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Absolute zero is a temperature defined as 0 on what scale? | What temperature scale starts at absolute zero? | Socratic
What temperature scale starts at absolute zero?
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Aug 29, 2015
Two temperature scales start at absolute zero — the Kelvin scale and the Rankine scale.
Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature. Nothing could be colder, and particles are at their lowest possible energy levels.
On the Celsius scale, absolute zero is -273.15 °C, and the freezing point of water is 0 °C.
On the Kelvin scale, absolute zero is defined as 0 K. The other defining point is the triple point of water.
The solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of water can exist in equilibrium at 273.16 °C. The kelvin is defined as
#1/273.16#
of the triple point temperature.
This makes one kelvin the same size as one Celsius degree, so the freezing point of water is 273.15 K. The conversion formula is K = C + 273.15°.
Most scientists worldwide use the Kelvin scale.
The Rankine scale also starts at absolute zero. It is like the Kelvin scale, but its degrees are the same size as a Fahrenheit degree.
On the Fahrenheit scale, absolute zero is -459.67 °F. The conversion formula is R = F + 459.67.
Many engineers use the Rankine scale.
Here is a comparison of the four temperature scales.
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| Kelvin |
Oology is the study of what? | Kelvin Temperature Scale: Facts and History
Kelvin Temperature Scale: Facts and History
By Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor |
September 27, 2013 12:56am ET
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Credit: Nicku | Shutterstock
The Kelvin temperature scale was the brainchild of Belfast-born British inventor and scientist William Thomson — also known as Lord Kelvin. It is one of the three best-known scales used to measure temperature, along with Fahrenheit and Celsius.
Like other temperature scales , the freezing and boiling points of water are factors in establishing the scale’s range. There are 100 degrees between the temperate at which water freezes at (273.16 K) and boils (373.16 K).
Each unit on this scale, called a Kelvin rather than a degree, is equal to a degree on the Celsius scale . For this reason, just the K, not the degree symbol, is used when reporting temperatures in Kelvin. There are no negative numbers on the Kelvin scale, as the lowest number is 0 K.
The idea for the Kelvin scale was sparked by a discovery in the 1800s of a relationship between the volume and the temperature of a gas. Scientists theorized that the volume of a gas should become zero at a temperature of minus 273.15 C.
The Kelvin scale compared to Celsius and Fahrenheit.
Credit: Designua Shutterstock
Absolute zero
In 1848, Kelvin used this as a basis for an absolute temperature scale. He defined "absolute" as the temperature at which molecules would stop moving, or "infinite cold." From absolute zero, he used the same unit as Celsius to determine the increments.
Absolute zero cannot technically be achieved. However, scientists have been able to lower the temperature of matter to just a fraction of a Kelvin above absolute zero through techniques such slowing down particles using lasers.
The Kelvin scale was also influenced by the Carnot engine, a theory that examines the relationship between pressure, work and temperature. It is one of the fundamentals of physics and thermodynamics and is a measure of the efficiency of an engine.
Kelvin was a talented mathemetician, which played a role in some of his other inventions, including a device that led to the success of the telegraph cable and many nautical instruments.
His research into the nature of heat helped him form the second law of thermodynamics, which states that heat will not flow from a colder body to a hotter body. Kelvin's documentation of the law says that some of the heat from a high-temperature energy source will be downgraded to low-quality energy.
Uses of the Kelvin scale
The Kelvin scale is popular in scientific applications because of the lack of negative numbers. This scale is convenient for recording the very low temperatures of liquid helium and liquid nitrogen, for example. The lack of negative numbers also makes it easier to calculate differences between temperatures, such as saying one temperature is three times another temperature.
Another absolute temperature scale, the Rankine temperature scale, is used in some engineering applications.
Kelvin is also used for pinpointing color temperature and is typically used in lighting. In a lighting application, Kelvin temperature represents the color temperature, such as white, blue or bright red, that relates to the physical temperature of an object.
During his research, Kelvin heated a block of carbon, progressing from a dim red light, increasing to a brighter yellow as the temperature increased and ultimately a bright blue-white glow at the highest temperatures.
Conversion rates
Kelvin to Fahrenheit: Subtract 273.15, multiply by 1.8, then add 32.
Fahrenheit to Kelvin: Subtract 32, multiply by 5, divide by 9, then add 273.15.
Kelvin to Celsius: Add 273
Celsius to Kelvin: Subtract 273
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| i don't know |
Nephrology is the study of which organs? | Nephrology - Biology-Online Dictionary
The branch of medicine dealing primarily with the function and diseases of the kidneys
Supplement
Nephrology is a branch of medicine that specializes in the study of the function, structure, diseases and treatments of kidneys . The kidneys are a pair of organs in the body that perform the function of osmoregulation , blood filtration, and elimination of wastes in the form of urine . Some of the common problems of the kidneys are acute kidney failures associated with the lack of blood flow to the kidneys, direct damage to the kidneys, and blockage of urine from the kidneys. Another is the chronic kidney disease (CKD) that is commonly caused by types 1 and 2 diabetes and by high blood pressure. Other causes of CKD include immune system conditions (e.g. lupus, AIDS, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C), urinary tract infections (pyelonephritis), inflammation of glomeruli, polycystic kidney disease, congenital defecs, and long-term medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.1 Nephrology is also concerned with the diagnosis of these kidney problems and the appropriate medical care and treatments (e.g. renal replacement therapy such as dialysis and renal transplant). A physician that specializes in nephrology is called nephrologist or renal physician.
Word origin: Greek nephros (kidney) + -logy (study of)
See also:
| Kidney |
Which famous building has the address of 1600 Pennysylvania Avenue? | Nephrology : Wyckoff Heights Medical Center
Nephrology
(718) 963-7586
Kidneys are vital organs which clean our blood and remove poisons made in our body on a daily basis. Nephrology is a specialty of Medicine that concerns itself with the study of normal kidney function, diagnosis and treatment of kidney problems, and renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). The Division of Nephrology at Wyckoff Heights Medical Center offers a full range of diagnostic and treatment options for the entire spectrum of kidney problems, including kidney disease commonly related to diabetes and hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, hematuria, proteinuria, glomerulonephritis, electrolyte disorders and kidney failure. Nephrology services are provided in both inpatient and outpatient settings.
The high incidence of Diabetes and Hypertension has resulted in increased rates of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Our goal is early detection of CKD with the aim to slow progression of kidney disease and to avoid or delay renal replacement therapy, dialysis or renal transplant. We place a strong emphasis on patient education and work closely with a renal dietician in our outpatient setting. All patients nearing End Stage Renal Disease are given an option of all modalities of renal replacement therapy including HD, PD, home HD as well as kidney transplant. We maintain a close relationship with major transplant centers and encourage early transplants.
At WHMC our 6 bed acute dialysis unit treats patients with acute kidney injury as well as CKD admitted to the hospital. We provide both in-patient hemo- as well as peritoneal dialysis.
The Clinical Staff of the Division of Nephrology is committed to providing excellent renal care to the community and increasing awareness of kidney disease in the community.
| i don't know |
Which public service is located near Victoria Station in London at 10 Broadway? | New Scotland Yard, 8-10 Broadway, London - Police near St. James's Park Tube Station
About: New Scotland Yard is not a standard Police Station. Do not use this address to report crime or for when and urgent police response is required. Always dial 999 in an emergency.
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| Scotland Yard |
Which international charity is registered at John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford? | New Scotland Yard, 8-10 Broadway, London - Police near St. James's Park Tube Station
About: New Scotland Yard is not a standard Police Station. Do not use this address to report crime or for when and urgent police response is required. Always dial 999 in an emergency.
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Which public service moved from Bracknell in Berkshire, to Exeter in Devon in 2003? | So, will it rain tomorrow?
Add to myFT
So, will it rain tomorrow?
The Met Office has been trying to answer this question for 150 years. Have Britain’s weather scientists now cracked it?
Read next
June 24, 2011
by: Clive Cookson
Noon on Thursday June 9 in the Met Office operations room in Exeter. From desk to ceiling, brightly coloured computer screens show past weather and future predictions. Showers speckle a rainfall radar map of the British Isles. A temperature chart shows tongues of warm orange air sticking into a pool of cool blue over the North Atlantic.
92 mm
highest rainfall recorded in one hour, Maidenhead, July 12 1901
In the middle sits Martin Young, the chief forecaster, facing a dilemma about the weather three days ahead. He has known since the beginning of the week that an Atlantic depression was likely to reach Britain at the weekend, but now, with millions of people making plans, he must issue more specific guidance about when and where the rain is going to fall on Sunday.
“There’s an unusually large difference between the [computer] models three days ahead,” Young explains. The supercomputer at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Reading puts the incoming depression and its associated rain a full 300 miles further north than the Met Office’s own model.
“We have techniques for merging models on screen,” he says. “I’ve blended the early part of one model with the later part of another one. But at the moment we’re leaning more towards the Met Office model.” That would mean rain reaching London at about 2pm on Sunday and northern England by nightfall – we’ll see later what actually happened.
Clouds gather over weather instruments, used in conjunction with radar.
For all the prodigious processing power and observational resources of the worldwide meteorological system, forecasting decisions still come down to human skill and experience. The Met Office would never rely solely on a computer-generated forecast, says Young, who has worked there for 32 years – moving from the old headquarters in Bracknell, Berkshire, to the new Exeter centre.
For Young’s boss, chief meteorologist Ewen McCallum, today’s uncertainty about what will happen in three days’ time illustrates the improvement in forecasting over the past generation. When he joined the Met Office 37 years ago, forecasters frequently faced similar or worse uncertainty about what would happen the next day.
“A four-day forecast today is about as accurate as a one-day forecast was when I started,” says McCallum, in an accent as Scottish as his name. “Then, we had no operational access to weather satellites, no radar and very slow computers.”
Public service
Changing face of the Met Office
As we walk round the operations room, talking to people who are preparing more specialised forecasts for particular groups, such as shipping and aviation, the sense of continuity and pride in the Met Office is evident. Many of those present have spent their whole working lives in its service.
“I have been at the Met Office for 28 years; my father joined in 1950 and was a forecaster for 34 years,” says Rob Varley, operations director. “So the Met Office has been an intimate part of my life since before I was born.”
Brian Golding, head of forecasting research and development, will soon celebrate 40 years at the Met Office. The raw materials in a successful forecast have improved beyond recognition over that period, he says, and will continue to do so in the future.
The first key ingredient is the fundamental physics of the atmosphere and how it interacts with oceans and land masses to produce weather. This is encapsulated in increasingly sophisticated models, as computing power grows. The £33m Met Office supercomputer – a twinned IBM Power 6 machine installed in 2009 and about to be upgraded – can carry out trillions of calculations a second. It sits in two huge halls, shrouded by what look like plastic shower curtains. These are intended not to preserve the modesty of the energy-guzzling machine but to reduce the need to cool in the immediate vicinity.
Forecasts become more accurate as the model’s spatial resolution increases. The latest global model cuts the atmosphere into 70 horizontal levels, with a spacing of 25km between points at each level, though the resolution of this grid can be improved to as little as 1.5km for short-term forecasting over the British Isles.
The other ingredient in forecasting is having accurate data to feed into the computer models. “The World Meteorological Organisation facilitates a remarkable global system for sharing data,” Golding says. “Nowadays satellites provide the bedrock of our global observations, though radiosondes [weather balloons] are still used extensively and direct data from aircraft is becoming more important.”
For UK forecasting, observations from the network of local weather stations remain essential, while 18 weather radars across the British Isles give forecasters a picture of where rain or snow is falling. One of the most important developments in recent years is ensemble forecasting. Because the observations are far from being a perfect description of the atmosphere – and because the atmosphere is in scientific terms a “chaotic” system in which very small errors in the initial state can lead to big errors in its development a few days ahead – the ensemble technique runs the computer model many times with slightly different starting conditions.
Ensemble forecasting gives meteorologists a much better idea of the likelihood that a particular event will occur than a single computer run. “At the moment we can run the forecast 24 times for our ensemble,” says Golding. If the ensemble runs vary a lot, then the forecaster knows there is a lot of uncertainty about what will happen. If they cluster together, he or she will have more confidence in predicting a particular event.
One occasion on which this technique gave the Met Office enough confidence to issue a local severe weather warning three days ahead was the 2009 Cumbrian flooding. All the ensemble runs showed a stationary weather front over Cumbria embedded in a very moist south-westerly airstream – a recipe for prolonged downpours over the hills. In the event, Seathwaite recorded 31.6cm of rain on November 19, an all-time UK record.
Bashing the weathermen is part of the British psyche
Beyond seven days, the accuracy of forecasting takes a dive – at least in the changeable conditions of north-west Europe, one of the most difficult parts of the world for longer-range predictions.
The Met Office currently offers the public forecasts up to a month ahead, couched in general terms, because day-by-day predictions become unreliable more than a week or so ahead. They are produced by the ensemble method, running the model many times and averaging out the results.
Here is a typical example: “The generally unsettled conditions look to continue as June comes to a close, with further showers or rain likely to affect many parts of the country, but especially Scotland and Northern Ireland. However, there should also be some drier, brighter and slightly warmer periods, these most likely in the south of the UK, but particularly across south-eastern parts of England…”
38.5 C
highest recorded temperature in the UK, Faversham, August 10 2003
Until March last year, the Met Office stuck its neck further out by issuing seasonal forecasts. It stopped after public ridicule following the notorious “barbecue summer” forecast for the damp summer of 2009 and the failure to predict the cold winter of 2009/10.
The trouble was that the nuanced predictions of the seasonal forecasts were spun first by Met Office staff and then again by the media. For instance, the forecast at the end of April 2009 said there was a 50 per cent chance that temperatures from June to August would be above average, a 30 per cent chance that they would be around average and a 20 per cent chance that they would be below average.
Chief meteorologist Ewen McCallum has spent 37 years at the Met Office
Ewen McCallum, talking to journalists when the forecast was issued, could not resist commenting: “The chances of getting the barbecue out are much higher than last year.” And that quickly translated into “barbecue summer” headlines, although McCallum emphasised at the time that the seasonal prediction was based on probabilities and there was a substantial risk of its being wrong.
However, the Met Office still sells seasonal forecasts to large commercial customers such as energy companies, which believe they can make worthwhile business decisions on the basis of probabilistic forecasts. Small businesses and individuals such as farmers and gardeners, who might also be sophisticated enough to make planting decisions based on the forecasts, lose out.
Behind the scenes the Met Office has an intensive programme to make its seasonal and other long-range forecasts accurate enough for presentation to the public again in the future. Adam Scaife, who is in charge of the research, points to several improvements in the pipeline.
-27.2 C
lowest recorded UK temperature, various dates and locations in Scotland
One is to fix a weakness of the current computer model: its poor representation of “blocking highs”. These anticyclones stay almost stationary for weeks on end and so does the weather they generate. Blocking highs over northern Europe, which produce heat and drought in summer and severe cold in winter, have proved particularly troublesome for the British Isles. A “ground-breaking” new model predicts the formation and eventual disintegration of blocking highs much better, Scaife says, “because it has a better representation of the Gulf Stream. It is too expensive [in computer resources] to use routinely now, but we hope to put it into operation in a year or two.”
A second improvement comes from working out the consequences for the northern hemisphere of the famous oscillation in the tropical Pacific Ocean between warm El Niño and cold La Niña. Although the impact in the southern hemisphere is dramatic, as Australia’s La Niña floods showed earlier this year, the indirect effects on Europe are only now emerging. The latest research shows that El Niño tends to produce high pressure over the polar regions of the north Atlantic and low pressure further south – leading to cold winters in northern Europe.
The Hazard Centre for dealing with severe weather such as floods and blizzards
Third, scientists at the Met Office and elsewhere are beginning to understand the effect of the 11-year solar cycle on climate. When sunspots and other solar activity are at a minimum, the effect is similar to that of El Niño: more easterly winds and cold winter weather for Britain.
“We now believe that [the solar cycle] accounts for 50 per cent of the variability from year to year,” says Scaife. With solar physicists predicting a long-term reduction in the intensity of the solar cycle – and possibly its complete disappearance for a few decades, as happened during the so-called Maunder Minimum from 1645 to 1715 – this could be an ominous signal for icy winters ahead, despite global warming.
Moving beyond the next season, Met Office scientists are also working on annual and, particularly, decadal forecasts – the territory between weather and climate prediction. Business and government planners are used to working on timescales 10 years ahead, but horizons of 50 or more years, often discussed by climate change researchers, may be too long term.
33
Average number of tornadoes reported in Britain each year
Accurate weather predictions, whether hours or years into the future, are just the first part of the forecaster’s job. “Today it is much more about communicating the weather and its likely impact on people than doing a mechanistic forecast of tomorrow’s weather,” Golding says.
To communicate effectively with the outside world – the public, commercial customers and government departments – good internal communications are essential. Besides the usual computer-based methods, a new means of personal communication has emerged since the move to Exeter: the Thursday “Street brief”. After lunch, Met Office staff emerge from their open-plan offices to congregate on the internal balconies of the building’s elongated atrium, an area known as the Street. At 1.45pm, forecaster Tom Morgan embarks on a detailed disquisition about previous weather and the Met Office’s success in predicting it – which has been good over the past week.
World first
Met Office leads the way
Then, projecting charts onto the white wall across the Street, he moves to the future, expressing doubts not just about Sunday’s weather but about the very next day. “By midday tomorrow there’s a trough over southern Britain but we have a large degree of uncertainty, considering the short range,” Morgan says. He predicts heavy rain for Exeter early on Friday afternoon – correctly as it turns out.
The rest of the briefing includes notable weather events around the world, such as the first hurricane of the season in the east Pacific, and a review of Britain’s remarkable spring weather: the driest season ever recorded in parts of south-east England and East Anglia, and the wettest May on record in the Outer Hebrides.
Though the Met Office is an agency of the Ministry of Defence, the atmosphere in its headquarters seems open and relaxed – with little evidence that the visitor is in a defence establishment. Privatisation, an option raised briefly last year, is off the agenda, at least for the time being, and the Met Office’s arm’s length “trading fund” status seems to be shielding it from the worst of the cuts threatening the MoD and other government departments.
Nor do the staff seem too concerned about the pasting the Met Office has received recently in parts of the media. “Bashing the weatherman is part of the British psyche,” says McCallum.
However, some of the recent antagonism is linked to the Met Office’s deserved reputation as a champion of research into climate change – and its scientists’ unrepentant calls for urgent action against man-made global warming. Some climate-change sceptics seem to attack Met Office weather forecasts as a way of undermining its climate predictions. Still senior staff insist that, judging from their personal experiences of talking to non-meteorologists and from its surveys of public trust, the reputation of the Met Office is higher than ever. “Our trust scores are about 82 per cent, which is phenomenal for any organisation,” says Varley. “I find it heart-warming that, when it comes to the crunch, people trust the Met Office.”
So what happened on Sunday June 12, three days after the FT’s visit to Exeter? Anyone who was attempting outdoor activities in England and Wales will remember that the rain arrived sooner and moved north more quickly than forecast. In London it started to pour before breakfast, preventing any play in the men’s tennis final at Queen’s Club, which had been brought forward by two and a half hours in a fruitless effort to beat the weather.
Clearly it was not the Met Office’s best moment of 2011, but whether you regard it as a noteworthy forecasting failure depends on your perspective. “We picked up the general signal that it was likely to be a miserable wet day five or six days previously – and that was right,” McCallum tells me afterwards. While such a forecast would have been a triumph a generation ago, people expect much more today.
Whether more accurate forecasting will outpace expectations in the years ahead remains to be seen. The outlook is bright, but no one in the Met Office expects to win universal love and approval.
Clive Cookson is the FT’s science editor. To comment on this article please e-mail [email protected]
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| Met Office |
Which historic event would you associate with Pudding Lane in London? | S-Z
S-Z
(abbr) Sand, visibility 5000m or less. (as used in aviation reports, forecasts etc.)
SALR
(abbr) Saturated adiabatic lapse rate. The rate of cooling (variable) of a saturated air sample rising in the atmosphere. (see "Stable and unstable air masses" )
Saturation
The condition air reaches when it contains the most water in the vapour state that it is capable of holding at any particular temperature. If any more vapour is injected into the sample (or if the sample is cooled), then condensation will occur.
SC
(abbr) Stratocumulus (SC in METAR/SIGWX charts etc., Sc otherwise); a low-level cloud type, varying from thin, well broken layers with little impact for aviation/general weather, to deep, sometimes unstable character giving rise to persistent PPN, and a risk of moderate turbulence & moderate (some situations severe) icing.
SCT
(abbr) Scattered (3 or 4 oktas); cloud amounts used in aviation reports, forecasts etc. (of historical note, SCT used to mean 1 to 4 oktas, until the introduction of 'FEW' on revamp of the METAR code in the 1990's).
Seasons
In mid-latitudes, we are used to the idea of the four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. For climatological 'accounting' purposes, these are defined using three calendar month blocks thus:- March, April & May = spring; June, July & August = summer; September, October & November = autumn and December, January & February = winter. (For more, see "How are the seasons defined?" )
Seclusion process
During the process of rapid cyclogenesis (q.v.), the standard ' Norwegian ' theory of development leading to an occluded front is not appropriate. What appears to happen is that the original cold front becomes weak/ill-defined (close to the low centre), and a new cold front appears further to the west. (This is effectively what has been drawn in the past as a 'back-bent' occlusion). So, what happens to the warm air associated with the warm frontal zone near the low centre? Around and immediately to the equatorward side of the low, it becomes trapped or 'secluded' from the rest of the development in a discrete region enclosed by relatively colder air encircling the development - a so-called 'seclusion'. (This is therefore a different process from that producing the classical 'occlusion' whereby warm-sector air is lifted by the advancing cold air.) (see "What is the Shapiro-Keyser clyclone model?" )
Seeder/feeder mechanism
When very moist (e.g. tropical maritime) air flow is forced to rise over upland areas, thick layers of stratus or stratocumulus cloud form. As noted elsewhere, these 'orographic' clouds of themselves produce relatively little rainfall (in a thermally stable environment). If however rain is already occurring from medium layer cloud (thick altostratus, nimbostratus) [seeder clouds], it will have to fall through the low-level [feeder] cloud, with collision/collection processes markedly enhancing the net rainfall rate at the surface. This effect often produces prolonged heavy rainfall in the warm conveyor regime within a warm sector, particularly if the system is slow-moving.
Sensible heat transfer
The transfer of heat by conduction and convection (i.e. it can be 'sensed' or detected directly).
SEV
(abbr) Severe (as in SEV ICE, for severe icing).
Severe Gale
The definition of a 'Severe Gale/Force 9' is strict for operational (UK) forecasting for maritime purposes. Either the mean (10 minute) wind must be 41 knots or more, up to 47 knots; or the gusts must be 52 knots or more, up to 60 knots. The term will also be heard on broadcast weather forecasts, although it's arguable that the general population cannot be expected to know what this definition is, and the practice now is to explicitly forecast gust values rather than just relying on the adjective 'severe' to imply possible problems. (See also Gale , Storm and notes at the Beaufort wind scale .)
SFUK
Part of the WMO 'header' code used in bulletins that carry atmospheric reports, more commonly known as 'sferics, or 'SFLOCS'. (See "What are sferics?'" )
SG
(abbr) Snow grains; as used in aviation weather reports.
SH
(abbr) Showers; as used in aviation weather reports/forecasts.
Shapiro-Keyser cyclone model
See Relative vorticity
Shortwave
Short (!) for short-wavelength upper trough): A minor trough of small amplitude moving at speeds varying from 'steadily' to 'rapidly' through the long-wave upper pattern. Often best detected and monitored in water vapour imagery, and associated with development or de-stabilisation of the synoptic pattern. (See here )
SIGMET
Issued by meteorological offices responsible for aviation forecasting. When significant flight/weather events are observed or forecast, then a SIGMET is issued by the office responsible (Bracknell [ to end-August 2003]/ Exeter [from start September 2003] for London, Scottish and the Shanwick Oceanic FIR's (Flight Information Regions); Dublin for the Shannon FIR) for such as embedded (EMBD) or frequent (FRQ) cumulonimbus (CB) or thunderstorms (TS); severe icing (SEV ICE) in frontal cloud; severe clear air turbulence (CAT) etc. Issued when there is a high degree of confidence, and for a short (usually max. 4hr) period only.
Significant Wave height
The average of the highest one-third waves observed at a point and is approximately equal to the wave height an experienced observer would visually estimate for a given sea state.
SIGWX
(abbr) Significant weather, as in significant flight weather charts for route planning.
Singularities
Climatologists have always been alive to the fact that similar weather patterns/types occur at certain times of the year with varying degrees of regularity - an annual ' singularity '. For a while, before dynamical methods of long-range forecasting were used, singularities were very popular, though controversial. The best known (in the British Isles) are Buchan's spells and Lamb's singularities.
SKC
(abbr) Sky clear (as used in aviation weather reports, though from 2005, it should NOT be used in METAR reports).
Sleet
Strictly (by WMO regulation), this is defined as rain and snow falling in a mixed fashion, or snow that is melting as it lands. Unfortunately, in North America, it has a different definition where it is used to denote ice pellets - a totally different phenomenon.
SN
(abbr) Snow (as used in aviation weather reports, forecasts etc.)
SNOCLO
(abbr) Runway/airfield closed due to snow cover.
Snow Index
(Eden Winter Snow Index): Philip Eden has defined as follows: ' Add together the snow depth in centimetres for all days with snow-lying at 0900Z. Treat a slight cover as 1cm, but ignore less than 50% snow-cover. Thus one morning with a 10cm cover, and ten mornings with a 1cm cover, would each score 10. The units, for the sake of argument, might be called "cm days" '. This can be used as a 'running-total' through a particular winter to compare different areas of the country (alongside such as numbers of days of snow-lying at 0900, numbers of days air minimum temperature < 0.0C (or other threshold) etc., or to put winter 'snowiness' in historical context. [ to see the procedures for reporting falls of snow - see here ]
Snow-line
(in forecasting) Often taken to be the 528 dekametre thickness contour line in the U.K. It is useful, but rather a crude guide as to whether snow will fall at sea level. Meteorologists will prefer to use other parameters, such as the 850-1000 mbar partial thickness, or the wet bulb freezing level, but even these must be used with care. [ See the Thickness FAQ ]
SNOWTAM
(more correctly - runway state report) A group added to the end of a METAR (q.v.) which gives information relating to ice / snow (and other 'slippery') conditions ON THE RUNWAY. (See this section of the site)
Solar radiation
Short-wave electromagnetic energy from the sun.
Source region
Extensive areas where air remains in the same place long enough to acquire the characteristics of an air mass .
Spanish Plume
A catchy name applied to what is in reality quite a complex process producing the conditions necessary for severe local storms over maritime N.W. Europe. Strictly, the 'spanish plume' is the warm/dry ex-Saharan air, that has passed over the Iberian peninsula; been lifted by forced ascent (due to near-jet level forcing), cooling and moistening and producing outbreaks of thundery rain from medium level cloud. Initially providing a 'lid' (see ' loaded gun ') which inhibits deep/vigorous convection, its breakdown allows the sudden release of potential instability, with the fuel for the subsequent severe storms being provided by air of a high theta-W value often running in from the SSE. Thunderstorms, often severe, are most likely within the tongue of highest theta-W air (> 18 degC or so), and where there are low-level forcing agents: e.g. isobaric troughing, sea breezes, coastal convergence etc.
SPECI
See METAR
Specific heat
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a specified mass of a substance by unit measurement of temperature. The specific heat of liquid water (at 0°C) is 4218 J deg-1 kg-1. For ice, it is approximately half this value.
Specific humidity
The mass of water vapour in a unit mass of moist air.
Split-frontal type
A situation where the vertically thick/cold-top upper cloud (usually producing the significant rain) has moved well forward, and moves notably faster than the classically analysed surface front (wind shift, dew point drop etc.). With dry air over-running the rearward feature, the precipitation on the surface cold front is often light & 'drizzly'. Comparison of IR imagery (showing the sharp rearward boundary of the upper front), with the VIS imagery (showing the break from stratiform to broken, or cumuliform cloud structures), will identify such features very well. Sometimes an upper cold front will be analysed on UK Met Office charts when such a 'split' is well-marked. (See the FAQ here )
SQ
(abbr) Squall(s) (as defined below - used in aviation weather reports).
Squall
(SQ) A squall is differentiated from a gust by its greater duration: generally lasting for several minutes before decaying again. Squalls are often associated with the passage of fronts, particularly cold fronts, or well defined troughs, or with the 'gust front' from a well defined/mature supercell Cb. To qualify as a line squall, other marked changes are often observed, e.g. change of wind direction, fall of temperature etc. The following definition is used when estimating wind speeds using the Beaufort scale of wind speed: ".... a sudden increase of wind speed by at least three levels of the Beaufort scale, the speed rising to F6 or more and lasting for at least one minute."
SS
(abbr) Sandstorm (vis generally < 1km); as used in aviation weather reports, forecasts etc.
SST
Sea surface temperatures. The subject of much discussion regarding reliability, methodology etc. For basic synoptic forecasting, accuracy to within 1 degC is fine; for climate change studies, tenths of a degree are of vital importance: such differences are easily introduced using differing methods of measurement e.g. bucket versus engine intake.
SSTA
Abbreviation for Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies, i.e. the difference between a short-period analysis (e.g. 5-day, 7-day or monthly 'snapshot' of a particular area of ocean) and the long-period 'normal' for a specified period such as 30 years. SSTA's are (or should be) a key component in any reliable long-range forecasting scheme.
ST
Stratus (ST in METAR, aviation charts etc., St otherwise); a low-level cloud type, varying from thin, well broken fragmentary pockets of cloud to deeper, overcast and extensive layers giving rise to hill fog and occasional drizzle.
Stable air
Air is stable when an air parcel sinks or rises to its original position, when the force that initially moved it is no longer operating. [ See "Stable and unstable air masses" ]
Sting jet
In a small fraction of mid-latitude cyclonic storms, highly damaging surface winds are observed that cannot be attributed to the 'normal' gusts produced within an intense gradient flow, nor to those due to suspected tornadic development. It is thought that a zone of strong winds, originating from within the mid-tropospheric cloud head of an explosively deepening depression, are enhanced further as the "jet" descends, drying out and evaporating a clear path through snow & ice particles, the evaporative-cooling leading to the air within the jet becoming denser - helping to accelerate the downward flow. The "jet" hits the surface as a relatively narrow zone of highly damaging winds (~ 80kt / ~150km/h, or higher) running around the southern flank (Northern Hemisphere) of the parent low: these high winds (at the surface) are found just ahead of the hook-like tip of the cloud stream which is being wrapped around the southern semi-circle of the low - the shape of which in satellite cloud imagery gives rise to the name "Sting Jet" (allusion to a scorpion's tail). [refs: Browning, Clark, Hewson; thanks to the latter for help with this entry.]
STNR
Stationary, as used in aviation forecasts, SIGMET's etc.
Storm
The definition in any good dictionary usually involves a mention of a 'strong wind' but also couples the term to such as thunderstorms, hail, heavy rain etc. When used within the UK Met Office Shipping Forecast, High Seas forecasts (and associated Gale and Storm Warnings), then 'Storm/Force 10' is strictly defined as either the (10 minute) mean wind 48 to 55 knots, or gusts 61 to 68 knots. (See also comments at Severe Gale ).
Storm surge
When persistent, severe gales (usually stronger), markedly low atmospheric pressure* and geographic 'funnelling' of the wind-driven sea water are combined with astronomically high tides, then the resulting storm (or tidal) surge can cause coastal sea levels to rise several metres above the astronomically predicted level, with inundation of low-lying areas. Notable examples in regions bordering the North Sea occurred in 1099, 1236, 1287, 1421, 1697 and 1953. The North Sea is particularly prone to such events because it is shallow relative to the open Atlantic - often the source region for storm-driven waters - and its depth decreases still further towards its southern/narrow end. (* a decrease in pressure of roughly 10 mbar produces a sea-level rise of about 10cm.)
Stratocu-Cugen
Stratocumulus (Sc) formed (generated) by the spreading out of Cumulus (Cu), hence Sc cugen. There are three main mechanisms by which this cloud form develops: (a): on a morning of cumulus formation, when there is a well-defined 'lid' (inversion) to convective development, and that inversion is moist, then cumulus development is arrested and 'spreading-out' occurs .. see ' Overconvection '; (b): at the end of a day of cumulus (or cumulonimbus, Cb) development, as surface-based thermals weaken, the convective towers lose vigour, with subsidence beginning to dominate and the Cu (Cb) 'flattens-out' towards or around dusk; (c): around vigorous Cu/Cb towers, there is always subsidence - leading to small-scale, subsidence-formed stable layers adjacent to the convective towers - some of the cloud taking part in the shower/thunder development 'leaks out' sideways underneath these small-scale inversions, again leading to Sc cugen (or Sc cbgen in the case of Cb)
Stratosphere
(Latin,stratum=layer) A layer of high stability (in thermodynamic terms) such that air motion is primarily horizontal, although near the boundary with the troposphere (q.v.), marked vertical motion can occur (forced by jet-stream actions), which are important in driving developments in the troposphere. (See the main FAQ here )
Streamlines
Rather than drawing isobars (lines joining places of equivalent mslp), or contours (lines joining places of equivalent geopotential height), it is sometimes better to describe graphically the wind flow by drawing lines with arrows showing the direction of the wind at any level. Often used on / near the surface. Although long used in tropical / sub-tropical areas, ( where isobaric analysis is of dubious value ), streamlines are also very useful at mid-latitudes, for instance to determine likely areas of convective activity due to convergent triggering.
Sublimation
The process of a solid being transformed directly to a gas or vice-versa. (See Latent Heat )
Sunshine recording
The 'classic' method of recording sunshine duration has relied on the use of a glass globe to focus the rays of the sun onto a medium (usually stout card) that is scorched when the sunshine is strong enough. By adding up the length of the scorch marks (which are related to bright sunshine duration), the total sunshine for the day can be assessed. This method has been used for over a century: the instrument based on this principle which is in common use is the Campbell-Stokes recorder (CSR); one of the drawbacks of this unit is that is over-estimates, due to "burn-spread", the sunshine duration on days of strong but intermittent sunshine. There are other problems, not least that a human is needed to change the card daily and assess the burn pattern. (See the Observer's Handbook for more on this). In recent years, sensors have been developed which measure direct solar radiation above a defined threshold (currently set at 120 W/m^2), and these units can be left unattended and require no day-to-day intervention, with the results automatically fed into standard weather reports both hourly and over an aggregate of 24hr. (See here ): the instrument chosen by the UK Met Office is the Kipp and Zonen sensor (KZ). Comparisons confirm the long-held belief that the CSR over-estimates 'true' sunshine duration primarily when solar elevation is large and cloud well broken. The difference between the methods (CSR > KZ) may be as much as 15 - 20% in the summer, falling to less than 10% in mid-winter. These differences must be acknowledged when comparing sunshine data, particularly when looking for 'records' or trends.
Supercell storm
See the main FAQ here .
Supercooled water
Liquid water at temperature below 0°C.
Sustained wind
The standard (WMO) averaging period for the surface wind for synoptic reports is 10 minutes. However, for use in tropical storm forecasting, and more generally in North America and the Caribbean region, a one-minute period is used: these winds are referred to as sustained winds in tropical bulletins. A rough conversion is given by: SUSTAINED (1 MIN MEAN)=1.14 * WMO-STANDARD (10 MIN MEAN).
Sutcliffe development theory
In 1947, R.C. Sutcliffe published his seminal paper relating surface developments (in terms of vorticity forcing) to the patterns to be found on thickness charts, and developing an equation that could quantify such in terms of the thermal wind in the layer (500-1000hPa) and the vorticity diagnosed objectively across the layer and at the surface. The thermal wind appears in each of the equation's three terms, confirming the subjective observation that the stronger the thermal (tighter thickness gradient), the more intense is the subsequent synoptic development. [ For more on all this, see HERE . ]
Swell
Wind waves that have travelled out of the area in which they were generated or can no longer be sustained by the wind in the generating area. (see also Wind waves )
SYNOP
(from 'synoptic'... see the main FAQ here ) A fully coded version of a meteorological report from a weather reporting station - in groups of 5 figures. For a good site which deals with decoding SYNOP data, visit Dave Wheeler's web site at: - http://www.zetnet.co.uk/sigs/weather/Met_Codes/codes.htm
T
(strictly Frontal T-Bone) See " What is the Shapiro-Keyser cyclone model? "
TAF
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (also known formerly as a TAFOR) A meteorological forecast for a specific airport/airfield for a period covering 9 to 24 hours in 'self-briefing' code.
TC
(abbr) Tropical cyclone; used in aviation reports, forecasts etc.
TCU
Abbreviation used in the METAR/TAF code (as defined by ICAO), for a cloud type that meteorologists would call cumulus congestus (Cu con) - cumulus clouds which are characterised by marked 'sprouting' limbs, and which often extend to a high altitude - certainly well above the zero degree level. The bulging upper part is sometimes said to resemble a cauliflower. The cloud type is important for aviation as they can generate significant icing and turbulence in flight, and heavy precipitation, reduced visibility on/near the surface. (see also Cb )
TEMPO
Temporarily; a temporary fluctuation in (aviation/airfield) conditions expected to last less than one hour in each instance and not occur in total during more than half of the period indicated.
Tephigram
Takes its name from Temperature and Entropy (formerly noted by the greek letter 'phi'). Used in the UK Met Office to plot upper air soundings, and assess such as instability, depth of moisture/cloud layers, fog points, temperature of free convection, condensation level etc. Designed by Napier Shaw early in the twentieth century. Other thermodynamic diagrams are used by other services (e.g. the pseudoadiabatic or Stüve chart [ common on web sites ]; skewT/log(p) diagram: ( see also the entry for Thermodynamic diagrams. )
Terrestrial radiation
Long-wave (infra-red) radiation emitted by the earth (and other components of the earth-atmosphere system).
Thermal steering
Mid-latitude, mobile surface features (frontal depressions, mobile highs etc.) are often found to 'follow' the pattern of the thickness field over them. In particular, classic warm-sector depressions can be forecast to move in the direction of the thermal wind over the wave tip, with a speed 4/5 of the average thermal wind within 300 nautical miles (5 deg. of latitude) of the centre. As development takes place, the thermal field becomes increasingly distorted and the rule is less applicable. [Strictly speaking, it is the surface centres of positive and negative vorticity forcing that are being steered, rather than the feature itself. Sutcliffe quantified this as one of the terms of his development equation. ]
Thermal wind
A theoretical (vector difference) wind that relates the magnitude of the horizontal temperature gradient in a defined layer to the real winds that blow at the top and base of that layer. The speed of the thermal wind is proportional to the temperature gradient. (see the thickness FAQ )
Thermodynamic diagram
(also known as an Aerological diagram)A graphical plot of the observations of temperature and humidity, against pressure, as obtained via a Radio-Sonde ascent, or derived by sensing returns of radiant energy using an artificial satellite. Many diagrams are in current use, the three most often found are described here .
Theta-W
From the greek letter 'theta' and subscript 'w', used to denote wet bulb potential temperature (q.v.) - one of a group of pseudo-conservative (q.v.) properties of air masses.
Thickness
The difference in height between two layers in the upper air. The most commonly used being the thickness between 500 mbar and 1000 mbar, and normally expressed in dekametres. The larger the value of thickness, the warmer the column of air (warm air expands). (See also " Thickness: what is it? ")
Thunderstorm
The World Meteorological Organisation defines as follows: " One or more sudden electrical discharges, manifested by a flash of light (i.e. lightning) and a sharp or rumbling sound (i.e. thunder)". Cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds are required, providing the necessary 'factory' for the vigorous updraughts / downdraughts, which in turn generate the enhanced charge-separation mechanisms within the cloud, and thus the marked positive and negative areas found within a Cb. Positive charge is found concentrated in the upper parts of the cloud, and negative in the lower, but just above the zero degC level, with small, but important positive charge areas in the base area, just below the zero degC level. (for the meteorological conditions necessary for a thunderstorm to occur [ in mid-latitudes ], see " Conditions for thunderstorms ".
Thundery rain
A phrase used in weather forecasts when some quite sharp bursts of rain are expected from large areas of unstable medium cloud - with some 'rumbles' of thunder; the thunder not the most significant feature of the situation, and no well developed thunderstorms with associated hail, squally winds etc., are expected.
Thundery showers
A phrase akin to "wintry showers" which has crept into the language because many forecasts have severe word constraints. If well-developed and 'vigorous' thunderstorms are expected, then the forecast should say so, but when you only have 4 words to play with, some short-hand phraseology is necessary on a showery day with perhaps some scattered 'rumbles' of thunder.
Time Standard
The international meteorological community use UTC (or GMT) as the standard 'clock' for observations and forecasts. The 'day' is based on 00UTC and 12UTC, with multiples of 6 hours used for main observations. However, some countries (e.g. Australia), will use slightly differing conventions. When making an observation, it is important to state what 'clock' you are using, e.g. local time, GMT, etc.
Tornado(TN)
A vortex extending upward from the surface (land or sea) at least as far as the cloud base (with that cloud base associated with deep moist convection), and is intense enough at the surface to do damage at one or more points along its path. (Doswell, C.A. III, 2001 / via: http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~doswell/ ... this will change in the near future)
TPC
Tropical Prediction Center (part of NCEP ) also the National Hurricane Center (NHC) for the United States. For a wealth of information relating to tropical storm meteorology, visit the NHC site at:- http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/
TREND
A two-hour 'significant weather' forecast appended to a routine (or special) weather report intended for aviation purposes. (see also METAR ).
Triple-point
The point where a cold, warm and occluded front all meet. Given the right upper-air structure, a discrete area of low-pressure can form here.
Tropopause
The (usually) abrupt change from falling temperatures with height in the troposphere, to near-uniform, or rising temperatures in the stratosphere. For coding purposes, defined as the lowest level at which the lapse rate decreases to 2 degC/km or less. (with caveats to rule out lower level inversions.) (See the FAQ entry on the various levels of the atmosphere, here )
Troposphere
(Greek, tropos=turn ) lowest layer of the atmosphere, with an average depth of 16 to 18 km around the equator, 9 to 12 km temperate latitudes and well below 9 km much of the time in arctic regions. There is a general fall of temperature with height (i.e. a positive lapse rate), with an average value of some 6.5 degC/km (or 2 degC/1000ft). (See the FAQ entry on the various levels of the atmosphere, here )
Trough
A feature on a weather map where mean sea level pressure (or upper contour heights) are lower than surrounding areas of the atmosphere, with a 'V' shape to the isobars/contours evident in the pattern. Often associated with unsettled/cloudy weather, but not always. (see also upper trough , and " What is a trough? ".
Trough disruption
The process whereby part of an upper trough moves 'forward' (usually west to east), leaving a portion of the old trough behind. (See anticyclonic trough disruption and cyclonic trough disruption .)
Trough extension
If an upper trough or thermal trough develops a markedly increased amplitude it is said to have undergone meridional extension. The change is usually defined in terms of a latitude change of a defined contour or thickness isopleth.
TS
(abbr) Thunderstorm (as used in aviation weather reports, forecasts etc.)
TURB
(abbr) Turbulence (as used in aviation weather reports, forecasts etc: e.g. MOD TURB).
Turbulence
Atmospheric motion that shows irregular and random motion over very small distances and over short intervals of time.
U
UKMO
(or UKMetO) United Kingdom Meteorological Office. The HQ, (and central computing / NWP facility) was formerly located at Bracknell, Berkshire, UK., but since late summer of 2003 is now in Exeter, Devon [ together with the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research]. (NB: they now like to be called 'the Met Office'). Visit the web site at:- http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/
Undercut
See Cold undercut
Unstable air
An air parcel will continue to move away (rise or fall) from its original location when the initial force exerted on it is removed. [ see the FAQ entry on stable and unstable air masses .
Upper Air
Normally taken to be the levels between 850 mbar (about 5000 ft), and 200 mbar (39000 ft). The most common heights used being 500 mbar (18000 ft) and 300 mbar (30000 ft).
Upper fronts
It has long been recognised that the simple 'Norwegian model' (q.v.) of a frontal zone extending with a defined slope from the surface to the top of the troposphere did not often fit the observed weather experienced on the ground or by aircraft in flight. Often, bands of precipitation which were not ideally tied to the classical front were observed, and with the coming of satellite imagery, structures could be detected which are now classified as upper fronts. On actual/prognostic charts issued by meteorological centres (strictly these are surface charts), such features are shown using the classical symbology, but the triangles (cold fronts) and 'bobbles' (warm fronts) are not filled in, and are termed upper cold and upper warm fronts respectively.
Upper Ridge
A ridge on an upper air chart - evidence of warm air in depth through the troposphere.
Upper Trough
A trough on an upper air chart - evidence of cold air in depth through the troposphere.
V
(abbr) Volcanic ash: as used in aviation reports, forecasts etc.
VC
(abbr) In vicinity: used in aviation reports, forecasts etc., e.g. VCFG, fog in vicinity but not at airfield.
Veering
See Backing
Vertical vorticity
Synoptic-scale vorticity about a vertical axis, caused by horizontal differences in wind speed (the 'shear' term), and / or horizontal 'curving' of the air-flow (the 'curvature' term). It is often assessed at the 500 hPa level (around 5.5 km). This property is linked to divergence / convergence at upper levels, which in turn will lead to enhancement of vertical air movement - key to synoptic developments. (See also Vorticity ; Horizontal vorticity .)
Violent Storm
This term is only used in bulletins for shipping, and associated Gale/Storm Warnings. A 'Violent Storm/Force 11' is defined as the (10 minute) mean wind of between 56 and 63 knots. (Gusts not defined) (See also comments at Severe Gale ).
VIS
Visible imagery ... see the FAQ entry on satellite imagery .
Visibility [ horizontal ]
(from the Observer's Handbook ) " the greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions can be seen and recognized against the horizon sky, or, in the case of night observations, could be seen and recognized if the general illumination were raised to the normal daylight level. With the advent of automatic sensors to detect this parameter, the WMO re-defined the above in terms of the 'meteorological optical range' (MOR), which is given by the path-length over which a light source of known intensity/colour is reduced to a certain percentage of the original flux.
Visibility [ reports ]
As used in SYNOP , SHIP and METAR observations: the value reported as the visibility in surface reports has for many years been the lowest visibility (as defined above) that an observer can determine. So, for example, if the general value were 6 to 9 km, but in one particular direction (say towards a major town or over adjacent coast) it was as low as 3000 m, then it would be this latter value that was recorded, e.g. 3000 m. Until 2003-2004, this was also the scheme adopted for METAR reports world-wide. However, the concept of 'prevailing' visibility has been introduced for these latter, and can be taken to be the dominant visibility (applicable to at least 50% of the local horizon, continuously or otherwise), with separate groups for significantly lower values reported as required. For more on this, see the page relating to the METAR code.
Visibility [ vertical ]
Used in aviation reports to assess how far upwards a surface-based observer can 'see' through fog or snow. (See VV ).
Volcanic effects
The effect on the atmosphere due to a major volcanic eruption depend critically upon the plume maximum-altitude and its sulphur content. Unless the plume penetrates into the stratosphere (and does so for a substantial length of time), material only affects the troposphere , and will be washed-out by precipitation (rain, snow etc.): in such cases, the effects will be regional and short-lived. In broad terms, sulphate aerosols penetrating to the stratosphere in quantity warm the stratosphere (due to absorption) and cool the troposphere (by radiation back-scatter), but the effect is highly size-dependent; only the smallest particles lead to long-term near-surface cooling.
VOLMET
Voice weather broadcast for in-flight briefing, often using automated interpretation of weather bulletins.
Vorticity
A measure of the 'spin' of a portion of a fluid - in our case, of atmospheric particles. Vorticity in a cyclonic sense is designated 'positive', and in an anticyclonic sense is designated 'negative'. In synoptic meteorology, we often only consider vorticity in a horizontal plane - i.e. the 'spin' behaviour of air particles as they move along in the atmospheric flow as depicted on classical 'weather maps': vertical vorticity. However, the vertical component of vorticity is important in the study of tornadoes for example: this is horizontal vorticity. (See also: Absolute vorticity ; Horizontal vorticity ; Relative vorticity ; Potential vorticity ; Vertical vorticity .)
VRB
(abbr) Variable wind direction, as used in aviation weather reports, forecasts etc.
VSP
(abbr) Vertical speed, as used in aviation weather reports, forecasts etc. Particularly used with respect to forecasts of mountain wave motion.
VV
(abbr) Vertical visibility, as used in aviation weather reports, forecasts etc., e.g. VV002, vertical visibility 200ft. Where vertical visibility cannot be determined (or realistically forecast), then the group will be seen as VV///.
W
WAFC
(abbr) World Area Forecast Centre - there are two such centres covering high-level / intercontinental air routes across the globe: "London" and "Washington" (actually located at Exeter, UK & Kansas, USA respectively). In addition, RAFC (Regional Area Forecast Centres) are provided by various major weather forecasting services around the world to cater for medium-level work on a continental/sub-continental scale, though increasingly even this work is being concentrated on just a few centres. Purely low-level work (roughly below 10000ft) is the prerogative of national weather services (NWS's), or equivalent military formations. All charts issued by WAFC's, RAFC's & NWS offices are produced to standards agreed between member states of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). For more on SIGWX charts see here .
Warm advection
The replacement of cold air by warm (usually) due to horizontal movement of air-masses. The process can be gradual or abrupt: the latter often being marked by a 'warm front' on a synoptic chart.
Warm anticyclone
This feature has a warm core (relative to surrounding air), with cold / dense air dominant in the upper part of the troposphere / lower stratosphere, contributing to the net high pressure observed at the surface. Has a deep circulation (i.e. 'high' / ridge found on charts extending to tropopause levels), with that tropopause high/cold etc. Often associated with major long-wave blocking patterns. However, note that 'warm' anticyclones can have cold air trapped in the lowest layers under the surface inversion, and can of course be the means of advecting cold air (if it was there in the first place) around it's periphery. (See Anticyclones ; Cold anticyclone )
Warm occlusion
If air (at the surface) behind an occluded front is warmer than the air it is displacing (a typical example being when a winter-time Polar Continental 'block' is being eroded by an incursion of Polar Maritime air), then the front is known as a warm occlusion. The occlusion is shown on synoptic charts as a linear extension of the warm front; the cold front leaving the occlusion/warm front at a fairly sharp angle. (see also Cold occlusion) .
Warm-front wave
A secondary disturbance, often accompanied by a shallow closed-low circulation, that forms at some point on a marked warm frontal boundary a good way (at least 1000 km) from the parent (occluding) depression. Once formed, it moves quickly away from the parent depression (in the Northern Hemisphere east or southeastwards). Although not common, they are often responsible for considerable forecast errors, and are of particular importance in winter (snow-situation) forecasting as mild, maritime air attempts to displace a cold, continental blocking anticyclone. (See also cold-front wave ).
Warm sector
The area between a warm and cold front in the classical Norwegian model frontal system.
Warnings - UK Public Service
The Met Office is responsible for providing advice and warning of forthcoming Severe Weather within the United Kingdom. There are various categories; see here .
WBPT
See Wet Bulb Potential Temperature
WDSPR
(abbr) Widespread, as used in aviation weather reports, forecasts etc.
Wet Bulb Freezing Level
Because evaporative cooling is so important in rain versus snow forecasting (see the main FAQ entries, here and here ), the wet-bulb 0degC level is a better guide to snow-risk level than the actual ZDL . The wet-bulb is the lowest temperature to which air can be cooled by evaporating water into a sample, which is a mechanism often important in determining whether it will rain or snow at or near the surface. However, note carefully that advection, both cold and warm must be taken into account - the former is particularly important in marginal situations in the vicinity of a well-marked cold front. (see also " Downward penetration of snow " in this Glossary).
Wet Bulb Potential Temperature
(often abbreviated to WBPT, or 'theta-W') A relatively conservative property within any one air mass that is derived from the temperature and humidity values of a particular air sample for a particular level: usually 850 or 500 hPa. Very warm/very humid southerlies for example (in NW Europe) would have typical 850hPa WBPT values well in excess of 16 degC, and perhaps as high as 20 degC or more; polar maritime air streams would have values typically 5 to 10 degC, but these values would be much lower in the depths of winter.
Wet day
A period of 24hr, conventionally beginning at 09UTC, during which precipitation of 1.0mm or more has been recorded. (See also Rain day ).
WF
Abbreviation for warm front.
Wind shear
The change in wind direction, or speed, or both, either in a vertical or horizontal plane. Vertical shears are important in the study of convection, particularly for severe storm development; horizontal shear, particularly speed shear, contributes to relative vorticity terms in synoptic development.
Wind waves (sea)
Waves generated by the wind blowing over the surface of the ocean. (See also Swell ).
Wintry precipitation
(often used as 'wintry showers') When the air temperature is close to zero deg.C (either side), it is sometimes easier to use this shorthand term for showers producing soft hail, sleet, snow, 'sleety-rain' etc. Frowned upon by proper meteorologists but a useful term nonetheless. (However, we try to avoid it when the showers are much heavier, and are expected to give significant snowfall.)
WKN
(abbr) Weakening, as used in aviation forecasts, particularly SIGMETs.
WR
(abbr) Used in the uk.sci.weather newsgroup to report a 'weather event'; entered in the subject line thus: [WR] snow becoming heavy at Tilehurst 1540UTC. The use of this abbreviation allows those who do not wish to read such reports to ignore them during 'busy' weather periods. (See also OBS )
WS
(abbr) Wind shear, as appended to METAR reports etc. This abbreviation should only be used to indicate actual (or forecast) conditions experienced by aircraft in the atmospheric boundary layer.
WV
Water vapour imagery...see the FAQ entry on satellite imagery .
X Y Z
Z
Zulu time (GMT/UTC), as used in aviation reports, forecasts and more generally by the meteorological fraternity used to military usage. It is gradually being ousted though by UTC (or sometimes just UT).
ZDL
Zero-degree (celsius) Level. A somewhat better description of this variable than ' freezing' level . (q.v.)
Zonal
A predominantly west-to-east airflow is termed zonal (and an east-to-west airflow is negative zonal).The strength of the flow in any sector may be expressed in terms of a zonal index given by the difference in average contour height between two latitude circles through the sector.
| i don't know |
Which English Victorian author was born in 1812 in Old Commercial Rd, Landport, Portsmouth? | Background | Dickens & the Victorian City
Dickens & the Victorian City A Tale of two Cities
Background
Dickens’s birthplace in Mile End Terrace, Portsmouth.
When we think of Dickens and the Victorian City, we think of Dickens and London. While it is impossible to underestimate the importance of London in Dickens’s work, readers, critics, and enthusiasts inevitably ignore the indirect influence of those other English villages, towns and cities in which Dickens lived, worked, and played, including Portsmouth, the city in which he was born. The significance of Portsmouth in Dickens’s work is often overlooked and little is made of the impact of the city on his work or on related links between Portsmouth and Dickens’s family, and his theatrical, novelistic, and philanthropic interests: Dickens’s father, John Dickens (1785-1851) was a clerk in the pay office of the Royal Navy attached to the Portsmouth dockyard; Dickens’s son, Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens (1847-72) enrolled in Eastman’s Naval Academy in Southsea in 1859, later joining the Royal Navy in 1860 which he made his career; and the Royal Navy features in a number of Dickens’s works, most notably in Dombey and Son (1846-48).
Dickens was baptised on 4th March in St Marys Church in 1812 by his parents, John and Elizabeth.
In addition, Dickens visited Portsmouth on a number of occasions, mentioned it in numerous works and, in 1859, wrote an essay on the city in All the Year Round. Furthermore, by some odd quirk of fate, Portsmouth’s more genteel neighbour, Southsea, became the final resting place of two of the women to whom Dickens was romantically attached in his lifetime: Maria Beadnell and the actress, Ellen Ternan .
Ellen Ternan, reputedly Dickens’s mistress, is buried in Highland Road Cemetery in Portsmouth.
Dickens’s stay in Portsmouth was brief: on the 7 February 1812 Charles John Huffam Dickens was born in Landport, Portsmouth to John Dickens and his wife Elizabeth (1789-1863). The house in which he was born, 13 Mile End Terrace (now Old Commercial Road) has been preserved for posterity and is now known as the Dickens Birthplace Museum. On the 4 March 1812, he was baptised at St Mary’s Church, Portsea, and while the building itself was demolished in the 1850s, and replaced by a new church built in the 1880s, the font in which he was christened remains intact and can be found at St Stephen’s, Portsmouth. In June 1812, it is thought that the Dickens family moved to lodgings at 16 Hawke Street, Portsmouth, and in December 1813 to 39 Wish Street (now King’s Road) Southsea. Neither building remains: the lodgings in Hawke Street were destroyed during the Second World War and the house in King’s Road has been demolished. The Dickenses remained in Portsmouth until early 1815, when they moved to lodgings in London.
Blossom Alley near Dickens’s second home in Hawke Street, Portsea.
In total, Dickens’s childhood time in Portsmouth amounts to three years. However, he did return on a number of occasions, and set several chapters of The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, serialised 1838-39, in the town of his birth and visited Portsmouth while writing Nickleby.
He has often told me that he remembered the small front garden to the house at Portsea, from which he was taken away when he was two years old, and where, watched by a nurse through a low kitchen-window almost level with the gravel-walk, he trotted about with something to eat, and his little elder sister with him. He was carried from the garden one day to see the soldiers exercise; I perfectly recollect that, on our being at Portsmouth together while he was writing Nickleby, he recognised the exact shape of the military parade seen by him as a very infant, on the same spot, a quarter of a century before. John Forster, Life of Charles Dickens (1871-74)
Sailors carousing by George Cruikshank shows inside a Portsea tavern around the time Dickens was born.
What this tells us is that, while his time in Portsmouth was short, it made a significant impression on the young Dickens, and that he returned to the town presumably in September 1838, the year before Nicholas Nickleby began to be serialised, on his way to a brief stay on the Isle of Wight. Although there is no specific mention of the city in relation to another visit to the Isle of Wight in July 1849, during which he spends three months in Bonchurch, it is nevertheless likely that he boarded the Ferry at Portsmouth. However, further visits to Portsmouth have been recorded. In November 1858, he gave two readings in Portsmouth, and a further two readings in May 1866. In Charles Dickens as I Knew Himpublished in 1885, George Dolby, who accompanied Dickens to Portsmouth during the 1866 reading tour, reported Dickens’s attempt to find his childhood home:
On the morning after our arrival we set out for a walk, and turning a corner of the street suddenly, found ourselves in Landport Terrace. The name of the street catching Mr. Dickens’s eye, he suddenly exclaimed: ‘By Jove! here is the place where I was born;’ and, acting on his suggestion, we walked up and down the terrace for some time, speculating as to which of the houses had the right to call itself his cradle. Beyond a recollection that there was a small front garden to the house he had no idea of the place—for he was only two years old when his father was removed from London to Portsmouth. As the houses were nearly all alike, and each had a small front garden, we were not much helped in our quest by Mr. Dickens’s recollections, and great was the laughter at his humorous conjectures. He must have lived in one house because ‘it looked so much like his father;’ another one must have been his home because it looked like the birthplace of a man who had deserted it; a third was very like the cradle of a puny, weak youngster such as he had been; and so on, through the row.
This anecdote recalls the opening pages of Great Expectations (1860-1) in which the young Pip explains how the shape of the headstones in the local churchyard, resemble, in his imagination, the shapes of his mother, father and siblings:
I give Pirrip as my father’s family name, on the authority of his tombstone and my sister – Mrs. Joe Gargery, who married the blacksmith. As I never saw my father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of either of them (for their days were long before the days of photographs), my first fancies regarding what they were like, were unreasonably derived from their tombstones. The shape of the letters on my father’s, gave me an odd idea that he was a square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair. From the character and turn of the inscription, ‘Also Georgiana Wife of the Above,’ I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly. To five little stone lozenges, each about a foot and a half long, which were arranged in a neat row beside their grave, and were sacred to the memory of five little brothers of mine – who gave up trying to get a living, exceedingly early in that universal struggle – I am indebted for a belief I religiously entertained that they had all been born on their backs with their hands in their trousers-pockets, and had never taken them out in this state of existence.
While it is London and the Kent marshes that immediately come to mind when one thinks of Great Expectations, references to Portsmouth appear in three of its chapters: when Jaggers returns to England, he lands at Portsmouth, and a letter received by Jaggers, asking for Pip’s whereabouts, is postmarked ‘Portsmouth’. Perhaps this is unsurprising, given that in September 1960, shortly after accompanying his son Sydney to Portsmouth where the latter was due to join his training ship, Dickens began work on Great Expectations
Portsmouth makes further ‘guest appearances’ in A Child’s History of England (1851-3), The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices and The Perils of Certain English Prisoners (both of which were written with the author Wilkie Collins and published in 1857), and The Uncommercial Traveller (1860-9) as well as being the location of the theatre in which the Crummles Theatre Company performs in Nicholas Nickleby. However, the city of Portsmouth receives a rather more extensive treatment in a six-page article that appeared in the first volume of All the Year Round(24 September 1859). Entitled simply ‘Portsmouth’, the essay opens with the words: ‘If our topography were not the most capriciously written of any branch of our literature … what a book we should have about Portsmouth!’ Dickens then proceeds to write about the history of Portsmouth and the surrounding area, before he comments on the city in ‘modern times’, that is, Victorian Portsmouth. While he suggests that Portsmouth has now become ‘at once a greater naval station and arsenal and a less interesting town’, he also notes that it is a growing and developing city in which the ‘expanding power is in the great eastern suburbs of Southsea, where has arisen a town and population of its own, with crescents, squares, and terraces of the latest sea-side fashion, and new fortifications to match’. However, he saves his talents for a dazzling description of Portsmouth harbour, capturing the excitement of the naval city for his readers:
Portsmouth was, and still is, home to the Royal Navy. The picture above shows looking across to The Dockyard from The Hard. Dickens’s father was a clerk in the Navy pay office.
We mount a balcony standing out into the sea-breeze … and from which you can have a capital bird’s-eye view. … Well, there, on your left, is fair ‘Veeta,’ the Isle of Wight, green and round, and with the white town of Ryde glittering in the sunlight at its fringe. There spreads the Channel squadron before you. H.M.S. James Watt, H.M.S. Hero, H.M.S. Algiers, H.M.S. Royal Albert (three-decker), H.M.S. Agamemnon, are the liners. … What a brilliant spectacle Spithead makes with all these vessels lying there, the sunlight glittering on their chequered sides, the wind making their colours fly, and in and out, round and round the floating castles, the white-canvassed yachts, the sea-butterflies among the sea-eagles!
Any visitor to Portsmouth today, lucky enough to arrive on a hot summer’s day will recognise the harbour from Dickens’s description, albeit that the naval warships have been replaced by the white and blue of ferries crossing to France and the Isle of Wight: the white-canvassed yachts still weave in and out of the larger ships, the sea still sparkles, the Island remains as green and alluring, and the town of Ryde still glitters in the sunshine. As Dickens’s article demonstrates, his feelings towards his birthplace were ambivalent, by turns critical and affectionate. Nevertheless, as this introduction shows, Portsmouth plays a greater part in his works than is commonly acknowledged. This website, along with the accompanying book , aims to highlight those points at which Portsmouth becomes visible, and to consider Victorian Portsmouth as a microcosmic version of London, sharing with the metropolis, many of the philanthropic and political concerns that animated Dickens during his lifetime.
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Charles John Huffam Dickens (7 February 1812 - 9 June 1870) was the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era , and he remains popular, responsible for some of English literature 's most iconic characters. [1]
Many of his novels, with their recurrent concern for social reform, first appeared in magazines in serialised form, a popular format at the time. Unlike other authors who completed entire novels before serialisation, Dickens often created the episodes as they were being serialised. The practice lent his stories a particular rhythm, punctuated by cliffhangers to keep the public looking forward to the next installment. [2] The continuing popularity of his novels and short stories is such that they have never gone out of print. [3]
Contents
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Dickens was born in 1812, and spent the first 3 years of his life, in Portsmouth, Hampshire , the family moved to London in 1815. His early years seem to have been idyllic, although he thought himself as a "very small and not-over-particularly-taken-care-of boy". [4] He spent time outdoors, but also read voraciously, especially the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding . He spoke, later in life, of his poignant memories of childhood, and of his near-photographic memory of the people and events, which he used in his writing. His father's brief period as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office afforded Charles a few years of private education at William Giles's School, in Chatham . [5]
This period came to an abrupt end when John Dickens spent beyond his means and was imprisoned in the Marshalsea debtor's prison in Southwark, London. Shortly afterwards, the rest of his family joined him – except Charles, who boarded with family friend Elizabeth Roylance in Camden Town. [6] Mrs. Roylance was "a reduced old lady, long known to our family", whom Dickens later immortalised, "with a few alterations and embellishments", as "Mrs. Pipchin", in Dombey and Son . Later, he lived in a "back-attic...at the house of an insolvent-court agent...in Lant Street in The Borough ... a fat, good-natured, kind old gentleman, with a quiet old wife" and a very innocent grown-up son; these three were the inspiration for the Garland family in The Old Curiosity Shop . [7]
On Sundays, Dickens and his sister Fanny were allowed out from the Royal Academy of Music and spent the day at the Marshalsea. [8] (Dickens later used the prison as a setting in Little Dorrit ).
Dickens at the Blacking Warehouse, by Fred Barnard (1846-1896), in The Leisure Hour, 1904. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons .
To pay for his board and to help his family, Dickens began working ten-hour days at Warren's Blacking Warehouse, on Hungerford Stairs, near the present Charing Cross railway station. He earned six shillings a week pasting labels on shoe polish. The strenuous – and often cruel – work conditions made a deep impression on Dickens, and later influenced his fiction and essays, forming foundation of his interest in the reform of socio-economic and labour conditions, the rigors of which he believed were unfairly borne by the poor. As told to John Forster (from The Life of Charles Dickens):
The blacking-warehouse was the last house on the left-hand side of the way, at old Hungerford Stairs. It was a crazy, tumble-down old house, abutting of course on the river, and literally overrun with rats. Its wainscoted rooms, and its rotten floors and staircase, and the old grey rats swarming down in the cellars, and the sound of their squeaking and scuffling coming up the stairs at all times, and the dirt and decay of the place, rise up visibly before me, as if I were there again. The counting-house was on the first floor, looking over the coal-barges and the river. There was a recess in it, in which I was to sit and work. My work was to cover the pots of paste-blacking; first with a piece of oil-paper, and then with a piece of blue paper; to tie them round with a string; and then to clip the paper close and neat, all round, until it looked as smart as a pot of ointment from an apothecary's shop. When a certain number of grosses of pots had attained this pitch of perfection, I was to paste on each a printed label, and then go on again with more pots. Two or three other boys were kept at similar duty down-stairs on similar wages. One of them came up, in a ragged apron and a paper cap, on the first Monday morning, to show me the trick of using the string and tying the knot. His name was Bob Fagin; and I took the liberty of using his name, long afterwards, in Oliver Twist. [7]
After only a few months, John Dickens' paternal grandmother, Elizabeth Dickens, died and bequeathed him the sum of £450. On the expectation of this legacy, Dickens was granted release from prison. Under the Insolvent Debtors Act , Dickens arranged for payment of his creditors, and he and his family left Marshalsea.
Although Dickens eventually attended the Wellington House Academy in North London, his mother Elizabeth Dickens did not immediately remove him from the boot-blacking factory. 'The incident must have done much to confirm Dickens's determined view that a father should rule the family, a mother find her proper sphere inside the home. "I never afterwards forgot, I never shall forget, I never can forget, that my mother was warm for my being sent back." His mother's failure to request his return was no doubt a factor in his demanding and dissatisfied attitude towards women.' [8] Resentment stemming from his situation and the conditions under which working-class people lived became major themes of his works, and it was this unhappy period in his youth to which he alluded in his favourite, and most autobiographical, novel , David Copperfield : [9] "I had no advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no assistance, no support, of any kind, from anyone, that I can call to mind, as I hope to go to heaven!" The Wellington House Academy was not a good school. 'Much of the haphazard, desultory teaching, poor discipline punctuated by the headmaster's sadistic brutality, the seedy ushers and general run-down atmosphere, are embodied in Mr. Creakle's Establishment in David Copperfield.' [8] Dickens worked at the law office of Ellis and Blackmore, attorneys, of Holborn Court, Gray's Inn , as a junior clerk from May 1827 to November 1828. Then, having learned Gurneys system of shorthand in his spare time, he left to become a freelance reporter. A distant relative, Thomas Charlton, was a freelance reporter at Doctors' Commons , and Dickens was able to share his box there to report the legal proceedings for nearly four years. [10] This education informed works such as Nicholas Nickleby , Dombey and Son , and especially Bleak House —whose vivid portrayal of the machinations and bureaucracy of the legal system did much to enlighten the general public, and was a vehicle for dissemination of Dickens's own views regarding, particularly, the heavy burden on the poor who were forced by circumstances to "go to law".
In 1830, Dickens met his first love, Maria Beadnell, thought to have been the model for the character Dora in David Copperfield. Maria's parents disapproved of the courtship and effectively ended the relationship by sending her to school in Paris.
Names: 'Dickens' and 'Boz'
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Charles Dickens had, as a contemporary critic put it, a "queer name". [11] The name Dickens was used in interjective exclamations like "What the Dickens!" as a substitute for " devil ". It was recorded in the OED as originating from Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor . It was also used as a substitute for " deuce " as in the phrase "to play the Dickens" in the meaning "to play havoc/mischief". [12]
'Boz' was Dickens' occasional pen-name , but was a familiar name in the Dickens household long before Charles became a famous author. It was actually taken from his youngest brother Augustus Dickens ' family nickname 'Moses', given to him in honour of one of the brothers in The Vicar of Wakefield (one of the most widely read novels during the early 19th century). When playfully pronounced through the nose 'Moses' became 'Boses', and was later shortened to 'Boz' – pronounced through the nose with a long vowel 'o'. [13]
Journalism and early novels
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In 1833, Dickens' first story, A Dinner at Poplar Walk was published in the London periodical, Monthly Magazine. The following year he rented rooms at Furnival's Inn becoming a political journalist, reporting on parliamentary debate and travelling across Britain to cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronicle . His journalism, in the form of sketches in periodicals, formed his first collection of pieces Sketches by Boz , published in 1836. This led to the serialisation of his first novel, The Pickwick Papers , in March 1836. He continued to contribute to and edit journals throughout his literary career.
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In 1836, Dickens accepted the job of editor of Bentley's Miscellany , a position he held for three years, until he fell out with the owner. At the same time, his success as a novelist continued, producing Oliver Twist (1837–39), Nicholas Nickleby (1838–39), The Old Curiosity Shop and, finally, Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty as part of the Master Humphrey's Clock series (1840–41)—all published in monthly instalments before being made into books. During this period Dickens kept a pet raven named Grip, which he had stuffed when it died in 1841. (it is now at the Free Library of Philadelphia ). [14]
Edward Dickens
Dickens and his family lived at 48 Doughty Street , London, (on which he had a three year lease at £80 a year) from 25 March 1837 until December 1839. Dickens's younger brother Frederick and Catherine's 17-year-old sister Mary moved in with them. Dickens became very attached to Mary, and she died in his arms after a brief illness in 1837. She became a character in many of his books, and her death is fictionalised as the death of Nell in The Old Curiosity Shop. [16]
First visit to America
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In 1842, Dickens and his wife made his first trip to the United States and Canada, a journey which was successful in spite of his support for the abolition of slavery . It is described in the travelogue American Notes for General Circulation and is also the basis of some of the episodes in Martin Chuzzlewit . Dickens includes in Notes a powerful condemnation of slavery, [17] with "ample proof" of the "atrocities" he found. [18] He called upon President John Tyler at the White House . [19]
During his visit, Dickens spent a month in New York City , giving lectures, raising support for copyright laws, and recording many of his impressions of America. He met such luminaries as Washington Irving and William Cullen Bryant . On 14 February 1842, a Boz Ball was held in his honour at the Park Theater , with 3,000 guests. Among the neighbourhoods he visited were Five Points , Wall Street , The Bowery , and the prison known as The Tombs . [20] At this time Georgina Hogarth , another sister of Catherine, joined the Dickens household, now living at Devonshire Terrace, Marylebone , to care for the young family they had left behind. [21] She remained with them as housekeeper, organiser, adviser and friend until her brother-in-law's death in 1870.
Shortly thereafter, he began to show interest in Unitarian Christianity, although he remained an Anglican for the rest of his life. [22] Dickens's work continued to be popular, especially A Christmas Carol written in 1843, which was reputedly a potboiler written in a matter of weeks to meet the expenses of his wife's fifth pregnancy. After living briefly abroad in Italy (1844) and Switzerland (1846), Dickens continued his success with Dombey and Son (1848) and David Copperfield (1849–50).
Philanthropy
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In May 1846, Angela Burdett Coutts , heir to the Coutts banking fortune, approached Dickens about setting up a home for the redemption of "fallen" women. Coutts envisioned a home that would differ from existing institutions, which offered a harsh and punishing regimen for these women, and instead provide an environment where they could learn to read and write and become proficient in domestic household chores so as to re-integrate them into society. After initially resisting, Dickens eventually founded the home, named Urania Cottage, in the Lime Grove section of Shepherds Bush . He became involved in many aspects of its day-to-day running, setting the house rules, reviewing the accounts and interviewing prospective residents, some of whom became characters in his books. He would scour prisons and workhouses for potentially suitable candidates and relied on friends, such as the Magistrate John Hardwick to bring them to his attention. Each potential candidate was given a printed invitation written by Dickens called ‘An Appeal to Fallen Women’, [23] which he signed only as ‘Your friend’. If the woman accepted the invitation, Dickens would personally interview her for admission. [24] [25] All of the women were required to emigrate following their time at Urania Cottage. In research published in 2009, the families of two of these women were identified, one in Canada and one in Australia. It is estimated that about 100 women graduated between 1847 and 1859. [26]
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In 1856, his income from his writing allowed him to buy Gad's Hill Place in Higham , Kent. As a child, Dickens had walked past the house and dreamed of living in it. The area was also the scene of some of the events of Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 and this literary connection pleased him.
In 1857, Dickens hired professional actresses for the play The Frozen Deep , which he and his protégé Wilkie Collins had written. With one of these, Ellen Ternan , Dickens formed a bond which was to last the rest of his life. He then separated from his wife, Catherine, in 1858 – divorce was still unthinkable for someone as famous as he was.
During this period, whilst pondering about giving public readings for his own profit, Dickens was approached by Great Ormond Street Hospital to help it survive its first major financial crisis through a charitable appeal. Dickens, whose philanthropy was well-known, was asked to preside by his friend, the hospital's founder Charles West . He threw himself into the task, heart and soul [28] (a little known fact is that Dickens reported anonymously in the weekly The Examiner in 1849 to help mishandled children and wrote another article to help publicise the hospital's opening in 1852). [29] On 9 February 1858, Dickens spoke at the hospital's first annual festival dinner at Freemasons' Hall and later gave a public reading of A Christmas Carol at St. Martin-in-the-Fields church hall. The events raised enough money to enable the hospital to purchase the neighbouring house, No. 48 Great Ormond Street, increasing the bed capacity from 20 to 75. [30]
That summer of 1858, after separating from his wife, [31] Dickens undertook his first series of public readings in London for pay which ended on 22 July. After 10 days rest, he began a gruelling and ambitious tour through the English provinces, Scotland and Ireland, beginning with a performance in Clifton on 2 August and closing in Brighton , more than three months later, on 13 November. Altogether he read eighty-seven times, on some days giving both a matinée and an evening performance. [32]
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Major works, A Tale of Two Cities (1859); and Great Expectations (1861) soon followed and would prove resounding successes. During this time he was also the publisher and editor of, and a major contributor to, the journals Household Words (1850–1859) and All the Year Round (1858–1870).
In early September 1860, in a field behind Gad's Hill, Dickens made a great bonfire of nearly his entire correspondence. Only those letters on business matters were spared. Since Ellen Ternan burned all of his letters as well, the dimensions of the affair between the two were unknown until the publication of Dickens and Daughter, a book about Dickens's relationship with his daughter Kate, in 1939. Kate Dickens worked with author Gladys Storey on the book prior to her death in 1929, and alleged that Dickens and Ternan had a son who died in infancy, though no contemporary evidence exists. [33] On his death, Dickens settled an annuity on Ternan which made her a financially independent woman. Claire Tomalin's book, The Invisible Woman, set out to prove that Ternan lived with Dickens secretly for the last 13 years of his life, and was subsequently turned into a play, Little Nell, by Simon Gray .
In the same period, Dickens furthered his interest in the paranormal , so much that he was one of the early members of The Ghost Club . [34]
Franklin incident
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A recurring theme in Dickens's writing reflected the public's interest in Arctic exploration: the heroic friendship between explorers John Franklin and John Richardson gave the idea for A Tale of Two Cities, The Wreck of the Golden Mary and the play The Frozen Deep . [35]
After Franklin died in unexplained circumstances on an expedition to find the North West Passage , Dickens wrote a piece in Household Words defending his hero against the discovery in 1854, some four years after the search began, of evidence that Franklin's men had, in their desperation, resorted to cannibalism. [36] Without adducing any supporting evidence he speculates that, far from resorting to cannibalism amongst themselves, the members of the expedition may have been "set upon and slain by the Esquimaux ... We believe every savage to be in his heart covetous, treacherous, and cruel." [36] Although publishing in a subsequent issue of Household Words a defence of the Esquimaux , written by John Rae , one of Franklin's rescue parties, who had actually visited the scene of the supposed cannibalism, Dickens refused to alter his view. [37]
Last years
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On 9 June 1865, [38] while returning from Paris with Ternan , Dickens was involved in the Staplehurst rail crash . The first seven carriages of the train plunged off a cast iron bridge under repair. The only first-class carriage to remain on the track was the one in which Dickens was travelling. Dickens tried to help the wounded and the dying before rescuers arrived. Before leaving, he remembered the unfinished manuscript for Our Mutual Friend , and he returned to his carriage to retrieve it. Typically, Dickens later used this experience as material for his short ghost story The Signal-Man in which the central character has a premonition of his own death in a rail crash. He based the story around several previous rail accidents , such as the Clayton Tunnel rail crash of 1861.
Dickens managed to avoid an appearance at the inquest , to avoid disclosing that he had been travelling with Ternan and her mother, which would have caused a scandal. Although physically unharmed, Dickens never really recovered from the trauma of the Staplehurst crash, and his normally prolific writing shrank to completing Our Mutual Friend and starting the unfinished The Mystery of Edwin Drood . Much of his time was taken up with public readings from his best-loved novels. Dickens was fascinated by the theatre as an escape from the world, and theatres and theatrical people appear in Nicholas Nickleby. The travelling shows were extremely popular. In 1866, a series of public readings were undertaken in England and Scotland. The following year saw more readings in England and Ireland.
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On 9 November 1867, Dickens sailed from Liverpool for his second American reading tour. Landing at Boston , he devoted the rest of the month to a round of dinners with such notables as Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and his American publisher James Thomas Fields . In early December, the readings began and Dickens spent the month shuttling between Boston and New York. Although he had started to suffer from what he called the "true American catarrh", he kept to a schedule that would have challenged a much younger man, even managing to squeeze in some sleighing in Central Park . In New York, he gave 22 readings at Steinway Hall between 9 December 1867 and 18 April 1868, and four at Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims between 16 January and 21 January 1868. During his travels, he saw a significant change in the people and the circumstances of America. His final appearance was at a banquet the American Press held in his honour at Delmonico's on 18 April, when he promised to never denounce America again. By the end of the tour, the author could hardly manage solid food, subsisting on champagne and eggs beaten in sherry. On 23 April, he boarded his ship to return to Britain, barely escaping a Federal Tax Lien against the proceeds of his lecture tour. [20]
Farewell readings
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Between 1868 and 1869, Dickens gave a series of "farewell readings" in England, Scotland, and Ireland, until he collapsed on 22 April 1869, at Preston in Lancashire showing symptoms of a mild stroke . [39] After further provincial readings were cancelled, he began work on his final novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood. In an opium den in Shadwell , he witnessed an elderly pusher known as "Opium Sal", who subsequently featured in his mystery novel.
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When he had regained sufficient strength, Dickens arranged, with medical approval, for a final series of readings at least partially to make up to his sponsors what they had lost due of his illness. There were to be twelve performances, running between 11 January and 15 March 1870, the last taking place at 8:00 pm at St. James's Hall in London. Although in grave health by this time, he read A Christmas Carol and The Trial from Pickwick. On 2 May, he made his last public appearance at a Royal Academy Banquet in the presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales , paying a special tribute to the passing of his friend, illustrator Daniel Maclise . [40]
Death
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On 8 June 1870, Dickens suffered another stroke at his home, after a full day's work on Edwin Drood. The next day, on 9 June, and five years to the day after the Staplehurst crash, he died at Gad's Hill Place never having regained consciousness. Contrary to his wish to be buried at Rochester Cathedral "in an inexpensive, unostentatious, and strictly private manner", he was laid to rest in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey . [41] A printed epitaph circulated at the time of the funeral reads: "To the Memory of Charles Dickens (England's most popular author) who died at his residence, Higham, near Rochester, Kent, 9 June 1870, aged 58 years. He was a sympathiser with the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world." [42] Dickens's last words, as reported in his obituary in The Times were alleged to have been:
Be natural my children. For the writer that is natural has fullfilled all the rules of art. [43]
On Sunday, 19 June 1870, five days after Dickens's interment in the Abbey, Dean Arthur Penrhyn Stanley delivered a memorial elegy, lauding "the genial and loving humorist whom we now mourn", for showing by his own example "that even in dealing with the darkest scenes and the most degraded characters, genius could still be clean, and mirth could be innocent." Pointing to the fresh flowers that adorned the novelist's grave, Stanley assured those present that "the spot would thenceforth be a sacred one with both the New World and the Old, as that of the representative of literature, not of this island only, but of all who speak our English tongue." [44]
Writing
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Dickens receiving his characters, by William Holbrook Beard (1825-1900). Courtesy Wikimedia Commons .
Dickens loved the style of the 18th century picturesque or Gothic romance novels, (Citation needed) although it had already become a target for parody . [45] One "character" vividly drawn throughout his novels is London itself. From the coaching inns on the outskirts of the city to the lower reaches of the Thames , all aspects of the capital are described over the course of his body of work.
His writing style is florid and poetic, with a strong comic touch. His satires of British aristocratic snobbery—he calls one character the "Noble Refrigerator"—are often popular. Comparing orphans to stocks and shares, people to tug boats, or dinner-party guests to furniture are just some of Dickens's acclaimed flights of fancy. Many of his characters' names provide the reader with a hint as to the roles played in advancing the storyline, such as Mr. Murdstone in the novel David Copperfield, which is clearly a combination of "murder" and stony coldness. His literary style is also a mixture of fantasy and realism . Characters
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Dickens is famed for his depiction of the hardships of the working class, his intricate plots, and his sense of humour. But he is perhaps most famed for the characters he created. His novels were heralded early in his career for their ability to capture the everyday man and thus create characters to whom readers could relate. Beginning with The Pickwick Papers in 1836, Dickens wrote numerous novels, each uniquely filled with believable personalities and vivid physical descriptions. Dickens's friend and biographer, John Forster , said that Dickens made "characters real existences, not by describing them but by letting them describe themselves." [46]
Dickensian characters —especially their typically whimsical names—are among the most memorable in English literature. The likes of Ebenezer Scrooge , Tiny Tim , Jacob Marley , Bob Cratchit , Oliver Twist , The Artful Dodger , Fagin , Bill Sikes , Pip, Miss Havisham , Charles Darnay , David Copperfield , Mr. Micawber , Abel Magwitch , Daniel Quilp , Samuel Pickwick , Wackford Squeers , Uriah Heep and many others are so well known and can be believed to be living a life outside the novels that their stories have been continued by other authors. (Citation needed)
The author worked closely with his illustrators supplying them with a summary of the work at the outset and thus ensuring that his characters and settings were exactly how he envisioned them. [47] He would brief the illustrator on plans for each month's instalment so that work could begin before he wrote them. Marcus Stone , illustrator of Our Mutual Friend, recalled that the author was always "ready to describe down to the minutest details the personal characteristics, and ... life-history of the creations of his fancy." [32] This close working relationship is important to readers of Dickens today. The illustrations give us a glimpse of the characters as Dickens described them. Film makers still use the illustrations as a basis for characterisation, costume, and set design.
Often these characters were based on people he knew. In a few instances Dickens based the character too closely on the original, as in the case of Harold Skimpole in Bleak House, based on Leigh Hunt, and Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield, based on his wife's dwarf chiropodist. Indeed, the acquaintances made when reading a Dickens novel are not easily forgotten. The author, Virginia Woolf , maintained that "we remodel our psychological geography when we read Dickens" as he produces "characters who exist not in detail, not accurately or exactly, but abundantly in a cluster of wild yet extraordinarily revealing remarks." [48]
His work has been praised for its realism , mastery of prose, comic genius and unique personalities by writers such as George Gissing, Leo Tolstoy, and G.K. Chesterton ; though others, such as Henry James and Virginia Woolf , criticised it for sentimentality and implausibility. [49]
Autobiographical elements
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All authors might be said to incorporate autobiographical elements in their fiction, but with Dickens this is very noticeable, even though he took pains to mask what he considered his shameful, lowly past. David Copperfield is one of the most clearly autobiographical but the scenes from Bleak House of interminable court cases and legal arguments are drawn from the author's brief career as a court reporter. Dickens's own father was sent to prison for debt, and this became a common theme in many of his books, with the detailed depiction of life in the Marshalsea prison in Little Dorrit resulting from Dickens's own experiences of the institution. Childhood sweethearts in many of his books (such as Little Em'ly in David Copperfield) may have been based on Dickens's own childhood infatuation with Lucy Stroughill. [50] [51] Dickens may have drawn on his childhood experiences, but he was also ashamed of them and would not reveal that this was where he gathered his realistic accounts of squalor. Very few knew the details of his early life until six years after his death when John Forster published a biography on which Dickens had collaborated.
Episodic writing
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As noted above, most of Dickens's major novels were first written in monthly or weekly installments in journals such as Master Humphrey's Clock and Household Words , later reprinted in book form. These instalments made the stories cheap, accessible and the series of regular cliff-hangers made each new episode widely anticipated. American fans even waited at the docks in New York, shouting out to the crew of an incoming ship, "Is little Nell dead?" [52] [53] [54] Part of Dickens's great talent was to incorporate this episodic writing style but still end up with a coherent novel at the end. The monthly numbers were illustrated by, amongst others, " Phiz " (a pseudonym for Hablot Browne ). Among his best-known works are Great Expectations, David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, Bleak House, Nicholas Nickleby, The Pickwick Papers, and A Christmas Carol.
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Dickens's technique of writing in monthly or weekly instalments (depending on the work) can be understood by analysing his relationship with his illustrators . The several artists who filled this role were privy to the contents and intentions of Dickens's instalments before the general public. Thus, by reading these correspondences between author and illustrator, the intentions behind Dickens's work can be better understood. These also reveal how the interests of the reader and author do not coincide. A great example of that appears in the monthly novel Oliver Twist. At one point in this work, Dickens had Oliver become embroiled in a robbery. That particular monthly instalment concludes with young Oliver being shot. Readers expected that they would be forced to wait only a month to find out the outcome of that gunshot. In fact, Dickens did not reveal what became of young Oliver in the succeeding number. Rather, the reading public was forced to wait two months to discover if the boy lived.
Another important impact of Dickens's episodic writing style resulted from his exposure to the opinions of his readers. Since Dickens did not write the chapters very far ahead of their publication, he was allowed to witness the public reaction and alter the story depending on those public reactions. A fine example of this process can be seen in his weekly serial The Old Curiosity Shop, which is a chase story. In this novel, Nell and her grandfather are fleeing the villain Quilp. The progress of the novel follows the gradual success of that pursuit. As Dickens wrote and published the weekly instalments, his friend John Forster pointed out: "You know you're going to have to kill her, don't you?" Why this end was necessary can be explained by a brief analysis of the difference between the structure of a comedy versus a tragedy. In a comedy, the action covers a sequence "You think they're going to lose, you think they're going to lose, they win". In tragedy, it is: "You think they're going to win, you think they're going to win, they lose". The dramatic conclusion of the story is implicit throughout the novel. So, as Dickens wrote the novel in the form of a tragedy, the sad outcome of the novel was a foregone conclusion. If he had not caused his heroine to lose, he would not have completed his dramatic structure. Dickens admitted that his friend Forster was right and, in the end, Nell died. [55]
Social commentary
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Dickens's novels were, among other things, works of social commentary . He was a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian society. Dickens's second novel, Oliver Twist (1839), shocked readers with its images of poverty and crime and was responsible for the clearing of the actual London slum , Jacob's Island , that was the basis of the story. In addition, with the character of the tragic prostitute, Nancy , Dickens "humanised" such women for the reading public; women who were regarded as "unfortunates", inherently immoral casualties of the Victorian class/economic system. Bleak House and Little Dorrit elaborated expansive critiques of the Victorian institutional apparatus: the interminable lawsuits of the Court of Chancery that destroyed people's lives in Bleak House and a dual attack in Little Dorrit on inefficient, corrupt patent offices and unregulated market speculation .
Literary techniques
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Dickens is often described as using 'idealised' characters and highly sentimental scenes to contrast with his caricatures and the ugly social truths he reveals. The story of Nell Trent in The Old Curiosity Shop (1841) was received as incredibly moving by contemporary readers but viewed as ludicrously sentimental by Oscar Wilde . "You would need to have a heart of stone", he declared in one of his famous witticisms, "not to laugh at the death of little Nell." [56] (although her death actually takes place off-stage). In 1903 G.K. Chesterton said, "It is not the death of little Nell, but the life of little Nell, that I object to." [57]
In Oliver Twist Dickens provides readers with an idealised portrait of a boy so inherently and unrealistically 'good' that his values are never subverted by either brutal orphanages or coerced involvement in a gang of young pickpockets . While later novels also centre on idealised characters (Esther Summerson in Bleak House and Amy Dorrit in Little Dorrit), this idealism serves only to highlight Dickens's goal of poignant social commentary . Many of his novels are concerned with social realism, focusing on mechanisms of social control that direct people's lives (for instance, factory networks in Hard Times and hypocritical exclusionary class codes in Our Mutual Friend).(Citation needed)Dickens also employs incredible coincidences (e.g., Oliver Twist turns out to be the lost nephew of the upper class family that randomly rescues him from the dangers of the pickpocket group). Such coincidences are a staple of eighteenth century picaresque novels such as Henry Fielding's Tom Jones that Dickens enjoyed so much. But, to Dickens, these were not just plot devices but an index of the humanism that led him to believe that good wins out in the end and often in unexpected ways.(Citation needed)
Recognition
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Statue of Dickens by Francis Edwin Elwell (1858-1922) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Photo by Bruce Andersen. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons .
On 14 June 1870, Dickens was buried in Poets' Corner , Westminster Abbey . A small stone with a simple inscription marks his grave. [58]
Dickens's will stipulated that no memorial be erected to honour him. The only life-size bronze statue of Dickens, cast in 1891 by Francis Edwin Elwell , is located in Clark Park in the Spruce Hill neighbourhood of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in the United States. The couch on which he died is preserved at the Dickens Birthplace Museum in Portsmouth.
Legacy
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Dickens's novels proved immensely popular during his lifetime. His first full novel, The Pickwick Papers (1837), brought him immediate fame, and this success continued throughout his career. Although rarely departing greatly from his typical "Dickensian" method of always attempting to write a great "story" in a somewhat conventional manner (the dual narrators of Bleak House constitute a notable exception), he experimented with varied themes, characterisations, and genres . Some of these experiments achieved more popularity than others, and the public's taste and appreciation of his many works have varied over time. Usually keen to give his readers what they wanted, the monthly or weekly publication of his works in episodes meant that the books could change as the story proceeded at the whim of the public. Good examples of this are the American episodes in Martin Chuzzlewit which Dickens included in response to lower-than-normal sales of the earlier chapters.
Dickens continues to be one of the best known and most read of English authors, and his works have never gone out of print . [3] At least 180 motion pictures and TV adaptations based on Dickens's works help confirm his success. [59] Many of his works were adapted for the stage during his own lifetime and as early as 1913 a silent film of The Pickwick Papers was made. His characters were often so memorable that they took on a life of their own outside his books. Gamp became a slang expression for an umbrella from the character Mrs. Gamp and Pickwickian, Pecksniffian, and Gradgrind all entered dictionaries due to Dickens's original portraits of such characters who were quixotic , hypocritical, or emotionlessly logical. Sam Weller , the carefree and irreverent valet of The Pickwick Papers, was an early superstar, perhaps better known than his author at first.
It is likely that A Christmas Carol stands as his best-known story, with new adaptations almost every year. It is also the most-filmed of Dickens's stories, with many versions dating from the early years of cinema. This simple morality tale with both pathos and its theme of redemption, sums up (for many) the true meaning of Christmas . Indeed, it eclipses all other Yuletide stories in not only popularity, but in adding archetypal figures (Scrooge, Tiny Tim, the Christmas ghosts) to the Western cultural consciousness. A prominent phrase from the tale, 'Merry Christmas' , was popularised following the appearance of the story. [60] The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser, with 'Bah! Humbug!' dismissive of the festive spirit. [61] Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray called the book "a national benefit, and to every man and woman who reads it a personal kindness". [62] Some historians claim the book significantly redefined the "spirit" and importance of Christmas, [63] [64] and initiated a rebirth of seasonal merriment after Puritan authorities in 17th century England and America suppressed pagan rituals associated with the holiday. [65] According to the historian Ronald Hutton , the current state of the observance of Christmas is largely the result of a mid-Victorian revival of the holiday spearheaded by A Christmas Carol.
Dickens sought to construct Christmas as a family-centred festival of generosity, in contrast to the community-based and church-centred observations, the observance of which had dwindled during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. [66] Superimposing his secular vision of the holiday, Dickens influenced many aspects of Christmas that are celebrated today among Western nations, such as family gatherings, seasonal food and drink, dancing, games, and a festive generosity of spirit. [67] A Christmas Carol rejuvenated his career as a renowned author. A Tale of Two Cities is Dickens best selling novel. Since its inaugural publication in 1859, the novel has sold over 200 million copies , and is among the most famous works of fiction. [68]
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At a time when Britain was the major economic and political power of the world, Dickens highlighted the life of the forgotten poor and disadvantaged at the heart of empire . Through his journalism he campaigned on specific issues—such as sanitation and the workhouse —but his fiction probably demonstrated its greatest prowess in changing public opinion in regard to class inequalities. He often depicted the exploitation and repression of the poor and condemned the public officials and institutions that not only allowed such abuses to exist, but flourished as a result. His most strident indictment of this condition is in Hard Times (1854), Dickens's only novel-length treatment of the industrial working class. In this work, he uses both vitriol and satire to illustrate how this marginalised social stratum was termed "Hands" by the factory owners; that is, not really "people" but rather only appendages of the machines that they operated.
His writings inspired others, in particular journalists and political figures, to address such problems of class oppression. For example, the prison scenes in The Pickwick Papers are claimed to have been influential in having the Fleet Prison shut down. As Karl Marx said, Dickens, and the other novelists of Victorian England, "...issued to the world more political and social truths than have been uttered by all the professional politicians, publicists and moralists put together...". [69] The exceptional popularity of his novels, even those with socially oppositional themes (Bleak House, 1853; Little Dorrit, 1857; Our Mutual Friend, 1865) underscored not only his almost preternatural ability to create compelling storylines and unforgettable characters, but also ensured that the Victorian public confronted issues of social justice that had commonly been ignored.
His fiction, with often vivid descriptions of life in 19th-century England, has inaccurately and anachronistically come to symbolise on a global level Victorian society (1837 – 1901) as uniformly "Dickensian", when in fact, his novels' time span spanned from the 1770s to the 1860s. In the decade following his death in 1870, a more intense degree of socially and philosophically pessimistic perspectives invested British fiction; such themes stood in marked contrast to the religious faith that ultimately held together even the bleakest of Dickens's novels. Dickens clearly influenced later Victorian novelists such as Thomas Hardy and George Gissing ; their works display a greater willingness to confront and challenge the Victorian institution of religion. They also portray characters caught up by social forces (primarily via lower-class conditions), but they usually steered them to tragic ends beyond their control.
Novelists continue to be influenced by his books; for instance, such disparate current writers as Anne Rice , Tom Wolfe , and John Irving evidence direct Dickensian connections. Humorist James Finn Garner even wrote a tongue-in-cheek "politically correct" version of A Christmas Carol , and other affectionate parodies include the Radio 4 comedy Bleak Expectations . Matthew Pearl 's novel The Last Dickens is a thriller about how Charles Dickens would have ended The Mystery of Edwin Drood . In the UK survey entitled The Big Read carried out by the BBC in 2003, five of Dickens' books were named in the Top 100 , featuring alongside Terry Pratchett with the most. [70]
Although Dickens's life has been the subject of at least two TV miniseries, a television film The Great Inimitable Mr. Dickens in which he was portrayed by Anthony Hopkins , and two famous one-man shows , he has never been the subject of a Hollywood big screen biography. [71]
Adaptations of readings
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There have been several performances of Dickens readings by Emlyn Williams , Bransby Williams, Clive Francis performing the John Mortimer adaptation of A Christmas Carol and also Simon Callow in the Mystery of Charles Dickens by Peter Ackroyd . Entertainer Mike Randall re-enacts Dickens's readings (in character as Dickens) for a series of shows known as "Charles Dickens Presents A Christmas Carol," primarily in his home region in Western New York .
Museums and festivals
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There are museums and festivals celebrating Dickens's life and works in many of the towns with which he was associated.
The Charles Dickens Museum , in Doughty Street, Holborn is the only one of Dickens's London homes to survive. He lived there only two years but in that time wrote The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby. It contains a major collection of manuscripts, original furniture and memorabilia.
Charles Dickens Birthplace Museum in Portsmouth is the house in which Dickens was born. It has been re-furnished in the likely style of 1812 and contains Dickens memorabilia.
The Dickens House Museum in Broadstairs , Kent is the house of Miss Mary Pearson Strong, the basis for Miss Betsey Trotwood in David Copperfield. It is visible across the bay from the original Bleak House (also a museum until 2005) where David Copperfield was written. The museum contains memorabilia, general Victoriana and some of Dickens's letters. Broadstairs has held a Dickens Festival annually since 1937.
The Charles Dickens Centre in Eastgate House, Rochester , closed in 2004, but the garden containing the author's Swiss chalet is still open. The 16th century house, which appeared as Westgate House in The Pickwick Papers and the Nun's House in Edwin Drood, is now used as a wedding venue. [72] The city's annual Dickens Festival (summer) and Dickensian Christmas celebrations continue unaffected. Summer Dickens is held at the end of May or in the first few days of June, it commences with an invitation only ball on the Thursday and then continues with street entertainment, and many costumed characters, on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday. Christmas Dickens is the first weekend in December- Saturday and Sunday only.
Dickens World themed attraction, covering Template:Convert/sqft , and including a cinema and restaurants, opened in Chatham on 25 May 2007. [73] It stands on a small part of the site of the former naval dockyard where Dickens's father had once worked in the Navy Pay Office.
Dickens festivals are also held across the world. Four notable festvials in the United States are:
The Riverside Dickens Festival in Riverside , California, includes literary studies as well as entertainments.
The Great Dickens Christmas Fair has been held in San Francisco, California, since the 1970s. During the four or five weekends before Christmas, over 500 costumed performers mingle with and entertain thousands of visitors amidst the recreated full-scale blocks of Dickensian London in over Template:Convert/sqft of public area. This is the oldest, largest, and most successful of the modern Dickens festivals outside England. Many (including the Martin Harris who acts in the Rochester festival and flies out from London to play Scrooge every year in SF) say it is the most impressive in the world. [74]
Dickens on The Strand in Galveston , Texas, is a holiday festival held on the first weekend in December since 1974, where bobbies, Beefeaters and the "Queen" herself are on hand to recreate the Victorian London of Charles Dickens. Many festival volunteers and attendees dress in Victorian attire and bring the world of Dickens to life.
The Greater Port Jefferson-Northern Brookhaven Arts Council [75] holds a Dickens Festival in the Village of Port Jefferson , New York each year. In 2009, the Dickens Festival was 4 December, 5 December and 6 December. It includes many events, along with a troupe of street performers who bring an authentic Dickensian atmosphere to the town.
Other memorials
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Charles Dickens was commemorated on the Series E £10 note issued by the Bank of England which was in circulation in the UK between 1992 and 2003. Dickens appeared on the reverse of the note accompanied by a scene from The Pickwick Papers. [76]
Allegations of anti-Semitism and racism
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Paul Vallely writes in The Independent that Dickens's Fagin in Oliver Twist — the Jew who runs a school in London for child pickpockets — is widely seen as one of the most grotesque Jews in English literature, and the most vivid of Dickens's 989 characters. [77]
The mud lay thick upon the stones, and a black mist hung over the streets; the rain fell sluggishly down, and everything felt cold and clammy to the touch. It seemed just the night when it befitted such a being as the Jew to be abroad. As he glided stealthily along, creeping beneath the shelter of the walls and doorways, the hideous old man seemed like some loathsome reptile, engendered in the slime and darkness through which he moved, crawling forth by night in search of some rich offal for a meal. [78]
The character is thought to have been partly based on Ikey Solomon , a 19th-century Jewish criminal in London, who was interviewed by Dickens during the latter's time as a journalist. [79] Nadia Valdman, who writes about the portrayal of Jews in literature, argues that Fagin's representation was drawn from the image of the Jew as inherently evil, that the imagery associated him with the Devil, and with beasts. [80]
The novel refers to Fagin 257 times in the first 38 chapters as "the Jew", while the ethnicity or religion of the other characters is not mentioned. [77] In 1854, the Jewish Chronicle asked why "Jews alone should be excluded from the 'sympathizing heart' of this great author and powerful friend of the oppressed." Eliza Davis, whose husband had purchased Dickens's home in 1860 when he had put it up for sale, wrote to Dickens in protest at his portrayal of Fagin, arguing that he had "encouraged a vile prejudice against the despised Hebrew", and that he had done a great wrong to the Jewish people. Dickens had described her husband at the time of the sale as a "Jewish moneylender", though also someone he came to know as an honest gentleman.
Dickens took her complaint seriously. He halted the printing of Oliver Twist, and changed the text for the parts of the book that had not been set, which is why Fagin is called "the Jew" 257 times in the first 38 chapters, but barely at all in the next 179 references to him. In his next novel, Our Mutual Friend, he created the character of Riah (meaning "friend" in Hebrew), whose goodness, Vallely writes, is almost as complete as Fagin's evil. Riah says in the novel: "Men say, 'This is a bad Greek, but there are good Greeks. This is a bad Turk, but there are good Turks.' Not so with the Jews ... they take the worst of us as samples of the best ..." Davis sent Dickens a copy of the Hebrew bible in gratitude. [77]
His views on the Inuit are detailed in the Franklin incident above. Dickens's attitudes towards blacks were also complex; Although he fiercely opposed the inhumanity of slavery in the United States, and expressed a desire for African American emancipation. In American Notes, he includes a comic episode with a black coach driver, presenting a grotesque description focused on the man's dark complexion and way of movement, which to Dickens amounts to an "insane imitation of an English coachman". [81] In 1868, alluding to the then poor intellectual condition of the black population in America, Dickens railed against "the mechanical absurdity of giving these people votes", which "at any rate at present, would glare out of every roll of their eyes, chuckle in their mouths, and bump in their heads." [81]
In The Perils of Certain English Prisoners Dickens offers an allegory of the Indian Mutiny , where the "native Sambo ", a perverted paradigm of the Indian mutineers, [82] is a "double-dyed traitor, and a most infernal villain" who takes part in a massacre of women and children, in an allusion to the Cawnpore Massacre . [83] Dickens was much incensed by the massacre, in which over a hundred English prisoners, most of them women and children, were killed, and on 4 October 1857 wrote in a private letter to Baroness Burdett-Coutts : "I wish I were the Commander in Chief in India. ... I should do my utmost to exterminate the Race upon whom the stain of the late cruelties rested ... proceeding, with all convenient dispatch and merciful swiftness of execution, to blot it out of mankind and raze it off the face of the earth." [84] [85]
Perils greatly influenced the cultural reaction from English writers to the mutiny, by attributing guilt so as to portray the British as victims, and the Indians as villains. [82] Wilkie Collins , who co-wrote Perils, deviates from Dickens's extremism, writing the second chapter from a less biased point of view which, quoting poet Jaya Mehta, was "parodying British racism, instead of promoting it". [86] Contemporary literary critic Arthur Quiller-Couch praised Dickens for eschewing any real-life depiction of the incident, for fear of inflaming his "raging mad" readership further, in favour of a romantic story "empty of racial or propagandist hatred". [87] A modern inference is that it was his son's position in India, there on military service, at the mercy of inept imperial leaders who misunderstood conquered people, that may have influenced his reluctance to set Perils in India, for fear that his criticism may antagonise the son's superiors. [88]
Publications
Main article: Charles Dickens bibliography
Charles Dickens published over a dozen major novels, a large number of short stories (including a number of Christmas-themed stories), a handful of plays, and several non-fiction books. Dickens's novels were initially serialised in weekly and monthly magazines, then reprinted in standard book formats.
Poetry
Pictures from Italy . London: Bradbury & Evans, 1846
republished as Travelling Letters Written on the Road. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1846.
A Child's History of England (3 volumes), London: Bradbury & Evans, 1852-1854; (1 volume), Boston: Jenks, Hickling & Swan, 1854.
The Uncommercial Traveller .(London: Chapman & Hall, 1861; New York: Sheldon, 1865.
The Life of Our Lord. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1934.
The Speeches of Charles Dickens (edited by K.J. Fielding). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1960.
Uncollected Writings from Household Words, 1850-1859 (2 volumes). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press , 1968; London: Allen Lane, 1969).
Charles Dickens' Book of Memoranda: A Photographic and Typographic Facsimile of the Notebook Begun in January 1855 (transcribed and annotated by Fred Kaplan). New York: New York Public Library; Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, 1981.
Collected editions
Cheap Edition of the Works of Mr. Charles Dickens. (12 volumes), London: Chapman & Hall, 1847-1852; (3 volumes), London: Bradbury & Evans, 1858).
The Charles Dickens Edition (21 volumes). London: Chapman & Hall, 1867-1875.
The Works (21 volumes). London: Macmillan , 1892-1925.
The Works of Charles Dickens, Gadshill Edition (36 volumes). London: Chapman & Hall; New York: Scribners, 1897-1908.
The Works of Charles Dickens, The Nonesuch Edition (edited by Arthur Waugh and others, 23 volumes). London: Nonesuch Press, 1937-1938.
The New Oxford Illustrated Dickens (21 volumes). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947-1958.
The Clarendon Dickens (edited by Kathleen Tillotson and others, 6 volumes). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966-2002). [91]
Letters
Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert, " Becoming Dickens 'The Invention of a Novelist '", London: Harvard University Press , 2011
Drabble, Margaret (ed.), The Oxford Companion to English Literature, (1997), Oxford University Press
Glavin, John. (ed.) Dickens on Screen,(2003), New York: Cambridge University Press .
Johnson, Edgar, Charles Dickens: his tragedy and triumph, New York : Simon and Schuster, 1952. In two volumes.
Kaplan, Fred. Dickens: A Biography William Morros, 1988
Lewis, Peter R. Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847, Tempus (2007) for a discussion of the Staplehurst accident, and its influence on Dickens.
Meckier, Jerome. Innocent Abroad: Charles Dickens' American Engagements University Press of Kentucky , 1990
Moss, Sidney P. Charles Dickens' Quarrel with America (New York: Whitson, 1984).
Patten, Robert L. (ed.) The Pickwick Papers (Introduction), (1978), Penguin Books.
Slater, Michael. "Dickens, Charles John Huffam (1812 – 1870)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press, Sept 2004
Slater, Michael. Charles Dickens: A Life Defined by Writing, 2009 New Haven/London: Yale University Press ISBN 978-0-300-11207-8 [1]
Notes
| i don't know |
Who killed John F Kennedy? | Who killed John F. Kennedy?
Who killed John F. Kennedy?
Tuesday, March 10, 2009
Johnson, Bush and Nixon involved in John F. Kennedy's murder.
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If you still believe that Oswald was the lone assassin who killed Kennedy, you are greatly mistaken. If I told you who really killed Kennedy, you would probably never believe it. Though much of the evidence has been destroyed over the years, and more than 74 people who knew about the conspiracy have been murdered to keep them quiet, but yet the evidence that still remains is overwhelming.
Dorothy Kilgallen a famous writer and Editorialist of numerous political columns, had just completed a lengthy interview with Jack Ruby in prison, and had told some of her friends privately that she had uncovered information about the JFK assassination that would "blow the case wide open." Days later she was discovered dead in her apartment, and the manuscript that she had been working on was gone.
J. Edger Hoover said: "The individual is handicapped by coming face to face with a conspiracy so Monstrous, he cannot believe it exists."
"If the people knew what we had done, they would chase us down the street and lynch us."
George H.W. Bush.
It was George Bush Sr. and all of his Nazi Illuminati buddies in the CIA, together with the help of the Italian Mafia that killed Kennedy. But they received their orders from the masterminds behind the conspiracy, which included George H. W. Bush, Nixon and Johnson. LBJ told both his mistress and his ex-wife about the assassination, the night before Kennedy was killed.
After JFK’s assassination Mrs. Kennedy refused to remove her bloodstained clothing, and regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands. As she stood next to Johnson on board the plane when he took the oath of office as President. She said, "I want them to see what they have done to Jack."
Jackie Kennedy believed LBJ was involved in her husbands murder. Jackie Kennedy, who died in 1994, states in her oral history recordings – that she made after the assassination – that it's very clear to her that others were involved; including President Lyndon Johnson. And now 17 years after Jackie's death, her daughter Caroline has decided to release her mothers tapes to ABC News in 2011 from the Kennedy family volt, and the ABC executives have confirmed that the revelations in these tapes are "explosive."
Johnson had called Federal Judge Sarah T Hughes to come to the airport to administer the oath of office which he wanted to take before leaving Dallas. When Judge Hughes finally arrived on air-force 1, she said to Johnson, "Mr. President, I'm really sorry but I could not find a copy of the Swearing in Ceremony." And Johnson looked around at the people gathered there and said, "If any of you say anything about this I'll call you a liar." And he reached into his pocket and pulled out a copy of the Swearing in Ceremony. So while they were standing there and Judge Hughes was reading it and preparing to give the oath of office; Johnson turns and looks back a Albert Thomson and Thomson gives him a wink, and Johnson smiles.
Evelyn Lincoln President Kennedy's Secretary said this in 1994, "As far as the assassination is concerned it is my belief that there was a conspiracy because there were those that disliked him and felt the only way to get rid of him was to assassinate him. These five conspirators, in my opinion, were Lyndon B. Johnson, J.Edgar Hover, The Mafia, the CIA and the Cubans in Florida."
This is a picture of Robert Kennedy smashing his fist into one of the White House pillars when he said to Johnson: "Why did you have my brother killed?
Robert Kennedy also suspected the CIA and the Cubans, asking both CIA director John McCone and his Cuban friend Enrique “Harry” Ruiz Williams if their people were responsible for his brother’s murder. RFK said: “One of your guys did it.”
Haynes Johnson a reporter, says that he was in the room with Robert Kennedy on the afternoon of his brothers murder, and he heard him blame the assassination on the CIA and their Anti-Castro Cubans.
Robert Kennedy was the Attorney General of the United States and a expert at investigating and solving crimes, along with the presidents widow, Jacqueline Kennedy, both sent a friend of the family named William Walton to Moscow to tell Premiere Khrushchev and the Kremlin that they did not blame the Russians.
And then the Soviet Union did a thorough investigation to find out who really was responsible for JFK's assassination. And after 21 months they determined that it was Lyndon B Johnson who arranged for Kennedy's murder. In September of 1965 the KGB informed its staff in New York City that LBJ had killed Kennedy. And J. Edger Hoover who had previously wired taped the Russian embassy, discovered that the Russians knew all about Johnson and their successful "coup d'état." And Hoover ended up writing an official report, which was distributed to the heads of the FBI, and to President Johnson saying: "Our source added that in the instructions from Moscow, it was indicated that "now" the KGB was in possession of data purporting to indicate President Johnson was responsible for the assassination of the late President John F. Kennedy."
"THE MEN WHO KILLED KENNEDY."
The History Channel had made a 9 part series called "THE MEN WHO KILLED KENNEDY." And the last segment was called "THE GUILTY MEN,"and the History Channel aired this very popular segment a few times, which detailed, LBJ's, the CIA's, Mafia, and the Cuban connection, but because of pressure from the government, they had to take it off the air. But you can still watch this program on YouTube.
Shortly before Kennedy was assassinated, he announced that he was going to bring home half of the American solders from Vietnam by Christmas, and the remainder by 1965. He also called off the invasion of Cuba, and canceled 70 billion dollars in military contracts. He felt that he had been deceived by the CIA, who were secretly conducting covert actions against Cuba; and trying to assassinate Castro which nearly started a nuclear War with Russia. Kennedy realized that the CIA possessed entirely too much power and was placing our nation in grave danger acting on their own without the consent or authority of either the president or congress.
In early 1961, Allen Dulles came to Kennedy with a plan to first-strike the Russians with nukes; it would have killed millions of innocent civilians. JFK walked out of the meeting. Then he warned Dulles he would not commit troops to support the Bay of Pigs. Dulles thought he could force JFK to commit once he had boots on the ground. JFK wouldn't back down, the invasion failed, and he fired Dulles as head of the CIA, saying he would : "smash the CIA into 1,000 pieces and scatter it to the winds."
The New York Times recently published an article about a 600-page report that revealed new evidence that numerous Nazi war criminals, and notorious mass murders, had been secretly working for the CIA for over thirty years. Present Kennedy also ordered the CIA to stop smuggling and selling drugs to the American people, to finance their gun running, assassinations, wars, and covert operations, and he sent the FBI to locate the camps and to shut them down.
John Kennedy had a trusted friend Arthur Krock who would write articles for him in the New York Times. On October 3, 1963 in an article titled “The Intra-Administration War in Vietnam.” President Kennedy stated that “Twice the CIA flatly refused to carry out the Presidents orders, because the agency disagreed with him.” Kennedy “likened” the CIA’S growth to a malignancy, which he was not sure even the White House could control any longer. " The agency "represents a tremendous power and total unaccountability to anyone." Kennedy went on to say that, “If the United States ever experiences an attempt at a coup d' etat to overthrow the Government, it will come from the CIA.” John Kennedy tried to worn the American People of the hidden power that controls our government, and a month later they blew his brains out into a thousand pieces, and scattered them to the winds.
In June 1961, John F. Kennedy signed National Security Action Memorandum 55 which stated that all clandestine operations by any agency would come under the control of the joint Chiefs of Staff, and thus under the control of the President.
The final straw for the military came on October 11, 1963 when President John F. Kennedy signed the national security Memorandum no. 263, which ordered half the American advisers home from Vietnam by December 25, 1963, and that the remainder of the U.S. military be withdrawn by 1965.
On October 30, 1963, North Vietnamese Catholic president Ngo Dinh Diem was assassinated with his brother and sister-in-law by a military junta who took power with full support of the CIA. Senator George Smathers remembers Kennedy’s reaction when hearing about Diem’s overthrow and death: “I’ve got to do something about those bastards… they should be stripped of their exorbitant power.” He was talking, of course, about the CIA. Instead, he was himself deprived of his life three weeks later.
Just 4 days after Kennedy was murdered, the day after Kennedy's funeral on November 26, 1963, Lyndon Johnson signed national security resolution no. 273, which completely reversed Kennedy's plan for a withdrawal from Vietnam, and committed the U.S. to a War in Vietnam. The most bazaar part of this story is that the Document that Johnson signed was drafted on Nov 21, 1963, the day before Kennedy was assassinated. Johnson subsequently increased troops from Kennedy's 16,000 to 550,000 in the next five years.
Although Johnson always tried to portray himself publicly as being JFK's right hand man, he fought Kennedy behind the scenes according to Evelyn Lincoln, Kennedy's secretary. He sided against Kennedy, and with the military chiefs, on Berlin, Cuba and Vietnam.
Johnson was against practically everything on President Kennedy's legislative agenda. INCLUDING Civil Rights legislation throughout JFK's presidency, always cautioning Kennedy saying: "The timing is not right you have to wait until the time is right."
Johnson was even against selling surplus wheat to the Soviet Union, as they suffered through a drought that had decimated their own supply; JFK told Arthur Schlesinger on 10/11/63. "The vice president thinks that this is the worst foreign policy mistake we have made in this administration."
GETTING RID OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE
During the campaign for President Joe Kennedy had told De West Hooker that one of the long-term aims of the Kennedy dynasty would be the destruction of what Joe Kennedy referred to as "the Rothschild dominated Federal Reserve." John F. Kennedy had already taken steps to get rid of the Federal Reserve, by printing 50 billion dollars in silver certificates, which were interest free. He planed to use this money to pay off the national debt and to free the American people from the control of the Illuminati Banksters. If the U.S Government would print its own money interest free like the Constitution says they should be doing, the national debt would be zero, and all taxes could be eliminated. The average American would have twice as much money to live on. If our government would print their own money interest free, like President Andrew Jackson, President Abraham Lincoln, and President John F. Kennedy, have done in the past, the national debt would no longer be an issue, and taxes would be gone, and the average American could have very little, if any, debt. History shows President Kennedy was assassinated within a few months of issuing silver backed interest free United States Notes.
John F. Kennedy said this: "One day after I am long gone, you will remember me and say, we should have stopped the nuclear program of Israel, abolished the Federal Reserve and kicked all secret societies, occultists, usurpers and Zionists out of our wonderful country, to keep it that way, but it is never too late, just remember that."
I think it’s pretty obvious, with all the information that we have today that the Kennedy assassination was a planed conspiracy, and the mechanism of it came out of the allegiance between the Banksters, the Military industrial complex, the CIA, the web of Cuban exiles, and the Mafia. They already had an assassination apparatus set up for killing Castro, they just decided to switch their targets and kill Kennedy instead.”
Upon his death, President Johnson immediately expanded the war in Vietnam and replaced the United States interest free Notes with worthless Federal Reserve Notes. And Two Million Six Hundred thousand American men ended up fighting during the 10 years that our troops were in Viet Nam, and 58,000 men died and three times that many were wounded. And the U.S Government spent 570 billion dollars on the War which put our country deeper in debt to the Banks. And more bombs were dropped on Viet Nam than all the bombs dropped during World War II, killing millions of innocent civilians in the process.
If President Kennedy had lived and continued printing United States silver certificates interest free, the trillions of dollars in taxes that we are now paying to the Federal Reserve Banksters every years, which is a crown corporation owned by the Bank of England, which is owned by the Bank of Rome, just to pay the interest on the money that our government has borrowed, would have remained in the hands of the American people.
General Eisenhower said in his speech: “Beware of the Military Industrial Complex." When John F. Kennedy threatened to cancel their war with Cuba, and to get all of our soldiers out of Viet Nam by 1965, you can bet that he became their number one target. In a speech three weeks before he was murdered, John F. Kennedy asked the American people for their help! Because he knew that he could not beat this secrete society of Corporate demons on his own.
Kennedy had also told some of his close friends that Lyndon Johnson would not be on the ticket as his running mate in the 1964 presidential elections, and this would have destroyed Lyndon Johnson’s chances of ever becoming President. By promising to do all these things, Kennedy literally had signed his own "Death Warrant."
GEORGE BUSH SR. SENDS THREE TEAMS OF ASSASSINS TO KILL KENNEDY
George Bush Sr. at the time was the head of the CIA invasion of Cuba, and he sent three teams of assassins to Miami and from there they drove to Dallas. They had originally planned to kill Kennedy during his visit to Miami on the 18th of November, 4 days earlier, but the plan was discovered by the local FBI, and they decided to change the parade route at the last minute, which foiled their first attempt.
During Nixon's 1960 presidential campaign against Kennedy, he flew to South Vietnam to assure the French government that if they pulled out of Vietnam, the U.S. would step in to protect the drug trade from the Golden Triangle
Kennedy wanted to pull the America advisers out of the Vietnam, and call off the invasion of Cuba. But the huge profits that the CIA and the Mafia were making from their illegal drug trafficking with the Golden Triangle in Vietnam, along with the huge profits to be made from supplying guns, ammunition and supplies to both sides of these conflicts, was not something that the CIA, the Corporate Banksters, and the Military Industrial complex was willing to give up.
Before Castro put an end to the drug trafficking in Cuba, the Mafia was making $100 million dollars a year smuggling drugs through Havana into the United States. But this was only the tip of the iceberg; this does not include all huge sums of money they were making from their large shipments of drugs from Havana to other destinations all over the world.
In 1959 Castro’s revolution closed all the casinos and kicked the Mafia out of the country putting a stop to the drug trade between Cuba and Miami, and all of the mobs money and gold that they had storied in the Havana Bank was confiscated. Several U.S. corporations ended up losing their factories and billions of dollars in farm land, slave labor, and sugar plantations, along with the Mafia’s casinos, prostitution and drug trade. They immediately sought help from Vice-President Nixon, and all their political buddies in the White house and CIA, to help them to get rid of Castro.
Nixon began working secretly with George Bush who was one of the heads of the CIA operation, to try to assassinate Castro. His father Prescott Bush owned large Oil, Sugar and Coffee slave labor Plantations and Rum distilleries in Cuba, which was part of his wife’s (Dorthy Walker's) inheritance from her families West Indies Spice Company. It was the Walker side of the family who had initially help fund George Herbert Walker Bush’s Zapata Oil Corporation in 1954. So when the Bush’s and Walker’s had lost a small fortune as a result of Fidel Castro’s nationalization of their Sugar, Oil and Rum Companies, young George was determined to do any thing he could to help his family get their fortunes back.
During Nixon’s campaign for President against John F. Kennedy, Nixon promised to authorize the invasion of Cuba to remove Castro from power as soon as he became President. In exchange he received large campaign contributions from Coca Cola, Pepsi, Ford Motor Co., Standard Oil (Prescott Bush) and from the Mafia casino and drug dealers. Now you can begin to see why so many people, the Banksters, CIA, the Mafia, Johnson, Nixon, and the Bush’s wanted the Kennedy’s dead. The billions they were making by keeping these conflicts going in Cuba and Vietnam was phenomenal.
KENNEDY KILLED IN A CROSSFIRE
Every rifle when it’s fired has it’s own distinct sound. The sound recordings of all the bullet’s fired in Dealey Plaza the day President Kennedy was assassinated, prove without a shadow of a doubt that there were three different rifles each firing 2 or 3 shots, from three different directions at the some time. Jackie Kennedy testified before the Warren Commission, that she had crawled on to the back of the car to retrieve a piece of the president’s skull. And that she had put the piece back on his head, and pulled his hair back down over it; and held his head on her lap as they rushed to the hospital. Her testimony was stricken from the warren report, because it proved with out a shadow of a doubt, that the fatal shot came from the front, and that there was more than one shooter.
Bobby Harkiss (Motorcycle Policeman riding left rear of JFK said): "When I turned back to look, that's when the President was shot in the face." ...
He also testified that blood and bone fragments splattered all over the back of the car, and landed on his face, uniform and motorcycle.
Two of the Police officers got off of their motorcycles and ran up the hill towards the fence behind the grassy knoll. As Dallas police officer Joe Marshal rushed up the grassy knoll he could smell the gun power, which he later reported to the Warren Commission. When he encountered a man in the parking lot behind the fence he pulled his pistol and the man quickly showed him his ID, saying that he was a secret service agent. They then spotted two men running across the rail road yard and chased after them, but they lost them.
If you look closely at this picture, which was taken by the woman in the dark coat with a still camera about a second after Kennedy was shot in the temple above his right eye, you can see the large hole in back of JFK’s head.
A PIECE OF HIS SKULL
During the Camelot Interview with Jackie Kennedy a week later, she told a reporter that she wasn’t trying to escape from the car, as people had said. That she had climbed on the back of the car to get a piece of the Presidents skull.
"And just as I turned and looked at him, I could see a piece of his skull and I remember it was flesh colored. I remember thinking he just looked as if he had a slight headache. And I just remember seeing that. No blood or anything."
" I was trying to hold his hair on. From the front there was nothing --- I suppose there must have been. But from the back you could see, you know, you were trying to hold his hair on, and his skull on."
SECRET SERVICE AGENT CLINT HILL
The Secret Service Agent Clint Hill, seen in films and photos in Dealey Plaza climbing onto the rear of the limousine, stated in his Warren Commission testimony.
"Between the time I originally grabbed the handhold and until I was up on the car, Mrs. Kennedy--the second noise that I heard had removed a portion of the President's head, and he had slumped noticeably to his left. Mrs. Kennedy had jumped up from the seat and was, it appeared to me, reaching for something coming off the right rear bumper of the car, the right rear tail, when she noticed that I was trying to climb on the car."
Clint Hill was ridding on the sideboard of the follow up car when he heard the first shots. He then ran to jump on to the back of the limousine as the President received the fatal shot to the head, and Jackie was climbing on to the trunk of the car. Clint helped Mrs. Kennedy retrieve a piece of the President’s skull and to climb back into the car. As he did the President’s body fell to the left and into her lap, and Clint could see a big hole in the back of the President’s head and down into his brain, and his eyes were fixed. He pushed Mrs. Kennedy down into the seat, and as he was laying cross both her and JFK’s body, he was peering into a massive, fist-sized hole in the back of the Presidents head, and gave his colleagues a “thumbs down”, as the limousine went under the Triple Underpass. Mrs. Kennedy tried to hold a piece of the President’s skull and a flap of his hair on to his head as they rushed to the Hospital.
Agent Hill later testified: "The right rear portion of his head was missing. It was lying in the rear seat of the car. His brain was exposed. There was blood and bits of brain all over the entire rear portion of the car."
"Mrs. Kennedy was completely covered with blood. There was so much blood you could not tell if there had been any other wound or not, except for the one large gaping wound in the right rear portion of the head."
If the shot had come from the six floor of the School book Depository, Mrs. Kennedy would have been trying to retrieve pieces of the Presidents skull off the front seat of the car instead of the back of the limousine. Part of JFK’s skull that was identified as coming from the back of Kennedy's head, was found in the grass with tiny metal bullet fragments embedded in it, 35 feet to the rear and left of where Kennedy was hit, indicating that the shot came from the right-front. It is not difficult to figure out how a hollow point bullet being fired from the grassy knoll would cause the Presidents head to explode precisely the way it did.
THE ZAPRUDER FILM
The Zapruder film that you see today on the Internet is not the original film. The blob and the blood spray you see coming out of the side of Kennedy’s head was painted in to create the illusion that the fatal bullet shot came from the rear and exited on the right front side of Kennedy’s head. And the hole in the back of JFK's head was painted over on the 35mm film to cover up the real exit wound. But they missed touching up some of the frames especially frame 337 where Jacky is looking down into the hole in the President's head, and you can clearly see the back part of Kennedy's skull is missing.
The Zapruder film was shot at 18 frames per second. The painted on image of the blob and blood spray on the side of Kennedy’s head was on only one frame, which is 1/18th of a second in duration. There should have been at the very least 18 frames of film showing the head blast. It is so obvious that the Zapruder film WAS altered, before it was released to the general public.
Rose Mary Willis the little girl who is seen across the street running toward the President’s car said, that she was looking at President Kennedy at the moment he was shot, and a pink hallow of brain matter exploded from the back of his head and went up into the air for a second and then sunk and disappeared which should have been at least 12 to 18 frames; but in the altered Zapruder film you see it for just one frame.
Frames were cut out of the film to hide the tree bullet holes in the Stemon's freeway sign, and the back ground was cut at the grass line above the curb and blown up to 130%, so that frames could be spliced out and the film re-timed to hide the fact that the car had come to a complete stop for 2 seconds, between the two yellow strips which had been painted on the curb, marking the exact location where the president was to be executed in a crossfire. These yellow strips which had been just freshly painted on the curb that morning, proves to me without a shadow of a doubt that this was a carefully planned assassination involving several conspirators. Beverly Oliver known as the "Babushka Lady" was gazing through the lens of her new movie camera tacking pictures of the presidents car as it passed by, and she accidentally stepped on the yellow stripe on the curb and got yellow paint on her new black shoes, which she kept to this very day.
One of the workers inside the National Archives released a copy of the full Zapruder film which has all the frames which were cut out, and it shows the three bullets passing through the Stemmons Freeway sign, and the limo coming to a complete stop. Several men were firing at the President simultaneously from several directions and some were using silencers on their high power rifles, so that the shots would not be heard.
Those who have seen the real Zapruder film say that it is a much better professional grade film, with much greater color quality. The film starts with the limousine on Huston St. as it approaches the turn on to Elm St. At this point William Greer the driver of the limo had great difficulty maneuvering the 110 degree turn on to Elm St.
When he finally gets control of the car and back into the center lane, it was at this point that the first gun shots were heard, and there was a lot of activity on the right hand side on the curb. The first thing you notice was the guy that they call the umbrella man was furiously pumping his umbrella up and down and there was a lot of movement; he wasn’t just standing still holding an open umbrella as we have been told by other researchers.
Standing next to the umbrella man was an individual that for many years was called the accomplice, and in later years they called him the Cuban because he had a dark complexion and was wearing a cap, and in his jacket you can see that he was carrying a radio device (walky-talky), and he was shacking his fist in the air trying to get the attention of Greer. In fact as the limo approached he was standing in the street, and he was waving his arms and finally signaled the driver with a closed fist, and in the Air Force the closed fist is the infantry mans signal to stop! And it is quit apparent that when Greer saw the guy he did exactly that; He stopped on a dime right there, and he stopped with such suddenness that it shook the occupants of the limo, and they were all thrown forward as the limo came to a complete stop. At that moment Greer turns around and looks at JFK, and as he stairs at JFK in the face then you see JFK’S head explode from the hollow point bullet, at this point Greer turns back around and he proceeds to get out of Dealey Plaza.
Jackie Kennedy gave her close up, first hand, eye witness testimony of exactly what she saw happen to her husband that day, to author Arthur Schlesinger. She said:
"On the day Jack was murdered, I happen to be looking at the large green Stemon's freeway sign, as we were passing the grassy knoll."
I saw a chunk of the green wooden sign suddenly shatter outwards and fly towards Jack and me. Then Jack was hit in the throat.
I reached out for him. As I did, he was shot in the right side of his head. Just above his right eye. It was horrible.
I saw the right side of his head fly onto the back of the car. I leaned back and reached for it. I just wanted to put Jack back together. It was just an instinctual response."
"In hind sight, I guess that was the first bullet smashing thru the freeway sign that hit Jack in the throat."
I heard 5 shots fired at Jack from behind the freeway sign.
I can still hear those 5 shots in my dreams. All the shots seem to come from behind the freeway sign." ---Jackie Kennedy.
The sign mysteriously disappeared from Dealey Plaza shortly after the assassination, and virtually nothing was known about the circumstances and exact timing of the signs removal.
TWO ENTRANCE WOUNDS FROM THE FRONT
Over 30 medical personnel and doctors that worked on JFK that day agree that he had two entrance wounds from the front, and a large exit wound in the rear of JFK’s head. There was a small 5mm (3/8"in) bullet hole in the front neck, just below Kennedy's adams-apple when he arrived at the hospital, which they cut to make larger to insert a tub in JFK’ throat to try to get him breathing again.
An entry wound to the throat means that the shoot came from the front. The magic bullet, which supposedly struck the President in the back and went out his throat and hit Connally several times, was at the height of the top of the shoulder and the bullet hole on his back was about 6 inches BELOW the neck wound, and was on a 45-degree angle DOWNWARD. This means that it could not have been the entrance wound of the bullet that caused the wound to JFK’s throat, but it was an exit wound. Why were the holes in the back of Kennedy's suit jacket and shirt lower than the hole in Kennedy's throat? It is impossible for a bullet coming down from such a steep angle of the sixth floor of the School Book Depository to have entered 6 inches below the shoulder and emerged several inches higher, from the front of JFK’s throat.
There was a lot more blood on the back of JFK's shirt than on the front; which is evidence that the bullet exited from the rear. And the hole in the back of President Kennedy's shirt and suit jacket were much lower than the Warren Commission tried to fool the American people into believing.
The autopsy report states:"a second wound occurred in the posterior back at about the level of the third thoracic vertebra."
The Death Certificate also says that the bullet hole in the President's back was at the level of the third thoracic vertebra, which is 6" lower than the throat. This location coincides with the holes that the bullet made in the President's shirt and suit jacket. The Warren Commission could not have fooled the world into believing that Oswald shot the President from the 6th floor of the School Book Depository with the back wound being 6" below the throat, so they simply moved it up with a deceptive artist drawing showing the bullet entering in the back of the neck.
THE MAGIC BULLET
When Arlen Spector used a rod to demonstrate the path that the magic single bullet took, when it caused all the wounds to both Kennedy and Governor Connally, if you look closely at this picture you will see that the hole in Kennedy’s back is six inches below the rod. This picture doesn’t confirm Arlen Specter’s single bullet theory, it refutes it.
When President Kennedy arrived at Parkland Hospital at 1 o'clock they tried to revive him but with no success, and he was pronounced dead on arrival. At 1:30 the press spokesman held a news conference, to announce that the President had been killed by a bullet to the head, as he pointed to his right temple to indicate where the bullet had entered.
The cause of "Death Certificate" was filed early that afternoon by Dr. Robert Mc Clelland, before the Federal government could begin to cover up the true facts, with lies and disinformation. Dr. Mc Clelland wrote on the Death Certificate: “The cause of death was due to massive head and brain injury from a gunshot wound of the left temple.” Looking down at the President’s body the gunshot wound would be on the left side, but it was actually above the right eye, on the President’s right temple.
During a press conference healed at 3:15 p.m, Dr Malcolm Perry, MD, who had tried to revive the President by pumping on his heart and performing a tracheotomy inserting a pipe into a small bullet hole in the President’s throat, so he could breath; explained three times during his interview, that this bullet hole was a wound of entry. Yet his first hand testimony and Medical expertise and evidence was ignored by the Warren Commission.
Over 30 medical personnel and Doctors from Parkland Hospital in Dallas observed a head wound on President Kennedy in the rear of the head. None of the Treatment reports written at Parkland Hospital on 11/22/63 described any damage to JFK's head on the right side or on top of the skull. The Treatment reports from 11/22/63 described JFK's head wound as "occipital or occipital-parietal," or "posterior." The "occipital bone" is in the middle of the back of your head. An occipital-parietal wound would be in the right rear of your head. None of these Doctors used words to describe wounds to the top of the head, or to the right side. In fact none of them saw any damage to the top of the President's head or to the right side; they only saw damage to the right rear.
Several treatment physicians also described seeing cerebellum tissue extruding from the Presidents head wound. The cerebellum is a portion of the brain located at the lower back of the skull.
Three pieces of President Kennedy's skull bone were found in Dealey Plaza after the assassination, and were photographed and examined by Dallas pathologist; revealing that they were occipital bone from the rear of JFK's skull. These findings corroborate the eyewitness testimony of all the people in Dealey Plaza who saw the back of President Kennedy's head blowout; and the first hand eyewitness testimony of all the Parkland Hospital attendants, and Secret Service Agent Clint Hill who said that President Kennedy had a deep hole in the rear of his scull, not on the top of his head, or the right side of his head.
JFK AUTOPSY PHOTOS ARE A FORGERY
BILL NEWMAN
Bill Newman was with his wife and children standing on the curb waving at the President. When the car was about 50 feet in front of them they heard the first shot, and saw the President jump up in his seat; And as the car passed in front of them they heard another shot come from behind them, from the direction of the grassy noel, and hit the president in the right side of the temple. William Newman was standing only 10 feet away from the President when he saw him shot in the right temple.
These are some pictures showing Bill Newman and his wife and children standing right across from President Kennedy, when he told Dallas reporters on television that day, that he had seen the President shot in the right temple; and that the shot had come from behind him up on the grassy knoll. Look at the top of the picture you can see Zapruder and his secretary standing on the pillar taking their famous film, and in the upper left corner of the picture you can see a gunmen standing behind the stone wall. The Warren Commission never asked the Newman's to testify.
This is a blown up picture of one of the men shooting from the grassy knoll.
Also two men shot from the building right behind where Mr. Zapruder was standing on a pillar taking his film. There is evidence that Zapruder was working for the CIA, and that he was also a high ranking thirty second degree Mason recording the assassination for his fellow members at the CIA and the Illuminati. Everyone's film was confiscated by the FBI, except for Abraham Zapruder because he was working for the CIA, he was allowed to keep his film and sell copies of it to "Time Life" for millions of dollars.
LEE BOWERS
Lee Bowers watched the assassination of JFK from a railroad tower about 300 yards away with 8 powered binoculars, He told the warren commission HE HEARD THREE SHOTS THAT CAME FROM THE TREES ON THE GRASS KNOLL.
OSWALD WAS NOT THE LONE ASSASSIN
Anyone who thinks Oswald was the lone assassin is an idiot. If you watch the Zapruder film you can clearly see that Connally was not hit with the bullet that struck JFK in the throat. He is turning to look at JFK when he heard the first shot. Then as he is turning back so he can look the other way, he is hit. So that is two bullets with another one missing and hitting the curb and one hitting Kennedy in the head; So there must have been at least 2 shooters.
Nellie Connally, who was sitting next to her husband in the presidential limousine, always maintained that two bullets struck John F. Kennedy and a third hit her husband. “The first sound, the first shot, I heard, and turned and looked right into the President’s face. He was clutching his throat, and just slumped down. He Just had a - a look of nothingness on his face. He-he didn’t say anything. But that was the first shot. The second shot, that hit John - well, of course, I could see him covered with - with blood, and his - his reaction to a second shot. The third shot, even though I didn’t see the President, I felt the matter all over me, and I could see it all over the car.”
John Connally agreed with his wife: “Beyond any question, and I’ll never change my opinion, the first bullet did not hit me. The second bullet did hit me. The third bullet did not hit me.” As the Warren Commission concluded there also was a bullet that missed the car entirely. Governor Connally also testified that he heard Jackie say, “I have a piece of his brain in my hand.” Some conspiracy theorists argue that if three bullets struck the men, as the Connallys insisted, and the first shot missed ricocheting off the curb and hitting a man in the side of his face; then there must have been a second gunman, because no one person could have fired four rounds from Oswald’s bolt-action rifle so quickly.
If you look at the Zapruder film closely frame by frame you will see that the President is starting to bring his hands to his throat just before the car disappears behind the sign; and when the car appears on the other side, He is pulling his tie out of the way with his left hand and puts his right hand over his mouth and tries to cough up the bullet. You can also see Governor Connally sitting calmly with his white cowboy hat in his right hand, looking forward. It's at this moment a second or two later that Governor Connally starts to turn to look at JFK after he heard the first shot, and then as he is turning back so he can look the other way, he is hit with a second bullet that goes through his back shattering one of his ribs and his right hand rest, and down into his left thigh. You can clearly see that President Kennedy and Governor Connally were not hit at the same time, by the same bullet.
You can see the bullet hole in the front windshield and Kennedy pulling his tie to the side.
In this blow up of Zapruder frame z268 one can actually see the damage caused by a bullet that came through the front windshield, hit the President in the throat, exiting out his back, leaving a small bullet hole tear in the backseat.
You can also see that when Governor Connally heard the shot, he turned all the way around in his seat so he could see the President, and he is still holding on to his white Stetson cowboy hat in his right hand. This is absolute proof that Connally was not hit by the same bullet that hit the President in the throat, but by a second shot fired a second or two later, that shatters one of his ribs and his right rest, and lodges in his right thigh. There must have been at least two or three shooters, because Oswald could not have reloaded his cheep $12.99 bolt action rifle so quickly.
OSWALD STANDING IN THE DOORWAY OF THE SCHOOL BOOK DEPOSITORY
This picture shows us 4 very important things. (1) The hole in the windshield and Kennedy pulling his tie to the left. (2), Lee Harvey Oswald standing in the doorway of the School Book Depository. (3), a shooter in the second floor of the Dal-Tex building. (4), LBJ already ducking down on the floor of the third car.
In the interview notes taken by Captain Will Fritz, the homicide detective who interrogated Oswald, it shows that Lee Harvey Oswald claimed to have been out side eating his lunch with Bill Shelly the assistant manager, in front of the Texas School Book Depository during the assassination. When question about his notes from Oswald's interrogation Captain Will Fritz lied and said that he never took any notes; but in 1997 the (ARRB) The "Assassination Record Review Board," published Will Fritz's notes. So Fritz had been lying and the government kept his notes covered up for 34 years.
After 52 years of silence, Roy Edward Lewis a 69 year old eyewitness of the JFK assassination, and a former employee of the Texas Schoolbook Depository; finally got a chance to tell his story to the American people on a radio show called the “Real Deal,” hosted by James H Fetzer.
No one had ever taken the time or made the effort to track Roy Lowis down to interview him about what he had seen and heard while standing on the front steps of the Texas Schoolbook Depository, as President John F. Kennedy’s limousine passed by, on Nov 22, 1963.
Roy had never been asked to testify, nor had he read the Warren Report or any of the information contained in the 26 volumes of exhibits and hearings. He never read any books about the Kennedy Assassination, nor was he interested in the aftermath of the assassination of President Kennedy.
Nor had Roy ever been shown enlarged pictures of himself standing on the front steps of the School Book Depository. When shown these blown up pictures, he identified himself as being the Afro-American man standing on the first step, and though he could not remember if Lee Harvey Oswald was standing behind him, immediately when he saw the picture he confirmed positively: “that it looks like him!”
When Roy Lewis was asked if he though that it could have been Billy Lovelady standing behind him instead of Oswald? Roy Lewis said that he knew Billy Lovelady very well, and he had even purchased a car from him; and that Lovelady was heaver, shorter, and he was almost completely bold. Roy said that he couldn't understand why or how anyone could confuse Billy Lovelady for Lee Oswald, these two guys don't even look alike.
THE FATAL SHOT CAME FROM THE GRASSY NOEL
When Kennedy’s car made the left hand turn from Houston onto Elm St. the road bends to the left and goes down hill under the bridge, which means that a shooter firing from the corner of the Rail-Road bridge overpass would have almost a horizontal strait on shot at the President, not like Oswald’s shot thought the trees. This shooter was most likely aiming for the President’s head, but missed when the bullet went through the windshield and hit the President in the throat. Several people along with one of the motor-cycle policemen ran up to the corner of the bridge right after the assassination, because they had seen a cloud of smoke, and believed that one of the shooters had fired from that location.
Unlike all the other bullets fired at the presidential limousine that day, this was a hollow point shell designed to explode upon entry, making a small 3/8" entrance wound and a large 3 1/2" diameter exit wound. X-rays of President Kennedy's skull show a literal snowstorm of tiny bullet fragments, over 40 in fact. Ballistics expert Howard Donahue has pointed out, that it is highly unlikely that the fragments seen in the x-rays could have come from the kind of ammunition allegedly used by Oswald. The bullet that struck Kennedy in the head did not behave like the other bullets fired from the Carcano. When tests were made to simulate the President's head shot with a Carcano rifle, using a full metal-jacket bullet, the bullet did not brake up into fragments, but punched a narrow channel through the brain, and the wounds were in no way the same as the damage done to the President's brain.
As Dr. Cyril Wecht describes, President Kennedy’s Parkland Hospital X-rays show that the bullet essentially disintegrated on impacting the right temple, leaving dust-like fragments at the entry point and the larger particles are found closer to the exit. This is because the larger fragments, having greater mass, have greater momentum and are carried further away from the point of entry. This is precisely what is seen in JFK's right lateral X-ray, with the smaller particles located at the right temple and the larger ones towards the top back part of the skull. "This proves that the bullet fired came from an area in front of the President and was most likely some kind of “soft lead” (i.e., frangible) ammunition rather than the kind of bullet that was allegedly fired from behind by Oswald.
Do you remember when Kennedy said that he was going to "splinter the CIA into a thousand pieces and scatter it to the winds?" Well, that is pretty much what happened when their bullet blew his brains out the back of his head, and scattered them to the winds.
Thou they will never tell you this, bullet’s were fired from the direction of the grassy knoll that missed the President and hit the grass and curb on the other side of the street. The first bullet fired from the Schoolbook Depository missed and ricochet off the curb and a fragment of the bullet hit a by-stander standing near the underpass in the face. And a Shot came from the direction of the Triple Underpass area that went through the front windshield, and there were shots that came from the rear that hit the front seat, the dashboard, and the chrome molding above the windshield between the two sun visors. The theory that there was one magic bullet, and one craze murderer, is the biggest lie ever perpetrated upon the American people.
If Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin sitting in the six floor window of the School Book Depository, he would have taken his shot at the President as he was approaching slowly toward him on Huston Street, or as he was turning right below him on the corner of Elm Street. This would have been the easiest shot. But he waited until the car passed under the trees and was almost at the sign before firing, because this was the point where all the gunmen had agreed to start shooting at the same time, killing the President in a cross fire, firing from the fire escape of the Dal-Tex Building, the six floor and second floor windows of the School Book Depository, two gunman from behind the picket fence, one from the street sewer, and one from the overpass.
If silencers were used on some of the rifles, in combination with unsilenced rifles, witnesses located in different parts of the caravan and Dealey Plaza would have heard the shots coming from different directions. Unanimity would have been impossible on the subject of the gunfire's origin." Jim Hougan, Spooks (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1978.)
A shot was fired from the 2nd story of the Dal Tex building right behind Kennedy, and the bullet missed the President and hit the frame above the windshield, between the two sun visors. The shooter in the Dal Tex Building must have used a silencer, therefore the shot was not heard by any of the spectators, but there is no mistaking what caused the damage to the car. Afterwards part of a bullet was found in the front seat and another part on the floor in front of the front seat. These bullet holes in the car are proof that there was more than one shooter.
THE BABUSHKA LADY
Beverly Oliver known as the “Babushka Lady,” was a 17 year old singer at the Colony Club next door to Jack Ruby’s Carousel club, and she was standing close to Mary Moorman and Jean Hill taking pictures of the President’s car with her movie camera as it passed by. And she took a movie of what she describes as a whole bucket of blood coming out of the back of the presidents head, and Jacky crawling onto the trunk of the car to retrieve a piece of the presidents skull.
Every body hit the ground except for Beverly seen on the right in a tan coat with a scarf on her head. She said she was so shocked she could not move. She claims that many of the people including those who were directly across the street from the School book depository started to run toward the grassy knoll. If they heard the gun shots coming from the 6th floor window of the School book depository, why would they be running toward the grassy knoll?
When Beverly finally came out of her shock, she walked across the street, and she stood around for a long time because she was expecting that the police would want to talk to her. But then she saw some people that she knew form Jack Ruby’s Club and at that point she decided to leave.
On the way home she was crying so hard she had to pull off the road, and when she finally made it home, she went up into her bed room and took some sleeping pills to knock herself out. Then she woke up just in time to call her Boss to tell him that she wasn’t coming in to work that night; and he was upset.
And the next day Saturday she was still upset so she took sleeping pills again and she woke up on Sunday morning to the horrendous News on the Television that her good friend Jack Ruby had shot a man on TV whom he had perversely introduced to her and two other girls at the club saying, “Beverly this is my friend Lee Oswald, he’s with the CIA.” Jack Ruby introduced Lee Harvey Oswald to her as an operative working for the CIA!
Finally she went back to work at the Club on Monday night, and two FBI agents were waiting for her and she gave them the film, and she never saw her film again.
JAMES FILES
James Files a member of the Chicago mob and who was also involved in the Bay of Pigs invasion, confessed to shooting JFK above the right eye with a hollow point bullet that was filled with mercury (a silver bullet). James Files would always kill his victims with a head shot, then he would pick up the empty shell and bite the end of the casing with his teeth, and drop it back down on the ground as evidence that he was the assassin. He also claims that there were other members of his "hit team" Chicago mobsters/CIA operatives Charles Nicoletti and Johnny Roselli, who fired at the President from the Dal-Tex building, across the street from the Texas School Book Depository.
Roselli latter bragged to a man in the La Cosa Nostra that he had shot at and may have been the one that killed John F. Kennedy; and that his men had helped finish the job, shooting from the sewer drain and the gassy knoll.
Files and Oswald had spent a few days together prior to the assassination. Files claims that he and Oswald went to an empty field to test fire the weapons and calibrate the scopes that were to be used on President Kennedy.
Files a former CIA and mob hit man, says that he was wearing a “reversible” jacket to look like a railway worker, and that he kept his Remington XP-100 “Fireball” with his specially-made .22 hollow point bullets filled with “mercury,” in a small suitcase.
Files states that he was a backup shooter waiting in the rail yard behind the fence and when the President’s car came into view he was aiming for his right eye in his scope as he was coming down Elm St. When he heard the first shot he started counting all the shots one, two, three as misses, because the President still had not been hit in the head, and he had been instructed to take the shot only if no head shot had been made. The car was passing through his last field of vision, so he took the shot and he saw Kennedy's head explode. At that moment, he knew he was dead, because he knew that no one could survive that hit. His shot and allegedly Nicoletti’s shot supposedly hit President Kennedy’s head within a split second of each other; Charles Nicoletti, firing from the Dal-Tex building.
He removed the shell casing placed it in him mouth bit the casing and placed it on the fence, laid the Fireball back in the case, closed it and walked away. As he was walking away from the fence, he saw a cop drop his motorcycle on its side and run up the hill with another cop close by. They were stopped by two men wearing suites and showing some kind of ID's. Files claims that: "I was preparing to pull my Colt .45 from under my jacket and shoot them when they were stopped. I just kept right on walking like I was going back to work from my lunch break." He then walked to an arranged meeting place (a car garage) where Charles Nicoletti and Johnny Roselli were waiting for him. Files drove them to a gas station to drop them off, and he drove back to Chicago.
James Files told his story for the first time 30 years later to Joe West, how that in all the killings that he did for the Mafia and CIA, he would always kill the person with a head shot. And that the “Round that struck President Kennedy in the head was a “Mercury Round;” and that the traces of the “Mercury” would still be present, as Mercury takes forever to go away. So, there would still be a traces of mercury on the President's skull. So Joe West wanted to enter this as new evidence in the case, in order to have a chance at getting JFK’s body exhumed. How-ever, Joe West as usual died shortly after this, and his case died with him.
Joe West met with John Rademacher a lawn cutter who found the .222 casing near the stockade fence. And the open end where you put the powder and bullet was oval not round and there were marks or dents in the casing just as James Files had said there would be.
The 29 year old Ricky White, said that his Father was part of a CIA plot to kill the President. Roscoe White was a CIA operative working as a Dallas Police officer; and the Dallas Police department did verify that Roscoe White was employed by them at the time. Ricky White had found a diary that had belonged to his father in a foot locker in his grandfather's house, when his grandfather died. The notes inside the diary detailed Roscoe White's involvement in the assassination, and that he had plotted with Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby to kill the President.
The diary also indicated that Ricky White's mother Geneva White had worked for the Dallas Night Club owner Jack Ruby, and that Mrs White had over heard her husband and Jack Ruby discussing the assassination plot.
The diary indicated that Oswald was part of the plot, but he did not fire any of the shots. Ricky White told reporters that his father had set up on the Grassy Knoll behind a big tree and a picket fence. Other CIA operatives set up on top of the County Records building and the sixth floor of the School Book Depository.
The diary also states that Roscoe White and Oswald had plans to escape together after the assassination and go to Red Bird Airport in south Dallas. Their diver was J.D. Tippit, who did not know anything concerning the plot. While driving the two in south Dallas, Tippit heard radio reports of the assassination and suspected that his two passengers were involved. Oswald became agitated and jumped out of the car, White got out of the car and shot Tippit with a pistol when Tippit told him he would have to take White downtown for questioning. Ricky White says that the diary (which he claims was taken by the FBI) states: "I killed an officer at Tenth and Patton."
THE NIGHT BEFORE KENNEDY WAS KILLED.
The night before Kennedy was killed, a party was held, at the Dallas home of oil millionaire Clint Murchison, where there was a secret meeting of about 25 men that took place to discuss the assassination and the cover up of JFK the next day. President Kennedy was about to have Lyndon Johnson, and Billie Sol Estes, indited and put in jail for running a vast scam where they were getting $21 million dollars a year federal agricultural subsidies for "growing" and "storing" non-existent crops of cotton. At this meeting was some of Kennedy's most powerful enemies, R.L. Thornton former Dallas Mayor, Texas Governor John Connally, Cliff Carter Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, H.L Hunt a Texas oil billionaire who wanted Kennedy killed because he had the Congress eliminate the tax breaks for the oil companies, which was costing the Texas oilmen 300 million dollars a year. Also John J McCloy the CEO of Chase Manhattan Bank, Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations; and co-founder of the CIA; He was an agent of the Rothschild's and a high-ranking member of the Illuminati, a former president of the World Bank, who control the Federal Reserve, and who wanted Kennedy dead; Because on June 4, 1963, JFK had stripped the Federal Reserve Bank of all its power to loan money to the U.S. government at 10% interest, by signing Executive Order No. 11110 that returned to the U.S. government the power to issue currency interest free, without going through the Federal Reserve.
George Brown (of Brown and Root) was also at the meeting, he controlled all the big Military contracts and he offered Johnson lucrative kick backs to have Kennedy killed, so they could continue to keep the Vietnam war going for as long as possible. Johnson hired Cord Meyer, CIA Assassin Master to put together the death squad to kill Kennedy. Cord Meyer's hated Kennedy because his wife Mary Meyer was said to have had a affair with JFK. Johnson started the entire Brown & Root, Halliburton military takeover of the U.S government, which reaped him huge sums of money from the escalation of the Vietnam War. For example Johnson owned 200 thousand in Bell Helicopter stock which was worth 6 million by the time he left the White House. 5500 U.S helicopters were shot down during the war which was good for business. Halliburton in those days was know as"Dow Chemical," which made billions on selling napalm, and agent orange.
Also at the meeting was Earl Cabell the Mayor of Dallas, and the brother of General Charles Cabell who was the Deputy Director of the CIA who was fired along with Director Allen Dulles, by Kennedy over the Cuba invasion and the Bay of Pigs fiasco, which nearly ended up in a nuclear confrontation with the Russians. The CIA wanted JFK dead because he had threatened to get rid of their corrupt Nazi clandestine organization and shred it into a thousand pieces. Also included at the meeting was Richard Nixon, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover (33 degree Illuminati Freemason), Clyde Tolson the assistant Director of the FBI and Hoover's lover, Bill Decker (Dallas Sheriff), Clint Peoples (U.S. Marshall), Don Smith, Amon G. Carter owner of the Fort-Worth Star Telegram, B.R. Sheffield, George Owens, John Currington, Joe C. Yarbrough, W.O. Bankston, and Texas Governor John Connally. Johnson appointed Hoover Director of the FBI for life, not only to help cover up the JFK murder, but to make sure that there would never be any investigation into his involvement in the assassination.
On November 21, 1963 Jack O’ Halloran come to Dallas the day before John F. Kennedy was killed, to try out for the Dallas Cowboys which was owned by Clint Murchison. That night the coach took him to a party at the Murchison ranch and the honored guest was J. Edgar Hover the head of the FBI. While there he had an interesting encounter with some very rich and powerful people who were all in town for this occasion. Several New York Bankers were there like John J McCloy, the Rockefellers, and their adviser
Henry Kissinger, Allen Dulles the former head of the CIA, and four potential presidents, Ford, Nixon, Bush, and Johnson. Nixon's driver claims to have seen both Prescott Bush and his son George H.W- both of whom he knew very well- at the meeting.
Johnson was the last to arrive, he came to the party late around 11:30. Madeline Brown said, "Tension filled the room upon his arrival, and the group immediately went behind closed doors.” They all went into the large conference room to discus something, and that is when the party broke up and Jack O’ Halloran left.
A short time later Lyndon, anxious and red-faced, reappeared. Madeline Brown said, I knew how secretly Lyndon operated. Therefore I said nothing... not even that I was happy to see him. Squeezing my hand so hard it felt crushed from the pressure, he spoke with a grating whisper, a quiet growl, into my ear, not a love message, but one I'll always remember: "After tomorrow those goddamn Kennedy's will never embarrass me again - that's no threat - that's a promise."
According to a story told by one of the alleged Kennedy co-conspirators and spotters Frank Sturgis. George H. W. Bush and Richard Nixon had joined Hoover that night in Dallas at the Murchison gathering to discus the final details of the assassination and the cover up before Kennedy arrived the next day. Sturgis’ explosive revelations about Bush's and Nixon's involvement was also confirmed by a living witness who worked for Clint Murchison at the time of the assassination. Incredibly, not only did the witness collaborate their meeting prior to the assassination, but also a second gathering involving the alleged co conspirators (including the assassins and their spotters) who toasted and celebrated Kennedy’s death as they watched television reports the next night. People had seen George Bush in Dallas staying in the Adolphus Hotel, and Bush had spoke to a group of oil men in Dallas the night before the Assassination.
George Bush had worked for Clint Murchison in Haiti, and was also one of his business partners. At the time George H.W. Bush was the head of Zapata Oil, which was on an Island close to Cuba, and he was placed in charge of the CIA invasion of Cuba. In 1961 the CIA officer L. Fletcher Prouty said that he delivered three Navy ships for the planned invasion of Cuba, to the CIA agent who was in charge, George Bush; who immediately had the 3 ships painted to look like they were civilian vessels. He then renamed the ships Barbara, Houston, and Zapata, after his wife, his home town, and his oil company. Any good historian of the Bay of Pigs invasion will tell you the names of these 3 ships that were sunk during the battle. And this is just one more finger pointing at George Bush's involvement in organizing the Bay of Pigs invasion, and in sending his trained assassins to kill John F. Kennedy.
Considering the hatred that the CIA felt toward Kennedy over their failed invasion of Cuba and Bush's involvement in that same mission, it is obvious what Bush's feelings toward John F. Kennedy really were, and what a major role he played in bringing his assassin teams up from Cuba to kill the president. Although George H. W. Bush has admitted to being in Texas that day, he cannot account for his exact whereabouts at the time of the assassination. Some people believe that he was standing on the steps of the School Book Depository watching the whole thing.
The Texas School Book Depository was almost completely empty of tenants until about six months before the JFK Assassination. The name, “Texas School Book Depository,” is misleading. It sounds like the building was where the state of Texas stored its text books. But in fact, the Texas School Book Depository was the name of a company that Clint Murchison was on the board of the directors.
I was surprised to learn this, because Clint Murchison was the Texas Oil Billionaire that had the meeting in his home the night before the assassination, with Bush, Johnson, Nixon, Hover, Connally, and 20 other men, to plan the assassination and its cover up the next day.
The mere coincidence that Clint Murchison would move his book company’s business into this warehouse building just before the assassination, suggests to me that they must have been planing Kennedy’s assassination in Dallas six months before it happened. And that they knew Kennedy’s car would be slowing down to make the turn just in front of this building, which made it an ideal location to place snipers.
Jack Ruby writes in a letter while in prison: "Isn't it strange that Oswald who hasn't worked a lick most of his life, should be fortunate enough to get a job at the Book Building two weeks before, the president himself didn't know as to when he was to visit Dallas, now where would a jerk like Oswald get the information that the president was coming to Dallas? Only one person could have had that information, and that man was Johnson who knew weeks in advance as to what was going to happen, because he is the one who was going to arrange the trip for the president, this had been planned long before the president himself knew about it, so you can figure that one out. The only one who gained by the shooting of the president was Johnson, and he was in a car in the rear and safe when the shooting took place. What would the Russians, Castro, or anyone else have to gain by eliminating the president? If Johnson was so heartbroken over Kennedy, why didn't he do something for Robert Kennedy? All he did was snub him.
Only one man knew about the Kennedy’s coming to Dallas and the route that the motorcade would be taking, and that man was Lyndon Johnson, because President Kennedy had put him in charge of planning the whole trip. The fact that Lyndon Johnson was at the Murchison house meant that these two men must have been good friends, which was verified by Johnson's mistress Madeleine Brown.
The reason why I know that only one man knew the route that the President’s car would be taking that day is because Johnson changed the rout at the last second just as the motorcade was getting ready to leave the airport so that the motorcade would go past the School Book Depository where Johnson's mixed gang of assassins were waiting. Johnson's Secret Service men came up to the motor cycle police and told them that the parade rout had been changed. It would no longer be going straight down Main Street as planned, but it would be making a turn onto Houston Street and another at Elm.
They also told the motor cycle police not to ride next to the Presidents car, but to make sure that they stayed back behind the car, so that the crowds of people (and the assassins) would have a clear view of the President.
And the fact that the motor cycle police said that Johnson started ducking down under the car seat 30 seconds before the first shots were fired, proves to me that Johnson knew the exact location where the cross fire would take place!
THE MOB ALSO SENT SNIPERS TO KILL KENNEDY
There were also several Mafia kingpins that wanted the Kennedy's dead from the Genovese Mafia. Along with Carlos Marcello the head of the New Orleans Mob and the godfather of Louisiana and east Texas, who had been one of the main targets of the Kennedy Brothers war on crime, and had swore to get vengeance against them. And Joe Scarcella the head of the Dallas Mob in Texas, was also at the Murchison house the night before the assassination.
Bobby Kennedy was putting the heat on the Mafia’s 1,400 strip clubs, drugs, prostitution, loan sharking, etc, and had put over 250 key Mafia leaders in jail.And from 1960 to 1963 the number of Mafia leaders targeted for prosecution rose from 40 to 2,300. The Mob wanted to put an end to the damage that the Kennedy administration's war on crime led by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, was having on them.
Plus there where 4 or 5 Mafia hit man, Larry Campbill a high ranking Mafia Lieutenant working for Jimmy Hoffa, Joe Civello a Dallas mafia don, Joe Campisi. Jack Ruby, along with George Reese, Cliff Carter and Carlos Marcello were a second team of men shooting at the President from the second floor of the Schoolbook Depository. There were also teams of men shooting from the Rail Road overpass, behind the fence on the grassy knoll, the Dal-Tex building, and on the roof of the County Records Building.
A FBI document lists Jack Ruby as a spy and hit man that had been working for Richard Nixon since 1947. Ruby was seen by a women who knew him well, Julian Ann Mercer, approximately an hour before the arrival of JFK's motorcade, unloading a man from his car carrying a rifle in a case at the Grassy Knoll. On Saturday, the day after the assassination and before Oswald was murder by Ruby; FBI agents showed Miss Mercer identification photographs. They identified Jack Ruby as being the driver of the truck from which the rifle was unloaded just past the knoll.
In a book titled “The Men on the Sixth Floor,” by Glen Sample and Mark Collom, Loy Factor tells a story that Malcolm Wallace approached him because of his ability as a marksman and offered him ten thousand dollars if he would do an unspecified “job” for him and his people, two thousand payable up front, and eight thousand when the job was done. A deal was struck, and a few days before the assassination a young Hispanic woman of around twenty named Ruth Ann Martinez, accompanied by a young Hispanic man drove him to a house in Dallas, where Mac Wallace the group leader was already present. For a few days the group discussed their plan to kill Kennedy while Factor sat idly by. Two other people arrived at the home to set in on some of the planning sessions, Jack Ruby and Lee Harvey Oswald.
Just before the assassination Ruth Ann drove Loy Factor to the Book Depository Building and led him up the stairwell to the sixth floor, where Mac Wallace and Oswald already were. Factor was given a rifle, and Malcolm Wallace told him that if he and Oswald missed, he would be the backup. They wanted him if they missed to shoot the President, but he told them that he couldn’t do it. Nevertheless, Factor was told to go to the southwestern most window on the sixth floor. Wallace was two windows to the east, and Oswald was at the sniper’s nest window at the southeastern most corner. Ruth Ann, was on the walkie-talkie communicating with other shooters, presumably located on the grassy knoll, and gave a countdown to Factor, Wallace, and Oswald, signaling them when to fire. But Factor said that although he “ejected a shell from the rifle,” he did not fire it.
Following the shooting, Factor said that he and Ruth Ann fled down the stairs and she dropped Factor off at the Greyhound bus depot. But before she did, even though he hadn’t done what he was paid to do, Ruth Ann still gave him his eight thousand dollars. An hour or so latter, while he was still waiting for a bus out of town, Ruth Ann came back to the bus station with Malcolm Wallace. “They said they had to get out of town, cuz things were too hot to be setting in a bus station.”
Karen Carlin a stripper in Jack Ruby's Carousel Club was interviewed by Secret Service agent Roger Warner. Warner's report states that Mrs. Carlin stated "That she was under the impression that Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby and other individuals unknown to her were involved in a plot to assassinate President Kennedy and that she would be killed if she gave any information to the authorities." Carlin died of a gunshot wound in August 1964. Bill Damar the night club MC saw Lee Harvey Oswald in the Carousel Club the week before the assassination.
In the first three years after President Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald were killed, eighteen key witnesses suddenly died. Six by gunfire, three by alleged suicide, One from a cut throat, one from a karate chop to the neck, three from heart attacks, and two from Natural causes.
An Actuary was hired by the London Sunday Times concluded that the odds against this many key witnesses mysteriously dieing within three years after the murders, is One Hundred Thousand Trillion to one.
In a book titled “Legacy of Secrecy:” The Long Shadow of the JFK Assassination written by Lamar Waldron. Carlos Marcello from the New Orleans mafia admits to having JFK killed. The book cites a testimony from Marcello where he said “Yeah, I had the son of a bitch killed. I’m glad I did. I’m sorry I couldn’t have done it myself.” It seems that Marcello does not care who knows that he help orchestrate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The former mobster boss also claims that he knew Jack Ruby, and he had him kill Lee Harvey Oswald.
Malcolm Wallace who was on LBJ's staff was also at the Murchison house the night before the assassination. He was a "hit man" and a expert marksman who had murdered as many as 18 or 19 people for Lyndon Johnson, according to the testimony of Johnson's mistress, Madeleine Duncan Brown. There was one unidentified fingerprint at the time of the initial investigation of the sixth floor Texas Schoolbook Depositor. Finally in 1998 this fingerprint was identified as belonging to Malcolm Wallace.
Many crucial witnesses were brutally murdered right before their scheduled appearances to testify under oath before the House Assassination Committee. On 9th August, 1984, Billie Sol Estes' lawyer, Douglas Caddy, wrote to Stephen S. Trott at the US Department of Justice. In the letter Caddy claimed that Billie Sol Estes, Lyndon B. Johnson, Mac Wallace and Cliff Carter had been involved in the murders of Henry Marshall, George Krutilek, Harold Orr, Ike Rogers, Coleman Wade, Josefa Johnson, John Kinser and John F. Kennedy. Caddy added: "Mr. Estes is willing to testify that LBJ ordered these killings, and that he transmitted his orders through Cliff Carter to Mac Wallace, who executed the murders.
"Madeleine recalled that " after Johnson emerged from the Murchison meeting he walked up to her, and grabbed her by the arms and whispered in her ear, “After tomorrow those S.O.B.'s, the Kennedy's, will never embarrass me again - that's no threat - that's a promise.”
The next morning Kennedy and Johnson got into a heated argument over the motorcade seating arrangements. Johnson insisted that his friend Connally and his wife ride with him in the rear vehicle. When Kennedy refused, Johnson stormed out of the room in a rage.
When the Kennedy's plain landed at Love Field and they were busy shaking hands with all of the people, Johnson's Secret Service men came up to the motor cycle police and told them that the parade rout had been changed. It would no longer be going straight down Main St. but it would be making a turn onto Houston Street. They also told the motor cycle police not to ride next to the Presidents car, but to make sure that they stayed back behind the car, so that the crowds of people (and the assassins) would have a unrestricted view of the President. Johnson also changed the order of the cars in the motorcade, instead of his car being second, he put a car load of Secret Service men between his car and the President's.
As Kennedy's car was about to make the turn into Dealey Plaza, Emory P. Roberts stood up in the car and ordered the two agents that were riding beside the rear of the presidential limousine to "fall back" leaving the President without any protection from the rear. Johnson was also seen ducking down in his car a good 30 to 40 seconds before the first shots were fired. Even before the President's car turned onto Houston street, Lyndon Johnson was acting as if he knew that bullets would soon be flying, ducking down repeatedly before the first shots were fired.
Dallas Police Officer Billy Joe Martin Said: According to his fellow motorcycle cops "who were escorting [the Vice Presidential car,] LBJ started ducking down in the car a good 30 or 40 seconds before the first shots were fired..." One of the Police Officers who were describing to his fellow Officers what happened the moments just before the shooting started said: "our new president is either one jumpy son of a bitch or he knows something he's not telling about the Kennedy thing."
I think its obvious that Johnson knew that the shooting would start as soon as the President's car slowed down to turn the corner of Elm and Huston, so he duck under the seat just before all the rifles started firing.
Now Governor Connally knew that Kennedy was going to be killed, and he was quite nervous the whole time he was ridding in the set in front of Kennedy. There were witnesses standing near the car when Connally was shot, and they heard him say, “My God they’re going to kill us all.” This implies that he obviously believed that there was more than one shooter, and that only one person Kennedy was suppose to be killed that day. As the first rifle shots rang out, Roberts ordered his agents to stay in the car, but one of the Secret service agents rushed to the limousine as the back right side of the president's head was then blown off.
Immediately after the shooting, two Policemen got off their motorcycles and ran up the hill toward the fence. Patrolman E.D Brewer called over the police radio saying. "We have a man here who says he saw a man pull the weapon back through the window off the second floor from the southeast corner of the Depository building." Clint Murchison was one of the owners of the School book Depository Company.
Lee Harvey Oswald was confronted by an armed Dallas policeman, Marion Baker, in the
Depository second floor lunchroom only 74 to 90 seconds (according to a Warren Commission time recreation) after the last shot. Baker first testified that the shots he remembered hearing as he approached the Depository originated from the "building in front of me, or, the one to the right". In the second floor lunchroom Oswald was identified by the superintendent of the building, Roy Truly, as one of the employees, and then released. Both Baker and Truly testified that Oswald appeared completely "calm, cool, normal, and was not out of breath in any way" and was not sweating.
The Secretary across the hall from the second-floor lunch room testified that Oswald had ask her for change of a dollar so he could buy a Coke. This brief exchange must have taken at least a minute. Oswald then walked across the hall and bought a Coke in the second–floor lunch room; And moments later, he encountered Roy Truly, the TSBD’s building supervisor, and Marrion Baker, the motorcycle policeman who ran into the TSBD within half a minute of the shooting. Many accounts by TSBD employees mention that they stopped work and began their lunch break at about 11:45 or 11:50. Two of Oswald’s colleagues make it clear that Oswald did indeed eat his lunch before the assassination in the first–floor domino room. This is consistent with the accounts of William Shelley and Bonnie Ray Williams. Shelley was on the first floor at around the same time, and saw Oswald there
In an affidavit on the day after the assassination, Charles Givens claimed that he saw Oswald “in the domino room where the employees eat lunch about 11:50 A.M.” ( Commission Document 5, p.329 ). A few weeks before Givens was due to appear in front of the Warren Commission, an FBI memo noted that a Dallas police inspector “stated that GIVENS had been previously handled by the Special Services Bureau on a marijuana charge and he believes that GIVENS would change his story for money” ( CD 735, p.295 ). By a strange coincidence, Givens did indeed change his story, testifying that his sighting of Oswald had happened on the sixth floor
Finally, Oswald chatted with his foreman for a few minutes before going home. The official account of Oswald’s activities has him leaving the TSBD at 12:33, just three minutes after the shooting.
RUTH AND MICHAEL PAINE
Shortly after that, Sheriff Roger Craig claim to have seen Oswald running from the School Book Depository and get into a Rambler station wagon 15 minutes after the assassination. Oswald confirmed this in Captain Fritz’s office. He said: “That station wagon belongs to Mrs. Ruth Paine. Don’t try to tie her into this. She had nothing to do with it. My wife lives with Mrs. Ruth Paine. She [Mrs. Paine] was learning Russian, and we needed help with the young baby, so it made a nice arrangement for both of them. . . . I don’t know Mrs. Paine very well, but Mr. Paine and his wife were separated a great deal of the time.”
Michael Paine worked at Bell Aerospace as a scientific engineer. His boss, General Walter Dornberger was the Director of Research, and was a notorious Nazi war criminal, and was sentenced to be hung at Nuremberg for his war crimes, slave labor, and mass murders; but he was sent to the U.S. through Project Paperclip. Michel Paine’s stepfather, Author Young was the inventor of the Bell Helicopter. Michael Paine had top secret clearance and was well connected to the military-industrial complex. The Paine’s made huge profits from Kennedy’s assassination and the expansion of the Vet Nam War by Johnson.
The very first call to authorities after the gun fire went off on November 22, 1963, was from an employee of Bell Helicopter who suggested that "Oswald did it." Police never revealed the source that gave them both of Oswald's addresses that day.
Ruth Paine’s family was directly connected to the CIA. Ruth Paine’s father had worked for the CIA as an “executive agent;” and her sister Sylvia was also employed by the CIA. A few days after the assassination Marina Oswald was told by the Secret Service to stay away from Ruth Paine because she was sympathizing with the CIA. Marina Oswald swore under oath before the New Orleans grand Jury saying: “Seems like she had friends over there and it would be bad for me if people find out a connection between me and Ruth and CIA.” Bad for Marina or bad for the official story?
On the day of the assassination, upon searching the Paine’s garage they found a set of metal file cabinets with names and activities of Cuban Sympathizers. Which means that the Paine’s were involved in the same intelligence activities that Oswald was involved with, during the summer of 1963. The fact that Ruth Paine had an intense desire to learn Russian is an indication that she also worked for the CIA.
MARITA LORENZ
Marita Lorenz Castro's mistress, had to flee from Cuba for her life, when Castro found out she was working for the CIA trying to kill him. She testified under oath that she saw E Howard Hunt pay off an assassination team in Dallas the night before Kennedy's murder. Clint Murchison and H.L. Hunt, had provided financing for the assassination in order to preserve the oil depletion allowance at 27.5%, which remained unchanged under LBJ.
Hunt was in charge of the assassination teams and Oswald had written him a letter on the 8th of November 1963 asking for more information as to what his role would be in the Assassination. E. Howard Hunt, was previously involved with the coup in Guatemala and the Bay of Pigs invasion, and subsequently convicted in the Watergate burglary.
Eyewitness Marita Larenz testified under oath that she saw Hunt pay off an assassination team in Dallas the night before Kennedy's murder. When Marita Lorenz found out that it was plot to kill the President, she left the hotel room and flew back to Miami. She also testified that shortly after Hunt left, that Jack Ruby showed up, and it was then she decided to return to Miami that same night, but said that Sturgis later told her about what she had missed in Dallas on Nov. 22, 1963: "We killed the president that day."
This testimony came in a suit brought by Hunt against the right-wing newsletter Spotlight for printing a 1978 article titled, "CIA to Admit Hunt Involvement in Kennedy Slaying." The jury ruled in favor of the newsletter. E. Howard Hunt also gave a death bed confession to his son about having participated in the LBJ-approved, CIA-orchestrated murder of John F. Kennedy.
In a interview Marita Lorenz said: "I asked Sturgis: "Jesus Christ Frank did you shoot the President; did you have something to do with that?" He said, "Ah who gives a shit, ya who's going to prove it?" He said, "We kill a lot of people, what's the hell the difference? Look at what he did to the Bay of Pigs; Look at what he did, he let the Black people go, and gave them all their rights. He didn't want Vietnam; they had good reasons; and then he said, I'd do it again!"
JOHN ELROD
A man by the name of John Elrod was arrested as a suspect in the Kennedy Assassination and put in a cell with Lee Harvey Oswald. John noticed that Oswald had been beaten up by the Police, and Oswald told John "I did not shoot the President." And John said "I know I didn't shoot no President!" John Elrod knew Jack Ruby, and Nine months after Ruby killed Oswald, John Elrod went to the Police and said that he had information concerning the murder of Lee Oswald. He told the FBI that back in the Dallas jail his cellmate had talked about a Hotel room meeting where money changed hands and Jack Ruby was at the meeting. This story places Ruby and Oswald together with several others in a Hotel room before the assassination.
BUSH'S BAY OF PIGS ASSASSIN TEAMS KILL JOHN F. KENNEDY.
On the day of the assassination Bush was in Texas, but he denies knowing exactly where he was. Newly discovered FBI document reveals that George Bush was directly involved in the 1963 murder of President John F. Kennedy. The documents place Bush working with the now-famous CIA agent, Felix Rodriguez, recruiting right-wing Cuban exiles for the invasion of Cuba. It was Bush's CIA job to supervise the drug and gun running operations which were used to finance the invasion of Cuba, and to train the Cubans as CIA marksmen to assassinate Fidel Castro. Operation 40 was a top secret CIA project to train selected Cuban exiles in guerrilla warfare, bombings, protest, and assassinations aimed at overthrowing the Castro regime.
You may remember hearing the name Felix Rodriguez again during the Iran-Contra affair. He was the CIA agent who received the first phone call telling him that one of their planes had crashed in Nicaragua. As soon as Rodriguez heard that the plane crashed, he called his long-time CIA supervisor, George Bush. While being question by Congress, Bush denied being the supervisor of the CIA's gun and drug running operations, but investigators obtained copies of Oliver North's diary, which documents Bush's role as the CIA supervisor of the Iran-Contra supply network.
In 1988 Bush told Congress that he knew nothing at all about the illegal supply flights until 1987, yet Oliver North's deary shows that Bush was at the first planning meeting on Aug, 6, 1985. Bush denied being there his "official" log places him somewhere else on that day, which provides him with "plausible deniability." But both Oliver North and Felix Rodriguez have kept records that show that Bush had supervised drug and gun running operations for the CIA since before the 1961 invasion of Cuba. (Source: The Washington Post 7/10/90).
Since it has been proven that George Bush was the supervisor of the secret Cuban assassination teams to kill Fidel Castro since 1960, which was verified by the former Cuban police commander Felix Rodriguez, it is likely that Bush brought his anti-Castro Cuban exiles up from Miami to assassinate President Kennedy and was in Dealey Plaza on November 23rd, 1963. (Source: The Nation, 8/13/88).
Several of the Cubans that Bush was supervising for Nixon, were photographed by people in the crowds and can be seen in the Zapruder film. The same people who were involved in the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, were the one's involved in the JFK assassination, and the Watergate burglary. Why did Nixon have them burglarize the Democratic headquarters? Because the CIA was trying to stop the Democrats from publishing the photos of Hunt and Sturgis under arrest for the murder of JFK. (Source: May 7, 1977, SF Chronicle).
On November 29,1963, the day after the assassination, a meeting took place between the FBI and the CIA. J. Edgar Hoover wrote a memo and he titled the subject heading “The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy.” Hoover reported that on the day after the murder of President John F. Kennedy the bureau of the FBI had briefings with two individuals."Captain William Edwards of the Defense Intelligence Agency;" and "Mr. George Bush of the Central Intelligence Agency."
J. Edgar Hoover writes a memo to the Director of the "Bureau of Intelligence and Research Department of State." He is afraid that "Mr. George Bush of the Central Intelligence Agency" and "Captain William Edwards of the Defense Intelligence Agency," may try to capitalize on the present situation by launching an unauthorized raid against Cuba with their Anti-Castro group, believing that the assassination of President John F. Kennedy might give them the perfect opportunity to invade Cuba by blaming JFK's assassination on Castro and the Russians.
To:
Bureau of Intelligence and Research
Department of State
[We have been] advised that the Department of State feels some misguided anti-Castro group might capitalize on the present situation and undertake an unauthorized raid against Cuba, believing that the assassination of President John F. Kennedy might herald a change in U.S. policy… [Our] sources know of no [such] plans… The substance of the foregoing information was orally furnished to Mr. George Bush of the Central Intelligence Agency and Captain William Edwards of the Defense Intelligence Agency.
- See more at: http://whowhatwhy.com/2013/09/16/part-1-mr-george-bush-of-the-central-intelligence-agency/#sthash.yv9GXnG5.dpuf
In this memo Hoover clearly names George Bush as the CIA supervisor of the Bay of Pigs invaders. Ask yourself the question “What does the Kennedy Assassination have to do with the Bay of Pigs invaders? Hmm... I wonder what Hoover is trying to say here?
There is no statute of limitations on a murder investigation. George Bush Sr. should be given a fair trial and if found guilty hung for his involvement in John F. Kennedy's assassination. It's not to late for justice in this world. How many innocent people have died because of these NAZI PIGS? Why have we let all these mass murderers go free? Why do we chose to ignore Hoover's memo? It's the smoking gun that we have been looking for all these years! Hoover clearly names George Bush as a CIA agent in charge, and simultaneously and explicitly connects Bush to both the assassination, and to the "misguided anti-Castro assassination teams" that came up from Cuba to kill Kennedy.
Date: November 29, 1963
Bureau of Intelligence and Research
Department of State
From: John Edgar Hoover, Director
Subject: ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY
NOVEMBER 22, 1963
Miami, Florida, Office on November 23, 1963, advised that the Office of
Coordinator of Cuban Affairs in Miami advised that the Department of
State feels some misguided anti-Castro group might capitalize on the
present situation and undertake an unauthorized raid against Cuba,
believing that the assassination of President John F. Kennedy might
herald a change in U. S. policy, which is not true.
Our
sources and informants familiar with Cuban matters in the Miami area
advise that the general feeling in the anti-Castro Cuban community is
one of stunned disbelief and, even among those who did not entirely
agree with the President's policy concerning Cuba, the feeling is that
the President's death represents a great loss not only to the U. S. but
to all of Latin America. These sources know of no plans for
unauthorized action against Cuba.
An informant who has furnished reliable information in the past and who is close to a small pro-Castro group in Miami has advised that these individuals are afraid
that the assassination of the President may result in strong repressive
measures being taken against them and, although pro-Castro in their
feelings, regret the assassination.
foregoing information was orally furnished to Mr. George Bush of the
Central Intelligence Agency and Captain William Edwards of the Defense
Intelligence Agency on November 23, 1963, by Mr. W. T. Forsyth of this
Bureau.
# # #
“Hey, these two memos about Mr. George Bush are the smoking gun! It is proof positive that George H.W Bush was the President of the Zapota off-shore Drilling Company, Houston, Texas, and was in charge of the Central Intelligence Agency's misguided Cuban invasion, and the assassination teams that were sent to murder John F. Kennedy in 1963!” When confronted with this evidence, Bush said that this memo must be referring to another “George Bush,” because he wasn’t in the CIA at that time. Every member of the CIA is trained to always flatly deny being in the CIA. But there was only one George H.W. Bush who owned Zapata Off-shore Drilling Company. And over the years, people have been able to piece together the facts from Bush’s personal life, showing that he was indeed deeply involvement with the CIA invasion of Cuba which was lunched from his island, and with the CIA’s assassination teams who were trying to kill Castro. This is undeniably the George Bush that Hoover was referring, in his memo.
For years I wondered why out of all the people in the world would George H.W. Bush the President of the Zapata Off-shore Drilling Company, want to draw huge attention to himself by calling the FBI on the day of the assassination to try to blame Kennedy’s murder on some innocent person? Then I realized that it must have been Bush’s job as Central Intelligence Agency’s director of the Cuban assassination teams, to be there in Dealey Plaza to oversee what happened that day. And I am willing to bet that Bush was afraid that someone may have recognized him at the seen of the crime, and that this is why he was trying to blame the murder on someone else, to draw the attention away form himself.
Right after the assassination, Bush gets in his car and drives 1 hr 30 minutes east, where he makes the phone call from Tyler Texas so he has an alibi and can now say that he was in Tyler Texas when the assassination took place. But when Bush is asked where he was when Kennedy was murdered, he says that he can’t remember. How is it that he can remember making a phone call from Tyler Texas 1hr 30 minutes after the assassination, but he can not remember where he was before that? If that doesn't sound suspicious, I don’t know what does!
Then Bush tells the FBI that he is proceeding to Dallas Texas and staying at the Sheraton- Dallas Texas Hotel, where people had seen him the night before. George Bush was staying in Dallas at the downtown Sheraton Hotel and had spent the previous night of the 21st there. George H.W. Bush. Richard Nixon, Johnson, J Edgar Hoover along with 25 others were all mysteriously for some reason in Dallas the night before the assassination at the Murchison house for a meting on Nov. 21, 1963 before Kennedy arrived the next day, according to an alleged co-conspirator and spotter Frank Sturgis.
After his dismissal as the director of the CIA, Allen Dulles writes a book called The Craft of Intelligence – with the assistance of E. Howard Hunt. In this book Allen Dulles mentions that he was in Dallas weeks before the assassination, and that Al Ulmer, the foreign-based CIA coup expert was in Texas visiting with George Bush and E. Howard Hunt, both top Dulles CIA operatives and covert operations specialist, and it was confirmed by E. Howard Hunt’s own son that both his father and George Bush had been in Dallas; – until supposedly George Bush leaves town either the night before or on the very day of the assassination and places his covering alibi phone call from Tyler, Texas.
"CONVINCE THE PUBLIC THAT OSWALD IS THE REAL ASSASSIN."
On November 24, 1963, in a memo J. Edgar Hoover wrote for the record, Hoover stated, "The thing I am most concerned about, and so is Mr. Katzenbach, is having something issued so that we can convince the public that Oswald is the real assassin."
J. Edgar Hoover wanted to officially clam that Oswald was the lone assassin, because if the killing of a President was caused by a lone assassin, it becomes the exclusive jurisdiction of the State law officers to investigate the case, not federal, that way the FBI had no jurisdiction to investigate the case.
Both Hunt and Frank Sturgis worked for Bush on the CIA’s raids and numerous attempts to assassinate Castro. Sturgis admitted to being a spotter and that both he and Hunt shot JFK from the grassy knoll. Frank Sturgis also testified that one of the two men firing from the grassy knoll hit the President in the throat.
Hunt and Sturgis were two of the men posing as tramps arrested after they were found hiding in a boxcar behind the grassy knoll. Both of them just happened to have walkie-talkies on their person at the time they were arrest by the Dallas Police. The third man was said to have been Texas Mafia hit-man Charles Harrelson. Both Hunt and Sturgis were photographed and seen by 15 witnesses. The woman in the background who looks very upset is Hunt's wife Dorothy. Lee Bowers had seen two men shoot at the president from behind the picket fence atop the grassy knoll in his binoculars from his Union Pacific Rail Road tower. Bowers saw the smoke rise from the gun as he heard the shots and he saw the men run and jump on the train. But before the assassins could get away, Lee Bowers called the Dallas Police who arrested Hunt and Sturgis, but they later decided to claim that Oswald was the lone nut assassin, so they let them go.
THE UMBRELLA MAN
As the Presidents car approaches, a Cuban man sitting on the curb next to a mysterious man known as the "umbrella man," looks back up towards the picket fence and is talking to someone on a walkie-talkie. Then they both stand up and the Cuban man wearing a black bray starts waving his fist at the President, as the white man opens his umbrella as if he's trying to signal everyone. Just then the bullets start hitting the President from the front, back, and side. Then both men calmly sit back down again on the curb and act as if nothing had happened; while every one else around them is reacting frantically, falling on the ground, or running up the hill towards the picket fence trying to cache the men who just killed the President. Then they both stand up and walk in opposite directions, and the Cuban man tries to hide the radio in his back pocket as he is walking away toward the triple underpass.
RICHARD NIXON HELPED PLOT AND ORCHESTRATE KENNEDY'S ASSASSINATION
Frank Sturgis told the San Francisco Chronicle in a May 7, 1977 interview, "The reason we burglarized the Watergate was because Nixon was interested in stopping news leaking relating to the photos of our role in the assassination of President John Kennedy." Nixon was extremely concerned about stopping the Democrats from publishing the photos of Hunt and Sturgis under arrest for the murder of JFK.
On the Watergate tapes, June 23, 1972 which is often referred to in the media as the "smoking gun." Nixon is talking to his chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman discussing how to stop the FBI from investigating into the CIA's Watergate burglary. They were worried that the investigation would expose the connection between the Watergate break in, and the "Bay of Pigs thing." In H.R. Haldeman's book "The Ends of Power," he reveals that Nixon always used code words when he was talking about the 1963 murder of JFK. Haldeman said Nixon would always refer to the assassination as "the Bay of Pigs."
There are several incriminating documents and 4,000 hrs of tapes, which are still marked top secret in which there is clear evidence that Nixon is openly discussing on the telephone the role that "The Cubans," Bush's assassination teams played in the Kennedy's assassination. Over and over again certain names kept coming up on the Watergate tapes. "The Cubans," "the Texans," "Helms," "Hunt," "Bernard Barker," "Robert Mosbacher," and "the Bay of Pigs." Nixon’s frequent use of code words when referring to the mysterious connection between the Bay of Pigs, Dallas and Watergate are being kept sealed in the National Archives. Nixon “never clearly said who was responsible for Kennedy’s death. But he did say, "Both Johnson and I wanted to be president, but the only difference was I wouldn’t kill for it.”
On the tape, recorded in May of 1972, president Nixon confided to two top aides that the Warren Commission pulled off "the greatest hoax that has ever been perpetuated." Unfortunately, he did not elaborate. But the context in which Nixon raised the matter shows you just how far Nixon was willing to stoop in his efforts to become president, even if it involved assassinating his political adversary John F. Kennedy. Nixon also pardoned organized crime figures after the government had spent millions of dollars to put them in jail.
Do you think it’s possible that all three of these events are some how connected? Nixon’s former chief of staff, H.R. Haldeman reviled in his memoir “The Ends of Power,” that the Watergate Burglaries were tied to the Murder of John F. Kennedy. That Nixon had attempted to force the CIA to assist him in thwarting the investigation into Watergate, by threatening to expose the CIA'S role in the Kennedy Assassination. And “that in all of those Nixon references to the Bay of Pigs, He was actually referring to the Kennedy assassination.” And anytime Nixon referred to "the Texans," he meant George Bush Sr. Haldeman writes: "In fact, I was puzzled when he [Nixon] told me, 'Tell Ehrlichman this whole group of Cubans [Watergate burglars] is tied to the Bay of Pigs.' After a pause I said, 'The Bay of Pigs? What does that have to do with this [the Watergate burglary]?' But Nixon merely said, 'Ehrlichman will know what I mean,' and dropped the subject." This was Nixon's way of telling Haldeman to inform Ehrlichman that the Watergate burglars were tied to Kennedy's murder.
Several illegal activities were undertaken by President Nixon's secret agents E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordan Liddy which involved murdering people when need be. For example the planned assassination of newspaper columnist Jack Anderson, Nixon's arch enemy in the media. Anderson had reveled Ninon's connections with Johnny Roselli who shot at Kennedy from the Dal-Tex-Building, and was the head liaison between the Mafia and the CIA.
Johnny Roselli was the head liaison between the Mafia and the CIA, and had close ties to the three Mafia bosses associated with the Kennedy assassination: Sam Giancana of Chicago, Santo Trafficante of Florida, and Carlos Marcello of New Orleans. According to columnist Jack Anderson, Roselli told him that mob leaders had ordered Jack Ruby to kill Lee Harvey Oswald because they were afraid he might crack and reveal their part in the conspiracy to kill President Kennedy.
The Washington Post reported that E. Howard Hunt was ordered to kill the columnist in January 1972, and the plan allegedly involved the use of poison. Liddy admitted that he and Hunt had "examined all the alternatives and very quickly came to the conclusion the only way we're going to be able to stop Anderson is to kill him... And that was the recommendation approved by Nixon.
In July 1976 shortly before Roselli was to be question by the Senate Intelligence Committee, his body was discovered floating in an oil drum, in Dumfoundling Bay in Miami. He had been strangled and stabbed, his legs had been sawed off and stuffed into an empty oil drum along with the rest of his body. It is believed that Roselli was killed by someone working for Trafficante because he was talking too much about the Kennedy assassination.
In a 1980 legal case, Liddy testified that there even came a time during the Nixon presidency “when I felt I might well receive” instructions to kill E. Howard Hunt- adding, “I was prepared, should I receive those orders, to carry them out immediately.
With the philosophy that the ends -always-justifying-the means, Richard Nixon ran a Mafia style administration which had an ambitious criminal agenda of its own, one that did not hesitate to use bribery or murder to cover up or advance its own secret agenda.
FIDEL CASTRO
When Fidel Castro came into power, most the people in Cuba were starving to death. Cuba was like Las Vegas, it was full of Nightclubs and Casinos that were draining millions of dollars out of the economy every day, and most of the drugs that were coming into the United States, were being smuggled into Miami from Cuba. Castro closed all the Casinos, and put an end to the drug smuggling, and through all the Mafia leaders out of the country. And the Pepsi-Cola Co. was told that they could no longer pay slave wages to the Cuban people working on their sugar plantations, and Pepsi, Standard Oil and other corporations lost millions of dollars in real-estate and property that Castro took from them and gave back to the farmers.
They were also afraid that this would have a Domino effect, and that a lot of the Dictators in the South American countries would follow Fidel Castro's example, because there was just as much organized crime, poverty and injustice in those countries as well. The CIA was also heavily involved in the drug trade and in keeping the military industrial complex going. They were running what President Truman called the "Shadow Government."
So the corporations and the Mob came to Vice-President Nixon asking him for his help to remove Castro. Nixon began working secretly with George Bush who was one of the heads of the CIA to try to assassinate Castro. Prescott Bush his Nazi father, had been involved in the financing and building of Hitler’s deadly war machine during World War II, with over 40 concentration camps to provide slave labor for his factories. He was also involved in a plot to overthrow President Franklin D. Roosevelt because of his challenges against the elite establishment, with his New Deal programs to help the poor.
Click here for more details about the Bush Family Nazi Connections.
Prescott Bush backer of Richard Nixon’s campaign against JFK in 1960.
He owned large Oil, Sugar and Coffee slave labor Plantations, and Rum distilleries in Cuba, which was part of his wife's family the Walkers West Indies Spice Company. During his campaign for President against John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon promised to authorize the invasion of Cuba to remove Castro from power as soon as he became President. In exchange he received large campaign contributions from Pepsi, Ford Motor Co., Standard Oil (Prescott Bush) and from the Casino and Mafia drug dealers. The man who was President of Costa Rica at the time -- dealing with Nixon while the invasion was being prepared -- stated that Nixon was the man who originated the Cuban invasion." H. R. Haldeman, “The Ends of Power.”
Nixon Hated Kennedy because he believed Kennedy had stolen the election from him and that therefore JFK's election instead of his was illegitimate. Nixon met with the executives of Pepsi-Cola Co. in Dallas the day before the assassination, and the son of another Pepsi-Cola executive had dinner with Jack Ruby the night before JFK was murdered. The front page of The Dallas Times Herald on November 21, 1963: had a photograph of Richard Nixon with Pepsi Cola President Donald Kendall in Dallas, Texas on the day before the murder of President Kennedy. The newspaper caption reads: "NIXON TODAY ... JFK TOMORROW.
Nixon is said to have left Dallas on the morning of the assassination. However during an FBI interview in early 1964 Nixon told the FBI that he had not been in Dallas on the day of the Presidents murder, but before he left he held a press conference were he attacked Kennedy saying that he knows that Kennedy and Johnson are here in Dallis today, but from what he understands before the reelection in 1964 Kennedy is going to get rid of LBJ and drop him from the ticket. This was an explosive thing to say in Texas where having Johnson on the ticket was crucial to Kennedy being able to gain the electoral votes of the state of Texas in a close reelection battle. Nixon was putting himself in front of the press showing great animosity toward the President, an just by coincidence happens to be in the City when the President is shot. Nixon had been in the Clint Murchison meting the night before, and he knows exactly what is going to happen to the President at high noon, so he quickly boards a plain in the morning and fly's back to New York.
Chicago godfather Sam Giancana told relatives he was in Dallas on Nov. 22, 1963 to supervise the plot to kill Kennedy. Giancana claimed that both "Richard Nixon and Lyndon Johnson knew about the whole damn thing"— adding that he had met with both future presidents in Dallas "immediately prior to the assassination."
JACK RUBY
Every body in Dallas knew that Jack Ruby was a Mafia hit man. Madeleine Brown Lindon Johnson’s mistress said that Jack Ruby was the guy in Texas who knew every thing that was going on. If you wanted to gamble, Ruby would fix it so that you would not be raided. If you wanted a contract out on some one, you could go to Jack Ruby and get any one beat up or killed. You could call Jack Ruby and get anything you wanted, prostitution, drugs, killing what ever, he was the head guy. This is why they chose Ruby to killed Oswald, to keep him from telling every one what he knew. As a result many people started to suspect that the Mafia was involved in both the plot and the assassination of Kennedy.
Jack Ruby was with the Press Photographers in the room during the first Police News Conference with Lee Harvey Oswald. He later bragged to reporters that he was carrying a gun. He may have been looking for an opportunity to shoot Oswald that first night, no one knows for sure.
But when Jack Ruby was interrogated by police he wouldn’t say very much, but once in a while he would give a clue to let every one know who was behind the assassination of JFK. For example Jack Ruby's comment to reporters while being transferred to his prison cell. "When I mentioned about Adlai Stevenson, if he was vice-president there would never have been an assassination of our beloved President Kennedy." When asked to explain what he meant, Ruby replied, "Well the answer is the man in office now [Lyndon Johnson]." It's clear to me that Jack Ruby was laying the blame for JFK's murder on Lyndon Johnson.
Jack Ruby began to talk a little bit more in prison. He said: "Isn't it strange that Oswald should be fortunate enough to get a job at the Texas School Book Depository Building two weeks before... Only one person could have had that information, and that man was Johnson... because he is the one who was going to arrange the trip... The only one who gained by the shooting." Jack Ruby says Isn't it strange that Oswald just happens to get a job at the Texas School Book Depository two weeks before the Assassination? Only Johnson knew the rout that the motorcade would be taking, because he arranged the trip, so he must have arranged for Oswald to get a job there, and was the only one who had something to gain by the Presidents murder!
LEE HARVEY OSWALD WORKED FOR THE CIA
Jim Garrison during his investigation of the JFK assassination obtained Jack Ruby’s 1962-63 telephone records which showed that he received 52 phone calls from heads of both the New Orleans and Chicago mob before the JFK assassination. Jack Ruby had introduced Lee Harvey Oswald to the girls working in his burlesque Club saying: “Beverly this is my friend Lee Oswald, he’s with the CIA.” Jack Ruby told people in jail that Lyndon Johnson knew the route the president’s car would be taking weeks before they arrived in Dallas, and they had arranged for Lee Harvey Oswald to get a job at the School Book Depository two weeks before the murder took place.
It is my belief that Oswald was working for the CIA as a spy when he defected to Russia, and that the CIA got him a job at the School Book Depository two weeks before the assassination, and they used Oswald as the perfect “patsy” the fall guy to blame the assignation on. If Lee Harvey Oswald was working for the CIA as a paid assassin, I believe that he purposely missed on his first shot by a mile, trying to warn the President Kennedy to duck down, and his second shot he shot Governor Connally because he knew he was part of the plot to kill the President. The shots that hit the president in the throat, and right temple came from the front.
A large oak tree blocked the view of the presidents car from the 6th floor of the Texas School Book Depository. It was established by the FBI and the Warren Commission that the first clear shot could not have been fired from the alleged Oswald window until the car reached the Stemon's freeway sign. Kennedy was shot in the throat while the car was still under the tree. It wasn't until 14 frames later, 3/4's of a second after Kennedy put his hands up to his throat, that we can see that Connally is shot. It takes 2.3 seconds to reload Oswald s gun, both of these shots could not have come from Oswald's gun. The bullet that hit President Kennedy in the throat was a small bullet, but the bullet that hit Connally in the back was a large one. I believe that Oswald's second shot hit Connally.
The possibility that Oswald was aiming at Texas Gov. John Connally and not President Kennedy is not that far fetched. Oswald’s wife said that Lee loved the President, and there is another fact that not many people know about. Lee Harvey Oswald had a grudge against Connally, because when he was the secretary of the Navy he refused to change Oswald's “hardship” discharge to an “honorable” one.
PEOPLE IN HIGH PLACES KILLED THE PRESIDENT
Ruby stated that people in "very high places" had "put him in the position he was in" and "would never let the truth come above boards to the world". He said, “The only one who gained by the shooting of the president was Johnson.” Ruby believed that America was falling under the control of the Nazis, and stated that Lyndon Johnson "is a Nazi in the worst order” “They should know that only one kind of people would do such a thing.”
Jack Ruby told Chief Justice Earl Warren when he came to visit him in jail, that he wished his commission had “delved deeper into the situation… not to accept just circumstantial facts about my guilt or innocence, and would have questioned to find out the truth about me before he relinquished certain powers to these certain people… Consequently, a whole new form of government is going to take over our country and I know I won’t live to see you another time.”
What kind of government did Jack Ruby think was going to take over our country? Ruby wrote from his jail sell: "This man [LBJ] is a Nazi in the worst order." "They will know that only one kind of people that would do such a thing, that would have to be Nazis, and that is who is in power in this country right now."
Jack Ruby wanted everyone to know that only one kind of people could have done such a evil thing as to murder John F. Kennedy. That would be the Nazis; Bush, Nixon, Johnson, and J. Edgar Hoover
At first people must have though that Jack Ruby was totally insane and delusional saying that the Nazi’s and President Johnson were involved in President Kennedy’s murder, but he was trying to tell us the truth.
President Truman said: "I never would have agreed to the formulation of the Central Intelligence Agency back in forty-seven, if I had known it would become the American Gestapo."
William L. Shirer, the author of "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich," when speaking about the Nixon administration said this, "We could become the first country to go fascist through free elections."
“Behind the ostensible government sits enthroned an invisible government owing no allegiance and acknowledging no responsibility to the people. To destroy this invisible government, to befoul the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of the day.”— Theodore Roosevelt, in his Autobiography, 1913
“The real menace of our Republic is the invisible government, which like a giant octopus sprawls its slimy legs over our cities, states and nation… The little coterie of powerful international bankers virtually run the United States government for their own selfish purposes. They practically control both parties, … and control the majority of the newspapers and magazines in this country. They use the columns of these papers to club into submission or drive out of office public officials who refuse to do the bidding of the powerful corrupt cliques which compose the invisible government. It operates under cover of a self-created screen [and] seizes our executive officers, legislative bodies, schools, courts, newspapers and every agency created for the public protection.” – New York City Mayor John F. Hylan, New York Times
Johnson had appointed men like John J McCloy and Allen Dulles to the Warren Commission. John J McCloy was the president of the World Bank and High Commissioner for Germany after the War, and had helped to pardon and release many Nazi mass murders from prison. He was also friends with Hitler and shared a box with Hitler and Herman Goering at the 1936 Olympics, and he was in contact with Rudolph Hess during the War. Allen Dulles was the first Director of the CIA and he was in charge of “Operation Paper Clip,” where they smuggled Nazi war criminals into the United States to utilize their evil talents, in the cold War against Communism. LBJ appointed men like these as the heads of the Warren Commission to help cover up the truth about what really happened that day, and who was responsible for the assassination of John F. Kennedy. These men purposely tampered with and destroyed vital evidence, rewrote people's testimonies, and allowed only those witnesses that would collaborate their crazy lone gunman story to testify. At the initial meeting of the LBJ-appointed Warren Commission, McCloy spoke for the global elite when he said that it was of paramount importance to “show the world that America is not a banana republic, where a government can be changed by conspiracy.”
This secret society of powerful Illuminati bankers, drug runners, and corrupt politicians who killed Kennedy, have Nazi/Fascist ties and connections to both the Nazi run CIA, the Mafia, the Occult, and the U.S military industrial complex. These men also have a very powerful influence over the main stream media and our judicial system, and are fully capable of blocking any real investigation of the facts, as they have done with the twin towers—whether by government or the press—right up to this very day. Journalist John Loftus reported that George H.W. Bush had 41 ex-Nazis working for him in the White House during his presidency.
A former Nazi SS officer Helmet Streikher who worked for the CIA and served under the former director of the CIA George H.W. Bush said this: “One of the worst-kept secrets in the [CIA], is the truth about the president’s murder. It wasn’t Castro or the Russians. The men who killed Mr. Kennedy were CIA contract agents. John Kennedy’s murder was a two-part conspiracy murder. One was the action end with the killers; the other was the deeper part, the acceptance and protection of that murder by the intelligence apparatus that controls the way the world operates. It had to happen. The man was too independent for his own good.”
After the British, American, and Russians bombers had totally destroyed all the major cities in Nazi Germany. It makes sense that the Nazis who had gained control of the American CIA were secretly trying to invade Cuba to trigger a nuclear war between the United States and Russia, which could have ended up in totally decimating all of our major Cities as well, as pay back to us
After World War II, nearly 3000 crack Nazi S.S. agents were brought to the U.S. and given new identities and positions within the American corporate empire, most of these positions being part of the so-called Military-Industrial Complex. This super top secret operation was called Project Paperclip. This was implemented with the help of the Rockefeller's and Nazi sympathizers within the U.S Intelligence agency.
It was quite a feat to create a Nazi run Intelligence agency in America without the American people who hated the Nazis from even knowing about it. It was even more of a feat for the CIA to carry out a partial fascist coup d’état of the American government in 1963 by killing the President.
Do you think that the Nazis after losing the War just gave up their goal of wanting to rule the world, with their New World Order? Don’t kid yourself, the Nazis had tons of gold, they merely went UNDERGROUND
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Kennedy fired Allen Dulles who was a Nazi, and the director of the CIA because of the Bay of Pigs fiasco. Kennedy had also threatened MJ-12 member Gordon Gray that he was going to “dismember” the CIA unless they got out of the international drug trafficking business.
The Illuminati Banksters is made up of 13 to 15 satanic worshiping blue blood families which include: Rothschild’s, Kuhn; Loeb; Lehman; Rockefeller's; Sachs; Warburg; Lazard; Seaf; Goldman Schiff; Morgan; Schroeder; Bush; Harriman ... Their Illuminati, Nazi, One World Agenda calls for the establishment of a National Socialist World Government.
During World War II the Nazi S.S. was literally teeming with Jesuits. Germany was a Catholic country and they saw themselves as the New Roman Empire taking over the world. This New World Fascist Government wants to reduce the world’s population by getting rid of all the worthless eaters, and the inferior races, through war, starvation, man-made diseases and mass genocide. And they want to start a nuclear holocaust between Russia and the United States which they believe that they will be able to ride-out in their underground bases.
Click here for more details about the Nazis and the black Pope.
Since 1949 the CIA with the help of U.S. special forces have used proxies and covert operations to overthrow governments and suppress freedom movements that would challenge America’s dominance, and its insatiable appetite to control the world’s oil, drugs, and natural resources, and for it quest for global power. In over 35 countries the U.S. has supported fascists, drug lords and terrorists; and the ugly reality is, if we would only look at ourselves in the mirror, we would see that the U.S. has a long and unbroken track record of working with the devil, fascists dictators, drug lords and state sponsors of terrorism in every region of the world.
OSWALD'S CIA HANDLER GEORGE DE MOHRENSCHILDT
Oswald's CIA handler was George DeMohrenschildt. He was an intelligence agent for the Nazis before he started working for the CIA. One of the strongest pieces of evidence that Oswald was involvement in spy work was a small Minox camera found among his effects by Dallas Police. The camera was hidden in Oswald’s seabag and was not available to the public in 1963. The existence of the camera pointed to Oswald's intelligence connections.
On April 10, 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald attempted to assassinate General Edwin Walker. Some of the evidence that points to the possibility that Oswald was an assassin working for the CIA is a letter that he left his wife, Marina Oswald, describing what she should do, if he were arrested, killed or had to go into hiding. Also photographs of Walker's house from the sniper's position taken by Oswald's camera were found pasted into Oswald's scrapbook.
According to Marina's testimony, the next day George De Mohrenschild come over to their house and rushed up the stairs, and said "Lee, how did you miss General Walker?"
On 5th September 1976 De Mohrenschildt sent a message to George H. W. Bush, who was at that time director of the CIA: "Maybe you will be able to bring a solution to the hopeless situation I find myself in. My wife and I find ourselves surrounded by some vigilantes; our phone bugged; and we are being followed everywhere. Either FBI is involved in this or they do not want to accept my complaints. We are driven to insanity by the situation.
I have been behaving like a damn fool ever since my daughter Nadya died from (cystic fibrosis) over three years ago. I tried to write, stupidly and unsuccessfully, about Lee H Oswald and must have angered a lot of people I do not know. But to punish an elderly man like myself and my highly nervous and sick wife is really too much. Could you do something to remove the net around us? This will be my last request for help and I will not annoy you any more."
Two months later George de Mohrenschildt was committed to a mental institution. According to his wife, Jeanne de Mohrenschildt, he was suffering from depression. He was taken to Parkland Hospital and underwent nine electroshock treatments.
In February 1977, Willem Oltmans, met George de Mohrenschildt at the library of Bishop College in Dallas, where he taught French. Oltmans later told the House Select Committee on Assassinations: "I couldn't believe my eyes. The man had changed drastically... he was nervous, trembling. It was a scared, a very, very scared person I saw. I was absolutely shocked, because I knew de Mohrenschildt as a man who wins tennis matches, who is always suntanned, who jogs every morning, who is as healthy as a bull."
According to Willem Oltmans, he confessed to being involved in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. "I am responsible. I feel responsible for the behaviour of Lee Harvey Oswald... because I guided him. I instructed him to set it up." Oltmans claimed that de Mohrenschildt had admitted serving as a middleman between Lee Harvey Oswald and H. L. Hunt in an assassination plot involving other Texas oilmen, anti-Castro Cubans, and elements of the FBI and CIA.
Oltmans told the House Select Committee on Assassinations: "De Mohrenschildt begged me to take him out of the country because they were after him." On 13th February 1977, Oltmans took de Mohrenschildt to his home in Amsterdam where they worked on his memoirs. Over the next few weeks de Mohrenschildt claimed he knew Jack Ruby and argued that Texas oilmen joined with intelligence operatives to arrange the assassination of John F. Kennedy
Willem Oltman a Dutch Journalist said the Mr. DeMohrenschildt told him in Dallas that Oswald acted at his instructions, and that they had discussed the Kennedy Assassination from A to Z and that he knew that Oswald was going to kill president Kennedy sooner or later. Oltman also said that there were 4 assassins, and DeMohrenschildt also mention a anti-Castro American by the name of Lauren Hall who was offered $50,000 dollars to take part in the assassination of president Kennedy. In 1977 George De Mohrenschildt was found fatally shot, allegedly a suicide, on the day a House Select Committee investigator came by looking for him. His wife Jeanne consented to a press interview, were she said that George had been a Nazi spy.
President Kennedy had tried to warn us of the dangers of these secret societies such as the CIA, Skull and Bones, the (CFR) Council on Foreign Relation, and the Bilderberg Group."There's a plot in this country to enslave every man, woman and child. Before I leave this high and noble office, I intend to expose this plot."
A former CIA agent, and Watergate conspirator E. Howard Hunt had a "deathbed confession" where he names the men who killed Kennedy. Hunt alleges on the tape that then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was involved in the planning and cover-up of the assassination, stating that LBJ, "Had an almost maniacal urge to become president, and he regarded JFK as an obstacle to achieving that."
MADELEINE BROWN
Madeleine Brown tells a story of when she meet with her lover Lyndon Johnson 6 weeks later at a New Year's Eve party at the Driskoll Hotel in Austin. She had heard roomers that Johnson was responsible for Kennedy's murder. So she burst forth and asked him what had been bothering her for a long time.
"Lyndon, you know that a lot of people believe you had something to do with President Kennedy's assassination."
He shot up out the bed and began pacing and waving his arms screaming like a madman. I was scared.
"That's BS, Madeleine Brown!" he yelled. Don't tell me you believe that crap."
"Of course not," I answered meekly, trying to cool his temper.
"It was Texas oil and those! @#$% Renegade intelligence (CIA)! @#$%&$ in Washington."
"What are you talking about?" I asked, my eyes bulging.
Hell, that! @#__$%_#__!@#$% Irish Mafia Kennedy - with advice from the Invisible Government - came out for suicidal cuts in the oil depletion allowance. More that 280 million dollars per year! He stopped a half dozen mergers under the Anti-Trust Act. In '62's snag, the market dropped one hundred and thirty-seven billion! @#$% dollars. Steel fell fifty percent, and he had the impertinence to talk about 'rollback of prices or worse, a freeze. This was war, Madeleine, to some rich, fat cats in Texas you and I both know. He campaigned on an increased defense budget. Then he made plans to close fifty-two bases in 25 states, plus 25 overseas bases, and he was getting ready to quit in Southeast Asia. And for the first time in history, he had sent in one intelligence agency, the FBI, to dismember another agency, the CIA. America simply could not have this!"
"Who were the Texas oil men, Lyndon? Who are we talking about?" I asked boldly.
He turned and looked me straight in the eyes with a cold glare, saying, "Behind every success there is a crime. Do you remember what I told you years ago, Madeleine? You see nothing, you hear nothing, you say nothing." As he stormed off to the bathroom, he added, "I can see that I've already told you too much. I should have listened to my own advice."
Madeleine Duncan Brown has no doubt that Lyndon told her the truth. She believes that LBJ and the Texas oil cartel did what they felt they had to do to protect their own interests.
When you look at all the evidence that still remains today there can be no reasonable doubt that Johnson, Nixon, Bush, along with their gang of Mafia and Cuban CIA terrorist, were connected to the murder of John F. Kennedy. "If the people knew what we had done, they would chase us down the street and lynch us."
- George H.W. Bush.
With a final solute as they rubbed their teary eyes, many around the world said goodbye to a man they truly loved!
THE BUSH’S WERE INVOLVED IN KENNEDY’S MURDER
To understand how George H.W. Bush and his father Prescott Bush were directly involved in President Kennedy’s assassination, you need to know a little bit about the Bush family history, and how wicked these people really are. For the last 4 generations which span over a 100 years the Bush Family has been secretly involved in making hug profits from war, blackmail, assassinations, government coup-d’etats, election fraud, political bribes, and purposely ignitionating conflicts throughout the world, so that they can profit from controlling the world’s natural researches, child and adult slave trade, guns, prostitution, and drugs. They are blood thirsty pirates who sail the world’s seas, constantly murdering and plundering the weak and the innocent. These are children the “seed” of the devil that Jesus warned us about, satan’s royal bloodline. And the golden “god” that they worship and offer millions of blood sacrifices too, is the god of “Guns-Oil-and Drugs.” These men possess great power and trillions of dollars in wealth, which is at the heart of not only America's but the whole world’s political and financial control.
Prescott Bush was the managing Director of the Union Banking Corporation who had sold billions of dollars in Bonds on the U.S stock market to help finance the rebuilding of Adolph Hitler’s weapons and petroleum factories. And in October 1942 Prescott Bush’s Union Banking Corporation and steel companies were seized by the U.S. government for violations of the Trading with the Enemy Act. But even after the war was over Prescott Bush and Allen Dulles continued to help smuggle Nazi war criminals and gold out of Germany.
In 1949 Prescott Bush and Allen Dulles started the CIA where they smuggled into the United States and employed many Nazi war criminals. It was Vice-president Richard Nixon and Allen Dulles that recruited young George Bush placing him in charge of gathering the necessary funds needed for the Cuban operations. They convinced him that he would be contributing greatly to his country by joining the CIA and allowing them to use his Island to launch raids on Cuba, in exchange for getting the CIA’s help in expanding his oil business overseas.
George Bush began using his island and his Zapata Oil rigs to start smuggling drugs for the CIA into the United States. Zapata Offshore Oil became the perfect front for smuggling drugs and guns, and George Bush became the top man in charge. Michael Maholy, who worked for the State Department and the CIA for 20 years, said that the drugs were brought by seas to the Zapata Offshore rigs, unloaded, and then flown ashore in the helicopters, constantly carrying goods and personnel between the rigs and the American Mainland.
The crews on the shrimping boats were all seasoned paramilitary experts and specialists in their fields. These shrimp boats all had state-of-the art radar, hi-tech navigation systems, extra fuel tanks, and a crew consisting only of “Special Forces or Navy Seals.”
Maholy said that ships by a company named “Pacific Seafood” were used to ferry the drugs to several different countries. When the drugs were shipped to the U.S. they would use the remote mangrove swamps to unload huge loads of pot and cocaine which they would take to Miami packed in shrimp containers and shipped to various points of the U.S. This was a joint DEA-CIA operation. The shrimp containers “were filled with ice and everything but shrimp.”
Maholy wrote: Pacific Seafood used a number of vessels to carry out covert missions to run weapons, drugs and cash from country to country. Not only would their “shrimp” trawlers use the oil rigs for loading, unloading and refueling but to also deliver large sums of money to aid guerrilla armies like the Contras. The shrimping boats would constantly converge on Bush’s oil rigs to convert, trade, store and transport all of the above. Bill Clinton and George Bush Sr. would later become involved together in the gun and drug smuggling for the Iran-Contra scandal.
In the beginning Bush’s Zapata Offshore Oil Company had only a few drilling rigs, but Bush soon set up operations with the help of the CIA’s drug money in the Gulf of Mexico, the Persian Gulf, Trinidad, Borneo, Medellin, Colombia, and the Kuwait Shell Petroleum Development Company, which were among his company's clients.
The Zapata Offshore drilling rigs were located 40 miles off the coast of the United States beyond the U.S. jurisdictional limit, and half way between the United States and Cuba, which made them the perfect centers for transferring large quantities of illicit drugs and contraband.
THE PHOENIX PROGRAM
Researchers have discovered that George H. W. Bush has been in the CIA since the late 1950’s; and one of his jobs under the disguise of being in the oil business, was to consolidate and coordinate the worldwide narcotics industry, the largest industry on Earth. Some people say that one of the major reasons the U.S. was in Vietnam, was so that the CIA could take over control of the “Golden Triangle.” They didn’t care about how many people died, they just wanted to keep these wars going as long as possible, so that they could make billions of dollars in drug profits every year. It has been estimated that the CIA alone makes 300 billion dollars a year from the poppy fields in Afghanistan. To claim that these wars are not about controlling the Oil and Drugs is totally ridiculous.
Before the Vietnam “War,” the Golden Triangle was run by French Intelligence and Corsican mobsters. After the French bailed out of Vietnam, the American CIA quickly moved in, and The Golden Triangle was taken over by U.S. intelligence, with aid from Sicilian mobsters.
During the Vietnam War, a secret covert operation called the Phoenix Program was enacted by the CIA under Director William Colby to reopen the heroin trafficking routes out of the Golden Triangle in Laos, Cambodia, Southern China, and Burma which had largely been stopped by Viet Cong operations. This secret program was described to the American public as assassination and terrorist raids against the Viet Cong but what wasn’t revealed to them was the large scale heroin trafficking of China White Heroin inside the bodies of dead soldiers returning to the United States.
During the Vietnam War, the CIA would smuggle drugs into the U.S.F in plastic bags hidden inside the bodies of the dead soldiers being returned home for burial from Vietnam. CIA operative, Gunthar Russbacher would describe how the bodies of the American soldiers were gutted and filled with drugs before they were shipped back to the United States.
This is what got the U.S. involved in Vietnam. For years there were no American soldiers in Vietnam, they were mostly CIA and U.S intelligence agents. When Kennedy said that he was going to bring 1,000 men home by Christmas and the rest home by 1965, he was really saying that he was going to put an end to one of the CIA’s biggest drug running operations. These narcotics networks were well documented in “The Politics of Heroin in S.E. Asia,” by Alfred McCoy, “The Great Heroin Coup” by Henrik Kruger, and “Double-Cross” by Sam and Chuck Giancana.
In Monika Jensen Stevenson’s book “Kiss The Boys Goodbye,” it details how our intelligence community used the apparatus of searching for POW’s/and MIA’s as a cover for trafficking drugs from the “Golden Triangle.” When multi-billionaire Ross Perot spent his own money to start looking for the POW’s and MIA’s in Vietnam, Vice-President George Bush asked him how his search was going? And he said, “Well, George, I go in looking for prisoners,” “but I spend all my time discovering that the government has been moving drugs around the world and is involved in illegal arms deals… “I can’t get to the prisoners because of all the corruption among our own people.” Because of his remarks to then Vice-president Bush, Ross Petot’s top security clearance was revoked and he was given orders to cease and desist his search, which he had to regretfully inform to all the families of the missing men.
George Bush was Ronald Reagan’s Vice-President and he obviously had a lot to hide. He was the former CIA Director and a future president who had been involved in the CIA drug smuggling operations since 1960, and he was defiantly worried about Ross Petot finding out the truth.
In Rodney Stich’s book “Defrauding America” it tells of a “deep-cover CIA officer” assigned to a counter-intelligence unit, code-named Pegasus. This unit “had tape-recordings of plans to assassinate John F. Kennedy” from a wire tap which had been placed on the phone of J. Edgar Hoover. The people on the tapes were Nelson Rockefeller, Allen Dulles, Lyndon Johnson, George Bush and J. Edgar Hoover.
There are several tapes, because Hoover never realized that his phone had been tapped. Nelson Rockefeller asked J. Edgar Hoover: “Are we going to have any problems?” And he said, No, we aren’t going to have any problems. I checked with Dulles. If they do their job we’ll do our job.”
Hoover also told Rockefeller that they plan to do the job in one of the next three cities that he visits, and if Dulles (the head of the CIA) does his job of (killing Kennedy), Hoover and the FBI will do their job of covering it up!
George Bush was deeply involved in the JFK assassination. Joseph Mc Bride stated that: “A source with close connections to the intelligence community confirms that Bush had started working for the Agency in 1960, using his oil business as a cover for clandestine operation. This is proof that George Bush Sr. had extensive experience working for the CIA before they made him the director in 1975.
In 1960, he was the president of the Zapata Offshore Oil Co. His duties as president were to smuggling drugs, guns and supplies for the Cuban Invasion. The CIA code word for the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba was called Operation Zapata, and the two support vessels were named Barbara and Houston.
On April 16-17, 1961, the CIA attempted to invade Cuba using U.S.-trained and equipped Cubans. Operation Zapata turned into a huge failure. A group of Cuban Exiles were trained by the CIA to carry out assassinations and terrorism within Cuba to overthrow the government, and to reclaim island and the mafia gold holdings.
It is hard to believe that George Bush America’s “Mr. War on Drugs,” the man who led the “anti-drug” campaign during the Nixon and Reagan presidencies and again during his own, was one of the key men profiting from trafficking drugs into our country. While Bush was drug czar, the volume of cocaine smuggled into the U. S. tripled. To pretend like he was fighting a war against drugs Bush would target all the small fry dealers putting them in jail, while all the major criminals in the highest levels of our government, politics and intelligence received amnesty from any prosecution, and were allowed to conduct their operations unmolested.
In 1956, President Eisenhower had enacted the Narcotic Control Act. This new law increased the minimum and maximum penalties for all drug offences, to two-to-ten years for the first conviction, five to twenty years for the second and ten-to-forty years for the third. Under this new law a teenager caught with possession of one joint of marijuana was treated as severely as a Mafia don. Large numbers of small time sellers and users were locked up, but the drug king-pins were left untouched. Police would arrest the users and the small time pushers because these types of busts met with little resistance and the higher number of bust looked good on the reports. So they would target the users, not the dangerous criminals with mafia and government connections who were much higher up in the food chain. The higher number of bust that an officer would make, the more likely they would be promotion up the ranks.
CIA operative Trenton Parker described how the CIA called together the top Colombian drug dealers for two meetings in late 1981 under the Reagan-Bush administration to form a new Medellin Cartel to improve the shipment of drugs into the United States.
“No president that has ever declared a war on drugs and organized crime has ever really fought one, except for John F. Kennedy.” Kennedy sent the FBI to locate all of the CIA’s drug and gun running camps and order them to shut them down and confiscate all the drugs, weapons and money. Other presidents who pretended to be fighting a “war on drugs” like the Bush’s and the Clinton’s were nothing but a sham, liars placed in high positions to make sure that no one would do anything to interfere with their huge profits.
They would make great speeches promising to do something about the terrible effects that these drugs and local drug wars were having on our cities and our children’s lives, but in reality the only thing they were doing was making themselves filthy rich, by smuggling more and more drugs into our schools and local neighborhoods.
The day after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, J. Edgar Hoover wrote a letter to:
To: Director Bureau of Intelligence and Research Department of State.
Hoover was afraid that Mr. George Bush of the Central Intelligence Agency and Captain William Edwards of the Defense Intelligence Agency with their Anti-Castro group might try to capitalize on the present situation and undertake an unauthorized raid against Cuba, which could trigger a nuclear war with Russia, believing that the assassination of President John F. Kennedy might give them the green light and the perfect opportunity to invade Cuba, by blaming Kennedy’s assassination on Castro and Russia.
It is a difficult for people to believe that many of the Wars that this country has fought over the last 100 years, have been started on purpose so that the wealthy corporations and drugs lords can make huge profits selling guns-oil-and drugs. And that this illegal import of drugs into the United States, Canada, and Europe is controlled by the CIA and British Intelligence, which are suppose to be protecting the American people and our Cities, and they're not.
Trillions of dollars in drug profits are used by the CIA to finance their gun smuggling and covert operations around the world. Billions are used to bribe politicians and to pay for political campaigns in many countries, to ensure their control over the oil, drugs, and natural resources, and now the Illuminati with the help of the American Military and the CIA are starting wars with all the Arab counties in the Middle East and the Ukraine so that they can control all their oil and build more missile and Military air bases. If we don’t try to stop these Nazi Fascias and their One World Government, we will all become nothing but brainwashed Zombies having received our individual number and the mark of the BEAST. Suddenly waking up one day when it’s to late, finding ourselves in huge finical debts, controlled by the banksters and having our brains and moral conscience seared as it were with a hot branding iron. As Americans we need to take back our Country and our lives and choose what side we’re working for, God or the Devil.
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Who killed Martin Luther King? | November 22, 1963: Death of the President - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum
November 22, 1963: Death of the President
November 22, 1963: Death of the President
Shortly after noon on November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated as he rode in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas.
By the fall of 1963, President John F. Kennedy and his political advisers were preparing for the next presidential campaign. Although he had not formally announced his candidacy, it was clear that President Kennedy was going to run and he seemed confident about his chances for re-election.
At the end of September, the president traveled west, speaking in nine different states in less than a week. The trip was meant to put a spotlight on natural resources and conservation efforts. But JFK also used it to sound out themes—such as education, national security, and world peace—for his run in 1964.
Campaigning in Texas
A month later, the president addressed Democratic gatherings in Boston and Philadelphia. Then, on November 12, he held the first important political planning session for the upcoming election year. At the meeting, JFK stressed the importance of winning Florida and Texas and talked about his plans to visit both states in the next two weeks.
Mrs. Kennedy would accompany him on the swing through Texas, which would be her first extended public appearance since the loss of their baby, Patrick, in August. On November 21, the president and first lady departed on Air Force One for the two-day, five-city tour of Texas.
President Kennedy was aware that a feud among party leaders in Texas could jeopardize his chances of carrying the state in 1964, and one of his aims for the trip was to bring Democrats together. He also knew that a relatively small but vocal group of extremists was contributing to the political tensions in Texas and would likely make its presence felt—particularly in Dallas, where US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson had been physically attacked a month earlier after making a speech there. Nonetheless, JFK seemed to relish the prospect of leaving Washington, getting out among the people and into the political fray.
The first stop was San Antonio. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Governor John B. Connally, and Senator Ralph W. Yarborough led the welcoming party. They accompanied the president to Brooks Air Force Base for the dedication of the Aerospace Medical Health Center. Continuing on to Houston, he addressed a Latin American citizens' organization and spoke at a testimonial dinner for Congressman Albert Thomas before ending the day in Fort Worth.
Morning in Fort Worth
A light rain was falling on Friday morning, November 22, but a crowd of several thousand stood in the parking lot outside the Texas Hotel where the Kennedys had spent the night. A platform was set up and the president, wearing no protection against the weather, came out to make some brief remarks. "There are no faint hearts in Fort Worth," he began, "and I appreciate your being here this morning. Mrs. Kennedy is organizing herself. It takes longer, but, of course, she looks better than we do when she does it." He went on to talk about the nation's need for being "second to none" in defense and in space, for continued growth in the economy and "the willingness of citizens of the United States to assume the burdens of leadership."
The warmth of the audience response was palpable as the president reached out to shake hands amidst a sea of smiling faces.
Back inside the hotel the president spoke at a breakfast of the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce, focusing on military preparedness. "We are still the keystone in the arch of freedom," he said. "We will continue to do…our duty, and the people of Texas will be in the lead."
On to Dallas
The presidential party left the hotel
and went by motorcade to Carswell Air Force Base for the thirteen-minute flight to Dallas. Arriving at Love Field, President and Mrs. Kennedy disembarked and immediately walked toward a fence where a crowd of well-wishers had gathered, and they spent several minutes shaking hands.
The first lady received a bouquet of red roses, which she brought with her to the waiting limousine. Governor John Connally and his wife, Nellie, were already seated in the open convertible as the Kennedys entered and sat behind them. Since it was no longer raining, the plastic bubble top had been left off. Vice President and Mrs. Johnson occupied another car in the motorcade.
The procession left the airport and traveled along a ten-mile route that wound through downtown Dallas on the way to the Trade Mart where the President was scheduled to speak at a luncheon.
The Assassination
Crowds of excited people lined the streets and waved to the Kennedys. The car turned off Main Street at Dealey Plaza around 12:30 p.m. As it was passing the Texas School Book Depository, gunfire suddenly reverberated in the plaza.
Bullets struck the president's neck and head and he slumped over toward Mrs. Kennedy. The governor was also hit in the chest.
The car sped off to Parkland Memorial Hospital just a few minutes away. But little could be done for the President. A Catholic priest was summoned to administer the last rites, and at 1:00 p.m. John F. Kennedy was pronounced dead. Though seriously wounded, Governor Connally would recover.
The president's body was brought to Love Field and placed on Air Force One. Before the plane took off, a grim-faced Lyndon B. Johnson stood in the tight, crowded compartment and took the oath of office, administered by US District Court Judge Sarah Hughes. The brief ceremony took place at 2:38 p.m.
Less than an hour earlier, police had arrested Lee Harvey Oswald, a recently hired employee at the Texas School Book Depository. He was being held for the assassination of President Kennedy and the fatal shooting, shortly afterward, of Patrolman J. D. Tippit on a Dallas street.
On Sunday morning, November 24, Oswald was scheduled to be transferred from police headquarters to the county jail. Viewers across America watching the live television coverage suddenly saw a man aim a pistol and fire at point blank range. The assailant was identified as Jack Ruby, a local nightclub owner. Oswald died two hours later at Parkland Hospital.
The President's Funer al
That same day, President Kennedy's flag-draped casket was moved from the White House to the Capitol on a caisson drawn by six grey horses, accompanied by one riderless black horse. At Mrs. Kennedy's request, the cortege and other ceremonial details were modeled on the funeral of Abraham Lincoln. Crowds line d Pennsylvania Avenue and many wept openly as the caisson passed. During the 21 hours that the president's body lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda, about 250,000 people filed by to pay their respects.
On Monday, November 25, 1963 President Kennedy was laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery. The funeral was attended by heads of state and representatives from more than 100 countries, with untold millions more watching on television. Afterward, at the grave site, Mrs. Kennedy and her husband's brothers, Robert and Edward, lit an eternal flame.
Perhaps the most indelible images of the day were the salute to his father given by little John F. Kennedy Jr. (whose third birthday it was), daughter Caroline kneeling next to her mother at the president's bier, and the extraordinary grace and dignity shown by Jacqueline Kennedy.
As people throughout the nation and the world struggled to make sense of a senseless act and to articulate their feelings about President Kennedy's life and legacy, many recalled these words from his inaugural address:
All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days, nor in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this administration. Nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.
The Warren Commission
On November 29, 1963 President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy. It came to be known as the Warren Commission after its chairman, Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States. President Johnson directed the commission to evaluate matters relating to the assassination and the subsequent killing of the alleged assassin, and to report its findings and conclusions to him. The Warren Commission's report is available here .
The House Select Committee on Assassinations
The US House of Representatives established the House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1976 to reopen the investigation of the assassination in light of allegations that previous inquiries had not received the full cooperation of federal agencies.
Note to the reader: Point 1B in the link below to the findings of the 1979 House Select Committee on Assassinations states that the committee had found "a high probability that two gunmen fired" at the president. This conclusion resulted from the last-minute “discovery” of a Dallas police radio transmission tape that allegedly provided evidence that four or more shots were fired in Dealey Plaza. After the report appeared in print, acoustic experts analyzed the tape and proved conclusively that it was completely worthless—thus negating the finding in Point 1B.
The committee, which also investigated the death of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., issued its report on March 29, 1979. To see the report, click here .
Assassination Records Collection
Through the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992, the US Congress ordered that all assassination-related material be housed together under supervision of the National Archives and Records Administration. Learn more about the collection here .
Arlington National Cemetery
To learn more about President Kennedy's funeral and grave site, go to the Arlington National Cemetery website.
| i don't know |
Name the follow up to the Clint Eastwood film 'Every Which Way But Loose'. | Any Which Way You Can (1980) - IMDb
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Any Which Way You Can ( 1980 )
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Philo takes part in a bare knuckle fight - as he does - to make some more money than he can earn from his car repair business. He decides to retire from fighting, but when the Mafia come ... See full summary »
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The San Fernando Valley adventures of trucker turned prize-fighter Philo Beddoe and his pet orangutan Clyde.
Director: James Fargo
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.4/10 X
A hard but mediocre cop is assigned to escort a prostitute into custody from Las Vegas to Phoenix, so that she can testify in a mob trial. But a lot of people are literally betting that they won't make it into town alive.
Director: Clint Eastwood
Wes Block is a detective who's put on the case of a serial killer whose victims are young and pretty women, that he rapes and murders. The killings are getting personal when the killer ... See full summary »
Director: Richard Tuggle
A pilot is sent into the Soviet Union on a mission to steal a prototype jet fighter that can be partially controlled by a neuralink
Director: Clint Eastwood
An idealistic, modern-day cowboy struggles to keep his Wild West show afloat in the face of hard luck and waning interest.
Director: Clint Eastwood
A rape victim is exacting revenge on her aggressors in a small town outside San Francisco. "Dirty" Harry Callahan, on suspension for angering his superiors (again), is assigned to the case.
Director: Clint Eastwood
Dirty Harry must foil a terrorist organization made up of disgruntled Vietnam veterans. But this time, he's teamed with a rookie female partner that he's not too excited to be working with.
Director: James Fargo
Dirty Harry Callahan must stop a sick secret contest to murder local celebrities, which includes himself as a target.
Director: Buddy Van Horn
A hard-nosed, hard-living Marine gunnery sergeant clashes with his superiors and his ex-wife as he takes command of a spoiled recon platoon with a bad attitude.
Director: Clint Eastwood
As the film opens on an Oklahoma farm during the depression, two simultaneous visitors literally hit the Wagoneer home: a ruinous dust storm and a convertible crazily driven by Red, the ... See full summary »
Director: Clint Eastwood
Dirty Harry is on the trail of vigilante cops who are not above going beyond the law to kill the city's undesirables.
Director: Ted Post
A mysterious preacher protects a humble prospector village from a greedy mining company trying to encroach on their land.
Director: Clint Eastwood
Edit
Storyline
Philo takes part in a bare knuckle fight - as he does - to make some more money than he can earn from his car repair business. He decides to retire from fighting, but when the Mafia come along and arrange another fight, he is pushed into it. A motorcycle gang and an orangutan called Clyde all add to the 'fun'. Written by Colin Tinto <[email protected]>
Faster, funnier and wilder. It'll knock you out.
Genres:
17 December 1980 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Mit Vollgas nach San Fernando See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
One of two 1980 movies with Clint Eastwood released in that year. Bronco Billy (1980) was a minor box-office hit, whereas Any Which Way You Can (1980) was a major box-office hit. See more »
Goofs
When Clyde is "scrapping" Patrick Scarf's Cadillac, we see him just tapping the roof of the car, but in the shot from inside the car, the whole front of the roof of the car being caved in. In the next shot we see Clyde just tapping on the roof again, while the roof is back to its original shape. See more »
Quotes
Soundtracks
Any Which Way You Can
The Further Adventures Of Clint And Clyde
8 March 2010 | by bkoganbing
(Buffalo, New York) – See all my reviews
Clint Eastwood fans will correct me if I'm wrong, but I believe hes only venture into screen'comedy are Every Which Way But Locse and its successor film. This isn't the kind of stuff that Cary Grant would have been doing, but the two films do keep with Clint's macho screen image and allow him to slug a few people with some laughs in between.
Nearly all the characters from Any Which Way But Loose are back in this film Any Which Way You Can. Clint is once again Philo Beddoe who works part time hauling away wrecked cars, but makes his real money in the illegal bare knuckle prize fight racket. Clint lives in southern California, probably in a place not unlike Carmel, California where he was mayor. He lives with his mother Ruth Gordon, his partner in auto collision work Geoffrey Lewis and his pet orangutan, Clyde.
The last film ended with Clint not winning Sondra Locke, the country singer he lost his heart to. But Sondra's back now and when Clint wants to back out of a bare knuckle fight with reigning eastern champion William Smith because he's tired of the racket, the gangsters backing the fight kidnap her to force him to go through with it.
As in the last film, Clyde the orangutan gets the lion's share of the laughs. The sex life of the orangutan gets even more screen time, Clint and Geoff Lewis don't just find a zoo with a female orangutan in it for Clyde to mate with, they actually get him an adjoining motel room with Clyde and his lady love in one room and Clint and Sondra in another.
William Smith has the most interesting part in the film, usually he's a thoroughgoing bad guy in his films, but in Any Which Way You Can he's got a sense of honor and fair play, much to the distress of Harry Guardino and the rest of the gangsters backing the fight.
Any Which Way You Can has the same sense of rollicking lowbrow comedy that the first film has, maybe more so. As Clint Eastwood moves into his eighties maybe he'll try comedy again. He'd be one great grumpy old man as he proved in Gran Torino.
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| Any Which Way You Can |
In whch Robert Di Nero film would you hear the line You Talking To Me? | Geoffrey Lewis Dead: Clint Eastwood Frequent Co-Star Was 79 | Hollywood Reporter
Courtesy of Everett Collection
Lewis as seen on the syndicated TV show 'Land's End.'
He played Clint's buddy Orville Boggs in 'Every Which Way But Loose' and 'Any Which Way You Can' and was in five others movies with the actor-director. His daughter is actress Juliette Lewis.
Geoffrey Lewis, a prolific character actor who appeared opposite frequent collaborator Clint Eastwood as his pal Orville Boggs in Every Which Way But Loose and its sequel, has died. He was 79.
Lewis, the father of Oscar-nominated actress Juliette Lewis, died Tuesday, family friend Michael Henderson said. No other details were immediately available.
Lewis began his long association with Eastwood in High Plains Drifter (1973). He also appeared with the actor in Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974), Bronco Billy (1980), Pink Cadillac (1989) and Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1997).
Lewis scored a Golden Globe nomination for playing bartender Earl Tucker on the 1980s CBS sitcom Flo,its spinoff, Alice, that starred Polly Holliday, and he had recurring roles on such series as Falcon Crest and the syndicated Land’s End.
Lewis portrayed real-life Prohibition-era gangster Harry Pierpont in Dillinger (1973), and his résumé also includes such notable films as The Great Waldo Pepper (1975), The Wind and the Lion (1975), Lucky Lady (1975), The Return of a Man Called Horse (1976), Heaven’s Gate (1980), Catch Me If You Can (1989), The Lawnmower Man (1992), The Man Without a Face (1993), Maverick (1994) and The Devil’s Rejects (2005).
The actor also stood out as a gravedigger turned vampire in the 1979 Tobe Hooper CBS miniseries Salem’s Lot, an adaptation of the Stephen King novel.
Lewis had appeared on such 1970s TV shows as Then Came Bronson, Bonanza and The Name of the Game before scoring a minor role as a cowhand in The Culpepper Cattle Co. (1972).
Later, he showed up on such series as Mod Squad, The Waltons, Police Woman, Mork & Mindy, Lou Grant, Gun Shy, Magnum, P.I. and The X-Files.
Lewis was a co-founder of the spoken-word performance group Celestial Navigations, working with musician and songwriter Geoff Levin.
| i don't know |
Which seaside resort is the setting for the Only Fools And Horses 'Jolly Boys Outing'? | The Jolly Boys' Outing | Only Fools and Horses Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Only Fools and Horses Wiki
Del and friends go on their annual "beano" to Margate.
Contents
[ show ]
Synopsis
Nearly a year has passed since Rodney married Cassandra . He is now working for her father's printing firm, Parry Print Ltd., while Uncle Albert has to act as "Executive Lookout" for Trotters Independent Traders , i.e: watching out for the police. Whilst Albert and Del Boy flog car radios "as recommended by Nigel Mansell" down at the market, Cassandra visits them both and narrowly avoids one of Albert's boring war-stories. She also tries to put them off from coming to dinner at her and Rodney's flat the following evening, but Del is naively slow on the uptake and proclaims he and Albert will be there. Soon Marlene , with her newborn son named Tyler , pops by and chats with Del, who talks about how he, Rodney, Albert, Boycie , and numerous The Nag's Head regulars are going off on their traditional once-a-year annual "Beano" (day-trip) called the Jolly Boys' Outing to the seaside resort of Margate on Saturday.
The following evening, at Rodney and Cassandra's flat, the Trotters enjoy a sophisticated dinner with Cassandra's parents, as well as her boss, Stephen (a yuppie who is much hated by Rodney, Alan , and to a lesser extent, Albert), and his wife, Joanne. During a game of Trivial Pursuit, Del also points out that Cassandra's father Alan is also going on the Jolly Boys' Outing, much to his wife Pamela 's chagrin; but Alan promises her that he won't eat or drink anything and just have a good time. During their game of Trivial Pursuit, Del suggests that a female swan is called a bic (After a clue from Rodney, where he shows him a pen).
On Saturday, The Jolly Boys are riding down the highway in their coach (equipped with one of Del's car radios), singing along to " Help! " by Bananarama . Albert complains that they had to leave before breakfast, but conversation from Mickey Pearce and Jevon reveals that the Jolly Boys had to leave early due to it being a Bank Holiday weekend (Margate will therefore be flooded with tourists), and a train strike is also ongoing. Del goes to get his uncle some sandwiches from Denzil , only to discover him taking pills. Denzil states he simply has an ear infection, and a doctor told him to take some medication. He begs Del not to the others, since they will laugh. Del promises that Denzil's secret is safe with him. However shortly, Mike hands Denzil the brass bell he calls time with in the Nag's Head, meaning Del had told everyone on board the coach.
The coach arrives at a halfway house, where the Jolly Boys have a couple of drinks. While finding Del in the gents' toilets, Mike runs into his old rival, Eddie Chambers , who says that he now runs a night club called The Mardi Gras in Margate. Del buys some tickets from Eddie, and explains to Mike that he'll sell the tickets to some other people before leaving Margate. Mike then informs Del that Harry, the bus driver, is drunk.
Outside, Rodney, Mickey, Jevon, and Denzil play a bit of football, as the other Jolly Boys exit the halfway house with a paralytic Harry, who is helped onto the coach by Mike and Trigger . Albert suggests that Denzil should drive the coach, seeing as he is licenced to drive both heavy goods vehicles and buses. Denzil refuses at first, but eventually gives in and only agrees to drive the coach if Harry drives it home. As the Jolly Boys prepare to leave, Rodney gets arrested for accidentally throwing the football at a policeman (which he was passing to Del). Del and Alan quickly bail Rodney out, and they head for Margate.
The Jolly Boys arrive in Margate and enjoy themselves, such as playing on the beach, and going on the rides at the amusement park . At one point, Alan tries to eat some jellied eels, but Mike quickly stops him (as per the advice of Alan's wife).
That evening, as Del and Rodney sit down together at a jetty and talk about how Cassandra reminds them of their late mother Joan . Looking out to the sea, Del also brings up the time when he and his friend Jumbo Mills set up a seafood stall called "Eels on Wheels" outside the Nag's Head, and how television abruptly ended the business; although the council health inspection didn't help much either. Once the chat is over, the Trotter Brothers proceed back to the coach.
In the coach park, Rodney phones Cassandra, and they talk about how every time Del is always around him, something goes wrong and Rodney gets blamed for it. Meanwhile, as Harry tells Del that he was overcome by fumes in the halfway house that morning, Denzil notices smoke coming out of the radio inside the coach and calls Del in to take a look. Mike suggests switching the radio off since the main petrol line runs underneath it. Del does so, and flames suddenly shoot up out of the radio, and all the Jolly Boys are forced to evacuate the coach. As Rodney tells Cassandra (who also brings up the holiday in Majorca) that it's not fair to say that everything Del touches goes wrong, the coach explodes, leaving the Jolly Boys stranded.
That night, the Jolly Boys arrive at Margate railway station, only to discover that the trains are still on strike, and the last bus has left as it's a bank holiday weekend. All the Jolly Boys start yelling at each other, until Alan raises his voice, tells everyone to calm down, and then points out that the coach company has promised to send down a replacement vehicle tomorrow morning, meaning that the Jolly Boys will have to spend the night in Margate. Because every Bed and Breakfast in Margate will be full due to it being a Bank Holiday weekend, the Jolly Boys have no choice but to split up discreetly - leaving a comical Trigger unsure as to which way he should go.
Del, Rodney, and Albert split up into their own group. After luckily finding a hotel which appears to have vacancies, the three discover that the last vacancy was taken by Jevon, Mickey, and Denzil, who are sitting down to a large roast dinner. The landlady, Mrs. Baker, reluctantly suggests that the Trotters head to The Villa Bella, a hotel across the road which always has vacancies.
The Villa Bella is a run-down, darkened and damp-looking affair, run by the meticulous and frightening Mrs. Creswell. After paying Mrs. Creswell thirty pounds and signing the register, the three soon discover that their room is dark and uncomfortable, with Del sleeping on the sofa, and Rodney and Albert forced to share a bed. They begin to discuss Cassandra, and Del tries to convince Rodney to go to the Mardis Gras for a bit of entertainment and some food. He mentions that being on her own, Cassandra would probably have invited someone round to the flat, meaning Rodney shouldn't feel guilty for going out.
At the Mardi Gras, Del and Rodney chat more about Cassandra while eating scampi. Mike, Boycie, and Trigger show up as well, as a magic act called "The Great Raymondo and Raquel" begins. Trigger is the first to notice who the magician's lovely assistant is, and Mike and Boycie point out that it's Raquel , an old girlfriend of Del's last seen in " Dates ". Del doesn't believe it at first, but is instantly convinced when he sees her on the stage. Del loudly calls out to Raquel, who is overjoyed to see him again. A few minutes later, Del and Raquel are seated at the bar, as they talk about what they've been doing lately. After suggesting that she come back to Peckham with Del as well as receiving his address, Raquel is ordered by The Great Raymondo to get back up on stage with him.
Del and Rodney return to the Villa Bella, only to discover that they've been locked out. They try to wake Albert to open the door, but he can't hear them. Rodney suggests throwing something up at the window, and Del throws a chunk of pavement stone at the window, shattering it.
The Trotter Brothers head off to Raquel's flat to sleep for the night, only to find out that she shares it with The Great Raymondo. Blinded with rage, Del punches Raymondo and throws his suitcase out the window. Raquel furiously explains that Raymondo is gay, and they sleep in separate rooms. Del realizes his mistake, apologizes to everyone, and gets a kiss on the head from Raquel.
Upon returning home, Rodney finds Cassandra and her boss Stephen, seemingly alone together. Rodney punches Stephen and breaks his nose only to find that Stephen's wife Joanne is also present (Joanne had previously planned to spend the weekend with her parents, confirming Rodney's suspicion, but she ultimately couldn't due to the train strike), and Rodney is promptly thrown out by Cassandra.
Back at Nelson Mandela House, as Del makes up with Raquel over the telephone, he reveals the unintended consequences of his actions the previous night; Albert was hit on the head by the stone Del threw through the hotel window, and Mike and Boycie were both injured by the suitcase he threw out of the apartment window. Rodney then walks in with all his things, and Del (after eating Albert's breakfast and berating Albert for trying to eat it himself) absent-mindedly asks his younger brother if he sorted everything out.
As the credits roll, a recap of the Jolly Boys' Outing in Margate is played to the song "Down to Margate" by Chas & Dave .
Featured characters
Other notes
Story arc
The events of this episode are mentioned in " Sleepless in Peckham ", implying that the Jolly Boys' Outing was a regular event from the 1960's before Del blew the coach up. The very first Jolly Boys' Outing was seen in the first episode of the prequel Rock & Chips .
Episode concept
John Sullivan's sister-in-law Penny was the inspiration behind the script, as she told him of an event her father used to go on each year, called the "Jolly Boys' Outing".
Continuity errors
Raquel tells Del that she has no family left, but in " Heroes and Villains ", Raquel visits her mother and father whom she had not seen for years.
Albert tells Cassandra about his war days and how he crashed into a German boat, which later reveals that Sid was aboard it. However in " Hole in One ", in the court case, the judge said that Albert spent the best part of the war on the Isle of Wight, and in " If They Could See Us Now ", Rodney and Del were sorry that they didn't take Albert on holiday with them, but then said he never owned a passport. This would all be contradicted by " Strangers on the Shore ", in which all of Albert's war stories are proven to be true.
When Del and Rodney discuss Del's fish stall business with Jumbo Mills, Del mentions Man from Atlantis which came out long after Jumbo emigrated to Australia.
Production goofs
When Del, Rodney, and Albert arrive at the Villa Bella, there are cars parked to their right, the next shot is from the other side of the road and there are no cars in sight. Then we see them by the entrance again and now there are cars immediately behind them.
The Halfway House (nowadays known as The Roman Galley) appears to have had some rather liberal opening hours compared to most venues in 1989, as the party are drinking before leaving at 11am.
Miscellaneous trivia
The song "Help!" is featured, but the version used was recorded by New Wave band Bananarama, instead of the original version by The Beatles .
The roller coaster shown in the episode is the UK's oldest roller coaster and the fifth oldest in the world. The Scenic Railway is still at the Dreamland amusement park in Margate; it is listed by English Heritage and has been rebuilt and reopened along with the rest of the park. The ferris wheel and the spinning boat (The Mary Rose), which were also shown, have been removed.
The police station featured was in fact in the neighbouring town of Broadstairs. It has since been closed and is now the headquarters of a local pub operation company.
The Villa Bella, the hotel in which the Trotter family stayed at, has since been demolished.
The boy who stands next to Uncle Albert and laughs at his unsuccessful attempt to drive a motorised boat game is the son of Patrick Murray, who plays Mickey Pearce.
The man who asks Rodney why Rodney's data is now on his computer (which it shouldn't be) is actor Jake Wood, who plays Max Branning in EastEnders .
The drummer in the Mardi Gras club is Alf Bigden, who played the drums on the famous beginning and end themes.
It took three weeks to film the episode, shooting on location on both film and outside broadcast video. As usual, the studio interiors were filmed at the BBC Television Centre.
DVD cuts and edits
This special was edited on the Region 2 DVD release for contractual reasons. The scene where Del and Rodney are eating scampi at the Mardi Gras was cut due to the track " Just the Way You Are ", performed by the female singer in the background. The BBC refused to pay the rights for it to be used on distribution, therefore approximately seven minutes were taken out of the DVD release. Yet the scene can be seen in repeat airings on G.O.L.D.
| Margate |
Inspector 'Dirty' Harry Callaghan attempted to clean up the streets of which US City? | Margate - Wikishire
Margate
constituency:
North Thanet
Margate is a seaside resort town on the Isle of Thanet in Kent . It is found 38 miles east of Maidstone , on the coast along the North Foreland , and contains the areas of Cliftonville, Garlinge, Palm Bay and Westbrook. It is a town forever struggling with a down-market reputation.
Contents
8.1 Books
History
Margate was recorded as "Meregate" in 1264 and as "Margate" in 1299, but the spelling continued to vary into modern times. The name may come from an Old English Meregeat or similar and if so my mean "Sea-gate" or "Lake-gate". A local theory is that it refers to a gap in a cliff where pools of water are found, popular with swimmers.
The town's history is tied closely to the sea and it has a fine maritime tradition. Margate was a "limb" of Dover in the ancient confederation of the Cinque Ports . It was added to the confederation in the 15th century. Margate has been a leading seaside resort for at least 250 years. Like its neighbour Ramsgate , it has been a traditional holiday destination for Londoners drawn to its sandy beaches. Margate had a Victorian pier which was largely destroyed by a storm in 1978. [1]
Like Brighton and Southend-on-Sea , Margate was notorious for gang violence between mods and rockers in the 1960s, and mods and skinheads in the 1980s. [2]
The Thanet Offshore Wind Project, completed in 2010, is visible from the seafront.
Tourism
Margate Clock Tower and buildings on the sea front
For at least 250 years, the town has been a leading seaside British seaside resort, drawing Londoners to its beaches, Margate Sands. The bathing machines in use at Margate were described in 1805 as:
four-wheeled carriages, covered with canvas, and having at one end of them an umbrella of the same materials which is let down to the surface of the water, so that the bather descending from the machine by a few steps is concealed from the public view, whereby the most refined female is enabled to enjoy the advantages of the sea with the strictest delicacy. [3]
Margate faces major structural redevelopments and large inward investment. Its Dreamland Amusement Park (featured in "The Jolly Boys' Outing" extended episode of the television series Only Fools and Horses) was threatened with closure because of the increase in value of the site. In 2003, one of the arcades on the seafront was destroyed by fire. This has created a new potential entrance point to the Dreamland site. In the following years, 2004–2006 it was announced that Dreamland (although somewhat reduced in its amusements) would reopen for three months of the summer; a pressure group has been formed to keep it in being. The group is anxious to restore the UK's oldest wooden roller coaster , [4]
The Scenic Railway, which is Grade II Listed and the second oldest in the world, [5] was severely damaged in a fire on 7 April 2008. [6] [7]
It was planned that the Dreamland site would reopen as a heritage amusement park with the Scenic Railway at the centre. Classic rides from the defunct Southport amusement park have already been shipped in as well as parts of the now-demolished water chute at Rhyl . Today the Dreamland roller coaster is one of only two early-20th century scenic railways still remaining in Britain; the only other surviving is in Great Yarmouth , built in 1932. If the Dreamland Scenic Railway is not rescued, the Great Yarmouth coaster will become the last of its kind in the country.
The Turner Contemporary art gallery occupies a prominent position next to the harbour.
There are two notable theatres, the Theatre Royal in Addington Street - the second oldest theatre in the country - and the Tom Thumb Theatre, the second smallest in the country, in addition to the Winter Gardens. The Theatre Royal was built in 1787, burned down in 1829 and was remodelled in 1879 giving Margate more national publicity. The exterior is largely from the l9th century. [8] From 1885 to 1899 actor-manager Sarah Thorne ran a school for acting at the Theatre Royal which is widely regarded as Britain's first formal drama school. Actors who received their initial theatrical training there include Harley Granville-Barker, Evelyn Millard, Louis Calvert, George Thorne, Janet Achurch, Adelaide Neilson and Irene Vanbrugh|Irene and Violet Vanbrugh, among others.
An annual jazz festival takes place on a weekend in July.
Sights of the town
Tudor House
Margate Museum in Market Place explores the town's seaside heritage in a range of exhibits and displays, and is now opened at weekends by a team of volunteers.
First discovered in 1798, the Margate Caves (also known as the Vortigern Caves) are situated at the bottom of Northdown Road. They are currently closed to the public.
The Shell Grotto, which has walls and roof covered in elaborate decorations of over four million shells covering 2,000 square feet in complex patterns, was rediscovered in 1835, but is of unknown age and origin. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building. [9]
There is a 16th-century 2-storey timber-framed Tudor house built on a flint plinth in King Street. [10]
Draper's Mill
Draper's Mill is a smock mill built in 1845 by John Holman. [11] It was working by wind until 1916 and by engine until the late 1930s. [12] It was saved from demolition and is now restored and open to the public.
Margate in literature and popular culture
Victorian author William Thackeray used out-of-season Margate as the setting for his early unfinished novel 'A Shabby Genteel Story'.
Margate features as a destination in Graham Swift's novel Last Orders and the film version of it. Jack Dodds has asked to have his remains scattered at Margate. The book tells the tale of the drive to Margate and the memories evoked on the way. It also features at the start and as a recurrent theme in Iain Aitch's travelogue A Fete Worse Than Death. The author was born in the town.
T. S. Eliot, who recuperated after a mental breakdown in the suburb of Cliftonville in 1921, commented in his poem The Waste Land Part III - The Fire Sermon:
On Margate sands.
I can connect
Nothing with nothing.
In a Dud 'n' Pete sketch, two builders read Coleridge's Kubilai Khan as a contract specification and conclude that where: "Alph the sacred river ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea", it must exit near Margate.
The town was the title of a minor hit song by Chas & Dave in 1982.
Margate, most notably the railway station and Dreamland, featured prominently in the 1989 Only Fools & Horses episode 'The Jolly Boys' Outing'.
'Margate Fhtagn' is a song by UK steampunk band The Men That Will Not Be Blamed For Nothing. The story of the song combines the Victorian tradition of the seaside holiday with the works of H P Lovecraft, specifically the Cthulhu Mythos. It tells the story of a Victorian family going on a seaside holiday to Margate, which gets interrupted by Cthulhu rising from the sea. This is not a normal day out at the seaside, even in Margate.
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Dr Egon Spengler appears in which film? | Harold Ramis - IMDb
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Writer | Actor | Producer
Born on November 21, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois, Harold Allen Ramis got his start in comedy as Playboy magazine's joke editor and reviewer. In 1969, he joined Chicago's Second City's Improvisational Theatre Troupe before moving to New York to help write and perform in "The National Lampoon Show" with other Second City graduates including John ... See full bio »
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1979 Meatballs (written by)
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1986 Back to School (executive producer)
1984 The Top (TV Movie) (executive producer)
1993 Groundhog Day (writer: "Weatherman")
1981 Stripes (performer: "Do Wah Diddy Diddy" - uncredited)
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2009 Whatever Happened To? (TV Series)
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2009 Slimer Mode (Video documentary)
Himself - 'Egon Spangler' / Co-writer
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2006 E! True Hollywood Story (TV Series documentary)
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2006 The 50 Greatest Comedy Films (TV Movie documentary)
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2005 The 100 Greatest Family Films (TV Movie documentary)
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Richard Harris plays which charcter in the Harry Potter films? | Funko Sony Pictures Pop! Movies Ghostbusters Dr. Egon Spengler Vinyl Figure - Walmart.com
Funko Sony Pictures Pop! Movies Ghostbusters Dr. Egon Spengler Vinyl Figure
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Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information.
Celebrate Pop culture with this Funko Pop Ghostbusters Dr. Egon Spengler figure. It is a stylized likeness of the character played by Harold Ramis in the cult-classic movie. The Funko Pop vinyl figure shows the character wearing a proton pack and holding a P.K.E meter. He is wearing the team's recognizable gray jumpsuit and black rimmed glasses. The Ghostbusters vinyl pop figure stands 3-3/4" tall.
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About this item
Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information.
Celebrate Pop culture with this Funko Pop Ghostbusters Dr. Egon Spengler figure. It is a stylized likeness of the character played by Harold Ramis in the cult-classic movie. The Funko Pop vinyl figure shows the character wearing a proton pack and holding a P.K.E meter. He is wearing the team's recognizable gray jumpsuit and black rimmed glasses. The Ghostbusters vinyl pop figure stands 3-3/4" tall.
Funko Sony Pictures Pop! Movies Ghostbusters Dr. Egon Spengler Vinyl Figure:
Figure of Egon, as portrayed by Harold Ramis
3-3/4" vinyl figure
Ghostbusters vinyl pop depicted wearing a proton pack and holding a P.K.E meter
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In which year was the film Casablanca premiered? | Casablanca premieres in NYC - Nov 26, 1942 - HISTORY.com
Casablanca premieres in NYC
Publisher
A+E Networks
On this day in 1942, Casablanca, a World War II-era drama starring Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman, premieres in New York City; it will go on to become one of the most beloved Hollywood movies in history.
In the film, Bogart played Rick Blaine, a former freedom fighter and the owner of a swanky North African nightclub, who is reunited with the beautiful, enigmatic Ilsa Lund (Bergman), the woman who loved and left him. Directed by Michael Curtiz, Casablanca opened in theaters across America on January 23, 1943, and was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Bogart. It took home three Oscars, for Best Picture, Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay. The film featured a number of now-iconic quotes, including Rick’s line to Ilsa: “Here’s looking at you, kid,” as well as “Round up the usual suspects,” “Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship” and “Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks into mine.”
Bogart was born on December 25, 1899, in New York City, and during the 1930s established his movie career playing tough-guy roles. He gained fame as Detective Sam Spade in The Maltese Falcon (1941), which marked John Huston’s directorial debut. Bogart and Huston later collaborated on such films as The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948) and The African Queen (1951) with Katharine Hepburn, which earned Bogart a Best Actor Oscar. In 1945, Bogart married his fourth wife, the actress Lauren Bacall, with whom he co-starred for the first time in 1944’s To Have and Have Not. Bogey and Bacall became one of Hollywood’s legendary couples and went on to appear together in The Big Sleep (1946), Dark Passage (1947) and Key Largo (1948). Among Bogart’s other film credits are The Barefoot Contessa (1954), with Ava Gardner; Sabrina (1954), with Audrey Hepburn; and The Caine Mutiny (1954), which earned him another Best Actor nomination. Bogart’s final film was The Harder They Fall (1956). He died on January 14, 1957.
Casablanca was also the movie for which the Swedish-born actress Ingrid Bergman is perhaps best remembered. Bergman, born August 29, 1915, received a Best Actress Academy Award nomination for 1943’s For Whom the Bell Tolls, which was followed by a win in the same category for 1944’s Gaslight. She was nominated for the Best Actress Oscar again for 1945’s The Bells of St. Mary’s and 1948’s Joan of Arc. Bergman worked with the acclaimed director Alfred Hitchcock on Spellbound (1945), Notorious (1946) and Under Capricorn (1949). In 1949, the then-married Bergman began a romance with director Roberto Rossellini that created a huge scandal after she became pregnant with his child. (Bergman and Rossellini, who later married, had three children together, including the noted actress Isabella Rossellini.) Although Bergman won another Best Actress Academy Award for 1956’s Anastasia, the actor Cary Grant accepted the award on her behalf, and Bergman did not return publicly to Hollywood until the 1958 Oscars, at which she was a presenter. She won her third Academy Award, in the category of Best Supporting Actress, for 1974’s Murder on the Orient Express. Her final Oscar nomination, in the Best Actress category, was for 1978’s Autumn Sonata, which was helmed by famed Swedish director Ingmar Bergman (to whom she was not related). She died on August 29, 1982.
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Comedian Steve Coogan provided the voice for which animal in the 1996 film Wind In The Willows? | #TBT: ‘Casablanca’ premieres | 93.9 & 101.5 The River
2 years ago in Entertainment
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It was on a Thursday that the iconic film “Casablanca” premiered in New York City.
On Thursday, Nov. 26, 1942 the World War II era movie starring Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman debuts. It would earn eight Academy Award nods and nearly $4 million at the box office.
“Casablanca” went on to be released nationwide the following January and win three Oscars, including Best Picture.
Tags: #TBT, casablanca, movies, throwback thursday
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How many ounces are there in a pound? | Pounds to Ounces - How many ounces in a pound?
Pounds to Ounces Conversion
How many ounces in a pound?
The conversion factor from pounds to ounces is 16 (for troy weight, it is 12). To find out how many ounces in a pound, multiply by the conversion factor or simply use the converter below.
1 Pound = 16 Ounces
1 Troy Pound = 12 Troy Ounces
Pound is a unit of mass in U.S customary, imperial and other different measurement systems including the historical ones (Romans called it "libra" and that's why it's abbreviated as "lb" and "lbs" today). After the metric system is accepted in many countries, it's replaced with "kilogram" but it's still one of the most common weight units in US, UK, Canada and a few other countries.
Ounce is used as a unit of mass in imperial and U.S. customary measurement systems. It is also used as a volume unit but in this case, fluid ounce is referred. The abbreviation is "oz".
For ounces to pounds converter, please go to ounces to pounds
For other weight units conversion, please go to Weight Conversion
Converter
Enter a pound value that you want to convert into ounces and click on the "convert" button.
| 16 |
How many pints are there in a gallon? | How many ounces are in a pound? | Reference.com
How many ounces are in a pound?
A:
Quick Answer
Each pound contains exactly 16 ounces. Any number of pounds can be converted to ounces by multiplying it by 16. Similarly, a number of ounces can be converted to pounds by dividing by 16.
Full Answer
Both ounces and pounds are units of weight in the imperial metric system. They are most closely comparable to grams and kilograms in the metric system. There are approximately 28 grams in a single ounce, which is equal to 0.028 kilograms. Note that there are 16 U.S. ounces in 1 U.S. pound. Different countries had different sized ounces and pounds in the past when they used the imperial system.
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How many yards are there in a mile? | Miles to Yards - How many yards in a mile?
Miles to Yards Conversion
How many yards in a mile?
Length units mile to yard conversion factor is 1760. To find out how many yards in miles, multiply by the factor or instead, use the converter below.
1 Mile = 1760 Yards
Mile is an imperial and U.S. customary unit and equals to 5280 feet. It is mostly used in united states and uk to measure the distance between two geographical locations. The abbreviation is "mi".
Yard is an imperial, U.S. customary unit. It equals to 3 feet or 36 inches. The abbreviation is "yd".
For yard to mile converter, please go to yards to miles
For other length unit conversions, please go to Length Conversion
Converter
| 1760 |
How many feet are there in a fathom? | US Standard Lengths
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US Standard Lengths
Measuring how long things are, how tall they are, or how far apart they might be are all examples of length measurements.
Example: This fork is 8 inches long
These are the most common measurements:
Inches
Small units of length are called inches.
The last joint of your finger or thumb is about 1 inch (depending on how big your fingers are!).
An inch is defined as exactly 2.54 centimeters (a metric measurement )
Lots of things are measured in inches from rainfall to paper length.
Measuring in inches gives us a way for everyone to understand the size of something.
When we have 12 inches together, it is known as a foot.
1 foot = 12 inches
A long time ago, people used their feet to measure things. But everyone has different sized feet so it did not work very well.
Using 12 inches put together to make one foot lets everyone have an accurate picture of what exactly a "foot" of length is.
When 3 feet are together, it is called a yard.
(This isn’t the same thing as a garden, though they are both referred to as a "yard"!)
1 yard = 3 feet
The length of this guitar is about 1 yard.
When we put together 1,760 yards, we have a mile.
1 mile = 1,760 yards = 5,280 feet
Miles are long distances and are mostly used to measure the distance between places which are far away from each other. Most people refer to miles when they are driving, biking or jogging.
To remember how many feet in a mile think:
Five tomato
5,280 feet in a mile
Final thoughts about measuring length:
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches
1 mile = 1,760 yards = 5,280 feet = 63,360 inches
From Miles to Kilometers
A mile is exactly 1.609344 kilometers. Yes, the mile has a metric definition.
Example: what is 55 miles in kilometers?
55 miles × 1.609344 km/mile = 88.51392 km
Quick but not accurate Conversions
Here is a funny thing! These numbers can help us do conversions:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, ...
It is the Fibonacci Sequence , which is made by adding the two previous numbers each time. Example: 5+8=13, 8+13=21, etc.
Its pairs of numbers can help us
convert between miles and kilometers.
The first few numbers don't work well, but let's look at "3, 5":
3 Miles is About 5 km (3×1.609344 = 4.828032)
And "5, 8": 5 Miles is About 8 km (5×1.609344 = 8.04672)
And "8, 13": 8 Miles is About 13 km (8×1.609344 = 12.874752)
And so on.
(Why? Because the ratio between pairs of numbers gets closer and closer to the Golden Ratio of 1.6180... which just happens to be nearly 1.609344)
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How many yards are there in a chain? | Imperial Measures of Length and Area
Enter number and select unit.
Select other units for conversion.
The units in common use were inches, feet, yards and miles. We all had to know our twelve times table! An inch is the width of a thumb, a foot is the length of a foot (!) and a yard is a single stride, all for a large man. My own thumb is 3/4 inch across, my foot is 11 inches and my stride is 2 feet. However, the word 'stride' is ambiguous. It may mean two steps, that is until you are on the same foot again, in which case my stride is 4 feet.
The foot has been used for over a thousand years, the inch since medieval times, and the yard in the reign of Henry I (1100-1135) was within a tenth of an inch of the modern yard. Henry I decreed the lawful yard to be the distance between the tip of his nose and the end of his thumb, and in 1324, Edward II decreed that the inch was the length of 3 barley corns placed end-to-end. There are some Tudor measures here. The foot, a length of the human foot, became anything from 9 3/4 to 19 inches. � It was not until 1844 that there was anything resembling a real standard. In that year the British government created a standard master yard in the famous length of bronze, marked off in feet and inches which is still on view at Greenwich.
Click here for a photo and description of the Trafalgar Square standard measures.
A light year is the distance that light travels in a year. The nearest stars are a few light years away. A foot is approximately a light nanosecond! (A nanosecond is a billionth of a second, or 1/1,000,000,000 secs.)
The inch is defined as exactly 2.54 centimetres. This means that the Imperial units of length are based on the metric system!
A mile is derived from "mille", Latin for thousand, since a mile is a thousand Roman double paces, from left foot to left foot, about 5 feet, which would make 5000 feet. The mile is 5280 feet. In the past every part of England had its own mile, up to 2880 yards (it is now 1760 yards). In Ireland, the mile was 2240 yards well into the 20C.
A chain is the length of a cricket pitch. It has been used since 1620. It was so-called because it was measured with a real chain, with real links, made of metal. Its correct name is a Gunter's chain or surveyor's chain, since it was invented by the Rev. Edmund Gunter (1581-1626), a professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London. There is another chain of 100 feet, where each link is one foot long. This is the Ramsden's chain or engineer's chain (see near bottom for page for an example). The Gunter's chain is 4 poles long, which means that one chain by one furlong is an acre. This also means that an acre is 10 square chains.
A correspondent says "The whole of the United States was measured and mapped using the Gunters Chain and his chain still applies to all title plans in use today.. �For this reason all city blocks, roads and avenues are multiples of the Chain. �Towns were laid out at 6 miles square or 36 sq miles. �Early farms were sold to would-be farmers as lots of 640 acres or 1 sq mile. �Interestingly enough the Geodetic coastal survey and ordnance surveys of the entire US are metric."
Medieval ploughing was done with oxen, up to 4 pairs at a time. The ploughman handled the plough. His boy controlled the oxen using a stick, which had to be long enough to reach all the oxen. This was the rod, pole or perch. It was an obvious implement to measure the fields, such as 4 poles to the chain. A BBC webpage about allotments says that "an allotment plot is 10 poles" and claims that "A pole is measured as the length from the back of the plough to the nose of the ox". I suppose that if you wanted to control the front ox, you needed a pole long enough to reach! The perch was used in the reign of Henry II (1154-1189), the pole since the 16C, and the rod since 1450. In the 16th century the lawful rod was decreed to be the combined length of the left feet of 16 men as they left church on a Sunday morning. An earlier name for a rod was a gyrd. In North Devon there is a tradition that fencing, that is to say the cutting and laying of a hedge, would be done at so much a land yard, which seemed to be about 5 paces or 5.5 yards, which would equate to a rod, pole or perch. If anyone more about land yards, do let me know .
A furlong is a "furrow long" or length of a mediaeval field. It is used for the lengths of some horse races.The furlong was also known as flatt, furshott, or sheth. The length varied depending on the type of soil. It was usual for horses to take a short breather at the end of the furrow before turning in to the next furrow. The heavier the soil, the harder the horses had to work, and so the less time between breathers. This led to shorter furrows or furlongs between the ends, and therefore local variations in furlong length. These variations were not removed until the railways required a universal standard measurement.
Hands are used to measure horses. You measure from the ground to the withers of the horse (its shoulder) since it won't keep its head still. 3 hands = 1 foot (which sounds slightly odd).
A line has been used since the 17C. It is used by botanists to describe the size of plants (which must be very small!) It is not common (in fact, I had never heard of it until I started researching this site!)
A thou is a colloquial term for a thousandth of an inch. It was introduced in 1844. It is generally credited to Joseph Whitworth who demonstrated that as little as 1/1000" was the difference between clearance and intereference.
These measurements are all land units. Sailors have their own units .
Abbreviations
inch in or " foot ft or ' yard yd mile m or mi
You can see that there might be some confusion over m (meaning miles) and m (meaning metres)!
Area
Enter number and select unit.
Select other units for conversion.
Rods, poles, perches and roods were all rather confused. They could all be a measure of length (5.5 yards). Rods, poles and perches could also be a measure of area (5.5 yards square, or 30.25 square yards). So a 10 perch allotment would be 5.5 yards wide by 55 yards long. A rood could be a measure of area (1210 square yards). The dictionary also cheerfully states that this could vary round the country!
Someone researching a Enclosure map of Castle Donington dated 1779 in Nottingham local Records Office says that the entries mention areas measured in "... A, ...R, ...P". I think this must stand for Acres, Roods and Poles (or possibly Perch). There are 40 poles to the rood, and 4 roods to the acre, which seems a reasonable collection of units. A correspondent confirms this from his research of a Rate Valuation List for assessing poor law rates in the Parish of Doulting in Somerset. He found "the maximum amount under P was 37 and the maximum under R was 3." He lives in British Columbia, and went on to say "In Canada and I am sure in the USA, at least in the West, roads and highways were always dedicated (not paved!) 66 ft wide (i.e. 1 chain). �The soft metric conversion is 20 m which is almost exactly the same." (This is length rather than area, of course).
As a further complication, I have a reference to 1 perch of stone being 24 cubic feet, making it a cubic measurement!
If you want to visualise an acre, it's a square with sides 208.71 feet, or 69.7 yards.
I have been sent some old examination questions for candidates� for admittance to American High School.
Multiply 17 A, 3 R, 28 rds, 19 yds, 8 ft, 97 in, by 9
I think that A are acres, R are roods, rds are (square) rds, yds are (square) yards,ft are (square) feet and in are (square) inches. The square units are implied, else the question doesn't make sense!
Divide 45 T, 17 ewt, 1 qr, 24 lbs, 12 oz, 8 dr, by 8
Here we have tons, a misprint for hundredweight (cwt), quarters (usually abbreviated as qtr in Britain), pounds, ounces and drams. I leave the sum as an exercise for the readers!
While I am not giving metric tables (they're BORING), a hectare is 10,000 square metres (or a hundredth of a square kilometre). This is equivalent to a square 100 metres on each side. I've also been told that 1 square metre is a centiare, 100 centiares to an are, and 100 ares to a hectare. A hectare is about two and a half acres.
In the Channel Islands, a vergee is a standard measure of land, but the statutory definition differs between the bailiwicks.
In Guernsey, a verg�e (Dg�rn�siais: vergie) is 17,640 square feet. It is 40 (square) Guernsey perches. A Guernsey perch (also spelt perque) is 21 feet by 21 feet.
In Jersey, a verg�e (J�rriais: vr�gie) is 19,360 square feet. It is 40 (square) Jersey perches. A Jersey perch (also spelt p�rque) is 22 feet by 22 feet.
For comparison, a British perch (the area measurement) is 272.25 square feet, the Guernsey perch is 441 square feet and the Jersey perch is 484 sq feet - rather a difference!
A lovely letter in New Scientist said "The proper units for large areas, such as those of giant icebergs and hurricanes, are the Wales (metric) and the Delaware (imperial). The conversion rate is approximately 3.215 Delawares to the Wales... Measurements of height is, of course, in Eiffeltowers and Empirestatebuildings (1.368 Eiffeltowers to the Empirestatebuilding)." Here is a good website which calculates areas in this unit! I think that the Wales has replaced the Isleofwight, which used to be the standard unit. I have also spotted the Luxembourg as a measure of icebergs as well. This is, of course, rather a large area. A football pitch is often used for small areas, and Cambridge has been used for medium areas. As a very rough approximation (and that is all these units are!)
5000 Football Pitches = 1 Cambridge
500 Cambridges = 1 Wales.
3 measured ricks
= 1 cord
I thought the cord was an American unit, but a corresepondent corrected me. He said that it was used in Northumberland. "My father was using cords in his younger days when he worked in a timber yard. I remember him showing me a strange tape measure, marked with units about 4" apart, that they used to work out the cordage of a piece of timber from its length." Also, a webpage on the Common Rights in the New Forest mentions that a cord is a stack of wood in 4 foot lengths, 4 feet high and 8 feet long. It is concerned with Right of Fuelwood (Estovers).
In some districts the cord had dimensions of 16 feet by 4 feet by 2 feet. This is still 128 cubic feet.
This website claims that in England, a fathom is a measure of capacity for round wood = 216 cubic feet, that is, the volume that would be occupied by a stack 6 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 6 feet high. That is surprising, as a fathom is usually a nautical term of length meaning 6 feet (deep). The same website also claims that in Yorkshire, England, the fandam was a measure of the circumference of haystacks, measured by a circle of people hugging the stack, their outstretched hands just touching.
Another correspondent told me about the measured rick, and added "A rick is a any size stack of cornstalks, wood, straw or similar stuff, left in the field. Any ol' pile of firewood may also be called a rick, although most people just call it a woodpile. It takes about 8 cords of wood to heat a home for the entire winter."
There is a volume of measure for lumber in the US called the board-foot. A board foot is 144 cubic inches (or 1 foot x 1 foot x 1 inch). Rough lumber is sold in it. See Board Feet Estimation calculator . I have received an email about this: "My father �was a carpenter as was �father and grandfather, �and �in my youth I regularly overheard them using the �term 'super foot', which in short was 1 foot x 1 foot x �1 inch. � � Prior to changing to metric measures, I �found the �term �commonly used �throughout Australia; �I �am led to believe �that it came from the UK." Has anyone from the UK heard of a similar measurement?
A correspondent answers this: "The use of super in conjunction with area measurement is short for superficial. All materials ordered from quarries whether hoggin, graded chippings or tarmac, are ordered by the yard or metre. These are cubic yards or cubic metres. Therefore a '10 yard load of tarmac' is actually 10 cubic yards. When the tarmac is spread 3" thick, the area covered is 120 super, or 120 square yards. In each case the word 'cubic' or 'square' is omitted�but the words 'yard' or 'super' make the meaning absolutely clear. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives one of the meanings of 'superficial' as meaning 'relating to or involving two dimensions; esp. relating to extent of surface'".
A further comment from another correspondent: "In New Zealand the super foot was the standard measure for milled timer being 144 cubic inches.� I spend many years in timber as did my father and great grand fathers.� All large quantities of timber were described in super feet which was very handy for recutting.� Stocktaking in the timber yards, sales analysis and buying was similarly calculate in super feet.� it was easy to estimate the timber in a bundle or packet by eye.� Super feet slowly died out when we officially went metric in about 1975 but as you can imagine many of the old hands still used super feet to communicate with others skilled in the measure.�� The conversion from super feet to lineal feet of a board was easy.� Conversion of a metric cube to lineal feet is much slower if done on the spot mentally."
There are various other measurements for timber including "Hoppus foot" (H.ft). 1 H.ft. = 1.273 cu.ft, or 1 cu.ft. = 0.785 H.ft. The hoppus foot is used for round or rough-squared timber and the formula uses the mid-quarter-girth (M.Q.G.) in inches, squared, then multiplied by the length in feet and then divided by 144 to give H.ft. The girth is measured in inches at the mid-point between the butt and the tip and then divided by 4 to get the M.Q G. Quarter Girth tapes are available, with 66' tapes for the length, and ready-reckoner tables for standard types of timber eg. pit props.Other common timber terms were the ton for firewood and pulpwood, the bundle for stakes and pea-sticks etc., and the linear foot for pit-props and fence rails etc. Wood for chipboard or fibreboard is sometimes traded in units of 100 cu. ft. of piled chips, equivalent to 50 H.ft. of solid wood.
My father used to work in th wooden beer barrel trade (a long time ago!) He says that the staves that went to make up a barrel were counted in mille. This was 1200 staves rather than a thousand.
I have a reference to a shipping ton = 40 cubic feet. This seems odd, since ton is usually a weight . But perhaps ships are more interested in volume! However, I have subsequently been informed by my of my useful correspondents that "This measurement allows shippers to obtain revenue based on either volume or weight and is an approximate equalisation of the volume and weight rates. Rates are usually obtained by the tonne, but large and light freights are charged by volume or 'freight (or shipping) tonne'."
Referring to my statement above that "There don't seem to be many cubic measurements similar to the acre", a correspondent says "You may be interested in knowing about the 'acre-foot'. Here in the USA it is used in reference to reservoir size and is the amount of water needed to cover an acre to the depth of one foot." Very logical! Another correspondent gives from his FUI (Fund of Useless Information) "It needs 22,000 gallons of water to cover an acre of land with one inch of irrigation."
Cubic measurement is really the same as capacity or volume . However, the measurements are on this page are used for objects that have dimensions, such as wood, while capacity units, like pints and bushels, are used for liquids or dry goods that can be poured into a bag, such as grain. A bushel is 1.28 cubic feet, but we don't normally think of it like that!
Older measures
There are some measures that were not in our "tables" which we had to learn as children, because they had fallen into disuse. However, you do read about them. Many imperial measures of length were originally taken from parts of the body, sometimes obviously, such as hands or feet. But then at some time a standard length was decided on, and used by everyone. These older measurements, however, are not so precise.
A span was originally the length from your little finger to your thumb if you stretch your fingers. It later became 9 inches (23 cm), which would make it a quarter of a yard.
A nail was 2 and a quarter inches, which is a quarter of a span. So there were 16 nails to a yard. There is also a finger, which was 4 and a half inches, or 2 nails. These are cloth measures.
A palm was 3 inches - so there were 4 palms to a foot. A hand is an inch bigger. Possibly the idea was that a hand was the width of the hand including the thumb, and a palm was the width excluding the thumb.
The cubit is the earliest unit of length, used in Egypt in the 3rd Dynasty (2800-2300 BC). It is the length of the arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. The English cubit is 18 inches long (46 cms), but the Romans, Egyptians and Hebrews all had different lengths. Cubits are used in the Bible. The ark was 300 cubits long.
An ell is derived from "elbow". It started off similar to the cubit (see above), but the English ell was 45 inches long (115 cm). Other countries had different lengths for their ell. There was an old saying "Give him an inch and he'll take an ell". As the ell fell out of common use, the saying got changed to "Give him an inch and he'll take a mile" (which makes less sense). 45 inches is 5 spans, or a yard and a quarter. It could have been measured from finger-tip to nose, or possibly elbow to elbow! The ell was a measure of cloth, as was the bolt, which was 32 ells, or 40 yards.
A cloth-yard was used to measure cloth. It is 37 inches long (94 cm), which is an inch longer than an ordinary yard. A cloth-yard shaft was an arrow a cloth-yard long.
As I mentioned above, the inch was originally defined as 3 barleycorns. One of my correspondents mentions 4 poppy seeds = 1 barleycorn.
A league is another measure that varies by country. In England, it is taken to be 3 miles. Tennyson wrote of the Charge of the Light Brigade:
"Half a league, half a league, half a league onwards
Into the valley of death rode the six hundred."
In fairy tales, there were seven league boots, which would carry you 7 leagues in one stride! Assuming that a stride is two steps, then that's 10.5 miles in a step. Jules Verne wrote a book about a submarine, called "20,000 Leagues under the Sea" (this refers to how far they travelled, not how deep they were!).
A hide was enough land to support a house-hold, usually between 60-120 acres (24-48 hectares). A hide of good land was smaller than that of poor quality. Hides are used in the Doomsday Book. However, I have a reference of a hide as 100 acres.
An acre is 4840 square yards (see above) and is a conventional measure of area. It was defined in the time of Edward I (1272-1307) and was supposed to be the area that a yoke of oxen could plough is a day. Acre is derived from the Latin for field. But the common field system of medieval times in Britain was ten acres. An acre is a furlong (furrow length) long and a chain wide. In fact, an archaic word for furlong was "acre-length" and for chain "acre-width". The Scottish and Irish used to have different values for their acres. The Scottish acre was 6150.4 square yards and the Irish acre was 7840 square yards.
Some archaeologists have deduced a megalithic yard from the statistical study of prehistoric stone circles, which they estimate to be 2.72 feet. It seems strange that pre-historic man had such a consistent measure, when in the past the mile was defined differently in different parts of England! Surely, they just measured out their circles with paces, which tend to be that length. It doesn't have to be a formal unit. However, if you are interested in the megalithic yard, see this website , but I don't agree with it myself!
Another suggestion sounds distinctly interesting! "Back in my youth, early 1950s, �I was learning to play the piano. � My parents bought me a pocket metronome for Christmas. � This was the same as a measuring tape (which my brother got at the same time!) but had a non-linear scale. � If I pulled it out to the 60 marking, held it by the end and let it swing like a pendulum, it gave me a reference for 60 beats per minute. � At 120 it meant 120 beats per minute. � Follow this through and each time you halve the length, the number of beats per minute doubles - hence the non-linear markings. � My metronome had a cloth tape and the �housing was made of plastic with an internal spring and ratchet with a small button to allow the tape to be �rewound. � As I remember, the scale was from 60 upwards - because of the non-linearity, it would have been to long to be used at slower rates! � Also there was a length of tape beyond the last marking - it would not have swung for very long at short lengths. � I don't remember the exact highest rate - probably around 160. � I would guess that the tape was just over a yard when fully extended. � I've never seen one since my childhood and I don't remember what happened to �mine in the end!" (He did eventually find it - photo on the right.)� "At least my pocket metronome allowed my father's mahogany cased �French Maelzel Paquet Metronome to survive - �I inherited that! � If it was a pocket metronome, some of the Curwel tape is missing. � From my school physics, I remember a pendulum would indicate 60 beats a minute when the length from the pivot to the point of the centre of gravity of the weight on the end was approximately 39 inches. � I was taught not let it swing more than 20 - 30 degrees or it became inaccurate!" If the name is J.Curwen & Sons, they were musical publishers, so this becomes a distinct possibility. There is an article about John Curwen here .
I've had confirmation of this from John Ledwon who has a collection of metronomes . He says "Yes it is a very old portable metronome. You hold the end of the tape and unwind it to the speed you want and then move it to get a pendulum effect...the time for the swing is approximately what is written on the tape. I have one and it works quite well."
This was a more general query: "when u look on any tape measure every 16inches has a mark and nowhere says wot this mark means, please say if u no cos so many mates of mine are trying to work it out."
I have had a suggestion for this - " The tape measures with marks at 16" intervals.... I have seen them used for drywalling (plasterboards, partitions etc) in America etc...that is where an 8'x4' sheet is divided for fixing..i.e. every 16" for battons, hope this helps. More of a chippies tape you might say."
Another suggestion: 'The marks are put there to make it easy to set out rafters joists etc. Most board material came in increments of 4 feet ie. 8ft by 4ft plywood sheet. a joist every 16" would mean 4 supports for each board, allowing for joins.'
Someone else says that joists in America come at two foot intervals, and 16 inches is the typical spacing for wall studs used in wood-frame construction.
Enough, already! It's a tape measure used by American builders. (And in Britain we call them builders even if they work in wood.) But no, a further comment: "I agree with the suggestion that 16 inches is for drywall work.� In England the standard distance betwen uprights in a stud wall was 16 inches.� Also floor joists were usually at 16 inches if the had to carry ex 1 inch boards." So an American or British builders' tape.
This is a chain with 100 links each one foot long, making 100 feet in total. This means that is cannot be a surveyor's chain (the usual chain, which is the length of a cricket pitch). Some research on the web has found that it is a Ramsden's chain or engineer's chain. One of the strange brass tags has Chesterman Sheffield England stamped on it. There was a firm based in Sheffield called Raybone Chesterman making tools until recently. So this describes the chain, but we don't know what it was used for, or who 'Ramsden' was, or what the different shaped brass tags mean.
An email suggests that Ramsden was Jesse Ramsden (1735-1800), an English astronomical and scientific instrument maker. See Wikipedia article .
I've had another email: "When I was at college, we used surveying chains, I can't remember what length they were since we were working in metric but we had some experience on some of the older equipment. The chains had plastic tags along their length which made it easier to identify how far along the chain you were without having to count the links. Could the metal shaped tags be a similar idea with different numbers of 'teeth' instead of numbers?"
Another email about the Rabone Chesterman Land chain: "I found a set of these destined for the dump. They are new and unused and in the original damaged box. I have a Buck & Hickman 1964 catalogue which shows them. The brass tallys are 10 feet apart. The model number on the box is 558 although the catalogue has 258 as one of the 3 types."
Another email: 'I have a tape measure, that I bought at a car boot sale, it's new looking, plastic and metal. It has marks on the imperial side for 12", which is a foot, 16", which I use for stud walls for 16"centres, but the one that is puzzling me is the one at 19" 7/32nds, that is nineteen inches and seven thirty seconds, I believe it is one fifth of eight foot, but I have never come across anybody who uses this measurement. I would be very grateful if you could provide me with an answer.' Thanks for the answer I was sent, which is on this website .'The black diamond on the top scale starting at 19.2 inches is for truss layouts for 8-foot sheet goods �also referred to as the "black truss" markings. If you divide five into 96 inches (8 feet), it will give 19.2 inches �in other words, 5 trusses per sheet.'
Rabone Chesterman has been mentioned above. I was sent the following information: 'Just seen your mention of Rabone (misspelt Raybone) Chestermans on the web. I think the factory closed in 1979, although the front office block was retained and converted to new offices. I took a lot of photographs, including some of them making land-chains, and as you might imagine they had a specially long works building to check these in for accuracy. The company was an amalgamation of a works called Chestermans in Sheffield and Rabones in Birmingham, dating back to the 1700s. I managed to salvage a few large brass and steel templates used for taking off measurements (using a pantograph process) to etch into steel rulers (a lot were going for scrap as the works was closing). The staff were all very proud of the company and there was a real feeling of sadness at the closure and the loss of two hundred years of history. I think the trade name was bought by Stanley Tools.'
More about Chesterman: "Here's one of the Chesterman template rulers. 343 is the pattern number, and the engraved woring says 'standard for taper nedge (sic), 64ths, 1/64 to 9/64ths'. Someone with just as bad spelling has penned a newer number 828 and 'revers side' on! All this is engraved onto the back of a recycled 2" wide steel ruler. Rabone's are still making steel rules, but everything moved back to Birmingham when the factory closed. I'm not sure exactly what Stanley Tools purchased, maybe the flexible steel measuring tape side of the business."
If anyone else knows anything about any of these tapes or measures, please contact me and I'll pass the information on.
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How many gallons are there in a firkin? | Imperial Measures of Length and Area
Enter number and select unit.
Select other units for conversion.
The units in common use were inches, feet, yards and miles. We all had to know our twelve times table! An inch is the width of a thumb, a foot is the length of a foot (!) and a yard is a single stride, all for a large man. My own thumb is 3/4 inch across, my foot is 11 inches and my stride is 2 feet. However, the word 'stride' is ambiguous. It may mean two steps, that is until you are on the same foot again, in which case my stride is 4 feet.
The foot has been used for over a thousand years, the inch since medieval times, and the yard in the reign of Henry I (1100-1135) was within a tenth of an inch of the modern yard. Henry I decreed the lawful yard to be the distance between the tip of his nose and the end of his thumb, and in 1324, Edward II decreed that the inch was the length of 3 barley corns placed end-to-end. There are some Tudor measures here. The foot, a length of the human foot, became anything from 9 3/4 to 19 inches. � It was not until 1844 that there was anything resembling a real standard. In that year the British government created a standard master yard in the famous length of bronze, marked off in feet and inches which is still on view at Greenwich.
Click here for a photo and description of the Trafalgar Square standard measures.
A light year is the distance that light travels in a year. The nearest stars are a few light years away. A foot is approximately a light nanosecond! (A nanosecond is a billionth of a second, or 1/1,000,000,000 secs.)
The inch is defined as exactly 2.54 centimetres. This means that the Imperial units of length are based on the metric system!
A mile is derived from "mille", Latin for thousand, since a mile is a thousand Roman double paces, from left foot to left foot, about 5 feet, which would make 5000 feet. The mile is 5280 feet. In the past every part of England had its own mile, up to 2880 yards (it is now 1760 yards). In Ireland, the mile was 2240 yards well into the 20C.
A chain is the length of a cricket pitch. It has been used since 1620. It was so-called because it was measured with a real chain, with real links, made of metal. Its correct name is a Gunter's chain or surveyor's chain, since it was invented by the Rev. Edmund Gunter (1581-1626), a professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London. There is another chain of 100 feet, where each link is one foot long. This is the Ramsden's chain or engineer's chain (see near bottom for page for an example). The Gunter's chain is 4 poles long, which means that one chain by one furlong is an acre. This also means that an acre is 10 square chains.
A correspondent says "The whole of the United States was measured and mapped using the Gunters Chain and his chain still applies to all title plans in use today.. �For this reason all city blocks, roads and avenues are multiples of the Chain. �Towns were laid out at 6 miles square or 36 sq miles. �Early farms were sold to would-be farmers as lots of 640 acres or 1 sq mile. �Interestingly enough the Geodetic coastal survey and ordnance surveys of the entire US are metric."
Medieval ploughing was done with oxen, up to 4 pairs at a time. The ploughman handled the plough. His boy controlled the oxen using a stick, which had to be long enough to reach all the oxen. This was the rod, pole or perch. It was an obvious implement to measure the fields, such as 4 poles to the chain. A BBC webpage about allotments says that "an allotment plot is 10 poles" and claims that "A pole is measured as the length from the back of the plough to the nose of the ox". I suppose that if you wanted to control the front ox, you needed a pole long enough to reach! The perch was used in the reign of Henry II (1154-1189), the pole since the 16C, and the rod since 1450. In the 16th century the lawful rod was decreed to be the combined length of the left feet of 16 men as they left church on a Sunday morning. An earlier name for a rod was a gyrd. In North Devon there is a tradition that fencing, that is to say the cutting and laying of a hedge, would be done at so much a land yard, which seemed to be about 5 paces or 5.5 yards, which would equate to a rod, pole or perch. If anyone more about land yards, do let me know .
A furlong is a "furrow long" or length of a mediaeval field. It is used for the lengths of some horse races.The furlong was also known as flatt, furshott, or sheth. The length varied depending on the type of soil. It was usual for horses to take a short breather at the end of the furrow before turning in to the next furrow. The heavier the soil, the harder the horses had to work, and so the less time between breathers. This led to shorter furrows or furlongs between the ends, and therefore local variations in furlong length. These variations were not removed until the railways required a universal standard measurement.
Hands are used to measure horses. You measure from the ground to the withers of the horse (its shoulder) since it won't keep its head still. 3 hands = 1 foot (which sounds slightly odd).
A line has been used since the 17C. It is used by botanists to describe the size of plants (which must be very small!) It is not common (in fact, I had never heard of it until I started researching this site!)
A thou is a colloquial term for a thousandth of an inch. It was introduced in 1844. It is generally credited to Joseph Whitworth who demonstrated that as little as 1/1000" was the difference between clearance and intereference.
These measurements are all land units. Sailors have their own units .
Abbreviations
inch in or " foot ft or ' yard yd mile m or mi
You can see that there might be some confusion over m (meaning miles) and m (meaning metres)!
Area
Enter number and select unit.
Select other units for conversion.
Rods, poles, perches and roods were all rather confused. They could all be a measure of length (5.5 yards). Rods, poles and perches could also be a measure of area (5.5 yards square, or 30.25 square yards). So a 10 perch allotment would be 5.5 yards wide by 55 yards long. A rood could be a measure of area (1210 square yards). The dictionary also cheerfully states that this could vary round the country!
Someone researching a Enclosure map of Castle Donington dated 1779 in Nottingham local Records Office says that the entries mention areas measured in "... A, ...R, ...P". I think this must stand for Acres, Roods and Poles (or possibly Perch). There are 40 poles to the rood, and 4 roods to the acre, which seems a reasonable collection of units. A correspondent confirms this from his research of a Rate Valuation List for assessing poor law rates in the Parish of Doulting in Somerset. He found "the maximum amount under P was 37 and the maximum under R was 3." He lives in British Columbia, and went on to say "In Canada and I am sure in the USA, at least in the West, roads and highways were always dedicated (not paved!) 66 ft wide (i.e. 1 chain). �The soft metric conversion is 20 m which is almost exactly the same." (This is length rather than area, of course).
As a further complication, I have a reference to 1 perch of stone being 24 cubic feet, making it a cubic measurement!
If you want to visualise an acre, it's a square with sides 208.71 feet, or 69.7 yards.
I have been sent some old examination questions for candidates� for admittance to American High School.
Multiply 17 A, 3 R, 28 rds, 19 yds, 8 ft, 97 in, by 9
I think that A are acres, R are roods, rds are (square) rds, yds are (square) yards,ft are (square) feet and in are (square) inches. The square units are implied, else the question doesn't make sense!
Divide 45 T, 17 ewt, 1 qr, 24 lbs, 12 oz, 8 dr, by 8
Here we have tons, a misprint for hundredweight (cwt), quarters (usually abbreviated as qtr in Britain), pounds, ounces and drams. I leave the sum as an exercise for the readers!
While I am not giving metric tables (they're BORING), a hectare is 10,000 square metres (or a hundredth of a square kilometre). This is equivalent to a square 100 metres on each side. I've also been told that 1 square metre is a centiare, 100 centiares to an are, and 100 ares to a hectare. A hectare is about two and a half acres.
In the Channel Islands, a vergee is a standard measure of land, but the statutory definition differs between the bailiwicks.
In Guernsey, a verg�e (Dg�rn�siais: vergie) is 17,640 square feet. It is 40 (square) Guernsey perches. A Guernsey perch (also spelt perque) is 21 feet by 21 feet.
In Jersey, a verg�e (J�rriais: vr�gie) is 19,360 square feet. It is 40 (square) Jersey perches. A Jersey perch (also spelt p�rque) is 22 feet by 22 feet.
For comparison, a British perch (the area measurement) is 272.25 square feet, the Guernsey perch is 441 square feet and the Jersey perch is 484 sq feet - rather a difference!
A lovely letter in New Scientist said "The proper units for large areas, such as those of giant icebergs and hurricanes, are the Wales (metric) and the Delaware (imperial). The conversion rate is approximately 3.215 Delawares to the Wales... Measurements of height is, of course, in Eiffeltowers and Empirestatebuildings (1.368 Eiffeltowers to the Empirestatebuilding)." Here is a good website which calculates areas in this unit! I think that the Wales has replaced the Isleofwight, which used to be the standard unit. I have also spotted the Luxembourg as a measure of icebergs as well. This is, of course, rather a large area. A football pitch is often used for small areas, and Cambridge has been used for medium areas. As a very rough approximation (and that is all these units are!)
5000 Football Pitches = 1 Cambridge
500 Cambridges = 1 Wales.
3 measured ricks
= 1 cord
I thought the cord was an American unit, but a corresepondent corrected me. He said that it was used in Northumberland. "My father was using cords in his younger days when he worked in a timber yard. I remember him showing me a strange tape measure, marked with units about 4" apart, that they used to work out the cordage of a piece of timber from its length." Also, a webpage on the Common Rights in the New Forest mentions that a cord is a stack of wood in 4 foot lengths, 4 feet high and 8 feet long. It is concerned with Right of Fuelwood (Estovers).
In some districts the cord had dimensions of 16 feet by 4 feet by 2 feet. This is still 128 cubic feet.
This website claims that in England, a fathom is a measure of capacity for round wood = 216 cubic feet, that is, the volume that would be occupied by a stack 6 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 6 feet high. That is surprising, as a fathom is usually a nautical term of length meaning 6 feet (deep). The same website also claims that in Yorkshire, England, the fandam was a measure of the circumference of haystacks, measured by a circle of people hugging the stack, their outstretched hands just touching.
Another correspondent told me about the measured rick, and added "A rick is a any size stack of cornstalks, wood, straw or similar stuff, left in the field. Any ol' pile of firewood may also be called a rick, although most people just call it a woodpile. It takes about 8 cords of wood to heat a home for the entire winter."
There is a volume of measure for lumber in the US called the board-foot. A board foot is 144 cubic inches (or 1 foot x 1 foot x 1 inch). Rough lumber is sold in it. See Board Feet Estimation calculator . I have received an email about this: "My father �was a carpenter as was �father and grandfather, �and �in my youth I regularly overheard them using the �term 'super foot', which in short was 1 foot x 1 foot x �1 inch. � � Prior to changing to metric measures, I �found the �term �commonly used �throughout Australia; �I �am led to believe �that it came from the UK." Has anyone from the UK heard of a similar measurement?
A correspondent answers this: "The use of super in conjunction with area measurement is short for superficial. All materials ordered from quarries whether hoggin, graded chippings or tarmac, are ordered by the yard or metre. These are cubic yards or cubic metres. Therefore a '10 yard load of tarmac' is actually 10 cubic yards. When the tarmac is spread 3" thick, the area covered is 120 super, or 120 square yards. In each case the word 'cubic' or 'square' is omitted�but the words 'yard' or 'super' make the meaning absolutely clear. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives one of the meanings of 'superficial' as meaning 'relating to or involving two dimensions; esp. relating to extent of surface'".
A further comment from another correspondent: "In New Zealand the super foot was the standard measure for milled timer being 144 cubic inches.� I spend many years in timber as did my father and great grand fathers.� All large quantities of timber were described in super feet which was very handy for recutting.� Stocktaking in the timber yards, sales analysis and buying was similarly calculate in super feet.� it was easy to estimate the timber in a bundle or packet by eye.� Super feet slowly died out when we officially went metric in about 1975 but as you can imagine many of the old hands still used super feet to communicate with others skilled in the measure.�� The conversion from super feet to lineal feet of a board was easy.� Conversion of a metric cube to lineal feet is much slower if done on the spot mentally."
There are various other measurements for timber including "Hoppus foot" (H.ft). 1 H.ft. = 1.273 cu.ft, or 1 cu.ft. = 0.785 H.ft. The hoppus foot is used for round or rough-squared timber and the formula uses the mid-quarter-girth (M.Q.G.) in inches, squared, then multiplied by the length in feet and then divided by 144 to give H.ft. The girth is measured in inches at the mid-point between the butt and the tip and then divided by 4 to get the M.Q G. Quarter Girth tapes are available, with 66' tapes for the length, and ready-reckoner tables for standard types of timber eg. pit props.Other common timber terms were the ton for firewood and pulpwood, the bundle for stakes and pea-sticks etc., and the linear foot for pit-props and fence rails etc. Wood for chipboard or fibreboard is sometimes traded in units of 100 cu. ft. of piled chips, equivalent to 50 H.ft. of solid wood.
My father used to work in th wooden beer barrel trade (a long time ago!) He says that the staves that went to make up a barrel were counted in mille. This was 1200 staves rather than a thousand.
I have a reference to a shipping ton = 40 cubic feet. This seems odd, since ton is usually a weight . But perhaps ships are more interested in volume! However, I have subsequently been informed by my of my useful correspondents that "This measurement allows shippers to obtain revenue based on either volume or weight and is an approximate equalisation of the volume and weight rates. Rates are usually obtained by the tonne, but large and light freights are charged by volume or 'freight (or shipping) tonne'."
Referring to my statement above that "There don't seem to be many cubic measurements similar to the acre", a correspondent says "You may be interested in knowing about the 'acre-foot'. Here in the USA it is used in reference to reservoir size and is the amount of water needed to cover an acre to the depth of one foot." Very logical! Another correspondent gives from his FUI (Fund of Useless Information) "It needs 22,000 gallons of water to cover an acre of land with one inch of irrigation."
Cubic measurement is really the same as capacity or volume . However, the measurements are on this page are used for objects that have dimensions, such as wood, while capacity units, like pints and bushels, are used for liquids or dry goods that can be poured into a bag, such as grain. A bushel is 1.28 cubic feet, but we don't normally think of it like that!
Older measures
There are some measures that were not in our "tables" which we had to learn as children, because they had fallen into disuse. However, you do read about them. Many imperial measures of length were originally taken from parts of the body, sometimes obviously, such as hands or feet. But then at some time a standard length was decided on, and used by everyone. These older measurements, however, are not so precise.
A span was originally the length from your little finger to your thumb if you stretch your fingers. It later became 9 inches (23 cm), which would make it a quarter of a yard.
A nail was 2 and a quarter inches, which is a quarter of a span. So there were 16 nails to a yard. There is also a finger, which was 4 and a half inches, or 2 nails. These are cloth measures.
A palm was 3 inches - so there were 4 palms to a foot. A hand is an inch bigger. Possibly the idea was that a hand was the width of the hand including the thumb, and a palm was the width excluding the thumb.
The cubit is the earliest unit of length, used in Egypt in the 3rd Dynasty (2800-2300 BC). It is the length of the arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. The English cubit is 18 inches long (46 cms), but the Romans, Egyptians and Hebrews all had different lengths. Cubits are used in the Bible. The ark was 300 cubits long.
An ell is derived from "elbow". It started off similar to the cubit (see above), but the English ell was 45 inches long (115 cm). Other countries had different lengths for their ell. There was an old saying "Give him an inch and he'll take an ell". As the ell fell out of common use, the saying got changed to "Give him an inch and he'll take a mile" (which makes less sense). 45 inches is 5 spans, or a yard and a quarter. It could have been measured from finger-tip to nose, or possibly elbow to elbow! The ell was a measure of cloth, as was the bolt, which was 32 ells, or 40 yards.
A cloth-yard was used to measure cloth. It is 37 inches long (94 cm), which is an inch longer than an ordinary yard. A cloth-yard shaft was an arrow a cloth-yard long.
As I mentioned above, the inch was originally defined as 3 barleycorns. One of my correspondents mentions 4 poppy seeds = 1 barleycorn.
A league is another measure that varies by country. In England, it is taken to be 3 miles. Tennyson wrote of the Charge of the Light Brigade:
"Half a league, half a league, half a league onwards
Into the valley of death rode the six hundred."
In fairy tales, there were seven league boots, which would carry you 7 leagues in one stride! Assuming that a stride is two steps, then that's 10.5 miles in a step. Jules Verne wrote a book about a submarine, called "20,000 Leagues under the Sea" (this refers to how far they travelled, not how deep they were!).
A hide was enough land to support a house-hold, usually between 60-120 acres (24-48 hectares). A hide of good land was smaller than that of poor quality. Hides are used in the Doomsday Book. However, I have a reference of a hide as 100 acres.
An acre is 4840 square yards (see above) and is a conventional measure of area. It was defined in the time of Edward I (1272-1307) and was supposed to be the area that a yoke of oxen could plough is a day. Acre is derived from the Latin for field. But the common field system of medieval times in Britain was ten acres. An acre is a furlong (furrow length) long and a chain wide. In fact, an archaic word for furlong was "acre-length" and for chain "acre-width". The Scottish and Irish used to have different values for their acres. The Scottish acre was 6150.4 square yards and the Irish acre was 7840 square yards.
Some archaeologists have deduced a megalithic yard from the statistical study of prehistoric stone circles, which they estimate to be 2.72 feet. It seems strange that pre-historic man had such a consistent measure, when in the past the mile was defined differently in different parts of England! Surely, they just measured out their circles with paces, which tend to be that length. It doesn't have to be a formal unit. However, if you are interested in the megalithic yard, see this website , but I don't agree with it myself!
Another suggestion sounds distinctly interesting! "Back in my youth, early 1950s, �I was learning to play the piano. � My parents bought me a pocket metronome for Christmas. � This was the same as a measuring tape (which my brother got at the same time!) but had a non-linear scale. � If I pulled it out to the 60 marking, held it by the end and let it swing like a pendulum, it gave me a reference for 60 beats per minute. � At 120 it meant 120 beats per minute. � Follow this through and each time you halve the length, the number of beats per minute doubles - hence the non-linear markings. � My metronome had a cloth tape and the �housing was made of plastic with an internal spring and ratchet with a small button to allow the tape to be �rewound. � As I remember, the scale was from 60 upwards - because of the non-linearity, it would have been to long to be used at slower rates! � Also there was a length of tape beyond the last marking - it would not have swung for very long at short lengths. � I don't remember the exact highest rate - probably around 160. � I would guess that the tape was just over a yard when fully extended. � I've never seen one since my childhood and I don't remember what happened to �mine in the end!" (He did eventually find it - photo on the right.)� "At least my pocket metronome allowed my father's mahogany cased �French Maelzel Paquet Metronome to survive - �I inherited that! � If it was a pocket metronome, some of the Curwel tape is missing. � From my school physics, I remember a pendulum would indicate 60 beats a minute when the length from the pivot to the point of the centre of gravity of the weight on the end was approximately 39 inches. � I was taught not let it swing more than 20 - 30 degrees or it became inaccurate!" If the name is J.Curwen & Sons, they were musical publishers, so this becomes a distinct possibility. There is an article about John Curwen here .
I've had confirmation of this from John Ledwon who has a collection of metronomes . He says "Yes it is a very old portable metronome. You hold the end of the tape and unwind it to the speed you want and then move it to get a pendulum effect...the time for the swing is approximately what is written on the tape. I have one and it works quite well."
This was a more general query: "when u look on any tape measure every 16inches has a mark and nowhere says wot this mark means, please say if u no cos so many mates of mine are trying to work it out."
I have had a suggestion for this - " The tape measures with marks at 16" intervals.... I have seen them used for drywalling (plasterboards, partitions etc) in America etc...that is where an 8'x4' sheet is divided for fixing..i.e. every 16" for battons, hope this helps. More of a chippies tape you might say."
Another suggestion: 'The marks are put there to make it easy to set out rafters joists etc. Most board material came in increments of 4 feet ie. 8ft by 4ft plywood sheet. a joist every 16" would mean 4 supports for each board, allowing for joins.'
Someone else says that joists in America come at two foot intervals, and 16 inches is the typical spacing for wall studs used in wood-frame construction.
Enough, already! It's a tape measure used by American builders. (And in Britain we call them builders even if they work in wood.) But no, a further comment: "I agree with the suggestion that 16 inches is for drywall work.� In England the standard distance betwen uprights in a stud wall was 16 inches.� Also floor joists were usually at 16 inches if the had to carry ex 1 inch boards." So an American or British builders' tape.
This is a chain with 100 links each one foot long, making 100 feet in total. This means that is cannot be a surveyor's chain (the usual chain, which is the length of a cricket pitch). Some research on the web has found that it is a Ramsden's chain or engineer's chain. One of the strange brass tags has Chesterman Sheffield England stamped on it. There was a firm based in Sheffield called Raybone Chesterman making tools until recently. So this describes the chain, but we don't know what it was used for, or who 'Ramsden' was, or what the different shaped brass tags mean.
An email suggests that Ramsden was Jesse Ramsden (1735-1800), an English astronomical and scientific instrument maker. See Wikipedia article .
I've had another email: "When I was at college, we used surveying chains, I can't remember what length they were since we were working in metric but we had some experience on some of the older equipment. The chains had plastic tags along their length which made it easier to identify how far along the chain you were without having to count the links. Could the metal shaped tags be a similar idea with different numbers of 'teeth' instead of numbers?"
Another email about the Rabone Chesterman Land chain: "I found a set of these destined for the dump. They are new and unused and in the original damaged box. I have a Buck & Hickman 1964 catalogue which shows them. The brass tallys are 10 feet apart. The model number on the box is 558 although the catalogue has 258 as one of the 3 types."
Another email: 'I have a tape measure, that I bought at a car boot sale, it's new looking, plastic and metal. It has marks on the imperial side for 12", which is a foot, 16", which I use for stud walls for 16"centres, but the one that is puzzling me is the one at 19" 7/32nds, that is nineteen inches and seven thirty seconds, I believe it is one fifth of eight foot, but I have never come across anybody who uses this measurement. I would be very grateful if you could provide me with an answer.' Thanks for the answer I was sent, which is on this website .'The black diamond on the top scale starting at 19.2 inches is for truss layouts for 8-foot sheet goods �also referred to as the "black truss" markings. If you divide five into 96 inches (8 feet), it will give 19.2 inches �in other words, 5 trusses per sheet.'
Rabone Chesterman has been mentioned above. I was sent the following information: 'Just seen your mention of Rabone (misspelt Raybone) Chestermans on the web. I think the factory closed in 1979, although the front office block was retained and converted to new offices. I took a lot of photographs, including some of them making land-chains, and as you might imagine they had a specially long works building to check these in for accuracy. The company was an amalgamation of a works called Chestermans in Sheffield and Rabones in Birmingham, dating back to the 1700s. I managed to salvage a few large brass and steel templates used for taking off measurements (using a pantograph process) to etch into steel rulers (a lot were going for scrap as the works was closing). The staff were all very proud of the company and there was a real feeling of sadness at the closure and the loss of two hundred years of history. I think the trade name was bought by Stanley Tools.'
More about Chesterman: "Here's one of the Chesterman template rulers. 343 is the pattern number, and the engraved woring says 'standard for taper nedge (sic), 64ths, 1/64 to 9/64ths'. Someone with just as bad spelling has penned a newer number 828 and 'revers side' on! All this is engraved onto the back of a recycled 2" wide steel ruler. Rabone's are still making steel rules, but everything moved back to Birmingham when the factory closed. I'm not sure exactly what Stanley Tools purchased, maybe the flexible steel measuring tape side of the business."
If anyone else knows anything about any of these tapes or measures, please contact me and I'll pass the information on.
| i don't know |
How many sheets of paper are there in a quire? | Quire, Ream, Bundle, Bale & Pallet - Paper Quantities
Ream of 80gsm office paper.
Pallets of Paper
In the US a pallet of paper is usually 40 cases of 10 reams per case giving a total of 200,000 sheets. In the UK a pallet can be either 20 boxes of 5 reams per box (50,000 sheets) or 50 boxes of 5 reams (125,000 sheets) depending upon who you purchase from.
Other Paper Quantities
It is fairly common these days to see specialist papers sold in 100 sheet (4 quire) packages and heavier weight card (160gsm+) being sold in 250 sheet (10 quire) packages.
Imperial Reams & Quires
Prior to standardisation on the metric ream and quire of 500 and 25 sheets respectively, the UK and other British Commonwealth countries used a quire of 24 sheets (2 dozen) and a ream of 20 quires at 480 sheets. This was also used in the US where it is known as the short quire.
The following table gives the number of sheets for the Imperial (Short) quire, ream, bundle and bale.
Measure
| twenty four |
How many noggings are there in a pint? | quire | Definition from the Newspapers, printing, publishing topic | Newspapers, printing, publishing
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Englishquirequire /kwaɪə $ kwaɪr/ noun [countable] technicalTCN 24 sheets of paper
Examples from the Corpus
quire• This could be an alternative route back to the turret , I thought, a route to bypass the quire.• Escaping from the quire was no easier than getting into it.• There was no way into the quire climbing over his lordship , but under ...?• That got me moving east fast, searching hard now for access to the quire.
Explore Newspapers, printing, publishing Topic
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Who won a Silver medal in the 1988 Olympic Games for 110m hurdles? | World Championships: Men’s 110m hurdles
by Athletics Weekly July 26, 2015
It’s the turn of the men’s 110m hurdles as we take an event-by-event look back at the IAAF World Championships
The home crowd for the inaugural championships in Helsinki in 1983 regarded the 110m hurdles as one of the highlights as they had a genuine medal hope in Arto Bryggare, who won both his heat and semi-final. The favourite, though, was Greg Foster who had won his semi-final in a much faster 13.22.
The Finn led for four hurdles before the American eased past and seemed to be on his way to a clear win, but then smashed the last two hurdles and was thrown off balance and was lucky to stay upright, only just winning in 13.42 from Bryggare’s 13.46. Foster and Bryggare went on to finish second and third in the 1984 Olympics behind Roger Kingdom.
The American successfully defended his title in Rome in 1987, setting a championship record of 13.20 in his heat and then winning the final in 13.21. The other two medals went to two British 20-year-olds. Jon Ridgeon was perhaps surprisingly the silver medallist and was even closing on Foster over the last few hurdles, running 13.29 despite dislocating his toe. Colin Jackson, who only just scraped into the final, took bronze.
Eight years after winning his first gold, Foster became the first athlete to win three in any event when he won in Tokyo in 1991, but it was close as he shared the winning time of 13.06 with his team-mate Jack Pierce, who pushed him all the way.
Jackson won his heat in 13.25 but scratched from the semi-final, although Britain still won another medal through Tony Jarrett who clocked 13.25 himself to push future Olympic champion Mark McKoy down to fourth. Jarrett had run 13.23 in his semi-final to beat Foster.
A clear world No.1, Jackson lost his chance of glory in the 1992 Olympics and, after a disappointing hurdling display, struggled in seventh. However, in the 1993 Worlds he proved unbeatable, running a perfect final and winning in a world record 12.91 to beat the four-year-old record of Roger Kingdom. Less than a metre behind, Jarrett also had the race of his life and improved his PB from 13.13 to a staggering 13.00. Foster didn’t make the USA team, but America nevertheless made the podium as Pierce returned to take third in 13.12.
Jackson was injured for Gothenburg in 1995, but Jarrett was back and in form. After being fastest in the second round and semi-final, he ran a great final, clocking 13.04 and won his third medal but fell half a metre short of Allen Johnson’s 13.00 victory.
Kingdom, the 1984 and 1988 Olympic champion, won his only world championships medal in third ahead of Pierce, who took his fourth top-four placing.
Johnson retained his title with an easier victory in Athens in 1997. He won in a superb 12.93, which was the fifth fastest time in history and just missed the American record.
Jackson made a successful return to championship racing and ran his fastest time for three years of 13.05 to complete his set of medals in second. Igor Kovac surprisingly took bronze and won Slovakia’s first championship medal in any event.
Johnson missed out on a third title as he withdrew injured from the semi-finals. America also suffered disappointment with sub-13 world leader Mark Crear disqualified from his quarter-final. Gold went to 32-year-old Jackson, who thus won his fourth medal, 12 years after his first. He won in a controlled 13.04 to edge Cuban Anier Garcia’s Central American record of 13.07.
The first two times were identical in 2001 in Edmonton as Johnson won his third title and Olympic champion Garcia matched his medal from Seville. For the first time for 18 years, there were no British medals, but Dudley Dorival won Haiti’s first medal in any event.
In the ninth final, in Paris in 2003, the list of different winners remained at three as the 33-year-old Johnson won a record fourth title despite clipping every hurdle and he ran 13.12, the slowest winning time for 16 years. Terrence Trammell took second, but Liu Xiang won China’s first world track medal to deny Larry Wade an American clean sweep. Fifth-placer Chris Phillips, who was a fourth American due to Johnson receiving a wild card place, was later disqualified for a drugs violation.
Johnson returned for Helsinki in 2005 and was faster than in France with 13.10 but this time had to settle for bronze in a close finish. The stylish Frenchman Ladji Doucoure won in 13.07 with Olympic champion Liu improving to silver.
In Osaka in 2007, Liu completed his world championship set of medals with a fast win in 12.95 as Trammell was also inside 13 seconds. David Payne, who was a late replacement in the US team, excelled to take bronze in 13.02.
Ryan Brathwaite had finished last in his semi-final in Japan but was much improved by Berlin in 2009 and he won Barbados’s first world medal as he set a national record 13.14 to improve his semi-final time. Trammell won his fifth global silver medal just a hundredth back with Payne retaining his hold on the bronze. New world record-holder Dayron Robles failed to finish his semi-final.
Robles was first across the line in Daegu in 13.14 but was disqualified for impeding Liu, with whom he repeatedly clashed. Gold thus went to Jason Richardson in 13.16 with Liu upgraded to silver. Andy Turner just out-leaned an out-of-form David Oliver to win a surprise bronze by 0.008 of a second.
Oliver had disappointed in recent big events but he got it right in Moscow with a clear win in a world-leading 13.00 to win the USA’s ninth title at the event. William Sharman achieved his third successive top-five placing with 13.30, which left him 0.06 short of the medals. This was Britain’s 12th top-five placing and put the nation a clear second in the points table for this event.
110m hurdles
Year | Winner | Time | Top Brit
1983 Greg Foster (USA) 13.42 (13.22sf) 6th sf Mark Holtom 13.79
1987 Greg Foster (USA) 13.21 2nd Jon Ridgeon 13.29
1991 Greg Foster (USA) 13.06 3rd Tony Jarrett 13.25 1993 Colin Jackson (GBR) 12.91(WR) also 2nd Tony Jarrett 13.00
1995 Allen Johnson (USA) 13.00 2nd Tony Jarrett 13.04
1997 Allen Johnson (USA) 12.93 2nd Colin Jackson 13.05
1999 Colin Jackson (GBR) 13.04 Jackson
2001 Allen Johnson (USA) 13.04 Tony Jarrett DQ SF (13.64 ht)
2003 Allen Johnson (USA) 13.12 4th sf Robert Newton 13.62
2005 Ladji Doucoure (FRA) 13.07 6th ht Allen Scott 14.18
2007 Liu Xiang (CHN) 12.95 3rd sf Andy Turner 13.38 (13.27 ht)
2009 Ryan Brathwaite (TRN) 13.14 4th William Sharman 13.30
2011 Jason Richardson (USA) 13.16 (13.11ht) 3rd Andy Turner 13.44 (13.32 ht)
2013 David Oliver (USA) 13.00 5th William Sharman 13.30
Top points (8 for 1st etc)
1. USA 206.5
| Colin Jackson |
The Neverland Ranch is in which US state? | World Championships: Men’s 110m hurdles
by Athletics Weekly July 26, 2015
It’s the turn of the men’s 110m hurdles as we take an event-by-event look back at the IAAF World Championships
The home crowd for the inaugural championships in Helsinki in 1983 regarded the 110m hurdles as one of the highlights as they had a genuine medal hope in Arto Bryggare, who won both his heat and semi-final. The favourite, though, was Greg Foster who had won his semi-final in a much faster 13.22.
The Finn led for four hurdles before the American eased past and seemed to be on his way to a clear win, but then smashed the last two hurdles and was thrown off balance and was lucky to stay upright, only just winning in 13.42 from Bryggare’s 13.46. Foster and Bryggare went on to finish second and third in the 1984 Olympics behind Roger Kingdom.
The American successfully defended his title in Rome in 1987, setting a championship record of 13.20 in his heat and then winning the final in 13.21. The other two medals went to two British 20-year-olds. Jon Ridgeon was perhaps surprisingly the silver medallist and was even closing on Foster over the last few hurdles, running 13.29 despite dislocating his toe. Colin Jackson, who only just scraped into the final, took bronze.
Eight years after winning his first gold, Foster became the first athlete to win three in any event when he won in Tokyo in 1991, but it was close as he shared the winning time of 13.06 with his team-mate Jack Pierce, who pushed him all the way.
Jackson won his heat in 13.25 but scratched from the semi-final, although Britain still won another medal through Tony Jarrett who clocked 13.25 himself to push future Olympic champion Mark McKoy down to fourth. Jarrett had run 13.23 in his semi-final to beat Foster.
A clear world No.1, Jackson lost his chance of glory in the 1992 Olympics and, after a disappointing hurdling display, struggled in seventh. However, in the 1993 Worlds he proved unbeatable, running a perfect final and winning in a world record 12.91 to beat the four-year-old record of Roger Kingdom. Less than a metre behind, Jarrett also had the race of his life and improved his PB from 13.13 to a staggering 13.00. Foster didn’t make the USA team, but America nevertheless made the podium as Pierce returned to take third in 13.12.
Jackson was injured for Gothenburg in 1995, but Jarrett was back and in form. After being fastest in the second round and semi-final, he ran a great final, clocking 13.04 and won his third medal but fell half a metre short of Allen Johnson’s 13.00 victory.
Kingdom, the 1984 and 1988 Olympic champion, won his only world championships medal in third ahead of Pierce, who took his fourth top-four placing.
Johnson retained his title with an easier victory in Athens in 1997. He won in a superb 12.93, which was the fifth fastest time in history and just missed the American record.
Jackson made a successful return to championship racing and ran his fastest time for three years of 13.05 to complete his set of medals in second. Igor Kovac surprisingly took bronze and won Slovakia’s first championship medal in any event.
Johnson missed out on a third title as he withdrew injured from the semi-finals. America also suffered disappointment with sub-13 world leader Mark Crear disqualified from his quarter-final. Gold went to 32-year-old Jackson, who thus won his fourth medal, 12 years after his first. He won in a controlled 13.04 to edge Cuban Anier Garcia’s Central American record of 13.07.
The first two times were identical in 2001 in Edmonton as Johnson won his third title and Olympic champion Garcia matched his medal from Seville. For the first time for 18 years, there were no British medals, but Dudley Dorival won Haiti’s first medal in any event.
In the ninth final, in Paris in 2003, the list of different winners remained at three as the 33-year-old Johnson won a record fourth title despite clipping every hurdle and he ran 13.12, the slowest winning time for 16 years. Terrence Trammell took second, but Liu Xiang won China’s first world track medal to deny Larry Wade an American clean sweep. Fifth-placer Chris Phillips, who was a fourth American due to Johnson receiving a wild card place, was later disqualified for a drugs violation.
Johnson returned for Helsinki in 2005 and was faster than in France with 13.10 but this time had to settle for bronze in a close finish. The stylish Frenchman Ladji Doucoure won in 13.07 with Olympic champion Liu improving to silver.
In Osaka in 2007, Liu completed his world championship set of medals with a fast win in 12.95 as Trammell was also inside 13 seconds. David Payne, who was a late replacement in the US team, excelled to take bronze in 13.02.
Ryan Brathwaite had finished last in his semi-final in Japan but was much improved by Berlin in 2009 and he won Barbados’s first world medal as he set a national record 13.14 to improve his semi-final time. Trammell won his fifth global silver medal just a hundredth back with Payne retaining his hold on the bronze. New world record-holder Dayron Robles failed to finish his semi-final.
Robles was first across the line in Daegu in 13.14 but was disqualified for impeding Liu, with whom he repeatedly clashed. Gold thus went to Jason Richardson in 13.16 with Liu upgraded to silver. Andy Turner just out-leaned an out-of-form David Oliver to win a surprise bronze by 0.008 of a second.
Oliver had disappointed in recent big events but he got it right in Moscow with a clear win in a world-leading 13.00 to win the USA’s ninth title at the event. William Sharman achieved his third successive top-five placing with 13.30, which left him 0.06 short of the medals. This was Britain’s 12th top-five placing and put the nation a clear second in the points table for this event.
110m hurdles
Year | Winner | Time | Top Brit
1983 Greg Foster (USA) 13.42 (13.22sf) 6th sf Mark Holtom 13.79
1987 Greg Foster (USA) 13.21 2nd Jon Ridgeon 13.29
1991 Greg Foster (USA) 13.06 3rd Tony Jarrett 13.25 1993 Colin Jackson (GBR) 12.91(WR) also 2nd Tony Jarrett 13.00
1995 Allen Johnson (USA) 13.00 2nd Tony Jarrett 13.04
1997 Allen Johnson (USA) 12.93 2nd Colin Jackson 13.05
1999 Colin Jackson (GBR) 13.04 Jackson
2001 Allen Johnson (USA) 13.04 Tony Jarrett DQ SF (13.64 ht)
2003 Allen Johnson (USA) 13.12 4th sf Robert Newton 13.62
2005 Ladji Doucoure (FRA) 13.07 6th ht Allen Scott 14.18
2007 Liu Xiang (CHN) 12.95 3rd sf Andy Turner 13.38 (13.27 ht)
2009 Ryan Brathwaite (TRN) 13.14 4th William Sharman 13.30
2011 Jason Richardson (USA) 13.16 (13.11ht) 3rd Andy Turner 13.44 (13.32 ht)
2013 David Oliver (USA) 13.00 5th William Sharman 13.30
Top points (8 for 1st etc)
1. USA 206.5
| i don't know |
Which Jackson has starred in Star Wars and Pulp Fiction? | Samuel L. Jackson - Biography - IMDb
Samuel L. Jackson
Biography
Showing all 125 items
Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (11) | Trivia (62) | Personal Quotes (42) | Salary (4)
Overview (4)
6' 2½" (1.89 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Samuel L. Jackson is an American producer and highly prolific actor, having appeared in over 100 films, including Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995), Unbreakable (2000), Shaft (2000), Formula 51 (2001), Black Snake Moan (2006), Snakes on a Plane (2006), and the Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999-2005), as well as the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
Samuel Leroy Jackson was born in Washington, D.C., to Elizabeth (Montgomery) and Roy Henry Jackson. He was raised by his mother, a factory worker. Jackson was active in the black student movement. In the seventies, he joined the Negro Ensemble Company (together with Morgan Freeman ). In the eighties, he became well-known after three movies made by Spike Lee : Do the Right Thing (1989), Mo' Better Blues (1990) and Jungle Fever (1991). He achieved prominence and critical acclaim in the early 1990s with films such as Patriot Games (1992), Amos & Andrew (1993), True Romance (1993), Jurassic Park (1993), and his collaborations with director Quentin Tarantino , including Pulp Fiction (1994), Jackie Brown (1997), and later Django Unchained (2012). Going from supporting player to leading man, his performance in Pulp Fiction (1994) gave him an Oscar nomination for his character Jules Winnfield, and he received a Silver Berlin Bear for his part as Ordell Robbi in Jackie Brown (1997). Jackson usually played bad guys and drug addicts before becoming an action hero, co-starring with Bruce Willis in Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995) and Geena Davis in The Long Kiss Goodnight (1996).
With Jackson's permission, his likeness was used for the Ultimate version of the Marvel Comics character, Nick Fury. He later did a cameo as the character in a post-credits scene from Iron Man (2008), and went on to sign a nine-film commitment to reprise this role in future films, including major roles in Iron Man 2 (2010), The Avengers (2012), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) and minor roles in Thor (2011) and Captain America: The First Avenger (2011). He has also portrayed the character in the second and final episodes of the first season of the TV show, Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013). He has provided his voice to several animated films, television series and video games, including the roles of Lucius Best / Frozone in Pixar's film The Incredibles (2004), Mace Windu in Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008), Afro Samurai in the anime television series Afro Samurai (2007), and Frank Tenpenny in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004).
( 14 January 1980 - present) (1 child)
Trade Mark (11)
Rebellious characters who are disliked or considered strange by others in the story
Often plays police officers or government officials. Both prone to intimidation or violence
Often plays very wise and intelligent characters with great capacities for violence
Frequently plays tough characters who swear a lot
Frequent swearing
Often sports a moustache or goatee in his films
Shaven head
Often plays hotheaded characters with a fiery temper
Often shouts the word 'motherf*****' at some point in a film.
Trivia (62)
Daughter - Zoë Jackson (b. 1982).
Grew up in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
One of Jackson's jobs as a struggling actor in New York was as a doorman at the popular Manhattan Plaza subsidized apts, home to hundreds of actors and artists, including Giancarlo Esposito , who co-starred with Jackson in Amos & Andrew (1993).
Ranked #44 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997]
Was an admitted drug user until he completed drug rehab two weeks before playing a drug addict in Jungle Fever (1991).
Accomplished at playing brass instruments (french horn, trumpet) in school symphony orchestras from grade 3 to grade 12.
Graduated from Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia in 1972.
Was offered his role in Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace (1999) after mentioning in an interview on UK television show TFI Friday (1996) that he would really like to work with George Lucas .
Daughter Zoë Jackson attends Vassar College. [January 2002]
Briefly suspended in 1969 from Morehouse College after taking hostage several members of the board of trustees, including the father of the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King , during a protest of the failure of the university to have black trustees or a black studies program.
Worked as a camera stand-in for Bill Cosby during the filming of The Cosby Show (1984).
His character from Pulp Fiction (1994), Jules Winnfield, ranked second in the "coolest movie characters of all time", in a poll by the UK's Empire Magazine (the winner was Tyler Durden of Fight Club (1999)).
In 2003, he spoke out against rappers turned actors, saying that as a classically trained thespian it was not his job to lend credibility to rappers by appearing in movies with them. But in reality, he has worked with more rappers than most actors in Hollywood, eleven times as of this writing: Juice (1992) ( Tupac Shakur and Queen Latifah ), Menace II Society (1993) ( MC Eiht ), One Eight Seven (1997) ( Method Man ), Deep Blue Sea (1999) ( LL Cool J ), Shaft (2000) ( Busta Rhymes ), S.W.A.T. (2003) ( Eve and LL Cool J ), xXx: State of the Union (2005) ( Ice Cube and Xzibit ), Black Snake Moan (2006) ( David Banner ) and Home of the Brave (2006) ( 50 Cent ).
His characters often feature the color purple: Mitch Hennessy wore a purple-violet gem ring in The Long Kiss Goodnight (1996), Mr. Glass wore purple clothing in Unbreakable (2000); Jackson chose to have Doyle Gipson wear a purple hat in Changing Lanes (2002); Mace Windu, upon request by Jackson to George Lucas , wielded a purple lightsaber in Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith (2005); and Lazarus, his character in Black Snake Moan (2006), plays a purple Gibson guitar.
The commencement speaker at daughter Zoë Jackson 's graduation from Vassar College (May 2004).
Is an avid golfer.
Was the first choice for "Fallon" in Judgment Night (1993).
He suffered from a stutter while growing up. A speech therapist suggested he audition for a play and it might help his speech. It did and he changed his major.
One of the late bloomers of Hollywood, he was already 46 years old when Pulp Fiction (1994) premiered and has acted in an average of 3-4 films a year since.
Says that people who recognize him often mistake him for Laurence Fishburne and vice versa.
Hosted the 1998 MTV Movie Awards (1998).
Was an usher at Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s funeral.
His performance as Jules Winnfield in Pulp Fiction (1994) is ranked #41 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006).
Made Forbes Celebrity 100 list in 2002 and 2003 with earnings of $34 million and $30 million respectively.
Member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in 2006.
Is a vegetarian.
To date (2006), his films have grossed more money at the box office than the work of any other actor in cinematic history.
The success of The Incredibles (2004) enabled Jackson to surpass Harrison Ford as the actor whose movies have grossed the most money in the world - in excess of $3 billion. (January 2005). Though in 2016, Ford re-surpassed him due to the massive success of Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015).
Before superstardom, he played a very minor role in Goodfellas (1990), starring Robert De Niro . After superstardom, he co-starred in Jackie Brown (1997), this time with Robert De Niro playing a supporting role.
During filming of Black Snake Moan (2006), grew close with co-star Christina Ricci . The two remain good friends to this day.
Was member of the dramatic jury at the Sundance Film Festival in 1995.
His Pulp Fiction (1994) diner scene with John Travolta , was re-enacted by Dark Horse Comics' mid-2000 issue of "Star Wars Tales". In it (with modifications), his Mace Windu character talks about the Jedi Academy and current Senate politics with Master Yoda, during a meal on Coruscant.
Gave his consent for Marvel Comics to design their "Ultimate" version of the character Nick Fury after his likeness. He later went on to play Nick Fury in Iron Man (2008).
In real life, he was once a New York high-rise doorman, in 1408 (2007), he was a New York high-rise manager.
He participated in Model United Nations during his years in school.
Lives in Beverly Hills, California.
Has the rare distinction of having played characters that have been eaten by both a shark and a dinosaur.
Is an Anglophile, being fond of English culture and England in general.
Like Christopher Walken , he makes films for the pleasure he gets out of acting, regardless of how the film turns out.
While visiting Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2003, he stayed at the world-famous Copacabana Palace Hotel.
Due to his prominent stature within the film industry, he is accorded a clause in all his movie contracts that guarantees him easy access to golf courses, no matter where the location shoot happens to be.
Is a fan of the Atlanta Falcons football club. He appears in their "Rise Up" campaign (2010).
The Jury of the Cannes Film Festival were so impressed with his performance as Gator in Jungle Fever (1991), that they decided to recreate the rare Best Supporting Actor category in that year, honoring him with the award. To date (2016), he's one of the few actors to receive the honor along with Jack Thompson for his performance in Breaker Morant (1980) and Ian Holm for his role in Chariots of Fire (1981).
Auditioned for a role in Mississippi Burning (1988), but director Alan Parker told him he did not sound Southern, even though he was raised in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Growing up, his idol was Errol Flynn and dreamed about being a movie swashbuckler someday.
Son of Elizabeth Jackson .
In a 2012 interview with "Nuts" magazine, he cites The Long Kiss Goodnight (1996) as a favorite film.
The Guinness World Records named Samuel L. Jackson as the highest-grossing film actor of all time, taking in more than $7.4 billion at the box-office. The residuals alone earn him about $300,000 a year.
He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7020 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on June 16, 2000.
He originally intended to become a marine biologist before discovering acting in college.
Although he had been acting in small roles and in theatre productions, it was not until he was 40 years old that he received his first major role in Do the Right Thing (1989) and he was 45 when he became a star with Pulp Fiction (1994).
He has made four films with Natalie Portman : Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace (1999), Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones (2002), Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith (2005) and Thor (2011).
Selected What's New Pussycat (1965) for the AFI's book, "Private Screenings", as the movie that influenced him most.
Considers himself a close friend and admirer of British actor Michael Caine . The two have collaborated together on a couple of projects, including A Shock to the System (1990) and Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014).
Highest grossing Black actor of all time, with over $4.6 billion brought to the box office.
Is great friends with British actor Simon Pegg .
Has appeared in a movie with each of the men that played Batman on the big screen. He appeared in Jackie Brown (1997), Out of Sight (1998), The Other Guys (2010), and RoboCop (2014) with Michael Keaton . He was in True Romance (1993) with Val Kilmer . In Shaft (2000), he shared the screen with Christian Bale . He was in Changing Lanes (2002) with Ben Affleck and he even appeared in The New Age (1994) with Adam West .
In Coming to America (1988) he portrays a robber knocking off a restaurant (McDowell's) and calls one of the employees ( Louie Anderson ) "fatboy". In Pulp Fiction (1994) he calls a restaurant employee "fatman" while it's being robbed.
Is an avid Liverpool FC supporter and fan after his work in the city on 51st State (Formula 51) and often tweets on twitter when they win a game with simply 'Liverpoooool'.
Personal Quotes (42)
[When asked about his character in Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace (1999)] "He's black."
[on the subject of his character's inevitable death in Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith (2005)] "I don't mind dying, I just don't wanna go out like some punk."
People mistake me for Laurence Fishburne all the time. And he always gets mistaken for me. (And why not? We've both starred in Spike Lee movies, haven't we?) Even when we're standing together, people have called him by my name and me by his. A woman recently ran up to him and said, 'My daughter loved you in Pulp Fiction (1994)! Could she have your autograph?' So he signed it, 'Respectfully yours, Samuel Jackson.'
To be frank, I am as passionate about golf as I am about acting. I very seldom get angry at golf. The year I started golf I had a caddie and one day I did get angry with myself and threw a club. My caddie told me, 'You're not good enough to get mad'. I have never thrown a club since. I enjoy my golf, it does not matter whether I play great or badly. I let it go.
I've played Loch Lomond - that's the one with the bogs isn't it? I played the one with the lighthouse. When we were in Liverpool we used to take the ferry and go to Northern Ireland. Films get in the way of my golf, but they have afforded me the chance to play a lot of golf.
On playing Othello - "I didn't realise how much I hated that play until I agreed to do it. I don't mind Shakespeare so much, but I really hate Othello. Here was a guy who had been all over the world, kicking ass, looting, plundering and probably raping the baddest babes on the planet. Then he falls in love with some teenager and loses his fucking mind. I don't like that idea at all. I mean, how stupid was he?"
People shout at me "Hey, loved that The Matrix (1999), man!" Yeah - me too. I was actually on a plane last year and this guy sat down next to me. Finally, he said something to me, and we started talking about Pulp Fiction (1994). He couldn't remember the actor's name, so I tried to help and said "I think it might have been Samuel Jackson." He jumped in "No, no, it's the other guy, that Fishburne guy". We rode the whole flight having that conversation and then, right at the end, he looked hard at me and said, "You sure look familiar, you're sure you're not Laurence Fishburne ?" I said "No, and I definitely am not in Pulp Fiction (1994), either".
I think everyone who says they don't like watching themselves in movies should stop lying.
People like the Ezekiel speech. I have to say that speech about three times a week to people, just to prove that I still know it.
I was a square for so long and it totally amazes me that people think I am cool.
[on how his look was created in Pulp Fiction (1994)] " Quentin Tarantino wanted Jules to have a big afro. He sent this PA out to buy a wig. She went to South Central and bought this jeri-curl wig. And Quentin was going off, saying, 'It's got to be an afro because he had this whole blaxploitation thing'. I told him, 'That's the South Central look.' You look at Ice Cube and NWA. Guys had all this shit dripping down their necks. I had already grown the sideburns out and the mustache. It was perfect. Total Gangster."
A movie is just a movie to me. They open, they close.
I have a place that's pretty much cemented in Hollywood in terms of liability, box-office viability and everything else. The only thing an Oscar would do is jack my check up maybe $1 million.
What kills me is that everybody thinks I like jazz.
I can't say to myself, 'I haven't had a drink in 15 years, I could have a glass of champagne and be OK'. That might be true, but history says when I opened that bottle of champagne, I sat there and drank it until it was gone. People who've been through what I went through are always going to be tempted. I enjoyed drinking and I enjoyed taking drugs. But I have to remind myself every day that I can't have a drink.
I feel like I have a kinship to England. I go about three or four times a year because you guys love me. Seriously, that's it right there. I just need to feel that love every once in a while. I like England because I can go anywhere on the tube and buses. So when I'm there I go to all the places where I used to hang out.
Hollywood people tend to think that because one is successful in one aspect of entertainment they can bring them into this particular world and make a success out of them. They ask people like me to be in a film with those people that they are kind of headlining and your name ends up behind them. If you do that, it sanctions the fact that these people come into this world and you think they are worthy of you sharing your time on screen with them. I don't particularly think that. A month or so ago, someone called me about the 50 Cent movie and I'm like, 'What are you calling me for?'. I don't even need to read that because that's not something I want to do. I like listening to 50 Cent and I can groove to his music but I don't want to groove to him on screen, just yet. Maybe if he does five movies and he shows some talent. I mean how does he get to work with Jim Sheridan and I don't. What is it about 50 Cent that makes Jim Sheridan say, 'I'd really like to make a movie with him.'?
Definitely. And I always do - I love me on-screen! (On if he watches his own films)
When I came to New York, it was bubbling. We watched each other, we encouraged each other, we went to auditions together, we rode trains together, and every Monday we had great parties. But it was also a time of, you know, drugs.
I don't understand how people live without creating. You know? I don't know how you do one picture a year.
I was the crackhead in Jungle Fever (1991). I was two weeks out of rehab. I'd been smoking cocaine for a year and a half, two years, and I understood the nature of the disease. I had done the research. So when I started talking to Spike about it, I said, "You don't see him high that much. You always see him when he needs something. He's on a mission to get some shit. That's what I wanna do." And that was my breakthrough. That got me into Hollywood. It was the perfect marriage of experience and opportunity.
I was raised to be cautious. I went to work with my grandfather, who cleaned office buildings and furnaces, and there would be twenty-year-old guys callin' him Ed, and he called 'em Mister. My grandfather was this old guy, very dignified, but he never looked 'em in the eye. He'd look at me like, "Turn your head down! Don't look the white men in the eye 'cause they'll think you being uppity or arrogant." Now the name of my production company is Uppity.
I never asked for anything except a purple light saber. George said, "Well, light sabers are either red or green." I said, "Yeah, but I would like a purple one."
I've never been to jail. I've never been arrested. I've never been locked up. I'm a good son, a good father, a good husband--I've been married to the same woman for thirty years. I'm a good friend. I finished college, I have my education, I believe in education, I donate money anonymously. So when people criticize the kind of characters that I play onscreen, I go, "You know, that's part of a story.'
I went to the movies a lot when I was a kid. That was my joy. Saturday mornings, my mom kicked me out of the house, I went to the movies at nine in the morning and watched cartoons and serials and the double-feature horror picture, and then I would meet her later for the adult stuff. So I love movies that way. So I'll do a movie like Snakes on a Plane (2006), and I'll do a film that's very serious. And I'll do a comedy, because it's there.
I haven't had a drug dream in ten or twelve years. All of a sudden, I had one, like, two weeks ago. Even in the dream, you're hiding shit from people! People that you know pop up in the dream and you got this big-ass ball of cocaine in your hand and you stick it behind your back and go, "Yeah, I'm all right." And then you wake up and you feel as bad as if you'd actually done it.
[1992] A few years ago Morgan Freeman 's granddaughter - she's a friend of my daughter - says, "We're going to England. My grandfather's doing Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991)". I got on the phone: 'How the hell did Morgan get Robin Hood?' They said the part was written for him. So I said, 'Are there any more black people in it?' I want to do a pirate. I want to swing from ship to ship with a knife in my teeth. I want to kick some butt. I would love to do that stuff. I don't want to ruin my artistic facade or anything, but I love splatter movies. I love stuff like Scanners (1981). I've always liked to be freaked-out and I love to freak people out.
(1992, on early film auditions) I've been told I wasn't African enough. And sometimes you don't get jobs because you're too good-'We wouldn't want to waste your talent on this meager part,' they say, and I'm sitting there thinking, 'I got a daughter who goes to school. She needs to eat, I need to eat.' When I auditioned for Mississippi Burning the director told me I didn't sound Southern. I grew up in Chattanooga, Tennessee! And this guy tells me I don't sound Southern! See, he was British.
Want to know what the 'L.' in Samuel L. Jackson means? None of your fucking business.
I heard that you can do what ever you want in International Waters, that's why I filled my jacuzzi with International Water.
I don't understand these actors who talk about how difficult it is to act with nothing there. I was an only child so most of the time I was always playing against something that didn't exist. It's called using your imagination.
(2013, on his father) Once, when we were performing in Topeka, Kansas, my wife, my three-month-old daughter and I went to see my other grandmother, and it just so happened my father was living in her house again. I was in my 30s, and there was this woman and this older lady, and then this teenage girl comes downstairs with a little baby in her arms as young as my daughter. He's like, "Hey, I want you to meet your sister." I think he's talking about the girl, but he's talking about the fucking baby. I'm like, "You're a grown-ass, old-ass man doing this shit?" Then the older lady's like, "So when's the last time you saw your dad?" And it was like, "I haven't seen this motherfucker since I was three months old." We go outside and he gets angry, going, "Why'd you have to tell her that?" I said, "Do you want me to tell her we hang out, that you've been taking care of me all these years? You're not my father; you're just a guy who happened to be my mom's sperm donor. I'm here to see your mother, not you." He passed not long after that. He was an alcoholic with cirrhosis and all that other shit. They had called me from the hospital: "Mr. Jackson, your father's really ill now. If we have to take drastic measures, do you want us to keep him alive?" I said, "Are you calling to ask if I want you to put him on life support, or are you calling to see if I'm going to be responsible for his medical bill?" They're like, "Well...." I said, "He's got a sister in Kansas City-you should call her." Click. It's done.
(2013) I was not the cool guy growing up. I was bookish. I had a stutter. I wasn't in the streets with all the other kids. I didn't dress cool or do cool shit. I played the trumpet, flute and French horn in the marching band and had great style on the field when we performed, but that wasn't the cool thing to do. I was popular because I was funny. I definitely didn't have the hot chicks.
(2013, on his signature role) If there were one movie I wanted people to look at, it would be A Time to Kill (1996)... It's an American story and a very Southern story. I'd like people to look at that one and say, "Oh my God."
(2013) W. Kamau Bell 's FX show [ Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell (2012)] had this whole segment where he was criticizing Django. He's a young black man with nappy hair and very dark skin, but he also has a very white wife and an interracial child. You can't tell me you know what people in the South did if you never spent time down there. He can say there had to be words Quentin (Tarantino) could use other than nigger. Well, what are they? These 20-somethings can't turn around and tell me the word nigger is fucked-up in Django yet still listen to Jay Z or whoever else say "nigger, nigger, nigger" throughout the music they listen to. "Oh, that's okay because that's dope, that's down, we all right with that." Bullshit. You can't have it one way and not the other. It's art-you can't not censor one thing and try to censor the other. Saying Tarantino said "nigger" too many times is like complaining they said "kike" too many times in a movie about Nazis.
(2013, on white directors doing films based on black history) There is this whole thing of "Nobody can tell our story but us," but that's apparently not true, because the Jackie Robinson movie finally got made as 42. Spike (Lee) didn't make it, but people still went to see it. When Boaz Yakin did Fresh (1994) in 1994, all of a sudden it was like, "Who is this Jewish motherfucker telling our stories?" He's the Jewish motherfucker who wrote the story, that's who. If you got a story like that in you, tell it. We'll see when [director] Steve McQueen s movie 12 Years a Slave (2013) comes out, if it'll be like, "What's this British motherfucker know about us?" Somebody's always going to say something.
(2013) I'm not trying to change the world. I'm just trying to entertain people.
(2013, on directing) I don't have that directing thing. I don't want to be out there setting up shots all day. I like to act. I read the script and sign the contract. I like hanging out in my trailer watching Judge Judy (1996) and eating sandwiches.
(2013, on maintaining sobriety) What's it been now, 22 years or something? There's all kinds of shit in my house that I've never tasted in my life, like Cristal-stuff I couldn't afford back when I was drinking. All I'd have to do is walk in the closet, open a beer, and no one would know, but I know that I probably wouldn't stop at one beer. So I drink nonalcoholic beer. I'm not looking for the kick.
(2013, on Jungle Fever (1991) and staying sober) I got out of rehab, and about a week or something later, I was shooting the movie. I had a modicum of fame because I'd done other Spike Lee movies, so when I'd go buy coke or something, the guys sitting around would go, "Hey, man, _Do the Right Thing (1989)_(Qv)! Yeah, sit down!" and I sat right down and got high with them. All of a sudden with Jungle Fever (1991) I'm travelling in a different circle, which brought the next challenge because that circle has some darkness too-drink, drugs, only now they're offering them to you free. Now you have the chance to really get fucked-up. You know how it is. Make a wrong turn at a party and there's a bunch of people sitting around a table with more cocaine in front of them than you saw the entire time when you were using. I said to myself, Do you want to be fucked-up and think you're having a good time, or do you want to be satisfied artistically and spiritually in another way? I chose the other way.
(2013, on quitting drugs & alcohol and re-establishing his career) In 1990 my wife said, "Look, you're going to rehab," and the very next day I was in rehab. I didn't go kicking and screaming. I was tired, burned-out and at that low point of like, What the fuck is going on with me? They ask you in rehab to take an assessment of how you got to the point you're at, and I said, "I guess I could have gone to that audition without my eyes red, without smelling like the beer I had or the weed I'd smoked." I never blamed anybody else for not being successful or not getting to the places I saw everybody else I worked with, like Wesley Snipes, get to. I had no problem doing roles like Black Guy in Sea of Love (1989) or Hold-Up Man in Coming to America (1988) or going to Boston once a year to get killed on Spenser: For Hire (1985) or A Man Called Hawk (1989). LaTanya asked, "Why are you doing these piddly-ass jobs?" I told her, "Well, this or that guy I worked with is probably going to be something somewhere down the line." I always left an impression in an audition. I was memorable. In rehab I saw that I owed it to myself to see things another way and try it the other way. I opened my mind to what was being said... Like the petals were closed and, all of a sudden, the sun hit the flower and opened it up. People looked at it and it smelled great, it looked great to them. I'm like, Oh Jesus, this is not bad at all. I wondered whether I was going to be as much fun as I used to be, wondered whether people were going to think I was as good an actor. But the clarity and professional satisfaction that came with sobriety-couldn't beat it.
[on Snakes on a Plane (2006)) I stand by that movie!
Salary (4)
| Samuel L. Jackson |
Which song written by Michael Jackson & Lionel Ritchie was recorded by a group of 45 singers? | Samuel L. Jackson in new childhood cancer PSA - CNN.com
Samuel L. Jackson in new childhood cancer PSA
By Ashley Hayes, CNN
Updated 12:52 PM ET, Tue February 4, 2014
Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds.
Actor Samuel L. Jackson is taking on a new role in a campaign to raise childhood cancer awareness.
Story highlights
A new campaign aims to increase awareness of childhood cancer and treatment
Jackson says when he was a child, most kids with cancer didn't survive
A new "Dream Team" focuses on childhood cancer research
Actor Samuel L. Jackson has played a mob hit man and a Jedi master, among other roles.
His newest role: Fighting childhood cancer.
Jackson is featured in a new public awareness campaign, launched by the St. Baldrick's Foundation and Stand Up to Cancer , aimed at increasing awareness about childhood cancers.
The campaign is designed to promote the "critical importance for infants and children, and in particular teens and young adults with childhood cancers, to be treated by pediatric oncologists," according to a statement from the organizations. "Survival for teens and young adults is far greater when treated on pediatric cancer protocols."
Each year, more than 175,000 children worldwide are diagnosed with cancer, and it's the No. 1 disease killer of children. The campaign also highlights the need to support pediatric cancer research, the organizations said.
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"When I was a child in the 1950s, most kids who got diagnosed with cancer had little chance of survival. Now, there is hope," said Jackson in a statement. "I am honored to join Stand Up to Cancer and the St. Baldrick's Foundation to help educate people about childhood cancer and the importance of seeing a pediatric oncologist."
Mark Harmon in cancer immunotherapy awareness PSA
Jackson, an Academy Award nominee who has appeared in more than 100 movies including "Pulp Fiction," "The Avengers" and the "Star Wars" prequel trilogy, is joined in the PSA by four St. Baldrick's Honored Kids, ages 10 to 19, who have all had cancer. Some of them are still fighting the disease.
"Samuel L. Jackson is a powerful actor and has played some seriously tough guys," said Kathleen Ruddy, chief executive officer of the St. Baldrick's Foundation. "It seems very fitting that we have someone with his level of intensity and power speaking out against childhood cancers, which are seriously tough diseases."
St. Baldrick's Foundation is the leading nongovernmental provider of childhood cancer research grants, according to the statement. Earlier this year, the foundation and Stand Up to Cancer announced the formation of a "Dream Team" dedicated to childhood cancer research. The SU2C -- St. Baldrick's Pediatric Dream Team Translational Cancer Research Grant will provide $14.5 million in funding over four years for this project.
Researchers on the team represent seven institutions in the United States and Canada.
Will Congress carry on Gabriella's fight?
"We are grateful to Samuel L. Jackson for lending his support to this extremely important campaign," said Sung Poblete, Stand Up to Cancer's president and CEO.
"While great progress has been made in the battle against childhood cancer, the sad fact remains that one in five children diagnosed in the United States will not survive. Through the creation of the St. Baldrick's-Stand Up to Cancer Dream Team, we are making progress in the fight against childhood cancer research."
| i don't know |
Which of Michael Jackson's singles spent the longest at number one in the UK? | Michael Jackson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Michael Jackson
For other persons named Michael Jackson, see Michael Jackson (disambiguation) .
Michael Jackson
Michael Jackson on May 14 , 1984 .
Background information
Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29 , 1958 ) is an American musician and entertainer whose successful music career and controversial personal life have been at the forefront of pop culture for the last quarter-century.
Jackson began his musical career at the age of seven as the lead singer of The Jackson 5 and released his first solo recording, Got to Be There in 1971, while remaining a member of the group. [2] He began a full-fledged solo career in 1979 and formally parted with his siblings in 1984. [3] In his solo career, Jackson recorded and co-produced the best-selling album of all time , Thriller , which was named as the world's best-selling album at the 2006 World Music Awards . It has worldwide sales exceeding that of 104 million. [4] Michael Jackson has received thirteen Grammy awards [5] and charted thirteen number-one singles in the United States .
Throughout his four-decade career, Michael Jackson has been awarded numerous honors including the World Music Award 's Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, American Music Award 's Artist of the Century Award [6] and the Bambi Award 's Pop Artist of the Millennium Award. [7] He is a double-inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997, and as a solo artist in 2001) [8] and an inductee of the Songwriters Hall of Fame . [9] Raymone Bain , Jackson's PR , claims that Jackson has sold over 750 million units worldwide. [10]
From 1988 to 2005, Jackson lived on his Neverland Ranch property, on which he built an amusement park and private zoo for economically disadvantaged and terminally ill children. His frequently held sleepover parties received disparaging media coverage after it was revealed that children frequently shared his bed or bedroom. These first came to light when he was accused of child sexual abuse in 1993 . His sleepover parties were brought into the spotlight again in 2003 during the TV documentary Living with Michael Jackson . This resulted in Jackson being tried, and later acquitted , of more child molestation allegations and several other charges in 2005.
Contents
The cover to Michael Jackson's 1971's Got to Be There .
Michael Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana . He is the second-youngest brother of seven and the eighth of ten children of Joseph and Katherine Jackson . In 1966, after taking co-lead singing duties with brother Jermaine , the group's name changed from The Jackson Brothers to The Jackson 5 . The group played at local clubs and bars, building up a following and eventually signing a contract with Motown Records in 1968. [11] The group hit stardom, with their first four singles which charted at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 . As a solo artist, Jackson released Got to Be There in 1971 and Ben in 1972. These were released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise and produced successful singles such as " Got to Be There ", " Ben ", and a remake of Bobby Day 's " Rockin' Robin ".
The group's sales declined after 1973, and the group chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow the Jacksons creative control or input. In 1976, the group signed a new contract with CBS Records (first joining the Philadelphia International division and then Epic Records ). [12] When this became apparent to Motown Records , they sued the group for breach of contract.
As a result of the legal proceedings, which were complicated further by the fact that Jermaine Jackson was married to the daughter of Motown president ( Berry Gordy ), the Jacksons lost the rights to use the "Jackson 5" name and logo and also Jermaine, who wanted to stay at Motown. [13] They changed their name to "The Jacksons", featuring youngest brother Randy in Jermaine's place, and continued their successful career, touring internationally and releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, with Jermaine eventually re-joining in 1983, making them a sextet.
In 1978, Jackson starred as the scarecrow in The Wiz with former-label mate Diana Ross playing Dorothy. [14] The songs for the musical were arranged by Quincy Jones , who established a partnership with Jackson during the film's production and agreed to produce his first solo album in four years. Off the Wall , released in 1979, was a worldwide hit, and became the first album in history to spawn four top-ten hits, including " Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough " and " Rock With You ". [2]
In January 1980, Jackson won his first awards for his solo efforts at the American Music Awards. He won "Favorite Soul/R&B Album" (for Off The Wall), "Favorite Male Soul/R&B Artist" and Favorite Soul/R&B Single (for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough"). [2] Later that month, he also won two Billboard Awards (for "Top Black Artist" and "Top Black Album"). [2]
On February 27 , 1980 , Jackson won a Grammy Award for "Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male" (for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough"). [2]
1982–1986: The Thriller era
Main articles: Thriller (album) , We Are The World , and Captain EO
The original album cover to 1982's Thriller .
In November 1982, the storybook for E.T.: The Extra-terrestrial was released. It included Jackson reading the story as well as one original song ("Someone in the Dark"). The album later won a Grammy for "Best Album for Children".
In December 1982, Jackson released his second Epic album, Thriller, which became the best-selling album in music history. The album spawned seven hit singles, including " Billie Jean " (which was the first music video by a black artist to receive regular airplay on MTV ), " Beat It " and the album's title track which was accompanied by a revolutionary music video . The thirteen-minute " Thriller " was critically acclaimed, and massive airplay lead to it being packaged with the featurette "Making Michael Jackson's "Thriller" on VHS , where it became the best-selling music home video ever. [15] Thriller spent 37 weeks at number-one and remained on the Billboard album chart for 122 weeks. It was eventually certified 27x Platinum in the United States . [16]
Jackson with the Reagans in 1984.
In 1983, whilst performing "Billie Jean" at the Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever concert Jackson debuted what can be regarded as his signature move: the moonwalk . [15] In 1983, he started a sponsorship deal with Pepsi-Cola , and, as part of the deal, he agreed to star in a commercial. While filming a Pepsi commercial with his brothers in 1984, before a live audience, his hair caught on fire when a pyrotechnic effect went wrong. Jackson suffered serious burns on his scalp, which required skin grafts . [17]
In February 1984, Jackson is nominated for twelve Grammy awards and wins eight, [15] breaking the record for the most Grammy awards won in a single year. [18] Seven were for the critically acclaimed Thriller and the other for the E.T.: The Extra-terrestrial storybook. In 1984, he also won eight American Music Awards and the "Special Award of Merit" and three MTV Video Music Awards.
After reuniting with his brothers, he then helped to write the Victory album. He then performed and starred in the successful Victory Tour which started on July 6 , 1984 and lasted for five months. [15]
In 1985 , Jackson was invited to the White House and was personally thanked by then-President Ronald Reagan at a White House ceremony for donating the song " Beat It " for use in drunk driving prevention television and radio public service announcements . [19]
Jackson continued his charity work in 1985 by co-writing, with Lionel Richie , the hit single " We Are the World ". The charity single helped to raise money and awareness for the famine in East Africa and was one of the first instances where Jackson was seen as a humanitarian . The song also won a Grammy Award for "Song of the Year". [15]
Jackson in the video for " Beat It ".
Controversy began when Jackson purchased shares in the ATV Music Publishing (a company which owned the rights to most of the Beatles ' songs), making himself the majority shareholder . This move angered close friend and songwriter Paul McCartney , who had also made a bid for the company. Ironically, it was McCartney who advised Jackson on the merits of song ownership. [20] Their creative co-writing ended after this event. Following this controversial business deal, tabloid stories of Jackson sleeping in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to stall the aging-process, and an allegation claiming Jackson attempted to purchase the bones of the Elephant Man inspired the pejorative nickname "Wacko Jacko". The name "Wacko Jacko" would come to be detested by Jackson. [21]
In 1986, Jackson starred in the George Lucas -produced, Francis Ford Coppola -directed 3-D film Captain EO . The film lasted 17 minutes but had costs estimated at $ 17 million. [22] At the time, it was the most expensive film ever produced on a per-minute basis. In the USA, the Disney theme parks hosted Captain EO. Disneyland featured the film in tomorrow-land from September 18 , 1986 until April 7 , 1997 . It was also featured in Walt Disney World in Epcot from September 12 , 1986 until July 6 , 1994 .
1987–1990: Bad and controversies
Main articles: Bad (album) and Physical appearance of Michael Jackson
Michael Jackson in February, 1988 aged 29.
In 1987, Jackson released Bad ; his third album for the Epic record label, and final album with producer Quincy Jones . [15] He initially wanted to make the album 30 tracks long, but Jones cut this down to 10. According to Jones, Jackson wanted the title track to be a duet with Prince who later declined the duet. Jones said the reason given by Prince was that he thought the song would be a hit whether he was in it or not. [23]
In comparison to Thriller, Bad had lower sales but it was still a huge commercial success. It spawned seven hit singles, [15] of which five went to number-one, those being: " I Just Can't Stop Loving You ", " Bad ", " The Way You Make Me Feel ", " Man in the Mirror ", and " Dirty Diana ". The album went onto sell 29 million copies worldwide; the RIAA eventually certified Bad at 8x Platinum. [24] In September 1987, he embarked upon his first solo world tour, the Bad World Tour . The tour lasted sixteen months, in which Jackson performed at 123 concerts, to over 4.4 million fans worldwide. Jackson insisted on a personal bus, plane and helicopter to be available to him all at the same time. [25]
Jackson hired film director Martin Scorsese to direct the video for the album's title track. [26] When the 18-minute music video debuted on TV, it sparked a great deal of controversy as it became apparent that Jackson's appearance had changed dramatically. [27] Although Jackson's skin color was a medium-brown color for the entire duration of his youth, his skin had been becoming paler gradually since 1982, and had become a light brown color. This change became so noticeable that it gained widespread media coverage with some tabloid's claiming that it was due to Jackson bleaching his skin.
Another significant reason for the change in appearance was the use of plastic surgery . Despite a number of surgeons' claims that Jackson had undergone multiple nasal surgeries as well as a forehead lift, thinned lips and cheekbone surgery, [28] Jackson wrote in his 1988 autobiography Moon Walk that he only had two rhinoplastic surgeries and the surgical creation of a cleft in his chin, while attributing puberty and diet to the noticeable change in the structure of his face. [29]
The success Jackson achieved during this period in his career led to him to be dubbed the "King of Pop", a nickname which he continues to be referred to by fans. There are various conflicting reports as to the origin of the nickname. According to Jackson, it was conceived by actress and long-term friend Elizabeth Taylor when she presented Jackson with an "Artist of the Decade" award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop , rock and soul ". Additionally, this period saw Jackson enjoy "a level of superstardom previously known only to Elvis Presley , the Beatles and Frank Sinatra ". [8]
1991–1994: Dangerous and further career
Main articles: Dangerous (album) , 1993 child molestation allegations against Michael Jackson , and Michael Jackson marriages and children
In November 1991, Michael Jackson released Dangerous . The major hit from Dangerous was " Black or White ". The single was accompanied by a controversial video which featured scenes of a sexual nature as well as violence and racism . The video was banned on most music-television channels until these scenes were removed. [30]
On February 10 , 1992 , MTV kicked off its first global sweepstakes with "My Dinner with Michael". Winners from around the world attended a dinner party hosted by Michael Jackson on the set of his music video " In the Closet ". Later that year, a biopic, The Jacksons: An American Dream debuted on ABC based on the true story of the rise of The Jackson 5.
Jackson founded the "Heal the World Foundation" (named after his humanitarian single " Heal the World ") in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's Neverland Ranch , located outside Santa Ynez, California , to go on theme park rides which Jackson had built on the property after he purchased it in 1988.
In January 1993, Michael Jackson performed during the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII . It drew one of the largest viewing audience in the history of American television. [31]
On the Oprah Winfrey Show in 1993, Jackson claimed that the change in his skin color was due to vitiligo . [32] In the interview, Jackson stated that his skin was, at first, black with white spots which he used make-up to cover. But later, some time after Thriller, his skin became increasingly white with black spots; he then used white make-up to cover the black spots.
Oprah Winfrey speaking with Michael Jackson on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 1993.
Jackson was reported to be inviting or allowing children to sleepover at Neverland. This practice came under much media and public scrutiny in 1993 when allegations of child molestation were brought against Jackson by a child who had stayed with him on several occasions. That year, Jordan Chandler , the son of former Beverly Hills dentist Evan Chandler, represented by civil lawyer Larry Feldman, accused Jackson of child sexual abuse . On December 22 Jackson responded to the allegations via satellite from his Neverland compound, and claimed to be "totally innocent of any wrongdoing". On January 25 , 1994 , Jackson settled out of court with the accuser for an undisclosed sum, reported to be $ 20 million, and was not charged. [33]
After the allegations were settled in 1994, Jackson married Lisa Marie Presley , the daughter of Elvis Presley . Despite some comments questioning the validity of this union, Presley maintained during their marriage that they both shared a married couple's life and were sexually active. [34] They divorced less than two years later.
1995–2000: HIStory and Blood on the Dance Floor
Jackson in the video for " They Don't Care About Us ".
In June 1995, Jackson released HIStory: Past, Present And Future - Book I . [35] The first disc, HIStory Begins, was a fifteen-track greatest hits album (this disc was later released as Greatest Hits - HIStory Vol. I in 2001), while the second disc, HIStory Continues, contained fifteen new songs. The first single released from HIStory was " Scream ". The single reached the top 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video for "Scream" is currently the most expensive music video ever made . [36] On September 7, 1995 at the MTV Video Music Awards, Jackson and Janet Jackson won three awards for the song "Scream", from HIStory. At the awards show, Jackson also performed a medley, "Billie Jean", "Dangerous" and "You Are Not Alone".
"They Don't Care About Us" was the fourth single released from HIStory, and caused controversy over anti-Semitic lyrics. The song contained the lyrics "Jew me, sue me" and "kick me, kike me". After significant pressure from the Jewish community, later releases changed the verse to the same-sounding "do me, sue me" and "kick me, hike me" or censored it with a thumping sound.
To promote the album, Jackson embarked on the successful HIStory World Tour . [35] On November 14 , 1996 , during the Australian leg of the tour, Jackson married his dermatologist's nurse Deborah Jeanne Rowe , with whom he fathered a son, Michael Joseph Jackson, Jr. (also known as "Prince"), and a daughter, Paris Katherine Jackson. Jackson and Rowe divorced in 1999. Jackson later said that Rowe wanted him to have the children as a "gift". [37] The paternity of Michael Jackson's children has been heavily debated by the public. Jackson has always maintained that his first two children were conceived naturally. However the The Sun made two controversial claims about Jackson's parentage: first, that Jackson conceived his first child via artificial insemination using his own sperm and, second, that the second child, Paris, was conceived in and named after Paris, France, where Jackson had gone to console Rowe for his having taken her first child, and all parental rights from Rowe.
Jackson at the Brit Awards in 1996.
At the 1996 Brit Awards , Jackson performed the track " Earth Song ", dressed in white and surrounded by children and an actor portraying a Rabbi. In an attempt to recreate a scene from the video - where he is spreading his arms between two trees - it seemed that Jackson was making Christ-like poses whilst being lifted into the air by a crane with a wind machine blowing back his hair. Pulp lead singer Jarvis Cocker and his friend Peter Mansell mounted a stage invasion in protest. Cocker leapt onstage, pretended to expose his rear, danced and sat back down. In response to the ensuing media scrutiny of the action, Cocker responded, "My actions were a form of protest at the way Michael Jackson sees himself as some kind of Christ-like figure with the power of healing... I just ran on the stage and showed off... All I was trying to do was make a point and do something that lots of other people would have loved to have done if only they'd dared". [38] Cocker received vocal support from the British press: the March 2 , 1996 edition of Melody Maker , for example, suggested Cocker should be knighted, while Noel Gallagher claimed "Jarvis Cocker is a star and he should be given MBE ". Gallagher said of Jackson's behavior: "for Michael Jackson to come over to this country after what's all gone on - and I think we all know what I'm talking about here - to dress in a white robe, right, thinking he's the Messiah - I mean who does he think he is? Me?" [39]
The cover of Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix .
In 1997, Jackson released an album of new material with remixes of hit singles from HIStory titled Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix . [35] The album's five original songs were named " Blood On The Dance Floor ", "Is It Scary?", "Ghosts", "Superfly Sister" and "Morphine". Of the new songs, three were released globally: the title track, "Ghosts", and "Is It Scary?". The title track reached number-one in the UK. The singles "Ghosts" and "Is It Scary" were based on a film created by Jackson called " Ghosts ". [40] The short film, written by Michael Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston, features many special effects and dance moves choreographed to original music written by Michael Jackson. [41] The music video for "Ghosts" is over 35 minutes long and is currently the Worlds Longest Music Video. [42] Jackson dedicated the album to Elton John , who reportedly helped him through his addiction to painkillers , notably morphine .
In 1998 Jackson reached an out-of-court settlement with the Daily Mirror , which apologized for having described his face as "hideously disfigured and scarred". Steven Hoefflin, a high-profile Hollywood plastic surgeon alleged to have operated on Jackson's nose was, according to the press, also advising him against further surgery. [25]
2001–2003: Invincible, Berlin and Martin Bashir
Main articles: Invincible (album) and Living with Michael Jackson
In October 2001, Invincible was released [43] and debuted at number-one in thirteen countries. [31] The singles released from the album include " You Rock My World ", " Cry ", and " Butterflies ". Jackson and 35 other artists recorded a charity benefit single entitled " What More Can I Give " which was never released. Just before the release of Invincible, Jackson informed the head of Sony Music Entertainment, Tommy Mottola , that he was not going to renew his contract; [44] the contract was about to expire in terms of supplying the label with albums of full-new material for release through Epic Records / SME . In 2002, all singles releases, video shootings and promotions concerning the Invincible album were cancelled. As a result of this, Jackson made allegations about Mottola not supporting its African-American artists. [44] Jackson referred to Mottola as a "devil" and a "racist" who used black artists for his own personal gain. [44] He cited that Mottola called Jackson's colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger ". [45] [46] Sony issued a statement stating that they found the allegations strange, since Mottola was once married to biracial pop star Mariah Carey . Carey herself seemed nonchalant about Jackson's claims when asked about them by Larry King on Larry King Live . [47]
On September 7 and September 10 , 2001 , Jackson organised a special 30th Anniversary celebration at Madison Square Garden for his 30th year of being a solo artist. Later, the show aired on November 13 , 2001 . [43] It featured performances by Mýa , Usher , Whitney Houston , Billy Gilman , Shaggy , Rayvon , Rikrok , Destiny's Child , Monica , Deborah Cox , Rah Digga , Tamia , James Ingram , Gloria Estefan , 98 Degrees , Luther Vandross , Liza Minnelli , Lil' Romeo , Master P , 'N Sync , the Jacksons and Slash . [48]
In late 2002, Jackson's Heal the World Foundation had net assets of just $ 3,542 and reported $2,585 in expenses, mostly for "management fees". The foundation has been suspended in California since April 2002 for failing to file annual statements required of tax-exempt organizations, said John Barrett, spokesman for the state Franchise Tax Board. [49]
Michael Jackson holding his youngest son over a balcony railing.
In November 2002, Jackson travelled to Berlin to accept an award for his humanitarian efforts. He was surrounded by fans outside his room at the Hotel Adlon who were chanting in approval of the singer. According to the pop star, they also called out to see his baby. In response, Jackson brought his son onto the balcony, holding him in his right arm with a towel over the baby's head, apparently to protect his identity. Jackson briefly extended the baby over the railing of the balcony. This raised concern as some perceived his actions as child endangerment . Jackson quickly returned the child to the room.
After watching media coverage of the Berlin event, a California attorney and radio talk show host, Gloria Allred , wrote a letter to California's Child Protective Services, asking for an investigation into the safety of Jackson's children. She also spoke on CNN about the subject. Child Protective Services does not make their investigations public, so it is not known whether any action was taken as a result of Allred's letter.
When a reporter asked Jackson what he thought of Allred's complaints, he remarked "Ah, tell her to go to hell". [50]
In the documentary Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson said that the media was wrong in their comments about him being irresponsible with his children, "I love my children", he explained. "I was holding my son tight. Why would I throw a baby off the balcony? That's the dumbest, stupidest story I ever heard".
In February 2003, a controversial documentary titled Living with Michael Jackson aired in the UK (on the 3rd) and in the US (on the 6th). The documentary included interviews with Jackson which included information on his private life. [51] British journalist Martin Bashir and his film crew filmed Jackson for 18 months, also capturing his controversial behavior in Berlin . One particular part of the documentary, which stirred controversy and raised a significant level of concern, showed Jackson holding hands with a then 13-year-old cancer victim Gavin Arviso, and admitting to sharing his bedroom with him (but not in the same bed) as well as sharing his bed (non-sexually) with other children. Jackson felt betrayed by Bashir and complained that the film gives a distorted picture. [52] In response to the media scrutiny, two specials were aired: Michael Jackson: The Footage You Were Never Meant to See and Michael Jackson's Private Home Movies. [53] Michael Jackson: The Footage You Were Never Meant to See which aired later in February showed uncut footage of the Living with Michael Jackson documentary. The Michael Jackson's Private Home Movies aired in April was a 2-hour special with footage of Michael Jackson's home videos and included commentary by Jackson.
In June 2003, Jackson's friend, actor Marlon Brando , signed a half-acre plot of land on his island Tetiaroa to Jackson, in gratitude for Jackson hosting a party for Brando's daughter, Nina, then aged 13. [54]
2003–2006: Trial, acquittal and the aftermath
Main articles: People v. Jackson , Michael Jackson post trial lawsuits , and I Have This Dream
In November 2003, Michael Jackson and Sony Records released a compilation of his number-one hits on CD and DVD titled Number Ones . The compilation has sold over six million copies worldwide. [55] On the album's scheduled release date, while Michael Jackson was in Las Vegas filming the video for " One More Chance " (the only new song included in the Number Ones compilation), the Santa Barbara Sheriff's Department searched the Neverland Ranch and issued an arrest warrant for Jackson on charges of new child molestation. [56] Jackson was accused of sexual abuse by Gavin Arviso, who appeared in the Living with Michael Jackson documentary earlier that year. The allegations later led to a trial in which Jackson was found not guilty of all charges. [57]
Jackson converted to the Nation of Islam on December 17 , 2003 . [58] Later in 2005, because of his links with the Bahrain Royal Family, he converted to Sunni Islam . [59]
Jackson in 2003 , during his arrest on child molestation charges
Marlon Brando , who was a frequent user of the Internet , [60] informed Jackson on February 8 , 2004 that the declarations made by Jordy Chandler relating to the 1993 child molestation allegations had been published on the internet site The Smoking Gun . This happened when Jackson was about to start an interview with journalist Ed Bradley for 60 Minutes . Jackson immediately left the studio and did not conduct the interview. [61] Jackson also attended Brando's memorial service in 2004 along with Sean Penn , Jack Nicholson and Warren Beatty .
Also on August 6, 2004 , Man In The Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story debuted on VH1 starring Flex Alexander as Michael Jackson. [62]
Rapper Eminem parodied new allegations raised against Jackson by Gavin Arviso in his music video for " Just Lose It " in 2004. The clip caused controversy and fueled Jackson to make a statement.
The People v. Jackson trial began in Santa Maria, California on January 31 , 2005 and lasted less than a month.
On June 10 , Jackson's PR, Raymone Bain was reportedly fired. [63] Jackson's now-defunct website cited that "MJJ Productions regretfully announces the termination of Raymone Bain and Davis, Bain and Associates. We thank you for your services". Bain later told the Associated Press that she had not been fired and that only Michael Jackson, not his production company (operated at the time by his brother, Randy Jackson ), could fire her. [64] Bain continues releasing press statements and answering media enquiries on behalf of Michael Jackson, and was named general manager of The Michael Jackson Company, Inc. on June 27, 2006. [65]
On June 13 , Jackson was acquitted of all ten charges, including four additional lesser ones. CNN later reported that one of the jurors, Ray Hultman, believed he had committed child sex crimes in the past but there was not enough evidence to prove it, [66] and he and another juror announced impending books on their experiences in the trial.
In September 2005, it was reported that Ray Hultman, one of the jurors, took legal action against the publisher of his book about experiences in the trial, claiming heavy portions were plagiarized from a Vanity Fair article. Hultman also stated he felt "threatened" by the jury foreman Paul Rodriguez and regretted acquitting Jackson. [67]
After being acquitted of the child molestation charges, Jackson relocated to the Gulf island of Bahrain , where he reportedly bought a house formerly owned by a Bahrain MP. [68] Jackson allegedly spent his time in the Gulf writing new music, including a charity single dedicated to the victims of Hurricane Katrina entitled, " I Have This Dream ". Ciara , Snoop Dogg , R. Kelly , Keyshia Cole , James Ingram , Michael Jackson's brother Jermaine , Shanice , the Reverend Shirley Caesar and The O'Jays all reportedly lent their voices to the charity song. After many delays, the single was not released, despite being announced on September 13 , 2005 . At the time, Jackson's spokesperson, Raymone Bain, said the list included Mary J. Blige , Missy Elliott , Jay-Z , James Brown and Lenny Kravitz . It later appeared that these artists were no longer participating. [69] The charity single remains unreleased.
In 2006, allegations of sexual assault were made against Jackson by a man who claims Michael Jackson molested him, intoxicated him with drugs and alcohol, and forced him to undergo unnecessary cosmetic surgery. Michael Jackson's lawyer Thomas Mesereau , who successfully defended him against allegations of child molestation in 2005, said "the charges are ridiculous on their face. They will be vigorously defended". [70]
2006–present: Visionary, Tokyo and the World Music Awards
In February 2006, Jackson's label released Visionary - The Video Singles , a box set made up of twenty of his biggest hit singles, each of which were issued individually week by week over a five-month period. [71]
The Visionary box set.
An appeals court ruled on February 15 , that a lower court improperly terminated Deborah Rowe 's parental rights to her two children with pop star Michael Jackson, opening the door to a possible custody battle between the singer and his ex-wife. [72] The retired judge, Steven M. Lachs, acknowledged in 2004 that he failed to have state officials do an independent investigation into what was in the best interests of the children. [73] [74] As of September 29 , 2006 , the case has reportedly been settled according to the lawyers representing each party.
On March 9 , 2006 , California state labor officials closed the singer's Neverland Ranch and fined him $ 69,000 for failure to provide employment insurance. The state "stop order" bars Jackson from "using any employee labor" until he secured required workers' compensation insurance. In addition to being fined $1,000 for each of his 69 workers, Jackson is liable for up to 10 days pay for those employees who now are no longer allowed to report to Neverland for work. [75] Thirty Neverland employees have also sued Jackson for $306,000 in unpaid wages. [76]
Soon after this payment, Jackson's spokesperson announced on March 16 , 2006 that Jackson was closing his house at Neverland and had laid off some of the employees but added that reports of the closing of the entire ranch were inaccurate. [77] There have been many reports of a possible sale of Neverland, but nothing tangible has been reported yet.
Michael Jackson with his daughter Paris Katherine at Disneyland Paris , June 18 , 2006 .
In a move named by Jackson's advisors as "refinancing", it was announced on April 14 , 2006 that Jackson had struck a deal with Sony and Fortress Investments. In the deal Sony may be allowed to take control of half of Jackson's 50% stake in Sony/ATV Music Publishing (worth an estimated $1 billion) which Jackson co-owns. Jackson would be left with 25% of the catalogue, with the rest belonging to Sony.
In exchange, Sony negotiated with a loans company on behalf of Jackson. Jackson's $200m in loans were due in December 2005 and were secured on the catalogue. Jackson failed to pay and the Bank of America sold them to Fortress Investments, a company dealing in distressed loans. However, Jackson hasn't as yet sold any of the remainder of his stake. The possible purchase by Sony of 25% of Sony/ATV Music Publishing is a conditional option; it is assumed the singer will try to avoid having to sell part of the catalogue of songs including material by other artists such as Bob Dylan and Destiny's Child. As another part of the deal Jackson was given a new $300 million loan, and a lower interest rate on the old loan to match the original Bank of America rate. When the loan was sold to Fortress Investments they increased the interest rate to 20%. [78] None of the details are officially confirmed. An advisor to Jackson, however, did publicly announce he had "restructured his finances with the assistance of Sony". [79]
On April 18 , 2006 , Michael Jackson signed a management deal with English music producer Guy Holmes. Holmes is the recently appointed CEO of Two Seas Records , with whom Jackson has signed a recording contract for one album. The album is set for a fall 2007 release. [80]
On May 27 , 2006 , Michael Jackson accepted a Legend Award at MTV Japan's VMA Awards in Tokyo . It was his first major public appearance since being found not guilty in his child molestation trial almost a year earlier. The award honors his influence and impact on music videos in the last 25 years. Following the award ceremony, Jackson also made an appearance on SMAPxSMAP . [81]
In 2006 F. Marc Schaffel, a former associate of Jackson, filed a suit for millions of dollars allegedly owed to him after working with Jackson on an unreleased charity record named " What More Can I Give " and documentaries. Florida businessman Alvin Malnik, who had advised Jackson, appeared in court and stated that Jackson appeared to be bewildered by financial matters. Schaffel claimed to have made frequent loans to the singer totaling between $7 million and $10 million. Schaffel had received an urgent plea from Jackson for $1 million so that Jackson could buy jewelry for Elizabeth Taylor so that she would agree to sign a release for her involvement in a Fox special. [82]
These court proceedings also brought to light unsuccessful projects planned with the actor Marlon Brando , including a dual interview at the actor's private island near Tahiti , and a DVD on acting. [82] Brando's son Miko Brando, a long time bodyguard and assistant to Jackson stated "The last time my father left his house to go anywhere, to spend any kind of time... was with Michael Jackson". "He loved it... [He] had a 24-hour chef, 24-hour security, 24-hour help, 24-hour kitchen, 24-hour maid service". [83]
Michael Jackson with his children, Paris Katherine (center) and Prince Michael II (right) at Disneyland Paris , June 18 , 2006 .
On July 14 , 2006 , the jury awarded Schaffel $900,000 of the original $3.8 million he sued Jackson for, which Schaffel later reduced to $1.6 million, and finally to $1.4 million. [84] The jury also awarded Jackson $200,000 plus interest of the $660,000 that Jackson claimed he was owed by Schaffel. The trial revealed that Schaffel had been dismissed after Jackson learnt of his past work as a director of gay pornography. Schaffel claimed that Jackson "once wanted him to go to Brazil to find boys for him to adopt. He later modified that statement to "children" to expand Jackson's family". [85] Jackson's lawyer Thomas Mundell said that he had never heard the allegation during the pre-trial investigation and that "it was an effort to smear Mr Jackson with a remark that could be interpreted to hurt him in light of the case against him last year". [86]
On July 31 , 2006 , a federal judge allowed a $48 million claim against Jackson and one of Jackson's trusts for unpaid fees and breach of contract. All parties were ordered to reappear in court in September. [87]
On November 2 and November 3 , 2006 , Access Hollywood aired a special Michael Jackson in Ireland which showed Jackson and will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas in the process of recording Jackson's new album. [88]
On November 14 , 2006 , Sony officially released the Visionary box set. [89] He also visited the London office of the Guinness World Records. There, he received eight awards: "Most Successful Entertainer of All Time", "Youngest Vocalist to Top the US Singles Charts" (at the age of 11 as part of the Jackson Five ), "First Vocalist to Enter the US Singles Chart at Number One" (for " You Are Not Alone "), "First Entertainer to Earn More Than 100 million Dollars in a Year", "Highest Paid Entertainer of All Time" ($125 in 1989), "First Entertainer to Sell More Than 100 Million Albums Outside the US", "Most Weeks at the Top of the US Albums Chart" (for the album Thriller ) and "Most Successful Music Video" (for the music video Thriller ). [90]
On November 15 , 2006 , Michael Jackson received the Diamond Award , for selling over 100 million albums, at the World Music Awards . This was his second public appearance at an awards show since the trial of 2005. [91] Despite substantial publicity prior to the event, [92] [93] [94] he did not perform "Thriller", limiting his performance to "one verse and one chorus" of "We are the World". [95] Coverage of the event noted that Jackson "looked uncomfortable at times" and called the appearance "an unhappy return to the London stage". [96] According to the head of public relations for the World Music Awards (Julius Just), the sound was cut due to a noise curfew. Officials at Earl's Court, the arena where the event was held, have said that this was not the case and that they had "accommodated the show and the show's organisers by obtaining an extension to our licence in order to allow the show to run to eleven o'clock". [97]
Discography
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Michael Jackson
For other persons named Michael Jackson, see Michael Jackson (disambiguation) .
Michael Jackson
Michael Jackson on May 14 , 1984 .
Background information
Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29 , 1958 ) is an American musician and entertainer whose successful music career and controversial personal life have been at the forefront of pop culture for the last quarter-century.
Jackson began his musical career at the age of seven as the lead singer of The Jackson 5 and released his first solo recording, Got to Be There in 1971, while remaining a member of the group. [2] He began a full-fledged solo career in 1979 and formally parted with his siblings in 1984. [3] In his solo career, Jackson recorded and co-produced the best-selling album of all time , Thriller , which was named as the world's best-selling album at the 2006 World Music Awards . It has worldwide sales exceeding that of 104 million. [4] Michael Jackson has received thirteen Grammy awards [5] and charted thirteen number-one singles in the United States .
Throughout his four-decade career, Michael Jackson has been awarded numerous honors including the World Music Award 's Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, American Music Award 's Artist of the Century Award [6] and the Bambi Award 's Pop Artist of the Millennium Award. [7] He is a double-inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997, and as a solo artist in 2001) [8] and an inductee of the Songwriters Hall of Fame . [9] Raymone Bain , Jackson's PR , claims that Jackson has sold over 750 million units worldwide. [10]
From 1988 to 2005, Jackson lived on his Neverland Ranch property, on which he built an amusement park and private zoo for economically disadvantaged and terminally ill children. His frequently held sleepover parties received disparaging media coverage after it was revealed that children frequently shared his bed or bedroom. These first came to light when he was accused of child sexual abuse in 1993 . His sleepover parties were brought into the spotlight again in 2003 during the TV documentary Living with Michael Jackson . This resulted in Jackson being tried, and later acquitted , of more child molestation allegations and several other charges in 2005.
Contents
The cover to Michael Jackson's 1971's Got to Be There .
Michael Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana . He is the second-youngest brother of seven and the eighth of ten children of Joseph and Katherine Jackson . In 1966, after taking co-lead singing duties with brother Jermaine , the group's name changed from The Jackson Brothers to The Jackson 5 . The group played at local clubs and bars, building up a following and eventually signing a contract with Motown Records in 1968. [11] The group hit stardom, with their first four singles which charted at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 . As a solo artist, Jackson released Got to Be There in 1971 and Ben in 1972. These were released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise and produced successful singles such as " Got to Be There ", " Ben ", and a remake of Bobby Day 's " Rockin' Robin ".
The group's sales declined after 1973, and the group chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow the Jacksons creative control or input. In 1976, the group signed a new contract with CBS Records (first joining the Philadelphia International division and then Epic Records ). [12] When this became apparent to Motown Records , they sued the group for breach of contract.
As a result of the legal proceedings, which were complicated further by the fact that Jermaine Jackson was married to the daughter of Motown president ( Berry Gordy ), the Jacksons lost the rights to use the "Jackson 5" name and logo and also Jermaine, who wanted to stay at Motown. [13] They changed their name to "The Jacksons", featuring youngest brother Randy in Jermaine's place, and continued their successful career, touring internationally and releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, with Jermaine eventually re-joining in 1983, making them a sextet.
In 1978, Jackson starred as the scarecrow in The Wiz with former-label mate Diana Ross playing Dorothy. [14] The songs for the musical were arranged by Quincy Jones , who established a partnership with Jackson during the film's production and agreed to produce his first solo album in four years. Off the Wall , released in 1979, was a worldwide hit, and became the first album in history to spawn four top-ten hits, including " Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough " and " Rock With You ". [2]
In January 1980, Jackson won his first awards for his solo efforts at the American Music Awards. He won "Favorite Soul/R&B Album" (for Off The Wall), "Favorite Male Soul/R&B Artist" and Favorite Soul/R&B Single (for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough"). [2] Later that month, he also won two Billboard Awards (for "Top Black Artist" and "Top Black Album"). [2]
On February 27 , 1980 , Jackson won a Grammy Award for "Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male" (for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough"). [2]
1982–1986: The Thriller era
Main articles: Thriller (album) , We Are The World , and Captain EO
The original album cover to 1982's Thriller .
In November 1982, the storybook for E.T.: The Extra-terrestrial was released. It included Jackson reading the story as well as one original song ("Someone in the Dark"). The album later won a Grammy for "Best Album for Children".
In December 1982, Jackson released his second Epic album, Thriller, which became the best-selling album in music history. The album spawned seven hit singles, including " Billie Jean " (which was the first music video by a black artist to receive regular airplay on MTV ), " Beat It " and the album's title track which was accompanied by a revolutionary music video . The thirteen-minute " Thriller " was critically acclaimed, and massive airplay lead to it being packaged with the featurette "Making Michael Jackson's "Thriller" on VHS , where it became the best-selling music home video ever. [15] Thriller spent 37 weeks at number-one and remained on the Billboard album chart for 122 weeks. It was eventually certified 27x Platinum in the United States . [16]
Jackson with the Reagans in 1984.
In 1983, whilst performing "Billie Jean" at the Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever concert Jackson debuted what can be regarded as his signature move: the moonwalk . [15] In 1983, he started a sponsorship deal with Pepsi-Cola , and, as part of the deal, he agreed to star in a commercial. While filming a Pepsi commercial with his brothers in 1984, before a live audience, his hair caught on fire when a pyrotechnic effect went wrong. Jackson suffered serious burns on his scalp, which required skin grafts . [17]
In February 1984, Jackson is nominated for twelve Grammy awards and wins eight, [15] breaking the record for the most Grammy awards won in a single year. [18] Seven were for the critically acclaimed Thriller and the other for the E.T.: The Extra-terrestrial storybook. In 1984, he also won eight American Music Awards and the "Special Award of Merit" and three MTV Video Music Awards.
After reuniting with his brothers, he then helped to write the Victory album. He then performed and starred in the successful Victory Tour which started on July 6 , 1984 and lasted for five months. [15]
In 1985 , Jackson was invited to the White House and was personally thanked by then-President Ronald Reagan at a White House ceremony for donating the song " Beat It " for use in drunk driving prevention television and radio public service announcements . [19]
Jackson continued his charity work in 1985 by co-writing, with Lionel Richie , the hit single " We Are the World ". The charity single helped to raise money and awareness for the famine in East Africa and was one of the first instances where Jackson was seen as a humanitarian . The song also won a Grammy Award for "Song of the Year". [15]
Jackson in the video for " Beat It ".
Controversy began when Jackson purchased shares in the ATV Music Publishing (a company which owned the rights to most of the Beatles ' songs), making himself the majority shareholder . This move angered close friend and songwriter Paul McCartney , who had also made a bid for the company. Ironically, it was McCartney who advised Jackson on the merits of song ownership. [20] Their creative co-writing ended after this event. Following this controversial business deal, tabloid stories of Jackson sleeping in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to stall the aging-process, and an allegation claiming Jackson attempted to purchase the bones of the Elephant Man inspired the pejorative nickname "Wacko Jacko". The name "Wacko Jacko" would come to be detested by Jackson. [21]
In 1986, Jackson starred in the George Lucas -produced, Francis Ford Coppola -directed 3-D film Captain EO . The film lasted 17 minutes but had costs estimated at $ 17 million. [22] At the time, it was the most expensive film ever produced on a per-minute basis. In the USA, the Disney theme parks hosted Captain EO. Disneyland featured the film in tomorrow-land from September 18 , 1986 until April 7 , 1997 . It was also featured in Walt Disney World in Epcot from September 12 , 1986 until July 6 , 1994 .
1987–1990: Bad and controversies
Main articles: Bad (album) and Physical appearance of Michael Jackson
Michael Jackson in February, 1988 aged 29.
In 1987, Jackson released Bad ; his third album for the Epic record label, and final album with producer Quincy Jones . [15] He initially wanted to make the album 30 tracks long, but Jones cut this down to 10. According to Jones, Jackson wanted the title track to be a duet with Prince who later declined the duet. Jones said the reason given by Prince was that he thought the song would be a hit whether he was in it or not. [23]
In comparison to Thriller, Bad had lower sales but it was still a huge commercial success. It spawned seven hit singles, [15] of which five went to number-one, those being: " I Just Can't Stop Loving You ", " Bad ", " The Way You Make Me Feel ", " Man in the Mirror ", and " Dirty Diana ". The album went onto sell 29 million copies worldwide; the RIAA eventually certified Bad at 8x Platinum. [24] In September 1987, he embarked upon his first solo world tour, the Bad World Tour . The tour lasted sixteen months, in which Jackson performed at 123 concerts, to over 4.4 million fans worldwide. Jackson insisted on a personal bus, plane and helicopter to be available to him all at the same time. [25]
Jackson hired film director Martin Scorsese to direct the video for the album's title track. [26] When the 18-minute music video debuted on TV, it sparked a great deal of controversy as it became apparent that Jackson's appearance had changed dramatically. [27] Although Jackson's skin color was a medium-brown color for the entire duration of his youth, his skin had been becoming paler gradually since 1982, and had become a light brown color. This change became so noticeable that it gained widespread media coverage with some tabloid's claiming that it was due to Jackson bleaching his skin.
Another significant reason for the change in appearance was the use of plastic surgery . Despite a number of surgeons' claims that Jackson had undergone multiple nasal surgeries as well as a forehead lift, thinned lips and cheekbone surgery, [28] Jackson wrote in his 1988 autobiography Moon Walk that he only had two rhinoplastic surgeries and the surgical creation of a cleft in his chin, while attributing puberty and diet to the noticeable change in the structure of his face. [29]
The success Jackson achieved during this period in his career led to him to be dubbed the "King of Pop", a nickname which he continues to be referred to by fans. There are various conflicting reports as to the origin of the nickname. According to Jackson, it was conceived by actress and long-term friend Elizabeth Taylor when she presented Jackson with an "Artist of the Decade" award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop , rock and soul ". Additionally, this period saw Jackson enjoy "a level of superstardom previously known only to Elvis Presley , the Beatles and Frank Sinatra ". [8]
1991–1994: Dangerous and further career
Main articles: Dangerous (album) , 1993 child molestation allegations against Michael Jackson , and Michael Jackson marriages and children
In November 1991, Michael Jackson released Dangerous . The major hit from Dangerous was " Black or White ". The single was accompanied by a controversial video which featured scenes of a sexual nature as well as violence and racism . The video was banned on most music-television channels until these scenes were removed. [30]
On February 10 , 1992 , MTV kicked off its first global sweepstakes with "My Dinner with Michael". Winners from around the world attended a dinner party hosted by Michael Jackson on the set of his music video " In the Closet ". Later that year, a biopic, The Jacksons: An American Dream debuted on ABC based on the true story of the rise of The Jackson 5.
Jackson founded the "Heal the World Foundation" (named after his humanitarian single " Heal the World ") in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's Neverland Ranch , located outside Santa Ynez, California , to go on theme park rides which Jackson had built on the property after he purchased it in 1988.
In January 1993, Michael Jackson performed during the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII . It drew one of the largest viewing audience in the history of American television. [31]
On the Oprah Winfrey Show in 1993, Jackson claimed that the change in his skin color was due to vitiligo . [32] In the interview, Jackson stated that his skin was, at first, black with white spots which he used make-up to cover. But later, some time after Thriller, his skin became increasingly white with black spots; he then used white make-up to cover the black spots.
Oprah Winfrey speaking with Michael Jackson on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 1993.
Jackson was reported to be inviting or allowing children to sleepover at Neverland. This practice came under much media and public scrutiny in 1993 when allegations of child molestation were brought against Jackson by a child who had stayed with him on several occasions. That year, Jordan Chandler , the son of former Beverly Hills dentist Evan Chandler, represented by civil lawyer Larry Feldman, accused Jackson of child sexual abuse . On December 22 Jackson responded to the allegations via satellite from his Neverland compound, and claimed to be "totally innocent of any wrongdoing". On January 25 , 1994 , Jackson settled out of court with the accuser for an undisclosed sum, reported to be $ 20 million, and was not charged. [33]
After the allegations were settled in 1994, Jackson married Lisa Marie Presley , the daughter of Elvis Presley . Despite some comments questioning the validity of this union, Presley maintained during their marriage that they both shared a married couple's life and were sexually active. [34] They divorced less than two years later.
1995–2000: HIStory and Blood on the Dance Floor
Jackson in the video for " They Don't Care About Us ".
In June 1995, Jackson released HIStory: Past, Present And Future - Book I . [35] The first disc, HIStory Begins, was a fifteen-track greatest hits album (this disc was later released as Greatest Hits - HIStory Vol. I in 2001), while the second disc, HIStory Continues, contained fifteen new songs. The first single released from HIStory was " Scream ". The single reached the top 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video for "Scream" is currently the most expensive music video ever made . [36] On September 7, 1995 at the MTV Video Music Awards, Jackson and Janet Jackson won three awards for the song "Scream", from HIStory. At the awards show, Jackson also performed a medley, "Billie Jean", "Dangerous" and "You Are Not Alone".
"They Don't Care About Us" was the fourth single released from HIStory, and caused controversy over anti-Semitic lyrics. The song contained the lyrics "Jew me, sue me" and "kick me, kike me". After significant pressure from the Jewish community, later releases changed the verse to the same-sounding "do me, sue me" and "kick me, hike me" or censored it with a thumping sound.
To promote the album, Jackson embarked on the successful HIStory World Tour . [35] On November 14 , 1996 , during the Australian leg of the tour, Jackson married his dermatologist's nurse Deborah Jeanne Rowe , with whom he fathered a son, Michael Joseph Jackson, Jr. (also known as "Prince"), and a daughter, Paris Katherine Jackson. Jackson and Rowe divorced in 1999. Jackson later said that Rowe wanted him to have the children as a "gift". [37] The paternity of Michael Jackson's children has been heavily debated by the public. Jackson has always maintained that his first two children were conceived naturally. However the The Sun made two controversial claims about Jackson's parentage: first, that Jackson conceived his first child via artificial insemination using his own sperm and, second, that the second child, Paris, was conceived in and named after Paris, France, where Jackson had gone to console Rowe for his having taken her first child, and all parental rights from Rowe.
Jackson at the Brit Awards in 1996.
At the 1996 Brit Awards , Jackson performed the track " Earth Song ", dressed in white and surrounded by children and an actor portraying a Rabbi. In an attempt to recreate a scene from the video - where he is spreading his arms between two trees - it seemed that Jackson was making Christ-like poses whilst being lifted into the air by a crane with a wind machine blowing back his hair. Pulp lead singer Jarvis Cocker and his friend Peter Mansell mounted a stage invasion in protest. Cocker leapt onstage, pretended to expose his rear, danced and sat back down. In response to the ensuing media scrutiny of the action, Cocker responded, "My actions were a form of protest at the way Michael Jackson sees himself as some kind of Christ-like figure with the power of healing... I just ran on the stage and showed off... All I was trying to do was make a point and do something that lots of other people would have loved to have done if only they'd dared". [38] Cocker received vocal support from the British press: the March 2 , 1996 edition of Melody Maker , for example, suggested Cocker should be knighted, while Noel Gallagher claimed "Jarvis Cocker is a star and he should be given MBE ". Gallagher said of Jackson's behavior: "for Michael Jackson to come over to this country after what's all gone on - and I think we all know what I'm talking about here - to dress in a white robe, right, thinking he's the Messiah - I mean who does he think he is? Me?" [39]
The cover of Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix .
In 1997, Jackson released an album of new material with remixes of hit singles from HIStory titled Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix . [35] The album's five original songs were named " Blood On The Dance Floor ", "Is It Scary?", "Ghosts", "Superfly Sister" and "Morphine". Of the new songs, three were released globally: the title track, "Ghosts", and "Is It Scary?". The title track reached number-one in the UK. The singles "Ghosts" and "Is It Scary" were based on a film created by Jackson called " Ghosts ". [40] The short film, written by Michael Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston, features many special effects and dance moves choreographed to original music written by Michael Jackson. [41] The music video for "Ghosts" is over 35 minutes long and is currently the Worlds Longest Music Video. [42] Jackson dedicated the album to Elton John , who reportedly helped him through his addiction to painkillers , notably morphine .
In 1998 Jackson reached an out-of-court settlement with the Daily Mirror , which apologized for having described his face as "hideously disfigured and scarred". Steven Hoefflin, a high-profile Hollywood plastic surgeon alleged to have operated on Jackson's nose was, according to the press, also advising him against further surgery. [25]
2001–2003: Invincible, Berlin and Martin Bashir
Main articles: Invincible (album) and Living with Michael Jackson
In October 2001, Invincible was released [43] and debuted at number-one in thirteen countries. [31] The singles released from the album include " You Rock My World ", " Cry ", and " Butterflies ". Jackson and 35 other artists recorded a charity benefit single entitled " What More Can I Give " which was never released. Just before the release of Invincible, Jackson informed the head of Sony Music Entertainment, Tommy Mottola , that he was not going to renew his contract; [44] the contract was about to expire in terms of supplying the label with albums of full-new material for release through Epic Records / SME . In 2002, all singles releases, video shootings and promotions concerning the Invincible album were cancelled. As a result of this, Jackson made allegations about Mottola not supporting its African-American artists. [44] Jackson referred to Mottola as a "devil" and a "racist" who used black artists for his own personal gain. [44] He cited that Mottola called Jackson's colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger ". [45] [46] Sony issued a statement stating that they found the allegations strange, since Mottola was once married to biracial pop star Mariah Carey . Carey herself seemed nonchalant about Jackson's claims when asked about them by Larry King on Larry King Live . [47]
On September 7 and September 10 , 2001 , Jackson organised a special 30th Anniversary celebration at Madison Square Garden for his 30th year of being a solo artist. Later, the show aired on November 13 , 2001 . [43] It featured performances by Mýa , Usher , Whitney Houston , Billy Gilman , Shaggy , Rayvon , Rikrok , Destiny's Child , Monica , Deborah Cox , Rah Digga , Tamia , James Ingram , Gloria Estefan , 98 Degrees , Luther Vandross , Liza Minnelli , Lil' Romeo , Master P , 'N Sync , the Jacksons and Slash . [48]
In late 2002, Jackson's Heal the World Foundation had net assets of just $ 3,542 and reported $2,585 in expenses, mostly for "management fees". The foundation has been suspended in California since April 2002 for failing to file annual statements required of tax-exempt organizations, said John Barrett, spokesman for the state Franchise Tax Board. [49]
Michael Jackson holding his youngest son over a balcony railing.
In November 2002, Jackson travelled to Berlin to accept an award for his humanitarian efforts. He was surrounded by fans outside his room at the Hotel Adlon who were chanting in approval of the singer. According to the pop star, they also called out to see his baby. In response, Jackson brought his son onto the balcony, holding him in his right arm with a towel over the baby's head, apparently to protect his identity. Jackson briefly extended the baby over the railing of the balcony. This raised concern as some perceived his actions as child endangerment . Jackson quickly returned the child to the room.
After watching media coverage of the Berlin event, a California attorney and radio talk show host, Gloria Allred , wrote a letter to California's Child Protective Services, asking for an investigation into the safety of Jackson's children. She also spoke on CNN about the subject. Child Protective Services does not make their investigations public, so it is not known whether any action was taken as a result of Allred's letter.
When a reporter asked Jackson what he thought of Allred's complaints, he remarked "Ah, tell her to go to hell". [50]
In the documentary Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson said that the media was wrong in their comments about him being irresponsible with his children, "I love my children", he explained. "I was holding my son tight. Why would I throw a baby off the balcony? That's the dumbest, stupidest story I ever heard".
In February 2003, a controversial documentary titled Living with Michael Jackson aired in the UK (on the 3rd) and in the US (on the 6th). The documentary included interviews with Jackson which included information on his private life. [51] British journalist Martin Bashir and his film crew filmed Jackson for 18 months, also capturing his controversial behavior in Berlin . One particular part of the documentary, which stirred controversy and raised a significant level of concern, showed Jackson holding hands with a then 13-year-old cancer victim Gavin Arviso, and admitting to sharing his bedroom with him (but not in the same bed) as well as sharing his bed (non-sexually) with other children. Jackson felt betrayed by Bashir and complained that the film gives a distorted picture. [52] In response to the media scrutiny, two specials were aired: Michael Jackson: The Footage You Were Never Meant to See and Michael Jackson's Private Home Movies. [53] Michael Jackson: The Footage You Were Never Meant to See which aired later in February showed uncut footage of the Living with Michael Jackson documentary. The Michael Jackson's Private Home Movies aired in April was a 2-hour special with footage of Michael Jackson's home videos and included commentary by Jackson.
In June 2003, Jackson's friend, actor Marlon Brando , signed a half-acre plot of land on his island Tetiaroa to Jackson, in gratitude for Jackson hosting a party for Brando's daughter, Nina, then aged 13. [54]
2003–2006: Trial, acquittal and the aftermath
Main articles: People v. Jackson , Michael Jackson post trial lawsuits , and I Have This Dream
In November 2003, Michael Jackson and Sony Records released a compilation of his number-one hits on CD and DVD titled Number Ones . The compilation has sold over six million copies worldwide. [55] On the album's scheduled release date, while Michael Jackson was in Las Vegas filming the video for " One More Chance " (the only new song included in the Number Ones compilation), the Santa Barbara Sheriff's Department searched the Neverland Ranch and issued an arrest warrant for Jackson on charges of new child molestation. [56] Jackson was accused of sexual abuse by Gavin Arviso, who appeared in the Living with Michael Jackson documentary earlier that year. The allegations later led to a trial in which Jackson was found not guilty of all charges. [57]
Jackson converted to the Nation of Islam on December 17 , 2003 . [58] Later in 2005, because of his links with the Bahrain Royal Family, he converted to Sunni Islam . [59]
Jackson in 2003 , during his arrest on child molestation charges
Marlon Brando , who was a frequent user of the Internet , [60] informed Jackson on February 8 , 2004 that the declarations made by Jordy Chandler relating to the 1993 child molestation allegations had been published on the internet site The Smoking Gun . This happened when Jackson was about to start an interview with journalist Ed Bradley for 60 Minutes . Jackson immediately left the studio and did not conduct the interview. [61] Jackson also attended Brando's memorial service in 2004 along with Sean Penn , Jack Nicholson and Warren Beatty .
Also on August 6, 2004 , Man In The Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story debuted on VH1 starring Flex Alexander as Michael Jackson. [62]
Rapper Eminem parodied new allegations raised against Jackson by Gavin Arviso in his music video for " Just Lose It " in 2004. The clip caused controversy and fueled Jackson to make a statement.
The People v. Jackson trial began in Santa Maria, California on January 31 , 2005 and lasted less than a month.
On June 10 , Jackson's PR, Raymone Bain was reportedly fired. [63] Jackson's now-defunct website cited that "MJJ Productions regretfully announces the termination of Raymone Bain and Davis, Bain and Associates. We thank you for your services". Bain later told the Associated Press that she had not been fired and that only Michael Jackson, not his production company (operated at the time by his brother, Randy Jackson ), could fire her. [64] Bain continues releasing press statements and answering media enquiries on behalf of Michael Jackson, and was named general manager of The Michael Jackson Company, Inc. on June 27, 2006. [65]
On June 13 , Jackson was acquitted of all ten charges, including four additional lesser ones. CNN later reported that one of the jurors, Ray Hultman, believed he had committed child sex crimes in the past but there was not enough evidence to prove it, [66] and he and another juror announced impending books on their experiences in the trial.
In September 2005, it was reported that Ray Hultman, one of the jurors, took legal action against the publisher of his book about experiences in the trial, claiming heavy portions were plagiarized from a Vanity Fair article. Hultman also stated he felt "threatened" by the jury foreman Paul Rodriguez and regretted acquitting Jackson. [67]
After being acquitted of the child molestation charges, Jackson relocated to the Gulf island of Bahrain , where he reportedly bought a house formerly owned by a Bahrain MP. [68] Jackson allegedly spent his time in the Gulf writing new music, including a charity single dedicated to the victims of Hurricane Katrina entitled, " I Have This Dream ". Ciara , Snoop Dogg , R. Kelly , Keyshia Cole , James Ingram , Michael Jackson's brother Jermaine , Shanice , the Reverend Shirley Caesar and The O'Jays all reportedly lent their voices to the charity song. After many delays, the single was not released, despite being announced on September 13 , 2005 . At the time, Jackson's spokesperson, Raymone Bain, said the list included Mary J. Blige , Missy Elliott , Jay-Z , James Brown and Lenny Kravitz . It later appeared that these artists were no longer participating. [69] The charity single remains unreleased.
In 2006, allegations of sexual assault were made against Jackson by a man who claims Michael Jackson molested him, intoxicated him with drugs and alcohol, and forced him to undergo unnecessary cosmetic surgery. Michael Jackson's lawyer Thomas Mesereau , who successfully defended him against allegations of child molestation in 2005, said "the charges are ridiculous on their face. They will be vigorously defended". [70]
2006–present: Visionary, Tokyo and the World Music Awards
In February 2006, Jackson's label released Visionary - The Video Singles , a box set made up of twenty of his biggest hit singles, each of which were issued individually week by week over a five-month period. [71]
The Visionary box set.
An appeals court ruled on February 15 , that a lower court improperly terminated Deborah Rowe 's parental rights to her two children with pop star Michael Jackson, opening the door to a possible custody battle between the singer and his ex-wife. [72] The retired judge, Steven M. Lachs, acknowledged in 2004 that he failed to have state officials do an independent investigation into what was in the best interests of the children. [73] [74] As of September 29 , 2006 , the case has reportedly been settled according to the lawyers representing each party.
On March 9 , 2006 , California state labor officials closed the singer's Neverland Ranch and fined him $ 69,000 for failure to provide employment insurance. The state "stop order" bars Jackson from "using any employee labor" until he secured required workers' compensation insurance. In addition to being fined $1,000 for each of his 69 workers, Jackson is liable for up to 10 days pay for those employees who now are no longer allowed to report to Neverland for work. [75] Thirty Neverland employees have also sued Jackson for $306,000 in unpaid wages. [76]
Soon after this payment, Jackson's spokesperson announced on March 16 , 2006 that Jackson was closing his house at Neverland and had laid off some of the employees but added that reports of the closing of the entire ranch were inaccurate. [77] There have been many reports of a possible sale of Neverland, but nothing tangible has been reported yet.
Michael Jackson with his daughter Paris Katherine at Disneyland Paris , June 18 , 2006 .
In a move named by Jackson's advisors as "refinancing", it was announced on April 14 , 2006 that Jackson had struck a deal with Sony and Fortress Investments. In the deal Sony may be allowed to take control of half of Jackson's 50% stake in Sony/ATV Music Publishing (worth an estimated $1 billion) which Jackson co-owns. Jackson would be left with 25% of the catalogue, with the rest belonging to Sony.
In exchange, Sony negotiated with a loans company on behalf of Jackson. Jackson's $200m in loans were due in December 2005 and were secured on the catalogue. Jackson failed to pay and the Bank of America sold them to Fortress Investments, a company dealing in distressed loans. However, Jackson hasn't as yet sold any of the remainder of his stake. The possible purchase by Sony of 25% of Sony/ATV Music Publishing is a conditional option; it is assumed the singer will try to avoid having to sell part of the catalogue of songs including material by other artists such as Bob Dylan and Destiny's Child. As another part of the deal Jackson was given a new $300 million loan, and a lower interest rate on the old loan to match the original Bank of America rate. When the loan was sold to Fortress Investments they increased the interest rate to 20%. [78] None of the details are officially confirmed. An advisor to Jackson, however, did publicly announce he had "restructured his finances with the assistance of Sony". [79]
On April 18 , 2006 , Michael Jackson signed a management deal with English music producer Guy Holmes. Holmes is the recently appointed CEO of Two Seas Records , with whom Jackson has signed a recording contract for one album. The album is set for a fall 2007 release. [80]
On May 27 , 2006 , Michael Jackson accepted a Legend Award at MTV Japan's VMA Awards in Tokyo . It was his first major public appearance since being found not guilty in his child molestation trial almost a year earlier. The award honors his influence and impact on music videos in the last 25 years. Following the award ceremony, Jackson also made an appearance on SMAPxSMAP . [81]
In 2006 F. Marc Schaffel, a former associate of Jackson, filed a suit for millions of dollars allegedly owed to him after working with Jackson on an unreleased charity record named " What More Can I Give " and documentaries. Florida businessman Alvin Malnik, who had advised Jackson, appeared in court and stated that Jackson appeared to be bewildered by financial matters. Schaffel claimed to have made frequent loans to the singer totaling between $7 million and $10 million. Schaffel had received an urgent plea from Jackson for $1 million so that Jackson could buy jewelry for Elizabeth Taylor so that she would agree to sign a release for her involvement in a Fox special. [82]
These court proceedings also brought to light unsuccessful projects planned with the actor Marlon Brando , including a dual interview at the actor's private island near Tahiti , and a DVD on acting. [82] Brando's son Miko Brando, a long time bodyguard and assistant to Jackson stated "The last time my father left his house to go anywhere, to spend any kind of time... was with Michael Jackson". "He loved it... [He] had a 24-hour chef, 24-hour security, 24-hour help, 24-hour kitchen, 24-hour maid service". [83]
Michael Jackson with his children, Paris Katherine (center) and Prince Michael II (right) at Disneyland Paris , June 18 , 2006 .
On July 14 , 2006 , the jury awarded Schaffel $900,000 of the original $3.8 million he sued Jackson for, which Schaffel later reduced to $1.6 million, and finally to $1.4 million. [84] The jury also awarded Jackson $200,000 plus interest of the $660,000 that Jackson claimed he was owed by Schaffel. The trial revealed that Schaffel had been dismissed after Jackson learnt of his past work as a director of gay pornography. Schaffel claimed that Jackson "once wanted him to go to Brazil to find boys for him to adopt. He later modified that statement to "children" to expand Jackson's family". [85] Jackson's lawyer Thomas Mundell said that he had never heard the allegation during the pre-trial investigation and that "it was an effort to smear Mr Jackson with a remark that could be interpreted to hurt him in light of the case against him last year". [86]
On July 31 , 2006 , a federal judge allowed a $48 million claim against Jackson and one of Jackson's trusts for unpaid fees and breach of contract. All parties were ordered to reappear in court in September. [87]
On November 2 and November 3 , 2006 , Access Hollywood aired a special Michael Jackson in Ireland which showed Jackson and will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas in the process of recording Jackson's new album. [88]
On November 14 , 2006 , Sony officially released the Visionary box set. [89] He also visited the London office of the Guinness World Records. There, he received eight awards: "Most Successful Entertainer of All Time", "Youngest Vocalist to Top the US Singles Charts" (at the age of 11 as part of the Jackson Five ), "First Vocalist to Enter the US Singles Chart at Number One" (for " You Are Not Alone "), "First Entertainer to Earn More Than 100 million Dollars in a Year", "Highest Paid Entertainer of All Time" ($125 in 1989), "First Entertainer to Sell More Than 100 Million Albums Outside the US", "Most Weeks at the Top of the US Albums Chart" (for the album Thriller ) and "Most Successful Music Video" (for the music video Thriller ). [90]
On November 15 , 2006 , Michael Jackson received the Diamond Award , for selling over 100 million albums, at the World Music Awards . This was his second public appearance at an awards show since the trial of 2005. [91] Despite substantial publicity prior to the event, [92] [93] [94] he did not perform "Thriller", limiting his performance to "one verse and one chorus" of "We are the World". [95] Coverage of the event noted that Jackson "looked uncomfortable at times" and called the appearance "an unhappy return to the London stage". [96] According to the head of public relations for the World Music Awards (Julius Just), the sound was cut due to a noise curfew. Officials at Earl's Court, the arena where the event was held, have said that this was not the case and that they had "accommodated the show and the show's organisers by obtaining an extension to our licence in order to allow the show to run to eleven o'clock". [97]
Discography
| i don't know |
In 1986 Jackson signed a $15 million deal with which company - it was the largest ever endorsement for product promotion? | Michael Jackson Bad Era
Bad Album
The first single from the Bad album was a duet with Siedah Garrett called “I Just Can’t Stop Loving You”, released on July 27, 1987. It travelled to number 1 on the US, UK and other European charts. The song became the highest debuting single of 1987.
The highly anticipated Bad album was released worldwide on August 31, 1987. Bad sold 500,000 copies within five days in the UK; a first for any artist in the UK. It debuted at number one in both the US and UK and many other countries around the world.
The album’s title track “ Bad ” was released on 31st August 1987 (the same day as the Bad album) with an amazing 18 minute long short film, directed by Martin Scorsese. The film was shot on location in New York and starred Wesley Snipes. It reportedly took six weeks to make with an estimated budget of $2 million. The reaction to the short film and single was massive: it shot to number 1 in the U.S. and many other countries around the world.
In September 1987, Michael kicked off his “ Bad World Tour ” in Tokyo, Japan on September 12th. The show included a 90-member crew, state of the art light show, special effects and massive video screens. The show reportedly cost $500,000 per week to create. Michael had said at the beginning of the tour that it would be his “first and final” tour and that all proceeds from the shows would be donated to charity. In addition, at every stop on the tour, Michael set aside a portion of free tickets for under-privileged youths who would not otherwise be able to attend his concerts.
The tour in Japan was greeted with mass hysteria and the Japanese press dubbed Michael Jackson “Typhoon Michael”. He played nine sold out shows to thousands of fans and grossed approximately $20 million. His concert on the 26th of September at Yokohama Stadium was filmed by Nippon Television and later televised in Asia. While in Japan, a young boy called Yoshiaki was kidnapped and murdered. Michael was so moved by the story that he donated $20,000 to the family of the boy and also dedicated his entire Japanese tour to the child’s memory. He also donated millions of dollars to schools, hospitals and charities in Japan.
The reaction and demand was so impressive that Michael returned to Japan a year later to play nine more sold out shows.
The tour moved onto Australia in November where Michael played five sold out shows. Stevie Wonder, also on tour in Australia, joined Michael onstage in Sydney where they treated fans to a special performance of the duet “Just Good Friends”.
Bad Tour
The third single from the Bad album, ‘ The Way You Make Me Feel ”, was released on November 21, 1987. The 9 minute short film featured beautiful model, Tatiana Thumbtzen as Michael’s love interest. The single shot to number 1 and stayed in the top 10 for 6 weeks in the US. It became the third number one single from the Bad album.
The forth single, “ Man in the Mirror ”, was released in January 1988 and became the forth consecutive number one single from the Bad album.
By February 1988, the Bad album sales were at approximately 7 million copies and it was number one in 21 different countries.
After a short break for rehearsals, Michael took his Bad World Tour to the United States, starting in Kansas, Missouri on February 23rd, 1988. The Bad show was now bigger than ever with several new songs, new choreography and a new stage. The reviews of the show were glittering and music and movie stars flocked to the see the show along with adoring fans.
Also in February, Michael’s much anticipated autobiography, “Moonwalk”, hit book stores. The book was dedicated to Fred Astaire and featured an introduction by Jacqueline Onassis. “Moonwalk” made the New York Times Best Seller List by May of 1988.
Moonwalk Book
On March 2nd, 1988, Michael performed at the Grammy Awards at Radio City Hall in Los Angeles. He had also received four nominations for the Bad album. It was his first televised performance in five years, since Motown 25. Despite not taking home any Grammy wins, his performances of “The Way You Make Me Feel” and “Man in the Mirror” were truly moving and he received a standing ovation. Some have said that it was one of the greatest performances in the history of the Grammy awards.
Michael received many other awards and honours in 1988 including four Billboard Awards, three NAACP Awards, two Soul Train Awards and the MTV Video Vanguard Award for “Outstanding Contribution to Music Video Production”.
On the 3rd of March, 1988, Michael performed a private concert at Madison Square Garden in New York. With Pepsi, Michael presented a cheque for all the proceeds of the special concert, $600,000, to the United Negro College Fund. The UNCF had created the Michael Jackson Scholars program four years earlier while Michael was on the Victory Tour . By 1988, 78 students had received Michael Jackson scholarships. Michael also received an Honorary Doctorate Of Humane Letters Degree from Fisk University and the Frederik D. Patterson Award in recognition of his contribution to the UNCF. The concert also generated media attention when Tatiana Thumbtzen kissed Michael onstage during a performance of “The Way You Make Me Feel”.
The same month, March 1988, Michael finalised the purchase of his new home, the 2,700 acre Neverland Valley Ranch on 5225 Figueroa Mountain Road, Los Olivos, California. Michael had previously been there to film the music video for “Say Say Say” with Paul McCartney in 1983. Originally called Sycamore Ranch, Michael purchased the property for $17 million. Michael promptly built a zoo and amusement park on the property and officially opened Neverland Valley at the end of 1988.
The Bad album’s fifth single, “ Dirty Diana ”, was released in April 1988, with a music video that was filmed in front of a live audience. It went to number one in the US and became the fifth consecutive number one single from the Bad album. Michael Jackson became the first artist in history to have five consecutive number one singles from an album.
In May 1988, Michael embarked on his European leg of the Bad World Tour, selling out shows at most venues in Italy, Sweden, Germany, Austria and other countries. Michael broke all existing attendance records when he played seven sold out shows at London’s 72,000-seat Wembley Stadium in July and August. 504,000 fans attended these shows in total and Michael was presented with a special award from Wembley Stadium.
The third Wembley show on the 16th of June was attended by Prince Charles and Princess Diana. Prior to taking the stage, Michael presented the Prince and Princess with a ₤300,000 cheque for the proceeds of the Wembley concerts for the Prince’s Trust, a charity that supports disadvantaged children. Michael also presented Princess Diana with two custom made Bad World Tour jackets; one each for her young sons, Prince William and Prince Harry.
The sixth single from the Bad album, “ Another Part of Me ”, was released in July 1988, peaking at number 11 on the US chart. The music video to accompany the single was a compilation of footage from Michael’s performances of the song at London and Paris.
Michael performed on his 30th birthday at Leeds, England, on August 29th 1988, where 90,000 adoring fans sang him “Happy Birthday”.
While on tour in Japan in December 1988, the musical movie spectacular, “Moonwalker”, was released to an unsuspecting public. It enjoyed a theatrical release in Japan and Europe and a home-video release in the United States, where it sold 500,000 copies within two weeks. A top secret project in production for almost three years, “Moonwalker” was a 94 minute, 8 part movie documenting Michael Jackson’s career with stunning footage, a junior version of “Bad” (titled “Badder”) four video clips, and a 40-minute centrepiece with awesome special effects. The film cost approximately $27 million to make and starred Joe Pesci. In the centrepiece of the film, Michael Jackson plays a man trying to save his young friends from “Mr Big” (played by Joe Pesci), a drug lord who is trying to sell drugs to youngsters. The movie also featured the short film to “Smooth Criminal”, a ten minute 1930’s-style dance loaded clip. The single for “Smooth Criminal” was released around the same time, reaching number 7 in the US.
Moonwalker / Smooth Criminal
On 27 January, 1989, Michael played his final show of the Bad World Tour at the Sports Arena in Los Angeles. The Bad World Tour had finally come to an end after 16 months. The Tour was the largest any entertainer had undertaken- with 123 shows in 15 countries on 4 continents and played to approximately 4.4 million fans. The Tour grossed an amazing $125 million, with all proceeds going to charities around the world.
“ Leave Me Alone ” was the eighth single released from the Bad album in January 1989. It was only released in Australia and Europe and reached number 1 in the UK. The short film, included on “Moonwalker”, won the 1990 Grammy Award for “Best Short Form Music Video”.
On February 13 1989, Michael Jackson announced that he and manager Frank DiLeo were parting ways.
Prior to shutting down the Bad album campaign, the ninth and final single, “ Liberian Girl ”, was released in July 1989. The song was dedicated to Michael’s good friend, Elizabeth Taylor. The short film starred thirty-five of Michael’s celebrity friends and the single went to number one in the UK.
On November 13, 1989, Michael performed at the Sammy Davis Jr 60th Anniversary TV Special. He wrote and performed a special song he had written, called “You Were There”. The reaction to the moving performance was so strong that Michael Jackson was nominated for an Emmy Award for composing the song.
By this time, the Bad album had sold an incredible 17 million copies and had become the second biggest selling album of all time. It is also the ninth largest-selling album in British history. Today, the Bad album has sold over 32 million copies worldwide. Michael Jackson had also become the first (and still only) artist to generate five consecutive US number one singles from one album. He had taken music videos a step further again and in recognition, he received several awards for his contribution to music video production in 1988 and 1989. Also, in 1989 at the Soul Train Awards, Michael received the first annual Sammy Davis Jr Award and Heritage Award, where Elizabeth Taylor named him “The true King of pop, rock and soul”.
Michael Jackson had certainly proved himself to be the greatest entertainer of the 1980’s and the biggest selling artist of all time. He’d had the two biggest tours of the 1980’s and the two biggest selling albums in the history of music. He had also broken six world records, which he still holds today: Most Successful Music Video for “Thriller”, The Biggest Selling Album of all Time for “Thriller”, Most Weeks at the Top of the US Albums Chart for “Thriller”, Highest Paid Entertainer of All Time, First Entertainer to Earn More Than 100 million Dollars in a Year and Largest Ever Endorsement for Product Promotion.
Next read about the Dangerous Era, 1990 - 1994 , when Michae lreturns with a new sound. Or read about the previous Thriller era .
Sources:
Michael Jackson: The Magic and the Madness by J. Randy Tarraborelli
Michael Jackson The Man In The Mirror by Todd Gold
Michael Jackson Live by James Manning & Susan Black
"The Making of Captain Eo"
“Moonwalker” DVD
“Another Part of Me” Bad Tour Special presented by MTV
“The Making of Moonwalker” presented by MTV
"Bad Tour Special 1987-1988" presented by Nippon Television.
"Bad Tour Around The World" presented by MTV
"Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues" presented by Motown
Also viewed: Bad Tour concert footage from Japan, Australia and Europe, news footage and interviews with Michael Jackson, Frank DiLeo and Bad Tour Crew from Japan, Australia, America and Europe
www.imdb.com
(Websites used for consultation and confirmation of official dates and official award titles only)
Article written solely for allmichaeljackson.com by Marni Carlsson.
| Pepsi |
Prince & Prince Michael II are two of Jackson's children, name the third? | submission price: $5.00
Looking for Serious Songwriters
We are looking for serious song writers that want to create a product to pitch to Ads, Movies, and Film & TV ops. Let us help you make your song ready for pitching. If accepted we will review your song and give you advice on what needs to happen to stand a chance to sell your song. We have access to top musicians, quality engineers, music supervisors, music synch agents, and publishers.
We accept both demos and fully produced tracks. If your song is where it needs to be we will pitch it as is. However, we expect in most cases we will need to do some work to your song. We will provide you with a custom quote so please only submit to this dropbox if you are happy to invest in your song. We are open to percentage splits to help with costs.
Send us what you have and lets discuss a possible project.
- Marco Mazzei / Fallen Highway Studios
Deal Type: Songwriter Management
Maybach Music Group (Warner) Seeking Great New Urban Talent
submission price: $10.00
Payout: $50,000 - $75,000
Here at Maybach we are on the constant hunt for amazing new urban / hip hop talent. If you have what it takes, you've got the talent and the drive to be a top Maybach talent and distributed by Atlantic Records, this is the right opportunity dropbox for you.
Please submit your best work. We can't wait to hear you and if we love what we hear, we'll help you be heard by everyone!
We always listen and respond here via Music Xray. Deal Type: Label Signing
Decision Maker: I'm the final decision maker
Deal Structure: Advance + On-going royalties
Compensation: Negotiable
Seeking Producers, and Songwriters for Production team - Elleisinc Music Group
submission price: $6.00
Payout: $10,001 - $25,000
Seeking Producers, and Songwriters for Production team - Elleisinc Music Group
Elleisinc Music Group is now relaunching our production team and we are looking for the right group of well rounded people to work directly with myself and my staff. We are looking for writers and producers that can produce and write anything from EDM to Soul music. Our company has had placements on ESPN, Universal, EMI, Sony and more. Remember when submitting submit your best work.
Michael Crawford aka Magnedo7, owner of Elleisinc, is a Grammy award winning producer who's credits include Jay-Z, Currency, Royce Da 5'9", Tre Da Truth, Bonecrusher, 50 Cent, Ice Cube, E Ness, Twista, Young Buck, Hot Rod, Camp Lo, Eminem and more...
Deal Type: Label / Management Signing
Decision Maker: I'm the final decision maker
Deal Structure: Exclusive
Sire Records (Warner) Seeking Artists for Label Roster Consideration
submission price: $10.00
Payout: $3,001 - $5,000
Sire Records (Warner) Seeking Artists for Label Roster Consideration
Music Submissions for Sire Records - Sire Records is an American record label, owned by Warner Music Group and distributed through Warner Bros. Records. We are seeking artists (solo and groups) for label roster consideration.
In the later 1970s, Sire transformed itself into a successful independent record label and went on to sign artists from the burgeoning punk rock and new wave scenes, including the Ramones, the Dead Boys, the Undertones and Talking Heads. Sire switched distribution to Warner Bros. Records in 1977; in 1978, Warner acquired Sire Records. During the 1980s, Sire achieved mainstream status after having launched the recording careers of Madonna (its biggest act), The Smiths, Ice-T, Depeche Mode, Echo & the Bunnymen, the Pretenders and the Cure in North America. Into the 1990s, the label had continued success with Seal, k.d. lang, Tommy Page and Ministry.
Current roster includes:
Delta Rae, Kill It Kid, Ewert and the Two Dragons, Cold Fronts, Residual Kid, Cyndi Lauper
Please DO NOT contact the industry professional or anyone directly at the industry professional's company. Doing so will DISQUALIFY you from consideration. We only accept submissions via Music Xray
- Sire Records / Warner Music Group
Deal Type: Label Roster Consideration
Decision Maker: We are the final decision maker
Deal Structure: Exclusive
Brand Partnerships for Select Bands Via Brian Hardgroove
submission price: $15.00
unrated
Brand Partnerships for Select Bands Via Public Enemy's Brian Hardgroove
Brian has recently partnered with some of music's top brands, such as Sennheiser and Gibson and others to find synergistic partnerships. Via this drop box, Brian hopes to find the great bands he can introduce to some of the manufacturing brands he has been working with.
It's important to understand that even though Hardgroove is a member of Public Enemy, this opportunity is open to acts in all genres. The important thing is to have momentum and for Brian to be able to find the synergies between you and the brands that work with him. These are less traditional endorsement deals and more one-off partnerships where the manufacturing brand becomes your patron.
If your band is growing in stature, has a growing regional fan base, and is ready to go to the next level, Brian wants to hear from you.
This is not for musicians who are just getting started. This is for bands & acts who are at the touring level, that have a measurable following, that already have an audience and a draw on the road.
If that is you, Brian wants to hear what you have to offer. He encourages bands to include a link to video of a live performance within their submission.
For background on some of Brian's work in this field, see here:
Artist Roster Consideration at JTV Digital
submission price: $10.00
Payout: $501 - $1,000
Artist Roster Consideration at JTV Digital
We are constantly looking for new artists to work with and would be happy to consider your songs.
All our deals, was it digital distribution, licensing, publishing, etc. are artist-friendly and we aim to deliver value via a personal support and involvement in all the projects we work on.
Our current roster includes more than 2,000 artists and we work in partnership mode with a growing number of acts.
JTV Digital is a digital music distribution, licensing and online promotion company that uses all new digital marketing techniques and hacks to help artists building and growing their audiences.
-- 10% of the submission fee is shared with Unicef --
- Jeremie Varengo / JTV Digital
Seeking Original Russian Pop Music - Direct Synch Placement - Major Network Show
submission price: $5.00
Payout: $1,500 - $2,000
Seeking Original Russian Pop Music - Direct Synch Placement - Major Network Show
We are seeking original Russian pop music for a direct synch placement with a major network show.
We will consider other genres but primarily Pop, Contemporary Dance and Hip Hop. Must be 100% sample free original songs with Instrumental versions available. Only top quality productions and songs will be considered. Songs chosen will be considered for exclusive publishing deal with prominent Music Licensing company. We have strong relationships and placements in Sons Of Anarchy, Justified, Homeland, Sex and The City, Dexter, Marvel Agents Of SHIELD, Madam Secretary, Deadpool and other Major Motion Pictures.
- Tony Shimkin / Noble Music
Artistry Worldwide Seeking Artists for Label Roster Consideration
submission price: $8.00
Payout: $1,001 - $1,500
Artistry Worldwide Seeking Artists for Label Roster Consideration
Artistry Worldwide is looking for amazing artists to sign to our label division. We specialize in Pop, Hip-Hop, and R&B, but are open to all genres if you have an original sound that we have to hear. Please submit your best track(s) for consideration. We look forward to hearing your submissions. We have relationships with UMG, WB, Sony, BMG,Live Nation, AEG, Azoff, Roc Nation, Beyonce/Parkwood, Itunes, and more. Our approach is ‘Artistry first,’ and we stand behind the statement: “Works of art make rules. Rules do not make works of art”
Artistry Worldwide is a new media company headed by Max Gousse based out of Los Angeles with a hub in emerging markets such as Toronto, Dubai, London, and Seoul. The mission for Artistry Worldwide is quite simple: to become the number one brand in developing new talent in media worldwide.
- Artistry Worldwide
unrated
Publishing Catalog Acquisition - Tha Piecemakerz
Currently looking for top line tracks w/ Hooks & full references for major placement & licensing opportunities - including but limited to, TV & Film, Label projects etc. If submitting rap tracks, please only submit with chorus/hook reference. Publisher is looking for exclusive acquisition of tracks with 50/50 back end share, payout is below. Potential for co pub deal with the right writer/producer.
No Ruffs, HITS ONLY!
Award Winning Record Producer - Member of the Multi Platinum/Grammy Award Winning Writing & Production Team - Tha Piecemakerz (Over 25 Million Records Sold). "Tha Piecemakerz"work has been featured on some of the last decades biggest albums with artist like Kendrick Lamar, Eminem, Dr Dre, Kelly Rowland, JoJo, Jaheim, New Edition, The O'Jays, Trey Songz, Shareefa, 50 Cent, Sean Kingston, Flo Rida, The Game, Keisha Cole, Timbaland, Jessica Simpson, Clyde Carson, Next, E 40, SlaughterHouse, Royce Da 5'9 & many More.
- Chris Noxx / Tha Piecemakerz
Artistry Worldwide Seeking Pop for Film and TV Licensing
submission price: $8.00
Payout: $1,001 - $1,500
Artistry Worldwide Seeking Pop for Film and TV Licensing
Artistry Worldwide is seeking easy to clear, well-produced pop music for film and tv licensing. Both instrumentals and vocal songs. We get a constant stream of TV and film briefs and are always in need of quality music. You must own or have the rights to the track(s) you are submitting. Please submit your best work for consideration.
Artistry Worldwide is a new media company headed by Max Gousse based out of Los Angeles with a hub in emerging markets such as Toronto, Dubai, London, and Seoul. The mission for Artistry Worldwide is quite simple: to become the number one brand in developing new talent in media worldwide.
- Artistry Worldwide
Hourglass Records Seeking Artists for Roster
submission price: $7.00
unrated
Hourglass Records Seeking Artists for Roster
Hourglass Records is looking to expand our roster FAST! We prefer indie, pop, acoustic/pop, country, rock and alternative, but are open to anything that will excite us enough to pull the trigger on your project!
One lucky submission will receive a record deal that will give them a fully funded 10 song album, a music video, digital distribution, and marketing package valued at over $25,000! A second participant will be chosen to get a fully funded single, digital distribution and marketing package valued at over $5,000.
Send your best track(s) today for consideration.
- Daniel Martin / Hourglass Records
Commercial Hit Songs - Submit for the SE Asian Market - Taiwan, Japan, China etc
submission price: $10.00
Payout: $1,001 - $1,500
Commercial Hit Songs - Submit for the SE Asian Market - Taiwan, Japan, China etc
Looking for commercial hit songs for a host of pop artists in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan etc. We work closely with Universal Music in Hong Kong, giving us direct access to major artists in South East Asia and Japan searching for tracks for their next and current projects.
We are looking for commercial radio tracks which have great beats, memorable hook lines and current styles. Uptempo K-Pop, ballads, R&B/Pop, Rock, Soul and MOR suitable for male, female and boy and girl-bands.
Lyrics may be translated depending on the artist so send in all language demos or masters.
We are looking forward to hearing some great music.
- Dean Hart / Afrikan Cowboy Publishing
Deal Type: Song Placement
Seeking Country material for Guy/Girl Duo Project
submission price: $5.00
Seeking Country material for Guy/Girl Duo Project
We are currently seeking very strong material for a guy/girl country duo project to be shopped. We're putting all our resources into the project and are not pursuing shopping to artist until this project closes. We are open to pop and country material. Thanks for your time and wishing you the best!
Davenport and Spencer are a production team that specializes in the Genres of Pop, Dance, Rock, and Country. With a broad skill set in High Gloss Production, Melody, Innovation, Vocal Arrangement, Vocal Production, Composition, Topline, and Lyricism. The duo has had success producing for one of K Pop’s Biggest Artist Boa Kwon (SM Entertainment). Davenport and Spencer has also collaborated on records with Full Force, Britney Spears, Becky G, Colby O’Donis, Boa Kwon, and Sean Garrett.
- Davenport and Spencer Productions
Seeking New R&B Music for Artist
submission price: $8.00
Payout: $1,001 - $1,500
Seeking New R&B Music for Artist
We are currently overseeing a new emerging female R&B singer that has a current single on radio across the US. We are seeking music for the upcoming album which can include full songs or demos, tracks, ideas, etc.
Currently looking for all tempos and vibes. Artist is in the recording process and always looking for new creatives to work with.
The Code Music Management is based in Detroit, MI with creative operations in Los Angeles, New York, Atlanta and Paris. Our work includes Chris Brown, G-Eazy, Ryan Destiny (Star TV Show), MTV, Atlantic Records, SonyATV, Warner Chappell, Sevyn Streeter, Tamar Braxton, Kat Deluna, David Guetta, Def Jam, Interscope, T.I., Motown Records, Capitol and too many others to name.
- The Code
Def Jam Seeking Artists for Single Release
submission price: $10.00
Payout: $5,001 - $10,000
Def Jam Seeking Artists for Single Release
Def Jam Recordings is seeking artists for a single release with the label. We're always on the lookout for new talent, and if you think you have the perfect song we want to hear it. Def Jam is home to some of today's music greats and if you belong among them we want to be the first to know. Your sounds needs to be original and fresh, and as an artist you should have the full package. We are very selective and will only move forward best of the best, so please submit your strongest track(s) for consideration.
Def Jam A&R Keith R Tucker has worked on albums with Shawn Mendes, Alessia Cara, Gunplay, Elijah Blake, Timeflies, YG, Babyface, Toni Braxton, Luke James, Mariah Carey, Common, Jhené Aiko, Logic, August Alsina, India.Arie and more.
- Keith R. Tucker / Def Jam Recordings (Universal)
Deal Type: Single Release with label roster consideration
Decision Maker: Selected tracks will be pitched internally at Def Jam for single release
Deal Structure: Exclusive
Seeking Hits for Licensing Placements
submission price: $15.00
Payout: $1,001 - $1,500
Seeking Hits for Licensing Placements
We have been working tirelessly over the years to build the best catalog of great independent music from various genres. However, there is one area in which we feel we could do better. Therefor, we are seeking for pop music to represent for licensing in films, TV shows and ad campaigns. By “Pop” we are referring more to the broad appeal of the music than the genre. As long as the song has hit potential, we would like to hear it. Genre wise we are open, but indie pop and indie folk seem to work best for licensing placements.
Here are some great examples of music that we would like to have in our catalog:
Interscope Records / Ray Daniels Seeking New Pop Artists
submission price: $10.00
Interscope Records / Ray Daniels Seeking New Pop Artists
Interscope Records' SVP of A&R Ray Daniels is seeking new emerging pop artists.
If you have what it takes and believe you belong on our roster next to greats like Madonna and newcomers like Selena Gomez, let's hear your best material. If we love it we'll take things to the next step.
- Ray Daniels / SVP A&R Interscope Records (Universal Music Group)
Please don't contact us outside of Music Xray. We like to keep things organized here.
Deal Type: Label Signing
Atlantic Records Seeking Hip-Hop and R&B Artists for Label Roster Consideration
submission price: $10.00
Payout: $5,001 - $10,000
Atlantic Records Seeking Hip-Hop and R&B Artists for Label Roster Consideration
I'm seeking the hottest Hip-Hop and R&B artists for label roster consideration at Atlantic Records. Your sounds needs to be original and fresh, and as an artist you should have the full package. We are very selective and will only move forward best of the best, so please submit your strongest track(s) for consideration.
Since scouting Drake to Koch Records back in 2007, I've pushed a number of artists that labels failed to pick up before the hype begin. From Wale to Curren$y and even Kevin Rudolph, I knew their potential early on in their careers and now I want to find new talent to bring to Atlantic. As Senior Director at Atlantic Records, I'm the man behind the signing of Diggy Simmons and Ty Dolla$. I'm looking forward to hearing what you've got.
- Shawn Barron / Atlantic Records
Circle City Records Seeking Country Music Artists to Manage
submission price: $1.00
unrated
Circle City Records Seeking Country Music Artists to Manage
Circle City Records USA, LLC is seeking Country Music Artists to Manage. We are a full-service professional Management company. If you are serious about your music, so are we. Please submit your best track(s) for consideration.
Circle City Records USA is a professional Artist Management Company. If the Business part of the Music Business is keeping you from writing, practicing, and performing, then contact us. We know the importance of Musicians being Musicians.
Circle City Records USA can assist with the following and more:
- Publicity
Seeking Psychedelic Pop, Electro Pop, Power Pop for Major Networks, Films, and Ads!
submission price: $25.00
Seeking Psychedelic Pop, Electro Pop, Power Pop for Major Networks, Films, and Ads!
Seeking Psychedelic Pop, Electro Pop, Power Pop. songs in the style of MGMT, Weeknd, M83, Daft Punk, Depeche Mode, etc. to pitch for Multiple TV and Film on networks such as FOX, CBS, NBC Universal, Weinstein Co, etc. Advertisements such as Sony Playstation, Pepsi, Starbucks, Nissan, Gillette, Toyota, tons more, etc. We have a "Huge" track record of placing music with these entities! We've placed music in several Blockbuster Films recently!!
Because of the "High Profile Major Artists" in our catalog such as Beyonce, Janet Jackson, Chaka Khan, Bill Withers, Chic, Ojays, Sunshine Anderson, Dionne Farris, Kool and The Gang, etc, they are looking to use the "Music Of The Sea" brand and artist!
We have the attention of many major networks and they want to use the artist and composers from our catalog! Have your song/tracks along ride along side the major artist in our catalog and grow your brand!!! "High Quality" tracks only, no exceptions! No Demos and unmastered tracks, no uncleared samples. You must have clean versions available, and you must own master and publishing rights! Huge opportunity!
If you have music in our catalog, your music is automatically being considered.
- Eddie Sea / Music Of The Sea
Deal Type: Catalog Inclusion
Seeking Vocal EDM Single for Charting Female Artist
Overdrive Productions is looking for cutting edge EDM/Dance Tracks/writers/vocals for new artist Jaclyn Walker.
Jaclyn Walker's current release is getting tons of radio spins around the U.S.A., Top 50 on the Mediabase Dance Radio Charts, top ten Billboard Dance Club Charts and Top 100 on the Japan Shazam Charts. We are looking for her next single to be more edgy and more of an EDM club banger.
Check Jaclyn Walker out HERE
We aren’t paying advances but will be using a Radio campaign promotion budget to release the record and you will receive your back end royalties as well as credit.
Looking for finished songs or demos. No HIP-HOP. Please submit your best track(s) for consideration.
- Jared Overeem / Overdrive Productions
Tommy Boy Entertainment Seeking Electronic Music & Artists
submission price: $8.00
Payout: $1,001 - $1,500
Tommy Boy Entertainment Seeking Dance/Electronic Music & Artists
Tommy Boy Entertainment is seeking dance/electronic music and artists for label roster signing consideration. Sub-genres including House, Deep House, Tech House, G House will all be considered.
We are particularly looking for artists that sound like: Disclosure, Calvin Harris, EDX, Gorgon City, Hot Since 82, Mark Knight, Weiss UK, Shiba San and Destructo.
Please submit your best track(s) for consideration
Please do not submit your material to us outside of Music Xray
- Brian Delaney / Tommy Boy Entertainment
Deal Type: Song Placement / Label Signing
Decision Maker: We are the final decision maker
Deal Structure: Negotiable
Century Media Records Seeking Artists and Bands for Label Roster Consideration
submission price: $10.00
unrated
Century Media Records Seeking Artists and Bands for Label Roster Consideration
Century Media Records is seeking amazing Rock, Metal, Hard Rock, Trash, Alternative, Indie, Progressive and Hardcore artists and bands for label roster consideration. Please make sure to include a bio with basic info on your band and touring history.
In the past 20 years Century Media has not only revolutionized Heavy Metal by working with some of the scene's greatest musicians but also in the way that labels operate. CM has stood firmly by the ups and downs of continually changing economic and political market places and more directly shifting tides in consumer tastes and always standing strong and holding the banner for a valuable art form and means of expression. Always at the forefront with an active role in emerging stylistic nuances CM has truly shattered the barriers and exemplified diversity in extremes while remaining rooted in the underground but giving bands opportunities outside of the normal means with major league international touring, commercial radio play, and music placement in high-profile films, TV and commercials. Despite all of the years and breakthroughs the company maintains their organic, family feel and business is still being conducted by fans of the music for fans of the music.
- Mike Gitter / Century Media
Artistry Worldwide Seeking Artists for Management
submission price: $8.00
Payout: $1,001 - $1,500
Artistry Worldwide Seeking Artists for Management
Artistry Worldwide is looking for amazing artists to sign to our management division. We specialize in Pop, Hip-Hop, and R&B, but are open to all genres if you have an original sound that we have to hear. Please submit your best track(s) for consideration. We look forward to hearing your submissions. We have relationships with UMG, WB, Sony, BMG,Live Nation, AEG, Azoff, Roc Nation, Beyonce/Parkwood, Itunes, and more. Our approach is ‘Artistry first,’ and we stand behind the statement: “Works of art make rules. Rules do not make works of art”
Artistry Worldwide is a new media company headed by Max Gousse based out of Los Angeles with a hub in emerging markets such as Toronto, Dubai, London, and Seoul. The mission for Artistry Worldwide is quite simple: to become the number one brand in developing new talent in media worldwide.
- Artistry Worldwide
CBMSD Inc Seeking Music for Placement in TV Commercials
submission price: $10.00
Payout: $251 - $500
CBMSD Inc Seeking Music for Placement in TV Commercials
Having served as a TV Commercial Composer for over 25 years, and current composer for Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune, Chris Bell has a solid base of established relationships with many Advertising Creative VP's and Producers.
We have recently placed original music on multiple spots for Toyota, McDonalds, Hyundai, Oberto, WalMart (instore), UCLA and Red Stripe Beer. Our music selections are sent on a flash drive directly to the Ad Agency Creative VP's, Broadcast Producers and Editors in over 100 top Ad agencies as well as Fox Network and over 50 high end freelance TV Commercial Editors.
If you have unique, decently produced, NON VOCAL ONLY tracks...We want to hear them. If we like your style, we will send you Chris Bell's personal email address so you can submit as much material as you have available. Pay outs for placements range from $100 to $5,000+.
We are not here to make money from your submission fees, but we do need them to keep the quality up. Once we see you are a talented composer we deal directly with you. We are looking for odd, interesting, fun and funny tracks. Ending on a positive is great. Please NO songs that just have the vocals removed. NO TRACKS OVER 2:30 Please. Unfortunately there is NOT a big market for dramatic, epic orchestral music so please do not submit. There IS a big market for all genres that are hip, edgy, positive, uplifting, outa the box, quirky, dumb (or dumber) fun and funny music. Real instruments are a definite plus! Please follow all points in this brief or your submission may not make it to the decision desk.
VERY IMPORTANT:
NO vocal tracks or sound effects in tracks accepted. Again NO vocal tracks or sound effects in tracks accepted. If you are selected, please do not send links to websites or SoundCloud. ALL selected submissions must be available to download as MP3 only, with your name on audio file, AND in a folder with YOUR NAME on the folder.
NO SFX EVER! Any track that includes SFX will be disqualified. (Birds, wind, ocean, etc) Why? If your track got picked for a spot shot in the arctic, underwater or outer space, your bird, (or any) sfx in the music doesn't work. Also, be sure there is NO VERY LOUD lead instruments, drums or percussion. Most tracks play under a voice over so very loud parts will often disqualify a track.
- Chris Bell / CBMSD Inc
Artistry Worldwide Seeking Writers & Producers for Publishing
submission price: $8.00
Payout: $1,001 - $1,500
Artistry Worldwide Seeking Writers & Producers for Publishing
Artistry Worldwide is looking to sign writers and producers to publishing deals. We are looking for writers with catchy melodies, and really great lyrical content. For producers we are looking for uniqueness, originality, and out of the box thinking. We specialize in Pop, Hip-Hop, and R&B, but are open to all genres of writers and producers if you have an original sound that we have to hear. Please submit your best track(s) for consideration. We look forward to hearing your submissions.
Artistry Worldwide is a new media company headed by Max Gousse based out of Los Angeles with a hub in emerging markets such as Toronto, Dubai, London, and Seoul. The mission for Artistry Worldwide is quite simple: to become the number one brand in developing new talent in media worldwide.
- Artistry Worldwide
Seeking Music for Short Film Scene
submission price: $30.00
unrated
Seeking Music for Short Film Scene
Looking for music/songs for a short clip of a scene with a transistor radio in the opening video of a music video currently under production for a signed indie R&B/Rock artist.
Your song will be placed to be as if its being played through the radio in the scene. Full credit provided to artist/band, songwriters and/or publishing companies for use of music, and you'll be provided with your own digital copy of the completed video.
Entries are currently accepted until January 2017
- Jared Hassan Foles - Producer/Chief Engineer - World Eater Recordings
Deal Type: Exposure Opportunity
| i don't know |
Which artist was known as Jack the Dripper' because of his technique of dripping & pouring paint onto a canvas? | Me, Myself And I | Interactive Media Blog
Interactive Media Blog
Me, Myself And I
Abstract Expressionism
Around World War II ”Abstract Expressionism” this was the first biggest movement that influenced the world that grew from new york city. The style of the movement is expressed through a canvas of paint shown with emotional intensity, such as Jack Pollocks work he uses the drip paint technique where he lays his canvas on the and puts different sorts of materials onto the canvas. Pollocks work spoke another language to his audience who saw his work different to other artist. Pollock portrayed ”body language”.
The name of the (Abstract movement) became real popular around the 1940s many up coming artist developed and evolved their own style expressing their way of understanding of abstract art. This occurred around World War II, poets, artist and writers fled to Europe more importantly the United States (New York ), this was the era of great Abstract Art.
Action Painting
Grew around the 1960s, the technique for action painting is sharp and has a lot of movement on the canvas. Action painting was under the abstract movement many artist like Franz Kline, Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning tried to portray something different to the viewers, but most of them were confused and sympathetic towards their work, so many of these artist polluted in New York and had different backgrounds and styles to their work. Pollocks and Franze Kilnes work focused on less imagery on their paintings, they came across the name ”Action painter”. This changed Art itself, that it can convey in a different way communicating to one another, expressing emotion. Mostly these artist will show a strong personal feeling towards their work or their experiences in day to day life.
Color Field Painting
Is also a style of abstract that developed around in New York City around the 1940s and 50s, the style of color field painting is usually made with large blocks of solid flat paint also expressing emotion in less action on the canvas and movement. Color field painting emerged all around Europe from GB, Canada, Washington DC and West Coast Of United States. Mostly young artist started to join this movement, so many artist made many more painting testing new colors experimenting with canvases. Color Field painting related to Abstract painting because they had the same persona in emotion conveying it towards viewers through their art work, Rothko’s Art work accomplished these emotions and not the only difference is that the artist had different handling to each other and you could see that in their paintings. The Big names to Color Field painting are ‘Mark Rothko’,Kenneth Noland, Barnett Newman who made a stand to the abstract world.
Rothko’s work portrayed the basic simple human emotions, color field painting pointed a new direction towards American art and abstract expressionism to the world. This lead to people to there work standing out to other artist, Rothko’s work amazed and shocked critiques because of the fact that his work was so and is today is so powerful to the human brain and the human eye.
Mark Rothko
Was born September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970, Rothko was an Russian-American who was brought up in a Jewish home. At the 1920s Rothko started to look for work in New York and started looking at art as one of his ambitions in life, he enrolled for an art school this gave Rothko a clear view of his path. He later on moved to New York since his enrollment to the school art school, Rothko pioneered to the top and his work was also up in display along with other young artist in museums. The group name for his work was called ‘opportunity gallery’ his work portrayed a dark, moody, urban tone in his work, but Rothko still didn’t think that his work was enough, he changed his career for the short term and worked as a teacher teaching students how to use clay and painting he remained at the school till 1952.
Rothko’s creation around 1946 his work was a new era to abstract art, critiques used the term multiform towards his work. The number of masterpieces Rothko created that included No. 18 and Untitled (1948). These paintings were a big part to Rothko’s life; he described his paintings as a possession to him.
Again, Rothko’s mission was to aim at viewers was to succeed and execute methods of human emotion
‘’ A picture lives by companionship, expanding and quickening in the eyes of the sensitive observer. It dies by the same token. It is therefore a risky and unfeeling act to send it out into the world. How often into the world. How often it must be permanently impaired by the eyes of the vulgar and the cruelty of the impotent who extend the affliction universally!’’ – Mark Rothko
Rothko’s reaction towards to his increasing success, he felt confused and disturbed of the fact that he wasn’t understood as an artist. He was worried of the idea that people will buy his work out of fashion, he wanted his work to be moved by viewers and it to change abstract expressionism to a different level. Rothko disliked the idea of being a abstract artist but otherwise a great colorist.
” Only in expressing basic human emotions — tragedy, ecstasy, doom, and so on. And the fact that a lot of people break down and cry when confronted with my pictures shows that I can communicate those basic human emotions . . . The people who weep before my pictures are having the same religious experience I had when I painted them. And if you, as you say, are moved only by their color relationship, then you miss the point.”
The restaurant the four seasons awarded Rothko to do big major two murals for the restaurant, this was also a challenge for Rothko. During the three months he completed the murals and in addition forty paintings
” Something that will ruin the appetite of every son of a bitch who ever eats in that room. If the restaurant would refuse to put up my murals, that would be the ultimate compliment. But they won’t. People can stand anything these days” – Mark Rothko
He made a agreement on hanging the painting for the new building. Rothko was angry and upset with the atmosphere at the dining place and stopped his work with the four seasons. Rothko kept his paintings till 1968, after the series of events he never explained his emotions of the Seagram Murals. At today’s era Rothko’s murals hang in three locations Tate Modern, Kawamura Memorial Museum and the National Art Gallery in Washington DC.
Rothko continued to drink and smoke heavily during his troubled marriage and avoided advice and help from doctors, February 25, 1970, Rothko’s assistant (Oliver Steindecker) found him dead on the floor near the kitchen sink. He was 66 years old and his Seagram murals was sent to London for display at the very day of his suicide.
Four Darks In Red (1958, Whitney Museum Of Art
” Only in expressing basic human emotions — tragedy, ecstasy, doom, and so on. And the fact that a lot of people break down and cry when confronted with my pictures shows that I can communicate those basic human emotions . . . The people who weep before my pictures are having the same religious experience I had when I painted them. And if you, as you say, are moved only by their colour relationship, then you miss the point ” – Mark Rothko
The image explores a dark, warm, emptiness. The way Rothko painted the bottom half of the picture with quickness and didn’t proper colour fill in that half shows also a bit of anger, revenge, this will immediately catch the viewer’s eyes connecting to their emotion, feeling either tragedy, ecstasy or doom and so on through his work. The colour black emphasis loneliness or despair in Rothko’s life showing viewers what he’s been through or to somehow understand his art, the blocks of colour that separates from each other rarely blend in with the other blocks of colour to magnify the emotion or a characteristic of Mark Rothko. This stage of Rothko’s art work got dark before his murals were brighter and calm colours; these were effects of his life was later on portrayed on his murals, but I personally prefer Rothko’s work to Pollock’s because his work reaches to me and it’s an easier understanding to the theory of his art work.
When I saw this piece of artwork painted by Mark Rothko, this made me feel his feelings and emotion of peace and calmness. The orange expresses to me the calmness of the sun by looking at how relaxing it sits under the yellow.
Another painting here that portrays Rothko’s frustration of letting out violence and revenge. The way he uses the dark range of green to show revenge and its spitefulness of it and the yellow shows the mellow violence of it.
As time goes past and years in his paintings u start to notice how he feels and the way he portrays his artwork. As you can see hear Rothko shows signs of jealousy and the orange and yellow representing the humbleness trying to close down the purple jealousy in his painting.
Jackson Pollock
(Paul) Jackson Pollock was born January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956 was a very influential American painter and a major role model around the abstract expressionism era, drip painting. Pollock was born in Cody Wyoming; he was the youngest of his five siblings (sons). He was later adopted after his parents have passed away; he then grew up in a farm in Arizona and Chico. LeRoy Pollock started high school at Los Angele’s Manual Arts High School…he was later expelled.
In the 30s LeRoy and his older brother Charles Pollock travelled to New York City and studied at ‘Thomas Hart Benton’ at the (Art Students League of New York), where (Jackson) Pollock worked for the ‘Federal Art Project’. At times Pollock (Jackson) will go to the pub and have a round of drinks struggling to control himself, later 1941 Pollock needed to fight his alcoholism.
October 1945, Pollock married a painter like himself Lee Krasner, a month later to their house named Pollock-Krasner House and Studio. His Legacy started when he technically worked with paint and his work was identified. Pollock was later introduced to the use of liquid painting at a workshop in New York City. He later started paint pouring as one of his several techniques on canvas on the floor at the studio and developed the technique and later called it ‘drip’ technique.
Pollock started to achieve the means of creating Art, his work originated from (Action painting). Pollock blew up and was advertised and was the talk of the town he was known as ‘Jack the Dripper’ because of his unique style of painting.
“ My painting does not come from the easel. I prefer to tack the upstretched canvas to the hard wall or the floor. I need the resistance of a hard surface. On the floor I am at ease. I feel nearer, more part of the painting, since this way I can walk around it, work from the four sides and literally be in the painting.
I continue to get further away from the usual painters tools such as easel, palette, brushes, etc. I prefer sticks, trowels, knives and dripping fluid paint or a heavy impasto with sand, broken glass or other foreign matter added.
When I am in my painting, I’m not aware of what I’m doing. It is only after a sort of ‘get acquainted’ period that I see what I have been about. I have no fear of making changes, destroying the image, etc., because the painting has a life of its own. I try to let it come through. It is only when I lose contact with the painting that the result is a mess. Otherwise there is pure harmony, an easy give and take, and the painting comes out well.
– Jackson Pollock
Pollock’s Number 8
This painting pollock created with the technique action painting to me as an artist portrays greed and loneliness. As you can see the orange presents the loneliness as you can not really take notice of the orange, while the greed (green) is eating mostly the other motions hes having during that period of time of painting the piece.
Jackson Pollock’s Number 1
This is one of my Favorite pieces of Pollock’s artwork, that when I look at it, it gives me a neutral feeling there’s no hidden emotions behind it and i find that the colours he used to tell the audience that journey is truly remarkable. What gave me this idea was the way the cool green reminds me of the cool grass.
Pollock’s Number 3
The solid colours show strong emotion, this piece Pollock created looks more complex than his other murals.
My Drawings
| Jackson Pollock |
Whose 'wings are like a shield of steel'? | Jackson Pollock His Life And Painting
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Jackson Pollock
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Pollock His Life And Painting
Jackson Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming in 1912, the youngest of five sons. His father was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government. He grew up in Arizona and California, studying at Los Angeles' Manual Arts High School. During his early life, he experienced Indian culture while on surveying trips with his father. In 1929, following his brother Charles, he moved to New York City, where they both studied under Thomas Hart Benton at the Art Students League. Benton's rural American subject matter shaped Jackson Pollock's work only fleetingly, but his rhythmic use of paint and his fierce independence were more lasting influences. The Pollock painting style is classified as Abstract Expressionist because of its unattachment to representual subject matter.
In October 1945, jackson Pollock married another important American painter, Lee Krasner, and in November they moved to what is now known as the Pollock-Krasner House and Studio in Springs on Long Island, New York. Peggy Guggenheim loaned them the down payment for the wood-frame house with a nearby barn that was made into a studio. It was there that he perfected the technique of working spontaneously with liquid paint.
Before Jackson Pollock was introduced to the use of liquid paint in 1936, at an experimental workshop operated in New York City by the Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros. He later used paint pouring as one of several techniques in canvases of the early 1940s, such as "Male and Female" and "Composition with Pouring I." After his move to Springs, Jackson Pollock began painting with his canvases laid out on the studio floor, and developed what was later called his "drip" technique. The drip technique required paint with a fluid viscosity so he turned to then new synthetic resin-based paints, called "gloss enamel", made for industrial purposes such as spray-painting cars. During WWII, these gloss enamel paints were more available than typical artist’s oil paints, and they were cheaper. Pollock described this use of household and industrial paints, instead of artist’s paints, as "a natural growth out of a need". He used hardened brushes, sticks and even basting syringes as paint applicators. He would poke a hole in the bottom of a tin can of paint to get an extended drip line. This technique of pouring and dripping paint is thought to be one of the origins of the term action painting. With this technique, Pollock was able to achieve a more immediate means of creating art, the paint now literally flying from his chosen tool onto the canvas. By defying the conventional way of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension, literally, by being able to view and apply paint to his canvases from all directions.
In the process of making paintings in this way he moved away from figurative representation, and challenged the Western tradition of using easel and brush, as well as moving away from use only of the hand and wrist; as he Jackson Pollock used his whole body to paint. In 1956 Time magazine dubbed Pollock "Jack the Dripper" as a result of his unique painting style.
Jackson Pollock observed Indian sandpainting demonstrations in the 1940s. Other influences on his dripping technique include the Mexican muralists and also Surrealist automatism. He denied "the accident"; he usually had an idea of how he wanted a particular piece to appear. It was about the movement of his body, over which he had control, mixed with the viscous flow of paint, the force of gravity, and the way paint was absorbed into the canvas. The mix of the uncontrollable and the controllable. Flinging, dripping, pouring, spattering, he would energetically move around the canvas, almost as if in a dance, and would not stop until he saw what he wanted to see.
Studies by Taylor, Micolich and Jonas have explored the nature of Jackson Pollock's technique and have determined that some of these works display the properties of mathematical fractals; and that the works become more fractal-like chronologically through his career. They even go on to speculate that on some level, he may have been aware of the nature of chaotic motion, and was attempting to form what he perceived as a perfect representation of mathematical chaos - more than ten years before Chaos Theory itself was discovered.
Pollock's Comments
My painting does not come from the easel. I prefer to tack the unstretched canvas to the hard wall or the floor. I need the resistance of a hard surface. On the floor I am more at ease. I feel nearer, more part of the painting, since this way I can walk around it, work from the four sides and literally be in the painting. I continue to get further away from the usual painter's tools such as easel, palette, brushes, etc. I prefer sticks, trowels, knives and dripping fluid paint or a heavy impasto with sand, broken glass or other foreign matter added.
When I am in my painting, I'm not aware of what I'm doing. It is only after a sort of 'get acquainted' period that I see what I have been about. I have no fear of making changes, destroying the image, etc., because the painting has a life of its own. I try to let it come through. It is only when I lose contact with the painting that the result is a mess. Otherwise there is pure harmony, an easy give and take, and the painting comes out well.
| i don't know |
Phil Collins won an Oscar for Best Original Song for which Disney film? | Phil Collins Wins Oscar For Best Original Song - MTV
mtv
archive-Eric-Schumacher-Rasmussen
03/27/2000
Between indie pop singer Aimee Mann's "Save Me" and the raunchy "Blame Canada," from the soundtrack to "South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut," the Oscars had at least two chances to break with tradition. In the end, though, Phil Collins' ballad "You'll Be in My Heart," from the Disney film "Tarzan," took home the Academy Award for Best Original Song on Sunday night in Los Angeles.
Collins, a successful solo artist during and since his tenure in the art-rock band Genesis, accepted the award for the song ( RealAudio excerpt ) with a mixture of irreverence and respect. "Now my life can go on," he said sarcastically. "It's been hell, I tell you."
But, he said before thanking his family, "I didn't think it would be this hard. You don't know what this means to my kids." Collins was nominated previously in the Best Original Song category for "Two Hearts" (1988, from the film "Buster") and "Against All Odds" (1984, from the film of the same name).
Cher (born Cherilyn LaPier), whose song "Believe" was a 1999 radio hit, wore a long, black garment that she tripped over on the way to the microphone to announce the Best Song winner. "As you can see, I'm dressed like a grownup tonight," she said, in reference to her usual flamboyant and revealing dresses. "I apologize to the academy and promise I'll never do it again."
Unlike previous years, when songs were performed throughout the course of the awards show, this year's nominees sang the songs in a medley introduced by R&B singer/actress Vanessa Williams and rapper/actor LL Cool J (born James Todd Smith).
Musical Variety Show
The segment began with Lilith Fair founder Sarah McLachlan singing "When She Loved Me," from the "Toy Story 2" soundtrack. Wearing a midnight-blue, textured taffeta gown, McLachlan delivered her breathy vocals accompanied by the song's writer, Randy Newman, on grand piano. The Oscar nomination was Newman's 13th.
Wearing a white silk cowboy shirt and a Native American-influenced beaded choker, Mann followed with a five-piece band accompanying her on "Save Me" ( RealAudio excerpt ), from the Paul Thomas Anderson film "Magnolia."
Dressed in a gray suit and black shirt, Collins sang "You'll Be in My Heart" backed by piano, acoustic guitar and strings from the orchestra pit. Songwriter Burt Bacharach and bassist/producer Don Was led the orchestra and were the evening's music directors.
Sitting on steps, 'N Sync began singing "Music of My Heart," from the Meryl Streep film of the same name. After the ballad's first verse, the steps split in two, revealing pop singer Gloria Estefan wearing a white strapless evening gown.
The medley's finale featured the much-anticipated "Blame Canada" ( RealAudio excerpt ), an obscenity-laden number that gave the Academy fits trying to determine how to present it on national television. Actor Robin Williams began with black duct tape over his mouth, which he then pulled off and shouted, "Oh my God, they killed Kenny!" a recurring line in the "South Park" movie and television series.
Williams sang lines that included the words "fart" and "that bitch Anne Murray" (a reference to the Canadian-born singer of the 1970s hits "Snowbird," "Danny's Song" and "You Needed Me"), but he left out some of the song's more offensive lyrics. The medley ended with a cast of dancers dressed in costumes similar to those of the animated "South Park" characters, and a Rockettes-style chorus line on which the dancers wore outfits that resembled Canadian Royal Mountie uniforms, if only those uniforms included hot pants and sheer black tights.
Many film aficionados were uninterested in the best song award, according to Duane Dudek, film critic for the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. "I haven't given it (the Best Song category) much thought," Dudek said before the program began.
Revisiting The Past
The awards show also featured a medley of 10 previous Oscar-winning songs, which Bacharach introduced by saying "here are some songs to remind you of the best movies you've ever seen and heard." The medley included "Somewhere Over the Rainbow," from the 1939 classic "The Wizard of Oz," sung by country singer Faith Hill, and the Cole Porter-penned "I've Got You Under My Skin," from the 1936 film "Born to Dance," sung by R&B legend Ray Charles.
Hip-hop diva and syndicated talk-show host Queen Latifah surprised the crowd by singing "The Man That Got Away," from the 1954 movie "A Star is Born." Latifah (born Dana Owens), who usually raps, belted out a powerful vocal performance and later provided harmony on Hill's rendition of "The Way We Were," the Barbra Streisand hit from the 1973 film of the same name.
Two music-related nominees for the Best Documentary Feature Oscar were passed over. Both "Genghis Blues," which documented blues singer Paul Pena's travels to study the Tuvan art of throat-singing, and "Buena Vista Social Club," which documented guitarist Ry Cooder's discovery and promotion of some aging Cuban musicians, lost out to "One Day in September," which focused on the tragedy of the 1972 Olympics in Munich, Germany.
In other music-related Oscar news, R&B singer Erykah Badu presented the award for Best Makeup with actor Tobey Maguire, her co-star in the film "The Cider House Rules," which was nominated for Best Picture. (The film lost to "American Beauty.")
Badu wore a green gown and headdress, with an African-influenced spiral necklace and bracelets. After the Best Makeup award, show host Billy Crystal quipped, "They just searched Erykah Badu's hat and found one of the missing Oscars," a reference to the 55 Oscar statuettes that were declared missing and later found last week.
Badu spoke with model Tyra Banks on ABC's pre-awards show. She compared singing and being the focal point of an audience's attention to working on a movie with a cast of actors. "It's wonderful and humbling," she said. "It feels good to be part of an ensemble that's getting a lot of attention."
| Tarzan |
In the Disney cartoon what was the name of The Little Mermaid? | ‘The Legend of Tarzan’: Will it win Oscars or Razzies? - Goldderby
Goldderby
Manchester by the Sea 7/1
Moonlight 7/1 -
Denzel Washington 10/3
Ryan Gosling 5/1
‘The Legend of Tarzan’: Oscars like Disney’s animated version, or Razzies like the Bo Derek turkey?
Jul 1, 2016 1:39 pm
Courtesy of Warner Bros. Pictures
“ The Legend of Tarzan ” opened July 1 to decidedly so-so reviews, scoring just 43 on MetaCritic and 34% freshness on Rotten Tomatoes . Suffice it to say this doesn’t look like a Best Picture contender at the Oscars. But how does it compare to other “Tarzan” movies? Hollywood has a long history of adapting the story of the title jungle hero, created by author Edgar Rice Burroughs in his novel “Tarzan of the Apes” in 1912.
‘The BFG’: Will Mark Rylance make Oscar history with first nominated motion-capture performance?
The first film adaptation was nearly a century ago, in 1918’s “Tarzan of the Apes” starring Elmo Lincoln in the title role. The role was later played in a string of films by Olympic gold medal-winning swimmer Johnny Weissmuller from 1932-1948. After he departed the role, the famous loincloth was filled by a variety of actors, including Lex Barker (1949-1953), bodybuilder Gordon Scott (1955-1960) and football pro Mike Henry (1966-1968), to name a few.
In more recent history, “Tarzan, the Ape Man” (1981) re-introduced the character to movie audiences, though he might have been better off gone. The film was universally panned and earned a Razzie nomination for Worst Picture. Leading lady Bo Derek won Worst Actress as Tarzan’s love interest Jane, tying with Faye Dunaway‘s infamous turn in “Mommie Dearest.”
Later films were much better received. 1984’s “Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes” not only avoided the Razzie infamy of its predecessor, it actually earned three Oscar nominations: Best Supporting Actor (Ralph Richardson, as the Sixth Earl of Greystoke), Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Makeup. Then Disney produced the blockbuster animated film “Tarzan” in 1999 with Tony Goldwyn voicing the role; it won an Oscar for Phil Collins‘s original song “You’ll Be in My Heart.”
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The current version stars “True Blood” alum Alexander Skarsgard as Tarzan and Margot Robbie as Jane. They’re joined by an impressive cast and crew that includes co-stars Christoph Waltz and Samuel L. Jackson, as well as director David Yates, best known for helming the last four films in the “Harry Potter” franchise and the Emmy-winning telefilm “The Girl in the Cafe.” Yates also has the reins of the upcoming “Potter” spin-off “Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them” starring Eddie Redmayne.
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In the Lion King, what was the name of Simba's father? | Simba | The Lion King Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
—Simba to Zazu
”
As a cub, Simba is curious, adventurous, and almost foolishly brave, always sniffing for something fun to do. Energetic and rambunctious, he can make even the scariest of places into an adventure, with much bravery on hand, evident in the way he confidently stands up to predators and defends his friends even in the face of death. However, unlike his father Mufasa, Simba is less careful about his bravery, throwing himself in harm's way for no good reason. Still young, he is foolishly brave and too arrogant for his own good, nearly getting himself and his friend Nala killed.
Simba as a cub; cheeky, curious, and mischievous in nature
Thinking himself strong and capable, Simba has an ego the size of the Serengeti. He is known to claim Nala's ideas as his own and loves to show off his status to the other animals of the Pride Lands, often overstepping his authority in doing so. He basks in the prospect of becoming king and readily looks forward to the day when he can order around his subjects. In this way, he is somewhat stuck-up and pompous.
Despite this, Simba is good at heart and longs to become the wise king that his father is. The cub glorifies Mufasa, wanting to be just like him when he grows up, and suffers much grief whenever he disappoints him. When his father dies, Simba suffers severe emotional trauma, thinking the death to be his fault. Following Mufasa's fall, Simba becomes somewhat withdrawn and depressed, no longer putting value in his own life. It takes the efforts of Timon and Pumbaa to make Simba forget his past and move on with life.
As an adolescent, Simba picks up a happy, carefree lifestyle, thinking nothing of his responsibilities back home. In addition, Simba's vocabulary changes drastically (as he now says "Father" instead of "Dad", and "Scar" instead of "Uncle Scar"). In the jungle , he develops somewhat grotesque habits, burping and eating bugs alongside his lazy companions. No longer the respected prince of the Pride Lands, Simba becomes sedentary and stubbornly refuting of his past life. Having been tainted in mind by his well-meaning friends, Simba no longer sees the need to help others and would rather lock himself away in bliss than face reality.
However, this changes when he grows into a young adult, with his childhood friend Nala reminding him of his responsibilities back home. When faced with his dark past, Simba is prone to reacting defensively, losing his mostly well-controlled temper in bouts of fury.
A young adult Simba, now accountable and strong-willed
This stems from his sensitivity toward his past, as he thinks himself to be the cause of so much pain and turmoil. Ridden by guilt, Simba will do anything to blame his troubles on someone else, though he ultimately does face the truth, admitting to himself that he is the cause of his own inner grief.
Despite his guilt-ridden conscience, Simba is forced into maturity when he has to face his past, holding himself accountable to the land he once swore to defend. Once accepting of his duties, he becomes a new character, stronger in will than before. Unlike the old Simba, who would rather avoid an argument, this new Simba does not tolerate being bullied and refuses to stand for abuse, being particularly defensive of his mother. When challenged, Simba becomes rough around the edges, determined to have his way and unwilling to stand for compromise. No longer an innocent cub, he is brave when he has to be, standing up for his land and his pride.
Despite this rough exterior, Simba is still good at heart, sparing his uncle even after learning that Scar has been framing him his whole life, having killed Mufasa in cold blood. Simba's good will only extends so far, however, as he has a kingdom to think about, and he ultimately sets aside total forgiveness in order to keep his pride safe, sending Scar into exile. This decision proves that he is growing into a leader, learning the importance of mercy within authority.
Simba as a full-grown adult, a caring but overprotective father
Once a full-grown adult and a father, Simba has matured to a new level, now totally fixated on his duties as a king and a father. For all his benevolence and inherent goodness, Simba is not without fault, as he is overprotective of his daughter Kiara , willing to break a promise to her in order to keep her safe. In this way, Simba shows that he does not fully respect his daughter, seeing himself as the older and wiser pride member. Thinking himself to know better, he often becomes blind to the outside world, focusing only on his family and their safety. In doing so, he comes to harm those around him.
Simba is so determined to keep his family and kingdom safe that he sacrifices his slow-to-anger attitude from the first film for arrogance, paranoia, and suspicion, preferring to jump into situations without first coming to understand them. Such decisions frequently lead to clashes with Kiara, who recognizes the arrogance that has returned from her father's cubhood. At times, this attitude hurts Simba, as his enemies take advantage of it to bait him into dangerous situations. Toward the end of the film, Simba finally loses his rational behavior and temporarily abandons all reason due to sustained injuries, a growing sense of anger, and the stress of being a monarch. He begins to throw fits of retribution, constantly overrides pleas, and even outright proclaims that he is Mufasa, despite acting nothing like his benevolent father.
Perhaps because he is so overprotective of Kiara, Simba is paranoid and unwilling to forgive, segregating the Outsiders for supporting the late Scar. His trust is considerably hard to earn, as he refuses to accept Kovu even after the young lion saves his daughter's life. With the belief that he knows best, Simba is quick to jump to conclusions, not giving others a chance to speak for themselves. Despite this, Simba does later learn his lesson, being willing to accept the words of his daughter. Unlike his enemy Zira , he is able to let go of the past and forgive. Having accepted the wisdom of his daughter, Simba becomes a greater leader, more open to his enemies and willing to give others a second chance.
Information
—Mufasa and Scar about Simba
”
An infant Simba in his mother's paws
At the beginning of the film, a newborn Simba lies curled in his mother's paws. For the ceremony, Rafiki cracks open a gourd and makes a red mark on Simba's forehead, naming him the future king. He sprinkles sand on the newborn's head, making Simba sneeze, and then picks him up, presenting the cub to all the animals in the Pride Lands who are gathered to see him.
Simba soon grows into a lively, playful cub. He is the first to wake up one morning, coming to the edge of Pride Rock to see whether it is dawn yet. When he sees that the morning is approaching, Simba runs into the royal den, where all the lions are fast asleep. When he finds his parents asleep at the back, he starts to wake them up. He recalls that Mufasa had promised to show him the kingdom. Finally, Mufasa gets up. Simba happily scampers ahead of his parents, rubbing affectionately against his mother's leg before following his father to the summit.
Simba and his father climb to the top of Pride Rock, where Mufasa explains to his son that everything the light touches
Simba and his father at the edge of Pride Rock
is their kingdom. He goes on to say that after his passing, Simba will become the new king. The cub questions the "shadowy place," and Mufasa explains that it is beyond their borders, so he must never go there. As they go on a walk through the Pride Lands, Mufasa tells Simba about the Circle of Life , explaining that every living thing "from the crawling ant to the leaping antelope" is connected and exists together in a delicate balance. While they are walking, Zazu , Mufasa's majordomo, gives the king a morning report. Simba, bored, tries to practice pouncing. After some instruction from his father, Simba succeeds in pinning down Zazu. As Zazu is on his back, a mole pops up beneath him and informs Zazu and Mufasa that there are dangerous hyenas in the Pride Lands. Mufasa leaves to deal with the threat, forbidding Simba to come with him. Disappointed, Simba returns to Pride Rock to find his uncle Scar moping in the shadows. He gleefully informs Scar that he will one day be the king of Pride Rock, irritating Scar, who unenthusiastically tells Simba to forgive
"When I'm king, what'll that make you?"
him for not leaping for joy, since he has a "bad back." He then flops down in depression, but Simba, unaware of why his uncle is in a bad mood, asks Scar what he will be once Simba is king. Scar replies, "A monkey's uncle," making Simba laugh. The cub tells his uncle that he is so weird, and Scar tells him that he has "no idea." Scar then asks Simba whether his father had showed him what lies beyond the northern border. Simba admits that he has been forbidden to go there, and Scar acts relieved, claiming that only the bravest lions go there. Objecting, Simba says that he's brave and demands to know what's out there. "Accidentally," Scar lets it slip that there is an elephant graveyard in the shadows, aware that Simba's curiosity will lead him there. Simba is excited at the prospect of an adventure but promises his uncle that he won't visit the graveyard. Leaving Scar, Simba goes to his best friend Nala, who is being bathed by her mother Sarafina , opposite Simba's own mother Sarabi. Simba tries to get Nala to accompany him somewhere without giving away the location of their adventure. When asked where they are headed by his mother, he lies, saying, "Around the Water Hole." Sarabi sends Zazu to accompany the cubs, much to their dismay.
"I'm gonna be the main event, like no king was before!"
On the way to the Water Hole , Zazu makes a nostalgic comment about how the two are "betrothed, intended, affianced," meaning that they are set to be mates and rule the Pride Lands together. Since they are just children, they find it weird. The duo then sing the song " I Just Can't Wait to be King ", during which they lose Zazu.
After losing track of Zazu, Simba brags to Nala, claiming that he is a genius for getting rid of Zazu. Nala opposes him, arguing that she deserves credit since she came up with the plan. Simba jumps on her to make her admit that he is the best, but she flips him onto his back, teasing him for getting pinned. Simba tells her to let him go but then jumps on her again, and the cubs roll down a cliff. Nala again flips Simba, but then a geyser beside them shoots skyward, and they realize that they are in the Elephant Graveyard.
Simba is shooed from the Elephant Graveyard by Zazu
After the cubs make a quick exploration, Zazu catches up with them, though Shenzi , Banzai , and Ed soon show up. Simba tries to be brave in front of the hyenas, but, realizing the danger, he makes a frantic effort to escape, with the hyenas in hot pursuit. The cubs manage to get away from the hyenas, but Zazu is caught and thrown into a geyser. Simba and Nala come back to defend Zazu from the hyenas, and Simba tells the hyenas to fight someone their own size. Shenzi suggests that Simba is just the right size, and Simba realizes that he has overstepped his authority. It proves to be too late for the cubs, because the hyenas come for another attack. The cubs flee again and use the backbone of an elephant like a roller coaster that sends them flying from the hyenas. While climbing a mountain of bones, Nala slips, and Simba runs back to save her, swiping Shenzi in the face and helping Nala climb back to the top of the hill. The chase leads to Simba and Nala being cornered in a cave. Simba tries to protect Nala by making a roar to scare the hyenas away, but he is unsuccessful.
Simba protects Nala from the hyenas
Just then, Mufasa arrives and pins down the hyenas, who flee in fear. Simba approaches his father and tries to speak, but Mufasa interrupts, accusing Simba of deliberately disobeying him. Simba quietly apologizes, but Mufasa just says, "Let's go home." Simba follows him, bowing his head, as Nala whispers to him that she'd thought he'd been very brave.
En route to Pride Rock, Mufasa stops on their way through the savanna. Simba bows his head in the grass when he hears that Mufasa wants to speak with him. Zazu then comes to the cubs and says that he will take Nala home. Putting his wings on Simba's shoulders, he wishes him good luck. A little scared, Simba sends one last look at Nala, who leaves. Mufasa then calls Simba to come to him. Going to his father, Simba accidentally steps into his father's pawprint, realizing just how much bigger and wiser Mufasa is.
Mufasa teaches Simba
Once by the king's side, Simba is admonished by his father, who expresses disappointment in him and anger that he'd disobeyed. Simba says that he had been trying to be brave like him, but Mufasa explains that even kings get scared, just as he had been that day because he'd almost lost Simba. No longer so scared, Simba jokes that the hyenas had been even more scared. In response, Mufasa playfully says, "Because no one messes with your dad!" He then picks Simba up and gives him a playful noogie. After playing together under the sky, Mufasa tells Simba about the Great Kings of the Past , who are looking down on them from the stars. He reminds Simba that whenever he feels alone, the stars will always be there to guide him, as will Mufasa.
The next day, Scar, who had been planning to kill Mufasa and Simba in order to become king, takes Simba with him to the Gorge , saying that Mufasa has a "surprise" for him. Simba begs his uncle to tell him what it is, but Scar walks away after teasing him about practicing his "little roar." Unknown to Simba, Scar signals Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed to start a stampede of frightened wildebeests into the gorge below.
Simba in the midst of the stampede
While Simba practices his roar a little louder than usual, the wildebeests charge down the cliff face in the direction of Simba. Terrified, the young cub runs for his life. Meanwhile, Scar, pretending to be terrified and nervous, runs to Mufasa, panting that Simba is in the Gorge. Immediately, Mufasa rushes to the Gorge to save his son, who desperately manages to jump and cling on to a branch while the wildebeests thunder below him. While Mufasa fights through the stampede, one of the wildebeests collides with the branch and breaks it, sending Simba flying into the air. Mufasa leaps up to catch his son, but he drops him upon impact with one of the wildebeests. Becoming stuck in the stampede again, Simba dodges a few wildebeests before again being picked up by Mufasa, who then gets him to safety. Pulled back into the herd, Mufasa fights until he can throw himself onto a ledge, where he clings for dear life.
Simba cries over his father's dead body
Seeing this, Simba runs to the top of the cliff. As he reaches the top, he sees his father plummet into the stampede below, not knowing that he'd been thrown by Scar. He cries out and races down to the bottom of the Gorge to find his father's body under the branch that he had been clinging to. Hoping that his father isn't dead, he tries to revive him. Realizing that Mufasa is neither moving nor breathing, he calls for help but starts to cry and crawls underneath his father's forepaw when he realizes that there is no hope.
Scar approaches and manipulates Simba into believing that he is responsible for his father's death, claiming that Simba's roar had caused the stampede and that if it hadn't been for Simba, Mufasa would still be alive. When asked what his mother will think, Simba doesn't know what to do, so Scar tells him to run away and never return. After Simba scampers away, Scar sends Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed to kill the cub.
Simba with Timon and Pumbaa
Panicked, scared, and now chased by the hyenas, Simba runs out of the Gorge and comes out at the top of a steep cliff. With a patch of sharp thorns below, Simba has no choice but to jump down the cliff to escape the predators. He tumbles down and forces himself through, but the hyenas don't follow, thinking that Simba is as good as dead out in the barren desert anyway.
Tired and dehydrated, Simba wanders into the desert. In the burning heat, he eventually faints. Waiting for him to die, vultures circle overhead, but a meerkat named Timon and a warthog named Pumbaa scare away the vultures and save the unconscious cub. They revive him and ask him if he is okay. He shakily replies and starts to wander off. Timon and Pumbaa ask what he'd done to be so sad, but Simba doesn't want to talk about it. Timon and Pumbaa then take the cub into a jungle to teach him to forget the past and live by " Hakuna Matata ." During the song " Hakuna Matata ", the duo have Simba eat bugs, explore his new home, and live without worry. The trio walk across a log, which represents a few years, during which Simba transitions from a cub to an adolescent to an adult.
Adolescence
Adolescent Simba
Simba's adolescence is only briefly shown during the log sequence of "Hakuna Matata." Simba is older than in The Lion King 1½ (in which his adolescent self makes a longer appearance), evident by the mane that begins to run down his neck and the mane that begins to appear on his chest and lower body, as well as longer fur on his elbows.
Young Adulthood
Simba: That's not my father. That's just my reflection.
Rafiki: No. Look harder. You see, he lives in you.
—Rafiki to Simba
”
Growing up in the jungle, Simba learns to be carefree and forget about his past and responsibilities with Hakuna Matata. Although seemingly happy in the jungle, he feels homesick when stargazing with his friends, recalling what his father had told him years ago when they'd looked up at the stars together. He
Simba stargazes with Timon and Pumbaa
is upset when Timon's comments mock the Great Kings of the Past. Hurt by his friends' comments, Simba leaves to flop down on a rock in grief over his dead father. A few days later, Simba hears Timon and Pumbaa yelling for help and immediately rushes to their rescue, finding himself face-to-face with a hungry lioness. After wrestling ferociously with the lioness (with Timon cheering him on), Simba is flipped onto his back, a move that he instantly recognizes as belonging to Nala. When he mentions Nala's name, the lioness becomes surprised and backs away. When she asks who he is, Simba tells her his name, and the lioness is surprised to recognize her childhood friend. As they rejoice, Simba introduces Nala to his new friends, and she tells Simba that he is the
Simba reunites with Nala
rightful king. Simba rejects his responsibility and refuses to go back, still believing that he is guilty of killing Mufasa. Still, he comforts Nala as she struggles with the reality of him being alive after all these years.
Enjoying a peaceful sunset evening together, the two lions realize that their childhood friendship has blossomed into love. However, that evening, Nala tries to explain to Simba the fate of the Pride Lands under Scar's reign, trying to persuade him to go back, since he is their only hope. Despite her desperation, he refuses. Disappointed with Simba's new behavior, Nala tells him that he isn't the Simba she knows and remembers, to which he admits that he isn't. Then Simba asks Nala if she is now satisfied, and Nala declines, saying that she is just disappointed. Simba tells Nala that she is starting to sound like his father, to which she replies, "Good! At least one of us does!" Enraged, Simba yells at her and then marches away in a huff. Alone in a grassy field, he yells to the sky at Mufasa for not being there for him when he'd promised years earlier that he would. Simba then labels the blame on himself, hanging his head in shame.
"Well, I know who you are. Shh. Come here. It's a secret."
Soon, Simba notices Rafiki singing in a tree. Trying to get away from him, Simba goes to lie down away from the baboon . Rafiki refuses to leave him alone, so Simba asks him who he is. However, in response, Rafiki asks Simba who he is. Simba doesn't know anymore, and after Rafiki chants in his ear, the baboon tells Simba that he is Mufasa's boy. Surprised to hear Mufasa's name, Simba chases the wise baboon and asks him if he'd known his father, to which Rafiki corrects Simba and tells him that he knows his father. After Simba sadly tells him that Mufasa had died a long time ago, Rafiki tells Simba that he is wrong again and explains to him that Mufasa is still alive. The baboon leads Simba to a stream, and as he remarks that he only sees his reflection, Rafiki tells Simba to look harder. The reflection ripples and becomes Mufasa's face. At the same time, Simba hears Mufasa calling to him from the sky, and Simba looks up to see him again.
Simba speaks to Mufasa's ghost
Mufasa's spirit appears in the sky, and Simba instantly recognizes him, astonishingly asking, "Father?" In answer, Mufasa accuses his son of forgetting him, to which Simba denies him and asks how he possibly could.
Mufasa tells his son that he has forgotten who he is and his own place in the Circle of Life. He then reminds Simba that he is his son and the one true king. Simba chases Mufasa's disappearing form in the sky, begging him not to leave him, with his father repeating, "Remember." Rafiki approaches Simba again and listens to him discussing how he will have to face his past if he is to return. Rafiki then whacks him on the head with his stick, causing Simba some pain, and teaches him the lesson that even though things are in the past, they can still hurt, but one should learn from them. As Rafiki swings his stick again, Simba dodges it. Rafiki notices this and asks Simba what he is going to do, to which Simba tells the baboon that he is going to take his stick first. The lion snatches it away from him and throws it into the grass. However, as soon as Rafiki gets it and turns back, Simba has already left to fight Scar and take back his place as the king of the Pride Lands. Overjoyed, Rafiki proceeds to cheer Simba on from a distance, encouraging him to go back.
Simba appears after Scar hits his mother
Arriving back home, Simba is shocked at the dry, barren condition that the once green and fertile land is in. As Simba moves through the Pride Lands, Nala, Timon, and Pumbaa catch up to help him battle Scar. As they make their way to Pride Rock, they find their way blocked by hyenas, and Simba instructs Timon and Pumbaa to divert the hyenas so that he and Nala can slip past them. Simba then tells Nala to look for Sarabi and rally the lionesses while he searches for Scar. He freezes in horror as he hears his mother's name yelled out by Scar, then watches as Sarabi and Scar argue. Upon seeing Sarabi get struck down by Scar, Simba runs out of hiding to his mother's side. At first, Sarabi mistakes him for Mufasa, but she eventually realizes that it is her son when he tells her that he is home. He and his mother briefly embrace. Simba then confronts his uncle, giving him a choice to either step down from his position or fight, to which Scar promptly refuses. Feeling trapped, Scar resorts to accusing Simba of killing Mufasa, and the young lion doesn't deny it. This news greatly shocks everyone, especially Sarabi.
Simba defeats Scar
With Nala and the other lionesses watching, Scar corners Simba on the edge of Pride Rock, mocking him that his father isn't alive to save him. As Simba slips from the edge, lightning starts a fire below the promontory. While Simba clings to the edge desperately for life, Scar remembers seeing Mufasa in a similar position before he'd died. Scar latches his claws into Simba's paws and whispers into his ear that he is the one who'd killed Mufasa. Filled with shock and rage, Simba immediately leaps from the edge and pins Scar to the ground. Simba forces his uncle to confess out loud, which leads to a tremendous battle. The hyenas ambush Simba, prompting Nala, the other lionesses, Timon, Pumbaa, and Rafiki to charge in and wipe out the hyenas.
Simba then chases his uncle to the summit of Pride Rock, where he finally corners Scar. The old king pleads for mercy as he puts the blame on the hyenas, unaware that they have heard everything. Fed up with all the lies that his uncle has told him, Simba chooses not to kill Scar, because he doesn't want to become the monster that Scar is. Instead, he spares his life by telling Scar to run away and never return, the same words that his uncle had used when Simba was young. Seemingly obeying Simba's orders, Scar begins to slip away slowly, but he suddenly turns around and throws burning embers
Simba directly before reclaiming the Pride Lands
into Simba's eyes.
The two lions fight ferociously until Scar delivers a hard smack that knocks Simba to the ground. As Scar leaps to finish Simba off, the young lion thinks quickly and flips Scar over the edge of Pride Rock, sending him tumbling down the ledge. Simba looks down and sees that Scar has survived the fall, though he is slightly dazed from the attack. However, the hyenas, having had enough of Scar's lies and betrayal from earlier, ignore Scar's pleas for forgiveness and jump on him, devouring him alive.
After rain falls on the Pride Lands and extinguishes the fire, Simba walks down to greet Sarabi, Nala, Timon, Pumbaa, Rafiki, Zazu, and the rest of the pride. Rafiki rattles his stick to get Simba's attention and motions for him to ascend Pride Rock. Simba then walks over to Rafiki, and as Rafiki bows down to him, Simba embraces him before Rafiki tells him that it is time. Simba then climbs up Pride Rock, and as he reaches the promontory, he looks up at a break in the clouds to see a patch of stars, one of which is shining brightly. Upon hearing Mufasa's voice telling him to "remember," Simba
Simba, Nala, and their newborn cub
gains courage, confidence, and strength, roaring out over his reclaimed kingdom. The rest of the pride roars back in approval.
Some time later, when the Pride Lands flourish once again, Simba and his mate Nala, along with their friends Timon and Pumbaa, stand on the promontory of Pride Rock, proudly looking down at the animals who have assembled below Pride Rock. Rafiki then comes in, cradling their newborn cub in his arms, and Simba and Nala watch happily as Rafiki lifts the cub up for all the animals to see.
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride
“
Simba: You will not leave Pride Rock. You will stay where I can keep an eye on you, away from him!
Kiara: You don't know him!
Simba: I know he's following in Scar's pawprints! And I must follow in my father's.
Kiara: You will never be Mufasa!
—Simba and Kiara about Kovu
”
Simba at Kiara's presentation
In the second film, all the animals return to Pride Rock to welcome the birth of Kiara, the daughter of Simba and Nala. While the king and queen look on proudly, Rafiki holds their cub up for all the kingdom to see.
As Kiara grows up, Simba turns out to be extremely overprotective of her. One time, when Kiara goes off to play, he warns her to stay away from the Outlands and to stay on the path that he has marked for her. Nala teases Simba about Kiara's likeness to Simba when he was a cub. Simba confesses his feelings to Nala about how much trouble they'd get themselves into, to which Nala pins him and teases him, telling him that he means the trouble that he'd gotten them into. She and Simba then chuckle as they nuzzle each other in a loving manner, and Simba smiles warmly at her. Nala assures him that Kiara will be fine and goes back into the cave, with Simba watching with an unsure expression. However, as soon as Nala is out of earshot, he sends Timon and Pumbaa after Kiara to watch her anyway.
Simba orders Zira to leave the Pride Lands
After he realizes that Kiara has sneaked away from her babysitters, he, along with Nala, Pumbaa, Timon, and two Pride Landers, goes out for her, finding her near the outskirts of the Outlands with an Outsider cub named Kovu . Immediately, Simba jumps in front of Kiara, protecting her. At the same time, Kovu's mother Zira launches herself in front of her son to protect him. Simba snarls at her, and Zira mockingly gives a cover-up for straying into the Pride Lands. Simba orders Zira to take Kovu and get out since they are now finished with their conversation. Zira laughs menacingly and tells Simba that they have barely begun. Simba then takes Kiara and walks away, sending Nala and the rest of the pride ahead so he can have a word with Kiara. Simba reminds her that she has to be queen someday, even though she may not want to be. He reminds her of the great Circle of Life. Simba then tells his daughter that they are a part of each other, with Kiara responding, "Hmph!" This makes Simba playfully smile and nudge her. After embracing her, he sings to her that they are one.
Simba teaches Kiara
Years later, Kiara pleads with Simba to let her hunt on her own. He promises this to her, but he once again sends Timon and Pumbaa to watch her anyway, thus deliberately breaking his promise. A few hours later, Simba paces nervously on Pride Rock, where Zazu reassures him that Kiara will be fine. Suddenly, Simba notices smoke on the horizon as Zira's plan goes into action. He and Nala race to Kiara, only to find her talking to Kovu. Simba roars menacingly at Kovu as Kiara reminds him that he has broken his promise, to which Simba, out of fear of losing her again, forbids any more hunting trips for her.
Just then, Rafiki appears and brings up the fact that Kovu has saved Kiara's life. When Simba asks him why, Kovu asks to join his pride. Simba initially refuses, but Zazu tells him that his father's law demands all debts be paid. In repayment for his daughter's life, an agitated Simba reluctantly lets Kovu join the pride, but he doesn't allow him to sleep with the pride. That night, Simba has a nightmare about the stampede. In the nightmare, Simba tries to save his father, who is hanging on to a cliff face. As Simba reaches down, he realizes that Scar is looking over him. Mufasa slips
Simba roars at Kovu
away from Simba and falls to his death, which makes Simba cry out for a brief moment. He then turns on Scar, who morphs into Kovu, shocking Simba. Then Kovu lets Simba fall to his death, and the king snaps out of his dream. Simba is frightened at first but starts to calm down once he looks outside the den, realizing that it's still night. He then looks at Nala, who is happily asleep. So Simba goes back to sleep, still uneasy but more relaxed.
The next morning, Simba has a drink at a water hole. Unknown to him, Kovu is behind him, ready to kill. Luckily, Kiara turns up, wanting her hunting lesson, so Kovu is drawn away. That night, Simba looks down on Kiara and Kovu stargazing together and asks Mufasa for guidance. Nala walks up beside him and tells him to trust Kovu more. That evening, Simba lets Kovu sleep with the rest of the pride in the cave, as it is a fairly cold night.
The next morning, Simba walks in on Kovu about to tell Kiara about Zira's plan, telling his daughter that he doesn't want her talking with him, only to say in a much calmer tone that he wants to talk with him. This makes Kiara brighten up, and Simba smiles and
Simba flees the Outsiders
winks at her before walking off with Kovu, with Kiara watching from a distance. During the long walk, Simba explains to Kovu his side of the story about Scar. As they are walking, Zira, Nuka , Vitani , and the other Outsiders surround them. Zira teasingly asks Simba what he is doing outside "so alone." Zira then congratulates Kovu for bringing Simba with him and adds, "Just like we've always planned." Feeling betrayed, Simba angrily snarls at Kovu, now believing him to be behind the plan. In response, a scared Kovu denies this and tries to reason with Simba that he really didn't have anything to do with Zira's plan. Simba is then attacked by the Outsiders on Zira's orders. Simba slides down a cliff, and the Outsiders attack. He runs into a gorge and climbs up a dam. Just as he's climbing, Nuka grabs his ankle, pulling him down. Simba pushes himself up, dislodging logs, which tumble down and crush Nuka to death. This greatly shocks Zira and Vitani. The entire pride mourns the death of their family member. Simba escapes and weakly makes his way back to the Pride Lands, where he manages to whisper to Kiara, Timon, and Pumbaa about what has happened before he collapses due to extreme exhaustion. They help him back to Pride Rock, where he recovers.
Simba exiles Kovu
When Kovu returns, Simba confronts him, asking why he's come back. Kovu asks for forgiveness, but Simba doesn't believe Kovu. Kiara tries to persuade Simba to listen to Kovu, but he tells her to be silent and then exiles Kovu, to Kiara's dismay. Kiara then quarrels with her father, pleading with him to reconsider, but Simba refuses, saying that Kovu used her to get to him and that he knows Kovu is following in Scar's pawprints and that he must follow in his father's. Kiara angrily yells at him that he will never be Mufasa. This comment hurts and shocks Simba immensely, as he looks away sadly while Kiara runs into Pride Rock before sneaking away to find Kovu.
That night, rain descends on the Pride Lands, and Simba asks Timon and Pumbaa where Kiara is. Just as he finds out she is missing, Zazu informs him that the Outsiders are on the attack. Simba commands Zazu to find Kiara and assembles the lionesses, ready for battle. When they approach the Outsiders, Simba gives Zira a final chance to go home. Zira tells Simba that she is home and commands her troops to attack.
Simba leads the Pride Landers into battle
After a bitter battle, Zira jumps down off her rock, ready to attack Simba herself. Just as they are about to go into a one-on-one duel, Kiara jumps in front of her father, and Kovu jumps in front of Zira. Simba tells his daughter to stay out of the fight, but Kiara tells him that the fight has to stop. Concurrently, Zira tells Kovu to move, and Kovu tells Zira that he won't let her hurt Kiara or Simba. Kiara reminds Simba that they are "one" and asks if he sees any differences between his pride and the Outsiders. As Simba realizes his daughter's words, the rain stops, and sun shines down from the clouds. Simba then nuzzles his daughter as they reconcile. Zira orders Vitani to attack Simba, but she refuses to do so and crosses onto his side, as do the rest of the Outsiders. Zira, realizing that she is losing, tries one more time to attack Simba, but as she jumps for him, Kiara leaps in her way and fights her off. Shocked, Simba jumps down after them just as Zira slips away into the water below. Simba reaches his daughter and helps her back up the cliff, where she is hugged by a relieved Nala. When Kiara is reunited with Kovu, Simba studies him and apologizes to him, finally admitting that he was wrong. He accepts Kovu and the Outsiders into his pride, and they all go home together.
Simba welcomes the Outsiders back
Back at Pride Rock, Simba, Nala, and all the other lionesses watch as Rafiki blesses the union of Kiara and Kovu. Simba, Nala, and the new couple make their way to the top of Pride Rock and roar over their kingdom, with the rest of the pride roaring back in reply. As Simba looks down proudly at the rejoicing animals who have gathered around Pride Rock, the sky opens up and Simba hears his father say, "Well done, my son. We are one."
I couldn't have done it without you guys.
—Simba to Timon and Pumbaa
”
During Timon and Pumbaa's first attempt at a new home, they witness Simba's birth ceremony. The two later find a small cave in the Pride Lands, which they live in until Simba and Nala sing "I Just Can't Wait to be King," driving them out. Although not seen
Simba cuddles with Timon
, we can hear Simba say, "I'm okay," after the animal pyramid falls down. Later, after Mufasa is murdered by Scar and Simba runs away from the Pride Lands, he wanders into the desert, ridden with guilt and thinking that he killed his own father. Simba collapses out of fatigue and exhaustion, lying under the sun with buzzards circling overhead. Simba is found by Timon and Pumbaa, who carry him to shade and water and eventually let him live in the jungle with them. Growing up without worries, Simba soon proves to be a difficult cub to handle, and Timon and Pumbaa find it hard to be adoptive parents. Living carefree in the jungle, Simba gets into all kinds of mischief that Mufasa and Sarabi would have never allowed, such as jumping down from dangerously tall trees, swimming down steep and deadly waterfalls backwards, and spinning Timon around like a play toy. He also keeps Timon up all night having to go to the bathroom, wanting a drink of
A adolescent Simba wakes up Timon
water, etc. One night, Simba is awakened by a nightmare and begs to sleep with Timon, who begrudgingly agrees.
Months pass, and Simba grows into an adolescent, with half a mane on his head, who seems to beat Timon and Pumbaa at all kinds of alliterative bug-eating contests, including the longest bug belch, slug swallowing, cricket crunching, grub gulping, maggot munching, and the snail slurping contest shown in the film. He has grown a small mane on his head and looks even more hot-headed than as a cub.
After some years pass, Simba grows into a young adult lion who enjoys his life with Timon and Pumbaa in the jungle. Simba has an interesting conversation with Pumbaa about dung beetles before Nala appears and chases Pumbaa, making Simba attack her. He later realizes that it's his old childhood friend. In the "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" sequence, we see that Simba takes Nala on a romantic evening walk around the jungle, unknowingly hurting Timon while the meerkat attempts to split the two lovers apart. After the familiar scene of Simba arguing with Nala about whether or not he should return to the Pride Lands commences, Simba runs off to encounter his father's ghost.
Later in the film, when Simba challenges Scar, he is seen several times echoing his role in the original film.
Simba embraces Timon and Pumbaa
For example, he is seen slipping off the cliff when Scar corners him and later leaping up to force the truth out of Scar about Mufasa's death. Simba is also seen when he chases Scar up Pride Rock and flips him to the ground below. Once the violence is over, Simba thanks Timon and Pumbaa for their help against the hyenas before he climbs Pride Rock, roaring for all of the Pride Lands to know that they have won. At the end of the film, Simba is lying down in the jungle water with Pumbaa, Timon, and Ma. A silhouette of Simba also appears in the theater while Ma rewinds the movie.
Video Games
Kingdom Hearts
Simba appears as a Summon, using an attack called Proud Roar where Sora charges up the roar and fires off a powerful attack. Though his world was destroyed, Simba's strong heart refused to languish in darkness, keeping his spirit alive and turning him into a Summon Gem, Earthshine. The gem was in turn found by Leon, who kept it as a "lucky charm", and was eventually given to Sora after Leon told him about the hearts of Worlds. After bringing it to the Fairy Godmother, she recognized it as a Summon Gem and immediately restored Simba's spiritual form, making him able to assist Sora in battles. After stopping Ansem, Seeker of Darkness, Simba's body was restored and he returned to his own world.
Chain of Memories
Simba in Kingdom Hearts II
Simba reappears as a figment of Sora's memories, and he is once again a summonable character. He is the first Summon Card that Sora receives, given to him by Leon after finishing his tutorial and visit to Traverse Town.
The Lion King
Simba at the cover of "The Lion King" video game
The game is a side-scrolling platform game, with the controlled character (Simba) having to leap, climb, run and descend from platform to platform. There is an exception during the level The Stampede, where Simba is running towards (or in the Game Boy version, running with the camera looking straight down on top of him, while the Game Gear version is a side scrolling platformer like the other stages) the camera dodging wildebeest and leaping over rocks.
As a cub, Simba can roar, jump on enemies and roll. All three are used to combat enemies and have different effects. Rolling can also be used to access hidden areas and dodge attacks. Adult Simba is stronger, can slash and maul, and he can throw instead of defeating his enemies by jumping on them. He also has a more formidable roar, but can no longer roll.
Bloopers & Outtakes
Simba in The Lion King: Bloopers & Outtakes
In The Lion King: Bloopers & Outtakes, during the end credits of the Diamond Edition of The Lion King, Simba and the other characters are represented as live actors. In the bloopers, Simba appears five times. The first time, he appears when Scar can't pronounce the word "responsible." He later attempts three times to say the phrase "Hakuna Matata" while walking across a fallen tree, but he fails, and he and the crew laugh. The third time, Rafiki falls asleep on a rock during the shooting of a scene, and Simba tries to wake him up, shaking his shoulders, but he fails and proposes to continue filming tomorrow. In the end, he is shown as a baby who is being carried by Rafiki to the edge of Pride Rock, but Rafiki stumbles and lets Simba fall from Pride Rock.
Disney Parks
Simba in Mickey's Soundsational Parade
Like most characters from The Lion King, Simba does not appear for meet-and-greets. Instead, he appears in certain shows. He makes cameos in It's a Small World, Fantasmic! and Mickey's PhilharMagic, where he sings "I Just Can't Wait to Be King." In Disneyland, Simba is seen atop a float for Mickey's Soundsational Parade.
Simba has his own spell card known as "Simba's Roar" in the attraction Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom. Simba and other characters from The Lion King are also featured in Disney's Art of Animation Resort in Walt Disney World.
Simba is also a prominent character in Disney's Animal Kingdom merchandise and promotional material. Also in the park, Simba stars in Festival of the Lion King , which is hosted by Timon. In the former Magic Kingdom attraction The Legend of the Lion King , the story of the film is retold using animatronic puppets and scenes from the film.
In Disney California Adventure, Simba makes an appearance in a segment of World of Color. He is seen reliving the wildebeest stampede from the film and can also be seen during the finale.
Simba also makes an appearance on a float in Paris Disneyland with Timon, Pumbaa, Rafiki, and Scar hiding at the back.
Inspiration
| List of characters in The Lion King |
The childrens TV character Prince Adam of Eternia is better known by what name? | The Lion King (1994) - IMDb
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Lion cub and future king Simba searches for his identity. His eagerness to please others and penchant for testing his boundaries sometimes gets him into trouble.
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Title: The Lion King (1994)
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Won 2 Oscars. Another 33 wins & 30 nominations. See more awards »
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Edit
Storyline
A young lion Prince is cast out of his pride by his cruel uncle, who claims he killed his father. While the uncle rules with an iron paw, the prince grows up beyond the Savannah, living by a philosophy: No worries for the rest of your days. But when his past comes to haunt him, the young Prince must decide his fate: will he remain an outcast, or face his demons and become what he needs to be? Written by femaledragon1234
See it for the first time ever in 3D (2011 3D re-release) See more »
Genres:
24 June 1994 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
King of the Jungle See more »
Filming Locations:
£16,650,343 (UK) (11 November 1994)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The original script included several characters which were cut. There was another lion cub named Mee-Too, a bat-eared fox, and a rhino with a tickbird on his back. In fact the tickbird was kept and evolved into Zazu. Multiple characters have ended up scrapped for the final version of the first film - a little brother for Nala, a second meerkat, Nala's father (who would have been leader of another pride), Joka, a rock python who would have acted as a fourth lackey for Scar and a bat-eared fox named Bhati for example. Nala's brother, Mheetu, in particular was to have an important role, serving as a character for Nala to protect from the hyenas and Scar. Mheetu would also have been lured into the gorge, causing Simba to try and save him. However, he fails, causing Mufasa to rescue them, leading to his death. See more »
Goofs
During the 'Be Prepared' sequence, Scar knocks a bone out of Ed's jaws, making him sit bolt upright, his tongue hanging out. In the very next shot, it's gone. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Scar : [Scar catches a mouse] Life's not fair, is it? You see, I... well, I shall never be king. And you... shall never see the light of another day. Hmm-hmm-hmm, adieu.
Zazu : Didn't your mother ever tell you not to play with your food?
See more »
Crazy Credits
Prior to the beginning of the movie is a brief words, "In remembrance of Frank Wells" message (Mr. Wells is a president of Disney Studios, who died prior to the film's release). See more »
Connections
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What is Paddington Bear's favourite snack? | Cupcakes & Couscous: A Paddington Bear Party and Marmalade Sandwich Cookies
Thursday, 27 February 2014
A Paddington Bear Party and Marmalade Sandwich Cookies
I am no stranger to long stints in the kitchen, but as I write this I feel as though I am still recovering from the cooking marathon that happened this past weekend. It was all for a very special reason though, as I was preparing for my daughters 2nd birthday party!
We wanted to choose something (or in this case someone) that she really loves as the party theme, and this year it was a no-brainer - the furry little bear from Peru whose adventures we read every evening at bedtime, Paddington Bear.
On Sunday afternoon, 15 of my daughter's friends and their parents arrived at our home to celebrate. As seems to be the (unfortunate) tradition whenever we are entertaining in the garden the wind was howling, but we managed to secure the gazebo, tie up the bunting and lock down the balloons before everyone arrived at 3pm. The afternoon felt like it flew by in a flurry of activity, but judging by all the emails I received the following day everyone had a good time, and most importantly of all so did the birthday girl.
I have been asked in the past for my favourite sugar cookie recipe, and this is it. This recipe is from Nigella Lawson's "How to be a Domestic Goddess" and apart from reducing the salt and using my own butter icing recipe this recipe is the same as the original. The dough keeps its shape beautifully during baking, and can be rolled and re-rolled several times. It can also be frozen, and of course - it tastes fantastic! I chose to include sugar cookies on the party menu - shaped as little slices of bread sandwiched together with orange butter icing. Because what would a Paddington party be without his favourite snack, marmalade sandwiches?
Cook's note - this biscuit dough is extremely versatile. I also decorated small paw shaped cookies with chocolate chips and fondant icing for the party. In the past I have also flavoured the dough with a teaspoon of cinnamon. You can drizzle them with ordinary glace icing or simply bake and enjoy as is with a dusting of icing sugar to serve. All of these ideas work well! (Ask me how I know.)
I also have to give a special mention to the very talented Madelyn from "Once Upon A Birthday" who created the amazing Paddington Bear figurine and marmalade pot that you see on top of the cake. To see more examples of her amazing work please visit her Facebook page by clicking here . Thanks Madelyn!
_________________________
| marmalade sandwiches |
Who was described as an old, saggy cloth cat, baggy, and a bit loose at the seams? | Paddington Bear Marmalade Sandwich
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PADDINGTON BEAR MARMALADE SANDWICH
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| i don't know |
Which 1980s cartoon was based on a classic story written by Alexandre Dumas? | Cartoons from the 1980s @all80s.co.uk
A
Around the World with Willy Fog (Original Spanish title La Vuelta al Mundo de Willy Fog) is a cartoon version of Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne in the same vein as Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds, and like that series produced by BRB Internacional. The characters are anthropomorphisms of various animals, Willy Fog (Phileas Fogg in the original book by Jules Verne) himself being a lion and Romy (Aouda) and Rigadon (Passepartout) being cats. The series was broadcast on TV Asahi in Japan in 1987, with episodes 14, 18, 21 and 22 deleted from the Japanese series run. The title of the series in Japanese is Dobutsu 80 Nichikan Sekai Icho ("Animals Around the World in 80 Days")... more here
Bananaman is a British comic book fictional character. He originally appeared in Nutty as the backpage strip in Issue 1, dated 16 February 1980. Becoming the comic's most popular strip, Banaman was promoted to a three-page colour strip on Nutty's front and middle pages, and subsequently a two-page colour strip when Nutty merged with The Dandy comic in 1985. The strip has appeared intermittently since, and is running as of 2005, now a three/four page colour strip drawn by Steve Bright (and before that Tom Paterson and Barry Applesby)...more here
Button Moon was a popular children's television programme broadcast in the United Kingdom in the 1980s on the ITV Network. Thames Television produced each episode which lasted ten minutes and featured the adventures of Mr. Spoon who, in each episode, would travel to Button Moon in his homemade rocket-ship. Once on Button Moon (which hung in "blanket sky") they would have an adventure, and look through Mr. Spoon's telescope at someone else such as the Hare and the Tortoise, before heading back to their home planet 'Junk Planet'. Episodes would also include Mr. Spoon's wife, "Mrs. Spoon", their daughter, "Tina Tea-Spoon" and her friend "Eggbert". The series ended in 1988 after 91 episodes...more here
C
The Care Bears are a set of characters created by American Greetings in 1981 for use on greeting cards. The original artwork for the cards was painted by artist Elena Kucharik. In 1983, Kenner took the characters and made the first in a line of very successful teddy bears based on the Care Bears. Each Care Bear comes in a different color and with a specialised insignia on its belly: for example, "Bedtime Bear" is pastel blue and sports a sleepy-looking anthropomorphised crescent moon, and "Cheer Bear" is pink with a rainbow insignia. A spin-off collection, called the Care Bear Cousins, feature stuffed monkeys, lions, and other such animals in the same style as the teddy bears...more here
Charlie Chalk was a Stop Motion animation produced in the 1980s in the UK by Woodland Productions, the creators of Postman Pat and other children's television programmes. It tells the story of Charlie Chalk - a jolly clown who, after falling asleep whilst fishing out at sea, ends up on a strange island by the name of Merrytwit (as explained in the title sequence before each episode)...more here
The Mysterious Cities of Gold (Japanese: 太陽の子エステバン; Taiyō no Ko Esteban , French: Les Mystérieuses Cités d'Or) is an animated television series produced by Studio Pierrot. It was a French/Japanese co-production which originally aired in Japan on NHK (the national public broadcaster) in 1982, and in France and Belgium in 1983 on Antenne 2. It was also shown in Britain on Children's BBC, and a few years later in the United States on the Nickelodeon cable network, in Australia on the public broadcaster ABC, TV2 in New Zealand, in Iceland on RÚV, in Portugal on RTP, as well as in Sweden...more here
Count Duckula is a fictional character, an anthropomorphic vegetarian vampire duck in the animated television series of the same name created by British studio Cosgrove Hall, and a spin-off from DangerMouse, a show in which an evil version of the Count Duckula character was a recurring villain. The series first aired on September 6, 1988. In all, 65 episodes were made, each about 22 minutes long. The complete first series was released on DVD on the 17 July 2006 [U.K.]...more here
D
DangerMouse is a British animated television series which was produced by Cosgrove Hall Films. It features the eponymous DangerMouse, a British mouse that works as a secret agent. The show is a loose parody of British spy fiction, particularly James Bond and the Danger Man series starring Patrick McGoohan. The eponymous hero wears a rakish eyepatch and his chest is prominently emblazoned with the initials "DM". This causes problems for those translating the series into other languages, where a literal translation of the words "Danger" and "Mouse" do not share those initials; the Scots Gaelic version, for example, calls the series (and the lead) "Donnie Murdo" (two given names unconnected either with mice or danger). The Slovenian translation omitted the DM initials entirely, however, dubbing Danger Mouse Hrabri mišek ("brave mouse")...more here
Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds is a cartoon version of the classic Alexandre Dumas story of D'Artagnan and The Three Musketeers. Most of the characters are anthropomorphisms of dogs, hence the title of the cartoon. The main exception to this are the temptress Milady (a cat), Pip, Dogtanian's sidekick mouse, the birdy jewel thief Blue Falcon, Planchet (a bear), Dogtanian's main servant, and one pig from the Cardinal's guards...more here
DuckTales is an American animated television series produced by The Walt Disney Company starring characters from the Scrooge McDuck universe as largely created by Carl Barks. The series is notable for being the first Disney cartoon to be produced for syndication, and for paving the way for future Disney cartoons, such as Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers and TaleSpin. It also spawned a spinoff series - Darkwing Duck. The five-part pilot serial first aired on September 18, 1987, while the one-hundreth and final episode aired on March 11, 1990. A feature-length movie was released in theatres on August 3, 1990...more here
F
The Family-Ness was a British cartoon series produced in 1983 by Peter Maddocks, of Maddocks Cartoon Productions, who later went on to produce Penny Crayon and Jimbo and the Jet Set in a similar style. It was first broadcast on BBC One from 5 October 1984 to 28 March 1985. It concerned the adventures of a family of Loch Ness Monsters and the MacTout family, particularly siblings Elspeth and Angus. The 'Nessies' could be called from the loch by the two children by means of their "thistle whistles". The series was followed with a large collection of merchadising including annuals, story books, character models and even a record. The single "You'll never find a Nessie in the Zoo" was written by Roger Greenaway and Gavin Greenaway, but never made it into the Top 40...more here
Fraggle Rock was a children's television series with a total of 5 seasons and 96 episodes running from January 10, 1983 to March 30, 1987. The series was created by Jim Henson, primarily featuring a cast of Muppet creatures called Fraggles, with music by Philip Balsam and Dennis Lee. The vision of Fraggle Rock articulated by Jim Henson was to depict a colorful and fun world, but also a world with a relatively complex system of symbiotic relationships between different "races" of creatures, an allegory to the human world, where each group was somewhat unaware of how interconnected and important they were to one another. Creating this allegorical world allowed the program to entertain and amuse while seriously exploring complex issues of prejudice, spirituality, personal identity, environment, and social conflict. Fraggle Rock generally refused to over-simplify any individual issue, instead simply illustrating the consequences and inherent difficulties of different actions and relationships. Though the Fraggles do learn important lessons, they rarely are aware that they are learning them. The ideals of friendship, being true to yourself, and learning to love those who are incredibly different, were the cornerstone of Jim Henson's work throughout his 40 year career, and he considered Fraggle Rock to be one of the purest and most successful expressions of that vision..more here
H
He-Man ("The Most Powerful Man in the Universe") is a heroic fictional character in a toy series called Masters of the Universe ("MOTU") and the various spin-off products and media related to it. The most prominent is the animated series He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, produced by Filmation Studios. The syndicated series premiered in 1983 and ran until 1985, for a run of 130 episodes. In the series, He-Man and his friends defend Eternia and the secrets of Castle Grayskull from the evil forces of Skeletor... more here
I
Inspector Gadget is an animated television series about a clumsy, absent-minded, and oblivious detective, Inspector Gadget, who is a human being with various "gadgets" built into his anatomy. Gadget's main nemesis is the mysterious Dr. Claw, leader of an evil organization known as MAD. This was the merchandising company DiC Entertainment's first syndicated cartoon show, and ran from 1983 to 1986 in syndication. This article pertains to the original cartoon series and its characters and plots; for information on its later spinoffs, see Inspector Gadget spinoff incarnations... more here
J
Jamie and the Magic Torch was a British children's animated television series, made by Cosgrove Hall, running from 1976 to 1979. It was based around the young boy of the title and his torch, or flashlight. When shone on the floor, the torch opened up a hole into a fun dimension called Cuckoo Land... more here
Jimbo and the Jet Set (often shortened to simply Jimbo) was a British animated cartoon series in the 1980s, featuring the adventures of the eponymous Jimbo, a talking aeroplane. Created by Maddocks Cartoon Productions, it originally ran for 25 episodes between 1986 and 1987.
The proviso to the cartoon is that Jimbo was originally intended to be a Jumbo Jet, but his designer couldn't tell the difference between inches and centimetres, resulting in his diminutive size...more here
K
King Rollo was a children's character created by David McKee in 1979, starring in a series of books, animations (narrated by Ray Brooks), and a comic strip in the magazine Buttons. In all, thirteen episodes of the animation were produced in 1985, by McKee's own King Rollo Films... more here
P
Penny Crayon is a children's television series that was produced for the BBC in the United Kingdom in the 1980s.
Penny Crayon is a schoolgirl who loves drawing. Wherever she goes she always carries her magic crayons. Whatever she draws comes to life, and usually causes trouble for her and her best friend Dennis, until the drawing is erased or washed away.
Penny Crayon is voiced by comedienne Su Pollard. Dennis is voiced by Peter Hawkins... more here
Pigeon Street was an animated children's television series originally shown on the BBC in 1981. There were two series with eight and five episodes respectively, each programme lasting ten minutes.
Voices were done by George Layton, with additional voices by John Telfer. Music was by Benni Lees, and played by Soulyard... more here
Postman Pat is a BBC stop motion animated children's television series aimed at pre-school children, concerning the adventures of Pat Clifton, a postman in the (fictional) Yorkshire village of Greendale (inspired by the real valley of Longsleddale in Cumbria)... more here
R
The Raggy Dolls was a 1980s British cartoon series for children, following the adventures of a motley collection of rejects from a toy factory, who lived in the reject bin.
The series was created by Melyn Jacobson, and produced for Yorkshire Television from 1987 to 1989. The episodes were written and voiced by Neil Innes, who also wrote and sang the theme song... more here
Robotech is a science fiction franchise that was launched by an 85-episode adaptation of three different anime television series. Within the combined and edited story, Robotechnology refers to the scientific advances discovered in an alien starship that crashed on a South Pacific island. With this technology, Earth developed giant robotic machines or mecha (many of which were capable of transforming into vehicles) to fight three successive Extraterrestrial invasions... more here
Roobarb was an animated television show for children, shown on BBC ONE just before the evening news. Each cartoon, written by Grange Calveley and animated by Bob Godfrey, was about 5 minutes long. Thirty episodes were made, and were first shown in 1974.
The theme is that of the loving rivalry between Roobarb the dog and Custard the cat from next door... more here
S
SuperTed is a Welsh language animated television series from the United Kingdom that first aired on 1 November 1982. It was commissioned by Welsh television channel S4C, and later dubbed into English. The series won numerous awards, including the 1987 BAFTA for best animation. It was also produced by Siriol Animation and Kalato Ltd in association with Abbey Home Media.
SuperTed is the creation of Mike Young, who now works out of his studios in California, USA, along with his wife, Fiona. SuperTed was created as a bedtime story for his young son, who was very afraid of the dark... more here
T
Teddy Ruxpin is an animatronic teddy bear invented by Ken Forsse, Larry Larsen and John Davies. He was first produced in 1985 by toy manufacturer Worlds of Wonder. Teddy would move his mouth and eyes as he read stories via a standard audio tape deck built into his back. There was also a companion toy named Grubby which connected to Teddy via a cable; this allowed the two some (minimal) interaction. As well, there were several other non-animatronic companion toys and characters such as the bird-like Fobs, a hand puppet with a sock-like, extendable neck... more here
Thomas is a fictional anthropomorphic tank locomotive created by the Rev. W. V. Awdry in his Railway Series books, made into the British children's television series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends and its American spinoff Shining Time Station... more here
ThunderCats is an American animated television series developed by Rankin/Bass and distributed by Lorimar-Telepictures in 1983 based on the characters created by Tobin "Ted" Wolf. The animation was provided by Pacific Animation Corporation, the working name for a collective of Japanese studios prominently including Topcraft, a group who would later go on to form Studio Ghibli. Season 1 of the show aired in 1985 (65 episodes), followed by a TV movie entitled ThunderCats - HO! in 1986. Seasons 2, 3, and 4 followed a new format of 20 episodes each, starting with a five-part story; these aired from 1987 to 1988, 1988 to 1989, and 1989 to 1990, respectively... more here
The Transformers was an American animated television series depicting a war between giant robots who could transform into vehicles, animals, and other objects, created as a marketing vehicle for the toyline of the same name... more here
Upon TMNT's first arrival in the United Kingdom, the name was changed to "Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles" (or TMHT, for short), since local censorship policies deemed the word ninja to have excessively violent connotations for a children's program.[9] Consequently, everything related to the Turtles had to be renamed before being released in the UK. The lyrics were also changed, such as changing "Splinter taught them to be ninja teens" to "Splinter taught them to be fighting teens.".. more here
U-V
Ulysses 31 (宇宙伝説ユリシーズ31, uchuu densetsu yurishiizzu 31) is a Japanese-French anime series (1981) which updates the Greek and Roman mythology of Odysseus (known as "Ulysses" in Roman Mythology and "Ulysse" in French, hence the name) to the 31st century. The show comprises 26 half-hour episodes and is produced by DiC Entertainment... more here
W
Willo the Wisp is the name of a British 1980s cartoon series. Kenneth Williams provided voices for all of the characters. These included:
Willo the Wisp, the narrator. A blue floating ghost-like creature, Willo had a long pointed nose which caricatured that of Williams.
Arthur the caterpillar (as a gruff cockney).
Mavis Cruet, a plump fairy with erratic magical powers.
Evil Edna, a witch in the form of a walking, talking television set who could zap people with her aerial.
Carwash, a snooty bespectacled cat (as Noel Coward).
The Moog, a brainless dog.
Twit, a small bird.
The Beast, who began life as a dim prince before an unfortunate encounter with Edna ended up with his transformation into a hairy shambling creature... more here
Around the World with Willy Fog (Original Spanish title La Vuelta al Mundo de Willy Fog) is a cartoon version of Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne in the same vein as Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds, and like that series produced by BRB Internacional. The characters are anthropomorphisms of various animals, Willy Fog (Phileas Fogg in the original book by Jules Verne) himself being a lion and Romy (Aouda) and Rigadon (Passepartout) being cats... more here
The Wuzzles is an American animated television series created for Saturday morning television, and first aired on September 14, 1985 on CBS. An idea of Michael Eisner for his new Disney television animation studio, the Wuzzles are animal creatures composed of half of one animal and half of another. Only 13 episodes of The Wuzzles were produced, making it the shortest running animated series produced by Disney. More episodes were planned to be made, but they were never made due to the death of Bill Scott (the voice of Moosel)... more here
| Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds |
Who had Wings like a shield of steel? | Cartoons from the 1980s @all80s.co.uk
A
Around the World with Willy Fog (Original Spanish title La Vuelta al Mundo de Willy Fog) is a cartoon version of Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne in the same vein as Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds, and like that series produced by BRB Internacional. The characters are anthropomorphisms of various animals, Willy Fog (Phileas Fogg in the original book by Jules Verne) himself being a lion and Romy (Aouda) and Rigadon (Passepartout) being cats. The series was broadcast on TV Asahi in Japan in 1987, with episodes 14, 18, 21 and 22 deleted from the Japanese series run. The title of the series in Japanese is Dobutsu 80 Nichikan Sekai Icho ("Animals Around the World in 80 Days")... more here
Bananaman is a British comic book fictional character. He originally appeared in Nutty as the backpage strip in Issue 1, dated 16 February 1980. Becoming the comic's most popular strip, Banaman was promoted to a three-page colour strip on Nutty's front and middle pages, and subsequently a two-page colour strip when Nutty merged with The Dandy comic in 1985. The strip has appeared intermittently since, and is running as of 2005, now a three/four page colour strip drawn by Steve Bright (and before that Tom Paterson and Barry Applesby)...more here
Button Moon was a popular children's television programme broadcast in the United Kingdom in the 1980s on the ITV Network. Thames Television produced each episode which lasted ten minutes and featured the adventures of Mr. Spoon who, in each episode, would travel to Button Moon in his homemade rocket-ship. Once on Button Moon (which hung in "blanket sky") they would have an adventure, and look through Mr. Spoon's telescope at someone else such as the Hare and the Tortoise, before heading back to their home planet 'Junk Planet'. Episodes would also include Mr. Spoon's wife, "Mrs. Spoon", their daughter, "Tina Tea-Spoon" and her friend "Eggbert". The series ended in 1988 after 91 episodes...more here
C
The Care Bears are a set of characters created by American Greetings in 1981 for use on greeting cards. The original artwork for the cards was painted by artist Elena Kucharik. In 1983, Kenner took the characters and made the first in a line of very successful teddy bears based on the Care Bears. Each Care Bear comes in a different color and with a specialised insignia on its belly: for example, "Bedtime Bear" is pastel blue and sports a sleepy-looking anthropomorphised crescent moon, and "Cheer Bear" is pink with a rainbow insignia. A spin-off collection, called the Care Bear Cousins, feature stuffed monkeys, lions, and other such animals in the same style as the teddy bears...more here
Charlie Chalk was a Stop Motion animation produced in the 1980s in the UK by Woodland Productions, the creators of Postman Pat and other children's television programmes. It tells the story of Charlie Chalk - a jolly clown who, after falling asleep whilst fishing out at sea, ends up on a strange island by the name of Merrytwit (as explained in the title sequence before each episode)...more here
The Mysterious Cities of Gold (Japanese: 太陽の子エステバン; Taiyō no Ko Esteban , French: Les Mystérieuses Cités d'Or) is an animated television series produced by Studio Pierrot. It was a French/Japanese co-production which originally aired in Japan on NHK (the national public broadcaster) in 1982, and in France and Belgium in 1983 on Antenne 2. It was also shown in Britain on Children's BBC, and a few years later in the United States on the Nickelodeon cable network, in Australia on the public broadcaster ABC, TV2 in New Zealand, in Iceland on RÚV, in Portugal on RTP, as well as in Sweden...more here
Count Duckula is a fictional character, an anthropomorphic vegetarian vampire duck in the animated television series of the same name created by British studio Cosgrove Hall, and a spin-off from DangerMouse, a show in which an evil version of the Count Duckula character was a recurring villain. The series first aired on September 6, 1988. In all, 65 episodes were made, each about 22 minutes long. The complete first series was released on DVD on the 17 July 2006 [U.K.]...more here
D
DangerMouse is a British animated television series which was produced by Cosgrove Hall Films. It features the eponymous DangerMouse, a British mouse that works as a secret agent. The show is a loose parody of British spy fiction, particularly James Bond and the Danger Man series starring Patrick McGoohan. The eponymous hero wears a rakish eyepatch and his chest is prominently emblazoned with the initials "DM". This causes problems for those translating the series into other languages, where a literal translation of the words "Danger" and "Mouse" do not share those initials; the Scots Gaelic version, for example, calls the series (and the lead) "Donnie Murdo" (two given names unconnected either with mice or danger). The Slovenian translation omitted the DM initials entirely, however, dubbing Danger Mouse Hrabri mišek ("brave mouse")...more here
Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds is a cartoon version of the classic Alexandre Dumas story of D'Artagnan and The Three Musketeers. Most of the characters are anthropomorphisms of dogs, hence the title of the cartoon. The main exception to this are the temptress Milady (a cat), Pip, Dogtanian's sidekick mouse, the birdy jewel thief Blue Falcon, Planchet (a bear), Dogtanian's main servant, and one pig from the Cardinal's guards...more here
DuckTales is an American animated television series produced by The Walt Disney Company starring characters from the Scrooge McDuck universe as largely created by Carl Barks. The series is notable for being the first Disney cartoon to be produced for syndication, and for paving the way for future Disney cartoons, such as Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers and TaleSpin. It also spawned a spinoff series - Darkwing Duck. The five-part pilot serial first aired on September 18, 1987, while the one-hundreth and final episode aired on March 11, 1990. A feature-length movie was released in theatres on August 3, 1990...more here
F
The Family-Ness was a British cartoon series produced in 1983 by Peter Maddocks, of Maddocks Cartoon Productions, who later went on to produce Penny Crayon and Jimbo and the Jet Set in a similar style. It was first broadcast on BBC One from 5 October 1984 to 28 March 1985. It concerned the adventures of a family of Loch Ness Monsters and the MacTout family, particularly siblings Elspeth and Angus. The 'Nessies' could be called from the loch by the two children by means of their "thistle whistles". The series was followed with a large collection of merchadising including annuals, story books, character models and even a record. The single "You'll never find a Nessie in the Zoo" was written by Roger Greenaway and Gavin Greenaway, but never made it into the Top 40...more here
Fraggle Rock was a children's television series with a total of 5 seasons and 96 episodes running from January 10, 1983 to March 30, 1987. The series was created by Jim Henson, primarily featuring a cast of Muppet creatures called Fraggles, with music by Philip Balsam and Dennis Lee. The vision of Fraggle Rock articulated by Jim Henson was to depict a colorful and fun world, but also a world with a relatively complex system of symbiotic relationships between different "races" of creatures, an allegory to the human world, where each group was somewhat unaware of how interconnected and important they were to one another. Creating this allegorical world allowed the program to entertain and amuse while seriously exploring complex issues of prejudice, spirituality, personal identity, environment, and social conflict. Fraggle Rock generally refused to over-simplify any individual issue, instead simply illustrating the consequences and inherent difficulties of different actions and relationships. Though the Fraggles do learn important lessons, they rarely are aware that they are learning them. The ideals of friendship, being true to yourself, and learning to love those who are incredibly different, were the cornerstone of Jim Henson's work throughout his 40 year career, and he considered Fraggle Rock to be one of the purest and most successful expressions of that vision..more here
H
He-Man ("The Most Powerful Man in the Universe") is a heroic fictional character in a toy series called Masters of the Universe ("MOTU") and the various spin-off products and media related to it. The most prominent is the animated series He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, produced by Filmation Studios. The syndicated series premiered in 1983 and ran until 1985, for a run of 130 episodes. In the series, He-Man and his friends defend Eternia and the secrets of Castle Grayskull from the evil forces of Skeletor... more here
I
Inspector Gadget is an animated television series about a clumsy, absent-minded, and oblivious detective, Inspector Gadget, who is a human being with various "gadgets" built into his anatomy. Gadget's main nemesis is the mysterious Dr. Claw, leader of an evil organization known as MAD. This was the merchandising company DiC Entertainment's first syndicated cartoon show, and ran from 1983 to 1986 in syndication. This article pertains to the original cartoon series and its characters and plots; for information on its later spinoffs, see Inspector Gadget spinoff incarnations... more here
J
Jamie and the Magic Torch was a British children's animated television series, made by Cosgrove Hall, running from 1976 to 1979. It was based around the young boy of the title and his torch, or flashlight. When shone on the floor, the torch opened up a hole into a fun dimension called Cuckoo Land... more here
Jimbo and the Jet Set (often shortened to simply Jimbo) was a British animated cartoon series in the 1980s, featuring the adventures of the eponymous Jimbo, a talking aeroplane. Created by Maddocks Cartoon Productions, it originally ran for 25 episodes between 1986 and 1987.
The proviso to the cartoon is that Jimbo was originally intended to be a Jumbo Jet, but his designer couldn't tell the difference between inches and centimetres, resulting in his diminutive size...more here
K
King Rollo was a children's character created by David McKee in 1979, starring in a series of books, animations (narrated by Ray Brooks), and a comic strip in the magazine Buttons. In all, thirteen episodes of the animation were produced in 1985, by McKee's own King Rollo Films... more here
P
Penny Crayon is a children's television series that was produced for the BBC in the United Kingdom in the 1980s.
Penny Crayon is a schoolgirl who loves drawing. Wherever she goes she always carries her magic crayons. Whatever she draws comes to life, and usually causes trouble for her and her best friend Dennis, until the drawing is erased or washed away.
Penny Crayon is voiced by comedienne Su Pollard. Dennis is voiced by Peter Hawkins... more here
Pigeon Street was an animated children's television series originally shown on the BBC in 1981. There were two series with eight and five episodes respectively, each programme lasting ten minutes.
Voices were done by George Layton, with additional voices by John Telfer. Music was by Benni Lees, and played by Soulyard... more here
Postman Pat is a BBC stop motion animated children's television series aimed at pre-school children, concerning the adventures of Pat Clifton, a postman in the (fictional) Yorkshire village of Greendale (inspired by the real valley of Longsleddale in Cumbria)... more here
R
The Raggy Dolls was a 1980s British cartoon series for children, following the adventures of a motley collection of rejects from a toy factory, who lived in the reject bin.
The series was created by Melyn Jacobson, and produced for Yorkshire Television from 1987 to 1989. The episodes were written and voiced by Neil Innes, who also wrote and sang the theme song... more here
Robotech is a science fiction franchise that was launched by an 85-episode adaptation of three different anime television series. Within the combined and edited story, Robotechnology refers to the scientific advances discovered in an alien starship that crashed on a South Pacific island. With this technology, Earth developed giant robotic machines or mecha (many of which were capable of transforming into vehicles) to fight three successive Extraterrestrial invasions... more here
Roobarb was an animated television show for children, shown on BBC ONE just before the evening news. Each cartoon, written by Grange Calveley and animated by Bob Godfrey, was about 5 minutes long. Thirty episodes were made, and were first shown in 1974.
The theme is that of the loving rivalry between Roobarb the dog and Custard the cat from next door... more here
S
SuperTed is a Welsh language animated television series from the United Kingdom that first aired on 1 November 1982. It was commissioned by Welsh television channel S4C, and later dubbed into English. The series won numerous awards, including the 1987 BAFTA for best animation. It was also produced by Siriol Animation and Kalato Ltd in association with Abbey Home Media.
SuperTed is the creation of Mike Young, who now works out of his studios in California, USA, along with his wife, Fiona. SuperTed was created as a bedtime story for his young son, who was very afraid of the dark... more here
T
Teddy Ruxpin is an animatronic teddy bear invented by Ken Forsse, Larry Larsen and John Davies. He was first produced in 1985 by toy manufacturer Worlds of Wonder. Teddy would move his mouth and eyes as he read stories via a standard audio tape deck built into his back. There was also a companion toy named Grubby which connected to Teddy via a cable; this allowed the two some (minimal) interaction. As well, there were several other non-animatronic companion toys and characters such as the bird-like Fobs, a hand puppet with a sock-like, extendable neck... more here
Thomas is a fictional anthropomorphic tank locomotive created by the Rev. W. V. Awdry in his Railway Series books, made into the British children's television series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends and its American spinoff Shining Time Station... more here
ThunderCats is an American animated television series developed by Rankin/Bass and distributed by Lorimar-Telepictures in 1983 based on the characters created by Tobin "Ted" Wolf. The animation was provided by Pacific Animation Corporation, the working name for a collective of Japanese studios prominently including Topcraft, a group who would later go on to form Studio Ghibli. Season 1 of the show aired in 1985 (65 episodes), followed by a TV movie entitled ThunderCats - HO! in 1986. Seasons 2, 3, and 4 followed a new format of 20 episodes each, starting with a five-part story; these aired from 1987 to 1988, 1988 to 1989, and 1989 to 1990, respectively... more here
The Transformers was an American animated television series depicting a war between giant robots who could transform into vehicles, animals, and other objects, created as a marketing vehicle for the toyline of the same name... more here
Upon TMNT's first arrival in the United Kingdom, the name was changed to "Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles" (or TMHT, for short), since local censorship policies deemed the word ninja to have excessively violent connotations for a children's program.[9] Consequently, everything related to the Turtles had to be renamed before being released in the UK. The lyrics were also changed, such as changing "Splinter taught them to be ninja teens" to "Splinter taught them to be fighting teens.".. more here
U-V
Ulysses 31 (宇宙伝説ユリシーズ31, uchuu densetsu yurishiizzu 31) is a Japanese-French anime series (1981) which updates the Greek and Roman mythology of Odysseus (known as "Ulysses" in Roman Mythology and "Ulysse" in French, hence the name) to the 31st century. The show comprises 26 half-hour episodes and is produced by DiC Entertainment... more here
W
Willo the Wisp is the name of a British 1980s cartoon series. Kenneth Williams provided voices for all of the characters. These included:
Willo the Wisp, the narrator. A blue floating ghost-like creature, Willo had a long pointed nose which caricatured that of Williams.
Arthur the caterpillar (as a gruff cockney).
Mavis Cruet, a plump fairy with erratic magical powers.
Evil Edna, a witch in the form of a walking, talking television set who could zap people with her aerial.
Carwash, a snooty bespectacled cat (as Noel Coward).
The Moog, a brainless dog.
Twit, a small bird.
The Beast, who began life as a dim prince before an unfortunate encounter with Edna ended up with his transformation into a hairy shambling creature... more here
Around the World with Willy Fog (Original Spanish title La Vuelta al Mundo de Willy Fog) is a cartoon version of Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne in the same vein as Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds, and like that series produced by BRB Internacional. The characters are anthropomorphisms of various animals, Willy Fog (Phileas Fogg in the original book by Jules Verne) himself being a lion and Romy (Aouda) and Rigadon (Passepartout) being cats... more here
The Wuzzles is an American animated television series created for Saturday morning television, and first aired on September 14, 1985 on CBS. An idea of Michael Eisner for his new Disney television animation studio, the Wuzzles are animal creatures composed of half of one animal and half of another. Only 13 episodes of The Wuzzles were produced, making it the shortest running animated series produced by Disney. More episodes were planned to be made, but they were never made due to the death of Bill Scott (the voice of Moosel)... more here
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Who were the two voice artists of the cartoon characters Dangermouse and his sidekick Penfold? | 1. Which football team has the nickname of the Bluebirds? - Dawn Collinson - Liverpool Echo
1. Which football team has the nickname of the Bluebirds?
2. With which sport would you associate Nick Skelton?
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2. With which sport would you associate Nick Skelton?
3. How many faults does a competitor get if they knock a fence down in showjumping?
4. Which football team has the nickname of the Blades?
5. Barwick Green is the name of the title music to which show?
6. Which island near Hong Kong is famous for gambling and motor racing?
7. If you walked one mile south, one mile west, and then one mile north, and ended up where you started, where would you be?
8. In Stingray, what were the character names of the two female puppets?
9. In the board game Cluedo, whose murder has to be solved?
10. Who were the two voice artists of the cartoon characters Dangermouse and his sidekick Penfold?
ANSWERS: 1. Cardiff City; 2. Show Jumping; 3. Four; 4. Sheffield United; 5. The Archers; 6. Macau; 7. The North Pole; 8. Marina and Atlanta; 9. Dr Black’s; 10. David Jason and Terry Scott
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What was the name of SuperTed's sidekick? | Alexander Armstrong: 'Voicing the new Danger Mouse is the closest I'll ever get to being James Bond!' | News | TV News | What's on TV
TAGS: alexander armstrong
It’s been over two decades since cartoon secret agent Danger Mouse fought dastardly villains in London, but now he’s back with a new series on CBBC with his trusty hamster sidekick Penfold. We caught up with Alexander Armstrong, the new voice of Danger Mouse…
How brilliant is it to be the new voice of Danger Mouse?
“I suppose this is the closest I’ll ever get to being James Bond, one of my dream roles. Danger Mouse is the next best thing in the secret agent world, so I’ve got to be happy!”
Is it difficult to be replacing the voice of someone like David Jason, who was Danger Mouse the last time?
“I loved David Jason and Terry Scott voicing Danger Mouse and Penfold before, and if you look carefully you can see a very small tribute to them on screen. I’ve not been in touch with David Jason – perhaps after it’s been shown he might get in touch, I’d definitely like to hear from him and we can compare notes on being Danger Mouse. I’d like to think I’ve given Danger Mouse the tone of David Jason.”
Did you love the original?
“Yes and everyone involved was very respectful of the original and where it has hauled itself into the 20th century, it hasn’t done it at the expense of the orginal spirit. I think after it’s been shown I’ll go back and watch some of the original episodes. It was such a classic series and I can’t believe they made 160 episodes. It’s incredible. Danger Mouse has the unique thing of being a cartoon that has appeal across age groups and that’s mainly because it’s so anarchic in places and full of unexpected twists, as well as being hilariously funny.”
Why do you think now is the right time for Danger Mouse to make a comeback?
“No one could ever tire of the show, because of how funny it is and the pure escapism, so it’s good to bring it to a new younger audience who wouldn’t have known the original, but also appeal to those who remember the previous series. It’s definitely one for all the family to enjoy together. It’s nice to have a show coming back full circle. This was a British cartoon series that became big in America too.”
How much fun was it doing the voice work, particularly with Kevin Eldon as the sidekick Penfold?
“Enormously. And we could even do a bit of ad-libbing if it worked, as we did the voices before the cartoon was made, but we didn’t really have to because the scripts were so well tempered. I think we knew from our knowledge and love of Danger Mouse how this new version should be done!”
Did you really want to do Danger Mouse because you were a fan, or because you were a dad?
“All of the above actually! First and foremost though because it’s Danger Mouse. It’s such a subversive cartoon series, it was the first of the really cool British cartoons which was knowing and clever. It wasn’t only anarchic in it’s storytelling but anarchic back then in that it didn’t bother with high production values – it was all in the characters and stories…This wasn’t a slick but anodyne series like a lot of the American stuff of the era. It wasn’t polished. It was shonky but just brilliantly funny. Our version is a bit shinier but still a bit shonky if you catch my drift…”
Danger Mouse begins on CBBC on Monday September 28.
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Which country produces the wine Vinho Verdi? | Broadbent Vinho Verde
Broadbent Vinho Verde
Other White Blends from Portugal
white wine
Reviews (52)
Winemaker's Notes
Vinho Verde, the most popular white wine from Portugal, is a deliciously refressing, light wine. "Verde", meaning "Green" refers to the hints of lime color. It is an ideal warm weather wine, excellent for lunch and picnics, or an evening apertif. It makes a brilliant pairing with any fish, shellfish and poultry.
Blend: 50% Loureiro, 40% Trajadura, 10% Pedernã
Broadbent Winery
Michael Broadbent is considered the world's most experienced taster of Madeira. He went to the island to select the best wines for the Broadbent Madeiras. This resulted in a collaboration with Justino Henriques, the most important producer of classical Madeira. Produced only from the finest grapes grown on the island, Broadbent Madeira's are made in strict accordance with the traditional methods. View all Broadbent Wines
About Portugal
Shop our top rated wine from Portugal
The country best known for Port , Madeira and corks is often overlooked when consumers think of red and white still wines – but take note! The table wines of the region have improved dramatically in the past few decades. The winemaking areas trickle down the country's narrow shape, bordered by the Atlantic on the west and Spain on the east.
Notable Facts
Furthest to the north lies the region Minho, which produces the slightly spritzy white wine, Vinho Verde. Translated, it means green wine, not because the wine is green, but because it is meant to be drunk in its youth. Vinho Verde is a light, refreshing wine, low in alcohol and with a slight spritz. It can be made with a number of grapes, but the best whites are made with Alvarinho (yep, same as Spain's Albarino). Red Vinho Verde exists too, but not on the export market. For other red table wines, the three most common regions are the Douro, Dao, Bairrada and Alentejo.
In the Douro, home of Port, red wines are made from a few grape varieties including the primary port grape, Touriga Nacional as well as Tinta Roriz ( Tempranillo ). Still red wines from the area are good quality and contain fruity, spicy notes. The Dao and Bairrida areas use Port grapes and the local tempranillo and make high quality, good value red wines. Bairrida also makes a few sparklers. Alentejo is a super big and super hot region in the south of Portugal making reds and whites.
About Portugal
Shop our top rated wine from Portugal
The country best known for Port , Madeira and corks is often overlooked when consumers think of red and white still wines – but take note! The table wines of the region have improved dramatically in the past few decades. The winemaking areas trickle down the country's narrow shape, bordered by the Atlantic on the west and Spain on the east.
Notable Facts
Furthest to the north lies the region Minho, which produces the slightly spritzy white wine, Vinho Verde. Translated, it means green wine, not because the wine is green, but because it is meant to be drunk in its youth. Vinho Verde is a light, refreshing wine, low in alcohol and with a slight spritz. It can be made with a number of grapes, but the best whites are made with Alvarinho (same as Spain's Albarino). Red Vinho Verde exists too, but not much on the export market. For other red table wines, the three most common regions are the Douro, Dao, Bairrada and Alentejo.
In the Douro, home of Port, red wines are made from the primary port grape, Touriga Nacional, as well as Tinta Roriz ( Tempranillo ). Still red wines from the area are good quality and contain fruity, spicy notes. The Dao and Bairrida areas use Port grapes, as well as the local Tempranillo clone. They produce high quality, good value red wines. Bairrida also makes a few sparklers. Alentejo is a super big and super hot region in the south of Portugal making reds and whites.
Customer Reviews
| Portugal |
Sketós, métrios, and glykís are three different types of Greek what? | Aveleda Vinho Verde 2011
Aveleda Vinho Verde 2011
Other White Wine from Portugal
white wine
Reviews
Winemaker's Notes
This wine has a nice citrus color. Young and balanced, there is a sweet and delicate aroma marked by notes of fresh fruit. In the mouth, the wine shows to be fresh and vibrant.
Critical Acclaim
WS87
Wine Spectator - "A bright and juicy white, with hints of richness to the white currant, cherry and wild plum flavors. Glazed citrus notes extend through the peppery finish."
Aveleda Winery
Aveleda is a name which spans several generations. The first records of the sale of bottled wine date back to 1870, with Manuel Pedro Guedes (1837-1899), known for his strong enterprising spirit and believed to be the founder of the business as we know it today. His work bore fruit and the quality of the Aveleda wines started to be recognised, as the gold medals won in the international competitions in Berlin (1888) and Paris (1889) attest.
Today the Guedes family still owns 100% of the company, always committed to maintaining this family legacy which spans several generations. The son of Manuel Pedro Guedes, Fernando Guedes da Silva da Fonseca (1871-1946) continued his father’s work, significantly increasing the production capacity at the Estate. He had 7 children and it was Roberto Van-Zeller Guedes (1899-1966) who led the family business, dedicating his whole life to working at Aveleda. The 4th generation includes the six children of Roberto Van-Zeller Guedes: Fernando, Luís, António, Maria Isabel, Maria Helena and Roberto – who today manage the company’s future, together with the following generation: 14 cousins who make up the 5th generation. View all Aveleda Wines
About Portugal
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Half the world's pistachio nuts are grown in which country? | PISTACHIO Fruit Facts
Common Names: Pistachio, Pistache.
Related Species: Mt. Atlas Pistache (Pistacia atlantica), Chinese Pistache (P. chinesis), Terebinth Pistache (P. terebinthus)
Distant Affinity: Cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Mango (Mangifera indica), Ambarella (Spondias cytherea), Yellow Mombin (Spondias mombin), Red Mombin (Spondias purpurea), Imbu (Spondias tuberosa) and others.
Origin: The pistachio tree is native to western Asia and Asia Minor,from Syria to the Caucasus and Afghanistan. Archaeological evidence in Turkey indicate the nuts were being used for food as early as 7,000 B.C. The pistachio was introduced to Italy from Syria early in the first century A.D. Subsequently its cultivation spread to other Mediterranean countries. The tree was first introduced into the United States in 1854 by Charles Mason, who distributed seed for experimental plantings in California, Texas and some southern states. In 1875 a few small pistachio trees, imported from France were planted in Sonoma, Calif. In the early 1900's the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture assembled a collection of Pistacia species and pistachio nut varieties at the Plant Introduction Station in Chico, Calif. Commercial production of pistachio nuts began in the late 1970's and rapidly expanded to a major operation in the San Joaquin Valley. Other major pistachio producing areas are Iran and Turkey and to a lesser extent, Syria, India, Greece, Pakistan and elsewhere.
Adaptation: Pistachios thrive in areas which have winters cool enough to break bud dormancy and hot, long summers. They are drought resistant and very tolerant of high summer temperatures, but cannot tolerate excessive dampness and high humidity. The tree has about the same cold resistance as almonds and olives but flowers later in spring than almonds. Chill requirements are estimated at 600 to 1,500 hours. In this country the pistachio is best adapted to the hot, drier regions of California and the Southwest, especially California's central valley and southern California inland areas. Pistachio trees are not particularly suitable as container plants.
DESCRIPTION
Growth Habits: The pistachio is a broad, bushy, deciduous tree which grows slowly to a height and spread of 25 to 30 feet, with one or several trunks. The trees are inclined to spread and droop, and may initially need staking. Their open habit and attractive foliage make them valuable ornamentals. Under favorable conditions pistachio trees live and produce for centuries.
Foliage: The large, grayish leaves have 3 to 5 roundish, 2 to 4 inch-long leaflets.
Flowers: Pistachios are dioecious with male and female flowers on separate trees. Male and female trees must be present for fruit to set, or a branch from a male tree may be grafted on a female tree. The small, brownish green flowers are without petals and borne on axillary racemes or panicles in early summer. Wind carries the pollen from the male to the female flowers.
Fruit: The reddish, wrinkled fruits are borne in heavy clusters somewhat like grapes. Although known as a nut, the fruit of the pistachio is botanically a drupe, the edible portion of which is the seed. The oblong kernel is about 1 inch in length and 1/2 inch in diameter and protected by a thin, ivory-colored, bony shell. Normally the shells split longitudinally along their sutures when mature. Under unfavorable conditions during nut growth, the shells may not split open. The color of the kernel varies from yellowish through shades of green, which extends throughout the kernel. In general the deeper the shade of green, the more the nuts are esteemed. Pistachio nuts are rich in oil, with an average content of about 55%. The trees begin bearing in 5 to 8 years, but full bearing is not attained until the 15th or 20th year. Pistachios tend toward biennial bearing, producing heavy crop one year followed by little or none the next. Production of nuts is also influenced by drought, excessive rain, heat or cold and high winds.
CULTURE
Location: Pistachios should be planted in full sun. The size of the slow growing trees can be further controlled by pruning. When planting, avoid rough handling since the budded tops are easily broken away from the understock.
Soil: The trees do best on soils that are deep, friable and well drained but moisture retaining. It can, however, survive in poor, stony, calcareous, highly alkaline or slightly acid, or even saline soils. The root is deeply penetrating.
Irrigation: Pistachios will tolerate considerable drought but do best with deep, infrequent waterings.
Fertilization: Since pistachios grow slowly, they do not require large quantities of nitrogen fertilizer. A spring feeding of a complete fertilizer such as 10-10-10 NPK should be adequate.
Pruning: Pruning can be important to commercial growers in order to shape the trees for mechanical harvesting, but less so for the home orchardist. The trees should be trained to a modified central leader with 4 or 5 main scaffold limbs branching about 4 ft. from the ground. After initial training, little pruning is needed except to remove interfering branches. Heavy pruning reduces yield.
Propagation: The pistachio is usually propagated in California by budding or grafting selected scions onto seedling stocks of P. atlantica, P. terebinthus and P. integerrima. These rootstock species are used because of their vigor and resistance to nematodes and soil borne fungi.
Pests and Diseases: A number of fungi attack the pistachio. The most serious fungal disease in California is Verticillium wilt, which can quickly kill trees of varying age. Most pistachios are now grafted to Verticillium resistant P. integerrima rootstock. The trees are also sensitive to the oak root fungus, Armillaria mellea. Insect pests include the aphid, Anapleura lentisci and several species of leaf-footed bugs and stink bugs. The nuts are also very attractive to squirrels and some birds, including bluejays and woodpeckers.
Harvest: The nuts are harvested when the husk or hull covering the shell becomes fairly loose. A single shaking will bring down the bulk of the matured nuts, which can be caught on a tarp or canvas. A fully mature tree may produce as much as 50 pounds of dry, hulled nuts. The hulls should be removed soon after to prevent staining of the shells. To enhance splitting, the hulled nuts may then be dipped into water to moisten the shell and spread out in the sun to dry. One method of salting the split nuts is to boil them in a salt solution for a few minutes, then redry and store them. Stored in plastic bags pistachios will last for at least 4 to 6 weeks in the refrigerator. Frozen they will last for months.
The pistachio is unique in the nut trade due to its semi-split shell which enables the processor to roast and salt the kernel without removing the shell, and which at the same time serves as a convenient form of packaging. About 90% of California pistachios are consumed as in-shell snacks. Shelled pistachios are utilized commercially in confectionery, ice cream, candies, sausages, bakery goods and flavoring for puddings. They can also be added to dressings, casseroles and other dishes.
Commercial Potential: Pistachio nuts are considered one of the prime edible nuts, along with almonds, macadamias and cashews. The production of pistachio nuts in California has increased dramatically in recent years, from some 4-1/2 million pounds in 1977 to over 80 million today. With additional promotion, production is estimated to ultimately exceed 129 million pounds.
CULTIVARS
Many varieties of pistachio have been developed, because the crop has been grown for several thousands of years. In California some 13 cultivars have been tested, including Kerman, Ibrahmim, Owhadi, Safeed, Shasti and Wahedi (largest nuts of any cultivar). The first nut bearing cultivars tested at Chico, Calif. were Bronte, Buenzle, Minassian, Red Aleppo, Sfax and Trabonella. Kerman is liked by importers and processors for its size, crispness and snap when eaten. A sister seedling of Kerman, Lassen, also produces good quality large-sized nuts. The standard male cultivar is Peters. The Kerman and Peters cultivars are more fully described below.
Kerman
Female. Nut above average in size. Shells split well, are easily opened by hand. Kernel size above average, of high quality, readily shaken or knocked from tree when ripe. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading. Blooms late, produces heavily but biennially. By far the leading commercial cultivar in the U.S. Originated in Chico, Calif. from seeds imported from Iran.
Peters
Male. Good producer of pollen, its blossoming coinciding with early blossoming cultivars, as well as the later blooming Kerman. Has a tendency to be a loppy, weak grower, especially when propagated on P. vera roots. Originated in Fresno, Calif. by A. B. Peters.
FURTHER READING
Duke, James A. CRC Handbook of Nuts. CRC Press. 1989. pp. 240-243.
Robert and Lance Walheim. Western Fruit and Nuts. HP Books, Inc. 1981. p. 166.
| Iran |
What is the name of the Irish whiskey illicitly made from barley? | Ashok India :: Pistachios
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History Of Pistachios:
Unquestionably one of the earliest authenticated historical records of any edible nuts is the Pistachio. Carbonised pistachio remains have dated back as early as 6760 B.C. from the early Neolithic settlement in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. In early times pistachios were regarded as a food for the wealthy and privileged. Although the pistachio tree has been known throughout recorded history, its place of origin is uncertain. It is probably native to western Asia and Asia Minor, but is found growing wild eastward as far as Pakistan and India . According to Pliny, the pistachio was introduced to Italy from Syria during the reign of Tiberius, early in the first century A.D. Subsequently, its cultivation spread to other Mediterranean countries.
The Pistachio Tree
The pistachio tree is a deciduous tree, which grows slowly to a height and spread of twenty-five to thirty feet. It can survive under dry, adverse conditions in poor, stony terrain where for most of the year there may be no rainfall. It can grow well on steep, rocky slopes suitable only for goats; it can endure drought as well. It thrives in areas, which have winters cool enough to break bud dormancy and hot long summers. The tree is resistant to cold and wind but cannot tolerate excessive dampness and high humidity. It flourishes in some regions of Iran where temperatures vary from over 100 degrees in the summer to 15 degrees in the winter.
Sometimes known as the "pistache", the pistachio differs from other popular dessert nuts in the characteristic green of its kernel. This coloration, which varies from yellowish through various shades of green, is not limited to the surface but extends throughout the kernel. In general, the deeper the shades of green, the more the nuts are esteemed. The fruits grow in clusters resembling grapes.
Although popularly known as a nut, the fruit of the pistachio is classified botanical as a drupe, the edible portion of which is the seed. This oblong kernel about one inch in length and one-half in diameter is protected somewhat from dust, dirt and other impurities by a thin, ivory-coloured, bony shell. When conditions are favourable, the shells split open just prior to harvest and have an appearance of a laughing face.
Pistachio Producing Areas:
The world's major pistachio producing areas are Iran , Turkey , and the San Joaquin Valley of California. Due to the tough trade regulations with Iran , it is near impossible to find the Iranian variety in the United States . There is an import tax upwards of three hundred percent of the value of the pistachios to import Iranian pistachios. Today, Turkey is the main supplier of imported pistachios in the United States . Most of the Turkish production comes from the dry, barren foothills of western and south-eastern Turkey , principally from the regions of Gaziantep and Urfa .
Harvesting Pistachios:
During harvest, the shells often become stained and blemished. Unless camouflaged, the pistachios appear unappetising. United States importers sometimes employ a non-toxic red vegetable dye to give the nuts visual appeal. The red colour serves another purpose as well, since it appeals to consumers who are used to it and demand it. In California , however, pistachios are mechanically hulled and dried and most are not coloured and left in the unblemished, natural state.
There is considerable controversy concerning the merits of home-grown versus imported pistachios. The American importers of Turkish and Iranian pistachios describe the California counterparts as beautiful but tasteless. The California producers claim their pistachio taste about the same but are larger, fresher and easier to open. California is the only state, which produces pistachios on a commercial scale. Most of the production comes from the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys , although some small acreage has been planted in the California desert near Barstow and Mojave, as well as in other parts of the state. Under favourable conditions a pistachio tree can live and produce for centuries.
When ripe, the pistachio tree is shaken and the nuts fall to the ground to be harvested. Following harvest, the nuts must be hulled and dried within twenty-four hours to maintain their high quality and unblemished appearance. The nuts are dried with forced air at 150 to 160 degrees. The moisture content, which was as high as forty-five percent in the freshly harvested nuts, is reduced to five percent in about ten hours. "Electric eye" sorters then spot and remove blemished nuts to be dyed or shelled. The good quality is then graded and about ninety percent are roasted and salted in their shell for consumption. Shelled pistachios are utilised commercially in confectionery, ice cream, candies, sausages, bakery goods and flavouring.
Today, pistachios remain one of the most popular nuts for people of all ages. Approximately, three hundred million pounds of California in shell pistachio nuts are grown annually in this country.
© Copyright 2006 Ashok Irrigation Equipments India Pvt. Ltd., Jalgaon (India). All rights reserved.
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In which European country did red onions originate? | Food-Info.net : Where do onions come from ?
Food-Info.net> Questions and Answers > Food products > Fruits and vegetables
Where do onions come from ?
The exact origin of the onion is unknown, although ancient texts dating back to 3000 B.C. reveal that it was first grown in parts of Asia . Around this period it was also grown in China and later also in India . From there it must have been taken to Greece and Egypt, because it appears frequently in decorations and hieroglyphics in the pyramids. Onions were also used by the Greeks and the Romans.
As a member of the Allium family, which also includes garlic and leek, the Greeks grew the onion in the vegetable garden. One section of the Athenian market was even called �ta skoroda� which means �the garlic� and this indicates that the trade in Allium -species belonged to everyday life.
When the Romans introduced the onion in Europe it quickly became a popular vegetable. This emerges, among other things, from the brisk trade on the London market in the thirteenth century, where even imported onions were sold. From that moment onwards the onions gained ground, both inside and outside Europe.
Despite protracted social and religious taboos through the centuries, the onion has gradually regained respectability. In America, for example, the immigration of the Greeks, Italians and Spanish had a great influence. In their cultures the onion was indeed extremely popular.
Onions are now grown worldwide in many varieties, sizes and flavours and they have gained a permanent place in our present-day kitchen, both raw and cooked.
Source : http://www.ui.nl
| Italy |
Apart from Del Boy, Rodney and Grandad, which other regular character appeared in the first ever episode? Boycie, Mickey Pearce or Trigger? | A History of Vegetables
A BRIEF HISTORY OF VEGETABLES
By Tim Lambert
Artichokes
Artichokes are native to the Mediterranean. They were eaten by the Greeks and Romans and later by the Arabs. However after the fall of Rome artichokes were rare in Europe until the 15th century when they were grown in Italy. From there artichokes spread to the rest of Europe.
Asparagus
Asparagus is native to the Eastern Mediterranean region. Asparagus was grown by the Greeks and Romans and it became a popular vegetable in Europe in the 16th century.
Aubergine
Aubergines or eggplants are native to India. Later they spread to China and by the 15th century they were being grown in southern Europe.
Beetroot
Beetroot is descended from wild sea beet, which grew around Europe and Asia. The Romans grew beetroot but as a medicine rather than a food. From the 16th century people in Europe grew beetroot as a vegetable.
Broad Beans
Broad beans are native to the Middle East and South Asia. They were known to the Ancient Greeks and they have been eaten in Europe ever since.
Broccoli
It is not known for certain when broccoli was first eaten. The Romans ate a vegetable that may have been broccoli. It was certainly eaten in France and Italy in the 16th century. Broccoli was introduced into in England in the 18th century. It first became popular in the USA in the 1920s.
Brussel sprouts
Brussels sprouts became popular in most of Europe in the 16th century. They became popular in England in the 17th century. Brussels sprouts were grown in the USA from the 19th century.
Butter Beans
Butter beans are native to Central America. They were first recorded in Europe in 1591.
Cabbages
Cabbages are native to southern Europe. They were grown by the Greeks and the Romans and in Europe they have been a popular vegetable ever since. Cabbages were brought to North America in the 16th century.
Carrots
Carrots are native to Asia and spread to the Mediterranean area. Carrots were grown in Europe in the Middle Ages they and have been popular ever since.
Cauliflower
Cauliflower is believed to come from Asia Minor. In Europe they were first eaten in Italy. However in the 16th century the cauliflower spread throughout Europe. Cauliflower was first grown in North America in the late 17th century.
Celery
Celery is native to the Mediterranean. Wild celery was known to the Greeks and Romans. However cultivation of celery only began in Europe in the 17th century.
Chickpeas
Chickpeas are native to the Middle East. They were popular with the Romans and they have been eaten in Europe ever since.
Chilies
Chilies are from Central America where they have been grown for thousands of years. The Aztecs were fond of chilies and the Spanish brought them back to Europe. Chilies came to England in 1548.
Cucumbers
Cucumbers are native to south Asia. They were grown by the Greeks and Romans. Cucumbers were also grown in England in the Middle Ages. The Spaniards introduced cucumbers into the New World in 1494.
Kale
The Greeks and Romans ate kale. It was also eaten in Europe in the Middle Ages. In the 17th century colonists took kale to North America.
Kidney Beans
Kidney Beans are native to South America. They were common in England by the mid-16th Century.
Leeks
Leeks are believed to be native to central Asia. They were grown by the Egyptians. The Greeks and Romans also grew leeks and the Romans are believed to have introduced them to Britain. The leek is the symbol of Wales. According to legend Welsh soldiers wore a leek in their caps to distinguish themselves from their Saxon enemies during a battle.
Lentils
Lentils are a very ancient vegetable. They have been eaten since prehistoric times. Lentils are native to Asia and they were eaten the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans. They were also eaten in India.
Lettuce
Lettuce is an ancient vegetable. It is native to the Mediterranean area. The Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans ate lettuce. The Spaniards took lettuce to the New World.
Olives
Olives are native to the Eastern Mediterranean and people have grown them since prehistoric times. Olives were very important to the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans.
Onions
It is not known for certain where onions come from but it was probably Asia. Onions were one of the first vegetables grown by people. They were eaten by the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans. During the Middle Ages onions were one of the staple foods of people in Europe.
Parsnips
Parsnips are thought to be native to the Mediterranean region. The Romans grew them and they were a popular vegetable in the Middle Ages. However in England parsnips became less popular once potatoes became common in the 18th century.
Peas
Peas are native to Asia and they were one of the earliest vegetables grown by human beings. The Greeks and Romans grew peas and during the Middle Ages peas were an important part of the diet of ordinary people in Europe.
Potatoes
Potatoes are native to South America and they were grown by the native people for thousands of years before Europeans discovered them. The Spaniards took potatoes to Europe in the 16th century and they were first introduced to England in 1586. However at first potatoes were regarded as a strange vegetable and they were not commonly grown in Europe until the 18th century. In the 1840s potatoes in Ireland were afflicted by potato blight and the result was a terrible famine as the people had come to rely on potatoes for their staple food.
Pumpkin
Pumpkins are native to central America. The Native Americans used them as a staple food. Pumpkins were adopted as a food by European colonists. Meanwhile Christopher Columbus brought pumpkin seeds to Europe.
Radish
Radishes are native to Asia. They were grown by the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans. Radishes were taken to the New World in the 16th century. The word radish comes from the Latin word radix, meaning root.
Runner beans
Runner beans are native to central America and were grown there long before they were discovered by Europeans in the 16th century. Runner beans were first grown in England in the 17th century.
Spinach
Spinach is native to Asia. However it was unknown to the Greeks and Romans. It was first grown in Persia. Later it was grown by both the Arabs and the Chinese. The Arabs introduced spinach to southern Europe and by the 14th century it was eaten in England.
Tomatoes
Tomatoes are native to South America. The Spaniards came across them in the 16th century. However tomatoes were unknown in England until the end of the 16th century.
Turnips
Turnips are native to northern Europe. They were grown by the Romans and during the Middle Ages turnips were a staple food of poor people in Europe. In the 18th century Charles 'Turnip' Townshend pioneered growing turnips to feed cattle.
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What was the name of the episode in which Rodney first met Cassandra? | Cassandra Trotter | Only Fools and Horses Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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29 June 1966 (age 48)
Occupation
Freddie Robdal (father-in-law - deceased)
Cassandra Louise Trotter (née Parry; born 16 June 1966) is a fictional character from the British sitcom Only Fools and Horses .
Biography
The intelligent, slightly-spoiled daughter of the owner of a successful paper merchant, Alan ( Denis Lill ) and his wife Pam ( Wanda Ventham ), Cassandra was an ambitious employee of the local bank. She made her first Only Fools and Horses appearance in the episode Yuppy Love , in which she was an attendee of Rodney 's adult education class. The two first met when they accidentally mixed up their raincoats in the cloak room, and met again at a disco later that night, at which Rodney's friends Mickey Pearce and Jevon unsuccessfully ask her for a dance. Rodney then bet £20 that he would be successful and, to their horror, she agreed to dance with him. Cassandra also offered to give him a lift home, and they exchanged telephone numbers. However, as he was ashamed to take her home to Nelson Mandela House, he pretended he lived in a more upmarket location on King's Avenue and was duly left stranded in a stranger's garden that night.
Originally John Sullivan wanted to make Cassandra a girlfriend of Trigger , Denzil or an admirer of Boycie , but decided that, as he planned to do with Del, Rodney needed a long-term relationship.
Their relationship blossomed throughout the sixth series; In " The Unlucky Winner Is... " she went to Spain with Rodney and Del, and had to pretend to be Del's wife, and Rodney's stepmother. In " Sickness and Wealth ", Rodney announced that they were engaged; they married in the final episode of series 6: " Little Problems ", after which they moved into their own flat. Her marriage to Rodney was not without its problems; Rodney was envious of Cassandra's privileged upbringing and her qualifications. When Cassandra wanted to build herself a career at the bank, Rodney was outraged, as he wanted her to be little more than a housewife, and have his dinner on the table for when he got home from work.
After a year of being married she and Rodney split up in " The Jolly Boys' Outing " (the 1989 Christmas special), when he punched her boss and broke his nose. In the next episode, " Rodney Come Home " (Christmas special 1990), they broke up again, which started an ongoing split between the pair. This split carried on throughout the duration of series 7. In " The Chance of a Lunchtime " Del played matchmaker between the two, reuniting them. However, the two were only together for an hour before Cassandra saw Rodney with an ex-fiancē of Del Boy's. Assuming that Rodney was cheating on her, Cassandra locked him out of the flat. They were ultimately reconciled in " Three Men, a Woman, and a Baby " but after just getting back together they were interrupted by a phone call telling them that Raquel had gone into labour and Del wanted Rodney to be there for the birth. The episode " Miami Twice " saw them trying to patch up their relationship, and in " Mother Nature's Son " they were back together properly, and stayed together ever after. The later episodes saw them attempting to conceive a child, and Cassandra was promoted to head of small business investment at the local bank. Rodney announced that Cassandra was pregnant in " Heroes and Villains ", though she miscarried in " Modern Men ". They later had a daughter, Joan (named after Del and Rodney's late mother), in " Sleepless in Peckham ".
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Raquel leaves Del, who asks out another woman. When he and Raquel are reconciled, Del is convinced that the other woman is stalking him.
Contents
[ show ]
Synopsis
With Christmas coming to Peckham, which is suffering from recent riots, Del Boy has been drinking every night at The Nag's Head as well as picked up a sore tooth. Raquel is not pleased about it, since she hardly sees him now. Meanwhile, Rodney and Cassandra 's marriage has been going so well that they have decided to try and have a baby. At Sid 's café, Del talks about the time he first met a woman at a betting shop in Lewisham Grove when he was a teenager.
Rodney catches Del gambling at the One-Eleven Club one night, and Del explains that he is striking a deal with the club's owner Ronnie Nelson to get hold of some Russian Army camcorders to flog for Christmas. Rodney pleads with Del to spare a thought for Raquel, however the brothers eventually gamble all the way through the night until 8:00am the next morning, only to be told Ronnie wasn't in that night.
At the market, Del and Rodney are flogging ski gear, until Cassandra calls Rodney back to their flat. Rodney is surprised when he finds Raquel and Damien at his flat. Raquel explains that she has left Del, and Rodney are letting her and Damien are staying at their flat until Del apologises.
Later, at The Nag's Head, Boycie , Del, Denzil , Mike and Trigger discuss their problems with women. Boycie then tells them about how he met a woman in the same betting shop when he was also younger, and it turns out to be Marlene . Uncle Albert then enters to inform Del that Raquel has left him.
That afternoon, Rodney forces a reluctant Del to go to the dentist. The dentist is able to remove the bad tooth from Del's mouth. Del then arranges a date with an attractive receptionist named Beverly.
That night, back at Nelson Mandela House, the Russian camcorders have arrived, but Rodney points out two problems; they're too heavy, and they take videotapes that don't fit in UK VCRs. Del, dressed in his Gordon Gekko outfit, tells Rodney and Albert about his date with Beverly. They believe that Del is making a big mistake, and successfully talk him out of it. Del cancels the date by leaving a message on Beverly's answering machine.
Later, back at his flat, Rodney tells Cassandra about the time Del had a violent fight with his father Reg over Del flogging Tom Jones LP's instead of attending his O-level school exams, which got him eight grade A's (which stood for "Absent").
The next evening at The Nag's Head, after Albert tells another one of his boring war stories, Del enters, and Rodney berates him for ignoring Raquel. Del finally phones Raquel, apologises to her, and promises that he'll stop gambling from now on, and they can still go to The Nag's Head on weekends. After he promises to pick up both her and Damien tomorrow night, Del celebrates with a big bottle of champagne.
Later that night, Del walks home drunk from too much champagne, and decides to sing " One Voice ", which starts a riot between some of the neighbours. Albert phones Rodney to tell him that Del is singing, and Rodney heads over to Nelson Mandela House. Del later goes down to the riot to sell some of the ski gear. The next morning at the market, while getting the Russian VCRs, Del spots Beverly (who was in the Nag's Head the previous night), and becomes frightened she may be stalking him.
That night, Del picks up Raquel and Damien in the Capri Ghia, and they return home to see the riot. Del honks his horn, and the rioters and the police clear the way for him. He passes through, stopping to inform the occasional person about something they are buying off him, and when out of the way promptly sounds his horn, to which the riot resumes.
The following day, Del comes home from work, only to see Beverly in his flat, because she wants Damien's high chair for her grandson, who is also named Damien. Del rushes over to the Nag's Head to tell Rodney that Beverly is stalking him, because she's an ex-psychiatric hospital patient. Rodney does not believe him, but Del tells him to deliver the high chair to Beverly. At the dentist, Del finally confronts Beverly and tells her to leave him and his family alone. But Beverly tells Del that she thought he was stalking her, as well as mention that the date they arranged to go on was a big mistake. Beverly then explains to Del that she works at the psychiatric hospital - as a receptionist. No longer frightened, Del promises to leave Beverly alone.
Back at Nelson Mandela House, the Trotter family are having fun at their Christmas Day party, at least until Raquel plugs in Del's new answering machine (which she acquired from Beverly in return for the high chair) only to hear Del's message about his cancelled date to Beverly. Del returns to the lounge, only to get hit by ornaments thrown by Raquel, and the entire family end up in a huge argument. Meanwhile, outside by the new Christmas tree, a group of carol singers sing "Silent Night", and Beverly looks up at the Trotters' flat with a smile, implying that Del was right and she was out for revenge all along for cancelling their date.
Featured characters
Other notes
Story arc
Rodney and Cassandra decide to have a baby. They fail at first in " Modern Men ", but will eventually succeed by having Joan Jr. in " Sleepless in Peckham ".
Continuity errors
Denzil tells Del, Mike, Boycie, and Trigger about how he has been split up from his wife Corrine for seven years (which would've placed the divorce in 1986 since this episode took place in 1993), yet in " Danger UXD " (which took place in 1989), Denzil was still together with his wife. Between those two episodes, the gap is less than seven years.
Rodney has difficulty carrying one Russian camcorder since they're very heavy, but in " Time On Our Hands ", Rodney was able to lift two camcorders at the same time with relative ease.
Rodney tells Cassandra that Del did not turn up for his O-Level/GCE Exams and got eight A's which stood for "Absent", yet in the second episode of Rock & Chips , " Five Gold Rings ", Del was shown to have left school before taking his GCE's (and he mistakes them for "GVD's"). His family were fully aware of it, and they did not send Del back to school because he was their breadwinner. This means Rodney could've possibly been lying.
After Del sings to start the riot and Rodney arrives at Nelson Mandela House, when Albert says he's not going to the window because a brick might come through, Rodney tells him that they're on the 12th floor. But at the end of " A Royal Flush " when Rodney was yelling at Del, the floor number on top of the lift said 13th floor.
Production goofs
When the riot starts (due to Del's drunken singing), the outside scene shows the block of flats used for Nelson Mandela House clearly is built in a way that the door is on the side of the kitchen and not from the lounge, unlike in " The Sky's the Limit ", where the studio scene on the balcony when the satellite dish is seen for the first time showed a small window in the kitchen wall.
When Del goes into the kitchen to find Albert's boiling pants, the steam is falling and not rising, clearly a case of dry ice and not steam.
Miscellaneous trivia
It is widely reported that Aled Jones, who was training at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School at the time, was an extra in the riot scenes.
After this special, the cast of Only Fools and Horses took a three-year break before returning in the 1996 Christmas trilogy.
The building that BBC used for the One-Eleven Club is the same building they used in " Yuppy Love " for the wine bar. It is known as the Old Granary in Welsh Back, Bristol.
Series producer Gareth Gwenlan, who held an Equity card from his time as an actor, played a riot policeman, enabling him to direct the actors, and stopping them from getting carried away during the riot scene.
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In which episode did Del Boy first meet Raquel? | Dates (25th December 1988) | Only Fools & Horses Tribute Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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Del meets Raquel for the first time via a dating agency.
Dates was the Christmas 1988 special of Only Fools And Horses. This episode saw the start of a new era for the Trotter family as Del Boy met Raquel through a dating agency, and she is an actress until Del get a surpise at his Uncle Albert 's birthday do when he books a stripper for his birthday party. This episode saw Del Boy meet a more mature woman and also saw Rodney go on a date with Nervous Nerys , and a cruise in Del's van, which he ends up doing very quickly.
Contents
Edit
Derek "Del Boy" Trotter and Rodney Trotter have done very well in trade lately, having made £2000 in the past month alone, selling mens electric razors. Albert Trotter tells a story about how he was in the Navy in 1941 and sunk the ship he went out to rescue, and was due to be court martialled but the Japanese invaded and Albert never heard a word about it. He also has an upcoming birthday on the 19th November, and seems to be dropping hints.
A day or so later in The Nags Head , Rodney is persuaded by his friends to ask Nervous Nerys Sansom out for a date, and fool him into thinking she likes hard men. Boycie talks about his Masonic Lodge and Trigger has a date with a woman, of which was organised by Technomatch Dating Agency . Del asks Mike Fisher if he can have the pub for the night for Albert's birthday. Mike says as long as Albert does not dance or sing, tells no rude jokes and does not drink too much and just sits down and enjoys himself then Del can have the pub.
Del seeks an opportunity and signs up to the dating agency, and is interviewed by the agent. Del says he wants a "bit of a sort with everything in the right place and who knows the difference between a Liebfraumilch and a can of Tizer, and who likes a steak meal". The agent runs a few names through his computer. He sees a 30 year old woman who is an actress. Del asks if she is famous and the agent say no. He then suggests if Del is to meet this lady that he meets her under the clock at Waterloo Station . He also insists that both parties are honest with each other. Del agrees to it and pays £25 membership fee. He then says his surname is Duval with no "e" on the end when asked if he has an e on the end of his surname.
A few days later, Del is dressed up ready for his blind date. Albert asks if he is going out and Del says "no I'm going to bleed the brakes on the van" in sarcasm. Albert asks if it is someones birthday party or something and Del says no he has a date. Albert keeps dropping hints about how he had great birthday parties as a kid but now no one bothers. Del says the date is an actress called Raquel Turner and Albert says he has never heard of her. He asks more questions, but Del, reluctant to say he joined a dating agency, fobs Albert off.
Rodney is dressed as a punk to go out with Nerys. Del mocks him saying the James Dean look means before the crash. Del says he has a date and it is with an actress. Rodney asks who and Del says Raquel Turner, Rodney says "Not The Raquel Turner" and when Del asks if he has heard of her Rodney says "No". Rodney says Albert took a phone call from some agent the other day. Del says a showbusiness agent, he does not want Albert ot Rodney to know he joined a dating agency, and make them think he cannot pull women like he used to. Del gets his huge bunch of flowers out of the kitchen. He finds a sock in the flowers and throws it on the carpet. Del then leaves the flat, ready to go on his date.
At Waterloo Station , Del waits nervously for his date. A policeman wonders why Del has such a huge bunch of flowers. Del sees a woman with her back turned to him dressed in red standing a few metres away. Del asks if she is an actress and she says she has played a few demanding roles in her time. He realises she is not the blind date, but a prostitute. She mocks him and Del threatens to shove the flowers right up her...well you know what. A train horn goes off just as Del is about to say that word. She says "You realise that will be extra" then walks off.
Rodney picks Nerys up and goes for a cruise. He is smoking a cigarette in an attempt to look hard. Some of his punk friends see him and cheer at him. Rodney gives them the middle finger, trying to look hard in front of Nerys. Rodney takes her for a cruise towards the dual carriageway.
Back at Waterloo Station, Del has been waiting for ages and his date has not turned up, she is late. Del puts the flowers on the ground and then a young woman approaches him nervously. She asks if he is Derek and he realises she is his date. She is Raquel. He gives her some flowers and they walk off towards the taxi rank to go to The Hilton Hotel, Park Lane for lunch.
Rodney is driving down the dual carriageway and saying how this area is his jungle and no one scares him, not even those punks. But he soon realises he is being followed by them and starts speeding up, nervous. Nerys asks why Rodney is speeding up, saying she thought they were just going to cruise and he says he likes to cruise quickly.
At The Hilton Hotel, Del and Raquel talk, he says he is now a millionaire and owns a Ferrari. She says she used to be married and she has never had any proper acting roles outside theatre apart from a minor role in Doctor Who as a lizard person. Del has bribed Charles the waiter into saying that he has a call from his New York office to make it look like he is a rich businessman. But at the end of the lunch when Del is handed the huge bill, he almost chokes but has to hide his shock. He says Rodney handles the business well when he is not there.
Meanwhile Rodney is being chased by the punks through the streets of Peckham. He runs a red light and almost crashes into an oncoming car. The car quickly brakes and a police car crashes into the back of it. Rodney manages to escape the punks but the police see the yellow 3 wheel van. They say they will get him as there cannot be too many such vehicle owners in the area. The young copper tells the Old Man off for braking suddenly. Rodney quickly parks outside Nerys' house but she is a total nervous wreck. She is sobbing.
A day or so later, Del is at Raquel's flat and says she can join a friend's Masonic Lodge and can bribe a TV director into getting Raquel into a TV show, so she can finally make the big time. Del phones Boycie but Boycie laughs, saying Del would never get into his Lodge. Del blackmails Boycie into putting in a word for Del and he wont say about the woman Boycie saw in Sheffield. Del then speaks to Marlene on the phone and says that Albert wants an anglers knife made from Sheffield Steel. Marlene says "Sheffield" and Boycie quickly says "Gimme That Phone!!" Del then says goodbye to Boycie and hangs up.
A few days later it is Albert's birthday. He is singing and dancing and telling rude jokes. Mike is not pleased. Del then talks to Rodney about Raquel and how she is an actress and has talent and he has asked to join the Masonic Lodge. Boycie says that Del's application was refused, he was black balled. Del is unhappy but Rodney says Raquel's talent will win through. Two officers arrive and question Albert, saying that they are arresting him for causing the sinking of a ship in 1941 as the records have just been found at the Naval bases in Portsmouth. The woman then says to wish him a very happy birthday, and it is not a officer but a stripper. Del is laughing, saying that is his birthday surprise. But the stripper suddenly stops when she sees Del, and Del sees her, it is indeed Raquel. She is a stripper.
Del runs out of the pub, upset and embarrassed. Rodney goes after him. Del walks up to his van and kicks it before damaging the wing mirror in frustration at being lied to about what Raquel did for a living. Del gets into the van but Raquel comes out telling Del to wait. She then mirrors his anger at her by saying she has just found out his surname is Trotter not Duval, and he is a market trader, not a millionaire. Raquel then sarcastically indicated the 3 wheel van and says "I suppose this is the Ferrari". Del says OK he told the odd joke but does not go round flashing his boobs at blokes. Raquel says she was a stripper at weekends to pay for her drama classes. Raquel asks if Del wants to see her again. Del says yes but he will pay at the door like all the other punters. Raquel quietly walks back into the pub. Rodney says there was no need to say that to her. Del says he wish he hadn't, like most things in his life, too bloody late. Del gets into the van and starts the engine but the exhaust blows as does the engine. Del gets out and calmly says "I fancied a walk anyway".
A few days later at Sid's Cafe , Del is wallowing in self pity over Raquel. Sid asks if the rumours are true about him going caso with some stripper. Del denies this, saying he was just mucking around with her. Rodney comes in and asks Del if he is coming down The Coach And Horses tonight, they have a strip...erm comedian, he adds. Rodney asks what Del is doing about Raquel and Del says "I never knew anyone called Raquel". Raquel then comes in. Rodney says she can finish his tea and then leaves. As he leaves, he is confronted by Mrs Sansom , Nerys' mother, she wants to know why Rodney upset her the other day, Rodney says it was some yobs.
Raquel sits at Del's table. Del is very dismissive to her. She says she is going on a tour of the Middle East, she leaves tomorrow. A tour of Addis Abbaba. Del says she could get kidnapped and end up in a harlem. Raquel says that if Del wants to see her again, even as just friends, he can come round her flat at noon and she wont go on the tour, if not she will understand and go. She then leaves. Del is almost in tears.
A day later at The Nags Head, Rodney says Albert has threatened to get even with Del about organising the strippers for his birthday. Mike jokes that for the past week Del has been ruminating and fretting over whether to pay the bill for the strippogram agency. Rodney says Mike is out of order. Del then enters and Mike has to contain his laughter by putting a towel in his mouth. It is about 11:30. Del says he was thinking about her last night, she has had nothing but bad luck, her husband was a roughun. (Little did Del know back then that husband was Roy Slater , ex copper and Del's former schoolmate and much hated man). Del says he will have a few drinks then go round to her flat. Rodney praises Del for it. Del and Rodney toast.
It is nearing noon and Raquel looks out of her flat window for Del. At The pub, Del says he will go and see Raquel now but 2 police officers come in, one female, one male, asking if he is Derek Trotter. Del says yes he is. The cops are the same cops who chased Rodney through the streets of Peckham the other day. The cops say a yellow 3 wheel van shot the red lights the other day almost causing a severe crash and they are questioning owners of all such vehicles. Del says to look no further officers as it was him, so fair cop, he done it, then jokingly holds his hands out before laughing, and poking Uncle Albert, thinking they are strippers and Albert has got his own back for Del organising the strippers at Albert's birthday. The cops say that either Del is not taking this seriously or he does not realise the full implications of his last statement.
Del says he is pushed for time she she should hurry up and get them off. Del rips open her uniform, exposing her bra. All the punters laugh, and even the male copper tries to contain his laughter. Del says to Albert he should have come up with something more original and Albert says it is nothing to do with him and Del keeps laughing until he sees the police car in the car park.
Heartbroken, Raquel leaves for the Middle East just as Del Boy is taken into custody. He knows it is past noon now, and she is on her way to the airport. He asks the police officers if he can make a phonecall. The copper says he can make one. Del asks "You dont have the code for Addis Abbaba do you?".
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Fatal Extraction
Published On Wednesday, December 23, 2009 By admin . Under: Episodes , The Specials .
Fatal Extraction Episode Review
Brief: While Peckham is in the midst of rioting, Del Boy is having trouble with his teeth and with Raquel. She objects to him spending all night at the 1.11 Club. It is no surprise when she leaves him but Del goes straight back into dating. Then he changes his mind he wants to forget about it, but will the scorned woman let him?
Transmitted: 25.12.1993
Duration: 85 minutes
Viewing Figures: 19.6 million
Raquel is worried that Santa will be too busy down the 121 Club getting drunk, to provide Damien with any presents.
Rodney raises the problem with Del, who explains he is brokering a deal to get hold of some Russian ex-military Camcorders to make ends meet over Christmas.
Rodney’s marriage is going so well that they have decided to try to have a baby. So much so he’s getting phone calls from Cassie at work, telling him to come home because she’s the right temperature.
Raquel leaves Del, staying at Rodney and Cassandra’s place. Del does what any man would: Organises a date with Beverly, his dentist’s receptionist. He cancels it as soon as he comes to his senses.
A changed man, he invites Raquel back. After drunkenly starting a riot on the estate he sells the Russian gear to both the cops and the robbers.
All seems calm, but Beverly seems to be stalking Del.
Episode Observations
In Fatal Extraction, In response to the comment made by Michael Kilburn above, regarding Rodney holding Damien the wrong way around. This scene never actually took place in this episode, but in “Mother Nature’s Son” previously.
In Fatal Extraction, Whilst the riots are happening there is a shot of the helicopter and you can see that it is raining (Look at the search light). The very next scene is them rioting, but it is not raining.
In Fatal Extraction, how could Albert hear Del singing in the precinct, if as Rodney says ‘He slept through two world wars’.
In Fatal Extraction, The building they use for the casino is the same building they used in ‘ Yuppy Love ’ for the wine bar. It is known as the old granary in Welsh Back, Bristol.
In Fatal Extraction, watch the scene where Rodney and Cassandra are in bed, just before Damien enters the room. Cassandra still has her themometer in her hand when she leans to cuddle Rodney. She must drop the themometer down the back of the bed, as when her hands are next in view, with NO scene change, she no longer has the themometer.
In Fatal Extraction, when Del goes into the kitchen to find Alberts boiling pants the steam is falling and not rising, clearly a case of dry ice and not steam!
In Fatal Extraction, Raquel gives del boy a really good answer phone and in three years in heroes and villians it’s majorly messed up.
In Fatal Extraction, When Del and Rodney are in the casino, Del says he likes gambling with his mates, Rodney says “and who are your mates?” he runs a few off and when he comes to Boycie he says “oh Boycie, the man that thinks anyone who has a penny less than him is a peasant”. When he says Peasant he stutters.
In Fatal Extraction, When Del steps into the beans that Albert has dropped, he puts his whole foot in. But afterwards, when Albert gives him the ‘Relate’ form he goes to wipe his foot with it. Del’s foot is clearly only half covered in beans!.
In Fatal Extraction, Albert In the market, when Del has Rodney modeling the ski wear, Rodney’s wearing a hat. The logo’s on the left when Trigger says hello but when they cut back to Del and Rodney, the logo’s on the right!.
In Fatal Extraction, Albert says im not going to the window because a brick might come through. Rodney says we’re on the 12th floor. But in ‘Roal Flush’ at the end, near the lift it says 13Th floor. Funny how the flat moves from level to level!.
In Fatal Extraction, during Rodney’s dream sequence at the start, look how Rodney is holding Damien when the camera is behing him. Then when it cuts to the mirror shot, his empty arms are actually held out to the other side to which he was holding Damien. The fact that it’s a mirror shot is a little confusing, but the director definitely gets it wrong on this occasion.
In Fatal Extraction, denzil is telling Del, Mike, Boycie and Trigger how he has been split up from his wife for 7 years, yet in the episode Yuppy Love Denzil is still together with his wife(Corrine). Between these 2 episodes the gap is less then 7 years,meaning the script writers have got the facts wrong.
In Fatal Extraction, Mental Mickey who was in the episode it’s only rock and roll, were Rodders and the boys set up a band is also in Fatal Extraction involved in the Peckham riots. I noticed him in it 3 times just after Del finishes singing.
In Fatal Extraction, (1993) Rodney states he is 31 yrs old, yet in the (1981) episode “ big brother ”, 12 years earlier he says he’s 23!?
In Fatal Extraction, On the same theme as the great Robbie Williams debate, look at the barmaid serving in the Nag’s Head during the scene in which Del & Boycie are discussing Bronco and the psychiatric hospital (about 1 hour 3 mins into the episode). It’s the blonde one from Steps! (I think her name is Faye)
In Fatal Extraction, When Rodney is told by Del that he will have to deliver the high chair to Beverly (about 1 hour 21 mins into the episode), Del states that the reason he cannot do it himself is because he has “a wife and kid”. A bit of a faux-pas on his part, as him and Raquel have never got married (or so we assume…)
In Fatal Extraction, when Del sounds his horn in the capri ghia, he pushes the centre of the steering wheel. hoever, capri horns are sounded by pushing one of the stalks!
In Fatal Extraction, when Del is trying to remember who his old bird was (it turns out to be Marlene) he says that he took her home to see his mum and dad. In A Losing Streak Del says that his dad left on his 16th birthday, meaning he must have been going out with Marlene when he was 15. Surely that’s a bit young to be buying her a ring (presumably to get engaged), going into a betting shop and booking a holiday together!
In Fatal Extraction, when the riots start, the outside scene shows the block of flats used for Nelson Mandella House clearly is built in a way that the door is on the side of the kitchen and not from the lounge, unlike in “The Sky’s the Limit”, the studio scene on the balcony shows a small window (in the Kitchen wall)
In Fatal Extraction, during the riots outside Nelson Mandella House, the actors used for the riots were from the Old Vic drama school. Famous choirboy Aled Jones was there at the time and is amongst the rioters filmed in that scene.
In Fatal Extraction, you may notice that when the answer machine message is played back at the end it is slightly different to the one actually left earlier on by Del. You’ll have to listen carefully though.
In Fatal Extraction, after Del and Rodney have finished at the casino they go down the market to sell the ski-wear. The scene starts by panning across the market down towards the place where Del’s selling his gear by means of his little side-show. Until the close up shot of Del, all his banter is clearly out of sync with what he is really saying.
In Fatal Extraction, it states that the Trotters live on the 12th floor, but it also shows the lift on one of the older episodes, maybe when Del’s dad makes a return, and it clearly states the 13th floor.
In Fatal Extraction, when Rodney comes into the dentist to see Del about the hamster he looks a bit wind swept with his hair everywhere and when it go back to Rodney his hair is perfect.
Fatal Extraction Script
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Which famous actor played Roy Slater? | Jim Broadbent | Only Fools & Horses Tribute Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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Jim Broadbent as Roy Slater.
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At which stadium do Scotland play their home football matches? | Comedy - Only Fools and Horses - Slater
Only Fools and Horses
Place: Fulham
Jim Broadbent
DI Slater used to terrorise the Peckham wideboys. A representative of the Metropolitan Police, Slater was particularly feared due to his underhand methods.
A smart man Slater had 10 CSEs to his name. Ruthless in exercising his duties he once arrested his own dad for having a broken rear light. Del once said of Slater that he would 'nick you for anything you did - in fact he'd nick you for anything that you didn't do!'
Slater was not crafty enough to prevent his sacking from the Met for 12 counts of fraud and 17 of corruption. A small matter for which he was also jailed for 5 years. Slater married Raquel in 1977 - a divorce not unpredictably followed a few years later.
Broadbent was initially offered the role of Del Boy but had to turn it down due to other commitments. Prior to Fools he had appeared in a number of films including The Dogs of War and Time Bandits.
You can call me Mr Slater, Detective Inspector Slater, or just plain sir!
| i don't know |
Which English county town stands on the river Lune? | Photos of Lancaster, Lancashire, England, UK.
A brief photographic shimmy around this old northern town
(Photos/words © urban75, 1st Sept, 2008)
On our way up to the Lake District, we had an hour or so to kill between trains in Lancaster, so we took a quick spin around the small city.
The traditional county town of Lancashire, Lancaster stands on the River Lune with a population of around 46,000 souls.
Steeped in history, the town is dominated by Lancaster Castle, partly built in the 13th century and standing on the site of a Roman garrison.
The city's name first appears in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Loncastre, and is derived from the Old English for, 'Roman fort on the River Lune.'
After the infamous Pendle witch trials of 1612, so many people were sentenced to die from the court based in the castle (the Lancaster Assizes) that Lancaster earned itself the nickname of 'the Hanging Town'.
Many buildings in the city centre and along St. George's Quay date from the 1800s and were built during a brief heyday when the port became one of the busiest in the UK. Shamefully, it was also the fourth most important port in the UK for the slave trade at the time.
Although Lancaster gained its first charter in 1193 as a market town and borough, it had had to wait until 1937 to be granted city status.
Bashful Alley, a curiously named street name in central Lancaster.
Ye Olde John O Gaunt, a fune old jazz/live music boozer at 3 Market St, Lancaster.
Market in Lancaster.
Bloke on phone selling bubble blowing guns.
The Penny Bank in Penny Street, another pub offering real ales and live bands.
Lancaster Town Hall stands in Dalton Square and was officially opened on the 27th December 1909 by Lord Ashton.
Deep-pocketed Ashton shelled out £155,00 to pay for the new Town Hall and the statue of Queen Victoria opposite.
Statue of Queen Victoria in Dalton Square .
Another view of the Town Hall.
A view along Penny Street.
The exterior of Cunningham Jewellers, est. 1885.
Cobbled street.
Old Co-op building in Church Street.
Building detail, showing carving of beehive.
The Judges Lodgings at the top of Upper Church Street.
Now open to the public as a museum, the house was once the residence of Thomas Covell who was involved in trying the 'Pendle Witches.'
Close up of the building with the Covell Cross is in the foreground.
A texter drifts past the old YMCA building, erected in 1908.
Some views of old Lancaster, from near the castle.
Looking south-east over the city from the castle.
Workmen attending to the brickwork of Lancaster Castle.
Waiting at Lancaster Station for our train to Grange Over Sands .
| Lancaster |
Which cowboy showman's real name was Willaim Cody? | Lancaster | Define Lancaster at Dictionary.com
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Lancaster
[lang-kuh-ster; for 4–8 also lang-kas-ter] /ˈlæŋ kə stər; for 4–8 also ˈlæŋ kæs tər/
Spell
noun
1.
the English royal family that reigned 1399–1461, descended from John of Gaunt (Duke of Lancaster), and that included Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI.
Compare York (def 1).
a member of this family.
3.
a city in Lancashire , in NW England.
4.
a city in SE Pennsylvania.
5.
a town in S California.
6.
a city in central Ohio.
7.
a town in N Texas.
8.
a town in W New York.
9.
Examples from the Web for Lancaster
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Contemporary Examples
Joan Crawford had the inside track for Karen, though in 1952 she was six years older than Lancaster.
A History of the Oscar Powerhouse ‘From Here to Eternity’ Allen Barra February 28, 2014
Mrs. Lancaster: “I don't think so, but I could check with the kitchen.”
A Forgotten Hero Emily Sarah Holt
Why do they say my father is for Lancaster and the Red Rose?
Heraldry for Craftsmen & Designers William Henry St. John Hope
After this, both York and Lancaster retired from Court to their own country homes.
British Dictionary definitions for Lancaster
Expand
noun
1.
a city in NW England, former county town of Lancashire, on the River Lune: castle (built on the site of a Roman camp); university (1964). Pop: 45 952 (2001)
Lancaster2
the English royal house that reigned from 1399 to 1461
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for Lancaster
Expand
Loncastre (1086) "Roman Fort on the River Lune," a Celtic river name probably meaning "healthy, pure." The Lancastrians in the War of the Roses took their name from their descent from John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Howard Brown fronted which bank's tv adverts until 2008? | Halifax dumps Howard from its TV ads because he's too jolly for a recession | Daily Mail Online
Halifax dumps Howard from its TV ads because he's too jolly for a recession
comments
For the past eight years his jolly sing and dance routine has either cheered you up or driven you mad with irritation.
But now Howard Brown, the bespectacled star of the Halifax television adverts, looks like being another victim of the credit crunch.
The bank has decided that in the current gloomy economic climate his adverts are too cheerful.
Since 2000 Mr Brown has fronted Halifax's adverts as part of the 'staff as stars' campaign.
Too upbeat: Howard Brown will no longer be the face of Halifax because it wants a more serious tone to reflect current economic problems
The commercials feature ordinary staff members performing song and dance routines with lyrics doctored to advertise Halifax products.
Even though they were routinely voted the most annoying adverts on TV, they, and Mr Brown, have endured.
Mr Brown, 42, who was originally a cashier at a branch in Sheldon near Birmingham, made his break singing a reworked version of Tom Jones' 'Sex Bomb'.
He appeared in seven more adverts for Halifax including singing 'I'll give you extra' to the tune of 'Angel' by pop star Shaggy.
Howard feels the crunch: Apparently surfing in a suit and riding a giant bird isn't quite so amusing in these tough financial times
In one bizarre advert he straddled a giant swan while in another he sent up Gene Kelly's 'Singing in the rain' umbrella dance routine.
He quickly became a household name and was turned into a waxwork model by Madame Tussauds.
Halifax had so much faith in their 'brand ambassador' they even turned him into a computer generated character to give the bank a friendlier image.
Now he is facing the sack after Halifax reviewed their advertising contract.
Even though the bank awarded it to the same agency that conjured the 'staff for stars' campaign, an internal review concluded its marketing should be more serious.
Ambassador: Mr Brown, 42, has been the face of the bank for eight years since winning a talent show among employees for the role
Dan Shute, the director of the Halifax account at DLKW, said: "The financial world is very different in 2008 to the one that we started working with in the year 2000, so a change was necessary.
"But it would be wrong to suggest that this is a reassurance campaign from Halifax - it's just recognising that times have changed."
If the 'staff for stars' campaign is axed it throws into doubt the showbiz careers of other Halifax employees who have been catapulted to stardom.
Natalie Webster, 29, appeared in a version of Aretha Franklin's 'Think' while Thomas Yau, 25, plucked from a Halifax call centre in Leeds, was in the most recent ad.
Both have now returned to their regular jobs.
Mr Brown, who has made a cameo appearance in the BBC2 series 'The Office', could now pursue more TV work - or return to the cashier's desk.
Ride is over: Halifax will now be taking a more serious approach to its campaign
HBOS, which owns Halifax, could use a little cheer itself.
Last month it revealed pre tax profits had plunged 72% in the first six months of 2008 to £848m
The company also endured a 36% rise in bad debts to £1.31bn in the first half as hard-pressed customers struggled with repayments.
Yesterday a spokesman refused to deny Mr Brown had been dismissed.
He said: "We are looking into developing a new advertising campaign and it is too early to say what will be in it.
"It will be more about evolution rather than revolution."
Mr Brown was unavailable for comment, but the news will hit him hard.
He once said: "Being in the advertising campaign has changed my life tremendously. I sometimes feel like a popstar. People recognise me everywhere I go.'
| Halifax |
Which sci-fi series was the basis of the film Serenity and created by Buffy creator Joss Wheadon? | Second US equity firm in approach for Creston - Telegraph
Media and Telecoms
Second US equity firm in approach for Creston
Creston, the marketing conglomerate whose ad agency created celebrity gardener Diarmuid Gavin’s TV ads for Morrisons, has received an expression of interest in a buyout from its biggest shareholder.
By Juliette Garside
9:56PM BST 05 Oct 2008
Cartesian Capital Group, a US private equity firm which has built a holding in Creston of just over 10pc, is understood to have written to the board declaring its interest.
Creston is already under offer from another, un-named, American private equity group, and discussions are understood to be advanced. A source close to the talks said Cartesian, which is being advised by Hawkpoint Partners, had not indicated a price.
The independent non-executives, including Creston’s chairman David Marshall and Virgin Media executive Malcolm Wall, have told Cartesian that they will not engage in talks until they receive an indicative offer.
Cartesian is thought to have ruled out further discussions until its rival makes a firm bid.
The talks are for a management buyout led by founder and chief executive Don Elgie, at a price thought to be between 80p and 90p a share, which would value Creston at £40m. Its current market capitalisation is £26m.
Creston’s house bank, Barclays, is among a club of lenders looking to finance the deal. If the loan can be raised, it is likely to be in place by the end of this week.
With a turnover of £81m and pre-tax profits last year of almost £15m, Creston’s holdings include ad agency Delaney Lund Knox Warren (DLKW) and pollster ICM Group. DLKW is perhaps best known for plucking Howard Brown from obscurity to star in the Halifax ads.
A Creston buyout could be a prelude to consolidation within the raft of small marketing conglomerates listed on the London exchanges.
Hit by the de-rating of media stocks, these companies have seen their acquisition-fuelled growth stall, and analysts now see a need for consolidation between the holding groups.
Creston confirmed in a statement last month that a “possible offer has been received from a private equity firm which intends… to offer senior positions and equity participations” to Mr Elgie and other senior members of the management team.
Directors and staff control some 30pc of the stock, and any buyout is unlikely to happen without their consent.
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Which fruit grows on palm trees? | What Fruit Grows on Palm Trees? | Home Guides | SF Gate
What Fruit Grows on Palm Trees?
What Fruit Grows on Palm Trees?
The coconut palm is economically important to many developing countries.
Members of the family Arecaceae, palm trees are an ancient and diverse group of trees that bear fruit containing one or multiple seeds. Many of these fruits are hard or tough and suitable for consumption only by wildlife, such as birds and squirrels. However, a number of palms produce fruit that is good for human consumption or useful for other commercial purposes.
Coconut Palm
The coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) is a tall, tropical tree that grows well in U. S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 10b to 11. The fruit of the coconut palm consists of a fibrous, hard seed coat surrounding a large, edible seed or nut. The highly nutritious nutmeat has many culinary uses and can also be pressed to produce coconut milk. Coconut oil, an edible semi-solid fat extracted from the nutmeat, is used in chocolate and ice cream, as well as products such as soap, hair conditioner, ointments, lubricants, rubber and paint.
Date Palm
Members of the genus Phoenix, date palms range in height from 10 feet to more than 80 feet, depending on the species. Female date palms bear fruit if a male tree is nearby, but not all species bear fruit that is good for human consumption. The main trees used for commercial date production are the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and the silver date palm (Phoenix sylvestris), both of which grow in USDA zones 9 to 11. Dates are grown commercially throughout the Middle East and Northern Africa and also southern California and Arizona. Many types of date trees are grown as ornamental landscape plants throughout the southeastern and southwestern United States.
Jelly Palm
The jelly palm (Butia capitata) is a cold-hardy, small to medium-sized tree with long feathery leaves. It produces clusters of small edible yellowish-orange fruit. The fruit is sweet, but somewhat tart and fibrous and is often used to make jelly. Native to South America, the jelly palm tolerates occasional winter lows to 15 degrees Fahrenheit and grows well in USDA zones 8 to 9.
Chilean Wine Palm
The Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis) grows approximately 80 feet tall with a thick, sturdy trunk. This palm bears small orange fruits that contain brown hollow seeds about 2 inches in diameter. These seeds look and taste similar coconuts. The tree also produces a sugary sap that can be boiled down to make syrup or fermented to make wine. However, extracting the sap eventually kills the tree. The Chilean wine palm prefers cooler temperate areas and grows well in USDA zones 8 to 10.
Guadalupe Palm
The Guadalupe palm (Brahea edulis) prefers sunny Mediterranean climates and is hardy to 20 F. This tree is native to Guadalupe Island, a small volcanic island off the western coast of Mexico. The Guadalupe palm bears small fleshy fruit, similar in taste and texture to a date. The fruit is often used for making jelly and jam. This tree reaches about 30 feet tall in USDA zones 9a to 11.
Sunset Western Garden Book; Kathleen Norris Brenzel, ed.
About the Author
Based in the Atlanta area, Charlene Williams has been writing and editing since 1988. She has over 15 years of experience working as a technical writer in the software industry. She has worked as a freelance writer for the past five years, and is a contributing writer for eHow and Answerbag. Williams holds a Bachelor of Arts in English from Kennesaw State University.
Photo Credits
| Date |
What is the capital of the U.S. state of Hawaii? | Palm Tree | All About Palm Trees
Furniture, food, oil, shade, rope
Palm Trees
Palm trees are among the most exotic and recognizable foliage on the planet. While they may be known as the "Princes of the Vegetable Kingdom," most people associate Palms with the sun, sand and surf. Fortunately, you are not relegated to decorating your home with the blow-up versions. With a little know-how you too can transform your backyard into a luxurious Palm tree-lined oasis.
Appearance of the Tree
Palm Frond
The Palm's distinctive fronds and fruit make the tree stand out among its peers. However, despite its highly distinguishable appearance, there are nearly 3,000 different species of Palm trees throughout the world. Each type features a few similar characteristics, including:
Leaves: The leaves of the Palm are very large and are known as fronds. They are divided into two major groups: fan-shaped and feather-shaped. The former, also known as palmate, are characterized by large segments that spread out like fingers on a human hand. Meanwhile, the feather-shaped or pinnate variety, are characterized by leaves that sprout out along each side of a central axis and look like unruly tufts of hair.
Trunk: Most Palms feature tall, cylindrical trunks that look very similar to a columns or pillars. In some types, the trunk includes hooked prickles, while others boast smooth trunks with very few markings.
Flowers: Palm tree flowers are small and insignificant. They range in color from yellowish-green to light green and typically feature six stamens, though some Palm tree types have blossoms with twice as many of the stick-like offshoots.
Fruit: Palm fruits vary in size, color and character; however, the most recognizable is the coconut. The hard, brown fruit has a brown shell and an edible white interior. Other Palms produce a berry-like fruit with a fleshy rind that covers a hard kernel.
Palm Tree Fruit
Palm Tree Types
Coconut Palm
Palm trees are often associated with fun in the sun and other memorable moments spent in tropical locales. Not surprisingly, many homeowners enthusiastically plant Palms near their patios and pools to recreate those fond memories. However, before you start adding Palms to your property, it's a good idea to select a type that will prosper in your particular neck of the woods.
Some of the most popular types of Palm trees include:
Coconut Palm: Known for its versatile fruit, this Palm will keep producing coconuts until it reaches its 80th growing season. Another distinguishable trait is its massive height. Coconut Palms can grow up to 100 feet tall and feature a canopy of fronds that spread nearly 30 feet wide.
Needle Palm: This pokey Palm is native to the southeastern region of the United States. Its needle-like spines are similar to those found on a porcupine. Another notable characteristic is its small size. The needle Palm's height doesn't exceed 10 feet.
Foxtail Palm: The bulk of the foxtail population is centralized in Australia where it is known for its large leaves and small orange-red fruit. The tree grows to about 35 feet and thrives in direct sunlight.
Bismarck Palm: The stunning Bismarck captivates with its massive canopy. Native to Madagascar, the Palm got its name from the first chancellor of the German empire, Otto von Bismarck. The tree reaches a maximum height of 60 feet and is very hard to kill because it is tolerant of both extreme heat and cold.
Royal Palm: This majestic Palm soars nearly 80 feet into the air and sports a light grey, smooth trunk that is swollen at the base. Its bright green fronds decorate the top of the tree where white flowers blossom seasonally. The royal Palm needs direct sunlight and warm temperatures to prosper.
The Many Looks of the Palm Tree
Palm Coconuts
Oil for beauty products and cooking
Building material
In addition to coconuts, heart of Palm is another edible product of the tree that can be added to salads or stir-fry. Palm oil can also be extracted from the tree and used for industrial purposes.
Interesting Facts
Key to Palm Sunday
Palm trees have long secured their place in history, having been mentioned multiple times in both the Bible and the Koran. In the Christian faith, Jesus was greeted by a path of fronds as he entered Jerusalem on what is now known as Palm Sunday. In that instance the Palm symbolized victory.
Other interesting facts associated with the Palm tree include:
The trunks of Palm trees do not get thicker as they age; rather, they simply grow taller.
Some Palms have trunks that are as skinny as pencils.
Fossil Palm trees date back 100 million years to the Jurassic Era.
Muslims regard the Date Palm as the "tree of life," as its roots can be traced back more than 5,000 years.
Palm Diseases
Yellowing Frond
Palms are among the hardiest trees on the planet; however, they are susceptible to a few lethal diseases, such as:
Bud Rot: The disease is caused by a fungus which attacks the fronds of a Palm.
Fusarium Wilt: This is another Palm tree fungus which wilts fronds and causes them to lose their green color. Unfortunately, once a tree is infected with this disease, there is no way to cure it.
Lethal Yellowing: This disease robs Palms of essential nutrients and can spread rapidly from tree to tree.
In addition to the above diseases, Palm trees are a magnet for Palm aphids, spider mites, mealybugs, Palm weevils and caterpillars, which can cause irreparable harm if not addressed.
Palm Care
Most Palm trees are very easy to grow, but they are equally easy to kill if you don't care for them properly. If you are planning to grow Palms, it's a good idea to keep the following growing tips in mind:
Libya Palm Trees
Pruning: Do not over prune a Palm tree. The sturdy tree needs nutrients from older fronds to prosper.
Watering: Palm trees thrive in well-drained soil and should be watered on a regular basis. However, you don't want to over water your tree. If you notice the Palm fronds turning yellow or brown, then your tree is getting too much water.
Fertilizing: Do not add fertilizer to the soil when planting a new Palm, as it can damage the tree's roots and burn its trunk. Newly-planted Palms do not need fertilizer for the first three to four months.
Finally, planting a Palm in extremely cold temperatures will be a death sentence for the tree. Tropical Palm trees nee warm and humid weather to survive.
Copyright © 2012 LoveToKnow Corp., All Rights Reserved
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Saint Lucia is an island holiday destination in which sea? | St. Lucia | All Inclusive Caribbean Vacation Packages
Destination St. Lucia
Morgan Bay Restaurant at Sunset
St. Lucia hosts some of the most breathtaking and diverse scenery in all of the Caribbean. Gorgeous palm-fringed beaches, miles of unspoiled rainforest, a volcano with boiling sulphur springs, and natural waterfalls serve as a backdrop for some of the friendliest people in the world. Nestled between The Atlantic Ocean and the calm Caribbean Sea, St. Lucia’s majestic Piton Mountains meet the sea at every point. The volcanic island is more mountainous than many other Caribbean islands, with the highest point being Mount Gimie, at 950 metres (3,120 feet) above sea level. Due to its topography, St. Lucia hosts a multitude of outdoor adventures such as hiking, zip lining, safari tours, rain forest treks, and open-air gondola rides. The island is perfect for individual exploration as well; be it on bike, foot, or scooter. St. Lucia is also known for some of the best diving in the world (scuba and snorkel), as the underwater mountains create caves and reefs teaming with aquatic life. Speed boating, windsurfing, waterskiing, parasailing, and whale watching are all exciting above-water attractions available. The animal watching doesn’t end on the high season, though. When traveling through the rain forest, be sure to keep an eye out for exotic birds – either professionally or just for fun; this is one of the top spots in the world for rare sightings. St. Lucia hosts a yearly event called the Jazz and Arts Festival, which is the Caribbean’s premier cultural event. The 12-day festival, which runs through the end of April into May, attracts thousands of people who come to see world-acclaimed entertainers and artisans.
All-Inclusive Resorts in St. Lucia
| Caribbean Sea |
Which Prince featured in the title of the Chronicles Of Narnia film released in the summer of 2008? | Luxury St Lucia Resort & Hotel | Viceroy Sugar Beach
800 235 4300 (USA), International: +1 758 456 8000 [email protected]
Sugar Beach, A Viceroy Luxury Resort in St. Lucia
Where Heaven Meets Earth in a St Lucia Resort & Hotel
Our luxury St Lucia resort and hotel is set within over 100 acres of pristine rainforest on the site of an 18th Century sugar plantation and in the embrace of the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Pitons. The lushly landscaped grounds sweep down to the stunning white sand Sugar Beach and the glimmering Caribbean Sea. Discover our luxury St. Lucia resort today for a unforgettable island experience.
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On a beach, what colours are the flags denoting a lifeguard area? | Lifeguards and safety flags | nidirect
Keeping safe at the coast and rivers
Lifeguards and safety flags
Find out more about how you can stay safe on the coast. Whenever possible, try to find a beach with a lifeguard and always obey the safety flags and signs.
Where to find a lifeguard
To make sure you are safe, find a beach with a lifeguard. You can ask a lifeguard for advice about conditions in the water, like how strong the waves are, and where it's safe to swim.
Lifeguards also provide help if you get into difficulty in the water or on the beach. The Royal National Lifeguard Institution (RNLI) patrols more than 100 beaches in the UK during the summer months (May to September).
To find out which beaches are manned by lifeguards, check the Good Beach Guide.
Marine Conservation Society's Good Beach Guide
If you see someone in difficulty
Don't attempt a rescue - tell a lifeguard, or dial 999/112 and ask for the coastguard. These numbers apply in the Republic of Ireland too.
Pay attention to the safety flags on the beach
When you're on the beach, pay attention to the flags and signs. They give important safety information about the area you are in, like whether:
it's safe to swim
the beach is good for surfing or using pleasure craft, like yachts
there are any hazards in the area
The following is a list of the different coloured flags you may see on the beach and what they mean. You can also ask a lifeguard.
Red and yellow flags
These flags mark areas that are patrolled by lifeguards. These are the safest places to swim or use a bodyboard.
Red flags
A red flag indicates danger. Never enter the water when the red flag is flying.
Black and white chequered flags
If you see a black and white chequered flag, it means the area is safe for watercraft, like surfboards and kayaks. It's not safe to swim or use a bodyboard in these areas.
Orange windsocks
If you see an orange windsock flying, it means there are dangerous wind conditions. Never use an inflatable, like a tube or a dinghy, when the orange windsock is flying - you could get swept out to sea.
Other signs on the beach
Make sure you read and obey any safety signs you see at the entrance to the beach. These signs give information about what you can and can't do on the beach.
What to do if the beach doesn't have a lifeguard
Lifeguards aren't on duty all year round and some beaches have no lifeguards or safety signs at all. If there are no lifeguards on the beach when you arrive, you’ll need to look out for any risks and hazards yourself.
See the page below for more information about how to recognise hazards at the beach.
| red and yellow |
The use of what garden equipment is sometimes banned during particularily hot summers? | Lifeguards and safety flags | nidirect
Keeping safe at the coast and rivers
Lifeguards and safety flags
Find out more about how you can stay safe on the coast. Whenever possible, try to find a beach with a lifeguard and always obey the safety flags and signs.
Where to find a lifeguard
To make sure you are safe, find a beach with a lifeguard. You can ask a lifeguard for advice about conditions in the water, like how strong the waves are, and where it's safe to swim.
Lifeguards also provide help if you get into difficulty in the water or on the beach. The Royal National Lifeguard Institution (RNLI) patrols more than 100 beaches in the UK during the summer months (May to September).
To find out which beaches are manned by lifeguards, check the Good Beach Guide.
Marine Conservation Society's Good Beach Guide
If you see someone in difficulty
Don't attempt a rescue - tell a lifeguard, or dial 999/112 and ask for the coastguard. These numbers apply in the Republic of Ireland too.
Pay attention to the safety flags on the beach
When you're on the beach, pay attention to the flags and signs. They give important safety information about the area you are in, like whether:
it's safe to swim
the beach is good for surfing or using pleasure craft, like yachts
there are any hazards in the area
The following is a list of the different coloured flags you may see on the beach and what they mean. You can also ask a lifeguard.
Red and yellow flags
These flags mark areas that are patrolled by lifeguards. These are the safest places to swim or use a bodyboard.
Red flags
A red flag indicates danger. Never enter the water when the red flag is flying.
Black and white chequered flags
If you see a black and white chequered flag, it means the area is safe for watercraft, like surfboards and kayaks. It's not safe to swim or use a bodyboard in these areas.
Orange windsocks
If you see an orange windsock flying, it means there are dangerous wind conditions. Never use an inflatable, like a tube or a dinghy, when the orange windsock is flying - you could get swept out to sea.
Other signs on the beach
Make sure you read and obey any safety signs you see at the entrance to the beach. These signs give information about what you can and can't do on the beach.
What to do if the beach doesn't have a lifeguard
Lifeguards aren't on duty all year round and some beaches have no lifeguards or safety signs at all. If there are no lifeguards on the beach when you arrive, you’ll need to look out for any risks and hazards yourself.
See the page below for more information about how to recognise hazards at the beach.
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Complete the name of this popular ice cream flavour: Rum and _____? | Flavours | Snugburys
This one is special! Snugburys homemade chocolate brownie with dark malted chocolate ice cream.
Mint Choc Chip
Fresh, cool mint ice cream speckled with dark chocolate chips. We sorted through lots of chocolate chips to find the right ones, dark chocolate with a high cocoa content. They are so good its amazing they ever reach the ice cream!
Turkish Delight
Full of eastern promise? Well it tastes like it. This ice cream was a customer's suggestion and we love it. A rose water flavoured ice cream with a rich chocolate swirl.
Tropical Twist
A combination of refreshing mango sorbet and plain ice cream - this flavour really sums up summer for us!
Cappuccino Coffee
A difficult one this one! Was it to strong or not strong enough? We made batch after batch and believe we have recently perfected it; a full-bodied coffee ice cream with dark chocolate chips! The smell alone is sensational!
Mint Oreo Blitz
Double white mint ice cream, lashings of dark chocolate sauce and for the finale - bursting with Oreos.
Cherry Blizzard
A delicious white chocolate ice cream with a cherry ripple and chocolate cookie pieces. Sounds easy, but wait this was a development of our Cherry ice cream, which was SO loaded with cherries it was impossible to scoop. So we got our heads together (this is always the fun bit) and decided white chocolate ice cream (really creamy and smooth) would compliment the tart cherry ripple and then just to top it off some chocolate cookie pieces (I think we were in black forest land)!
Real Strawberry
We have fiddled with this recipe more than any other. We wanted a fresh strawberry taste - Chris was on a mission. Seven years after tweaking and readjusting this is it! We think this is one of the most difficult flavours to get right.
Raspberry Ripple
My favourite! Cool plain ice cream swirled with raspberry coulis. If you are a raspberry fan this one is for you.
Raspberry Pavola
A tricky ice cream to make (all those pips) however it is worth the effort! This wonderful raspberry ice cream (jam packed with fruit) then has a raspberry coulis ripple - then just to go overboard we have loaded in the meringues. There you have it - it's a Wow.
Damson and Sloe Gin
Last year it was a fantastic year for damsons. The trees on the farm were really heavy with fruit. We all set to making jam but really what we wanted to do make some great damson ice cream. We made pure damson ice cream which I must admit was very nice and tasted a bit like black cherry ice cream. However the breakthrough came when one of us suggested making sloe gin ice cream and making a damson ripple. Note the "one of us". We are all claiming this creation! It is superb!!!
Rum and Raisin
We are nearly drunk on the fumes when making our Rum and Raisin! The raisins are soaked in the rum overnight to make sure they are really plump then they are added to the rum ice cream, don't drink and drive.
Ginger and Honey
What a great combination of flavours! Acacia honey - not an overpowering honey flavour (as with oilseed rape honey) but a subtle honey flavour with quality pieces of ginger in every mouthful. Fabulous - on a cone or in a brandy snap-basket.
English Toffee
Wanting to create that melting, creamy toffee taste. We made English toffee ice cream. Chris, Ann and I spent a couple of wet winter afternoons tasting, mixing and cooking up the Big Toffee Taste. Great job this!
Yum Yum
There was no other name for this ice cream. A vanilla swirled with a special homemade liquid toffee, stuffed full of pecan nuts, chocolate chunks, biscuit bits and toffee pieces. Yum Yum!
Tropical Coconut
Forget paradise island (actually its horrid here today and paradise island sounds quite nice). tropical coconut ice cream loaded onto a cone with Dutch chocolate, I only have to shut my eyes and I'm there!
Maple and Walnut
For the sophisticated pallet this one! Wonderful maple syrup and natural brown sugar run through with walnuts. Sweet walnuts not bitter ones - we looked hard to find sweet ones.
Amaretto *Seasonal (Winter)*
A big hit with the Tony Christie fans - when Amarillo was in the charts this dedadent ice cream just danced out the doors. A really flavoursome little number.
Christmas Pudding *Seasonal*
The inspiration for our Christmas Pudding ice cream came from the big tradition we have in our house for homemade Christmas Pudding. There is always a great discussion about the ingredients, length of time for maturing, whose recipe we will use this year, and so on. It all starts with the stout (Guinness) and the Brandy! Into this pungent mix we soak lots of brazil nuts, pecan nuts, currants, sultanas, walnuts, prunes, raisins, (freshly squeezed and zested) oranges and lemons, cherries, candied peel and spices. It's the ice cream version of our homemade Christmas pud!
Diabetic Vanilla and Raspberry Ripple
Find out more about our delicious Diabetic ice cream - here
Lemon Sorbet
Freshly squeezed and zested lemons. This sorbet is fresh!
Raspberry Sorbet
| Raisin |
Which actress played Summer in the TV show The OC? | Flavours | Snugburys
This one is special! Snugburys homemade chocolate brownie with dark malted chocolate ice cream.
Mint Choc Chip
Fresh, cool mint ice cream speckled with dark chocolate chips. We sorted through lots of chocolate chips to find the right ones, dark chocolate with a high cocoa content. They are so good its amazing they ever reach the ice cream!
Turkish Delight
Full of eastern promise? Well it tastes like it. This ice cream was a customer's suggestion and we love it. A rose water flavoured ice cream with a rich chocolate swirl.
Tropical Twist
A combination of refreshing mango sorbet and plain ice cream - this flavour really sums up summer for us!
Cappuccino Coffee
A difficult one this one! Was it to strong or not strong enough? We made batch after batch and believe we have recently perfected it; a full-bodied coffee ice cream with dark chocolate chips! The smell alone is sensational!
Mint Oreo Blitz
Double white mint ice cream, lashings of dark chocolate sauce and for the finale - bursting with Oreos.
Cherry Blizzard
A delicious white chocolate ice cream with a cherry ripple and chocolate cookie pieces. Sounds easy, but wait this was a development of our Cherry ice cream, which was SO loaded with cherries it was impossible to scoop. So we got our heads together (this is always the fun bit) and decided white chocolate ice cream (really creamy and smooth) would compliment the tart cherry ripple and then just to top it off some chocolate cookie pieces (I think we were in black forest land)!
Real Strawberry
We have fiddled with this recipe more than any other. We wanted a fresh strawberry taste - Chris was on a mission. Seven years after tweaking and readjusting this is it! We think this is one of the most difficult flavours to get right.
Raspberry Ripple
My favourite! Cool plain ice cream swirled with raspberry coulis. If you are a raspberry fan this one is for you.
Raspberry Pavola
A tricky ice cream to make (all those pips) however it is worth the effort! This wonderful raspberry ice cream (jam packed with fruit) then has a raspberry coulis ripple - then just to go overboard we have loaded in the meringues. There you have it - it's a Wow.
Damson and Sloe Gin
Last year it was a fantastic year for damsons. The trees on the farm were really heavy with fruit. We all set to making jam but really what we wanted to do make some great damson ice cream. We made pure damson ice cream which I must admit was very nice and tasted a bit like black cherry ice cream. However the breakthrough came when one of us suggested making sloe gin ice cream and making a damson ripple. Note the "one of us". We are all claiming this creation! It is superb!!!
Rum and Raisin
We are nearly drunk on the fumes when making our Rum and Raisin! The raisins are soaked in the rum overnight to make sure they are really plump then they are added to the rum ice cream, don't drink and drive.
Ginger and Honey
What a great combination of flavours! Acacia honey - not an overpowering honey flavour (as with oilseed rape honey) but a subtle honey flavour with quality pieces of ginger in every mouthful. Fabulous - on a cone or in a brandy snap-basket.
English Toffee
Wanting to create that melting, creamy toffee taste. We made English toffee ice cream. Chris, Ann and I spent a couple of wet winter afternoons tasting, mixing and cooking up the Big Toffee Taste. Great job this!
Yum Yum
There was no other name for this ice cream. A vanilla swirled with a special homemade liquid toffee, stuffed full of pecan nuts, chocolate chunks, biscuit bits and toffee pieces. Yum Yum!
Tropical Coconut
Forget paradise island (actually its horrid here today and paradise island sounds quite nice). tropical coconut ice cream loaded onto a cone with Dutch chocolate, I only have to shut my eyes and I'm there!
Maple and Walnut
For the sophisticated pallet this one! Wonderful maple syrup and natural brown sugar run through with walnuts. Sweet walnuts not bitter ones - we looked hard to find sweet ones.
Amaretto *Seasonal (Winter)*
A big hit with the Tony Christie fans - when Amarillo was in the charts this dedadent ice cream just danced out the doors. A really flavoursome little number.
Christmas Pudding *Seasonal*
The inspiration for our Christmas Pudding ice cream came from the big tradition we have in our house for homemade Christmas Pudding. There is always a great discussion about the ingredients, length of time for maturing, whose recipe we will use this year, and so on. It all starts with the stout (Guinness) and the Brandy! Into this pungent mix we soak lots of brazil nuts, pecan nuts, currants, sultanas, walnuts, prunes, raisins, (freshly squeezed and zested) oranges and lemons, cherries, candied peel and spices. It's the ice cream version of our homemade Christmas pud!
Diabetic Vanilla and Raspberry Ripple
Find out more about our delicious Diabetic ice cream - here
Lemon Sorbet
Freshly squeezed and zested lemons. This sorbet is fresh!
Raspberry Sorbet
| i don't know |
In which month does midsummer's day occur? | Summer Solstice Traditions - History Lists
History Lists
June 18, 2013 By History.com Staff
Though a connection between the Celtic high priests and England's Stonehenge has never been reliably established, many people who identify as modern-day Druids still gather at the mighty monument every midsummer.
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For many bygone civilizations, the summer solstice—the longest day of the year—was endowed with great significance. People celebrated this special day, which falls in June in the northern hemisphere and is also known as midsummer, with festivals, celebrations and other observances, some of which still survive or have experienced a revival in modern times.
Ancient Greeks
According to certain iterations of the Greek calendar—they varied widely by region and era—the summer solstice was the first day of the year. Several festivals were held around this time, including Kronia, which celebrated the agriculture god Cronus. The strict social code was temporarily turned on its head during Kronia, with slaves participating in the merriment as equals or even being served by their masters. The summer solstice also marked the one-month countdown to the opening of the Olympic games.
Ancient Romans
In the days leading up to the summer solstice, ancient Romans celebrated the Vestalia festival, which paid tribute to Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. Rituals included the sacrifice of an unborn calf remove from its mother’s womb. This was the only time of the year when married women were allowed to enter the sacred temple of the vestal virgins and make offerings to Vesta there.
Ancient Chinese
The ancient Chinese participated in a ceremony on the summer solstice to honor the earth, femininity and the force known as yin. It complemented the winter solstice ritual, which was devoted to the heavens, masculinity and yang. Ancient Northern and Central European Tribes Many Germanic, Slavic and Celtic pagans welcomed summer with bonfires, a tradition that is still enjoyed in Germany, Austria, Estonia and other countries. Some ancient tribes practiced a ritual in which couples would jump through the flames to predict how high that year’s crops would grow.
Vikings
Midsummer was a crucial time of year for the Nordic seafarers, who would meet to discuss legal matters and resolve disputes around the summer solstice. They would also visit wells thought to have healing powers and build huge bonfires. Today, “Viking” summer solstice celebrations are popular among both residents and tourists in Iceland.
Native Americans
Many Native American tribes took part in centuries-old midsummer rituals, some of which are still practiced today. The Sioux, for instance, performed a ceremonial sun dance around a tree while wearing symbolic colors. Some scholars believe that Wyoming’s Bighorn medicine wheel, an arrangement of stones built several hundred years ago by the Plains Indians, aligns with the solstice sunrise and sunset, and was therefore the site of that culture’s annual sun dance.
Maya and Aztecs
While not much is known of how exactly the mighty pre-Columbian civilizations of Central America celebrated midsummer, the ruins of their once-great cities indicate the great significance of that day. Temples, public buildings and other structures were often precisely aligned with the shadows cast by major astrological phenomena, particularly the summer and winter solstices.
Druids
The Celtic high priests known as the Druids likely led ritual celebrations during midsummer, but—contrary to popular belief—it is unlikely that these took place at Stonehenge, England’s most famous megalithic stone circle. Still, people who identify as modern Druids continue to gather at the monument for the summer solstice, winter solstice, spring equinox and autumn equinox.
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| June |
How many players compete in a professional beach volleyball game? | Midsummer - definition of midsummer by The Free Dictionary
Midsummer - definition of midsummer by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/midsummer
Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia .
mid·sum·mer
1. The middle of the summer.
2. The summer solstice, on or about June 21 in the Northern Hemisphere.
midsummer
a. the middle or height of the summer
b. (as modifier): a midsummer carnival.
2. (Astronomy) another name for summer solstice
mid•sum•mer
1. the middle of summer.
2. the summer solstice, around June 21.
adj.
3. of, pertaining to, or occurring in the middle of the summer.
[before 900]
June 21 , summer solstice
June - the month following May and preceding July
solstice - either of the two times of the year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator
summer , summertime - the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox; "they spent a lazy summer at the shore"
Translations
in midsummer → en pleno verano
"Midsummer Night's Dream" → "El sueño de una noche de verano "
B. CPD Midsummer('s) Day N → Día m de San Juan (24 junio)
midsummer madness N → locura f pasajera
midsummer
modif [day, morning] → d'été
a midsummer day in the midst of a heat-wave → un jour d'été en pleine canicule
"A Midsummer Night's Dream" by William Shakespeare → " Songe d'une nuit d'été" de William ShakespeareMidsummer Day Midsummer's Day n → Saint-Jean fmid-term blues n [government] → chute f de popularité de milieu de mandat midterm elections [ˌmɪdtɛrmɪˈlɛkʃənz] npl → élections fpl de mi-mandatmidterm exams [ˌmɪdtɛrmɪgˈzæmz] npl → examens mpl de mi-trimestre
midsummer
[ˈmɪdˌsʌməʳ] n → piena estate f
midsummer
(midˈsamə) noun
the middle of summer. It happened in midsummer; (also adjective) a midsummer day. midsomer مُنْتَصَف الصَّيْف в средата на лятото pleno verão uprostřed léta der Hochsommer midsommer; midsommer- μεσοκαλόκαιρο pleno verano südasuvi نیمه تابستان juhannus coeur de l'été; estival אֶמצָע הַקַיִץ गर्मियों का मध्य sredina ljeta nyárközép pertengahan musim panas mið-/hásumar; tíminn í kringum sumarsólstöður (21. júní) mezza estate , solstizio d'estate; di mezza estate 真夏 한여름 vidurvasaris, vasarvidis vasaras vidus/saulgrieži pertengahan musim panas midzomer midt på sommeren środek/pełnia lata د وړى نيمايى pleno verão miezul verii середина лета uprostred leta sredina poletja sredina leta midsommar ช่วงกลางฤดูร้อน yaz ortası 仲夏, 夏至 середина літа گرمائی شمسی انقلاب thời điểm giữa mùa hè 仲夏，夏至
Midsummer ˈDay noun
the 24th of June when the saint's day of St. John the Baptist is celebrated. St Jan-dag 24 حُزَيْران Енъовден Dia de São João svátek svatého Jana 24. června der Midsommer Sankthansdag η 24η Ιουνίου día de San Juan jaanipäev جشن 24 ژوئن juhannuspäivä יְמֵי אֶמצָע הַקַיִץ गर्मियों के दिन Ivanje, 24. lipnja Szent Iván napja Tanggal 24 Juni (giorno di San Giovanni Battista) ヨハネ祭 요한제(祭) Joninės Sv. Jāņa Kristītāja diena, Vasaras saulgrieži; Jāņu diena Tanggal 24 Jun Sint-Jan (naamdag) jonsok-/sankthansdag 24 czerwca, środek lata د جون ۲۴ جشن Иванов день letný slnovrat, 24. jún kres Dan Svetog Jovan midsommardagen วันที่ 24 มิถุนายน ; วันนักบุญเซนต์จอห์น Yaz Bayramı 施洗約翰節(6月24日)，仲夏節(6月24日) Іванів день جون 24 کا دن ngày hạ chí 施洗约翰节（6月24日）
Midsummer ˈEve noun
St Jan-nag ليلَة 24 حُزَيْران вечерта на Енъовден Noite de São João Svatojanská noc, předvečer 24. června der Midsommerabend Sankthansaften η παραμονή της 24ης Ιουνίου noche de San Juan jaanilaupäev شب جشن 24 ژوئن juhannusaatto Saint Jean עֶרֶב שֶׁל אֶמצָע הַקַיִץ गर्मियों की शाम ljetno veče Szent Iván-éj Malam Tanggal 24 Juni (vigilia del giorno di San Giovanni Battista) ヨハネ祭の前夜 요한제의 전야 Joninių naktis Līgo vakars malam 24 Jun avond vóór Sint-Jan jonsok-/sankthanskveld noc świętojańska د جون د جشن شپه канун Иванова дня svätojánska noc, večer pred sv. Jánom večer pred kresom veče uoči Dana sv. Jovana midsommarafton คืนช่วงกลางฤดูร้อน Yaz Bayramı arifesi 仲夏夜 напередодні Іванова дня جون 24 کی شام đêm hạ chí 仲夏夜
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Soleil means sun in which language? | Soleil - Meaning Of Soleil, What Does Soleil Mean?
What does Soleil mean?
The name Soleil is of French origin.
The meaning of Soleil is "sun".
Soleil is generally used as a girl's name.
It consists of 6 letters and 3 syllables and is pronounced So-le-al.
The Given Name Soleil
The celestial name Soleil, has a wonderfully sweet quality.
A name fit for a child full of strength and distinction, a little explorer.
A creative name, that may be just right for you.
Soleil falls into the celestial name category.
Soleil Popularity
In the U.S. in 2015, it ranked 1,850 in baby name popularity for girls with 111 occurrences. Less than 5 boys were given the name.
In contrast, the year before it ranked 1,473 in baby name popularity for girls with 152 occurrences. Less than 5 boys were given the name.
The trend's your friend. See how Soleil has changed in popularity since 1880 by visiting the Soleil Name Popularity Page .
Soleil Related Names
| French |
The Costa del Sol is a region of which country? | Urban Dictionary: Soleil
French-The sun
also
A very velupsious girl and pretty. Can be jealous but not overly jealous. Is a tease, if you are trying to "get some" from a Soleil think again you might have to wait until marriage. Can be very violent. Dont get her mad cuz she can knock you out. Doesnt have the best choice of people that she hangs out with but she doesnt judge. Older men are usually attracted to a Soleil. Soleil's usually dont look their age, they look about 2 or 3 years older. Likes long term relationships,can fall for someone very easily. Ususlly perfers carmel colored guys. Never dates anyone her own age even though she might find them attractive.
Guy 1-did your girl give it up yet?
Guy 2-heck naw shes such a Soleil!
Soleil
A hot chick that does her own thing. Doesn't like to put up with BS so save it bc she's too tired looking pretty, and being AWESOME. GREAT DANCER...you could watch her ALLllllllll night;) You wanna hook up, but your probably too intimidated by her swinging a$$ to say 'hi'. If you aren't then your probably drunk/stupid/FUCKING AWESOME..esp at dancing. Prob looks young for her age and that is both appealing and weird until you know for sure.
DAMN! that chick is such a Soleil. Lookit those moves. If I wasn't so drunk, and retarded I'd try and bust a move up on that. But for now 'll admire from afar and smile and hope she notices.
NIiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiceeeeeeeeee!!! that Soleil is F-ing hawt!!!
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In a hit film from the summer of 2008, Robert Downey Jr. played a man made of what? | With ‘Iron Man,’ Robert Downey Jr. Winks at His Past and Looks to Transcend It - The New York Times
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Robert Downey Jr. in "Iron Man." Credit Industrial Light & Magic/Paramount Pictures
LOS ANGELES
LOOK at him standing there, a great big movie star in a great big movie, the Iron Man with nary a trace of human frailty. A scant five years ago the only time you saw Robert Downey Jr. getting big play in your newspaper came when he was on a perp walk.
Yet when it came time for Marvel Studios to cast the lead for a huge franchise film, “Iron Man,” it bet on Mr. Downey. He is not only back in the game but at the top of it. Is this a great country or what?
For years Mr. Downey has been tagged with two shorthand references: “The greatest actor of his generation” (for his Oscar-nominated role in “Chaplin” ) was usually quickly followed by “drug-addled lowlife” (based on multiple arrests and relapses). When it comes to that duality Mr. Downey is elliptical, but there is no mistaking that beneath all that allegorical talk there is the beating heart of a ferociously ambitious actor. Now sober, highly productive (he’ll be in Ben Stiller’s “Tropic Thunder” this summer) and very much engaged as he sits in his home at the end of a cul-de-sac in Brentwood, Mr. Downey seems less surprised than the rest of us.
“The people who made this movie said they were going to screen-test some people, and I thought: ‘Well, that’s how I got “Chaplin.” Maybe this will work again,’ ” he said. “If you’re going to spend a hundred million bucks on a movie, why not see who works?”
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It doesn’t take much more than a viewing of the “Iron Man” trailer to sense that Mr. Downey walked on the set and said, “Yeah, I got this.” And there is a sincere logic behind his casting in this estimated $130 million movie, scheduled to open May 2. The back story of genius-inventor-billionaire-arms dealer Tony Stark is plenty textured: he likes big weapons and fast women and seems to have misplaced his conscience, so it makes sense that the man who steps into both his suit of armor and his role as superhero has manifest feet of clay. After a life of squandered promise spreading mayhem everywhere, our hero has a near-death experience and finds within himself the angel of his better nature. Ring any bells?
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“There are things we know about just from reading the newspaper,” said Jeff Bridges, who plays a surprisingly affable villain to Mr. Downey’s superhero. “He doesn’t have to do anything to make it happen. The audience brings that darker part of the story into the theater. And his wit and improvisation bring it home.”
Jon Favreau, the writer of “Swingers” and the director of “Elf” and now “Iron Man,” said that casting Mr. Downey was far from a source of stress.
“Nobody went to see a movie about the pirate ride at Disneyland,” Mr. Favreau said by phone. “They got interested in it because of Johnny Depp. When Robert was cast in ‘Iron Man,’ it was as if a weight had been lifted off my shoulders. He was not the obvious choice, but my larger fear was making a mediocre movie; the landscape of the superhero is very picked over. I knew that Robert’s performance would elevate the movie.”
Although “Iron Man” is Marvel Studios’ first self-financed movie — Paramount is distributing — Marvel did not consider casting Mr. Downey to be a risk. “That an actor of his caliber and talent was willing to submit to a screen test spoke volumes about his enthusiasm,” said Kevin Feige, president for production at Marvel Studios. “And his past was not a huge issue. The fact that Disney had already cast him in ‘The Shaggy Dog’ suggested that he was more than ready to do another family-oriented film.”
Iron Man is a thoroughly mortal superhero, the product of Yankee ingenuity rather than a genetic mutation or spider bite. In the film Tony Stark is imprisoned by malevolent jihadi forces in Afghanistan, but uses cunning, heavy metal and an injured but increasingly palpable heart to perform a spectacular jail break. In order to do so, he builds a kind of supercharged exoskeleton that is the other star of the show, an anthropomorphized apparatus that takes some fashion tips from the Transformers but is radical and shiny enough to impress and perhaps excite a jaded action-adventure audience.
Photo
Robert Downey Jr., the star of the coming big-budget action movie Iron Man. Credit J. Emilio Flores for The New York Times
A trace of that armor still seemed to be in place early on a recent afternoon in Los Angeles. Mr. Downey used grand flights of rhetoric to glide past questions about his past, dwelling instead on getting mobbed at Comic-Con in San Diego by all the “Iron Man” nerds and rubbing his hands together at the planned global tour on behalf of the behemoth.
When serious actors take on jobs involving comic books and hours in machines and makeup, they generally plug their noses and take the paycheck. Mr. Downey is having none of that. At 43 he is thrilled to be fit enough — he had spent the morning with the living room furniture pushed aside for instruction in wing chun, a Chinese martial art built on aggressive, close combat — to play a hero. He views the Big Comic Book Movie as a kind of arrival after years of lead roles in movies like “The Singing Detective” and “The Gingerbread Man,” which had cinematic pedigrees but little in the way of audiences.
“I’ve been in big movies before and never had a problem with them,” he said, munching a carry-out lunch of sole underneath a gigantic Tobias Keene painting. (one of two in the room). “What is creepy and obvious is that the market was suddenly flooded with morons who thought, ‘If I’ve got $500,000, I can make a baseball cap that has a company name on it and say I’m a filmmaker.’ ”
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“On the contrary,” he added, “I am thrilled to have made this movie with Jon. I seem to have been the person who’s had to wait the longest for this kind of gratification.” He leaned forward so that the multi-hued stone medallions on a leather strap dangled as he spoke. “It took a while. Richard Attenborough,” he said, invoking the name of the director of “Chaplin,” “told me that one day your ambition will supersede all of these other impulses you have, and that will help set you straight.”
Mr. Downey’s ambition is getting some other room to work. Later this summer he will show up as Kirk Lazarus in “Tropic Thunder,” a comedy that throws multiple grenades at war movie clichés. Mr. Downey’s character is an extremely mannered Australian Method actor who undergoes a pigment change to play a soulful black soldier. There is rich historical resonance in the turn. In his writer-director father’s signature film, “Putney Swope,” the senior Mr. Downey substituted his own voice for that of Arnold Johnson, his black lead. (In “Tropic Thunder,” however, the racial co-option is mocked mightily by the character played by Brandon T. Jackson, a member of the platoon who is black.) And he has just finished filming “The Soloist,” about a homeless schizophrenic who nurses hopes of performing at Walt Disney Concert Hall.
So, superhero, arch comic in blackface and sympathetic nutball. Not inconsistent with a career that has included “Chaplin,” “Natural Born Killers,” “Less Than Zero” and “Kiss Kiss Bang Bang,” among some 50 other films.
Then again, he was extraordinary in other ways, once showing up to meet the director Mike Figgis two hours late, barefoot, with a loaded shotgun he could not quite explain. It was a while in coming, but in 1996 police officers who stopped Mr. Downey noticed he was packing an unloaded .357 Magnum, along with small amounts of heroin and cocaine. Just a month after that he was cited for trespassing and being under the influence of a controlled substance after passing out in a neighbor’s (empty at the time) home.
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There were rehabs that did not work, followed by jails that did not impress, ending in hard time, twice, including a one-year stint in a state lockup where he had to fight to find a place to stand.
A winking nod to that tumultuous history is baked into the banter in “Iron Man.” The movie opens with Mr. Downey’s mitt wrapped around a tumbler of whiskey, rumbling along in a Humvee, AC/DC’s “Back in Black” blasting on the soundtrack and Mr. Downey acting all lusty and incorrigible. And when Gwyneth Paltrow’s character, the dewy-eyed, ever-loyal assistant he sees with new eyes by the end of the film, learns about his alter ego, Mr. Downey’s Tony Stark goes deadpan.
“Let’s face it,” he says. “This is not the worst thing you’ve caught me doing.”
That running dialogue — between audience and actor, between Mr. Downey’s past and present — gives the film a symbolic power not usually found in comic book movies. In the interview he preferred to leave that history between the lines.
“It has struck me lately that I don’t have to talk about last century at all,” he said with a dismissive wave. But he does so, obliquely.
Photo
Robert Downey Jr. in Tropic Thunder, far left, with, from left, Jay Baruchel, Nick Nolte, Jack Black, Ben Stiller and Brandon T. Jackson. Credit Merie Weismiller Wallace/DreamWorks
“I have a really interesting political point of view, and it’s not always something I say too loud at dinner tables here, but you can’t go from a $2,000-a-night suite at La Mirage to a penitentiary and really understand it and come out a liberal. You can’t. I wouldn’t wish that experience on anyone else, but it was very, very, very educational for me and has informed my proclivities and politics every since.”
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(Suffice it to say he is not one of the Hollywood types who weeps over innocents trapped behind bars.)
His romance with mood-altering chemicals didn’t end after he got out of prison. By 2003 he was an uninsurable serial relapser famous for being pulled out of hotels or other people’s homes in an addled, disheveled state. As a movie star with a lot of pals, he lived a life beyond consequence until he finally wore out the endless mercies of the entertainment business. After he was fired from his spot on “Ally McBeal,” the bottom finally came, at a Burger King of all places.
On or around Independence Day in 2003, he stopped at a Burger King on the Pacific Coast Highway and threw all his drugs in the ocean. And while he was sitting there chewing on a burger, he decided he was done. This being America, five years later you can walk into that Burger King, and if you order a Kids Meal you can get your own Robert Downey Jr. action figure, wrapped up in gadget ware. (And what does Tony Stark want when he escapes his kidnappers? A good old American cheeseburger — from Burger King, natch.)
Today he appears to be happily married, to the producer Susan Levin, and to have a good relationship with his teenage son from a previous marriage, Indio, who stops by at the end of the interview. All of this has come to rest in a gorgeous but not gigantic house, in a room suffused with light that bounces off a grand piano that preoccupies the room and much of his free time. It’s the kind of story that might make some misty, but Mr. Downey is more prone to the mystical.
“If I see somebody who is throwing their life away with both hands and is raging around and destroying their family, I can’t understand that person,” he said. “I’m not in that sphere of activity anymore, and I don’t understand it any more than I understood 10 or 20 years ago that somehow everything was going to turn out O.K. from this lousy, exotic and dark triple chapter of my life. I swear to God I don’t even really understand that planet anymore.”
Mr. Downey, who has said that he woke up in a pool of his own blood a time or two when he was in prison, is a fighter. “Probably the biggest thing that Tony Stark and I have in common is the hardware of conflict, the courage under fire,” he said, setting aside his lunch on a tray. “I don’t really fit in so good outside the military bases with my mentality.”
And he has strong, if mostly unarticulated, feelings about the people who raced ahead in the public consciousness while he was otherwise occupied. He noted that a picture of Leonardo DiCaprio was prominently displayed in The Los Angeles Times that day, even though Mr. Downey is the one with the full dance card.
“Yeah, to do this big globe-hopping thing for ‘Iron Man,’ my ego is saying this is a victory tour,” he said. “I’m all for chanting your own name, I’m all for that kind of pride, go with that a little bit, but that’s just a firing pin to give you that energy to get through all the stuff.”
Ambition of a very present-tense, urgent sort is part of what keeps Mr. Downey on the road away from trouble, as opposed to heading back toward it. The three bags of black tea in his mug are about as strong and wacky as it gets these days, but there will be trials.
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“I don’t think I will never go that fast again, but that is based on my behavior moment to moment, whether I’m able to maintain this nice groove I’m on or whether it will all go away in a second for something that I could justify or rationalize that was none of my own doing. But that isn’t real. This,” he said, gesturing around the nice house with the nice family supported by an increasingly nice career, “is real.”
A version of this article appears in print on , on Page AR1 of the New York edition with the headline: Been Up, Been Down. Now? Super. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
| Iron |
What type of summer clothing is an espadrille? | Audience Reviews for Iron Man
½
I admit, I was expecting this to be dreadful but I was wrong, its amazingly very good. The usual obvious origins story line of course with everything you tend to expect when a super heroic legend begins. The first thing that hit me was the suit, its sex on a stick for sure! it looks so so damn cool. The way it attaches itself to Downey and locks in place, the HUD display in the helmet, the weapons on the arm sections, its fantastic, finally there's a competitor to the Stormtrooper armour. This is what I wanna see for the next Robocop, but with a more violent tone of course. This movie shows what can be done if done right, how 'Transformers' could have looked, its very impressive indeed. Not only are the actual Iron Man suits extremely well made for real in certain sequences, but the CGI is top notch in other outlandish sequences. I'm no fan of CGI I won't deny but even this shocked me, I fully expected this film to look bad obvious plastic and fake, but bugger me if the CGI wasn't fudging amazing! Best damn CGI I've seen in ages, I loved the new shiny looking suit effects but I loved the battered scratched used CGI effects even more. It could of been so easy to keep everything looking nice sparkly and new, but like Star Wars the used universe works wonders and a beaten up Iron Man suit looks brilliant. The first action scene where Stark gets back at the terrorists that captured him is excellent, really action packed and gets you right into the action and wanting more. You really get behind Stark as he powers the terrorists through walls and takes them out with tiny missiles, superb intro for the suit with an awesome and highly grounded action sequence (wouldn't blame you for thinking any action was gonna be hokey). The finale battle with bridges character is a little silly and kinda loses that realistic feel, really goes into the comicbook realms and almost looks a bit like 'Transformers' at times *shudders!*. Its still handled well and of course looks excellent, much better than Bay's robot film as you can actually make out what's going on. Plus its not too over the top, it just about remains reasonably sensible...well as sensible as a comicbook action flick goes anyway. The cast is also spot on for once, Downey is great as Stark, his humour is dry witty sarcastic and does raise a giggle for the older audience members. Bridges does look powerful and evil as the bald villain, he has that deep thick voice which serves him well, didn't see quite enough of him being evil here. Paltrow was also OK, a little annoying with her screams all the time but I guess that's what heroines do in these type of films. There were a few bits I didn't get on with too well, when he's captured by the terrorists he makes his initial suit very quickly, a little too quickly maybe. At the end he refers to himself as Iron Man but this is never mentioned throughout, it just pops up at the end which is weird. Why does he tell the world he is Iron Man at the end? did he make up the name there and then? and why does he show the injury on his chest with a circular glow? surely that's just asking for trouble. Maybe these are things you know if your a fanboy. I would like to ask for no more bloody Stan Lee cameos, Jesus!...yes you made up the characters, we get it, get of your high horse already. Anyway, yes this was a great fun film for everyone to enjoy. Still very surprised it turned out so well and with such good looking CGI! Would have laid money on this being a childish poor looking mess. For once I am looking forward to a sequel.
Phil Hubbs
| i don't know |
Which London football team earned the nickname the crazy gang? | London Football Club Guide
London Football Club Guide
Football Clubs A to Z
From Arsenal to Wycombe Wanderers
Other London Clubs
Barnet
Former owner Stan Flashman, a famous ticket tout, stumped up the cash that helped the Bees gain league status in 1991. Now Stan has gone, the money is tight and Barnet have blown the chance to climb into the Second Division this season.
Ground: Underhill
Brentford
Despite being famous for having the only ground in the country (the world?) with a pub on each corner, Brentford have been deprived of glory for many a year. The Bees heyday was the 1940s and many of the club's distinctly aged crowd remember the era well. Still, promotion is on this year, cor lummey.
Ground: Griffin Park
Crystal Palace
One of the country's top yo-yo clubs, Palace find it tricky sticking to any one division, having been up to the Premiership and down again twice in the last five years. Two years ago Palace missed out on promotion to the last kick - an opposition goal - in a play-off final, last season they scored in the final seconds of the final to enter the big boys once more.
This season they are once more struggling despite the services of Juventus duo, Lombardo and Padavano.
Ground: Selhurst Park (Wimbledon are tenants)
Nickname: Eagles
Leyton Orient
Exotic sounding name belies a very nuts and bolts club, recently bought by snooker impresario Barry Hearn. Beached in mid-table, the O's must wait until next season to reap the benefits of Hearn's self-proclaimed organisational genius.
Ground: Brisbane Road
Nickname: O's
Luton Town
Little Luton were forever in the headlines in the 1980s. The Hatters were the first club to install a plastic pitch, the first club to ban away fans, and the first celebrate when they beat mighty Arsenal in the League Cup Final of 1988. They've ripped up the plastic and let in visiting supporters since then, but have slipped down the divisions as well. A return to the First Division looks on for this next season.
Ground: Kenilworth Road
Nickname: Hatters
Millwall
Now being run by evil sounding 'financial administrators', the Lions are paying the heavy price of building a brand, spanking new stadium a couple of years ago on the hope they would reach the Premiership. Instead they reached the second division and now face a bleak future. Ground: The New Den
Nickname: Lions
Queen's Park Rangers
Constantly fighting for breathing space with their powerful neighbours (Chelsea to the west, Tottenham to the northeast) Rangers periodically emerge from the shadows with a brand of pretty football that has admirers, like those from the nearby BBC TV centre, cooing. The Superhoops are now backed by media mogul Chris Wright and his money should see QPR reach the Premiership next season.
Ground: Loftus Road
Watford
Watford came to everyone's notice in the 1980s when Elton John's money and Graham Taylor's long ball game combined to send the Hornets from bottom to top divison in half a decade. Both men left the club but two years ago came back and have repeated history to take this most unfashionable of clubs back to the top flight.
Wimbledon
Johnny-come-latelys who have managed to stay in the top flight for a decade, despite existing on crowds of fewer than 10,000 and selling most of their best players in a series of summer sales. This season the Dons have defied yet more odds by sticking with the leaders at the top and reaching the final stages of two cups.
Ground: Selhurst Park
Trademark Chant: Come On You Dons
Nickname: Dons, The Crazy Gang
One word to the wise: Workrate
Insider info: Explain that you've supported the Dons since before they were a league club
Wycombe Wanderers
Already all the euphoria of getting into the league a few years ago has evaporated as the Wanderers stare relegation in the face.
Ground: Adams Park
| Wimbledon |
Which player was involved in Britain's first million pound transfer? | Don Howe obituary | Football | The Guardian
Don Howe obituary
Footballer who became one of the great coaches in the British game
Don Howe playing for Arsenal in 1966. Photograph: Central Press/Getty Images
Thursday 24 December 2015 08.40 EST
Last modified on Monday 4 April 2016 07.31 EDT
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Don Howe, who has died aged 80, made a bigger name for himself in football as No 2 to a succession of managers than most have done from being in the hot seat itself. Following a successful playing career in the 1950s and 60s for West Bromwich Albion , Arsenal and England, he was intermittently appointed to a number of high-profile managerial posts. But it was in the influential position of head coach or assistant manager that Howe really made his mark.
An instrumental backroom figure with Bertie Mee ’s league and cup double-winning Arsenal side of 1971, he was a more than able lieutenant to the England managers Ron Greenwood , Bobby Robson and Terry Venables, and helped to engineer FA Cup wins for Arsenal under Terry Neill in 1979 and for Wimbledon under Bobby Gould in 1988. A master tactician with great insight into the game, particularly in terms of defence, he was one of the best coaches Britain has ever produced.
Howe’s achievements in the coaching sphere should not, however, overshadow his accomplishments on the pitch. A gifted and thoughtful player, he was generally regarded as West Brom’s best ever right-back, and appeared 23 times for his country. He was a mainstay of the 1958 World Cup finals in Sweden, where England narrowly lost out on a quarter-final place after defeat in a play-off against the Soviet Union.
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Howe, right, with Terry Venables at the England training camp at Bisham Abbey, Berkshire, in 1995. Photograph: Ross Kinnaird/Getty Images
Just about the only unremarkable aspect of Howe’s footballing life was his managerial record. At various stages between 1971 and 1992 he had stints in charge at West Brom, Galatasaray , Arsenal, Queens Park Rangers and Coventry City, yet rarely suggested that the wider aspects of management were his strongest suit. Coaching was what he did best.
Born in Wolverhampton, where he went to St Peter’s Collegiate school , Howe joined First Division West Brom as a youth player in 1950 and turned professional in 1952, although it was three years before he made his debut. He played 342 league matches for the club, and by 1957 was making his first appearance for England, in a home international against Wales, at the age of 22. His 23 international caps came in a flurry from 1957 to 1959, before he lost his place to Jimmy Armfield, and he was ever present in the 1958 World Cup finals, where he was one of only six England players to play in all four matches – alongside the likes of Robson, Johnny Haynes and the captain, Billy Wright .
It was Wright, as manager of Arsenal in 1964, who helped to persuade Howe to move from West Brom to London for a fee of £42,000. But in 1966, after 70 league appearances as captain of his new club, Howe broke his leg and never played in the first team again. Fortunately his England manager of 1958, Walter Winterbottom , had persuaded him to prepare for such a day, and over the years Howe had become a regular attender at the Football Association’s Lilleshall training centre in Shropshire, readying himself for a coaching career.
Moving straight on to the backroom staff at Arsenal, he initially became chief coach under the inexperienced Mee. By 1969 he had become Mee’s No 2, helping Arsenal to win the 1970 Fairs Cup (4-3 on aggregate against Anderlecht) and then the double in 1970-71, when they took both the league, by a point from Leeds United, and the FA Cup, defeating Liverpool 2-1. Notwithstanding Mee’s contribution, Howe was widely held to be the chief architect of those feats, and was immediately offered the manager’s job at West Brom. He had four seasons there, but his team were relegated from the First Division in his second campaign, and he failed to get them back up again.
After a brief period as a coach under Armfield at Leeds, Howe had a year in Turkey managing Galatasaray before returning to Leeds as assistant manager, again with Armfield. But he was tempted back to Highbury in 1977 as head coach under his former Arsenal team-mate Neill, who was only a year or so into his seven-year tenure at the club. In the following seasons Howe coached the team to three consecutive FA Cup finals – winning one of them, in 1979, 3-2 against Manchester United – and to the European Cup Winners’ Cup final in 1980, which was lost on penalties to Valencia. In 1981 he was simultaneously brought in by Greenwood as a part-time England coach, and when Greenwood left, his successor, Robson, kept him on.
After Neill was sacked in late 1983, Howe was made caretaker manager at Arsenal, taking up the post full-time a few months later. There was nothing worse than seventh place during his three-season spell, but he resigned near the end of 1985-86 amid rumours that he was about to be replaced.
After a time teaching football in Saudi Arabia, in 1987 he joined the “crazy gang” at Wimbledon as assistant to Gould, helping to mastermind their surprise 1-0 victory over Liverpool in the 1988 FA Cup final. From 1989 to 1991 he again tried his hand at management, this time with First Division QPR , before being replaced by Gerry Francis. More significantly, during this period Howe was also an important part of Robson’s management team at the 1990 World Cup finals, where England missed out on an appearance in the final only by virtue of losing a penalty shoot-out with West Germany. Thanks partly to Howe’s input, it was England’s most successful tournament since they won the World Cup in 1966.
After leaving QPR, he was back as an assistant again shortly afterwards, as he teamed up with Terry Butcher at Coventry City. When Butcher was sacked in 1992, Howe became manager himself, keeping the side in the First Division by the skin of their teeth as the Premier League era loomed. But before the new epoch could begin, he decided to call it a day.
Howe spent part of the 1992-93 season coaching at Chelsea under Ian Porterfield , but left after suffering heart problems. However, he later continued with the national set-up as assistant to Venables, concluding with England’s progress to the semi-finals at the 1996 European Championship. The following year he went back to Arsenal for a quieter life as head youth-team coach, spending six years in post and presiding over two FA Youth Cup wins during that period.
In 2003 he retired with a reputation as one of the most well-liked and respected figures in British football.
He is survived by his wife, Pauline.
• Donald Howe, footballer, coach and manager, born 12 October 1935; died 23 December 2015
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Who did Alan Shearer play for before he joined Blackburn Rovers? | Blackburn didn't buy the Premier League title in 1995 – they earned it | Football | The Guardian
When Saturday Comes
Blackburn didn't buy the Premier League title in 1995 – they earned it
Jack Walker's wealth helped Kenny Dalglish, but Rovers spent less money than Manchester United and their other challengers
Alan Shearer celebrates winning the Premier League title on 14 May 1995 after Blackburn lose 2-1 to Liverpool at Anfield. Photograph: Getty Images
Jimmy Pierce for When Saturday Comes, part of the Guardian Sport Network
Wednesday 23 October 2013 05.14 EDT
First published on Wednesday 23 October 2013 05.14 EDT
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Ask anyone to summarise how Blackburn managed to win their first League title for 81 years and they will undoubtedly recall Jack Walker's wealth, Alan Shearer's goals and his SAS partnership with Chris Sutton – probably in that order.
A quick internet search generates season reviews which invariably but frustratingly convey the message that "moneybags" Blackburn "bought their way to the title". While Rovers owe a huge debt of gratitude to their generous benefactor, which their fans continue to vociferously acknowledge, the emphasis on money is unjust and the assertion that they only won the league because of it is ignorant of the facts and holds no weight.
To win a league, a team must invest in playing staff. Rovers admittedly spent a considerable amount on their strike force, twice breaking the British transfer record and parting with £8.3 million, while also signing Tim Flowers in a record deal for a goalkeeper. However, in terms of financial outlay on the first team that won the league, that is just about it.
There is a mistaken assumption that the club also spent heavily on Graeme Le Saux, Colin Hendry and captain Tim Sherwood, perhaps because they became indispensable so quickly and were sold on for big profit. In fact, all three were acquired on the cheap: Hendry for £700,000, the same price the club sold him for two years earlier; Le Saux, who was out of favour at Chelsea, for around the same and Sherwood from Norwich City for a mere £400,000.
However, based on calculations of the reported transfer fees for the roughly first choice starting XIs of both clubs in the 1994-95 season (taking into account injuries and long-term suspension), Rovers spent far less than the incumbent champions, Manchester United . Peter Schmeichel, Denis Irwin, Steve Bruce, Gary Pallister, Andrei Kanchelskis, Paul Ince, Roy Keane, Ryan Giggs, Brian McClair, Mark Hughes and Andy Cole cost £19.33m.
Whereas Flowers, Henning Berg, Hendry, Ian Pearce, Le Saux, Stuart Ripley, Mark Atkins, Sherwood, Jason Wilcox, Shearer and Sutton set Rovers back a comparatively low £14.7m. Given that these squads – in particular United's – took years to assemble, perhaps a fairer assessment would be to look at the 1994-95 spend in isolation. Even on this basis, United's outlay exceeded their rivals'.
Comparisons with other clubs are also favourable. Blackburn's entire back four cost less than Newcastle paid for Darren Peacock and less than half of the sum required to bring Phil Babb and John Scales to Liverpool. In Carlton Palmer, Leeds United spent more on a single midfielder than Rovers did across their starting midfield four – illustrating that Rovers' spending was largely limited to their front two and not wasted unlike so many others.
How Blackburn happened to accidentally hoodwink so many into believing this "bought the league" fallacy is partly because of their wilful blindness to some of Kenny Dalglish's shrewd forays in the transfer market and abundance of unsung heroes. Take Atkins, for example. Signed from Scunthorpe United for £45,000 as a right-back, he filled in for the injured David Batty in central midfield and made 30 league appearances during the title-winning campaign, scoring six times – the well timed volley at home to Southampton being the pick of a number of sweet strikes.
Other astute additions to play major roles included Berg, who was a relatively unknown 23-year-old at the time of his move from Lillestrom for under half a million, and the largely forgotten Pearce, who had only made four senior appearances before he joined the club for £300,000 – both insignificant sums even then.
Also fundamental to Rovers' success was the organisation and desire instilled in the side and, pivotally, the width provided by Wilcox (who incidentally came through the ranks as a trainee) and Ripley. Despite lacking natural pace, they both had the knack of being able to create the half a yard required to deliver crosses into areas where Shearer and Sutton thrived, scoring 49 of Rovers' 80 league goals.
Rovers' rise was remarkable. Dalglish took over an unfashionable club lying in the bottom half of the old Second Division and won promotion to the new Premier League at his first attempt. The following two seasons saw the club finish fourth and then runners-up, before being crowned Champions of England.
It is not disputed that the club were able to offer substantial wages to attract players, but they bought wisely rather than overly and deserved nothing less than the success they achieved. It is a story that is unlikely to happen again and one that should be celebrated with respect and admiration, rather than viewed as the 1990's version of Roman Abramovich's Chelsea or present day Manchester City.
| Southampton |
Who joined Liverpool from Nottingham Forest for over £8 million in 1995? | Shearer9.com | Blackburn Days | Alan Shearer hits the net
When the Shearer family first got to Blackburn, the Dalglishes were very good to them and made the young couple feel at home almost straight away showing them all the hot spots and nice places in the city. Lainya had just had Chloe for a week and the couple were in a rented home. Marina (Dalglish) went out of her way to help her settle.
Alan's goal scoring record wasn't particularly good at Southampton and a lot of people doubted Shearer's ability and questioned the amount Rovers paid for his services. On top of that a lot of fans were very disappointed to see David Speedie, who had scored the goals that got Blackburn into the newly created Premierleague, go the other way. There was a lot of pressure on Alan to do well.
But Shearer got off to a great start with his new team mates who were pleased to see he was willing to give 100% all the time. And once the season got under way, the Rovers fans soon had a new hero; Alan scored twice on his full debut, a 3-3 draw at Selhurst Park against Crystal Palace.
All the way to the Christmas period, Shearer scored a total of 16 league goals for his new club including 5 braces. Such good form made him into an England regular scoring his second international goal in a 4-0 win over Turkey in a qualifier for the 1994 World Cup.
But things came to a very sudden halt on Boxing Day 1992. Blackburn were playing Leeds at Ewood Park and were leading three goals to one. With ten minutes to go. Alan, who had already scored twice putting the game beyond the opposing side, was chasing a long ball up the pitch. He got caught in between a Leeds defender and their goalkeeper. Once the challenge was over, Shearer was left in a motionless heap just outside the penalty area, something was wrong. He was taken off and it was later revealed he had snapped his anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee. He rested it for the following ten days, tried training, but it went once again.
Shearer missed the remainder of the season for Blackburn and England having to watch World Cup qualifiers from home. 16 goals in the 21 games in which he did feature for the Rovers was an excellent record, the season ended sourly however, as it became clear England would fail to qualify for the World Cup. It was his very first test of character in professional football, but Alan had a great attitude and knew what the injury was, and knew he would be back.
Sure enough, the following summer, Shearer was back in full training. Blackburn went to Ireland for a preseason tour and Kenny Dalglish decided it was right to include him in the squad. Alan was put on the bench and was told not to expect to be playing straight away. But with ten minutes to go in their first game of the tour, Kenny put Alan on, and even though there was only ten minutes left, he managed to score twice.
Once the Premierleague campaign got under way, Shearer was put on the bench and only given 20 minutes as a substitute, Dalglish wanted to slowly break him in. Four games in and the main man was back on the score sheet again against Newcastle of all teams at St James' Park. Sure enough, two games after that Shearer was back in the starting eleven.
Eventually, Shearer settled down at Blackburn and became the most feared goal scorer in the Premiership. He bagged an astounding 31 goals from 40 games in the 1993-4 season as the Rovers finished a close second in the table behind Manchester United. On top of that, Alan won the honour of Footballer of the Year for that season. He added three more goals to his England tally as well.
The summer that followed, Blackburn signed young striker Chris Sutton for �5 million from Norwich City. Shearer continued from where he had left off the previous campaign, and with Sutton formed a deadly partnership that was known as the SAS. From 42 games, Alan scored a phenomenal 34 goals. In the previous season, Blackburn were always chasing behind Man Utd, but this time round they were top of the league from November onwards. They should probably have sealed the Premierleague title with five or six games to go, but as Blackburn hadn't won anything for a long time, the pressure got to the players. And everything came down to the last day of the season.
After 42 league games, Blackburn Rovers were deservedly crowned Premiership champions but it was after a final day scare, an emotional final day full of drama for the East Lancashire club. Blackburn were away at Anfiled to play Liverpool while Manchester United were to play West Ham at Upton Park. United's nerves had started to show in midweek, when they needed a late Denis Irwin penalty to beat Southampton and ensure that the title race went to the wire. United needed a win on the final day and hope Blackburn didn't.
Alan Shearer provided the first twist in the tale that day, putting Rovers 1-0 up from a Stuart Ripley low cross on 20 minutes. That event was briefly followed at Upton Park, although it was the Hammers who earned a shock lead as Michael Hughes finished to put the Red Devils temporarily out of the title picture to universal acclaim at Anfield, the Liverpudlians applauding at the prospect of their rivals fail to retain their hold on the championship. At the break, Rovers were in full control, but things would quickly change.
Brian McClair squeezed in an early second half equaliser for Man Utd, and on 64 minutes and equaliser came at Anfield too as John Barnes put the home side level. Nerves started to show on Merseyside and in East London as both title contenders missed golden opportunities to take the lead. As time was running out, the news came in that ManUtd, amidst all their efforts had failed to beat the Hammers. Jamie Redknapp even curled in a late winner for Liverpool, but even though Blackburn had lost this battle, they had won the war. Unbelievable scenes followed on Merseyside as players hugged each other as the game continued and Kenny Dalglish was congratulated by Scousers all around.
An emotional Jack Walker was standing proud with a tear in his eye applauding his heroes. The team that Jack built had pulled off a great achievement and were champions of England. To the Premiership crown, Alan added the personal honours of top goal scorer and PFA Player of the Year for the 1994-5 campaign.
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Which team used to play their home matches at Filbert Street? | tcf - filbertway - leicester city fc
tcf - filbertway
Leicester City Stadium, Filbert Street
Location
47 298, 1928 v. Tottenham, FA Cup
Field Size
HISTORY
Early Years
Leicester City was formed in 1884, the club was then named Leicester Fosse, as it founders mostly lived in the west end of the city, through which the Fosse Way ran. In the starting days they played at a ground named The Racecourse, before sharing Victoria Park with Leicester Tigers, the rugby club. City played at Victoria Park for two years before moving to the The Belgrave Road Cycle Track.
Leicester Fosse became a professional club in 1889 and laid out its own ground at Mill Lane, just north of Filbert Street. The club was soon forced to move, however, as the local corporation requested the land for development. Filbert Street were prepared in 1891, while Fosse played at Aylestone Road Cricket Ground.
The ground initially consisted of natural earth banks and a small main stand on the west side, until 1921 when a much larger mainstand were build. In 1927 a new stand were build mainly known as the Spion Kop, and became known as "The Double Decker". The stadium was in this form when the record attandance of 47 298 were inside for the FA Cup tie v. Tottenham on 18 of February 1928.
2nd world war and after
The middle section of the stand suffered a bomb demage in 1940, and was later further demaged by a serious fire. The stadium was fully rebuild in 1949, and ironically rebuild by German POWs at a nearby camp. The grounds maximum capacity was now in the area of 42 000. Floodlights were installed in 1957, first match was a friendly against german side Borussia Dortmund.
After just surviving a council vote to terminate their lease at late 1940, the club purchased the freehold of the ground in 1962, paying the sum of � 30 500. In 1971 the move towards an all seated stadium was started as the north and the east side of the stadium were converted to seating. For years later 20 executive boxes were build at the ground.
A pioneering polythene tent cover was introduced in the same period. The Air Dome covered an area of 90 000 square feet, weighed 24 cwt and took 45 two hours to cover the ground. The Air Dome was removed in 1982.
All seater stadium, move and demolition
Talk of moving to a new and modern stadium had been there since the early 70's, but it remained just plans going into the 90's. City instead build a totally new stand, starting in 1992 and finishing the build work in 1993. The Carling Stand held 9 500 seated spectators and expanded coorperate facillities, costing � 6 million.
Following the success under the management of Martin O'Neill in the late 90's, plans became concrete and a move away from Filbert Street became a reaillity in 2002. The new stadium known as The Walkers Stadium and later being changed to King Power, was a major lift of quality both for players. staff, business and fans. but times became difficult regarding City as a football club.
Today not much has happened at the premises of Filbert Street, you will find the Lineker road who is close to the former ground. The "Filbert Village" was build, but the rest of the place is not used at all, and just laying as a field of "nothing".
| Leicester City F.C. |
Which football team are nicknamed the tractor boys? | TWIH: Filbert's 20th Anniversary
TWIH: Filbert's 20th Anniversary
Posted: Thu 20 Sep 2012
Author: John Hutchinson
20th Anniversary of Filbert Fox
Image by: Plumb Images
In the latest of his ‘The Week in History’ blogs, Club Historian John Hutchinson recalls the 20th anniversary of Filbert Fox’s first appearance.
Twenty years ago this week, on September 19th, 1992, Filbert Fox made his first appearance ever as the Club’s new mascot. He was introduced to the Filbert Street crowd in the Division One (now Championship) game against Brentford, when he appeared on the pitch with ‘The Birch’ and Gary Lineker who were presenting a cheque for £5000 to the winner of the Club’s lottery.
Filbert was one of the first modern football mascots. He followed a tradition of earlier Leicester mascots which variously included small boys in schoolcaps with labels hung around their neck naming a favourite player, wooden cut-out figures held aloft on a pole and an elderly gentleman who wore a long coat and a blue and white top hat and who carried a blue and white walking stick( both of which can still be seen in the Reception Area of the Stadium).
The Matchday Programme for the Brentford game featured the new mascot as its leading story. The first published words ever written about Filbert were, “Here’s the newest addition to the Filbert Street family. The new Leicester City Fox. And in ‘City Magazine’ we’re running a great competition to find a new name for our fox. All you have to do is come up with a winning name and you’ll win a Leicester City playing kit of your choice”. In those pre-internet days, entries had to be dropped into the ‘special fox box’ in the Club Shop at Filbert Street.
The winning entry was announced in the programme for the game against Barnsley a couple of weeks later. Under the headline, ‘It’s Filbert the Fox’, it was announced that, ‘Our new Leicester City mascot has been christened Filbert the Fox..by popular demand.We received an overwhelming response to name the new Fox, and hundreds of you plumped for Filbert.We put all the entries for Filbert into a draw and the lucky winner was Mr T. Pearce’.
A wide range of names had been suggested. These included Septimus (after the famous pre-war Leicester City player Sep Smith), Englebert, Felix, Fearless Fred, and Bluey the Brush. Two entries paid tribute to manager Brian Little who had guided Leicester City to the Wembley Play-Off final for a place in the Premier League four months earlier, and was to repeat the feat for the following two seasons. These were, bizarrely, B.L.U.E (Brian Little’s Ultimate Exponent) and Brilliantte (an anagram of Brian Little).
Filbert spent his first season resplendent in the Club’s new all-blue strip with the new Fox-head logo on a white cinquefoil . This had replaced the Running Fox crest, was introduced in Filbert’s first season and was the basis of the present day crest.
Over the next twenty years Filbert has been a constant presence on matchdays, cheering on the team from the sidelines and entertaining the crowd with his antics. He has never missed a home match. He has outlasted fourteen managers and hundreds of players. He has also made numerous visits to schools and to a whole variety of organisations around the City and County.
He has met a host of celebrities including Kasabian, John Barnes, Gary Lineker, Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldinho, Ricky Hatton, two-time Olympic gold medallist rower Andrew Triggs-Hodge, Jose Mourinho, Roberto Mancini, Englebert Humperdinck, David Neilson (aka Coronation Street’s Roy Cropper) Rendall Munroe and Mark Selby.
On three occasions he won the Leicester Mercury ‘Mascot of the Year’ Award.
One of Filbert’s greatest honours was to help deliver the City of Leicester’s bid for the 2018 English FIFA World Cup bid at Wembley. His biggest occasions were promotions to the Premier League, especially those at Wembley, winning the league Cup twice, winning the League One title win in 2009, and the visits of Barcelona in 2003 and Real Madrid in 2011.
Twenty years ago after his introduction to the people of Leicester he is still going from strength to strength.
He followed a tradition of earlier mascots which included small boys in schoolcaps with labels hung around their neck naming a favourite player.
John Hutchinson
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Who was the manager of Portsmouth before Paul Hart took over? | Portsmouth sack Paul Hart as manager | Football | The Guardian
Portsmouth sack Paul Hart as manager
• First-team coaches to lead side until replacement is announced
• Director of football Avram Grant not consulted over decision
Paul Hart has 'been relieved of his duties' as manager of Portsmouth by the club board. Photograph: Anthony Devlin/PA
Tuesday 24 November 2009 13.11 EST
First published on Tuesday 24 November 2009 13.11 EST
Close
This article is 7 years old
Portsmouth have announced tonight that Paul Hart has "been relieved of his duties" as first-team manager, with the club bottom of the Premier League after taking only seven points from 13 matches.
They were beaten 1-0 at Stoke City on Sunday and are four points adrift of safety, with Manchester United their next opponents this weekend.
A statement on the Portsmouth club website said the decision "has been made reluctantly by the board and is based on results".
"Paul was offered the role of technical director, developing players from the ages of 18-21, but declined the position," the club said.
"The club plans to announce a replacement very quickly and until that time the players will be led by first-team coaches Paul Groves and Ian Woan."
Although Avram Grant, the director of football, would appear ideally placed to become Hart's permanent successor, the Guardian understands that the Israeli is in Germany and was not consulted over the decision to sack the manager. He also does not yet have his work permit.
The Portsmouth chief executive, Peter Storrie, said: "Paul has worked under very difficult circumstances with the financial restrictions the club has faced since he took over.
"However, the board feels that the team should have accrued more points to date and that we need a new man in charge to ensure Premier League survival.
"The board would like to thank Paul for his work not only in keeping the club in the Premier League last season but also for his time in charge of youth development.
"Paul is a man of great dignity and we hoped he would stay and help us develop younger players on the fringes of the first team. We are genuinely sad to see him leave. Everyone at the club wishes him well for the future."
Hart was Portsmouth's director of youth operations until he took over from the former manager Tony Adams in February this year, initially as caretaker.
Hart was named as the club's full-time manager in July after the team had avoided relegation, but they began this season with seven successive league defeats.
Mark Jacob, the club's executive director, told Portsmouth's local paper, the News: "There had been talks ongoing [about Hart's position] for the last couple of weeks. We can't continue to be unlucky in games which quite clearly we have been on top of.
"We clearly should have got a result at Stoke. There was a certain inevitability about it. It is disappointing because Paul is a very honourable man and he has done phenomenally well at the club, especially with the young players."
He added: "There is no timescale for the appointment at this stage but obviously we want somebody in as soon as possible. There will now be discussions between the board and the owner to discuss that.
"We don't want a knee-jerk reaction to this in terms of the next appointment. We have to really plan for the long term."
| Tony Adams |
In which African country was Michael Essien born? | Avram Grant prepares to take Portsmouth manager's job | Football | The Guardian
Avram Grant prepares to take Portsmouth manager's job
• Portsmouth offer Avram Grant chance to take over team
• Paul Hart turns down technical director role
Avram Grant is thought to be keen on a return to first-team management. Photograph: Richard Heathcote/Getty Images
Wednesday 25 November 2009 18.00 EST
First published on Wednesday 25 November 2009 18.00 EST
Close
This article is 7 years old
Avram Grant has been offered the chance to replace Paul Hart as Portsmouth's manager, and the former Chelsea and Israel head coach is seriously considering taking up the post. If the club's director of football accepts the role, and makes his decision before the weekend, his first game would be Saturday's visit of Manchester United.
Grant is keen to return to management and is thought to be flattered at the offer of a job for which he would seem ideally placed given his current role at Fratton Park. He was also technical director at the club from June 2006 until July 2007, when Harry Redknapp was manager.
• Classic YouTube: El Clasicos and sporting rucks
Whether Grant accepts the position should become clear over the next day or so, though one potential stumbling block is that he is still waiting for the work permit he sought last month when rejoining the club. However, Portsmouth were confident tonight that this would be resolved within 48 hours.
Grant will also be aware of Portsmouth's financial predicament and the instability that has plagued Fratton Park since Alexandre Gaydamak decided to sell the club at the start of last season.
The offer of the manager's job may be viewed as a sign of the shifting powerbase on the south coast. Mark Jacob, the club's executive director and lawyer to the owner, Ali al-Faraj, is thought to have taken greater responsibility for Portsmouth's affairs since the chief executive, Peter Storrie, was charged with cheating the public revenue last month. Storrie reacted with "astonishment" to the charge and has vowed to clear his name.
Storrie is not thought to have nominated Grant as his first choice to replace Hart; the chief executive views him as a good coach but not necessarily the best option as manager. Jacob, who was at the club's offices yesterday, is intent on appointing a reliable figure with the experience to stay calm while battling relegation. The team are bottom of the Premier League , with seven points from 13 games. If Grant turns down the job, the former Charlton Athletic manager Alan Curbishley would fit the profile.
United would present the most challenging of starts for Grant. They were also the 54-year-old's first opponents when he took charge at Stamford Bridge in September 2007 and the final team he faced as Chelsea head coach: he was sacked following the defeat on penalties to Sir Alex Ferguson's team in the Champions League final the following May.
Hart, meanwhile, will not take up the opportunity to become Portsmouth's technical director, with responsibility for players aged 18‑21, which was proposed by Storrie. He was persuaded to give further thought to the idea after turning it down when he was sacked on Tuesday, but has stuck with his initial decision.
Portsmouth had said yesterday that "everyone at the club would be delighted if he stayed." But following further soul searching Hart is understood to have decided that it would be a backward step to return to coaching younger players, a role he occupied at Portsmouth before replacing the sacked Tony Adams as manager last February.
Although his tenure was plagued by the club's chronic financial and structural problems Hart has been re-energised by management, a role he feels comfortable in having previously taken charge at Rushden & Diamonds, Nottingham Forest, Barnsley and Chesterfield.
The terms of his severance deal are with the lawyers – Hart will expect the remainder of his contract to be paid in full – but he is thought to have been disappointed at being sacked by Portsmouth having been given just 48 hours before the close of the summer transfer window to strengthen a squad that had haemorrhaged players, though he harbours no ill feeling.
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Who provided the voices for the animals in Animal Magic? | BBC News | Obituaries | Naturalist who brought Animal Magic to millions
Thursday, May 6, 1999 Published at 20:48 GMT 21:48 UK
Obituaries
Naturalist who brought Animal Magic to millions
Johnny Morris: Delighted generations of children
Johnny Morris, man of many voices, reporter, entertainer, was probably best known as the star of the television programme Animal Magic, which ran for 21 years and more than 400 editions.
The BBC's Nick Higham looks back at the life of Johnny Morris
Two generations of children were captivated by Johnny Morris's rapport with the show's animal stars including, most memorably, Dottie the ring-tailed lemur.
As the presenter he adopted the persona of a keeper at Bristol Zoo and created a startling range of voices for each of the zoo's animals.
The Hot Chestnut Man
He was also known for his many travel programmes, including Johnny's Jaunts on radio and television, Around the World in 25 Years on radio, and a television series, Oh To Be in England, in which he joined parties of tourists.
Johnny Morris was born in Newport, Gwent, in 1916. His first job was in a solicitor's office with a pay of 10 shillings a week. After spells as a timekeeper on a building site and a salesman, he eventually became the manager of a farm in Wiltshire, where his interest in animals developed further.
His first broadcast was in 1946, and before long he had a regular radio show, Pass the Salt, broadcast from the BBC's West Region.
Later he presented various travel programmes on radio and television. The television ones were always filmed without sound. Johnny Morris gave a perky, crisp commentary, and provided the supposed voices of the people shown.
His faithful companion was Tubby Foster - actually his producer Brian Patten. Together they went all over the world - to the Pacific, South America and, nearer home, down the Rhine and to France.
As the Hot Chestnut Man in the 1950s he brought to television the considerable narrative skills he had honed in radio. When he turned them to zoology, he transformed what had been a remote subject into one of TV's most popular genres.
He was always at ease with animals
Other series followed, and he was soon in great demand for his narration skills too, on shows like Tales of the Riverbank. Morris said he learned as much from animals as about them.
Morris practised what he preached. Even in his eighties he was to be found demonstrating against the building of the Newbury by-pass near his home.
Animal Magic was dropped in 1984, when the idea of giving animals human qualities fell out of favour. Afterwards, Morris said that he was not really sad about it.
But he did not like the way the "whizzkids" were now running things and the fact that everyone was expected to have official qualifications.
He had none, indeed he claimed to have a mental age of seven, which was why, he believed, he could relate to children so well.
| Johnny Morris |
Which children's TV show started with the words Here is a box, a musical box, wound up and ready to play? | BBC One - The Animal Magic Zoo, The Animal Magic Zoo - Preview
The Animal Magic Zoo
Clips
The Animal Magic Zoo - Preview
Terry Nutkins celebrates the 175th anniversary of Bristol Zoo. In this whistle-stop tour through the zoo's fascinating history, Terry reflects on his time presenting the BBC TV series 'Animal Magic' with Johnny Morris.
The programme gave voices to the animals, turning Dotty the ringtailed lemur into a household name.
Over the years, the zoo has been home to some notable residents including Alfred the gorilla who became a wartime symbol of resistance, and Rosie the elephant who used to give rides to children.
Contributors to the programme include the Hollywood actor John Cleese who went to school nearby and Creature Comforts creator Nick Park who drew inspiration from the polar bears.
The programme examines how the role of the zoo has evolved over the decades to reflect changing public attitudes. From an initial focus on amusement and entertainment, the modern zoo places more importance on education and conservation.
Release date:
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Which character was dressed as a jester in Rentaghost? | Rentaghost (TV Series 1976–1984) - IMDb
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Harold and Ethel Meaker live in South Ealing and run 'Rentaghost' where they rent ghosts out to the public. Over the years many ghosts came and went but the main Rentaghost crew consisted ... See full summary »
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The long running television series of the Grange Hill Comprehensive School, and the children's everyday lives.
Stars: Stuart Organ, Gwyneth Powell, Lee Cornes
A melancholic children's animation from the 'Smallfilms' team of Postgate and Firmin. Bagpuss and his friends are toys in a turn of the century shop for 'found things'. When young Emily ... See full summary »
Stars: Oliver Postgate, Sandra Kerr, John Faulkner
Popular British children's animation series, repeated almost constantly since 1971. Mr Benn is the ordinary, bowler-hatted office worker who lives in the ordinary suburban street of Festive... See full summary »
Stars: Ray Brooks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.6/10 X
A sequel, of sorts, to Camberwick Green but set in the larger, nearby town of Trumpton. Each episode opens with the town hall clock and ends with the fire brigade band playing. Every show tells the story of one of the townsfolk.
Stars: Brian Cant
Children's puppet programme featuring music and stories.
Stars: Geoffrey Hayes, Roy Skelton, Stanley Bates
The true story of Sherwood Forest is finally revealed: Robin was a cowardly tailor from Kensington, and Marian was the brains behind the Merry Men. With her ruthless band of freedom ... See full summary »
Stars: Kate Lonergan, Adam Morris, Danny John-Jules
Charming finger puppet series with Yoffy (Jones) telling stories featuring Fingermouse, Scampi, Gulliver the Seagull, and other animal characters.
Stars: Rick Jones
When Jamie shines his Magic Torch on the floor of his bedroom a hole appears, leading Jamie and Wordsworth the sheepdog to the psychedelic fantasy world of Cuckooland.
Stars: Brian Trueman, Kate Murray-Henderson
In 17th century France, young Dogtanian travels to Paris to fulfill his ambition to become one of the King's Musketeers. He befriends Athos, Porthos and Aramis and falls in love with Juliette. A doggy version of the tale.
Stars: Eduardo Jover, Gloria Cámara, Manuel Peiró
Stupid, but well-meaning and super-strong super-hero, Bananaman gets his strength from eating bananas. Before he eats a banana, Bananaman is a young boy called Eric who is keen to keep his ... See full summary »
Stars: Graeme Garden, Bill Oddie, Tim Brooke-Taylor
Children's animation from the 'Smallfilms' team of Postgate and Firmin. In the 'top, left hand corner of Wales' runs an archaic railway line staffed by such characters as Jones the Steam ... See full summary »
Stars: Olwen Griffiths, Anthony Jackson, Oliver Postgate
Danger Mouse, the greatest secret agent in the world, must follow Colonel K's orders (and try not to break Professor Squawkencluck's inventions) to foil Baron Greenback's and his henchman Stiletto's plans.
Stars: David Jason, Terry Scott, Edward Kelsey
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Storyline
Harold and Ethel Meaker live in South Ealing and run 'Rentaghost' where they rent ghosts out to the public. Over the years many ghosts came and went but the main Rentaghost crew consisted of - Timothy Claypole - A jester at the court of Queen Matilda (The Dreaded Tyrant of the Twelfth Century) Hazel the McWitch - The ghost of a Scottish witch who was recruited during the rentapotion venture Nadia Popov - A Dutch ghost who still suffered from hayfever and had a habit of 'popping off' whenever she saw a flower Fred Mumford - Originally founded Rentaghost after becoming a ghost in a shipping accident six months previously and runs the business for a short time. Hubert Davenport - A distinguished Victorian gentleman. The Meaker's next door neighbours, Rose and Arthur Perkins, were convinced that the Meaker's were a pair of nutters and hired a private detective then tried to get a psychiatrist to convince them that they needed treatment. Harold Meaker - Originally the spooks landlord but ... Written by Timothy C <[email protected]>
| Michael Staniforth |
When Burgess Meredith was the special guest villain in Batman, which character did he play? | Rentaghost.
Television
Rentaghost.
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288
Rentaghost.
Has anyone else seen on the news and tv thats Joe Pasquale is doing Rentaghost the musical! It has all the original characters in and Joe is a kinda narrator. I loved the TV show, Mr Claypole was my favourite.
1
Originally Posted by koukou
Has anyone else seen on the news and tv thats Joe Pasquale is doing Rentaghost the musical! It has all the original characters in and Joe is a kinda narrator. I loved the TV show, Mr Claypole was my favourite.
Not sure when this was posted , but there is a rentaghost musical going round . comming to our town, Worthing in the easter hols .Hope that this helps confirm your info.
Posts
3,797
I used to watch that altho i dont really remeber it all that well...i remeber mr claypole though and the one who looked like a fairy godmother whod get a round of applause when she opened her bag heh
As for our destination.....the wind will guide us!
I remember it fairly well especially most of the main characters:
Mr Harold Meaker (who owned Rentaghost) played by ?
Mrs Ethel Meaker (who owned Rentaghost) played by ?
of course Mr Timothy Claypole (the jester) played by Michael Staniforth
Miss Nadia Popov (who had hay fever and vanished every time she sneezed) played by Sue Nichols (Audrey in Corrie)
Hazel the MacWitch (she was Scottish) played by Molly Weir
I can remember the Fairy Godmother, but can't remember her name.
There was also a ghost in the first season who was a man and was dressed normally, but again the name escapes me.
All of the above was courtesy of my own memory not from the internet............my god even I'm impressed!!!!!!!!!!!!!
lol
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Gerry Anderson's Stingray told about the adventures of Troy Tempest. Which organisation did Troy Tempest work for? | Stingray (TV Series 1964–1965) - IMDb
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Gerry Anderson's third SF supermarionation saga told the adventures of the WASPs (the World Aquanaut Security Patrol) as they explored the oceans and kept the world safe from a variety of ... See full summary »
Creators:
Troy and Phones rescue a comatose man and take him back to Marineville for treatment.
8.4
The Stingray crew is assigned to make monthly visits to Professor Darren and his team, who have developed a method for making gold from minerals taken from the sea bed.
8.2
Duke Dexter the world's most famous singer will be visiting Marineville for a benefit concert. Titan, although unsure who Dexter is, decides he could be valuable to Titanica's plans and arranges for ...
8.1
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A literally unkillable agent leads an international intelligence agency's fight against an extra-terrestrial terror campaign.
Stars: Francis Matthews, Ed Bishop, Donald Gray
The adventures of a preteen secret agent who can have any useful skills downloaded into his brain.
Stars: Len Jones, Rupert Davies, Keith Alexander
In the 21st century, the Tracy family operate a unique private mechanized emergency response service.
Stars: Sylvia Anderson, Peter Dyneley, David Graham
Fireball XL5 was part of the fleet of interplanetary rockets protecting Sector 25 of the Solar System from alien invasion under the supervision of the World Space Patrol. In command of XL5 ... See full summary »
Stars: Paul Maxwell, Sylvia Anderson, David Graham
The International Rescue team is faced with one of its toughest challenges yet, as the revolutionary lighter-than-air craft Skyship One is hijacked while on her maiden voyage around the ... See full summary »
Director: David Lane
Gerry Anderson's first science fiction Supermarionation series. Super Car was a prototype vehicle that could travel in the air, on land or beneath the sea. Its test pilot was Mike Mercury, ... See full summary »
Stars: David Graham, Graydon Gould, Sylvia Anderson
In the year 2020 Earth is under threat from Martian androids who want revenge on the human race. They consist of Zelda, her son Yung-star and her sister called Cy-star. An organisation is ... See full summary »
Stars: Jeremy Hitchen, Denise Bryer, Anne Ridler
Children's animation from the 'Smallfilms' team of Postgate and Firmin. In the 'top, left hand corner of Wales' runs an archaic railway line staffed by such characters as Jones the Steam ... See full summary »
Stars: Olwen Griffiths, Anthony Jackson, Oliver Postgate
Camberwick Green (TV Series 1966)
Animation | Family
Iconic British children's animated series set in the fictional, picturesque village of the title. Each episode opens with a character emerging from a music box and they will be the central character of the forthcoming story.
Stars: Brian Cant
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.6/10 X
A sequel, of sorts, to Camberwick Green but set in the larger, nearby town of Trumpton. Each episode opens with the town hall clock and ends with the fire brigade band playing. Every show tells the story of one of the townsfolk.
Stars: Brian Cant
Popular British children's animation series, repeated almost constantly since 1971. Mr Benn is the ordinary, bowler-hatted office worker who lives in the ordinary suburban street of Festive... See full summary »
Stars: Ray Brooks
The Wombles (TV Series 1973)
Animation | Family
The misadventures of a fantasy folk community dedicated to cleaning up litter and put it to their own use.
Stars: Bernard Cribbins, Dieter Hallervorden
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Storyline
Gerry Anderson's third SF supermarionation saga told the adventures of the WASPs (the World Aquanaut Security Patrol) as they explored the oceans and kept the world safe from a variety of perils. The WASP's main weapon was Stingray, a super-sub under the command of Troy Tempest. Troy's copilot was Phones, and they were often joined on missions by Marina, a princess of the undersea kingdom of Pacifica. Marina could breathe under water, but was unable to speak. In charge of the WASPs was gruff Commander Shore, whose daughter Atlanta was both a member of his staff and Marina's rival for Troy's affection. Written by Marg Baskin <[email protected]>
2 January 1965 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Gerry Anderson's Stingray See more »
Company Credits
Did You Know?
Trivia
According to background information produced by Century 21 for its publications, "Stingray" takes place a few years prior to "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons" (1967), with some WASP personnel becoming members of the later SPECTRUM. None of this was indicated on screen, however. See more »
Goofs
The fishing line was used to pull Stingray out of the water is visible in the opening titles. See more »
Connections
See more »
Frequently Asked Questions
Voyage To The Bottom Of The Sea With Puppets
19 January 2005 | by StuOz
Of the 39 episodes, the following nine are essential viewing:
The Pilot, well filmed Motion Picture TV with wonderful sets, effects, colour and music.
Treasure Down Below, an episode driven by characterisation, mainly Phones and Troy getting all worked up about the treasure and taking the sub to dangerous waters, a classic!
The Big Gun, wonderful colour, action and effects.
The Golden Sea, good science fiction story and great effects.
The Ghost Of The Sea, for once, Commander Shore gets out of the office and goes on a Stingray mission with Troy, giving this episode an Admiral Nelson/Captain Crane voyage to the bottom of the sea feel.
Emergency Marineville, a wonderful special effects episode.
Subterranean Sea, perhaps the best scripted science fiction episode of the series as this very colourful show enters a new sea world and the ending will put a smile on your face, a classic!
Pink Ice, perhaps the second best sci-fi outing of the Stingray series, the title says it all, yes pink icebergs all over the world (including Australia!) and the effects will blow you away!.
Deep Heat, more sci-fi as this wonderfully filmed adventure goes to the very bottom of the sea!
9 of 10 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
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| Wasp (disambiguation) |
If Dill was a dog, what type of animal was Parsley? | Gerry Andersons Stingray Ep8 An Echo of Danger Torrent Downloads - download free torrents!
Gerry Anderson's third SF supermarionation saga told the adventures of the WASPs
(the World Aquanaut Security Patrol) as they explored the oceans and kept the
world safe from a variety of perils. The WASP's main weapon was Stingray, a
super-sub under the command of Troy Tempest. Troy's copilot was Phones, and they
were often joined on missions by Marina, a princess of the undersea kingdom of
Pacifica. Marina could breathe under water, but was unable to speak. In charge
of the WASPs was gruff Commander Shore, whose daughter Atlanta was both a member
of his staff and Marina's rival for Troy's affection.
An Echo of Danger
While out on escort patrol, Phones hears a mysterious sounding through
his headset. But when Stingray leaves the escort in order to investigate,
the crew are unable to locate the source. Beginning to doubt his senses,
Phones visits a psychiatrist - unaware that the doctor is none other than Surface Agent X20 in disguise; it seems that X20 is using a remote
sounding device to make it appear that Phones is unfit for duty in
the WASPs...
Don Mason (Captain Troy Tempest)
Robert Easton (Lieutenant George Lee ‘Phones’ Sheridan / Agent X20)
Lois Maxwell (Lieutenant Atlanta Shore)
Ray Barrett (Commander Sam Shore / Lieutenant Fisher / Titan)
David Graham (Doctor)
| i don't know |
Who was the artist on the TV series Vision On? | Tony Hart - The Official Tony Hart Website - Television Artist
Tony Hart - BBC TV Artist - Official Website
For those that can remember early children's programmes, Tony Hart operated the 'Quackers' puppet in the Ray Allen series 'Titch & Quakers' - Tony was particularly delighted with the role when Lulu once clutched Quackers to her bosom -
Tony Hart - 1925-2009
An inspiration to several generations of artists, animators, graphic designers and teachers, children´s TV artist Tony Hart was best known for the BBC´s art programmes Vision On, Take Hart and Hart Beat. Speaking to the BBC in 1996 Tony said: "I hope I´ve achieved the sort of programme that entertains first, informs, amuses and maybe surprises - and that people watching will think "I might have a go at that one day!".
Tony Hart´s television career spanned 50 years, and his programmes won many awards. In 1984 Take Hart won a BAFTA award, and in 1998 Tony himself received the BAFTA Lifetime Achievement award. Aside from his own programmes, Tony made regular guest appearances on radio and television, and involved himself with a number of children´s charities including the Cystic Fibrosis Trust, Tadworth Children´s Hospital and Riding for the Disabled.
The music you can hear is Marguerite by Bob Morgan and was used for The Gallery in Take Hart. Our gratitude to Bob, Zoot Music and KPM for special permission to use it. Marguerite was composed by Bob to mark a very personal loss of his own - the significance is not lost here.
So What is This About?
Tony inspired several generations of children to be creative, many of them going on to become artists in their own right. They in turn have gone on to encourage their own children to be creative because Tony Hart showed them how. His legacy is enormous and enduring, and the heartfelt words posted in the remembrance book demonstrate how much Tony was loved - by people of all ages.
Tony made making pictures look so easy, and always used materials that were inexpensive and readily available, encouraging everyone, regardless of age or artistic talent, to have a go.
That´s what we all loved most about Tony Hart, those quiet moments when he inspired so many of us to pick up a pen or a crayon or a bit of old cardboard and create something all on our own. What better gift than that.
Tony Hart died in 2009 at the age of 83.
A biography Tony Hart, A Portrait of my Dad written by the late Tony Hart´s daughter Carolyn Ross is available in hardback and Kindle edition from Amazon .
Aardman Animations have paid tribute to Tony Hart with the creation of Tonymorph ! (above)
| Tony Hart |
Who was the companion of Crystal Tipps? | Tony Hart - The Official Tony Hart Website - Television Artist
Tony Hart - BBC TV Artist - Official Website
For those that can remember early children's programmes, Tony Hart operated the 'Quackers' puppet in the Ray Allen series 'Titch & Quakers' - Tony was particularly delighted with the role when Lulu once clutched Quackers to her bosom -
Tony Hart - 1925-2009
An inspiration to several generations of artists, animators, graphic designers and teachers, children´s TV artist Tony Hart was best known for the BBC´s art programmes Vision On, Take Hart and Hart Beat. Speaking to the BBC in 1996 Tony said: "I hope I´ve achieved the sort of programme that entertains first, informs, amuses and maybe surprises - and that people watching will think "I might have a go at that one day!".
Tony Hart´s television career spanned 50 years, and his programmes won many awards. In 1984 Take Hart won a BAFTA award, and in 1998 Tony himself received the BAFTA Lifetime Achievement award. Aside from his own programmes, Tony made regular guest appearances on radio and television, and involved himself with a number of children´s charities including the Cystic Fibrosis Trust, Tadworth Children´s Hospital and Riding for the Disabled.
The music you can hear is Marguerite by Bob Morgan and was used for The Gallery in Take Hart. Our gratitude to Bob, Zoot Music and KPM for special permission to use it. Marguerite was composed by Bob to mark a very personal loss of his own - the significance is not lost here.
So What is This About?
Tony inspired several generations of children to be creative, many of them going on to become artists in their own right. They in turn have gone on to encourage their own children to be creative because Tony Hart showed them how. His legacy is enormous and enduring, and the heartfelt words posted in the remembrance book demonstrate how much Tony was loved - by people of all ages.
Tony made making pictures look so easy, and always used materials that were inexpensive and readily available, encouraging everyone, regardless of age or artistic talent, to have a go.
That´s what we all loved most about Tony Hart, those quiet moments when he inspired so many of us to pick up a pen or a crayon or a bit of old cardboard and create something all on our own. What better gift than that.
Tony Hart died in 2009 at the age of 83.
A biography Tony Hart, A Portrait of my Dad written by the late Tony Hart´s daughter Carolyn Ross is available in hardback and Kindle edition from Amazon .
Aardman Animations have paid tribute to Tony Hart with the creation of Tonymorph ! (above)
| i don't know |
Brinsley Forde who went on to become the lead singer of Aswad starred in which children's TV series of the 1970s? | Double Deckers - Where Are They Now?
Where Are They Now?
Douglas Simmonds, who played the lovable kid Doughnut, followed his lifelong ambition for science and made it his career. He was a researcher in medical computing at a major hospital in the UK. For six years prior to that position, Doug was a theoretical physicist and at one time was even a medical student. He held a very responsible position with the Department of Health in England. Douglas took early retirement and pursued other interests. Tragically in March 2011 Doug died of a massive heart attack. He will be missed.
Peter Firth, who played Scooper, has made for himself an illustrious career in film and television. The following is taken from a biography of Peter Firth:
"Peter Firth is perhaps best-known for his film and stage portrayal of Alan Strang in Equus, a role which earned him a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor, an Academy Award nomination, a Tony Award nomination, the Theatre World Award and the Plays and Players Award for Best Young Actor.
Firth's other film credits include Franco Zeffirelli's Brother Sun Sister Moon, Aces High, Tony Richardson's Joseph Andrews, Robert Altman's When You Comin' Back, Red Ryder, Roman Polanski's Tess, Chris Bernard's Letter to Brezhnev, John McTiernan's The Hunt for Red October and Richard Attenborough's Shadowlands. Firth has appeared onstage in numerous productions including Bill Bryden's Romeo and Juliet and Spring Awakening, both at the National Theatre, and Peter Hall's Amadeus on Broadway."
See Peter Firth in the smash BBC series, Spooks (aka MI-5) as Harry Pearce. An extensive list of Peter Firth's credits may be found on the Internet Movie Database. "Hello, Peter!"
Brinsley Forde, who played Spring on the show, has made other television and movie appearances to his credit including, "Leo the Last"(1970), "Please Sir"(1971),"The Georgian House"(1976) and "Babylon"(1980). Brinsley is an accomplised musician in his own right. He is the lead singer and rhythm guitarist for the reggae group, "Aswad." You can also hear the music of Brinsley Forde with Aswad perform with Sting in the movie, "The X-Files". He can be seen on VH-1 as the host of "Heart of Soul". I just found out from Producer Frank Wilson from 6 Music (BBC digital radio) that Brinsley is presenter of the program "Lively Up Yourself" . Tune in and show your support. "Hello, Brinsley!"
Michael Audreson, who played scientific genius Brains, appeared in such hits as "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" and "Good Bye Mr. Chips." in uncredited roles. In 1972 he was in the movie, "Young Winston" where he played Winston Churchill at age 13. Michael even had a part in the series, "The Tomorrow People" as Flyn in the episode "The Thargon Menace." From the 1995 interview on French TV Michael reported that he produced shows in England. More on Michael to come...Keep watching. "Hello, Michael!"
Gillian Bailey, who played Billie, also played many roles on television in the years that followed the DD, such as Follyfoot and Poldark among several others. More recently she has been doing work as a script editor in England. She completed her university studies and received a degree in English Literature and has since received her MA degree in Theatre Research. She has also earned her doctorate in Theatre. Gillian wrote me and generously provided this and more information about her life and career, as well as some favorite moments on the DD. "Hello, Gilli"
Debbie Russ, who played Tiger appeared in the 1973 movie, "Go For a Take" where she appeared as "Tiger" from the Double Deckers. Later on Debbie reportedly attended La Sainte Union where she earned a degree in English, then went into Marketing. She is doing well for herself in the UK where she now resides. She has been quite busy doing voice over work. I'd like to know what else she has been up to. "Hello, Debbie!"
Bruce Clark, who played Sticks, was a great addition to the gang. Bruce is alive and well and living in the United States. He is married and the proud father of a lovely little girl. More about Bruce to come. "Hello, Bruce!"
Melvyn Hayes, who played Albert, the gang's street sweeper adult friend, has had and continues to have an amazing acting career in film and television. He even has an official website! You can check out his official site at www.melvynhayes.com. "Hello, Melvyn!"
| Here Come the Double Deckers |
What is the unofficial national anthem of Australia? | Pmd new releases 05 12 august 2013 by Proper Music - issuu
issuu
Travis - Where You Stand PHONE010 PHONE010DEL PHONE010VL
5055667602765 5055667602642 5055667602659
RED TELEPHONE BOX RED TELEPHONE BOX RED TELEPHONE BOX
£7.99 £10.99 £12.99
Sounding and looking more invigorated than ever, the Scottish band, with "Super Swede" Michael Ilbert (The Hives/The Cardigans/The Wannadies) on production duties, are now back after a five year hiatus with the follow-up to 2008's 'Ode to J. Smith'. The album was written and recorded across London, Norway, New York, and took in a production stint at Berlin's legendary Hansa Studios. This was enjoyed particularly by the band's Bowie-fanatic Dougie Payne, who revelled in layering the famous synthesisers of 'Low' fame onto 'Different Room'. Travis are singer/guitarist Fran Healy, bassist Dougie Payne, guitarist Andy Dunlop and drummer Neil Primrose. Satandard CD / Double LP Versions: Tracks: Mother / Moving / Reminder / Where You Stand / Warning Sign / Another Guy / A Different Room / New Shoes / On My Wall / Boxes / The Big Screen Limited Edition CD/DVD Version: Featuring two bonus audio tracks 'Anniversary' and 'Parallell Lines'. Bonus DVD including videos for Another Guy, Where We Stand, Moving and the Making Of The Album. CD 1: Mother / Moving / Reminder / Where You Stand / Warning Sign / Another Guy / A Different Room / New Shoes / On My Wall / Boxes / The Big Screen / Anniversary / Parallel Lines DVD: Where We Stand / Another Guy / Where You Stand / Moving
PROMO TV/RADIO/PRESS/ONLINE: TV Sunrise (Sky News) – 22.08.13 BBC Breakfast (BBC1) – 19.08.13 Sunday Brunch – acoustic performance & live chat (C4) – 11.08.13 Soccer FM (Sky1) Live interview and video play – 04.05.13 Daybreak (ITV) – 05.06.13 National Radio Simon Mayo interview (R2) – 21.08.13 Moving Premiere on Ken Bruce (R2) – 01.07.13 Absolute 90s Album Special – 09.06.13 Absolute Radio play – Mother – 09.06.13 Pete Mitchell interview (Absolute) – 08.06.13 Absolute interview for Music Club – 02.06.13 WYS added to Radio 2 C-list – 21.05.13 WYS added to BBC Radio Scotland playlist Weekend Wogan session (R2) – 26.05.13 Graham Norton (R2) – 25.05.13 Jo Good session (BBC London) – 24.05.13 Steve Lamacq feature (R2) – 21.05.13 Early Breakfast (R2) – 20.05.13 Sunday Night Music Clun spot play (Absolute) – 19.05.13 Jo Whiley spot play (R2) – 06.05.13 Weekend Wogan spot play (R2) – 06.05.13 "Just Landed" spot play (XFM) – 06.05.13 Sunday Night Music Clun spot play (Absolute) – 05.05.13 Dermot O'Leary session (R2) – 04.05.13 Ken Bruce world exclusive (R2) – 30.04.13
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
POP NEW RELEASE - 19/08/2013 National Press Sunday Telegraph, Seven – My Heroes & Heroines & Festival Independent – June 8th or 15th Guardian, Guide – Acoustic Covers Piece – 18/5/13 Music Week – Track Of The Week – 10/5/13 Music Week – Playlist – 10/5/13 Time Out – Booking Now – 7/5/13 Music Week – Kobalt Album story – 26/4/13 Regional Press Daily Record Spread Regional Press – Confirmed The Scotsman – T In The Park Anniversary Feature The Herald – T In The Park Anniversary Feature The List – T In The Park Anniversary Feature Online The Quietus – feature – 28/5/13 Company Online – Interview – 5th June Gigwise – Video Interview – 13th June Mahogany Session Huffington Post – Guest Blog with Fran Virgin Media – Interview Drowned in Sound – Interview Clash Music – Fran Reviewing Singles Sun Biz Session Regional Radio WYS added to InDemand Scotland Uncut (Bauer) WYS added to BBC Radio Ulster playlist WYS added to Rutland FM / Ridings FM / Compass FM WYS added to KCFM station playlist across Lincs and Hull WYS added to Real Radio Group B-List – 25.05.13 Wave 105 / Bauer B-List Bournemouth Gig – 25.05.13 Lincs Group Gig – 04.06.13 Real Radio Scotland gig – 03.06.13 Pure 107.8 FM (Manchester) – B List SIBC (Shetland) – B List Arrow FM (Hastings) – B List-1 Bright FM (Burgess Hill) – B List-1 Sovereign Radio (Eastborne) – B List-1 Splash FM – B List-1 Wave 105 FM – B List-1 Rotation Media – C List
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
POP NEW RELEASE - 22/07/2013
Pet Shop Boys – Vocal Remixes X20002CD1
5060186920191
X2
POP
Nine track EP which includes the original album version plus eight remixes of the latest single. Comes in gatefold digipak lurid day glo orange artwork.
Tracks:
Vocal (Album Mix) Vocal (Rektchordz Dub) Vocal (Armageddon Turk Teargas Mix) Vocal (The Cucharachas Mix) Vocal (JRMX Club Mix) Vocal (Ivan Gomez & Nacho Chapado Mix) Vocal (Rektchordz Mix) Vocal (Wawa Extended Mix) Vocal (The Cucharachas Dub)
Also Available: New Album Electric:
X20003CD1 – (CD £7.99) X20003VL1 – (LP £11.99)
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
FOLK NEW RELEASE - 19/08/2013
Lucy Ward - Single Flame NAVIGATOR083
805520620833
NAVIGATOR RECORDS
£7.99 FOLK
***Digital download distributed by Proper*** For her much-anticipated second album (the follow up to the 2011 début Adelphi Has To Fly), the 23-year old singer, guitarist, ukulele and concertina player Lucy Ward delivers a finely tuned synthesis of original and traditionally arranged material. Production is again by Stu Hanna (of acclaimed folk duo Megson, both of whom also sing and play here). There, however, the similarities end as the new album - Single Flame - finds Lucy organically broadening her musical palette whilst remaining firmly rooted in a folk tradition that gives shape and form to her sound. Balancing the contemporary and the traditional is never an easy act to achieve but Lucy does it with a natural gift and flair. Her songwriting creates the kind of original songs that you think you've heard somewhere before ? on an old folk recording or the radio; a testament to the quality of her lyrics, melodies and 'hooks'. Collectively, the songs here showcase Lucy Ward's consummate performance & creative songwriting abilities, her genuine and sparkling personality and stunning voice. The new album Single Flame is a shining statement of how far her talent has grown and developed in such a short time.
PRESS:
‘On The Road Again’ piece for R2 magazine Album launch live review confirmed for R2 ‘Rocket Launcher’ questionnaire/interview in fRoots Reviews in R2, fRoots, Songlines
ADS: fRoots - Half page ad in October issue / MOJO - October issue
Tour Dates: September
04th - Spalding Folk Club, Lincolnshire 13th - The David Hall, South Petherton 14th - South Hill Park Arts Centre Festival, Bracknell 15th - Hitchin Folk Club, Hertfordshire 18th - Biddulph Up in Arms, Staffordshire 20th - New Greenham Arts Centre, Newbury 21st - Folk Stock Festiva, Aldenham Country Park, Elstree 22nd - Southdowns Folk Festival, Bogner Regis, Hotham Park 26th - The Globe Inn, Glossop 28th - Friary Folk and Roots, Black Friars, Gloucester
October
03rd - Black Swan Folk Club, Peasholme Green, York 04th - Gainsborough Folk Club, Lincolnshire 06th - Hope Village Hall, nr Shrewsbury 09th – Lewes Folk Festival, Sussex 12th - Roots aan de Zaan, Zaandam, Holland 13th - Brussels Folk Club, La Porte Noire, Brussels, Belgium 15th - Blue Room Sessions, Den Bosch, Hertogenbosch, Holland 16th - Folk in Walden, Stania State, Oentsjerk, Holland 18th – Houseconcert, The Hague, Holland 19th - Oude Remise, Bad Nieuweschans, Holland 20th - Noordfolk Festival, Veenhuizen, Holland 25th - Cambridge Folk Club, Cambridgeshire 31st - The Trades Club, Hebden Bridge Tracks: I Cannot Say I Will Not Speak / I Cannot Say I Will Not Speak / Honey / Honey / The Last Pirouette / The Last Pirouette / Icarus / Icarus / Velvet Sky / Velvet Sky / Rites Of Man / Rites Of Man / The Consequence / The Consequence / Lord I Don't Want To Die In The Storm / Lord I Don't Want To Die In The Storm / For the Dead Men / For the Dead Men / Marching Through The Green Grass / Marching Through The Green Grass / Ink / Ink / Shellback / Shellback
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
POP NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Frankie Miller - Live At Rockpalast MIG90592 MIG90591 MIG90597
885513905925 885513905918 885513905970
MIG MUSIC MIG MUSIC MIG MUSIC
£11.99 £12.99 £12.99
If you had asked a critic in the 70’s who the best white artists of soul and blues Rock were, Frankie Miller's name would be up there with Eric Burdon, Rod Stewart and Joe Cocker. Frankie Miller may come from Scotland but his heroes are all American: Ray Charles, Sam Cooke and Otis Redding. These three concerts display his impressive form and his exceptional musical talent!
CD Version: Complete Rockpalast-Shows on 3 CDs in an exclusive Boxset. Booklet, unpublished Photos and extended Linernotes are included: CD 1: Drunken Nights In The City / Brickyard Blues / The Devil's Gun / It Takes A Lot To Laugh / Takes A Train To Cry / Sail Away / The Rock / Down The Honky Tonk / If You Need Me / A Fool In Love / Hand On The Lever / Ain't Got No Money / I'm Old Enough CD 2: Rockpalast Capture (Ansage Peter Rüchel) / A Fool In Love / Brickyard Blues / Papa Don't Know / When I'm Away From You / A Woman To Love / Cold Turkey / Ann Eliza Jane / Fallin' In Love / When Something Is Wrong With My Baby / Be Good To Yourself / Is This Love / Ain't Got No Money/The Fire Down Below / Down The Honky Tonk / Little Queenie / Let's Spend The Night Together CD 3: Ain't Got No Money / Zap Zap / Be Good To Yourself / A Fool In Love / It's All Coming Down Tonight / Angels With Dirty Faces / To Dream The Dream / Danger Danger / Standing On The Edge / The Jealous Kind / A Woman To Love / Down The Honky Tonk / Bad Case Of Loving You / Don't Stop / Let's Spend The Night Together
LP Version: LP 1: Ain't Got No Money / Zap Zap / Be Good To Yourself / A Fool In Love / It's All Coming Down Tonight / Angels With Dirty Faces / To Dream The Dream / Danger Danger / Standing On The Edge / The Jealous Kind / A Woman To Love / Down The Honky Tonk LP 2: Bad Case Of Loving You / Don't Stop / Let's Spend The Night Together / Brickyard Blues (Bonus Track) / When I'm Away From You (Bonus Track) / Cold Turkey / When Something Is Wrong With My Baby / Is This Love / The Devil's Gun (Bonus Track) / I'm Old Enough (Bonus Track)
DVD Version: DVD 1: Ain't Got No Money / Zap Zap / Be Good To Yourself / A Fool In Love / It's All Coming Down Tonight / Angels With Dirty Faces / To Dream The Dream / Danger Danger / Standing On The Edge / The Jealous Kind / A Woman To Love / Down The Honky Tonk / Bad Case Of Loving You / Don't Stop / Let's Spend The Night Together DVD 2: Drunken Nights In The City / Rockpalast Capture (Peter Ruchel) / Brickyard Blues / A Fool In Love / The Devil's Gun / Brickyard Blues / It Takes A Lot To Laugh, It Takes A Train To Cry / Papa Don't Know / Sail Away / When I'm Away From You / The Rock / A Woman To Love / Down The Honky Tonk / Cold Turkey / A Fool In Love / Ann Elisabeth Jane / If You Need Me / Fallin' In Love / Hand On The Lever / When Something Is Wrong With My Baby / Ain't Got No Money / Be Good To Yourself / I'm Old Enough / Ain't Got No Money / The Fire Down Below / Down The Honky Tonk / Little Queenie / Let's Spend The Night Together Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
ROCK NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013
The Pineapple Thief – One Three Seven KSCOPE246
802644824628
£6.65 KSCOPE
ROCK
The 2013 Kscope edition of The Pineapple Thief's second album of Alt-Rock melancholia from 2001. In September 2012, The Pineapple Thief released All The Wars, their acclaimed new studio album. The album marked the latest step for the band who over the last few years have truly emerged onto a higher stage... bigger tours, triumphant festival slots, recording at Peter Gabriel's Real World studios, artwork designed by award winning artists including Storm Thorgerson and Mark Mawson. All The Wars was the band's third for Kscope but before signing with the label they had previously recorded a number of albums for the Cyclops label. Most of these releases are now no longer available and hard to find so Kscope have been reissuing deluxe editions of these albums. This series continues with this edition of the band's second album, 137. Originally released in 2001, the album has been newly re-mastered and re-mixed for this edition which also features new artwork. "an album of Muse-like, slow burning guitar anthems" -Rocksound "TPT take the baton of Pink Floyd and run with it, with the same dream-like atmosphere on the cusp of a nightmare." -Terrorizer "...the sound of a band reaching the height of their powers" -Classic Rock "the album that Soord and compatriots have been working towards for all those years" -Metal Hammer "… a beautiful work of art that will please especially fans of Porcupine Tree…" -Prog www.kscopemusic.com/thepineapplethief Tracks: Lay on the Tracks / Perpetual Night Shift / Kid Chameleon / Incubate / Doppler / Ster / Release The Tether / How Did We Find Our Way? / 137 / Preserve / Warm Me / PVS / MD One Also Available: (KSCOPE247) - Build A World / (KSCOPE231) - All The Wars (KSCOPE223) - What We Have Sown / (KSCOPE191) - Variations On A Dream (KSCOPE180) - 10 Stories Down / (KSCOPE164S) - Show A Little Love (KSCOPE147) - Someone Here Is Missing / (KSCOPE140) - Little Man (KSCOPE117) - 3000 Days / (KSCOPE101) - Tightly Unwound Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
/ / / /
Brinsley Forde - Urban Jungle HBECD20669
8713762206697
HEARTBEAT
ÂŁ7.99 REGGAE
This is the Debut solo album from legendary founder member of Aswad. Brinsley Forde. Brinsley has been at the heart of British reggae for 40 years. Along with Steel Pulse and Dennis Bovell's Matumbi they were the pioneers of British reggae, touring in 1977 as guest band with Burning Spear,immortalised on the classic album Live (Burning Spear). Later recording in Jamaica at Harry J's studio where the Wailer's Catch A Fire tracks had been cut. Aswad went onto become one of the biggest reggae bands around scoring chart hits including No 1 in 1986 with "Don't Turn Around" Having made himself a TV and Film career with the lead character in Franco Rosso's cult hit "Babylon",appearences in Brit sitcoms Double Deckers and Please Sir and the Bob Marley videos "Buffalo Soldier" and "One Love" he turned to radio with his BBC6 Music show "Lively Up Yourself" and timely documentaries on Bob Marley and British Reggae. Back to music he joined Dizzee Rascal on Jools Holland's Later to perform "Can't Tek No More" based on the great "Warrior Charge" aswell as reforming Aswad for the Island Records 50th Birthday birthday concert along side Sly & Robbie and Tinchy Stryder.. Brinsley's debut album shows a desire to go back to basics with an aim to make it roots reggae with a revisiting of those 70's vibes although with radio hit "Can't Stop Me Now" its contemporary enough to satisfy new listeners. Brinsley Forde's story has a long way to run. Can,t Stop Me Now B List Radio 2 since April Robert Elms Session BBc Radio London Plays on BBC6 Music, David Rodigan BBC Radio 2 Show Tracks: Sodom & Gomorrah / Whispering Tree / She Don't Wanna Try / Baby I Love You Now / Blaze It Up / Million Miles / Chillin' / Jah Children Come / Shewodun / He Won't Love You / Urban Jungle / One Of Those Days / Shed No More / Can't Stop Me Now
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
BLUES NEW RELEASE - 22/07/2013
Chastity Brown – Creative And Dreams Network CDMN1003
September Tour 2013:
12th - Green Note, London 13th - Exeter 14th - Miss Peapods, Penryn 15th - The Square Chapel, Bath 16th - St Ives Festival 17th - Seven Arts, Leeds 18th - The Wee Gigs, Abingdon,Lanarkshire 19th - Woodend B&T Club, Glasgow 20th - The Live Room, Newcastle 21st - Atkinson Americana Fest, Southport 22nd - The Anvil, Basingstoke
644167096324
ANDY CHILDS
£7.99 BLUES
She’ll put a spell on you. Sweet as molasses and woodsmoke, clear and burning as summer sun, Chastity Brown casts magic. Her voice brings you to the crossroads with every turn, warms, comforts and challenges you. She is the inheritor of Leadbelly, Nina Simone, Bonnie Raitt and Roberta Flack. She is past, present and future. Throw all the genres and hyphenates together you want to describe her – gospel, roots & soul, jazz, blues & country – they are all right, and also not enough. Chastity channels songs that are borne deep in the American bone, the hunger, desperation and confidence that runs through our times. Coming from Tennessee to Minnesota, touring the country, she has had half her own lifetime and million lifetimes gone before to concoct her powerful sound. Recorded primarily at the venerable Helsinki South studios in Nashville, Chastity returns to a Southern warmth with a roster of heavyweight studio musicians backing her up. Among them, bass player Anton Nesbit has credits such as Mavis Staples and BeBe & CeCe Winans to his name and organist Blair Masters has performed with Garth Brooks. Also on Back-Road Highways is guitarist Robert Mulrennan of No Bird Sing, who plays with Chastity in her live band. Chastity pulls from a diverse crosssection of talent for her live shows, playing with percussionist Michael X, keyboardist DeVon Gray (Heiruspecs) and bass player Jef Sundquist (Hildur Victoria), resulting in restless, electrifying and completely enveloping performances that never want to stop and linger long after the last note has quieted. Back-Road Highways is the best yet from Chastity. Opening with the slow, pulsing insistence of “House Been Burnin”, a cry out for our needs, she follows it up with the rocking blues of “When We Get There” and the plaintive, moving roots of “Solely”. Chastity turns it all around and brings out the joys and sorrows of love with the enormous, pleading, “Say It” balanced with the sweetly ecstatic “After You”. Throughout Back-Road Highways, Chastity sings it all out, gives us all a reason to keep on going one more day.
Confirmed Reviews:
Maverick 5***** No Depression 5***** Daily Mail Review Blues Matters Interview/Review Sunday Times Culture feature Classic Rock review/feature Blues and Soul Tracks: House Been Burnin / When We Get There / Solely / After You / I left Home / Leroy / Lift Us / Could've Been a Sunday / Say It / Slow Time / If You Let Me
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
BEAT GOES ON NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Suzy Bogguss - Aces / Voices In The Wind / Something Up My Sleeve BGOCD1120
5017261211200
BGO RECORDS
£7.99 COUNTRY
These are three early 1990s albums that adorned the US Country and Pop charts for several months. From these recordings came the Country hits 'Drive South', 'Letting Go' and 'Hey Cinderella'. This title is new to the BGO catalogue. Digitally remastered and slipcased with extensive new liner notes CD 1: Outbound Plane / Aces / Someday Soon / Let Goodbye Hurt / Save Yourself / Yellow River Road / Part Of Me / Letting Go / Music On The Wind / Still Hold On / Heartache / Drive South / Don’t Wanna / How Come You Go To Her / Other Side Of The Hill / In The Day CD 2: Love Goes Without Saying / Eat At Joe’s / Lovin’ A Hurricane / Letting Go / Cold Day In July / Diamonds And Tears / Just Like The Weather / I Keep Comin Back / You Never Will / You’d Be The One / Take It To The Limit / Hey Cinderella / Souvenirs / You Wouldn’t Say That To A Stranger / Take It Like A Man / No Green Eyes / Something Up My Sleeve
Chris Ledoux - Western Underground / Whatcha Gonna Do With A Cowboy / Under This Old Hat BGOCD1117
5017261211170
BGO RECORDS
£7.99 COUNTRY
Here are Chris LeDoux's first three albums for Capitol/Liberty Records which enjoyed great critical and commercial success in both the Country and Pop charts. Sadly this talented singer/songwriter and one-time rodeo star died of liver cancer in 2005. This title is new to the BGO catalogue. Digitally remastered and slipcased with extensive new liner notes CD 1: County Fair / Riding For A Fall / Thank The Cowboy For The Ride / Cadillac Cowboy / This Cowboy’s Hat / Shot Full Of Love / The Last Drive-In / Yellow Brick Road Turns Blue / Settin’ The Woods On Fire / Workin’ Man’s Dollar / Call Of The Wild / You Just Can’t See Him From The Road / Little Long-Haired Outlaw / Making Ends Meet / Whatcha Gonna Do With A Cowboy / Hooked On An Eight-Second Ride CD 2: I’m Ready If You’re Willing / Look At You Girl / Cadillac Ranch / Western Skies / The Double Diamond / Under This Old Hat / Get Back On That Pony / Every Time I Roll The Dice / Strugglin’ Years / Cowboys Like A Little Rock And Roll / She’s Tough / Soft Place To Fall / For Your Love / Wild And Wooly / Powder River Home / Cadillac Ranch (Dance Club Version) / Photo Finish
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
BEAT GOES ON NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Tanya Tucker - Strong Enough To Bend / Tennessee Woman / What Do I Do With Me BGOCD1116
5017261211163
BGO RECORDS
£7.99 COUNTRY
Here are three late 1980s/early 1990s albums from talented singer/songwriter Tanya Tucker. These albums each spent a year or more in the Country charts and 'What Do I Do With Me', a Billboard Top 50 album, spent 70 weeks in the charts. This title is new to the BGO catalogue. Digitally remastered and slipcased with extensive new liner notes CD 1: You’re Not Alone / Strong Enough To Bend / As Long As I’m Dreamin’ / Lonesome Town / Daddy And Home / Highway Robbery / Lonely At The Right Time / Playing For Keeps / Call On Me / Back On My Feet / Take Another Run / Shotgun / As Long As There’s A Heartbeat / Don’t Go Out / There’s A Tennessee Woman/Ben’s Song CD 2: Goodbye Baby / It Won’t Be Me / Your Old Magic / Walking Shoes / Oh What It Did To Me / If Your Heart Ain’t Busy Tonight / Some Kind Of Trouble / (Without You) What Do I Do With Me / Down To My Last Teardrop / Everything That You Want / Trail Of Tears / Bidding America Goodbye (The Auction) / Time And Distance / He Was Just Leaving / Right About Now
Michael Murphey - Flowing Free Forever/ Lonewolf £7.99 / Peaks, Valleys, Honky Tonks & Alleys BGOCD1115
5017261211156
BGO RECORDS
COUNTRY
Michael Murphey's final three mid/late 1970s albums for Epic Records. 'Flowing Free' and 'Lonewolf' made the Billboard US Top 200 Albums. In the 1980s Murphey changed labels to Warner Bros. and enjoyed great success in the Country charts. This title is new to the BGO catalogue. Digitally remastered and slipcased with extensive new liner notes CD 1: Flowing Free Forever / A North Wind And A New Moon / Cherokee Fiddle / See How All The Horses Come Dancing / Yellow House / Changing Woman / High Country Caravan (aka Song For Stephen Stills) / Running Wide Open / Our Lady Of Sante Fe / The Wandering Minstrel / Nothing Is Your Own / Paradise Tonight / No Man’s Land / Loners / Song Dog CD 2: Arrows In The Darkness / Hard To Live Together / Night Patrol / Loving Time / Song Dog (Reprise) / Cosmic Cowboy/Cosmic Breakdown / Another Cheap Western/Western Movies / Years Behind Bars / Backslider’s Wine / Geronimo’s Cadillac / South Coast / Chain Gang / Once A Drifter / Texas Morning / Lightning
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
BLUES NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Oli Brown - Songs From The Road RUF1193
710347119326
£10.00 RUF RECORDS
BLUES
Oli Brown is a man in motion. The world knows his name. The circuit knows his reputation. His mission to bring blues-rock to the people has seen him cross continents, tear through time zones and break language barriers. And yet, no matter how far the tour bus takes him, Oli has never forgotten his roots, nor the city that put him on his musical path. As such, on December 16, 2012, the bluesman who once stood in a Norwich schoolyard dreaming of a record deal returned as a conquering hero for a hometown gig like no other. Of course, Oli has returned to Norwich for triumphant end-of-year shows many times in the past, rewarding his loyal hometown fans for their support through the blood, sweat and slog of the early years. And yet, this time, the stakes were even higher, and the atmosphere still more electric, as the bandleader hit the city's Waterfront venue with a recording crew, intent on capturing his live set as the latest release in Ruf Records' legendary 'Songs From The Road' series. "I really wanted to record my live show in Norwich," explained the bluesman, "as everyone there has been so good to me." CD: Speechless / Thinking About Her / Manic Bloom / Next Girl / Mr.Wilson / Love Is Taking Its Toll / Devil In Me / You Can Only Blame Yourself / Stone Cold DVD: Speechless / Thinking About Her / Manic Bloom / Here I Am / Next Girl / Evil Soul / Love Is Taking It's Toll / Mr.Wison / Devil In Me / You Can Only Blame Yourself / I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know / Remedy / Stone Cold Also Available: (RUF1178) - Here I Am / (RUF1160) - Heads I Win Tails You Lose / (RUF1139) - Open Road
Randy McAllister - Crappy Food, No Sleep, A Van…And Some Great Songs JSPCD8849
788065884925
JSP
£7.79 BLUES
To coincide with a new burst of international touring this set puts together 12 of Randy's acclaimed 1990's studio recordings and one new bonus track. Randy McAllister is well known in the U.K. although he's Dallas / Fort Worth based. He's an accomplished harmonica player and singer but it's the songwriting which sets him apar t- 'Scary Woman',' Bat And A Gun', 'Suzi Goldigger', 'One Paycheck Away', 'Who's the Parent, Who's The Child' are just a few of the titles on this set which are as interesting to hear as the titles suggest…. Tracks: Bat And A Gun / Digging For Sofa Change / Eat, Drink And Sleep / The Last Goodbye / One Paycheck Away / Ain’t Like The Movies / He Was Him / Scary Woman / Blues Colored Soul / Who’s The Parent/ Who’s The Child? / Spastic / You Got No Right / Suzi Goldigger
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
BLUES NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Various Artists - Masters Of Memphis Blues JSPCD77139
788065713928
JSP
£11.40 BLUES
A unique 4CD box set collection of some of the iconic and influential pre-war Memphis Blues sounds-Furry Lewis, Frank Stokes, Robert Wilkins, The Beale Street Sheiks. These classic recordings are released the way the blues buying public like it-superb price point. Meticulously remastered and presented. Comprehensive and serious collections. It seems that there is always a new generation of buyers of this type of material-the roots, the template for all that followed. CD 1: Everybody’s Blues: Furry Lewis / Mr Furry’s Blues: Furry Lewis / Sweet Papa Moan: Furry Lewis / Rock Island Blues: Furry Lewis / Jelly Roll: Furry Lewis / Billy Lyons And Stack O’Lee: Furry Lewis / Good Looking Girl Blues: Furry Lewis / Why Don’t You Come Home Blues: Furry Lewis / Falling Down Blues: Furry Lewis / Big Chief Blues: Furry Lewis / Mean Old Bedbug Blues: Furry Lewis / Furry’s Blues: Furry Lewis / I Will Turn Your Money Green - Take 1: Furry Lewis / I Will Turn Your Money Green - Take 2: Furry Lewis / Mistreatin’ Mama: Furry Lewis / Dry Land Blues: Furry Lewis / Cannon Ball Blues: Furry Lewis / Kassie Jones - Part 1: Furry Lewis / Kassie Jones Part 2: Furry Lewis / Judge Harsh Blues - Take 1: Furry Lewis / Judge Harsh Blues - Take 2: Furry Lewis / John Henry (The Steel Driving Man) - Take 1: Furry Lewis / John Henry (The Steel Driving Man) - Take 2: Furry Lewis / Black Gypsy Blues: Furry Lewis / Creeper’s Blues: Furry Lewis CD 2: You Shall: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / It’s A Good Thing: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Sweet To Mama: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Half Cup Of Tea: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Beale Town Bound: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Last Go Round: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Jazzin’ The Blues: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / You Shall: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / It’s A Good Thing: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Mr Crump Don’t Like It: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Chicken You Can Roost Behind The Moon: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Blues In ‘D’: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Ain’t Goin’ To Do Like I Used To Do: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Hunting Blues: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Rockin’ On The Hill Blues: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Fillin’ In Blues - Part 1: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Fillin’ In Blues - Part 2: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Wasn’t That Doggin’ Me: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Jumpin’ On The Hill: The Beale Street Sheiks (Stokes & Sane) / Jonestown Blues: Banjo Joe (Gus Cannon) / Poor Boy, Long Ways From Home: Banjo Joe (Gus Cannon) / Madison Street Rag: Banjo Joe (Gus Cannon) / Jazz Gypsy Blues: Banjo Joe (Gus Cannon) / Can You Blame The Colored Man: Banjo Joe (Gus Cannon) / My Money Never Runs Out: Banjo Joe (Gus Cannon) / CD 3: Downtown Blues - Take 1: Frank Stokes / Downtown Blues - Take 2: Frank Stokes / Bedtime Blues: Frank Stokes / What’s The Matter Blues: Frank Stokes / Mistreatin’ Blues: Frank Stokes / It Won’t Be Lon - Take 1: Frank Stokes / It Won’t Be Long - Take 2: Frank Stokes / Nehi Mamma Blues: Frank Stokes / I Got Mine: Frank Stokes / Stomp That Thing: Frank Stokes / ’Tain’t Nobody's Business If I Do - Part 1: Frank Stokes / ’Tain’t Nobody's Business If I Do - Part 2 Take 1: Frank Stokes / ’Tain’t Nobody's Business If I Do - Part 2 - Take 2: Frank Stokes / Take Me Back: Frank Stokes / How Long: Frank Stokes / South Memphis Blues: Frank Stokes / Bunker Hill Blues: Frank Stokes / Right Now Blues: Frank Stokes / Shiney Town Blues: Frank Stokes / I’m Going Away Blues: Frank Stokes / Old Sometime Blues: Frank Stokes / Frank Stokes’ Dream: Frank Stokes / Memphis Rounders Blues: Frank Stokes / I Couldn’t Help It: Allen Shaw / Moanin’ The Blues: Allen Shaw CD 4: Rolling Stone - Part 1: Robert Wilkins / Rolling Stone - Part 2: Robert Wilkins / Jail House Blues: Robert Wilkins / I Do Blues: Robert Wilkins / That’s No Way To Get Along: Robert Wilkins / Alabama Blues: Robert Wilkins / Long Train Blues: Robert Wilkins / Falling Down Blues: Robert Wilkins / Nashville Stonewall Blues: Robert Wilkins / Police Sergeant Blues: Robert Wilkins / Get Away Blues: Robert Wilkins / I’ll Go With Her Blues: Robert Wilkins / Dirty Deal Blues: Robert Wilkins / Black Rat Blues: Robert Wilkins / New Stock Yard Blues: Robert Wilkins / Old Jim Canaan’s: Robert Wilkins / Losin’ Out Blues: Robert Wilkins / Hard Scufflin’ Blues: Little Buddy Doyle / Grief Will Kill You: Little Buddy Doyle / Slick Capers Blues: Little Buddy Doyle / Renewed Love Blues: Little Buddy Doyle / Bad In Mind Blues: Little Buddy Doyle / Three-SixtyNine Blues: Little Buddy Doyle / She’s Got Good Dry Goods: Little Buddy Doyle / Lost Baby Blues: Little Buddy Doyle / Sweet Man Blues: Little Buddy Doyle
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
FOLK NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Hanz Araki & Kathryn Claire - The Emigrant's Song / The Labourer's Lament £7.99 CELCON003
678277210523
COPPERPLATE INDEPEND
FOLK
Here the plight of the emigrant and labourer is presented in a concert entitled 'The Emigrant's Song'. From the stories of those forced to leave Ireland, to the workers of England, Scotland and Wales, these songs evince the impact of Celtic music on the folk music of North America, where so many came to make new lives. Continuing their 4 seasonal releases in 1 year, Hanz & Claire Kathryn release 'The Emigrant's Song', the third in their seasonal music cycle and their very successful stage show. While most of us think of Summer as a time for sun and hitting the beaches, for many of our fore fathers in Ireland it was a time of leaving their homes to gain seasonal employment in England and Scotland mining, picking fruit or harvesting potatoes and the like. A trail so well documented in the books of Donegal man, Patrick McGill. Tracks: The Exile's Jig / Johnny Miner / Leaving Glasgow / Four Loomed Weaver / New Rigged Ship / My Johnny Was A Shoemaker / The Isle of France / The Steampacket / Grey Funnel Line / Covering Ground / New Holland Grove / Japanese Hornpipe / Farewell to Fiunary Also Available: (CELCON001) - A Winter Solstice Celebration / (CELCON002) - As I Roved Out: Songs Of Spring
Paul Downes - The Boatman's Cure WGS396CD
5016700115727
£7.99 WILD GOOSE
FOLK
Long awaited solo album from this acclaimed performer Despite having played on around 250 albums in bands (The Arizona Smoke Revue, The Joyce Gang, The Brighton Taverners), duos (with Phil Beer, Mick Ryan, Maggie Boyle) and as a session musician, this is only Paul Downes' 5th solo album. Here is the mix of traditional, contemporary and instrumental material that you would expect from his live performances.
*Digital download distributed by Proper*
With support from: Phil Beer - violin, mandolin, acoustic bass / Maggie Boyle - flute, whistle, bodhran / Issy Emeney – melodeon / Keith Kendrick – concertina / Jackie Oates – violin / Gill Redmond - cello Tracks: Honour and Praise / Farewell Nancy / Braunton Burrows / The Old Man's Retreat / The Boatman's Cure / Down Among the Dead Men / The Poor Old Couple / I Hate the Rain / The Broken - Down Gentleman / Lamorna Cove / The Road to Camden Town / Unaccompanied (accompanied)
Mary Black - 25 Years 25 Songs TUCD8
5099343611818
£9.10 DOLPHIN RECORDS
FOLK
Re-issue.... To mark the 25th anniversary of Mary Black's first solo album this special compilation double album containing 25 songs spanning Mary's career and considered to be her most popular recordings. Some of the older tracks have been remixed and all have been fully remastered from the original albums. Mary also recorded two brand new songs specially for this project. CD 1: Katie / Past The Point Of Rescue / I Will Be There (with Paul Brady) / Sonny (with Emmylou Harris and Dolores Keane) / Carolina Rua / Bright Blue Rose / The Land Of Love / Song For Ireland / By The Time It Gets Dark / Babes In The Wood / Wonder Child / Summer Sent You / Rose of Allendale / Bonus Track: Sweet Love CD 2: No Frontiers / Still Believing / Once In A Very Blue Moon / Only A Woman's Heart (with Eleanor McEvoy) / Don't Say Okay / As I Leave Behind NeidÃn / Your Love / Columbus / Bless The Road / Adam At The Window / Anachie Gordon / Flesh And Blood / Bonus Track: If I Have To Go
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
FOLK NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 David Francey - So Say We All CDTRAX377
5018081037728
GREENTRAX
FOLK
The award winning David Francey is an outstanding songwriter and storyteller. David Francey was born in Scotland but now lives in Canada where he has been writing and recording his own songs for fourteen years. He has recorded 10 albums and won numerous awards in Canada. This is a new album of David’s well crafted songs, the arrangements are sympathetic and solid and the sound is excellent. His best to date in our opinion – Greentrax Touring the UK again in 2013 and making his mark here ‘One of Canada’s best-loved troubadours’ –Toronto Star ‘Songs that go straight to the heart and stay there’ –Sing Out Magazine Tracks: Rain / Cheap Motel / Harm / Pandora's Box / Weather Vane / Satellite / American Blues / A Star Above / Long Long Road / Ordinary Man / Blue Skies / Blue Yonder / Bitterroot / So Say We All
FOLK NEW RELEASE - 29/07/2013 Various Artists - Latitude & Longitude, A Navigator Records Sampler 2013 NAVIGATOR085
805520620857
NAVIGATOR RECORDS
£1.25 FOLK
9 track sampler showcasing tracks from each album released on the Navigator Records label during 2013. Includes exclusive previews of forthcoming albums by Lucy Ward, Lisa Knapp and David Rotheray. Also features songs from acclaimed 2013 albums by Faustus, Heidi Talbot, Josienne Clarke & Ben Walker, ahab, Paper Aeroplanes and Way To Blue : The Songs Of Nick Drake. *Digital download distributed by Proper*
Tracks: Faustus – Og’s Eye Man (from the album, Broken Down Gentlemen) / David Rotheray – Mrs Avery’s Song (feat. Jackie Oates / from the forthcoming album, ‘Answer Ballads’) / Paper Aeroplanes – Red Rover (from the album, ‘Little Letters’) / Josienne Clarke & Ben Walker – Anyone But Me (from the album, ‘Fire & Fortune’) / ahab – Rosebud (from the album, ‘Wits End’) / Lucy Ward – Marching Through The Green Grass (from the forthcoming album, ‘Single Flame’) / Lisa Knapp – Seagiver (from the forthcoming album, ‘Hidden Seam’) / Heidi Talbot – Dearest Johnny (from the album, ‘Angels Without Wings’) / Luluc – Things Behind The Sun (from the album, ‘Way To Blue – The Songs Of Nick Drake’)
CHILDRENS NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Various Artists - Putumayo Kids Present: New Orleans Playground PUTU2572
790248025728
PUTUMAYO
£6.99 CHILDRENS
A playful romp through the musical landscape of New Orleans. Tracks: Choo Choo Ch'Boogie - Clifton Chenier / They All Ask'd For You - The Meters / Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner - Kermit Ruffins / Second Line - Charmaine Neville / Skip To My Blues - Buckwheat Zydeco / Ya Ya - Lee Dorsey / I Like It Like That - Chris Kenner / Whole Lotta Lovin' - Fats Domino / Ain't Got No Home - Clarnce 'Frogman' Henry / Row Row Your Boat - Dr. John / When The Saints Go Marchin' In - Hack Bartholomew
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
JASMINE RECORDS NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Various Artists – Let's Go Surfin': The Birth Of Surf JASCD757
604988075724
JASMINE RECORDS
ROCK & ROLL
A fantastic collection of 52 tracks featuring two albums and singles that were part of a genre that was ready to break out both nationally and internationally by the end of 1962. The albums on offer here are the debut albums by the two major innovators of surf music – Dick Dale with "Surfers Choice" and of course, The Beach Boys with "Surfin' Safari". Includes such hits as: "Let's Go Trippin'"; "Surfin' Safari" and "Surfers Stomp" plus Dick Dale and The Deltones' "Miserlou" which was used by Quentin Tarantino in his classic film "Pulp Fiction". *Digital download distributed by Proper*
Disc 2 features the obscure but yet still influential bands that fuelled the emergence of the genre, such as: The Marketts, The Hollywood Tornadoes, Richie Allen and more! CD 1: Surf Beat / Sloop John B / Take It Off / Night Owl / Fanny Mae / Misirlou Twist / Peppermint Man / Surfing Drums / Shake ‘N’ Stomp / Lovey Dovey / Death Of Gremmie / Let’s Go Trippin’ / Deltone Rock / Jungle Fever / Misirlou / Eight Til Midnight / Surfin’ Surfari / County Fair / Ten Little Indians / Chug A Lug / Little Girl (You’re My Miss America) / 409 / Surfin’ (1962) / Heads You Win Tails I Lose / Summertime Blues / Cuckoo Clock / Moon Dawg / The Shift CD 2: Surfin’ – The Beach Boys (1961) / Luau – The Beach Boys / Barbie – Kenny And The Cadets / What Is A Young Girl Made Of – Kenny And The Cadets / Moon Dawg – The Gamblers / Lsd 25 – The Gamblers / Caveman (Surf Man) Richie Allen / Room 304 (Malibu Run) – Richie Allen / Undercurrent – Richie Allen / Mr. Moto – The Belairs / Little Brown Jug – Belairs / The Surfer Moon – Bob And Sherri / Humpty Dumpty – Bob And Sherri / Surfer Stomp – Bruce Johnston / Surfer’s Stomp – The Marketts / Start – The Marketts / Balboa Blue – The Marketts / Stompede – The Marketts / Night Surfin’ – The Piltdown Men / Boss - The Rumblers / Bustin’ Surfboards – The Hollywood Tornadoes / The Gremmie Pt 1 – The Hollywood Tornadoes / The Gremmie Pt 2 – The Hollywood Tornadoes / (Let’s Have A) Beach Party – Dave York & The Beachcombers
Various Artists - Night Sounds: The Genesis Of Soul / Jazz Organ Combos 1956-1962 £6.73 JASCD237
604988023725
JASMINE RECORDS
JAZZ
The Most detailed CD exploration yet into the early 60s rise of Jazz organists featuring the greatest exponents of the genre: Jimmy Smith, Jimmy McGriff, Brother Jack McDuff, Booker T and many others! Includes the defining hits like "Walk on the Wild Side", "I Got a Woman" and of course "Green Onions".
*Digital download distributed by Proper*
One of the greatest things about this most popular sub-genre of jazz is how fresh most of the records still sound over fifty years after they were recorded. Many of these songs were covered by British bands during the blues boom and the genre was an important element in the emerging Mod movement. CD 1: Jimmy Smith - The Champ / Ernie Freeman - Night Sounds / Bill Doggett - After Hours / Bill Doggett – Backwards / Hank Marr – Tonk Game / Brother Jack Mcduff - Brother Jack / Larry Young – Wee Dot / Jimmy Smith – Back At The Chicken Shack / Jimmy Smith – Midnight Special / Phil Upchurch Combo – You Can’t Sit Down / Richard ‘Groove’ Holmes – Morris The Minor / Hank Marr – Ram Bunk Shush / Hank Marr – The Push / Brother Jack Mcduff – Honeydripper CD 2: Shirley Scott – Hip Soul / Shirley Scott – Hip Twist / Johnny Hammond Smith – Ribs ‘N’chips / Johnny Hammond Smith – Sticks And Stones / Baby Face Willette – Face To Face / Baby Face Willette – Something Strange / Bill Doggett & His Combo – You Can’t Sit Down Pt 1 / Curtis Amy & Paul Bryant – Meetin’ Here / Jimmy Mcgriff - I Got A Woman Pts 1&2 / Jimmy Smith – Walk On The Wild Side / Lou Donaldson W/Big John Patton – Funky Mama / Booker T. & The Mgs – Green Onions / Booker T. & The Mgs – Behave Yourself
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
JASMINE RECORDS NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Neslo Eddy - As Years Go By JASCD251
604988025125
£6.73 JASMINE RECORDS
EASY LISTENING
Nelson Eddy was highly skilled in many styles of music: Broadway musicals, Hollywood themes, sacred masterpieces, folk and western material, opera, oratorio, operetta and art songs. "As Years Go By - from Providence: The Man and His Artistry" is Jasmine's latest spectacular collection of Nelson Eddy, one of the greatest and most enduring stars of the 20th century!
*Digital download distributed by Proper*
Included here are early collections such as "Four Indian Love Lyrics" an entire album recorded specifically for his film, "The Northwest Outpost" and the reverent "There is a Green Hill Far Away" and "The Lord's Prayer". Many of Nelson Eddy's later stereo tracks are included, as well as the dynamic duets with the gifted Gale Sherwood. This set is a MUST for worldwide fans! CD 1: Love Is The Time / Nearer And Dearer / One More Mile To Go / Raindrops On A Drum / Tell Me With Your Eyes / Russian Easter Hymn / The Temple Bells (Four Indian Love Lyrics) / Less Than The Dust (Four Indian Love Lyrics) / Kashmiri Song (Four Indian Love Lyrics) / Till I Wake (Four Indian Love Lyrics) / There Is A Green Hill Far Away / The Lord’s Prayer / Oh, What A Beautiful Morning / People Will Say We’re In Love / The Riff Song / One Night Of Love Duet: Gale Sherwood / You Are Love Duet: Gale Sherwood / Just For Tonight Duet: Gale Sherwood / The Song Is You Duet: Gale Sherwood / I Love You Duet: Gale Sherwood / Isn’t It Romantic? Duet: Gale Sherwood / Alone Together Duet: Gale Sherwood / The Very Thought Of You Duet: Gale Sherwood / I Concentrate On You Duet: Gale Sherwood / Speak Low Duet: Gale Sherwood CD 2: Full Moon And Empty Arms / Stranger In Paradise / Rachel / Stella By Starlight / Blue Tango Duet: Gale Sherwood / What Is This Thing Called Love? Duet: Gale Sherwood / Laura / If You Are But A Dream / As Years Go By / Black Eyed Susie / Marta / Tonight We Love / Charmaine / And This Is My Beloved Duet: Gale Sherwood / Wunderbar Duet: Gale Sherwood / Bianca / Love Serenade / The Lamp Is Low / Dolores / One Alone Duet: Gale Sherwood / If I Loved You Duet: Gale Sherwood / Strange Music / Delilah / My Reverie / Peg O’ My Heart / Story Of A Starry Night / Rio Rita / Till The End Of Time / Maria
Edith Piaf - En Anglais JASCD257
604988025729
JASMINE RECORDS
EASY LISTENING
A deeply intense, dramatic and harrowing singer, Edith Piaf – known as "The Little Sparrow" – was France's biggest star for nearly thirty years from the mid-'30s to her untimely demise in 1963, aged just 47. This unique compilation includes all of Piaf's known surviving English language recordings. Disc one comprises studio sides, recorded between 1950-61 whilst on disc two we are treated to wonderful live recordings from two memorable concerts at New York's prestigious Carnegie Hall, in January 1956 and January 1957. Greatly improved sound quality on many of these recordings. *Digital download distributed by Proper*
CD 1: Hymn To Love (Hymne À L’amour) / The Three Bells (Les Trois Cloches) / La Vie En Rose / Simply A Waltz / Heaven Have Mercy (Miséricorde) / One Little Man (Le Petit Homme) / I Shouldn’t Care (Je M’en Fous Pas Mal) / My Lost Melody (Je N’en Connais Pas La Fin) / Cause I Love You (Du Matin Jusqu’au Soir) / Don’t Cry (C’est De La Faute À Tes Yeux) / Autumn Leaves (Les Feuilles Mortes) / Chante Moi / My God (Mon Dieu) / No Regrets (Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien) / Qu’il Était Triste Cet Anglais CD 2: Heaven Have Mercy (Miséricorde) / Hymn To Love (Hymne À L’amour) / Merry Go Round (Je N’en Connais Pas La Fin) / One Little Man (Le Petit Homme) / Autumn Leaves (Les Feuilles Mortes) / La Vie En Rose / Lovers For A Day (Les Amants D’un Jour) / Heaven Have Mercy / Autumn Leaves (Les Feuilles Mortes) / The Highway (Un Jeune Homme Chantait) / Heureuse / One Little Man (Le Petit Homme) / Merry Go Round (Je N’en Connais Pas La Fin) / Hymn To Love (Hymne À L’amour) / La Vie En Rose
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
JASMINE RECORDS NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Acker Bilk - Mr. Acker Bilk Requests JASCD739
604988073928
JASMINE RECORDS
£6.73 JAZZ
Acker Bilk was part of the boom in traditional jazz that swept the United Kingdom in the 1950s. Features his hits "Summer Set", performed by his ensemble "The Paramount Jazz Band", and "Stranger on the Shore" which went to number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart making him the first British artist to have an American No. 1 making him an international star. Described as "Great Master of Clarinet", Acker Bilk was, and still is just as important as American jazzmen like Benny Goodman or Artie Shaw. Truly, the glory that is Acker Bilk transcends all ages and all manner of music. Another must have collection from the vaults of Jasmine Records! *Digital download distributed by Proper*
CD 1: Travelling Blues / Delia Gone / Gladiola Rag / Willy The Weeper / Dardanella / Franklin Street Blues / Easter Parade / Marching Through Georgia / In A Persian Market / I’m Going Home / Ory’s Creole Trombone / Summer Set / Let The Light From The Lighthouse Shine / Berliner Luft March (Gay Hussar) / Tiger Rag / Cushion Foot Stomp / Run Come See Jerusalem / Old Comrades March / C.R.E. March / Carry Me Back / Jump In The Line / Blaze Away / El Abanico / Louisian - I Ay / Higher Ground / Under The Double Eagle CD 2: Stranger On The Shore / Lullaby / Mean To Me / Greensleeves / Take My Lips (Meravigliose Labbra) / Sentimental Journey / Nobody Knows / Is This The Blues? / Cielto Lindo / Deep Purple / I Can’t Get Started / Carolina Moon / Stars And Stripes / Perdido Street Blues / Papa Dip / My Heart Belongs To Daddy / Gospel Train / Maryland Parch / That’s My Home / Go Tell It On A Mountain / Creole Jazz / House Rent Stomp / My Bucket’s Got A Hole In It / Stomp Off Let’s Go!
Booker T & The MG's - Memphis Soul Beat JASCD758
604988075823
JASMINE RECORDS
£6.73 SOUL/R&B
Featured over these two CDs is the first flowering of the 'Stax' sound, a sound that would develop throughout the '60s to become one of the most predominant sounds of American R&B and soul around the world. Included are three complete albums, two from The Mar-Keys and one from Booker T & The MGs plus bonus singles. These were the first acts to break on Stax Records with hits like, "Last Night" and "Green Onions". Here then are three of the earliest albums released out of Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton's legendary label and the genesis of one of the most important house bands in recording history. Fully detailed liner notes with career achievements and history. *Digital download distributed by Proper*
CD 1: Last Night – The Mar-Keys / Night Before – The Mar-Keys / Morning After – The Mar-Keys / Diana – The Mar-Keys / Burnt Biscuits – The Triumphs / About Noon – The Mar-Keys / Sack-OWoe – The Mar-Keys / Foxy – The Mar-Keys / One Degree North – The Mar-Keys / Pop Eye Stroll – The Mar-Keys / Po’ Dunk – The Mar-Keys / Whot’s Happenin’ – The Mar-Keys / You Got It – The Mar-Keys / Green Onions – Booker T. And The Mgs / Behave Yourself – Booker T. And The Mgs / Jellybread – Booker T. & The Mgs / All Right Ok You Win – The Mar-Keys / Sticks And Stones – The Mar-Keys / Misty – The Mar-Keys / Hold It – The Mar-Keys / Ebb Tide – The Mar-Keys CD 2: Wimp-Burger – The Mar-Keys / Straight From The Can – The Mar-Keys / ‘Cause I Love You – The Mar-Keys / Squint Eye – The Mar-Keys / Pop Eye Rider – The Mar-Keys / It’s Gonna Work Out Fine – The Mar-Keys / Sit Still – The Mar-Keys / Too Pooped To Popeye – The Mar-Keys / Sweet-P Crawl – The Mar-Keys / Muscles A Comin’ – The Mar-Keys / Sailor Man Waltz – The Mar-Keys / Rinky Dink – Booker T And The Mgs / I Got A Woman – Booker T And The Mgs / Mo’ Onions – Booker T And The Mgs / Twist And Shout – Booker T And The Mgs / Stranger On The Shore – Booker T And The Mgs / Lonely Avenue – Booker T And The Mgs / One Who Really Loves You – Booker T And The Mgs / I Can’t Sit Down – Booker T And The Mgs / A Woman A Lover A Friend – Booker T And The Mgs / Comin’ Home Baby – Booker T And The Mgs
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
JASMINE RECORDS NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Various Artists - Motor City Roots JASCD218
604988021820
JASMINE RECORDS
£6.73 SOUL/R&B
"A Family Affair" Follows on from the success of our previous issue,( JASCD527) Berry Gordy – "Motor City Roots". In this volume we focus on the labels owned by Berry Gordy's sister, Gwen, and as you would expect this is once again a feast of early 60s soul! Features the first recordings from the soon to be famous Motown stars, The Spinners, Junior Walker, Lamont Dozier, David Ruffin and Johnny Bristol. Hear history in the making as the roots of Motown take shape with many recordings on CD for the first time. Fully detailed liner notes covering how these labels merged into Motown. *Digital download distributed by Proper*
CD 1: Hope And Pray – The Voicemasters / Oops I’m Sorry – The Voicemasters / Needed (For Lovers Only) – The Voicemasters / Needed – The Voicemasters / The Hunch – Paul Gayten / Hot Cross Buns – Paul Gayten / Let’s Go To A Movie Baby – Johnny And Jackey / Lonely And Blue– Johnny And Jackey / I’ll Get Along Somehow– Larry Darnell / Money (That’s What I Want) – Barrett Strong / Oh I Apologise– Barrett Strong / Everything About You – Ty Hunter & The Voicemasters / Do You Want To See My Baby – Herman Griffin & The Mello-Dees / So Good – Ruben Fort / I Feel It – Ruben Fort / All I Could Do Was Cry Pt 1 – Joe Tex / All I Could Do Was Cry Pt 2 – Joe Tex / Hoy Hoy – Johnny & Jackey / No One Else But You – Johnny & Jackey / Tight Skirts & Crazy Sweaters – The Cap Tans / I’m Free – Ty Hunter & The Voicemasters / Everytime – Ty Hunter & The Voicemasters / I’ll Never Break Your Heart Pts 1 & 2 – Joe Tex & The Vibrators / Let’s Talk It Over – Lamont Anthony / The Pop Eye – Lamont Anthony / I’m In Love – David Ruffin / One Of These Days – David Ruffin / Ain’t It A Mess – Joe Tex / Baby You’re Right – Joe Tex CD 2: Orange Driver – Eddie Burns / Hard Hearted Woman– Eddie Burns / Twist Lackawanna – Junior Walker & The All Stars / Willie’s Blues – Junior Walker & The All Stars / It’s Been A Long Time – The Five Quails / Get To School On Time– The Five Quails / Mean And Evil – Eddie Burns / Thing To Do – Eddie Burn / That’s What Girls Are Made Of – The Spinners / Heebie Jeebies– The Spinners / Carry Your Own Load – Johnny & Jackey / Love (I’m So Glad) I Found You – The Spinners / Sud Buster– The Spinners / Someday We’ll Be Together – Johnny & Jackey / Bad Willie – Shorty Long / What Did She Use – The Spinners / Itching For My Baby – The Spinners / She Loves Me So – Harvey & The Spinners / Whistling About You – Harvey & The Spinners / Midnight Session Pt 1 – The Merced Bluenotes / I’ve Been Hurt – The Spinners / I’ve Got Your Water Boiling, Baby (Gonna Cook Your Goose) – The Spinners / I’ll Be Here – Shorty Long / Too Smart – Shorty Long / Do You See My Love For You Growing – Johnny & Jackey / Anyway You Wanta – Harvey (Formerly Of The Moonglows) / She Don’t Love Me – Bobby Smith & The Spinners / Too Young, Too Much, Too Soon – Bobby Smith & The Spinners
Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated – R&B From The Roundhouse, To The Ealing Club, To The Marquee £5.55 JASCD265
*Digital download distributed by Proper*
604988026528
JASMINE RECORDS
BLUES
Alexis Korner and Cyril Davies are universally acknowledged as "The God Father" and "The Architect of UK blues", respectively. They formed The AK Breakdown Group in 1957, which morphed into Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated Featuring Cyril Davies. The following year they recorded the Blues from the Roundhouse Vol. 2 EP before splitting. After Korner & Davies reformed Blues Inc in 1962, the band would provide a catalytic conduit for the entire subsequent UK blues/R&B boom, with singers & musicians like Dick Heckstall-Smith, Mick Jagger, Charlie Watts, Long John Baldry, Jack Bruce, Ginger Baker, and Graham Bond passing through their ranks. This carefully-compiled collection comprises their first EP, the celebrated 1962 Decca LP, "R&B from the Marquee" and a plethora of related recordings of the time. These historic sides were the first electric blues recordings made in the UK. Tracks: Gotta Move / Rain Is Such A Lonesome Sound / I Got My Brand On You / Spooky But Nice / Keep Your Hands Off / I Wanna Put A Tiger In Your Tank / I Got My Mojo Working / Finkle’s Cafe / Hoochie Coochie / Down Town / How Long, How Long Blues / I Thought I Heard That Train Whistle Blow / I’m Built For Comfort (Aka Everything She Needs) / Sail On / National Defence Blues / Go Down Sunshine / Death Letter / The Roundhouse Jug Four: K.C. Moan / Hesitation Blues / It’s The Same Old Thing / Short Legs Shuffle / 3/4 A.D. (Alexis Korner & Davy Graham) / She Fooled Me / I’m A Hoochie Coochie Man / Night Time Is The Right Time / Everything She Needs / Up-Town
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
JAZZ NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Keiko Matsui - Soul Quest SHANCD5408
£7.99
SPLASH POINT
JAZZ
Brazilian violinist Ricardo Herz’s album, Aqui é o meu lá, features newly composed original songs, in which swing, groove and sexy improvisation set the tone. In building his own personal style of playing, Herz has reinvented the way the violin is played. His technique has allowed him to bring out unexpected twists, such as making the instrument sound like an accordion, or even like a rabeca, which are perfect for Brazilian grooves such as the forró and the choro. Herz lived in Paris for nine years and enhanced his technique under the guidance and mentorship of jazz master Didier Lockwood. He improvised with North-African rhythms such as the chabi. To celebrate his return to his Brazilian homeland, Ricardo has released his fourth album, Aqui é o meu lá, with fellow musicians Pedro Ito (drums and percussion) and Michi Ruzitschka (7-string guitar). Tracks: Sete Anões / Segura! / Chamaoque? / Minhoca / De Ontem pra Amanhã / Desvairando / Saci / De Tudo um Pouco / Odeon / Maghrebíase / Valsa Triste-Alegre / Quase Caindo
CLASSICAL NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Various - Welsh Boy Trebles SCD2697
5016886269726
SAIN
CLASSICAL
Wales prides itself on the depth of its singing talent, and nowhere has this been more true than in the wealth of boy trebles produced over the past fifty years. From the 50s through the golden days of Aled Jones to the present day this CD is testimony to the enormous contribution of Welsh boy singers over the years. Outside Wales, the treble voice is mostly associated with church choirs, but although that is also partly true in Wales it is the Eisteddfod which gives these young singers the best platform to develop their talents. And as Aled Jones readily testifies the Eisteddfod stage allows the young singer to perform in front of audiences large and small. The voice of a boy treble has naturally a limited span and there has been a constant demand for a digital compilation of this kind for some years and it is Sain's pleasure to respond to this demand by bringing this wealth of talent to the attention of the world. Tracks: Ave Maria / Oh Holy Night / F'annwyl Wyt Ti / Dod Ar Fy Mhen / The Christ Child / Ave Maria / Bugeilio'r Gwenith Gwyn / Tawel Nos / On Wings Of Song / Morning Has Broken / Pwy Yw Sylfia / Huna Huna / Panis Angelicus / Pie Jesu / Mi Glywaf Dyner Lais / Y Darlun / The Lord Is My Shepherd / I Ti Dymunwn Fyw / Iesu Yw / Rho Fory I Minnau
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
POP/ROCK NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 John Prine - The Missing Years OBR009LP
094012000912
OH BOY
ROCK
John Prine's Grammy-winning classic first time on vinyl 180-gram, two-LP set Although long-admired by his peers as an innovative songwriter, it was not until John Prine's tenth studio album, The Missing Years, that he earned one of music's highest honors. Deemed "Best Contemporary Folk Album" at the 1992 Grammy Awards, The Missing Years showed Prine's magic typewriter had not lost its touch. 'The Missing Years' makes its long overdue debut on vinyl. This set contains all the original artwork, as well as additional photos and era artifacts across the jacket's dual gate-fold. This special edition also features the previously unreleased track, "The Third Of July," which was originally recorded for the album. Produced by the late Howie Epstein, best known as a member of Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers, Prine's album vocal and trademark acoustic guitar never sounded so crisp. "On this record," John Prine recalls, "we worked ten to twelve hours a day. We were able to spend a great deal of time on vocals." Prine continues, "It was all built around my acoustic guitar. Howie just did such a darn good job. He's a real nitpicker." CD 1: Picture Show / All The Best / The Sins Of Memphisto / Everybody Wants To Feel Like You / It's A Big Old Goofy World / I Want To Be With You Always / Daddy's Little Pumpkin / Take A Look At My Heart CD 2: Great Rain / Way Back Then / Unlonely / You Got Gold / Everything Is Cool / Jesus The Missing Years / The Third Of July (Previously Unreleased)
Pylo - Bellavue EP NAIMCD194
*Digital download distributed by Proper* Tracks: Enemies / Crying On Land / Bare Eyed / View
The Cannanes - Howling At All Hours CH103 CH103LP
9326425807682 9326425807699
CHAPTER MUSIC CHAPTER MUSIC
£6.99 £7.99
Chapter Music is excited to announce Howling At All Hours, the new album by international DIY pop icons the Cannanes. First forming in Sydney in the mid 1980s, they have released ten albums on labels all around the world, toured the US, UK, Mexico, Japan and Europe innumerable times and been immortalised in books and documentaries by devoted fans. Links: www.cannanes.com/presskit.html www.facebook.com/cannanes Tracks: Stephanie / Not Camping Out / A Bigger Splash / I Woke Up In Hargreaves Mall / Melting Moments / Fawn Summers / Countryside / Absence / Is It Because I’m Bleak / The Gesture / Lime Tree
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
POP/ROCK NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Sweet - Live At The Marquee 1986 SJPCD421
5055011704213
ÂŁ7.59 ANGEL AIR
ROCK
Back in the mid 80's ANDY SCOTT guitarist, songwriter and producer was living in London carving out a new career for himself after forming SWEET who had no less than 13 UK Top 20 hit singles from 1971-1978 when he bumped into his old agent and from that meeting he decided to put together the next generation of the band. Mick Tucker on drums, Paul Mario Day (ex IRON MAIDEN) on vocals, Phil Lanzon (URIAH HEEP) on keyboards and MAL Mcnulty (SLADE) on bass and Andy of course on lead guitar. It was one hell of a line up and a band with a much harder edge which is where Andy had always been keen to take SWEET. "Live At the Marquee" was originally released i 1989 even though the concert had been recorded in 1986 prior to the Clubs closure in 1988. Two additional live tracks from that performance have been added as bonus tracks which are available for the very first time. Tracks: Action / Sweet FA / Love Is Like Oxygen / Restless / No You Don't / Guitar Seque / Someone Else Will / Drum Solo / Set Me Free / Ballroom Blitz / Fox On The Run / AC DC / Burn On The Flame
Andy Scott - Solo Singles SJPCD424
5055011704244
ANGEL AIR
ROCK
Mention the name ANDY SCOTT and 70's rock band SWEET immediately come to mind as the band notched up no less than 25 Hit Singles in UK, Europe,USA, Australia and New Zealand. Andy also had a very successful solo career and it started with a song called "Lady Starlight" which Andy had written for inclusion on Sweet's celebrated album "Desolation Boulevard" and producer Mike Chapman decided to release it separately as Andy's first solo single and it charted in Germany, Australia and South Africa. So for a brief period in the 80's Andy released a number of successful European singles before reforming his beloved Sweet which still perform today to packed audiences throughout Europe. Tracks: Krugerrands / Face / Gotta See Jane / Let Her Dance / Suck It And See / Invisible / Never Too Young / Ulysses / Safety Net / Where D'ya Go / Lady Starlight / Krugerrmental / Be With You Soon / Galaxy (TV Theme) / Where D'ya Go (demo) / Galaxy (demo)
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
REGGAE NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Various Artists – Putumayo Kids Presents: Reggae Playground
£6.99
CD
PUTUMAYO
Experience the irresistible rhythms of reggae on this global musical journey from the Caribbean to Africa and beyond. Putumayo’s Reggae releases are given the remastered treatment with bonus tracks Tracks: Apache Indian – Om Numah Shivaya / Toots & The Maytals – I Gotta Woman / No Te Va Gustar – El Mismo Canal / JeConte & The Mali Allstars – Toumouranke / Hakiliman Si – Lahara / Analog Players Society – Let The Music Play / Alê Muniz – Maguinha Do Sá Viana / Sacha Nairobi – C’est Moi, C’est Toi / Majek Fashek – African Unity / Kana – Pas De Problèmes / Kaïssa – O Si Keka
SOUL/R&B NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Chanté Moore - Moore Is More SHANCD5405
016351540522
£7.99 SHANACHIE
SOUL/R&B
First new solo album in five years from one of the leading ladies of R&B One of finest R&B singers to have emerged during the past 20 years, Chanté Moore on both her solo recordings and duet work with Kenny Lattimore is the ultimate in sophisticated soul. Tracks: Giving You My Always / Don't Make Me Laugh / Jesus I Want You / Mrs. Under, Stood / Baby Can I Touch Your Body / Cry Me A River / Doctor Doctor / Alone / On 'N’ On / Talking In My Sleep
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
FOLK NEW RELEASE - 12/08/2013 Catriona McKay & Olov Johansson – The Auld Harp OJM010
7320470175217
OLOV JOHANSSON MUSIK
FOLK
Two Harp Traditions Meet! Internationally recognised for their individual harp talents, Catriona McKay (Scottish Harp) and Olov Johansson (Swedish nyckelharpa ) combine beautifully on their second collabaration "The Auld Harp. Catriona, from Fiddlers' Bid, a Celtic harper like no other, and Olov from the band Vasen break new ground with their stunning interplay and beautiful melodies. A unique and dynamic sound! Since first working together in 2002 they have collaborated in the Celtic Connections 2007 concert Fiddler's Bid International, on Olov's solo album 'I lust och Glod' and on Catriona's brilliant Floe project. Olov, the first Nyckelharpa world champion, is a founder member of Vasen"both ancient and futuristic" Sweden's top traditional group and stalwarts of many US and European tours. Catriona's previous album 'Starfish' was nominated for Album of the Year at 2008's Scottish Trad Music Awards, and was named Classic Album at Celtic Connections 2009. Her album with fiddler Chris Stout, 'White Nights', received huge praise and has proved one of Scottish folk's most consistent sellers. Catriona and Olov first met in Stockholm in 2002 to share a concert with their bands, Vasen and Fiddlers' Bid. Backstage Catriona asked Olov "Do you know this one?" and played Eric Sahlström's 'Spelmansglädje', the most played Nyckelharpa tune ever! Their musical bond was formed during that first impromptu session and shows throughout their brilliant new album. Tracks: The Auld Harp / Rory Dall's Port; Masbopolketten / Going Green / Little Fiddler in the Fire / Nacken and Skoella / Splash / Ballongen / Ruben's Lullaby / Vandningen / Fritz Widlund / January Lament / John O'Connor; Tame Her When the Snow Comes / Umea Strathspey; The Melt; Flying Reel / Spelmansgladje Also Available: (OJM009) - Foogy
ROCK NEW RELEASE - 12/08/2013 Atlanter - Vidde JANSEN024 JANSEN025
7041881382420 7041881382512
JANSEN PLATEPRODUKSJ JANSEN PLATEPRODUKSJ
£8.99 £14.99
Atlanter is Jens Carelius' and Arild Hammerø's new band project. They play rock inspired by desert blues bands, by German krautrock and by old delta blues. All this is done with a Norwegian twist and point of view, and is perhaps best described as Norwegian viddeblues. Their debut album Vidde consists of 9 powerful, groove-based songs, all written by the band and produced by Øyvind Røsrud Gundersen (Siri Nilsen, Jens Carelius, Hanne Kolstø). *Digital download distributed by Proper*
"Atlanter has an open-minded approach to playing music. The songs change from one concert to another, and we try to avoid a polished and rehearsed sound. I think everyone in the band enjoys this openness, that something new can happen on every song. We captured this feeling on the record too, and what brings it all together is that it is mostly based on very distinct rhythms. Playing with Atlanter is like dancing around a fire, there is an intense energy there. Our goal is for the audience to feel this energy too, so they can join in on the dance." 180g gatefold vinyl version includes CD Tracks: Tree Song / Aye / Kaktos / Air / More Juice Than Zeus / Pike / Waking / Ling / Desert
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
ROCK NEW RELEASE - 12/08/2013 Pendragon - The Masquerade Overture SMACD997X
636551599726
MADFISH
ROCK
Madfish Edition of 1996 album with 3 Bonus Tracks. Pendragon formed in 1978 and over the past 30-odd years have built up a fanatical fanbase around the world, releasing 8 albums along with countless EPs, live and mini-albums. The band returned in 2012 with their new album, Passion, which was hailed by Classic Rock Prog as 'an album that has both verve and real panache'. Passion was released on the new Madfish label (a division of Snapper Music) and Madfish are now in the process of releasing new editions of albums from throughout the band's back catalogue. This series continues with Masquerade Overture, the 1996 album that was originally released on the band's own Toff's Records. This new edition features 3 bonus tracks and is packaged in a slip case. The bonus tracks were originally released on the long deleted As Good As Gold EP. Tracks: The Masquerade Overture / As Good As Gold / Paintbox / The Pursuit Of Excellence / Guardian Of My Soul / The Shadow / Masters Of Illusion / Bird Of Paradise / Midnight Running / A Million Miles Away Also Available: (SMDCD904) - Introducing Pendragon / (SMACD970/SMALP970) – Passion / (SMACD990X) – Kowtow / (SMACD983X) – The Window Of Life / (SMACD977X) – Believe / (SMACD969) – Pure / (SDPCD186) - The World
Dermot Lambert - Tiny GRA005
IRL
ROCK
Tiny' is Blink frontman Dermot Lambert's long awaited solo album. In 1994 Blink created 'A Map Of The Universe' and followed up with'"The End Is High' and 'Deep Inside The Sound of Sadness' albums which spun hit singles including 'Cello' and 'It's Not My Fault' as well as arena tours with the likes of Crowded House, Moby. The extremely prestigious Album of the Month award from Billboard magazine and many other accolades and nominations followed.
Tour Dates 2013:
June: th 28 - The Village Dublin - Album Launch th 14 - The Green Room Letterkenny August 31st - Electric Picnic
Since 2005 Lambert has kept busy helping other bands like The Script blaze a trail as long as Blink's with the now legendary Garage Gigs which more recently have incorporated the Irish Youth Music Awards and the Garageland Boot Camp. Recorded over 18 months in Dublin, and produced and mixed in New York by producer Howie Beno who's currently twisting knobs on Depeche Mode and Katy Perry releases. Tiny features the singles' Twinkle Twinkle Satellite' and 'Hey Seán' which was used on the high profile Green Ribbon campaign. Tracks: Dear Mr. Lanibert - Me & Dr. Who / (Fade) Into the Morning Sun / Hey Sean / Move On / Love Rainbows / Hey Clare / As If God Was Talking / A Bank In Brazil / Disused Roads / Twinkle Twinkle Satellite / No Sails No Horizons / Something That I Said / (Fade) Into the Morning Sun [Genetic Rhythm Remix] / (Fade) Into the Morning Sun [John Gibbons Remix]
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
ROCK NEW RELEASE - 15/07/2013 Grass House - And Now For The Wild MT021
5060091553101
MARSHAL TELLER RECORDS
£2.75 ROCK
London via North Yorkshire’s Grass House are anything but your run of the mill average quartet trying to make it in the big smoke. Formed just under two years ago band members Liam (vocals), Ross (drummer), Steve (guitarist) and Nick (bassist) affix dusty industrial blues to avantgarde lyricism that casts a coy glance to the freewheeling beats of Beefheart and the melodies of Cohen. Track Premiered on Pitchfork (reached 6k plays) Note worthy track on itunes single banner on Marshall Teller website (physical, digital) Label and band will promote across all social network sites (reach 4k) half page label advert Loud & Quiet magazine (july issue) Tracks: And Now For The Wild / Spinning As We Turn
Great Ytene - Happy Scenes MT022
5060091553118
£2.75 MARSHAL TELLER RECORDS
ROCK
Great Ytene is the sound of four like-minded souls exploring new sonic worlds. Made up of previous members of Colours, with ideas and sounds moving them in a different direction, it was time for a fresh start, and so Great Ytene came to life. Ideas floated between bedrooms, rehearsal spaces and recording studios and now the band are happy to share the fruits of their labour. The new single ‘Happy Scenes’, which is due for release on London-based Marshall Teller Records (Gross Magic, Echo Lake, Cheatahs) on Monday 8th July, is a sprawling, wonder of a song, woven guitar lines and layers of vocal melody provide the texture to a jam that is held together by the pulse of a motoric drum beat. ‘Happy Scenes’ is backed by ‘Memo’ and will be available on limited edition vinyl and digitally. www.greatytene.com Half page label advert in Loud and Quiet Tracks: Happy Scenes / Memo
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
TWENTY STONE BLATT NEW RELEASES - JULY 2013 Chris Wilson - It's Flamin Groovy BAMF44
5024545662122
TWENTY STONE BLATT
ROCK
SUPPORTING BRUCE SPRINGSTEEN QE OLYMPIC PARK 30th June Chris Wilson, frontman and guitarist with the legendary Flamin' Groovies returns with his first solo outing for nearly a decade and for those Groovies fans looking for the spirit of "Shake Some Action", this is the album that should have them excited. Not only does it sound like that seminal albums cousin, it actually includes fellow Groovies Cyril Jordan and George Alexander plus band co-founder Roy Loney who Wilson had originally replaced in the band, performing and cowriting on the album. Working together on this album has now contributed to the fact that they have now reformed as a working band yes the Flamin' Groovies are back and have just completed a series of shows on the U.S. west coast, Australia and Japan which has led to an agreement with Live Nation that will see the band play U.K. and European gigs with Bruce Springsteen plus a short U.K. headline tour in July. The album also features guest appearances from Procol Harum's Mathew Fisher with his signature creativeness on the Hammond and Mike Wilhelms deft slide guitar flourishes. The albums twelve tracks - several included in the live Groovies shows - take off with plenty of the harmonies and jangle of the classic "Shake Some Action", in fact opening track "All The Action" is described as a world weary riposte to its forebear. "She Satisfies" and "Heart In Her Hand" are both Cyril Jordan originals that have there roots back in the eighties as somewhat lost Groovies classics. Elsewhere the album ventures into almost Rolling Stones "Exile on Main St." territory while Roy Loney chips in with the high energy rock`n`roll of "Gamblin' Man". There are also nods in the direction of The Beatles "Revolver" and touches of psychedelia in "Bad Dreams". This album is - at least for now - the nearest thing you are going to get to a full blown Flamin' Groovies album. It embraces all the influences that have been with the band since the days of "Teenage Head" and serves as an ideal companion to the band return to live action.
UK Tour Date 2013:
30th June - Queen Elizabeth Olmypic Park (supporting Bruce Springsteen) 02nd July - Scala London
Advertised In:
MOJO / Vive le Rock / Classic Rock / More Than Music / Shindig Tracks: All the Action / She Satifies / Last Roll of the Dice / Heart in Her Hand / Shake That Feeling / Bad Dreams / Semaphore Signals / Down to the Wire / Sweet Anne / Feel Your Love / Can`t Let Go / Gamblin' Man Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
TWENTY STONE BLATT NEW RELEASES - JULY 2013 Rocket City Riot - Pop Killer BAMF33
5024545537529
£7.99 TWENTY STONE BLATT
ROCK
Tracks: Mister Right / Down With Her / Feel Alive / Oh My Nadine / I'm Gonna Make You Bleed / Do You Want Me / Mine Tonite / What Love Is / She Is All I Ever Wanted / Hypordermic / Nitrodoll / Junkyard Girlfriend / Now I Wanna Be A Good Boy / Cut Me Out / Just You And I / The Sinner
The Spitfires - Aim Low BAMF35
5024545537628
TWENTY STONE BLATT
ROCK
Between 1998-2003 the Spitfires released three full length LPs, four 7 inches, and appeared on over 14 comps or videos on various labels worldwide. They toured the US and Canada extensively as well as touring England shortly before their premature departure. After a 2 year hiatus, they reunited and finished a new album Aim Low. . Tracks: No Good Man / Bully / Aim Low / The Day The Earth Died Screaming / Mr Teller / These Old Bones / Super Comet / Torn Apart / Every Mile / Scratching At The Lid / Believe
Lord Rochester - Hey! BAMF36
TWENTY STONE BLATT
ROCK
Lo-fi Beatsville Garage Rock 'n' Roll album from these groovy tartan-sports-jacket-wearing hipsters who feature a wildebeest among their ranks. Tracks: Hey Little Jermyn / Deathbed / Godzilla / Two Great Guitarists / Lucy Lou / All Night Long / Timber / Mr Pineapple / Five Senses / Monkey Monkey / I Tried To Send A Monkey By UPS / Seasick / Delerious Mama
The Bresslaws - Find My Way Home BAMF37
5024545558524
TWENTY STONE BLATT
£7.99 ROCK
The Bresslaws are a band based in the Medway Towns in Kent - the former playground of Thee Milkshakes and the Prisoners, and more recently The Buff Medways and The Solarflares. The Bresslaws sound owes a lot to the heritage of the Medway Garage bands but they add their own unique style to the genre. What sort of music do we play? We are a bunch of Mods playing in a Garage band. I think that is the best way of summing it up,ä says lead vocalist Vic Bresslaw. ‘Or should I say a ‘Set' of Mods’ definitely not a ‘Gaggle' though he adds. ‘We are a five piece band playing the music that we love. We were brought up with the sounds of the Mod and Ska revival from 1979 onwards, and then the Medway Garage scene which took off in the early eighties and is in fact still going strong. The sixties are obviously a great influence on us, as with all Mods, and you can probably hear many influences within the sounds that we play. Tracks: You Know / Facing My Confusion / The Hangman / Judgement Day / Hazy Day / The Truth Of It / (i'm Not) Your Stepping Stone / Do The Shuffle / Lie Detector / The Beast Of Mankind / Fading / Find My Way Home
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
TWENTY STONE BLATT NEW RELEASES - JULY 2013 Bloodlights - Simple Pleasures BAMF38
5024545608229
£7.99 TWENTY STONE BLATT
ROCK
New band from former Gluecifer front man Captain Poon. Perfect for fans of Turbonegro, Backyard Babies, Nomads, Hellacopters. Special Limited U.K. Edition With 2 Bonus Tracks Reviews: 8/10 Classic Rock + 5ks in Kerrang. Tracks: Blasted / City Of The Dead / Simple Pleasures / Just One More / Off The Track / Never Built To Last / Perfect But The Opposite / Sticky Handshake / Ultimate High / The Thief / Wipe It Off / Dangerzone / Fifteen Minutes
Bloodlights - Simple Pleasures BAMF38LP
TWENTY STONE BLATT
ROCK
Heavyweight Red Vinyl...LTD Edition 14 brand new tracks from Glasgow rock & roll legends. described in Classic Rock as "an astonishing return to form Tracks: Defying Science / Someone To Love / American Road Trip / The ShapeThat Life Bent Me Into / I`ve Never Seen You Looking So Clean / Stream Of Life / Venus Rediscovered / Ho Chi Minh City / High On A Natural / In The Square / Ghost Writer / D.T. Blues / The Lovers Underground / Truth Is Marchin` In - Word Salad
Southern Culture On The Skids – The Kudzu Ranch BAMF40
5024545627725
TWENTY STONE BLATT
£7.99 ROCK
2010 Release on TSB Records SCOTS' music is generally very upbeat, as they usually write and perform songs about dancing, sex, and fried chicken, which are main themes in songs such as "Cheap Motels," "Soul City," and "Eight Piece Box." They are also known for their live shows, which often include throwing fried chicken and banana pudding into the audience, and audience members invited to dance onstage. As a general rule, they are not hostile toward non-commercial taping of their shows. Tracks: Bone Dry Dirt / It`s The Music That Makes Me / Pig Pickin` / Highlife / Slinky Spring Milt / Montague`s Mystery Theme / Are You Ready For The Country / My Neighbour Burns Trash / Bad Boys / Come As you Are - Lucifer Sam / Busy Road / Jack`s Tune
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
CLASSIC AMERICANA NOW AT MIDPRICE Israel Nash Gripka - New York Town CSCCD1058
8713762010584
CONTINENTAL SONG CITY
£5.10 COUNTRY
Israel Nash Gripka has developed roots strong enough to not only hold his own as a singer songwriter, but also strong enough to grab the listener by the foot and put them on the ground. Beginning by fronting numerous band projects, Gripka has now embarked on his solo endeavors and in doing so has relocated to New York City. Gripka's solo debut, New York Town, serves up a portion of tasty Americana music that is backed up by a stellar band of swirling organs, quivering pedal steel strides, gospel infused harmonies, and well seasoned percussion. Taking lead is Gripka's commanding voice which sounds most like a rusted out steam train that is coming to either pick someone up or run them over. Tracks: Evening / Pray For Rain / Let It Go / Bricks / You Were Right / Confess / Either Way / Let Me Down / Concrete / Don't Run / Pink Long-Stem Rose / Beautiful
John Fullbright - Live At the Blue Door CSCCD1069
8713762010690
CONTINENTAL SONG CITY
£5.10 COUNTRY
Although just 21 years old, Okemah, Oklahoma native John Fullbright sings like he has been around for years. Equally skilled on guitar, harmonica, piano and accordion, John understands best that “it’s called playing music for a reason.” That is why you can find him at the music festival campgrounds late at night pickin’ out songs from such mentors as Townes Van Zandt, Hoyt Axton and Leonard Cohen, along with his own unique songs that belie his young age. Tracks: Introductio / Moving / Tombstone Intro / Tombstone / Unlocked Doors / All The Time In The World / Satan & St. Paul / Post War Blues / New Arrival / Somebody Else's Name / All That You Know / Justice / Blameless / Jericho / High Road Intro / High Road / Hallelujah
Pokey LaFarge & The South CityThree – Live In Holland CSCCD1092
8713762010928
CONTINENTAL SONG CITY
£5.10 BLUES
Recorded in April 2012 at Paradiso in Amsterdam, backed by his fabulous companions The South City Three, Pokey Lafarge returns with an exhilarating live album from this legendary Dutch venue. Combining Pokey's favourite songs with tracks from the 2011 Blues hit album 'Middle Of Everywhere' that featured on Jools Holland's Hootenany Show. Channeling American roots, country blues, and jazz traditions of the early 20th century, Pokey LaFarge and the South City Three are leading the way in contemporary American roots music. Tracks: Devil Ain't Lazy / Can’t Be Satisfied / Fan It / Brick Thieves / Pack It Up / Ain’t The Same / Walk Your Way Out Of Town / Two-Faced Tom / In The Graveyard / Drinkin’Whiskey Tonight / Cairo, Illinois / Claude Jones / Hard Times Come and Go / La La Blues
Crooked Still - Hop High SIG2004
701237200422
SIGNATURE SOUNDS
FOLK
Rock energy coexists with old-time mountain soul. Spooky backwoods melodies combine with hip hard-hitting beats. Raw, searing blues riffs intermingle with high heavenly vocals. Sound good? Here's the catch: No electricity. No drums. Meet Crooked Still, the hot young alternative bluegrass group on a mission to bend the boundaries of traditional music. The unlikely combination of banjo, cello and double-bass drives this low lonesome band, whose captivating vocals and high-wire solos have enraptured audiences all over North America and Ireland. Four very unique musical personalities merge to form Crooked Still: Aoife O'Donovan's refined, sultry vocals float over Rushad Eggleston's rumbling cello riffs, Dr. Gregory Liszt's futuristic four-finger banjo rolls and Corey DiMario's pulsing bass lines.
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
CLASSIC AMERICANA NOW AT MIDPRICE Jeffrey Foucault - Stripping Cane SIG1286
701237128627
SIGNATURE SOUNDS
COUNTRY
Jeffrey Foucault is a young man with an old soul. With this, his second album, he presents a selection of spare and intoxicating songs, equal parts old country, folk and roots Americana. This is a landscape of ghost horses and cowboy elegies, weary lovers and leaving trains, moving from country blues to murder ballad, twelve-bar to gospel. Tracks: Cross Of Flowers / Mayfly / Doubletree / Stripping Cane / The Bluest Blade / Pearl Handled Pistol / Northbound / 4& 0 Blues / Don't Look For Me / Tropic Of Cancer / Lodi / Every New Leaf Over
The Deep Dark Woods - Winter Hours BHMCD52
775020921726
BLACK HEN MUSIC
ÂŁ5.10 ROCK
The timeless sound of the aptly named "The Deep Dark Woods" belongs to the depressing winters of the Canadian north. Pulsing with human warmth, these original songs echo through the lonesome night. Ryan Boldt's plainspoken lyrics offer a strong but gentle tone which understates poetry, oftentimes as startling as hot blood in fresh snow. This album is full of raw emotion, sadness, beautiful vocals and harmonies, new sounds, and well thought out arrangements. Working with Juno award winning producer/musician Steve Dawson at Vancouver's famed recording studio "The Factory", they managed to bring out an energy that the new songs deserved, recording the album live off the floor. Tracks: Farwell / Nancy / How Can I Try / All The Money I Had Is Gone / Polly / The Birds On The Bridge / Two Time Loser / As I Roved Out / The Gallows / When First Into This Country / The Winter Hours / The Sun Never Shines
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
REAL GONE NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Dionne Warwick – Complete Warner Bros Singles RLGM4001692PMI
848064001690
£9.99 REAL GONE
SOUL/R&B
Dionne Warwick's singles for the Warner Bros. label not only feature a reteaming with Burt Bacharach & Hal David but also a host of other top-drawer collaborators, including former Motown kingpins Holland-Dozier-Holland, Philly soul king Thom Bell, R&B legend Jerry Ragovoy, West Coast pop-rock pioneer Steve Barri with multiple Grammy-winner Michael Omartian, and ace Gladys Knight & The Pips producer Joe Porter. Now for the first time ever, the "A" & "B" sides of all 21 of Warwick's original Warner stereo singles sides are brought together into an album. Although Dionne would leave Warners to achieve new triumphs with Arista Records in 1978, these long-buried gems - many of which have never been released on CD - reveal that her soulful pop sound and vision remained potent and true during the '70s. Tracks: If We Only Have Love / Close to You / I Think You Need Love / Don’t Let My Teardrops Bother You / (I’m) Just Being Myself / You’re Gonna Need Me / Sure Thing / Who Knows / Take It from Me / It’s Magic / Once You Hit the Road / World of My Dreams / His House and Me / Ronnie Lee / I Didn’t Mean to Love You / He’s Not for You / Do You Believe in Love at First Sight / Do I Have to Cry / Keepin’ My Head above Water / Livin’ It Up Is Startin’ to Get Me Down / Don’t Ever Take Your Love Away
Dionne Warwick - We Need To Go Back: The Unissued Warner Bros. Masters RLGM4001702PMI
848064001706
REAL GONE
£9.99 SOUL/R&B
Although Dionne released five albums and nearly a dozen singles for Warner Bros during her fiveyear (1972-1977) stint with the label, a search through the tape vaults has uncovered a wealth of stellar unreleased masters whose rumored existence has tantalized collectors for decades. Now with this release Real Gone Music has unearthed 19 rare treasures made with the involvement of some of the industry's top pop & soul producers. For instance, the title track is one of a pair of songs Dionne recorded with R&B songwriting duo Ashford & Simpson during a 1973 session.That same year, pop composer Randy Edelman ("Weekend In New Eng-land") joined with Warwick (and engineer Brooks Arthur) to wax a trio of tunes never-before-heard until now. Tracks: Too Far Out of Reach / It Hurts Me So / Give A Little Laughter / You Are the Sunlight and I Am the Moon / The Laughter & the Tears / We Need To Go Back / Someone Else Gets The Prize / And Then You Know What He Did / Plastic City / He Walked Right Through the Door / Meant to Be / One Last Memory / I Found Someone Else / Make a Little Love to Me / Am I Too Late? / Rest Your Love on Me / I’ll Never Make It Easy / Keep Me Warm / Room Enough
Portsmouth Sinfonia - Plays Popular Classics RLGM4001712PMI
848064001713
REAL GONE
£7.49 CLASSICAL
The Legendary 1974 debut album from "The World's Worst Orchestra". The first reissue of any kind, founded by British composer Gavin Bryars and produced by (and Featuring on Clarinet) Brian Eno. Includes new liner notes by Tom Pickles. Tracks: From Peer Gynt Suite No. 1 (Grieg)-“Morning”-“In the Hall of the Mountain King” / From The Nutcracker Suite (Tchaikovsky)-“Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy”-“Waltz of the Flowers” / Fifth Symphony in C Minor, Op. 67 (Beethoven) / William Tell Overture (Rossini) / Also Sprach Zarathustra, Op. 31 (Excerpt) (Richard Strauss) / Blue Danube Waltz, Op. 314 (Johann Strauss) / “Air” from Suite No. 3 in D Major (J.S. Bach) / “Farandole” from L’Arlesienne Suite No. 2 (Bizet) / “Jupiter” from The Planets,Op. 32 (Excerpt) (Holst)
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
REAL GONE NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis Jr. – Two Of Us (Expanded Edition) RLGM4001722PMI
848064001720
REAL GONE
SOUL/R&B
The complete 1977 release on the ABC label, with the non-LP bonus track "I'm So Glad I Found You" and the Billy Davis, Jr. solo single sides "Light a Candle" & "Three Steps from True Love." Features the hit "Look What You've Done to My Heart". Tracks: Look What You’ve Done to My Heart / Wonderful / My Reason to Be Is You / My Very Special Darling / Nightsong / The Times / The Two of Us / In My Lifetime / Hard Road Down / Bonus Tracks (single tracks): I’m So Glad I Found You!!!!!!!!!!!!!! / Light a Candle - Billy Davis Jr.!!!!!!!!!!!!! / Three Steps from True Love - Billy Davis Jr
Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis Jr. – Marilyn & Billy (Expanded Edition) RLGM4001732PMI
848064001737
£7.99 REAL GONE
SOUL/R&B
The duo moved to Columbia for this 1978 re- lease, which we've augmented with the ex- tended 12" single mix of "Shine On Silver Moon. Tracks: Shine On Silver Moon / So Many Things for Free / You Got the Love / I Got the Words, You Got the Music / I Thank You / I Thought It Took a Little Time (But Today I Fell in Love) / Stay with Me / I Got Love for You / Saving All My Love for You / Carry Me / Bonus Track: Shine On Silver Moon (extended 12” single mix)
Tonto's Expanding Head Band - Zero Time RLGM4001742PMI
848064001744
REAL GONE
£7.99 ROCK
The 1971 album that introduced T.O.N.T.O. (The Original New Timbral Orchestra), the largest multitimbral polyphonic analog synthesizer in the world. Tonto and its makers, Malcolm Cecil & Robert Margouleff, went on to appear on albums by Stevie Wonder, Weather Report, Stephen Stills, Quincy Jones, Steve Hillage & many others. This first American only CD re-issue features new liner notes by Richie Unterberger & the original, "Unipak" artwork. A landmark album in electronic music. Tracks: Cybernaut / Jetsex / Timewhys / Aurora / Riversong / Tama
Eydie Gorme - Blame It On The Bossa Nova RLGM4001752PMI
848064001751
REAL GONE
£10.99 EASY LISTENING
Award winning album includes two bonus tracks Tracks: One Note Samba / Melodie D’Amour / The Gift / The Sweetest Sounds / Dansero / Blame It on the Bossa Nova / Desafinado / The Message / Almost Like Being in Love / Moon River / The Coffee Song / I Remember You / Bonus Tracks: Sweet Talk / Oba Oba
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
REAL GONE NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Steve Lawrence - Sings Of Love & Sad Young Men / £13.99 Portrait Of Steve RLGM4001762PMI
848064001768
REAL GONE
EASY LISTENING
Two original albums on 1 CD available as a US import only Tracks: Sings of Love and Sad Young Men: I’m a Fool to Want You / Tender Is the Night / Baby Won’t You Please Come Home / The Thrill Is Gone / Good Times / Just Say I Love Her / The Gal That Got Away / I Want to Be with You / When Your Lover Has Gone / With So Little to Be Sure Of / The Ballad of the Sad Young Men / Portrait of Steve: Traces / Who’s Sorry Now / Make It Easy on Yourself / The Good Life / In the Still of the Night / More
Steve Lawrence & Eydie Gorme – A Man & A Woman / Cozy RLGM4001772PMI
848064001775
£13.99 REAL GONE
EASY LISTENING
Steve & Eydie paired two of their favorite duet albums on this twofer. Cozy was recorded with Don Costa for United Artists in 1961 and was one of the first stereo LPs, while A Man and a Woman was released by RCA in 1970. These albums come from the original tapes. Tracks: Cozy: Cozy / Wouldn’t It Be Lovely / Like in Love / It’s So Nice to Have a Man Around the House / Would You Like to Take a Walk / A Fine Romance / I Like the Likes of You / Without You I’m Nothing / She Didn’t Say Yes / Blue Room / Personality / Two Sleepy People / A Man and a Woman: A Man and a Woman / Wave / Suddenly You / Made for Love / Love for Love / Love Is Blue/Autumn Leaves / Think Happy / Watch What Happens / Turn Down Day / Bossa Nova Roma / Boys & Girls
Parlet - Pleasure Principle RLGM4001782PMI
REAL GONE
SOUL/R&B
Of George Clinton's two girl groups, The Brides of Funkenstein commanded the lioness' share of attention, but Parlet was the funkier of the two; in Clinton put it, "sexual satisfaction guaranteed, that's what this group is all about!" Parlet's roots actually went way back in the Parliament / Funkadelic cosmology; singers Jeanette Washington & Debbie Wright were the first female members of the band, and the third member of the trio, Mallia Franklin, introduced Uncle Jam to Bootsy Collins, & Bootsy became a full-fledged member of Funkadelic and was an instrumental part of their "America Eats Its Young" album released on Westbound in 1972. Tracks: Pleasure Principle / Love Amnesia / Cookie Jar / Misunderstanding / Are You Dreaming? / Mr. Melody Man
Parlet - Invasion Of The Booty Snatcher RLGM4001792PMI
848064001799
REAL GONE
£7.99 SOUL/R&B
Franklin & Wright were gone by the time Parlet's second album, Invasion of the Booty Snatchers, was recorded, replaced by Shirley Hayden & Janice Evans, so calling Parlet a "group" is a little bit of a misnomer. Instead, these records are production vehicles for Clinton (and, on the second album, former Invictus writer/producer Ron Dunbar) & his rotating cast of characters, including Collins, Glenn Goins, Bernie Worrell, Fred Wesley, Gary Shider & other members of the Mothership. Hardly a bad thing; any Parliament/Funkadelic fan is going to want these, especially since they were only briefly out on CD in Japan in the early '90s & command stratospheric prices if you can find 'em. Real Gone reissues sport liner notes from Parliament/ Funkadelic's own former Minister of Information, Tom Vickers, plus photos from his archive and a fresh remastering job by Maria Triana at Battery Studios. Funky, sassy, soulful 'n' sexy! Tracks: Ridin' High / No Rump to Bump / Don't Ever Stop (Lovin' Me, Needin' Me) / Booty Snatchers / You're Leaving / Huff-N-Puff
Order from Proper Music Distribution : Telephone: 0870 444 0805 Fax: 0208 6765169 e-mail: [email protected]
TABU / EDSEL NEW RELEASE - 05/08/2013 Alexander O Neal - Love Makes No Sense TABU2017
5014797139497
EDSEL
£7.99 SOUL/R&B
Courtesy of their now huge success with other acts like Janet Jackson, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis were not available to produce "Love Makes No Sense", O'Neal turning instead to production teams Lance Alexander & prof. t., Zac Harmon & Christopher Troy, and Jon Nettlesbey & Terry Coffey for singles like the title track, "In The Middle" and "Aphrodisia". This 2 CD casebound book set contains the lyrics and newly-authored liner notes by Scott Galloway based on 2013 interview with Alexander O'Neal and producer Jon Nettlesbey, and features remixes and alternate versions of the singles. CD 1: In The Middle / If U Let It / Aphrodisia / Love Makes No Sense / Home Is Where The Heart Is / Change Of Heart / Lady / All That Matters To Me / Since I’ve Been Lovin’ You / Your Precious Love / What A Wonderful World CD 2: BONUS TRACKS: All That Matters To Me [Dan’s 12” Club Mix Introducing Chani Chan] / All That Matters To Me [12” Daytime Mix] / All That Matters To Me [Serious Rope Mix] / All That Matters To Me [Radio Mix] / Aphrodisia [Morie Palma Mix] / Aphrodisia [Nelly’s Quiet Storm – Full Length] / In The Middle [The Glam Slam Mix] / In The Middle [Rapless Mix] / In The Middle [Brown Surround Mix] / In The Middle [Radio Mix] / Love Makes No Sense [7” Radio Mix] / Love Makes No Sense [Brothers In Rhythm dub] / Come Correct / If You Were Here Tonight [live]
S.O.S. Band - Just The Way You Like It TABU1018
5014797139503
EDSEL
£6.99 SOUL/R&B
The S.O.S. Band's fifth album (1984) for the label featured four more Jam and Lewis productions, including the worldwide smashes "Just The Way You Like It", "No One's Gonna Love You" and "Weekend Girl". This casebound book expanded set features additional remixes and alternate versions as well as the lyrics and newly-authored liner notes by Justin Kantor, based on 2013 interviews with the band's founder and keyboard player Jason Bryant and male lead vocalist Abdul Ra'oof. Tracks: No One’s Gonna Love You / Weekend Girl / Just The Way You Like It / Break Up / Feeling / I Don’t Want Nobody Else / Body Break / BONUS TRACKS: Break Up Part 1 [Remix] / Just The Way You Like It [Like It Long Mix] / No One’s Gonna Love You [Special Long Version] / Weekend Girl [Radio Edit] / I Don’t Want Nobody Else [edit]
Kathy Mathis - Womans Touch TABU1019
5014797139510
| i don't know |
Which leader was painted warts and all? | 'Warts and all' - the meaning and origin of this phrase
Warts and all
The whole thing; not concealing the less attractive parts.
Origin
This phrase is said to derive from Oliver Cromwell's instructions to the painter Sir Peter Lely, when commissioning a portrait.
At the time of the alleged instruction, Cromwell was Lord Protector of England. Lely had been portrait artist to Charles I and, following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, he was appointed as Charles II's Principal Painter in Ordinary.
Lely's painting style was, as was usual at the time, intended to flatter the sitter. Royalty in particular expected portraits to show them in the best possible light, if not to be outright fanciful. Lely's painting of Charles II shows what was expected of a painting of a head of state in the 17th century. It emphasizes the shapely royal calves - a prized fashion feature at that time.
Cromwell did have a preference for being portrayed as a gentleman of military bearing, but was well-known as being opposed to all forms of personal vanity. This 'puritan Roundhead' versus 'dashing Cavalier' shorthand is often used to denote the differences in style of the two opposing camps in the English Commonwealth and subsequent Restoration. It is entirely plausible that he would have issued a 'warts and all' instruction when being painted and it is unlikely that Lely would have modified his style and produced the 'warts and all' portrait of Cromwell unless someone told him to.
We have Cromwell's death mask as a reference. From that it is clear that Lely's portrait is an accurate record of Cromwell's actual appearance.
Despite the plausibility of the account, there doesn't appear to be any convincing evidence that Cromwell ever used the phrase 'warts and all'. The first record of a version of that phrase being attributed to him comes from Horace Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting in England, with some account of the principal artists, 1764. Walpole's authority for the attribution came from a reported conversation between John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, the first occupant of Buckingham House, now Buckingham Palace, and the house's architect, Captain William Winde. Winde claimed that:
Oliver certainly sat to him, and while sitting, said to him - "Mr Lely, I desire you would use all your skill to paint my picture truly like me, and not flatter me at all; but remark all these roughnesses, pimples, warts and everything as you see me, otherwise I will never pay a farthing for it."
That was published in 1764 - over a hundred years after Lely painted Cromwell. Walpole included no evidence to support the attribution, nor any explanation of why no one else had mentioned the phrase in the preceding hundred years - this despite Cromwell's life being the subject of minutely detailed historical research and over 160 full-length biographies. We can only assume he was indulging in a piece of literary speculation rather than historical documentation. The first known citation in print of the actual phrase 'warts and all' is from a 'Chinese whisper' retelling of Walpole's story - an address given by an Alpheus Cary, in Massachusetts, in 1824:
When Cromwell sat for his portrait he said, "Paint me as I am, warts and all!"
It may well be the case that Oliver Cromwell preferred portraits of him to be accurate, but it is most unlikely that he ever uttered the words 'warts and all'.
| Oliver Cromwell |
Which royal house succeeded the Tudors? | Oliver Cromwell - Wikiquote
Oliver Cromwell
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I had rather have a plain, russet-coated Captain, that knows what he fights for, and loves what he knows, than that you call a Gentleman and is nothing else.
Oliver Cromwell ( 25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658 ) was an English statesman, soldier, and revolutionary responsible for the overthrow of the monarchy, temporarily turning England into a republican Commonwealth, and assuming rule as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland .
Contents
Quotes[ edit ]
A few honest men are better than numbers.
We declared our intentions to preserve monarchy, and they still are so, unless necessity enforce an alteration…
Do not trust to that; for these very persons would shout as much if you and I were going to be hanged.
I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ , think it possible you may be mistaken .
No one rises so high as he who knows not whither he is going.
You have sat too long for any good you have been doing lately... Depart, I say; and let us have done with you. In the name of God , go!
Though peace be made, yet it's interest that keep peace.
Necessity hath no law . Feigned necessities, imagined necessities... are the greatest cozenage that men can put upon the Providence of God , and make pretenses to break known rules by.
Use all your skill to paint my picture truly like me, and not flatter me at all; but remark all these roughnesses, pimples, warts, and everything as you see me...
My work is done
Now I see there is a people risen that I cannot win with gifts or honours, offices or places; but all other sects and people I can.
If the remonstrance had been rejected I would have sold all I had the next morning and never have seen England more, and I know there are many other modest men of the same resolution.
On the passing of the revolutionary Grand Remonstrance of November 1641 listing Parliament's grievances against King Charles I , as quoted in A History of the Rebellion (first published 1702 – 1704) by Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon (1609 - 1674).
I had rather have a plain, russet-coated Captain, that knows what he fights for, and loves what he knows, than that you call a Gentleman and is nothing else.
Letter to Sir William Spring (September 1643).
A few honest men are better than numbers.
Letter to Sir William Spring (September 1643).
The State, in choosing men to serve it, takes no notice of their opinions . If they be willing faithfully to serve it, that satisfies.
Statement before the battle of Marston Moor (2 July 1644).
God made them as stubble to our swords .
Letter to Colonel Valentine Walton (5 July 1644).
Truly England and the church of God hath had a great favour from the Lord, in this great victory given us.
Letter to Colonel Valentine Walton (5 July 1644).
We study the glory of God , and the honour and liberty of parliament, for which we unanimously fight, without seeking our own interests... I profess I could never satisfy myself on the justness of this war, but from the authority of the parliament to maintain itself in its rights; and in this cause I hope to prove myself an honest man and single-hearted.
Statement to Colonel Valentine Walton (5 or 6 September 1644).
I could not riding out alone about my business , but smile out to God in praises, in assurance of victory because God would, by things that are not, bring to naught things that are.
Before the Battle of Naseby (14 June 1645).
It's a blessed thing to die daily . For what is there in this world to be accounted of! The best men according to the flesh, and things, are lighter than vanity . I find this only good, to love the Lord and his poor despised people, to do for them and to be ready to suffer with them....and he that is found worthy of this hath obtained great favour from the Lord; and he that is established in this shall ( being conformed to Christ and the rest of the Body) participate in the glory of a resurrection which will answer all .
Letter to Sir Thomas Fairfax (7 March 1646).
This is our comfort, God is in heaven , and He doth what pleaseth Him; His, and only His counsel shall stand, whatsoever the designs of men, and the fury of the people be.
Letter to Sir Thomas Fairfax (21 December 1646).
We declared our intentions to preserve monarchy , and they still are so, unless necessity enforce an alteration. It’s granted the king has broken his trust, yet you are fearful to declare you will make no further addresses... look on the people you represent, and break not your trust, and expose not the honest party of your kingdom, who have bled for you, and suffer not misery to fall upon them for want of courage and resolution in you, else the honest people may take such courses as nature dictates to them.
Speech in the Commons during the debate which preceded the "Vote of No Addresses" (January 1648) as recorded in the diary of John Boys of Kent.
Since providence and necessity has cast them upon it, he should pray God to bless their counsels.
On the trial of Charles I (December 1648).
I tell you we will cut off his head with the crown upon it.
To Algernon Sidney , one of the judges at the trial of Charles I (December 1648).
Cruel necessity.
Reported remarks over the body of Charles I after his execution (January 1649), as quoted in Oliver Cromwell : A History (1895) by Samuel Harden Church, p. 321.
If we do not depart from God, and disunite by that departure, and fall into disunion among ourselves, I am confident, we doing our duty and waiting upon the Lord, we shall find He will be as a wall of brass round about us till we have finished that work which he has for us to do.
Speech to his army officers (23 March 1649).
This is a righteous judgement of God upon these barbarous wretches, who have imbrued their hands in so much innocent blood.
After the Siege of Drogheda , where Cromwell had forbid his soldiers "to spare any that were in arms in the town". (1649).
Do not trust to that; for these very persons would shout as much if you and I were going to be hanged.
Response to John Lambert 's remarks that he "was glad to see we had the nation on our side" as they were cheered by a crowd in June 1650; as quoted by Gilbert Burnet in History of My Own Time (1683); also in in God's Englishman by Christopher Hill (1970), Ch. VII, p. 188.
I need pity . I know what I feel. Great place and business in the world is not worth looking after.
Letter to Richard Mayor (July 1650).
I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ , think it possible you may be mistaken .
Letter to the general assembly of the Church of Scotland (3 August 1650).
Your pretended fear lest error should step in, is like the man that would keep all the wine out of the country lest men should be drunk. It will be found an unjust and unwise jealousy, to deny a man the liberty he hath by nature upon a supposition that he may abuse it.
Letter to Walter Dundas (12 September 1650).
No one rises so high as he who knows not whither he is going.
Statement to Pomponne de Bellievre, as told to Cardinal de Retz in 1651; Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz (1717)
Variant: One never rises so high as when one does not know where one is going.
I am neither heir nor executor to Charles Stuart.
Repudiating a royal debt (August 1651).
The dimensions of this mercy are above my thoughts. It is for aught I know, a crowning mercy.
Letter to William Lenthall , Speaker of the House of Commons (4 September 1651).
Shall we seek for the root of our comforts within us; what God hath done, what he is to us in Christ, is the root of our comfort. In this is stability; in us is weakness. Acts of obedience are not perfect, and therefore yield not perfect peace. Faith, as an act, yields it not, but as it carries us into him, who is our perfect rest and peace; in whom we are accounted of, and received by, the Father, even as Christ himself. This is our high calling. Rest we here, and here only.
Letter to Charles Fleetwood (1652).
Take away that fool’s bauble, the mace.
Speech dismissing the " Rump Parliament " (20 April 1653).
You have sat too long for any good you have been doing lately... Depart, I say; and let us have done with you. In the name of God, go!
Address to the Rump Parliament (20 April 1653).
When I went there, I did not think to have done this. But perceiving the spirit of God so strong upon me, I would not consult flesh and blood.
On his forcible dissolution of parliament (April 1653) quoted in Flagellum: or the Life and Death Birth and Burial of Oliver Cromwell the Late Usurper (1663) by James Heath.
You are as like the forming of God as ever people were... you are at the edge of promises and prophecies.
Speech to the " Barebones Parliament " (July 1653).
God has brought us where we are, to consider the work we may do in the world, as well as at home.
Speech to the Army Council (1654).
Though peace be made, yet it's interest that keep peace.
Quoted in a statement to Parliament as as "a maxim not to be despised" (4 September 1654).
There are some things in this establishment that are fundamental... about which I shall deal plainly with you... the government by a single person and a parliament is a fundamental... and... though I may seem to plead for myself, yet I do not: no, nor can any reasonable man say it... I plead for this nation, and all the honest men therein.
To the First Protectorate Parliament (12 September 1654).
In every government there must be somewhat fundamental, somewhat like a Magna Charta , that should be standing and unalterable... that parliaments should not make themselves perpetual is a fundamental.
Speech to the First Protectorate Parliament (12 September 1654).
Necessity hath no law. Feigned necessities, imagined necessities... are the greatest cozenage that men can put upon the Providence of God, and make pretenses to break known rules by.
Speech to the First Protectorate Parliament (12 September 1654).
I was by birth a gentleman, living neither in any considerable height, nor yet in obscurity. I have been called to several employments in the nation — to serve in parliaments, — and ( because I would not be over tedious ) I did endeavour to discharge the duty of an honest man in those services, to God, and his people’s interest, and of the commonwealth; having, when time was, a competent acceptation in the hearts of men, and some evidence thereof.
Speech to the First Protectorate Parliament (12 September 1654).
I desire not to keep my place in this government an hour longer than I may preserve England in its just rights, and may protect the people of God in such a just liberty of their consciences...
Speech dissolving the First Protectorate Parliament (22 January 1655).
Weeds and nettles, briars and thorns, have thriven under your shadow, dissettlement and division, discontentment and dissatisfaction, together with real dangers to the whole.
Speech dissolving the First Protectorate Parliament (22 January 1655).
We are Englishmen; that is one good fact.
Speech to Parliament (1655).
Truly, though kingship be not a title but a name of office that runs through the law, yet it is not so ratione nominis, but from what is signified. It is a name of office, plainly implying a Supreme Authority. Is it more, or can it be stretched to more? I say, it is a name of office, plainly implying the Supreme Authority, and if it be so, why then I would suppose, (I am not peremptory in any thing that is matter of deduction or inference of my own,) why then I should suppose that whatsoever name hath been or shall be the name, in which the Supreme Authority shall act; why, (I say) if it had been those four or five letters, or whatsoever else it had been, that signification goes to the thing. Certainly it does, and not to the name. Why then, there can be no more said, but this, why this hath been fixt, so it may have been unfixt.
Answer to the Conference at the Committee at Whitehall, Second Protectorate Parliament (13 April 1657), quoted in The Diary of Thomas Burton, esq., volume 2: April 1657 - February 1658 (1828), pp. 496-497.
Men have been led in dark paths, through the providence and dispensation of God. Why, surely it is not to be objected to a man, for who can love to walk in the dark? But providence doth often so dispose.
Answer to the Conference at the Committee at Whitehall, Second Protectorate Parliament (13 April 1657), quoted in The Diary of Thomas Burton, esq., volume 2: April 1657 - February 1658 (1828), p. 504.
You have accounted yourselves happy on being environed with a great ditch from all the world beside.
Speech to Parliament (25 January 1658), quoted in The Diary of Thomas Burton, esq., volume 2: April 1657 - February 1658 (1828), p. 361.
That which brought me into the capacity I now stand in, was the Petition and Advice given me by you, who, in reference to the ancient Constitution, did draw me here to accept the place of Protector. There is not a man living can say I sought it, no not a man, nor woman, treading upon English ground.
Speech to Parliament (4 February 1658), quoted in The Diary of Thomas Burton, esq., volume 2: April 1657 - February 1658 (1828), p. 465-466.
I would have been glad to have lived under my wood side, to have kept a flock of sheep, rather than undertook such a Government as this is.
Statement to Parliament (4 February 1658) quoted in The Diary of Thomas Burton, esq., volume 2: April 1657 - February 1658 (1828), p. 466.
I would be willing to live and be farther serviceable to God and his people; but my work is done. Yet God will be with his people.
As quoted from "Dying Sayings" of Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches by Thomas Carlyle
It is not my design to drink or to sleep , but my design is to make what haste I can to be gone.
Words that Cromwell spoke as he was dying and was offered a drink (3 September 1658).
Now I see there is a people risen that I cannot win with gifts or honours , offices or places; but all other sects and people I can.
On the Quakers , after meeting with George Fox , as quoted in Autobiography of George Fox (1694).
Mr. Lely , I desire you would use all your skill to paint my picture truly like me, and not flatter me at all; but remark all these roughnesses, pimples, warts, and everything as you see me, otherwise I will never pay a farthing for it.
As quoted in Anecdotes of Painting in England (1762-1771) by Horace Walpole often credited as being the origin of the phrase "warts and all".
Variant: Paint me as I am. If you leave out the scars and wrinkles, I will not pay you a shilling.
Attributed[ edit ]
Put your trust in God, but keep your powder dry.
Attributed by William Blacker (not to be confused with Valentine Blacker ), who popularized the quote with his poem "Oliver's Advice" , published under the pseudonym Fitz Stewart in The Dublin University Magazine, December 1834, p. 700; where the attribution to Cromwell appears in a footnote describing a "well-authenticated anecdote" that explains the poem's title. The repeated line in Blacker's poem is "Put your trust in God, my boys, but keep your powder dry".
Quotes about Cromwell[ edit ]
Alphabetized by author
His fame seems as secure as human reputation is likely to be in a changing world . ~ W.C. Abbott
The commonest charge against Cromwell is hypocrisy — and the commonest basis for that is defective chronology. ~ W.C. Abbott
He obtain’d a great victory ; but the action was said to be contrary to human prudence ... ~ John Aubrey
I confess I have an interest in this Mr. Cromwell; and indeed, if truth must be said, in him alone. The rest are historical , dead to me; but he is epic, still living . ~ Thomas Carlyle
A complex character such as that of Cromwell, is incapable of creation, except in times of great civil and religious excitement, and one cannot judge of the man without at the same time considering the contending elements by which he was surrounded. ~ F. A. Inderwick
No less renowned than war : new foes arise,
Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains:
Help us to save free conscience from the paw
Of hireling wolves whose gospel is their maw. ~ John Milton
He was a practical mystic , the most formidable and terrible of all combinations, uniting an aspiration derived from the celestial and supernatural with the energy of a mighty man of action … ~ Lord Rosebery
The man who persisted in calling himself the " son of God " — he later acknowledged that he had many brothers — was demanding nothing less than that the military ruler of all England should forthwith disavow all violence and all coercion , make Christ 's law of love the supreme law of the land, and substitute the mild dictates of the Sermon on the Mount for the Instrument of Government by which he ruled. … It is not recorded that Cromwell took his advice. ~ Frederick B. Tolles
Every beast hath some evil properties; but Cromwell hath the properties of all evil beasts. ~ Archbishop John Williams
During a great part of the eighteenth century most Tories hated him because he overthrew the monarchy , most Whigs because he overthrew Parliament . Since Carlyle wrote, all liberals have seen in him their champion, and all revolutionists have apotheosized the first great representatives of their school; while, on the other side, their opponents have hailed the dictator who put down anarchy . Unless the socialists or the anarchists finally prevail — and perhaps even then — his fame seems as secure as human reputation is likely to be in a changing world .
W.C. Abbott in Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell.
The commonest charge against Cromwell is hypocrisy — and the commonest basis for that is defective chronology.
W.C Abbott in Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell.
Oliver Cromwell had certainly this afflatus. One that I knew was at the battle of Dunbar, told me that Oliver was carried on with a Divine impulse; he did laugh so excessively as if he had been drunk; his eyes sparkled with spirits. He obtain’d a great victory; but the action was said to be contrary to human prudence. The same fit of laughter seized Oliver Cromwell just before the battle of Naseby; as a kinsman of mine, and a great favourite of his, Colonel J. P. then present, testified. Cardinal Mazerine said, that he was a lucky fool.
John Aubrey in Miscellanies.
A perfect master of all the arts of dissimulation: who, turning up the whites of his eyes, and seeking the Lord with pious gestures, will weep and pray, and cant most devoutly, till an opportunity offers of dealing his dupe a knock-down blow under the short ribs.
George Bate (1608-1669), Cromwell's physician.
To give the devil his due, he restored justice, as well distributive as commutative, almost to it’s ancient dignity and splendour; the judges without covetousness discharging their duties according to law and equity... His own court also was regulated according to a severe discipline; here no drunkard, nor whoremonger, nor any guilty of bribery, was to be found, without severe punishment. Trade began again to prosper; and in a word, gentle peace to flourish all over England.
George Bate.
He thought secrecy a virtue, and dissimulation no vice, and simulation, that is in plain English, a lie, or perfideousness to be a tolerable fault in case of necessity.
Richard Baxter in Reliquiae Baxterianae.
He was of a sanguine complexion, naturally of such a vivacity, hilarity and alacrity as another man is when he hath drunken a cup too much.
Richard Baxter in Reliquiae Baxterianae.
The next morning I sent Colonel Cook to Cromwell, to let him know that I had letters and instructions to him from the King. He sent me word by the same messenger, that he dared not see me, it being very dangerous to us both, and bid me be assured that he would serve his Majesty as long as he could do it without his own ruin; but desired that I should not expect that he should perish for his sake.
Sir John Berkeley in Memoirs of Sir John Berkeley (29 November 1647).
When he quitted the Parliament, his chief dependence was on the Army, which he endeavoured by all means to keep in unity, and if he could not bring it to his sense, he, rather than suffer any division in it, went over himself and carried his friends with him into that way which the army did choose, and that faster than any other person in it.
Sir John Berkeley in Memoirs of Sir John Berkeley.
A devotee of law, he was forced to be often lawless; a civilian to the core, he had to maintain himself by the sword; with a passion to construct, his task was chiefly to destroy; the most scrupulous of men, he had to ride roughshod over his own scruples and those of others; the tenderest, he had continually to harden his heart; the most English of our greater figures, he spent his life in opposition to the majority of Englishmen; a realist, he was condemned to build that which could not last.
John Buchan in Oliver Cromwell.
Cromwell was a man in whom ambition had not wholly suppressed, but only suspended, the sentiments of religion.
Edmund Burke in Letters (1791).
Sylla was the first of victors; but our own
The sagest of usurpers, Cromwell; he
Too swept off the senates while he hewed the throne
Down to a block — immortal rebel! See
What crimes it costs to be a moment free
And famous through all ages.
Lord Byron in Child Harold's Pilgrimage Canto IV.
I confess I have an interest in this Mr. Cromwell; and indeed, if truth must be said, in him alone. The rest are historical, dead to me; but he is epic, still living. Hail to thee, thou strong one; hail across the longdrawn funeral-aisle and night of time!...
Thomas Carlyle in Historical Sketches.
His grandeur he deriv’d from heaven alone,
For he was great e’er fortune made him so
And wars like mists that rise against the sun
Made him but greater seem, not greater grow.
No borrow’d bays his temple did adorn,
But to our Crown he did fresh jewels bring;
Nor was his virtue poison’d soon as born,
With the too early thoughts of being King.
John Dryden , Heroic Stanzas on the death of Oliver Cromwell, written after his funeral (1658), VI–VII.
His ashes in a peaceful urn shall rest,
His name a great example stands to show
How strangely high endeavours may be blest,
Where piety and valour jointly go.
John Dryden , Heroic Stanzas on the death of Oliver Cromwell, written after his funeral (1658), XXXVII.
Things will shortly happen which have been unheard of, and above all would open the eyes of those who live under Kings and other Sovereigns, and lead to great changes. Cromwell alone holds the direction of political and military affairs in his hands. He is one who is worth all the others put together, and, in effect, King.
John Dury as reported by Hermann Mylius (27 September 1651).
Saw the superb funeral of the Protector:...but it was the joyfullest funeral that I ever saw, for there were none that cried, but dogs, which the souldiers hooted away with a barbarous noise; drinking and taking tobacco in the streets as they went.
John Evelyn in his Diary (22 November 1658).
This day (to the stupendous and inscrutable Judgements of God) were the Carcasses of that arch-rebell Cromwell and Bradshaw the judge who condemned his Majestie & Ireton, son-in-law to the Usurper, dragged out of their superbe tombs (in Westminster among the Kings), to Tyburn & hanged on the Gallows there from 9 in the morning til 6 at night, and then buried under that fatal and ignominious monument, in a deepe pitt: Thousands of people who (who had seen them in all their pride and pompous insults) being spectators: look back at November 22, 1658, & be astonish’d - And fear God & honour the King, but meddle not with those who are given to change.
John Evelyn in his Diary (30 January 1661).
He lived a hypocrite and died a traitor.
John Foster.
When I came in I was moved to say, " Peace be in this house"; and I exhorted him to keep in the fear of God , that he might receive wisdom from Him, that by it he might be directed, and order all things under his hand to God's glory.
l spoke much to him of Truth, and much discourse I had with him about religion; wherein he carried himself very moderately. But he said we quarrelled with priests, whom he called ministers. I told him I did not quarrel with them, but that they quarrelled with me and my friends. "But," said I, "if we own the prophets, Christ, and the apostles, we cannot hold up such teachers, prophets, and shepherds, as the prophets, Christ, and the apostles declared against; but we must declare against them by the same power and Spirit."
Then I showed him that the prophets, Christ, and the apostles declared freely, and against them that did not declare freely; such as preached for filthy lucre, and divined for money, and preached for hire, and were covetous and greedy, that could never have enough; and that they that have the same spirit that Christ, and the prophets, and the apostles had, could not but declare against all such now, as they did then. As I spoke, he several times said, it was very good, and it was truth. I told him that all Christendom (so called) had the Scriptures, but they wanted the power and Spirit that those had who gave forth the Scriptures; and that was the reason they were not in fellowship with the Son, nor with the Father, nor with the Scriptures, nor one with another.
Many more words I had with him; but people coming in, I drew a little back. As I was turning, he caught me by the hand, and with tears in his eyes said, "Come again to my house; for if thou and I were but an hour of a day together, we should be nearer one to the other"; adding that he wished me no more ill than he did to his own soul. I told him if he did he wronged his own soul; and admonished him to hearken to God's voice, that he might stand in his counsel, and obey it; and if he did so, that would keep him from hardness of heart; but if he did not hear God's voice, his heart would be hardened. He said it was true.
Then I went out; and when Captain Drury came out after me he told me the Lord Protector had said I was at liberty, and might go whither I would.
Then I was brought into a great hall, where the Protector's gentlemen were to dine. I asked them what they brought me thither for. They said it was by the Protector's order, that I might dine with them. I bid them let the Protector know that I would not eat of his bread, nor drink of his drink. When he heard this he said, " Now I see there is a people risen that I cannot win with gifts or honours, offices or places; but all other sects and people I can." It was told him again that we had forsaken our own possessions; and were not like to look for such things from him.
George Fox , on his meeting with Cromwell, in Autobiography of George Fox (1694).
That slovenly fellow which you see before us, who hath no ornament in his speech; I say that sloven, if we should ever come to have a breech with the King (which God forbid) in such case will be one of the greatest men of England.
John Hampden , speaking to Lord Digby in the House of Commons, as reported by Sir Richard Bulstrode.
Generally he respected, or at least pretended a love to, all ingenious persons in any arts, whom he arranged to be sent or brought to him. But the niggardliness and incompetence of his reward shewed that this man was a personated act of greatness, and that Private Cromwell yet governed Prince Oliver.
James Heath.
His character does not appear more extraordinary and unusual by the mixture of so much absurdity with so much penetration, than by his tempering such violent ambition, and such enraged fanaticism with so much regard to justice and humanity.
David Hume in History of England.
In a word, as he was guilty of many crimes against which Damnation is denounced, and for which hell-fire is prepared, so he had some good qualities which have caused the memory of some men in all Ages to be celebrated; and he will be look’d upon by posterity as a brave bad man.
Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon in A History of the Rebellion.
A complex character such as that of Cromwell, is incapable of creation, except in times of great civil and religious excitement, and one cannot judge of the man without at the same time considering the contending elements by which he was surrounded. It is possible to take his character to pieces, and, selecting one or other of his qualities as a corner-stone, to build around it a monument which will show him as a patriot or a plotter, a Christian man or a hypocrite, a demon or a demi-god as the sculptor may choose.
F.A Inderwick in The Interregnum, 1648-60.
"I am," said he, "as much for a government by consent as any man; but where shall we find that consent? Amongst the Prelatical, Presbyterian, Independent, Anabaptist, or Leveling Parties?"… then he fell into the commendation of his own government, boasting of the protection and quiet which the people enjoyed under it, saying, that he was resolved to keep the nation from being imbrued in blood. I said that I was of the opinion too much blood had already been shed, unless there were a better account of it. "You do well," said he, "to charge us with the guilt of blood; but we think there is a good return for what hath been shed."
Edmund Ludlow Interview with Cromwell (August 1656).
His body was wel compact and strong, his stature under 6 foote ( I beleeve about two inches) his head so shaped, as you might see it a storehouse and shop both of vast tresury of natural parts. His temper exceeding fyery as I have known, but the flame of it kept downe, for the most part, or soon allayed with those moral endowments he had. He was naturally compassionate towards objects in distresse, even to an effeminate measure; though God had made him a heart, wherein was left little roume for any feare, but what was due to himselfe, of which there was a large proportion, yet did he exceed in tenderness towards suffrerers. A larger soule, I thinke, hath seldom dwelt in a house of clay than his was.
John Maidston in a letter to John Winthrop (24 March 1659).
Of late I have not given so free and full a power unto (Cromwell) as formerly I did, because I heard that he used his power so as in honour I could not avow him in it....for his expressions were sometimes against the nobility, that he hoped to live to see never a nobleman in England, and he loved such (and such) better than others because they did not love Lords. And he further expressed himself with contempt of the Assemberly of Divines...these he termed persecutors, and that they persecuted honester men than themselves.
Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester , Letter to the House of Lord’s (December 1644).
So restless Cromwell could not cease
In the inglorious Arts of Peace,
But through adventrous war,
To ruine the great work of time,
And cast the kingdom old
Into another Mold...
Andrew Marvell in An Horation Ode upon Cromwell’s return from Ireland.
Cromwell, our chief of men, who through a cloud,
Not of war only, but detractions rude,
Guided by faith and matchless fortitude,
To peace and truth thy glorious way has ploughed
And on the neck of crowned fortune proud
Has reared God’s trophies, and his work pursued,
While Darwen stream with blood of Scots imbrued,
And Dunbar field resounds thy praises loud,
And Worcester’s laureate wreath. Yet much remains
To conquer still; peace hath her victories
No less renowned than war: new foes arise,
Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains:
Help us to save free conscience from the paw
Of hireling wolves whose gospel is their maw.
John Milton , Sonnet XVI, "To the Lord General Cromwell".
I've been dreaming of a time when the English are sick to death of Labour and Tories and spit upon the name Oliver Cromwell and denounce this royal line that still salutes him and will salute him forever.
Morrissey in the song "Irish Blood, English Heart".
He has arrogated to himself despotic authority and the actual sovereignty of these realms under the mask of humility and the public service....Obedience and submission were never so manifest in England as at present,...their spirits are so crushed..yet...they dare not rebel and only murmur under their breath, though all live in hope of the fulfilment one day of the prophecies foretelling a change of rule ere long.
Lorenzo Paulucci, Venetian Secretary in England, to Giovanni Sagredo, Venetian Ambassador in France, (21 February 1654).
At dinner we talked much of Cromwell, all saying he was a brave fellow and did owe his crown he got to himself, as much as any man that ever got one.
Samuel Pepys , Diary, (8 February 1667).
He was a practical mystic , the most formidable and terrible of all combinations, uniting an aspiration derived from the celestial and supernatural with the energy of a mighty man of action; a great captain, but off the field seeming, like a thunderbolt, the agent of greater forces than himself; no hypocrite, but a defender of the faith; the raiser and maintainer of the Empire of England.
Lord Rosebery as quoted in The Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell (1937) by Wilbur Cortez Abbott .
The Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and of the Dominions thereunto belonging, shall be and reside in one person, and the people assembled in parliament; the style of which person shall be "The Lord Protector of the Commonwealth"… That Oliver Cromwell, Captain General of the forces of England, Scotland and Ireland, shall be, and is hereby declared to be, Lord Protector...for his life.
Decree by the Instrument of Government (16 December 1653).
Lieutenant-General Cromwell...a member of the House of Commons, long famous for godliness and zeal to his country, of great note for his service in the House, accepted of a commission at the very beginning of this war, wherein he served his country faithfully, and it was observed God was with him, and he began to be renowned.
Joshua Sprigge in Anglia Rediviva (1647).
It was three hundred years ago, in October 1656, that George Fox had a memorable interview with Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England . It was one of the great moments of a great century, for here, face to face, were two of the most powerful personalities of the age, the one the military dictator of the British Isles at the pinnacle of his worldly power, the other a crude, rustic preacher who had just spent eight months in one of England's foulest prisons. They met in Whitehall, at the very heart of the British government. Fox bluntly took the Protector to task for persecuting Friends when he should have protected them. Then characteristically he set about trying to make a Quaker out of Cromwell, to turn him to "the light of Christ who had enlightened every man that cometh into the world." Cromwell was in an argumentative mood and took issue with Fox's theology, but Fox had no patience with his objections. "The power of God riz in me," he wrote, "and I was moved to bid him lay down his crown at the feet of Jesus ."
Cromwell knew what Fox meant, for two years earlier he had received a strange and disturbing missive in which he had read these words:
God is my witness, by whom I am moved to give this forth for the Truth's sake, from him whom the world calls George Fox; who is the son of God who is sent to stand a witness against all violence and against all the works of darkness, and to turn people from the darkness to the light, and to bring them from the occasion of the war and from the occasion of the magistrate's sword ...
The man who persisted in calling himself the "son of God"— he later acknowledged that he had many brothers — was demanding nothing less than that the military ruler of all England should forthwith disavow all violence and all coercion, make Christ's law of love the supreme law of the land, and substitute the mild dictates of the Sermon on the Mount for the Instrument of Government by which he ruled. In a word, Fox would have him make England a kind of pilot project for the Kingdom of Heaven . Fox was a revolutionary. He had no patience with the relativities and compromises of political life. His testimony was an uncompromising testimony for the radical Christian ethic of love and non-violence, and he would apply it in the arena of politics as in every other sphere of life. It is not recorded that Cromwell took his advice.
Sir William Waller in Recollections.
As for that famous and magnanimous commander, Lieutenant-General Cromwell, whose prowess and prudence, as they have rendered him most renowned for many former successful deeds of chivalry, so in this fight they have crowned him with the never withering laurels of fame and honour, who with so lion-like courage and impregnable animosity, charged his proudest adversaries again and again, like a Roman Marcellus indeed....and at last came off, as with some wounds, so with honour and triumph inferior to none.
John Vicars, Magnalia Dei Anglicana Or England’s Parliamentary-Chronicle (1646).
I... had occasion to converse with Mr Cromwell’s physician, Dr Simcott, who assured me that for many years his patient was a most splenetick man and had phansies about the cross in that town; and that he had been called up to him at midnight, and such unseasonable hours very many times, upon a strong phansy, which made him belive he was then dying; and there went a story of him, that in the day-time, lying melancholy in his bed, he belived the spirit appeared to him, and told him he should be the greatest man, (not mentioning the word King) in this Kingdom. Which his uncle, Sir Thomas Steward, who left him all the little estate Cromwell had, told him was traiterous to relate.
Sir Philip Warwick in Memoirs of Sir Philip Warwick.
As to your own person the title of King would be of no advantage, because you have the full Kingly power in you already... I apprehend indeed, less envy and danger, and pomp, but not less power, and real opportunities of doing good in your being General than would be if you had assumed the title of King.
Bulstrode Whitelocke to Cromwell as reported in Whitelocke's Memorialls of English Affairs.
He would sometimes be very cheerful with us, and laying aside his greatness he would be exceeding familiar with us, and by way of diversion would make verses with us, and everyone must try his fancy. He commonly called for tobacco, pipes, and a candle, and would now and then take tobacco himself; then he would fall again to his serious and great business.
Bulstrode Whitelocke in Memorialls of English Affairs.
In short, every beast hath some evil properties; but Cromwell hath the properties of all evil beasts.
Archbishop John Williams to King Charles at Oxford, as quoted in Life of Archbishop Williams by Hackett.
The English monster, the center of mischief, a shame to the British Chronicle, a pattern for tyranny, murder and hypocrisie, whose bloody Tyranny will quite drown the name of Nero , Caligula , Domitian , having at last attained the height of his Ambition, for Five years space he wallowed in the blood of many Gallant and Heroick Persons.
William Winstanley , Loyal Martyrology as quoted in Conflicts with Oblivion (1935) by Wilbur Cortez Abbott, p. 159.
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Name the space shuttle that exploded in 1986 | BBC ON THIS DAY | 28 | 1986: Seven dead in space shuttle disaster
1986: Seven dead in space shuttle disaster
The American space shuttle, Challenger, has exploded killing all seven astronauts on board.
The five men and two women - including the first teacher in space - were just over a minute into their flight from Cape Canaveral in Florida when the Challenger blew up.
The astronauts' families, at the airbase, and millions of Americans witnessed the world's worst space disaster live on TV.
The danger from falling debris prevented rescue boats reaching the scene for more than an hour.
In 25 years of space exploration seven people have died - today that total has been doubled.
President Ronald Reagan has described the tragedy as "a national loss".
The Challenger's flight, the 25th by a shuttle, had already been delayed because of bad weather. High winds, then icicles caused the launch to be postponed from 22 January.
But Nasa officials insist safety remains their top priority and there was no pressure to launch the shuttle today.
The shuttle crew was led by Commander Dick Scobee, 46. Christa McAuliffe, 37, married with two children, was to be the first school teacher in space - picked from among 10,000 entries for a competition.
Speaking before the launch, she said: "One of the things I hope to bring back into the classroom is to make that connection with the students that they too are part of history, the space programme belongs to them and to try to bring them up with the space age."
President Reagan has put off his state of the union address. He was meeting senior aides in the Oval Office when he learned of the disaster.
We will never forget them
US President Ronald Reagan
He has called for an immediate inquiry into the disaster but he said the space programme would go on - in honour to the dead astronauts. Vice-President George Bush has been sent to Cape Canaveral to visit the victims' families.
This evening, the president went on national television to pay tribute to the courage and bravery of the seven astronauts.
He said: "We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them this morning as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye and slipped the surly bonds of earth to touch the face of God."
| Challenger |
What was William Blake's most famous poem? | Challenger disaster - Jan 28, 1986 - HISTORY.com
Challenger disaster
Publisher
A+E Networks
At 11:38 a.m. EST, on January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger lifts off from Cape Canaveral, Florida , and Christa McAuliffe is on her way to becoming the first ordinary U.S. civilian to travel into space. McAuliffe, a 37-year-old high school social studies teacher from New Hampshire , won a competition that earned her a place among the seven-member crew of the Challenger. She underwent months of shuttle training but then, beginning January 23, was forced to wait six long days as the Challenger‘s launch countdown was repeatedly delayed because of weather and technical problems. Finally, on January 28, the shuttle lifted off.
Seventy-three seconds later, hundreds on the ground, including Christa’s family, stared in disbelief as the shuttle broke up in a forking plume of smoke and fire. Millions more watched the wrenching tragedy unfold on live television. There were no survivors.
In 1976, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) unveiled the world’s first reusable manned spacecraft, the Enterprise. Five years later, space flights of the shuttle began when Columbia traveled into space on a 54-hour mission. Launched by two solid-rocket boosters and an external tank, only the aircraft-like shuttle entered into orbit around Earth. When the mission was completed, the shuttle fired engines to reduce speed and, after descending through the atmosphere, landed like a glider. Early shuttles took satellite equipment into space and carried out various scientific experiments. The Challenger disaster was the first major shuttle accident.
In the aftermath of the disaster, President Ronald Reagan appointed a special commission to determine what went wrong with Challenger and to develop future corrective measures. The presidential commission was headed by former secretary of state William Rogers, and included former astronaut Neil Armstrong and former test pilot Chuck Yeager. The investigation determined that the disaster was caused by the failure of an “O-ring” seal in one of the two solid-fuel rockets. The elastic O-ring did not respond as expected because of the cold temperature at launch time, which began a chain of events that resulted in the massive loss. As a result, NASA did not send astronauts into space for more than two years as it redesigned a number of features of the space shuttle.
In September 1988, space shuttle flights resumed with the successful launching of the Discovery. Since then, the space shuttle has carried out numerous important missions, such as the repair and maintenance of the Hubble Space Telescope and the construction of the International Space Station.
On February 1, 2003, a second space-shuttle disaster rocked the United States when Columbia disintegrated upon reentry of the Earth’s atmosphere. All aboard were killed. Despite fears that the problems that downed Columbia had not been satisfactorily addressed, space-shuttle flights resumed on July 26, 2005, when Discovery was again put into orbit.
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