all hold ambitious plans to boost production. Like Iran and Iraq, they are thought collectively to be pushing for deep cuts to Opec’s quota to restore oil prices back to $100 per barrel, a level required to maintain their economies. However, Saudi Arabia and its Arab allies in the Persian Gulf appear reluctant to acquiesce to these demands. With relatively small populations and vast oil reserves these producers, which form the core of the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC), are largely dependent on Western support for their security in an inherently unstable region. This dependency has recently been demonstrated by the need to rely on the US and the UK to launch air strikes against the Islamic State in Iraq, amid fears that the terrorist group could also destabilise these oil-rich Gulf monarchies if allowed to spread its jihad throughout the wider Middle East. In this context, Saudi and its allies may be more willing to allow oil prices to fall to levels around $70 per barrel to help appease the US by applying economic pressure on Russia, which also depends on crude sales for much of its foreign currency revenue. However, these states – which account for about a fifth of the world’s oil supply combined – are also in danger of losing a greater share of the market to US shale production. That threat could be partly nullified by lower prices, which according to Deutsche Bank research would see almost 40pc of US shale oil wells become unprofitable if Brent continued to trade at its currently depressed levels for a prolonged period of time. However, with break-even prices estimated in the range upwards of $80 per barrel in order to finance their economies these Gulf states, which include the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar and Kuwait, may be reluctant to see prices remain below $100 per barrel for too long. The problem for policymakers in these countries is that Opec’s ability to influence prices has been fundamentally weakened by the rapid growth of supply outside the Middle East. Opec has seen its share of the market fall from around half 20 years ago to just under a third today, with production from outside the group expected to exceed 63m bpd next year. The need to redress this decline makes the necessity for Opec’s biggest producers such as Saudi Arabia to cut production even more unpalatable and could signal the beginning of the end of the cartel’s global influence. “The only thing that really unites Opec members now is that they all produce oil but if the price keeps going down then the pressure will build for some kind of action,” said Mr Yergin. Lower oil prices will also pull at the political fabric holding together many of Opec’s members, especially in the war-torn Middle East. Persian Gulf sheikhdoms have pumped billions of pounds into supporting neighbouring Arab states whose old regimes were torn apart by the popular uprisings, which started as bread riots in Tunisia in 2010. Saudi Arabia and the UAE have agreed to pump an additional $20bn into supporting the government of ex-Field Marshal Abdulfattah el-Sisi in Cairo, while continuing to support factions in the campaign to oust the regime of Bashar al-Assad in Syria. Falling oil prices will seriously challenge their ability to co-opt neighbouring states and undermine their own domestic economic models, which are dependent on revenue from petroleum exports. “Riyadh has miscalculated,” says Christopher Davidson, a reader in Middle East politics at Durham University and author of After the Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse of the Gulf Monarchies. “The Arab Spring never really ended, it was just put off. Certain regimes have been trying to keep those political forces at bay with oil so the current fall in the price will weaken the power of these governments substantially.” Whatever action Opec takes on November 27, it is clear that its once staggering power over the global economy has been considerably weakened as a new era of lower oil prices beckons.	i don't know
How were Fleegle, Bingo, Drooper and Snork better known collectively on TV?	Bingo banana splits & 3D Blackjack Trainer v1.0 Beta Free Full Game & jninternationalinc.com Bingo castle online Think doodle of the. Fleagle, fleegle, a goofy gorilla bingo, packaged. The john lennon of the gorilla voiced by dickies banana, bingo, better known as bingo, which features. Bingo drooper and mark barkan title: watch online free full length episodes video clips. bingo. Bingo, Title: cast of the banana splits bingo, news. Tv, do many more. First, The hosts of course records, bingo. Drums, jeff winkless. Banana splits. items. Fun sponsored by l0stanimationover hill and snorky, and download top songs and albums by funko. Snorky were arrested toady as they. She will be back in toys fleegle opens and snorky; drooper, bingo and rec bingo, drooper fleegle bingo and they were these wacky wobbler of the bingo t shirts hoodies by allan melvin; Quote all the dickies. Out. 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What is the nickname of Bournemouth F.C.?	The Banana Splits (Western Animation) - TV Tropes The Banana Splits You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share Western Animation / The Banana Splits × "One banana, two banana, three banana, four! Four bananas make a bunch, and so do many more! Over hill and highway the Banana Buggies go, Coming on to bring you the Banana Splits show!" The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was a Saturday morning series from Hanna-Barbera shown on NBC in the late 1960s. Live actors in full-body costumes portrayed Fleegle the dog (voiced by Paul Winchell ), Drooper the lion (voiced by Allan Melvin ), Bingo the gorilla (voiced by Daws Butler ) and Snorky the elephant, who didn't talk . Sid & Marty Krofft Productions designed the Banana Splits' character costumes. The foursome did comedy sketches, performed songs and introduced the following action segments: Arabian Knights : A Five-Man Band of heroes fought evil in pre-Islamic Arabia. The Three Musketeers: These short adventures were adapted from the book by Alexandre Dumas père. Micro-Ventures: A scientist and his two teenage children visited Mouse World to observe insects up close. Danger Island: This was the serialized live-action segment, set on and around a Pacific island. Memorable for the Catch Phrase , "Uh-oh, Chongo!". Directed by Richard Donner , who went on to hit films like The Omen (1976) , Superman , The Goonies and Lethal Weapon .note It also starred (Jan-) Michael Vincent as Link. After the Banana Splits became popular, Hanna-Barbera tried to duplicate its success in 1977: Skatebirds on CBS . (Some sources had 1969's The Cattanooga Cats on ABC as live/animated with the Cats live costumes, but it was all animated.) When The Banana Splits was shown in broadcast syndication, and later on TBS , the following series were added to the package: The Atom Ant Show , accompanied by Precious Pupp and The Hillbilly Bears Secret Squirrel , accompanied by Squiddly Diddly and Winsome Witch The Adventures of Gulliver The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Interesting trivia: The Banana Splits title song (or rather, a high-speed Cover Version by The Dickies) puts in an appearance as Hit Girl's theme music in Kick-Ass . The Banana Splits provides examples of: Animated Adaptation : Hardly surprisingly, the band appeared both in live action and in animated form in a full-length feature, The Banana Splits in Hocus Pocus Park ( 1972 ), on the animated anthology series The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie.	i don't know
What is the longest river in South Africa?	What is the longest river in South Africa? \| Reference.com What is the longest river in South Africa? A: Quick Answer The longest river in South Africa is the Orange River, also known as the Gariep or Groote River. It runs an incredible 2,200 kilometers, and has a basin area of 973,000 square kilometers. Full Answer The Orange River is located in the veld region of South Africa. It connects the Indian Ocean on the east with the Atlantic Ocean on the west of the land. Part of the river forms the border between South Africa and Namibia. The Orange River transverses such a great distance that it crosses into many regions. Depending on the region, it is often called a different name, like the Gariep River.	Orange River
Tom Joad was the main character in which John Steinbeck novel?	Rivers of Southern Africa Rivers of Southern Africa Written by Sarah Scott Southern Africa is famous for its cultures, wildlife and spectacularly varied landscapes; all of these converge on, and are fed by, its magnificent rivers. Here is only the briefest look at a few of the greats. Tugela River Drawing its name from the Zulu "thukela", meaning "startling" or "fearsome", the Tugela river has borne witness to many battles in the Anglo-Zulu and Boer Wars. It is the largest river in Kwa Zulu Natal, and spills nearly a kilometer down the world's second tallest waterfall, the Tugela Falls. Hiking trails lead to the height of the falls at the top of the Drakensberg escarpment, offering magnificent views of the river's five-tier drop into the Tugela Gorge. From there the river offers everything from rapids with names like "Rocky Horror" and "Washing Machine" for kayacking and rafting enthusiasts, to tranquil swimming and bird watching. On the banks of the Tugela, the Harold and Johnson Nature Reserve offers over 200 bird species, and a "Muthi" trail, which details the traditional medicinal plants of the Zulus. Summer rainfall makes November through April the best time for rafting but KwaZulu Natal's sub-tropical climate means great weather all year round. Orange River Originally the Gariep River (Nama, meaning "Great River), renamed by settlers after William of Orange, the Orange River is the largest and longest river in South Africa. Rising as the Senqu River in the Drakensberg Mountains in Lesotho, it flows Westwards across South Africa, forming part of the border between South Africa and Namibia, and is responsible for the rich diamond deposits along the Namibian coast. The Orange River covers some 2 200km, passing through the Richtersveld semi-desert, the Kalahari and the Namib. In the Northern Cape it drops 56m down the Augrabies falls, and then runs 18km through the stark ravines of the Orange River Gorge. From the Khoi "Aukoerebis" which means "place of great noise", the Augrabies falls descend into an almost inaccessible pool, where legends have it a giant monster lives, guarding a wealth of alluvial diamonds. The Orange River is a favourite for rafting and kayaking, with numerous companies offering organised trips. In the lower reaches the landscape varies from spectacular mountain ranges to wind swept dunes. Luxury accommodation is available, although camping is free almost anywhere along the river. Limpopo or Crocodile River Rudyard Kipling described it as "the great, grey-green greasy Limpopo ... all set about with fever trees". Rising as the Crocodile in Witwatersrand, the Limpopo skirts the borders of Botswana and Zimbabwe to empty itself from the coast of Mozambique. It moves from arid landscapes to densely forested regions – and it forms the northern border of the Kruger National Park, the world-famous home of the big five, as well as a staggering array of other wildlife. At the meeting point of Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa lie the ruins of the great Kingdom of Mapungubwe. The ruins chronicle the existence of a prosperous Iron Age society in the Limpopo River Valley some 1000 years ago. Where it passes through the Khalahari the surrounds are dry, and the river unreliable. It gains much of its flow from its main tributary, the Olifants River, and below this the Limpopo is permanently navigable to the sea. In the lush lower reaches it provides water for nearby villages and irrigation for farming. The Zambezi In Zambia, the Tonga people believe a spirit called Nyami Nyami (literally "Meat Meat") inhabits the Zambezi River, providing them with fish to eat and water for crops. According to legend, Nyami Nyami was separated from his wife by the construction midway along the river of the Kariba Dam, and no longer shows his face to man. The Kariba and Cabora Bassa Dams provide electricity to Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa respectively. The Zambezi River is the fourth longest river in Africa. Springing from the earth between the roots of a tree in a corner of North West Zambia, it flows through Angola, along Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, where it joins the Indian Ocean. Although this vast river has much to offer, its most spectacular feature is undoubtedly the Victoria Falls, also called "Mosi-ao-Tunya", or "The Smoke That Thunders". Considered to be the tallest waterfall in the world, the spray from the falls' 400 foot drop has created its own miniature tropical rain forest amidst semi-arid African Tundra. The river downstream of the falls features rapids for white water rafting and calm waters for tranquil canoing. From here it flows through the Zambezi National Park on the Zambian side and the Mana Pools National Park on the Zimbabwean side, hosting one of Africa's most important wilderness regions. Fish River The source of the Fish River is in the Eastern Naukluft Mountains, which give their name to the extensive Naukluft National Park. It flows some 650km across Namibia, until it joins the Orange River at the border between Namibia and South Africa. The river's flow is stunted by damming at Hardap, near Mariental. In winter it may run almost dry, but after the summer rains it returns to full flow. It is best known for the famous Fish River Canyon: said to be the second largest canyon in the world, with a length of 161km and depths of up to 550m. A challenging hike covers 90km of the canyon floor in roughly 5 days, ending at Ai-Ais, a magnificent hot spring resort. Ai-Ais is a Khoekhoen word, literally meaning "fire water". The entire canyon is part of a Nature Conservation Area, and is bordered by the Canyon and Gondwana Nature Parks. Umgeni River The Umgeni (or Mngeni), meaning "Place of the Acacia Trees" in isiZulu, rises in the Natal Midlands, and its mouth, north of the Durban Harbour, is where Vasco da Gama is said to have replenished his fleet's water supply on Christmas day, 1497. The river idles through the Valley of 1 000 Hills, a scenic and peaceful valley brimming with indigenous flora, and ruled over by Emkhambathini, the 960m-high Natal Table Mountain. The annual Duzi Canoe Marathon passes through this valley en route from the Msunduzi river in Pietermaritzberg to the Umgeni River Mouth. Known for its diversity of bird life, the river mouth is popular for birdwatching. Inland on the North bank of the river is the Umgeni Bird Park, which boasts 23 species listed under conservation's highest protection status, as well as a host of other local and exotic birds. The Kei River The Great Kei River is formed east of Queenstown, by the junction of the White Kei and the Black Kei rivers. It flows approximately 225km through the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa to the Indian Ocean. The Kei River forms the Southwestern border of the Transkei, literally meaning "across the Kei". Fishing is popular upstream and at the mouth of the river. The Kei River Mouth occupies a pristine stretch of undeveloped coastline, with rolling dunes and subtropical vegetation. A ferry across the Kei gives access to the rolling hills of the unspoilt Transkei region. Chobe The Chobe River rises as the Cuando in the highlands of Angola. When it crosses into Botswana, it becomes the Linyanthi, at Parakurungu it becomes the Itenge, and at Ngome Gate it becomes the Chobe River. Finally, it joins the Zambezi at Kazangula after which they hurtle together over Victoria Falls. In places the Chobe is characterised by swamps of reed, papyrus and water lilies. The river banks offer a variety of landscapes, from open flood plains to riverine woodland. It forms the Northern boundary of the Chobe National Park, where large groups of elephant are almost always found. Buffalo, waterbuck, eland and giraffe also frequent the river, and hippo and crocodile can be spotted in its waters. The Cuando River is known for its wildlife, and for most of its length the areas surrounding its banks are games reserves or wildlife management areas. The Seboba Water Rapids are the only permanent rapids on the Chobe. Touws River Meaning "Gate" in the language of the Hottentots, the Touws River runs from the arid landscape of the Karoo to the coast at Wilderness, a town on the Southern Cape Garden Route in South Africa. Canoing is popular at the river mouth, and the surrounding Wilderness National Park protects a wealth bird life and pure coastal beauty. The river once flooded the little railway town of Touws River so dramatically that a marker near the top of the town's Church spire marks the high point of the flood water level. The Vaal River The Vaal River has its source in the Drakensberg Mountains in Mpumalanga, South Africa. It is 1120km long, and forms the border of the Free State with Mpumalanga, Gauteng and the North West Province. Water from the Vaal River supports the needs of industry in Johannesburg, as well as 12 Million consumers in and around Gauteng, and is a major source for irrigation. Vaal is a Dutch name, translated from the Khoi name Tky-Gariep; Tky meaning drab or dull, a reference to the green or brown colour of its waters. The river itself is in no way dull; the Vaal provides everything from tranquil canoing or fly-fishing to white water rafting or kayaking on its rapids, all surrounded by breathtaking scenery. The Vaal River passes through the Vredefort Dome, the oldest and largest known meteorite impact structure on the planet. Here it winds between more than 300 islands, in an area steeped in both geological and cultural history. Published in African Safaris, South Africa, Third Quarter 2008.	i don't know
What famous song is Huckleberry Hound best known for singing?	The Huckleberry Hound Show (TV Series 1958–1962) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Huckleberry Hound is a blue-haired Southern dog with a fondness for the song, "My Darling, Clementine", and is a jack-of-all-trades cartoon star, appearing as a scientist (trying to ... See full summary » Stars: a list of 49 titles created 23 Sep 2011 a list of 49 titles created 07 May 2013 a list of 44 titles created 15 Aug 2013 a list of 24 titles created 30 Jan 2014 a list of 35 images created 17 Mar 2014 Title: The Huckleberry Hound Show (1958–1962) 6.8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 1 Primetime Emmy. Another 1 nomination. See more awards » Videos Magilla Gorilla is a gorilla who spends his time languishing in the front display window of Melvin Peebles' pet shop, eating bananas and being a drain on the businessman's finances. Stars: Allan Melvin, Don Messick, Howard Morris Yogi, a smooth, talkative forest bear looks to raid park goers picnic baskets, while Park Ranger Smith tries to stop him. Stars: Daws Butler, Don Messick, Jimmy Weldon The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show was an animated series which featured the pint sized hero Atom Ant and super-sleuth Secret Squirrel. Stars: Henry Corden, Don Messick, Howard Morris Quick Draw Mcgraw was a dimwitted and lanky mustang (horse) who caused much chaos in the Old West. If he could get his own six shooter out of his holster at all, he would usually shoot the ... See full summary » Stars: Daws Butler, Doug Young, Don Messick Dick Dastardly leads a fighter plane group to try ineffectualy to stop a carrier pigeon. Stars: Paul Winchell, Don Messick Top Cat is the leader of a group of alley cats, always trying to cheat someone. Stars: Leo DeLyon, Allen Jenkins, Arnold Stang A kung-fu-fighting pup and his snickering cat sidekick battle crime. Stars: Scatman Crothers, Joe E. Ross, Don Messick The adventures of a superhero caveman and a trio of female amateur detectives. Stars: Mel Blanc, Gary Owens, Laurel Page The Ant Hill Mob has to protect Penelope Pitstop from a murderous lawyer who is after her inheritance. Stars: Janet Waldo, Mel Blanc, Don Messick The participants of an unusual car race compete around America. Stars: Daws Butler, Don Messick, John Stephenson 'Josie and the Pussycats' is a pop music group. During their tours are always involved in strange mysteries. Stars: Jerry Dexter, Don Messick, Patrice Holloway A bucktoothed squirrel is the James Bond of the rodent world. Stars: Mel Blanc, Paul Frees, Dick Beals Edit Storyline Huckleberry Hound is a blue-haired Southern dog with a fondness for the song, "My Darling, Clementine", and is a jack-of-all-trades cartoon star, appearing as a scientist (trying to neutralize a gigantic, thinking potato), a Scotland Yard detective (chasing Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in Victorian London or investigating reports of a mad scientist's Frankenstein-like weiner monster in early-1900s rural England), a Foreign Legion soldier (foiling a renegade Frenchman-turned-Arab), or a modern policeman (trying to subdue an impish ape named Wee Willie). Episodes of this television series begin and end with a Huckleberry cartoon. Sandwiched between them is a cartoon with two mischievous mice, Pixie and Dixie and a cantankerous cat named Mr. Jinks. Sometimes appearing in their stead in the middle cartoon was a free-spirited Hokey Wolf or the "smarter than the average" Yogi Bear. Written by Kevin McCorry <[email protected]> 5 September 1958 (USA) See more » Also Known As: El show de Huckleberry Hound See more » Company Credits 57 episodes were made. See more » Connections (Kansas City, MO) – See all my reviews The Huckleberry Hound Show was one of the first ever Hanna-Barbera cartoons that was the other first cartoons done by Hanna-Barbera cartoons! Huckleberry Hound is a blue-haired Southern dog with a fondness for the song, "My Darling, Clementine", and is a jack-of-all-trades cartoon star. He would appear as a scientist, police man, cowboy, jungle boy or something else. Huckleberry Hound's guest stars on his show were Pixie and Dixie, this was one of the segments I liked on this show because I thought it was funny when Mr. Jinks would say "I hate mieces to pieces!" which I think is a famous catch phrase. Yogi Bear was one of the guest stars on this show for a little while until he got his own show and that was when Hokey Wolf took it's place. Hokey Wolf was a free-spirited wolf who would go on a few adventures with his sidekick, Ding-A-Ling. User Rating: 7/10 12 of 13 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	My Darling Clementine
What does a silkworm feed on?	Behind the Song: Oh My Darling Clementine – Singing the Song in My Heart by SingingtheSongInMyHeart This was sung on an old movie I was recently watching and I wondered where the song originated. This song is believed to have been inspired by Down by the River Liv’d a Maiden by H. S. Thompson. It is considered an old western folk song. The song is believed to have been written by Percy Montrose in 1884. Some sources also attribute it to Barker Bradford. The lyrics reveal that Clementine is the daughter of a miner in the 1849 California Gold Rush. The beginning of the song sounds like a sad ballad in which a bereaved lover is lamenting the loss of his darling. As the verses continue, the incidents mentioned are so ridiculous that it becomes obvious that the song is a tongue-in cheek parody of a sad ballad. The melody is believed to have been an old Spanish ballad, written by Gerald Brenan. The melody was published in the book South from Granada and became popular with the Mexican miners during the Gold Rush. The melody was best known from Romance del Conde Olinos o Niño, a sad love story very popular in Spanish-speaking cultures. No one knows when the song was recorded in English. The 1943 musical of the same name as the song. The song has been sung in numerous films over the years, most notably the 1946 film My Darling Clementine . In the Hanna-Barbera cartoons the song is often sung off key by Huckleberry Hound. Share this:	i don't know
What is the name of Liverpool's main railway station?	Disused Stations: Liverpool Central (High Level) Station Date of visit: June 1968, 2005, 1.3.2009 & 22.7.2011 Notes: Liverpool Central station was the western terminus of the Cheshire Lines Committee’s (CLC) main line that linked the northern cities of Liverpool and Manchester. The CLC was a joint company made up of three partners: the Great Northern Railway (GNR), the Manchester, Sheffield & Lincolnshire Railway (MS&LR) and the Midland Railway (MR). The CLC’s Liverpool and Manchester line had opened as a through route between Cornbrook East Junction (Manchester) and Cressington Junction (Garston) on 2 September 1873. The line linked with the former Garston & Liverpool Railway at Cressington. The Garston & Liverpool had opened from Garston to a terminus at Liverpool Brunswick on 1 June 1864. It was a joint railway of the GNR and MS&LR that became part of the CLC on 5 July 1865. At the eastern end of the line at Manchester there was a connection with the Manchester South Junction and Altrincham Railway (MSJ&AR) that allowed trains to run to Manchester London Road. Liverpool Brunswick station was over a mile south of the centre of Liverpool and therefore inconvenient for passengers. Just over a month after it opened an Act was obtained by the partners on 29 July 1864 to build a line called ‘The Liverpool Central Station Railway’. The line was one mile and forty-three chains in length, and to reach central Liverpool it needed five tunnels and sections of very deep cuttings. There were two stations on the line, St James and Liverpool Central. Due to the heavy engineering required the new line and Liverpool Central did not open until 2 March 1874. Being a relative latecomer to Liverpool the CLC had to make do with a cramped site but in the heart of the city’s shopping district; nevertheless the CLC built an imposing station which served as their headquarters. Liverpool Central station fronted onto Ranelagh Street which ran in an east/west direction at that point. The main entrance was through two imposing gates at the western end of Ranelagh Street at its junction with Church Street and with Bold Street. The gates were separated by a large sandstone column. Over the westernmost gate there was a sign that read ‘Central Station’. East of the gates was the large high-roofed single-storey parcels office. East of the parcels office was another set of gates and, beyond them, a building similar to the parcels office that housed refreshment rooms. Beyond the gates and behind the parcels office was an open area for cabs and other road traffic. Photographic evidence suggests that a one-way system for road traffic was implemented from quite an early date. The easternmost gates were for traffic entering the station, and the westernmost for departing traffic. Facing onto the open area, but set back from the street, was the main station building. It was a three-storey sandstone building with decorative window features and columns. In the centre of the building, at roof level, was a large Baroque clock. The booking offices and other passenger facilities were on the ground floor. On the first and second floors there wereoffices occupied by departments of the CLC and its constituent companies. Part of the open area at the front of the main station building was sheltered by a large canopy. On the western side of the building an access road for vehicles passed directly into the station. The station also had an entrance on Bold Street with a two-storey sandstone structure in the same style as the other buildings. Behind the main building was a single arched trainshed of 164ft span which reached 65ft at its highest point. The station had three island platforms giving six platform faces. The longest and widest island platform was on the west side of the station, its west face numbered platform 1, and it was designated as the arrival platform. It had one line to serve it, and no run around facilities as the track was adjacent to the station’s western outer wall. The east face was platform 2 - the departure platform for long-distance services. Being wide the platform had a roadway along its centre for vehicles delivering or collecting merchandise. The platform extended beyond the trainshed at its southern end, but a roof covered it at that point almost to the ramp. There were three lines between platform 2 and the next island platform, which was in the middle of the station. It was both narrower and shorter than platforms 1 and 2 but did extend beyond the trainshed at the southern end; its western face was platform 3 and the eastern was platform 4. On the eastern side of the station was the shortest island platform which did not extendbeyond the trainshed, but its eastern face, platform 6, was outside of it. The western face was numbered platform 5. Between platform 4 and 5 there were three lines. On the eastern side of the station were three sidings, one of which had a goods dock. At the southern end of the station site, sandwiched between the platform 1 track and the western boundary wall, was the wooden Liverpool Central signal box. It opened before services started on 25 February 1874. The main lines all curved sharply southwards at the southern end of the station and entered Great George Street Tunnel. Beyond the tunnel mouth was a wide cutting through sandstone in which there was a turntable. A water tower was also provided at this end on the eastern side of the station. When the station opened only platforms 1 and 2 were ready so train services were confined to its western side; it was fully operational by 25 June 1874. At first there were sixteen trains per day to Manchester London Road. On 9 July 1877 the CLC opened a temporary Manchester Central station and from that date the Manchester services used it. An hourly express service was introduced on the same day that completed the journey in just over 45 minutes. The temporary Manchester Central was replaced with a permanent facility on 1 July 1880. In 1882 some parts of the retaining walls on each side of the station were found to be defective and in danger of collapse, so strengthening works were carried out. On 23 June 1889 the original signal box was replaced with a larger 88-lever structure. On 11 March 1892 the Mersey Railway opened an extension to its under-river railway from Liverpool James Street to Liverpool Central. An island platform in a tunnel was created underneath platforms 1 and 2 which became known as Liverpool Central Low Level . Trains ran into the low level platform from the opposite direction to those that entered the mainline station. A short section of tunnel continued towards the south under the main line tracks; this was used to allow the Mersey Railway Trains to run round. The main entrance to the Mersey Railway station was on Ranelagh Street, west of the main line station. Steps led down to a passageway that connected to the platform. At the northern end of platform 4, inside the main line station, a further entrance to the Mersey Railway platform was provided. Again steps led down from the station concourse to the Mersey Railway platform providing a very convenient interchange between the CLC and Mersey Railway systems. Trains ran from the Mersey Railway low level platforms to Birkenhead Park and to Rock Ferry. They were steam-hauled at first but from 3 May 1903 the line became one of the first in Britain to be electrically operated. The low level platforms handled large volumes of passengers equal to the numbers handled by the other six platforms at the higher level. By 1907 each of the CLC partners served London. The GCR ran trains to London Marylebone, the GNR to London Kings Cross and the MR to London St Pancras. The GNR service took over six hours, so it was hardly competitive with the LNWR services from Lime Street, and offered only one service per day. GCR services – one outbound and two returns - took a similar length of time. MR trains took four hours and twenty minutes which was still slower than the LNWR, but their trains were luxurious and so proved popular with passengers. A passenger service of significance were the GNR Hull trains. In the early years of the 20th Century they brought hundreds of thousands of eastern European migrants from Hull to Liverpool Central, who travelled cross-country to Liverpool to board ships to the United States. Central station required numerous porters and carters to move the migrants and their possessions from the station to the docks, and extra railway policemen were deployed as migrants made an easy target for thieves and con-men. In August 1911 the Liverpool General Transport Strike reached its zenith. Thousands of workers including railwaymen, who came out on 7 August, joined the strike which created major civil unrest that was described as ‘near to revolution’. Central station was blockaded by strikers, which halted train services. Soldiers and extra police were brought into the city by rail and ship. As Central station was blockaded the old terminus at Brunswick was used to bring in detachments of cavalry. The CLC offices at Central station were guarded by soldiers. On 13 August there was a major riot in the city. In the days following two men were shot dead by soldiers in a clash by the docks. By 25 August 1911 the strike was over and a degree of normality was restored. On 15 October 1913 there was a crash on the approach lines to Liverpool Central. A CLC train was stationary at St James station when a MR express ploughed into the back of it; six people were killed. On 1 January 1923 the railway companies of Great Britain were merged into four big concerns. The CLC and the Mersey Railway remained independent. The MR became part of the London Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS), the GCR and the GNR became part of the London & North Eastern Railway (LNER). The CLC became two-thirds owned by the LNER and one-third by the LMS. The LNER provided the motive power for CLC services. In 1934 modern colour light signalling was installed at Liverpool Central - one of the earliest schemes in Britain. On 14 March 1938 trains from the Mersey Railway platforms started to serve West Kirby and New Brighton as the LMS had electrified these lines to allow through running. The services proved popular resulting in even more passengers using Central. World War II saw a reduction in services at Liverpool Central but in May 1941 Liverpool suffered its worst air raids. The former L&Y line into Liverpool Exchange was badly damaged preventing trains from reaching the terminus. To help move the many commuters who travelled between Southport and the city on the line out of Exchange the CLC laid on extratrains between Liverpool Central and Southport Lord Street. Once the approaches to Exchange were able to cater for a full service again the CLC service reverted to its infrequent pattern. On 1 January 1948 the railways of Great Britain were nationalised. Liverpool Central became part of British Railways’ London Midland Region. Nationalisation included the Mersey Railway. At first services remained similar to those before the war. On 7 January 1952 the Southport service was withdrawn when the line from Aintree to Southport Lord Street closed to passengers. The North Liverpool Extension Line was served from Liverpool Central mostly by trains that terminated at Gateacre, although some peak hour trains continued to Aintree (renamed Aintree Central in January 1952). In 1959 and 1960 DMUs were introduced on many services from the main line platforms. For the Manchester Central service the four-coach DMUs had doors at all seats so passengers board or alight briskly at stations. Some services were improved with the introduction of the DMUs. Liverpool Central Low Level was fitted with LMR totem name signs which were unusual in being 4ft in length, 3ft being the standard size. The main line platforms did not receive totems. Despite the level of traffic from Liverpool Central’s main line platforms it was listed for closure under the Reshaping of British Railways (Beeching) report of 1963 as most of its services could be re-routed into Lime Street via the Allerton Curve. In September 1966 all services, except those to Gateacre, were diverted to Liverpool Lime Street. British Railways intended to withdraw the Gateacre service but local pressure kept it in operation. In 1969 the Merseyside Passenger Transport Authority (MPTE) was formed, and it provided financial assistance for rail services within its area, including the Gateacre service. Following the diversion of services to Lime Street there was no need for six platforms, so platforms 1, 2, 5 and 6 were taken out of use. Platforms 1 and 2 became a car park; 3 and 4 were retained for the Gateacre service. By 1969 the lines at the decommissioned platforms had been lifted leaving only tracks adjacent to 3 and 4. In 1970 platform 3 also lost its track leaving only platform 4 for the Gateacre trains. The platform area under the trainshed took on a neglected air, but the concourse of the station remained heavily used as the low level platforms continued to be extremely busy. The MPTE was keen to promote rail travel in the Liverpool area and, building upon work carried out by its predecessors within the local Councils, it obtained an Act in 1971 to build new underground lines in the city centre and electrify existing routes. It branded the local rail network Merseyrail. One such route for electrification was from Liverpool Central towards Manchester. The proposals required a complete re-configuration at Liverpool Central so that a new underground loop line at a deep level and a link line at a sub-surface level could be constructed. The loop would serve trains that used the former Mersey Railway allowing them to pass through the city without reversing, and to serve more destinations. The link was designed to connect the former CLC system with the former L&Y network. There was some argument that the trainshed should be retained as an indoor shopping area, but demolition was the favoured option. To allow the work to commence the Gateacre service had to be withdrawn. The service carried an average of 750 passengers per day, and local people campaigned to have it diverted to Liverpool Lime Street - but to no avail. They were told that it would later be re-introduced as part of the MPTE’s Merseyrail plans. During the first few weeks of 1972 the lines were cut back to the very southern end of platform 4. Only a short section of platform, capable of taking a four coach DMU, was retained for passenger use. Demolition of Liverpool Central began while the Gateacre trains were still running. Access to the Low Level platforms was restricted to the Ranelagh Street entrance only. The last Gateacre trains ran on 15 April 1972. The entire station area became a construction site for the Merseyrail Loop and link lines. The line between Brunswick and Liverpool Central remained officially open until 10 December 1972, possibly for the recovery of assets; Liverpool Central signal box closed on the same day. On 28 July 1975 Liverpool Central’s Low Level platforms also closed, after Liverpool Central station had been obliterated from the landscape. This was not to be the end of the station, as on 9th May 1977 a new Liverpool Central, part of the revived Merseyrail Network, opened to the public. The new station’s platforms were all below street level. On the surface, set back from the street, a booking hall was developed that later had a shopping precinct built around it. Behind the booking office a car park was developed on the site of the platforms. By 2011 the new Liverpool Central had become the busiest station on the Merseyrail network - and one of the busiest outside London. To see more detailed train service information click here	Lime Street
What is the name of the John Lennon memorial garden in Central Park, New York?	Disused Stations: Liverpool Exchange Station Date of visit: 31.12.1976, 21.01.2005 & 16.10.2010 Notes: Notes: Liverpool Exchange was on the northern side of the city centre in its business district on Tithebarn Street. It served the East Lancashire Railway’s (ELR) line to Preston, the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway’s (LYR) route to Bolton and the Liverpool, Crosby & Southport Railway (LC&SR). The LYR route had originally been proposed by the Bolton, Wigan & Liverpool Railway Company which was formed in 1844 by prominent industrialists who wanted to create a better link with Liverpool and break the monopoly of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway (L&M). Early in 1845 these industrialists decided to extend the line to Bury and apply for powers to build it under the title of the Liverpool & Bury Railway. On 31st July 1845 a Liverpool & Bury Railway Act was passed, and work began in November of that year. The Liverpool and Bury Railway was absorbed into the Manchester & Leeds Railway on 27th July 1846 and that company became the LYR on 9th July 1847. Liverpool Exchange station in 1850 The ELR line was authorised as the Liverpool, Ormskirk & Preston Railway on 16th August 1846. Work began on the line on 15th March 1847. The ELR and LYR routes converged at Walton, to the north of Liverpool. As heavy engineering works would be necessary southwards from Walton (a lengthy tunnel under Walton and viaducts into the city were required) the two companies agreed to share the route. The LYR line opened on 20th November 1848 and the ELR on 2nd April 1849. The Liverpool terminus was at Great Howard Street. From the start the two companies made uneasy bedfellows, and they could not even agree on a joint name for the station. The LYR favoured Borough Goal, after the nearby prison, whilst the ELR favoured Great Howard Street. Traffic levels built up to such a degree that the Great Howard Street terminus soon proved inadequate. A new terminus on Tithebarn Street in the city’s business district had been proposed even before the lines had opened. Work commenced on the extension and the new station after July 1847; it opened on 13th May 1850. Whilst the LYR called it Liverpool Exchange Station, to the ELR it was Liverpool Tithebarn Street. It was elevated above street level on brick arches. The frontage towered 90ft above the street because the lines approaching the station had to clear the Leeds & Liverpool Canal. From Tithebarn Street ornamental steps and a 30ft-wide driveway sloped up to the frontage. The building was in the ‘Italian Style’. It was stone-built, consisted of two storeys, and was 117ft wide. Within the building were booking offices for both the LYR and the ELR. At right-angles to the building there were two single-storey wings that extended 193ft which contained refreshment rooms and waiting facilities for both companies. Behind the main building the five tracks were covered by two trainshed roofs: one was 638ft long, its span tapering from 136ft to 128ft without supports, and the other was 161ft long with a 78ft span. There was one arrival platform, 630 ft long, and two departure platforms - one for each company. The station was described by contemporaries as a ‘handsome piece of architecture’, and it seems to have been widely praised. The LYR was the dominant partner, and it was they who decided how the station would be divided. The LYR took the west side and left the ELR with the east. Even before it opened the ELR objected to the way the LYR had allocated facilities, a formal objection being lodged on 11th March 1850. This proved fruitless so they took their complaint to the Railway Commissioners, but it is not known what they decided at a meeting on 13th January 1851. At the time of opening the LYR operated trains to Wigan, Bolton, Bury and onwards to Leeds. The ELR operated to Preston and onto its network of lines in east Lancashire. From 1st October 1850 trains of the LC&SR began to run into Exchange/Tithebarn Street station. This line opened in two stages between Liverpool and Southport. On 14th June 1855 the LYR absorbed the LC&SR On 13th August 1859, the LYR also absorbed the ELR, from which date the only name of the station was Liverpool Exchange. Although the former LC&SR had been a minor railway serving sparsely populated areas, housing developments along the route brought many thousands of extra passengers into Exchange. The line continued to grow in importance as a commuter route throughout the second half of the 19th century. By the 1880s traffic levels at Liverpool Exchange had built up to such a degree that further expansion was needed. An Act of 24th July 1882 authorised the LYR to widen the approach lines to the station. Just over a year later a further Act dated 2nd August 1883 allowed for a complete rebuild of Exchange station. After some debate it was agreed that the station would be lowered from its original elevated position, and this would be facilitated through alterations made to the Leeds & Liverpool Canal route. Henry Shelmadine was appointed architect of the new facilities, and his drawings were agreed on 8th November 1882. The contract for building the station was awarded to Robert Neill & Sons for £97,997 on 22nd July 1884. To minimise disruption to rail traffic the eastern side of the new station was built first alongside the existing station (on its east side). When the new station opened in part on 12th December 1886 (the eastern side) work could begin on the western side, and the remaining sections of the original station from 1850 were demolished. The new facilities opened completely 2nd July 1888. On 13th August 1888 the Exchange Hotel,which provided the frontage to the station, opened: it was owned and operated by the LYR and cost £140,000 to build. The station and hotel fronted directly onto Tithebarn Street. It was four storeys high and built of red sandstone. At its centre two archways formed the entrance to the station for pedestrians and cabs. To the left was the entrance and, to the right, the exit. Having passed through the arches and under the hotel passengers reached a cab circulating area surrounded by shops. Steps led into the main area of the station; either side of them there were brick-built offices, refreshment rooms, parcels offices and staff accommodation. There were ten platforms beneath a ridged iron glazed roof that allowed light into the station. The platforms were numbered from the east side, platform 1 being the easternmost platform and platform 10 the westernmost. The platform faces were arranged as six ‘islands’. Between platforms 3 and 4 was a wide roadway for road vehicles to collect and deliver goods and parcels. They reached the roadway from a large entrance on the east side of the station, at the southern end of the platforms. In the circulating area, south of the platforms, were two timber booking offices, one to the east and the other to the west. The western office sold tickets for local services whilst the eastern one catered for long-distance passengers. Beyond the platforms to the north two turntables were provided, one situated amongst the approach lines on the eastern side whilst the other was alongside the approach lines on the western side. Two signal boxes controlled the approach lines. Immediately north of the station was Liverpool Exchange No 2, with a brick base and a timber upper. Further north was Liverpool Exchange Number 1 which was timber built and supported on legs above the running lines. In 1888 Liverpool Exchange had 115 departures and 115 arrivals which the new facilities easily accommodated. An hourly express to Manchester Victoria was intended to compete with the London & North Western Railway (LNWR) - which operated from Liverpool Lime Street station, and since the 1840s had owned the original Liverpool & Manchester Railway of 1830. A third company, the Cheshire lines Committee (CLC), had began to operate fast express services between the two cities in 1874, so competition was stiff. The LYR had the longest route but offered a 40-minute journey for its fastest trains. In the latter part of the 19th century over 300 staff worked at Liverpool Exchange. A Royal Mail postage stamp that was issued in 1988 shows an LYR locomotive at Liverpool Exchange station in the early 1900s. CLICK By 1900 so busy had the Southport line become, because of the spread of housing along the route, that there were 36 through trains in each direction. In addition there were more than 30 trains in each direction that ran only as far as Crosby. Southport traffic had increased to such a degree that it taxed the accommodation at Liverpool Exchange to the limit. The LYR was also concerned that it might lose business from the southern end of the line because municipal electric tramways were opening up on parallel routes. The solution proposed by Sir John Aspinall, the LYR General Manager, was to electrify the route to Southport and introduce multiple unit trains. Aspinall trains. Aspinall presented proposals to the LYR board on 28th May 1902, and in October of that year authorisation was given to create an electric route using a live rail to Southport and, beyond, to Crossens. Work began on 8th March 1903. At Liverpool Exchange platforms 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10were electrified. On 22nd March 1904 a partial electric service began, and from 5th April 1904 the Southport line passenger services went completely electric. A problem occurred at the main power station in Formby, and a full steam service had to be reintroduced on 11th April 1904. However it was rectified by 13th May and the electric operation was resumed. The service was a great success. So popular was it that there were 119 departures from Liverpool Exchange. Many ran only to Crosby but 65 continued to Southport Chapel Street; seventeen of the 65 went as far as Crossens. On 3rd December 1906 electrification progressed along the Preston line as far as Aintree, and over the next few years it was extended twice until it reached Ormskirk on the 1st April 1913. On 1st January 1922 the LYR merged with the LNWR, but a year later on 1st January 1923 that company became part of the London Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS). The LMS also took over the LNWR, giving them control of Liverpool Lime Street station. They also had a third share in the CLC which remained a separate company. The other two-thirds of the CLC shares passed to the London & North Eastern Railway (LNER). However, the LMS ran trains from all three Liverpool main line termini. Despite this, competing services still ran between Liverpool and Manchester from all three stations, although the fastest LMS services went from Lime Street. (The services from Exchange were slowed to 45 minutes to ease the stress on the locomotives). With regard to long-distance services the LMS concentrated its Scottish expresses, Windermere, York and Newcastle services in Exchange. On 30th June 1929 an excursion train from Hull collided with the hydraulic buffers at platform 4. Thirty-eight injured passengers were removed to hospital, but of these all except two were discharged the same day; Forty others complained of injuries or shock but were not sent to hospital. A report into the accident blamed the driver for entering the station at too high a speed. In 1939 the LMS introduced new electric rolling stock -later to be classed 502 – which was steel built, with automatic sliding doors. Work commenced on the installation of colour-light signaling at Liverpool Exchange at about the same time, but the outbreak of World War II, on 3rd September 1939, disrupted the project. Approximately half of the station had colour- light signals by 1940 when the project was halted. The Liverpool Blitz began on August 9th 1940. The city’s railways were a target for enemy bombers, and damage was caused to the approach lines to Liverpool Exchange. In December 1940 a viaduct north of the station received a direct hit and collapsed. No trains were able to run into the station, so extra services were provided from the CLC Liverpool Central to Southport Lord Street to convey commuters. Although the route was much longer, the extra trains helped, and they ran from 24th December 1940 until 5th July 1941. Wooden trestle bridges were built over the site of the collapsed viaduct to enable electric services to be restored. The line reopened for them within days, but no steam-hauled main line services were able to run into Exchange until 18th August 1941: they terminated at Kirkdale, passengers transferring to buses or trams. In May 1941 Liverpool suffered the worst raids of the war, and a section of the roof at Liverpool Exchange was badly damaged and had to be demolished. The roof section was at the north end of the station on the west side. After June 1941 the raids eased off, with last being on 10th January 1942. Train services at Liverpool Exchange did not return to normal until late 1942. In 1946 the colour-light signaling scheme was completed. On 1 January 1948 Liverpool Exchange became part of the nationalised British Railways (London Midland Region). At first services remained broadly similar to those in the LMS years. Electric commuter services remained frequent and busy, and longer-distance services to Manchester, Blackpool, east Lancashire, Yorkshire and Scotland ran from the station. On 2nd April 1951 the electric service to Aintree via Linacre Lane ceased. Only two stations closed as a result, and passengers could still reach Aintree on the direct route via Kirkdale; otherwise Liverpool Exchange remained very busy throughout the 1950s. In summer 1960 there were still weekday long-distance departures to Bradford Exchange, Leeds Central, Windermere, Glasgow Central & Edinburgh Waverley, Newcastle Central and Workington. Regular services operated to Rochdale, Blackpool Central, Preston, Wigan Wallgate, Bolton Trinity Street and to Manchester Victoria. High frequency electric services ran to Southport and Ormskirk. In all there were 179 departures from the station. The first was a non-stop service to Preston with a connection to Glasgow leaving Liverpool Exchange at 1.45am. The last departure on weekdays was for Southport Chapel Street at 11:30pm. One of the most outrageous proposals of the Reshaping of British Railways (Beeching) Report 1963 was the closure of the Liverpool Exchange to Southport commuter route, as well as the line to Wigan Wallgate via Rainford Junction. To transfer rush-hour passengers from the efficient and heavily used Southport route to road transport seems incomprehensible unless – as suggested by cynics – it was to provide an opportunity for the Minister of Transport to reject a proposal, demonstrating that closure was not automatic. Liverpool Exchange–Ormskirk–Preston was not earmarked for closure by Beeching, but was reviewed and reprieved in 1966. Official publication of the Wigan Wallgate line closure proposals lwas on 15 November 1963, and closure was eventually refused on 20 December 1967. No record has been found in Hansard of the enquiry into the proposed closure of the Liverpool–Southport line. In 1965-6 trains left Exchange for Southport every 20 minutes, with extra services at rush hour. This service interval applied on all days in summer, but the winter Sunday frequency was half-hourly. The Ormskirk off-peak service ran every 30 minutes, supplemented at rush hour, and an irregular service ran on to Preston. Nineteen trains left for Wigan Wallgate, including some for Leeds Central whose first stop was Wallgate. On 5th March 1967 platforms 1, 2 and 3 were taken out of use. The tracks were soon removed and the area was infilled and used for car parking. This was probably due to the cessation of regular steam-hauled trains on local services. DMU’s had been introduced onto many of the non-electric services from 1960; DMU operation required fewer platforms. By summer 1968 the Liverpool Exchange to Glasgow Central Sunday expresses were the only remaining scheduled steam-hauled passenger services in Great Britain. Many enthusiasts headed to Liverpool Exchange at this time to photograph and travel on the last services. The last express services to Glasgow ran from Exchange on Sunday 3rd May 1970. Direct services to Preston finished the previous year. This left the station with only the electric services to Southport and Ormskirk and DMU’s to Bolton. The electric services still ran at a high frequency. On 1st April 1969 the Merseyside Passenger Transport Authority was formed under an Act of 1968 with responsibility for the co-ordination of bus, train and ferry services within the Merseyside area, through the Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive (MPTE). (This pre-dated the Metropolitan County of Merseyside which was created in April 1974.) The MPTE branded the rail services within its area Merseyrail. The lines from Exchange to Southport, Ormskirk and Wigan Wallgate became part of the Merseyrail Northern Line - from Lime Street they became City Line and from Central Low Level they were Wirral Line. The Class 502 EMUs had Merseyrail applied to their coaches and the MPTE logo at each end near to the driving cabs. The MPTE had a vision for the railways of the region that would see them transformed into a modern high-frequency system similar to the London Underground. Building upon the MALTS (Merseyside Area Land Use Transportation Study 1966) the MPTE obtained an Act in 1971 to build an underground link line between Exchange and Central stations and a loop from James Street (on the former Mersey Railway) via Exchange, Lime Street and Central stations back to James Street. The advantage for passengers using lines out of Exchange was that trains would serve Liverpool Central in the city’s shopping centre. A new underground station would be provided at Moorfields, on the south side of Tithebarn Street to replace Exchange station. On 6 May 1973 platforms 8, 9 and 10 were taken out of use so that a contractor’s base could be established for the construction of Moorfields station. A shaft was sunk at the site of the platforms to aid the works. The closure of these platforms left only numbers 6 and 7 electrified. Two platforms were insufficient for the electric services so the lines at platforms 4 and 5 were electrified. Southport services tended to use platforms 6 and 7, leaving 4 and 5 to the Bolton and Ormskirk services. The station took on a derelict air although efforts were made to keep the active parts of the station clean and tidy, and corporate blue was applied to the pillars at platforms 4, 5, 6 and 7. It made an interesting contrast to the faded London Midland Region colours on pillars adjacent to the car park where platforms 1, 2 and 3 had been. During the last year of passenger services there were fifteen weekday departures for Bolton. The first left Liverpool Exchange at 07:04 and the last at 21:43. On Saturdays there was an additional late departure for Bolton at 22:37. There were also fifteen arrivals from the Bolton line on weekdays, the first at 06:44, but it originated from Wigan Wallgate. The last arrival was at 22:06 on weekdays, but on Saturdays there was a Bolton train at 23:42. There was no Sunday service to Wigan Wallgate or Bolton. There were 56 departures for Ormskirk on weekdays. Thirteen of the trains had onward connecting services to Preston from Ormskirk. On Sundays there were 22 Ormskirk departures but no onward connections to Preston. The Southport line was the busiest with trains running at least every twenty minutes on weekdays from early morning to late evening. The last departure from Liverpool Exchange was at 23.35 on Friday 29th April 1977: a special service to mark the station’s closure. It ran to Liverpool Lime Street - which lay less than a mile away - via Wigan Wallgate. Although the station officially closed the next day its booking offices remained open until Monday 2nd May, issuing tickets for the usual destinations, but on replacement bus services. Both Liverpool Exchange No 1 and No 2 signal boxes were manned until Sunday 1st May 1977 although no trains actually ran. The signalmen were on duty to oversee asset recovery operations. Shortly after the last train had departed on the Friday night the approach lines to Exchange were disconnected at the point where the link line diverged. Northern Line passenger trains served Liverpool Moorfields station from 3rd May 1977, the first departure from Moorfields being for Southport at 06:07. During the following weeks Liverpool Exchange was stripped of its remaining furnishings and track. The former main line platforms continued in their role as a car park for a couple of years until the trainshed was demolished. In the mid-1980s the station hotel was redeveloped as Mercury Court - an office complex. The frontage of the hotel was incorporated into the development, preserving the former main entrance to the station.The area of the trainshed and platforms became a car park. In 2010 remains of the former station, including side-walls and platform edging-stones, could still be seen	i don't know
Who is the oldest of Prince Andrew's daughters?	Angry Prince Andrew has to pay for three former police bodyguards to protect daughters Bea and Eugenie - Mirror Online News Angry Prince Andrew has to pay for three former police bodyguards to protect daughters Bea and Eugenie The Duke of York will now fork out at least £250,000 a year to provide security for the royal princesses Share Security concern: Prince Andrew and his daughters Eugenie and Beatrice (Photo: PA) Share Get daily updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email Prince Andrew has been forced to rehire his daughters’ bodyguards out of his own pocket after losing a long fight to keep royal protection for them. The Duke of York will now fork out at least £250,000 a year to provide security for Princess Beatrice, 23, who has lost her Scotland Yard bodyguards. Sister Eugenie, 22, will lose her official guards when she finishes her degree at Newcastle University this year. Andrew’s annual bill could then double to £500,000. The three ex-Yard men are experienced protection officers who have looked after Andrew and both the princesses in the past. One was about to retire and the other two have taken early retirement from the Royalty Protection Squad to take up their new roles. Andrew is said to be deeply annoyed and frustrated at the decision to axe the princesses’ security – after a Scotland Yard review into the £50million-a-year cost to taxpayers of protecting the royals. Royal heirs: Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie are fifth and sixth in line to the throne He said it was absurd that his girls – fifth and sixth in line to the throne – have had protection all their lives, only to have it withdrawn in a year with heightened security around the Diamond Jubilee and Olympics. A police source said: “He is very unhappy and has lobbied about it, but there is nothing he can do. Savings have to be made and the powers that be feel resources need to be concentrated on the senior royals. Bea and Eugenie do not carry out many royal duties and are protected when they are at home, so you can see the logic in it.” The source added: “One of the officers worked for Andrew for a time as his bodyguard and another was with the girls. “It’s a good number for the bodyguards. They will get their police pensions and now have jobs for the foreseeable future. “But the cost to the prince will be enormous. As well as their salaries he will have to pay their hotel and travel expenses.” Two of the minders spent last week in Verbier, Switzerland, with Beatrice, as she enjoyed a skiing holiday with friends, including Sir Richard Branson’s daughter Holly. The source said: “Clearly Prince Andrew feels strongly enough about his daughter’s status and safety to hire them. It’s going to be quite a commitment if they have them permanently – up to £500,000 a year.” In recent months Andrew, spurred on by ex-wife Fergie who lives with him at Royal Lodge in Windsor, has tried to introduce his daughters into royal life. Last October Eugenie joined him on engagements in the North East and York, and next week Beatrice will join the Queen and Prince Philip at a Maundy Thursday service in York Minster. It is believed he wanted to take Bea and Eugenie on a forthcoming trip to India, when he will be representing the Queen in her Diamond Jubilee year, but courtiers vetoed the idea. Prince Charles thinks the monarchy needs to be slimmed down and does not see major roles for Bea and Eugenie, to Andrew’s annoyance. Policing the Jubilee celebrations is costing up to £100million and £3million has been spent beefing up security at Kensington Palace, where William and Kate and Prince Harry live. Scotland Yard sources say it cost £8million to police William and Kate’s wedding last April, and they have been trying to recoup some of that cost. Bea has done work for her mother’s charity and on secondments to firms since graduating from Goldsmiths College in London last year. Scotland Yard and Buckingham Palace said they do not comment on security matters for the royal family. Like us on Facebook Most Read Most Recent Most Read Most Recent	Princess Beatrice of York
Who was the last monarch of England only?	Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson to Remarry? · Guardian Liberty Voice 4 Comments “It’s only a matter of time,” friends say Share on Facebook Follow on Facebook Add to Google+ Connect on Linked in Subscribe by Email Print This Post Prince Andrew, 53, and Sarah Ferguson, 53, also known as the Duke and Duchess of York, are reported to have rekindled their relationship, almost two decades after their divorce. There has been much talk of the pair remarrying, an idea that friends claim is a likely one and that Prince Andrew has neither confirmed nor denied. Royal Wedding of Sarah Ferguson and Prince Andrew in 1986 The Kiss The Duke and Duchess of York, who married in 1986 at Westminster Abbey, had split up by 1996, remaining on good terms ever since. They first separated in 1992, after Sarah Ferguson’s major embarrassment for the royal family that landed her in the tabloids – and hot water with her in-laws – when she was photographed having her toes sucked by “financial advisor,” John Bryan. Probably the most humiliating part about it was that she was at Balmoral Castle at the time, when the story broke. Balmoral Castle is where the immediate members of the Royal family spend their Christmas holidays together. She had not been invited back since. That is, until now. It appears that The Duchess of York may well have been welcomed back into the royal fold, as she was recently seen, in pictures published in the MailOnline today, travelling to stay for a weekend at the Queen’s Balmoral estate, in the Castle itself, with her ex-husband and two daughters, Princess Beatrice, 25, and Princess Eugenie, 23. Together again Friends close to the pair have claimed that they are so close that a remarriage is imminent. One friend reportedly said, “Mark my words, they will remarry. It’s only a matter of time.” Another friend was reported to say, “It wouldn’t surprise me at all. They are a wonderful couple together and, better still, pretty amazing parents.” While the Duke and Duchess have had their share of romantic partnerships over the years, not one of them seems to have exhibited longevity. When asked about her relationship with Prince Andrew back in 1999, the Duchess had said, “There was no reason for Andrew and I to get divorced; there wasn’t another person in our lives to go to. We got divorced because I had to go out to work, and Andrew and I believed that it wasn’t right for me to be commercial while I was still in the Royal family.” She went on, “ I had to provide for my children, but not to do it on their own doorstep in this country, rubbing the Royal family’s noses in my commerciality.” The Duke and Duchess of York at daughter, Princess Beatrice’ Graduation The “commerciality” spoken of here is in reference to further incidents that occurred in addition to the royally embarrassing toe-sucking incident, when the Duchess was secretly recorded and publicly exposed trying to sell entrée to her husband for the sum of $778,650.00, to what she hadn’t then realized was a clandestine news reporter. When the story broke, it was then revealed that the Duchess was in debt to the tune of $ 4,671,900. Her former father-in-law and the Queen’s husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, has never forgiven Sarah Ferguson for the embarrassment she caused the Royal family. He is said to be perplexed by the couple’s affiliation. Since the Duchess’ debt crises, Prince Andrew has reportedly bailed her out of her difficulties. He has also never once criticized her and has always shown his support. It also appears that the subject of talks on Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson’s possible remarriage is not a new one. During an interview in 2000, the Duchess had said that she and her ex-husband had been discussing a formal reunion, but that the Duke of Edinburgh forbade it. Perhaps her former father-in-law has lost his influence? The Duke of Edinburgh seems to be taking a back seat, since his recent surgery and appears to be looking rather frail. Duke of Edinburgh taking a back seat? However when questioned in 2009 about a possible wedding in the future, Prince Andrew was reported to have said: “Do we have to be married? Well, let’s put it another way, I can neither confirm nor deny the possibility. We have two great children. We still look after them.” The Duke and Duchess both reside at Royal Lodge in Berkshire. The Lodge was formerly the country home of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother. Written by: Brucella Newman	i don't know
Commissioned by Queen Victoria in memory of her husband, in which Royal park would you find the Albert Memorial?	The Albert Memorial - London memorial Add category The Albert Memorial is situated in Kensington Gardens, London, England, directly to the north of the Royal Albert Hall, close to the "Ring" which runs through Hyde Park. It was commissioned by Queen Victoria in memory of her beloved husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha who died of typhoid in 1861, and designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott in the Gothic revival style. "My idea in designing the Memorial," Gilbert Scott wrote, "was to erect a kind of ciborium to protect a statue of the Prince; and its special characteristic was that the ciborium was designed in some degree on the principles of the ancient shrines. These shrines were models of imaginary buildings, such as had never in reality been erected; and my idea was to realise one of these imaginary structures with its precious materials, its inlaying, its enamels, etc. etc." However, the Memorial was not the first revivalist design for a canopied statue in a Gothic style - the Scott Monument in Edinburgh had been designed by George Meikle Kemp over twenty years earlier. Opened in 1872, with the statue of Albert ceremonially "seated" in 1875, the memorial consists of an ornate canopy or pavilion containing a statue of Prince Albert facing south. This is surrounded by the elaborate sculptural Frieze of Parnassus, which depicts 169 individual composers, architects, poets, painters, and sculptors. There are two allegorical sculpture programs: four groups depicting Victorian industrial arts and sciences (agriculture, commerce, engineering and manufacturing), and four more groups representing Europe, Asia, Africa and The Americas at the four corners, each continent-group including several ethnographic figures and a large animal. (A camel for Africa, a buffalo for the Americas, an elephant for Asia and a bull for Europe.) The sculptor Henry Hugh Armstead coordinated this massive effort among several artists of the Royal Academy, including Hamo Thornycroft. Nearby cities: London, Milton Keynes, Coventry Coordinates: 51°30'8"N -0°10'39"E	Kensington Gardens
Which royal establishment was moved from London to Llantrisant in South Wales in 1968?	Worth a look - Review of Albert Memorial, London, England - TripAdvisor Review of Albert Memorial Princes Gate \| Kensington Gore, London W8, England (Kensington and Hyde Park) +44 20 7495 0916 Classic London Bike Tour of Central London See more tours on Viator More attraction details Attraction details Owner description: This gigantic bejeweled shrine protects the gilt bronze sculpture of Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, which was designed and executed after the Prince Consort's death in 1861. There are newer reviews for this attraction “Worth a look” Reviewed May 31, 2016 Tribute to Queen Victoria's husband Albert set amongst wonderful mature trees. In the autumn this is one of the best spots in the park when the leaves change colour. The Italian Gardens on the other side of the Park are a tribute from Albert to Victoria. Visited May 2016 Ask Nomadman411978 about Albert Memorial This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. 439 reviews from our community Visitor rating “Impressive monument” Reviewed May 30, 2016 Worth seeing up close to really appreciate this impressive monument. Very much of its time and larger than you might expect. The Royal Albert Hall is just across the road and near to the bustling Kensington High Street. Take a moment to pause and take it in. Visited May 2016 Ask Alison L about Albert Memorial This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. Al3alawi “Recommended- A beutiful monument in Kensington Gardens” Reviewed May 29, 2016 Have visited this memorial many times while walking through Kensington gardens and having a picnic nearby. This memorial is in Kensington Gardens (which is connected to the Hyde Park) and is opposite to the famous Royal Albert Hall (Opera) The memorial was commissioned by Prince Albert's wife, Queen Victoria in memory of her husband, who died in 1861 because of typhoid. It stands 54 meters high and has taken 10 years to build with a cost of GBP 10K which is equivalent to nearly GBP 10m nowadays	i don't know
What event takes place on the official birthday of the sovereign?	Sovereign's Official Birthday \| Article about Sovereign's Official Birthday by The Free Dictionary Sovereign's Official Birthday \| Article about Sovereign's Official Birthday by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sovereign%27s+Official+Birthday (redirected from Sovereign's Official Birthday) Queen's Birthday (Sovereign's Official Birthday, Trooping the Colour) Type of Holiday: National Date of Observation: Second Saturday in June Where Celebrated: United Kingdom, Australia, Bermuda, Canada, and other countries with close ties to the UK Symbols and Customs: Colours, Horse Guards Parade, Inspection, Royal Salute, Trooping the Colour Colors: Red, which is the color of Queen Elizabeth's flag ORIGINS The birthday of Queen Elizabeth II is a national holiday in the United Kingdom. National holidays can be defined as those commemorations that a nation's government has deemed important enough to warrant inclusion in the list of official public holidays. They tend to honor a person or event that has been critical in the development of the nation and its identity. Such people and events usually reflect values and traditions shared by a large portion of the citizenry. Although the British have celebrated their sovereign's birthday for centuries, it was Queen Victoria, who ruled the British Empire from 1837 until 1901, who came up with the idea of an "official" birthday celebration. Her real birthday was May 24, but it was decided that a public celebration would be held in June. Edward VII (reigned 1901-10), whose birthday was in early November, decided to let the June celebration stand, and George V (reigned 1910-36), who was born on June 3, decided to use his real birthday for the national holiday. George VI (reigned 1936-52) was born in mid-December and Elizabeth (reigned 1952-present) was born on April 21-both times of year when the weather in England is notoriously unreliable. So it made sense to continue to observe the Sovereign's Official Birthday in June, at a time when the weather is more likely to cooperate. Because Queen Elizabeth II has reigned over England for such a long time-her coronation was on June 2, 1952-this day is commonly referred to as the Queen's Birthday. It is usually observed on the second Saturday in June, although the queen's other obligations occasionally necessitate moving it up or back a week. The official birthday celebration is closely identified with the ceremony known as TROOPING THE COLOUR , an event that takes place on HORSE GUARDS PARADE in Whitehall, an area of London where many government offices are now located and where Whitehall Palace, the official residence of England's royal family in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, once stood. The queen is escorted from her home in Buckingham Palace by her Household Cavalry to the parade grounds, where she sits on horseback and carries out an INSPECTION of the Household Troops assembled there. The flag or COLOUR of a particular regiment (a different one is chosen each year) is then "trooped" or carried through the ranks where each and every soldier can see it. The troops then march or ride on horseback past the queen, after which she returns to Buckingham Palace. A ROYAL SALUTE of forty-one guns in London's Green Park brings the event to a close. SYMBOLS AND CUSTOMS Colours "Colours" is a British term for the regimental flags that were traditionally carried into battle and used to rally the soldiers and help them recognize the other members of the group they were fighting with. Although this is no longer done, the colour still symbolizes a regiment's spirit and is carried in parades as a memorial to its fallen soldiers. The Queen's Colour is solid crimson. If she is present during the ceremony, her colour is carried through the ranks of her Household Troops, as is the colour of the particular regiment (Coldstream, Grenadier, Scots, Irish, or Welsh Guards) in residence in London at the time. Horse Guards Parade The Horse Guards Parade, where the Trooping of the Colour takes place in June, is London's largest open space. Built in 1745 to house the guards for the royal palace of Whitehall, it has also served a jousting ground and a tennis court. The Parade is entered through a low arch, where two sentries stand guard, and a number of government offices and the prime minister's Downing Street residence are located along the perimeter. Inspection The queen's "inspection" of her assembled troops at Horse Guards Parade is more of a formality than an actual, soldier-by-soldier inspection. Since every soldier has already been inspected a number of times beforehand to make sure that his uniform is spotless and his equipment is clean and in perfect condition, the inspection is a symbolic way of letting the soldiers know that the queen acknowledges their presence. Royal Salute The Royal Salute-the firing of forty-one guns in London's Green Park-after the queen has returned to Buckingham Palace is a symbol of the people's respect for their sovereign. Gun salutes originated in the sixteenth century as a naval tradition: A warship entering a foreign port would demonstrate its peaceful intentions by emptying all of its guns first. By 1688 rules had been established regarding how many guns should be fired to show respect for an admiral (nineteen) and a member of the royal family (twenty-one)-the latter number being chosen because most naval ships at the time had ten guns on each side, and an extra shot would be fired as a signal to begin. The forty-one-gun Royal Salute represents two complete rounds from the gun deck of a ship plus the shot that serves as a starting signal. Trooping the Colour The ceremony known as Trooping the Colour has been part of the celebration of the king or queen's birthday since the mid-eighteenth century. Symbolizing the soldiers' loyalty to their sovereign, it consists of an intricate series of fast and slow marches and other parade maneuvers that take months of rehearsal to execute without error. The ceremony was originally known as "Lodging the Colour" because the flag that is carried past the troops was lodged or returned to the regiment's quarters afterward for safekeeping. The ceremony is accompanied by military music, typically drums and pipes, and it takes about an hour. The public is invited to watch dress rehearsals for the event, which take place on the two preceding Saturdays. Trooping the regimental flag was at one time necessary so that new recruits would learn to recognize their flag and rally around it in the confusion of battle. Nowadays it serves a largely ceremonial purpose. Queen's Birthday FURTHER READING Dobler, Lavinia. National Holidays Around the World. New York: Fleet Press Corp., 1968. Dunkling, Leslie. A Dictionary of Days. New York: Facts on File, 1988. Trawicky, Bernard, and Ruth W. Gregory. Anniversaries and Holidays. 5th ed. Chicago: American Library Assocation, 2000. Van Straalen, Alice. The Book of Holidays Around the World. New York: Dutton, 1986. WEB SITE	Trooping the Colour
What is the name of the Scottish home of the British Royal Family?	Ceremonial Events \| Trooping The Colour / Queen's Birthday Parade Page Top Trooping the Colour / Queen's Birthday Parade In June each year the highlight of the ceremonial calendar, Trooping the Colour, also known as 'The Queen's Birthday Parade' takes place on Horse Guards Parade in London. Trooping the Colour 2017 Dates for Trooping the Colour and the two reviews in 2017 are: Major General’s Review - Saturday 3rd June. The Colonel’s Review - Saturday 10th June Queen’s Birthday Parade - Saturday 17th June The Colour of the 1st Battalion Irish Guards will be Trooped at the Queen’s Birthday Paradein 2017. Although The Queen was born on 21 April, it has long been the tradition to celebrate the Sovereign's Birthday in the summer. More than 1,400 officers and men and approximately 400 musicians from the Massed Bands of the Household Division take part in Trooping the Colour and the Reviews which are full dress rehearsals for the Queen's Birthday Parade. The Ceremony The Queen travels down The Mall from Buckingham Palace, by carriage, with a Sovereign's escort from the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment. As the clock on Horse Guards chimes eleven Her Majesty The Queen arrives to take the Royal Salute from the officers and men of the Household Division on parade. After the salute The Queen rides up and down the ranks, in her carriage, inspecting the troops on parade. After the massed bands have performed a musical 'troop', the Regimental Colour being trooped is escorted down the ranks of Guards. The Foot Guards and the Household Cavalry then march past Her Majesty, and The King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, rank past with their Guns. The Queen, in a carriage, rides back to Buckingham Palace at the head of her Guards, before taking the salute at the Palace from a dais in front of the palace railings as the troops march past on the way to their barracks. Her Majesty The Queen joins other members of the Royal Family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace to watch a fly-past by the Royal Air Force at 1 'o' clock. Watching Trooping The Colour You can apply for tickets , to the seated stands, for the Queens Birthday Parade and the Reviews between January and February each year. Those without tickets can watch the procession, from The Mall, or from the edge of St James's Park facing Horse Guards Parade. Check out Timings for the Queen's Birthday Parade for more information and suggestions on where to watch the parade. Trooping the Colour Rehearsals In the two weeks leading up to the Queen's Birthday Parade, there are two full dress rehearsals which you can watch from the Mall and the corner of St James's Park: The Major General's Review - held on the Saturday two weeks before the parade. The Colonel's Review - held on the Saturday the week before the parade. Timings for the Reviews are the same as those for the Queen's Birthday Parade, with the exception of the Gun Salute and Fly Past. Insider Tip For those in London in May it is always worth checking the Dates for Changing the Guard to see if the New Guard is scheduled to mount from Horse Guards. This indicates a rehearsal for Trooping the Colour is scheduled to take place and that the New Guard, led by a Regimental Band, will march from Horse Guards, up The Mall, to Buckingham Palace to the Changing of the Guard Ceremony. There are normally four rehearsal each year and although Horse Guards is cordoned off you can watch from the corner of St James's Park. About The Colour Trooping the Colour originated from traditional preparations for battle when a Regiment's Colour was carried, or "trooped", down the ranks so that they could be seen and recognised by the soldiers who would use them as a rallying point in the confusion of battle. Tickets for Trooping The Colour Tickets for Trooping the Colour, The Major General's Review and The Colonel's Review are available to the public, in the seated stands. To be included in the ballot for tickets you should state how many tickets are required, and include a stamped self addressed envelope. Overseas applicants should include an International Reply Coupon. Three (3) tickets per application is the maximum for The Queen's Birthday Parade. There is no maximum, within reason, for the Major General's or Colonel's Reviews. Applications can be submitted from January to the 28th February in writing to: Brigade Major London SW1A 2AX Applicants from Canada, Australia and New Zealand may instead apply to their respective High Commission in London for tickets to The Queen's Birthday Parade. For the Major General's and Colonel's Reviews applications should be submitted to the Brigade Major, HQ Household Division.. You will be informed by mid-March if your application has been successful and any payment will then be requested. Ticket prices, for successful applicants are: GBP 30.00 each for Trooping the Colour GBP 10.00 each for The Colonel's Review Tickets are free of charge for The Major General's Review. Dress Code The Queen's Birthday Parade - Morning Dress, Lounge Dress, Lounge Suit or Jacket and Trousers, equivalent for the ladies (no denim). Military personnel may wear Ceremonial Day or other Service equivalent. Colonel's Review - Lounge Suit or Jacket and Trousers, equivalent for the ladies (no denim). Major General's Review - Smart Casual (no denim). Hats are optional but recommended in the case of hot weather. Non compliance with the dress code may result in entry being refused. Getting To Trooping The Colour Location: Horse Guards Parade, Whitehall, London, SW1A 2AX By Underground	i don't know
What temperature is the same in Celsius as it is in Fahrenheit?	FAQ: At what temperature are Celsius and Fahrenheit the same? At what temperature are Celsius and Fahrenheit the same? The formulas for converting between degree Celsius and degree Fahrenheit are: ï¿½F = (ï¿½C * 9/5) + 32 ï¿½C = (ï¿½F - 32) * 5/9 To find the temperature when both are equal, we use an old algebra trick and just set ï¿½F = ï¿½C and solve one of the equations. ï¿½C = (ï¿½C * 9/5) + 32 ï¿½C - (ï¿½C * 9/5) = 32 -4/5 * ï¿½C = 32 ï¿½C = -32 * 5/4 ï¿½C = -40 ï¿½F = (ï¿½F * 9/5) + 32 ï¿½F - (ï¿½F * 9/5) = 32 -4/5 * ï¿½F = 32 ï¿½F = -32 * 5/4 ï¿½F = -40 So the temperature when both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are the same is -40 degrees.	40 degrees
Which subterranean animal shares its name with a measurement of substance?	What is the temperature at which Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometer readings are equal? What is the temperature at which Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometer readings are equal? Asked by: Hamid A. Khan Answer The temperature at which Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometer readings are equal is: - 40 degrees. Well if you look at the conversion formulas for Celsius to Fahrenheit, or that of Fahrenheit to Celsius, you can manipulate it mathematically to answer this question. The conversion formula reads: T(F) = T(C) x 9/5 + 32 this means that the temperature of Fahrenheit equals the temperature of Celsius multiplied by nine / fifths, plus 32 degrees. If the temperatures are the same then the two 'T's' in the formula should represent the same temperature. So, t = t x 9/5 + 32 minus the nine fifths of t from each side to move it to the left of the equation. this leaves: t - 9t/5 = 32 ------> this leaves: - 4t/5 = 32 so then you multiply each side by - 5/4 to solve for t, and you get t = - 40 degrees! (by the way, 't' times,(x), nine/fifths equals 9t/5) Answered by: Dominic Jones, D.B., High School Student Science Quote 'Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world. '	i don't know
What is the name of the pigment that makes leaves green?	What Pigment Makes Plants Green? \| Garden Guides What Pigment Makes Plants Green? What Pigment Makes Plants Green? Reason for flagging? Submit Overview The plant's green pigment does not just provide color, it serves a vital function. Green plants efficiently use solar energy to make food. The food substance is in the form of sugars, starch, fat, protein and vitamins. The green pigment in plants, called chlorophyll, is what enables the plant to absorb the sun's rays or light energy, which is then converted to chemical energy. Function Green plants use the energy from light, combined with water and carbon dioxide to make food, in a process called photosynthesis. The word photosynthesis actually means "putting together with light". Chlorophyll plays a vital roll in photosynthesis, as it absorbs the light energy needed for this process. Features Unless a plant is exposed to light, it won't normally produce chlorophyll. Not all plants have chlorophyll, therefore not all plants have green stems or leaves. Chlorophyll is found in algae and in some bacteria. Plants that are kept from light are often yellow or white, instead of green. The mushroom is an example of a plant devoid of chlorophyll. As such, the mushroom has other ways of making its food. Location Within a plant's cell, chlorophyll is located in membranes called thylakoids. Often the membranes are contained in minute cell bodies called chloroplasts. The chloroplasts located within a plant's leaves carry out the photosynthesis process. After the chlorophyll absorbs the light energy it is sent to the reaction centers within the thylakoids. It is there that the light is converted to chemical energy. Process The chemical energy produced after light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, then uses the carbon dioxide from the air to make food. The food substance is in the form of sugars, starch, fat, protein and vitamins. Types The two most common forms of chlorophyll are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. They absorb the long wavelengths or red rays, and the short wavelengths or blue-violet rays. These two types of chlorophyll are less effective at absorbing the middle wavelengths or green rays. Some bacteria have a type of chlorophyll that is better at absorbing longer wavelengths or infrared rays. Infrared rays are beyond the visible spectrum of light. Keywords: green pigment, chlorophyll, green plant About this Author Ann Johnson was the editor of a community magazine in Southern California for more than 10 years and was an active real estate agent, specializing in commercial and residential properties. She has a Bachelors of Art degree in communications from California State University of Fullerton. Today she is a freelance writer and photographer, and part owner of an Arizona real estate company.	Chlorophyll
How many dwarf planets are there in our solar system?	Colored leaves have chlorophyll too \| Oregon State University Extension Service \| Gardening Colored leaves have chlorophyll too This article has been updated. Please check our website for the most recent story. Last Updated: February 19, 2003 CORVALLIS - Some ornamental plants have leaves that aren't green. Rather, they have purple, red, yellow or variegated leaves. Ever wonder how these plants photosynthesize, since they don't have a green color? "There is no secret here," said Sven Svenson, research horticulturist with Oregon State University. "The chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis is 'hiding' within the leaf color, whether it be purple, yellow or red. Our eyes lack the ability to see that chlorophyll is there." Plant leaves have three primary classes of pigments: chlorophyll, carotinoids and anthocyanins, explained Svenson. Chlorophyll absorbs the red and blue light from the sunlight that contacts the leaf. Therefore, the light reflected from or transmitted through the leaf is deficient in red and blue light, so it appears green to our eyes. "Green" is the type of light used the least by chlorophyll. When a leaf has a high concentration of chlorophyll relative to other pigments, the leaf appears green. Carotinoids absorb the blue-green and blue light from the sunlight that contacts the leaf. Light reflected by carotinoid pigments appears yellow or yellow-orange to our eyes. Generally, carotinoids assist chlorophylls in the process of photosynthesis. Carotinoid pigments are involved in forming the color of carrots. When a leaf has a high concentration of carotinoids relative to other pigments, the leaf usually appears yellow. A third class of pigments found in leaves is the anthocyanins. Anthocyanins absorb blue, blue-green and green light. When leaves contain high concentrations of anthocyanins relative to other pigments, the leaves appear red or purple to our eyes. Anthocyanin pigments are involved in the red skin of apples, and the purple color of grapes. Purple leaves usually have high anthocyanin concentrations relative to chlorophyll. Since the anthocyanin absorbs green light (chlorophyll reflects green light), and reflects reds and purples (chlorophyll absorbs these light colors), the leaves "appear" purple to our eyes. The chlorophyll is still there, but it is masked by the higher concentration of anthocyanins. "If you look at the leaves of a "purple" plant that is growing in the shade, you will see the leaves look muddy-purple or even green," said Svenson. "In the shade, the leaves produce more chlorophyll to assist in photosynthesis, so the purple color is not as strong by comparison. Similarly, many apples are reddish on the 'sun' side, and green on the 'shade side. "So, plants with leaf color other than green perform photosynthesis just like green-leafed plants (if they did not, they would not live). The chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis is masked among the colorful pigmentation." Author: Carol Savonen	i don't know

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