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Since 1934, the annual Golf Masters tournament is the only major played each year at the same course. Name the course?	Masters Tournament \| New Georgia Encyclopedia First played in 1934, the Masters Tournament is one of golf's four "major" events, alongside the U.S. Open, the British Open, and the PGA Championship. The tournament is staged every April at the Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta . Origins The Augusta National Golf Club dates back to 1931, the height of the Great Depression , when two men joined resources to create the club. One of the club's founders was the outstanding amateur and Atlanta native Bobby Jones , winner of thirteen major championships between 1923 and 1930. After winning the Grand Slam in 1930 (all four major titles: U.S. Open, U.S. Amateur, British Open, British Amateur), the twenty-eight year old announced his retirement from competitive golf. During the next several years he was involved in several carefully selected golf projects, one of which was the Augusta National. Less Masters Tournament prominent than Jones but no less important to the success of the club and tournament was New York financier Clifford Roberts, who had befriended Jones in the mid-1920s. Whereas Jones brought the venture credibility and publicity, Roberts brought it business acumen. In the midst of the depression, Roberts skillfully sold the concept of a national golf club to a handful of investors and raised the capital necessary to purchase land and begin construction of the course. The famous golf course architect Alister Mackenzie worked with Jones on designing the Augusta National course. Mackenzie, designer of such world-renowned layouts as Cypress Point in northern California, complemented Jones because they agreed on many fundamentals of golf course architecture. They discovered Fruitland ( Berckmans Nursery ), the abandoned 365-acre plant nursery near Augusta, where, among other things, peaches were grown by Prosper Berckmans. Because of the depressed economy, the land, originally a plantatation, was available at bottom-dollar price. Jones decided that it was the ideal location for a golf course. While Roberts handled the finances, Jones and Mackenzie oversaw the construction of the course, which began in 1931 and was completed in 1932. Within Bobby Jones months of its completion Roberts and Jones discussed the possibility of hosting a major tournament, such as the U.S. Open; however, scheduling conflicts and climate—Augusta was too hot to host the U.S. Open, traditionally held in the summer—ultimately prohibited that idea. Yet Roberts remained determined; if they could not hold a national open, then why not stage an annual invitational event hosted by the legendary Bobby Jones? To make the event even more viable, Roberts proposed that Jones enter the tournament, coming out of retirement for a week each year to compete against his old opponents and friends. At first Jones resisted the idea of competing, but Roberts convinced him that the excitement surrounding his participation might make the difference between the survival and failure of the tournament. Jones very much wanted the tournament and club to succeed, so he agreed to play. Roberts had been correct. The first Augusta National Invitation Tournament was held in the spring of 1934; it was won by Horton Smith (Jones finished in thirteenth place) and was an instant success. The following year Gene Sarazen scored a double eagle two on the par five fifteenth in the final round to force a play-off with Craig Wood, whom Sarazen defeated the next day to win the tournament. In 1939 the tournament officially changed its name to the Masters. The natural beauty of the course's eighteen holes—each adorned with the plant from which it gets its name—and the fact that the golf calendar did not already include a major event during those months made spring the ideal time for the Masters to be held. Moreover, early April was the best time to catch the nation's sportswriters as they returned north from baseball's spring training in Florida. A few days in Augusta provided them a respite from their travels and from the national pastime. In sum, the schedule, the weather, the environment, the competition, the business leadership of Clifford Roberts, and the presence of Bobby Jones all combined to make the Masters a success from the beginning. Rise in Status Masters Tournament it became a regular stop on the professional tour in the 1930s, the Masters was not immediately recognized as one of golf's major events, a fourth component of a modern Grand Slam. Several factors helped the tournament evolve into that prestigious position in the 1950s: the support of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who often played at the club during his presidency; the tournament's success with the emerging medium of television ; and the annual presence of such stars as Ben Hogan, Arnold Palmer, and a bit later, Jack Nicklaus. The Masters was a pioneer in many respects. Roberts devised the over-under (+/-) to par scoring system. In 1949 Jones and Roberts originated the post-tournament ceremony in which the defending champion presents the new champion with the coveted green jacket. The Masters was the first golf tournament to be televised, in 1956 on CBS. In time, other tournaments adopted many Masters innovations. Controversy In spite of its rise to major tournament status and success with television, the Masters became a target of controversy in the 1960s because of the Augusta National club's general exclusivity and, in particular, perceived racism. As club chairman, Roberts seemed determined to make it difficult for any black player to enter the Masters; at best, he was extremely careful about the qualification procedure and insensitive to the obstacles blacks faced in professional golf. The exclusionary tournament policies, the fact that Augusta National had no black members, and the Old South aura surrounding the club and tournament made the Masters a focal point for the issue of racism in golf. The entry of the first black player, Lee Elder, in 1975 and the death of Clifford Roberts by suicide in 1977 (Jones had passed away in 1971) did much to diffuse the criticism, allowing the Masters to develop a more positive public standing. In the early 2000s controversy again visited the Augusta National Golf Club as women's groups began to target the all-male club for alleged gender discrimination. Uniqueness Tiger Woods Masters continues to grow in prestige and popularity. It remains the only major golf tournament staged every year on the same course, a feature that provides the event a sense of continuity and familiarity lacking in the other major tournaments. Recent competitive highlights include Jack Nicklaus's unprecedented sixth victory in 1986, Australian Greg Norman's heartbreaking losses, and Tiger Woods's spectacular victories in 1997, 2001, 2002, and 2005. The Masters has long taken pride in the international makeup of its fields. It continues to draw the world's best golfers annually to northeast Georgia for what has become one of the world's finest golf tournaments. You Might Also Like	Augusta National Golf Club
What is the often used name of the political protest of throwing a beverage into a harbour in December 1773?	Hotel - Sunset Inn, Augusta - GA, 30907 Sunset Inn Directions Welcome to Sunset Inn Located off Interstate 20, this hotel is 5 minutes' drive from the Augusta National Golf Course. Free Wi-Fi is offered and a microwave and small refrigerator is provided in all rooms. At the Sunset Inn Augusta, guest rooms are simply decorated. They are equipped with cable TV and an en suite bathroom. Guests of the Augusta Sunset Inn can enjoy air conditioned facilities and vending machines. A 24-hour reception is offered for added convenience. Central Augusta is 15 minutes' drive from the property. The Augusta Shopping Mall is 5 miles away. Local Attractions	i don't know
Which American actor, who sadly passed on October 31st 1993 at the age of 23, was the older brother of Rain, Joaquin, Summer & Liberty?	Deathiversary- October 31st: The Funeral Source 1926- Harry Houdini, magician, died at 52. Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz in Budapest, later Ehrich Weiss or Harry Weiss) (b. 1874) was a Hungarian-American illusionist and stunt performer, noted for his sensational escape acts. He first attracted notice as "Harry Handcuff Houdini" on a tour of Europe, where he challenged different police forces to try to keep him locked up. This revealed a talent for gimmickry and for audience involvement that characterized all his work. Soon he extended his repertoire to include chains, ropes slung from 1983- George S. Halas, NFL coach (Chicago Bears), died at 88. George Stanley Halas, Sr. (b. 1895), nicknamed "Papa Bear" and "Mr. Everything", was a player, coach, owner and pioneer in professional American football. He was the iconic longtime leader of the National Football League's Chicago Bears. He was also lesser known as an inventor, jurist, producer, philanthropist, philatelist, and Major League Baseball player. 1984- Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, died at 66. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( b. 1917) was the third Prime Minister of India and a central figure of the Indian National Congress party. Gandhi, who served from 1966 to 1977 and then again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, is the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of India and the only woman to hold the office. As Prime Minister, Gandhi became known for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralisation of power. 1987- Joseph Campbell, mythologist (Mythic Image), died at 83. Joseph John Campbell (b. 1904) was an American mythologist, writer and lecturer, best known for his work in comparative mythology and comparative religion. His work is vast, covering many aspects of the human experience. His philosophy is often summarized by his phrase: "Follow your bliss." 1988- John Houseman, actor (Paper Chase, Fog), died at 86. Houseman (born Jacques Haussmann; 1902) was a Romanian born British-American actor and film producer who became known for his highly publicized collaboration with director Orson Welles from their days in the Federal Theatre Project through to the production of Citizen Kane. He is perhaps best known for his role as Professor Charles Kingsfield in the film The Paper Chase (1973), for which he 1879- Joseph Hooker, American General, died at 64. Joseph Hooker (b. 1814) was a career U.S. Army officer, achieving the rank of major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Although he served throughout the war, usually with distinction, Hooker is best remembered for his stunning defeat by Confederate General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863. 1991- Joseph Papp, Broadway producer (Chorus Line), died at 70. Papp (b. 1921) was an American theatrical producer and director. Papp established The Public Theater in what had been the Astor Library Building in downtown New York. "The Public," as it is known, has many small theaters within it. There, Papp created a year-round producing home to focus on new creations, both plays and musicals. Among numerous examples of these creations were the works of David Rabe, Ntozake Shange's For Colored Girls Who Join The Funeral Source Email List Today NAME: Hooker became known as "Fighting Joe" following a journalist's clerical error reporting from the Battle of Williamsburg; however, the nickname stuck. His personal reputation was as a hard-drinking ladies' man, and his headquarters was known for parties and gambling, although the historical evidence discounts any heavy drinking by the general himself. His name is often associated with the slang term for prostitute, although the word "hooker" has been documented to appear with that meaning in print well before he became a public figure. After the war, Hooker led President Abraham Lincoln's Springfield funeral procession on May 4, 1865. His postbellum life was marred by poor health and he was partially paralyzed by a stroke. He was mustered out of the volunteer service on September 1, 1866, and retired from the U.S. Army on October 15, 1868, with the regular army rank of major general. He died on a visit to Garden City, New York, and is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio, his wife's home town. skyscrapers, straitjackets under water, and having to hold his breath inside a sealed milk can. While many suspected that these escapes were fabricated, Houdini meanwhile presented himself as the scourge of fake magicians and spiritualists. As President of the Society of American Magicians, he was keen to uphold professional standards and expose fraudulent artists who gave practitioners a bad name. He was also quick to sue anyone who pirated his own escape stunts. In addition to his performing career, Houdini also pursued an interest in exposing Mediumship and similar claims of the paranormal as frauds. Eyewitnesses to an incident at Houdini's dressing room in the Princess Theater in Montreal gave rise to speculation that Houdini's death was caused by a McGill University student, J. Gordon Whitehead, who delivered a surprise attack of multiple blows to Houdini's abdomen. Throughout the evening, Houdini performed in great pain. He was unable to sleep and remained in constant pain for the next two days, though he did not seek medical help. When he finally saw a doctor, Harry was found to have a fever of 102 °F and acute appendicitis, and advised to have immediate surgery. He ignored the advice and decided to go on with the show. When Houdini arrived at the Garrick Theater in Detroit, Michigan on October 24, 1926, for what would be his last performance, he had a fever of 104 °F (40 °C). Despite the diagnosis, Houdini took the stage. He was reported to have passed out during the show, but was revived and continued. Afterwards, he was hospitalized at Detroit's Grace Hospital. Houdini died of peritonitis from a ruptured appendix at 1:26 p.m. in Room 401. His last words before dying were reportedly, "I can't fight anymore." After taking statements from Price and Smilovitz, Houdini's insurance company concluded that the death was due to the dressing-room incident and paid double indemnity. Houdini's funeral was held on November 4, 1926 in New York, with more than 2,000 mourners in attendance. He was place in a bronze coffin, once used in a buried alive escape. Inside was a black bag filled with letters from his mother, used as a pillow. He was interred in the Machpelah Cemetery in Glendale, Queens, New York, with the crest of the Society of American Magicians inscribed on his gravesite. A statuary bust was added to the exedra in 1927, a rarity, because graven images are forbidden in nearly all Jewish cemeteries. In 1975 the bust was knocked over and destroyed. Temporary busts were placed at the gravesite until 2011 when a group who came to be called The Houdini Commandos from the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania placed a permanent bust with the permission of Houdini's family and of the cemetery. For a time, the Society of American Magicians took responsibility for the upkeep of the gravesite, as Houdini had willed a large sum of money to the organization he had grown from one club to its present-day 5,000-6,000 membership worldwide. This upkeep was abandoned by the society's dean George Schindler, who said "the operator of the cemetery, David Jacobson, sends us a bill for upkeep every year but we never pay it." Machpelah Cemetery operator Jacobson said, "The Society of American Magicians never paid the cemetery for any restoration of the Houdini family plot in my tenure since 1988," claiming that the money came from the cemetery's dwindling funds. The granite monuments of Houdini's sister, Gladys, and brother, Leopold, are missing. Some members of the society say they believe that Mr. Jacobson has hidden them, or worse, sold them off to collectors. Mr. Jacobson replied, "I have them, they are broken." The Houdini gravesite is no longer cared for by the Society of American Magicians, but by The Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania. To this day the society holds a broken wand ceremony at the gravesite each November. Houdini's widow, Bess, died of a heart attack on February 11, 1943, aged 67, in Needles, California while on a train en route from Los Angeles to New York City. She had expressed a wish to be buried next to her husband, but instead was interred at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Westchester County, New York, as her Catholic family refused to allow her to be buried in a Jewish cemetery. Halas died of pancreatic cancer in Chicago on Halloween, 1983, and is entombed in St. Adalbert Catholic Cemetery in Niles, Illinois. His eldest daughter, Virginia Halas McCaskey, succeeded him as majority owner. Super Bowl XVIII was dedicated to Halas. The pregame ceremonies featured a moment of silence and the ceremonial coin toss by former Chicago Bear Bronko Nagurski. The missing-man formation over Tampa Stadium at the conclusion of Barry Manilow's performance of the National Anthem, as performed by airplanes from MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida, was also presented in tribute to Halas. She presided over a period where India emerged with greater power than before to become the regional hegemon of South Asia with considerable political, economic, and military developments. Gandhi also presided over a state of emergency from 1975 to 1977 during which she ruled by decree and made lasting changes to the constitution of India. On 31 October, two of Gandhi's bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the Prime Minister's residence at 1 Safdarjung Road, New Delhi. The shooting occurred as she was walking past a wicket gate guarded by Satwant and Beant. She was to have been interviewed by the British actor Peter Ustinov, who was filming a documentary for Irish television. Beant Singh shot her three times using his side-arm, and Satwant Singh fired 30 rounds. Beant and Satwant dropped their weapons and surrendered. Afterwards they were taken away by other guards into a closed room where Beant Singh was shot dead. Kehar Singh was later arrested for conspiracy in the attack. Both Satwant and Kehar were sentenced to death and hanged in Delhi's Tihar jail. Indira Gandhi was brought at 9:30 AM to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, where doctors operated on her. She was declared dead at 2:20 PM. The post-mortem examination was conducted by a team of doctors stated that as many as 30 bullet wounds were sustained, from two sources. Salma Sultan gave the first news of assassination of Indira Gandhi on Doordarshan's evening news on October 31,1984,more than 10 hours after she was shot. Gandhi was cremated on 3 November near Raj Ghat. The site where she was cremated is today known as Shakti Sthala. Her ashes were scattered over the Himalayas and over every provincial capitol in India. Her funeral was televised live on domestic and international stations, including the BBC. Following her cremation, millions of Sikhs were displaced and nearly three thousand were killed in anti-Sikh riots. Joseph Campbell died at his home in Honolulu, Hawaii, from complications of esophageal cancer. He is buried in the Oak Hill Cemetery in Melrose, Minnesota. Before his death he had completed filming the series of interviews with Bill Moyers that aired the following spring as The Power of Myth. "Have direct contact with the most trusted businesses in the Funeral Industry" won a best supporting actor Oscar. He reprised his role as Kingsfield in the subsequent television series adaptation of The Paper Chase. Houseman was also known for his commercials for the brokerage firm Smith Barney. He had a distinctive Mid-Atlantic English accent, in common with many actors of his generation. Houseman died of spinal cancer at his home in Malibu, California. He was cremated and his ashes scattered at sea. 1993- Federico Fellini, director (La Dolce Vita), died at 73. Federico Fellini (b. 1920) was an Italian film director and scriptwriter. Known for a distinct style that blends fantasy and baroque images, he is considered one of the most influential filmmakers of the 20th century, and is widely revered. He won five Academy Awards including the most number of Oscars in history for Best Foreign Language Film. In April 1993, Fellini received his fifth Oscar for lifetime achievement "in recognition of his cinematic accomplishments that have thrilled and entertained audiences worldwide". On 1993- River Phoenix, actor (Stand By Me), died at 23. River Jude Phoenix (b. 1970) was an American film actor, musician, and activist. He was the older brother of Rain Phoenix, Joaquin Phoenix, Summer Phoenix and Liberty Phoenix. Phoenix's work encompassed 24 films and television appearances, including the science fiction adventure film Explorers, the coming-of-age film Stand by Me, the action sequel Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and the independent adult drama My Own Private Idaho. Phoenix's meteoric rise to fame led to his status as a "teen Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf, Charles Gordone's No Place to Be Somebody (the first off-Broadway play to win the Pulitzer Prize), and Papp's production of Michael Bennett's Pulitzer-Prize winning musical, A Chorus Line. Papp died of prostate cancer. On April 23, 1992, the Public Theater was renamed The Joseph Papp Public Theater. He is buried in the Baron Hirsch Cemetery on Staten Island. June 16, he entered the Cantonal Hospital in Zurich for an "angioplasty on his femoral artery" but suffered a stroke at the Grand Hotel in Rimini two months later. Partially paralyzed, he was first transferred to Ferrara for rehabilitation and then to the Policlinico Umberto I in Rome to be near his wife, also hospitalized. He suffered a second stroke and fell into an irreversible coma. Fellini died in Rome on October 31, a day after his fiftieth wedding anniversary. The memorial service was held in Studio 5 at Cinecittà attended by an estimated "70,000 people". At the request of Giulietta Masina, trumpeter Mauro Maur played the "Improvviso dell'Angelo" by Nino Rota during the funeral ceremony. Fellini, his wife Masina and their son Pierfederico are buried in a bronze sepulchre sculpted by Arnaldo Pomodoro. Designed as a ship's prow, the tomb is located at the main entrance to the Cemetery of Rimini. sensation". On the evening of October 30, 1993, Phoenix was to perform with his close friend Michael "Flea" Balzary from the Red Hot Chili Peppers on stage at The Viper Room, a Hollywood nightclub partly owned at the time by actor Johnny Depp. During the early morning hours of October 31, 1993, Phoenix collapsed outside and convulsed for over five minutes. When his brother Joaquin called 9-1-1, he was unable to determine whether Phoenix was breathing. His sister Rain proceeded to give him mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, to no avail. During the episode, Johnny Depp and his band P (featuring Flea and Phoenix's friend Gibby Haynes of the Butthole Surfers) were on stage. According to Haynes, the band was in the middle of their song "Michael Stipe", while Phoenix was outside the venue having seizures on the sidewalk. When the news filtered through the club, Flea left the stage and rushed outside. Paramedics had arrived on the scene and found Phoenix turning dark blue in full cardiac arrest and in a flatline state. They administered drugs in an attempt to restart his heart. He was rushed to the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, accompanied by Flea, via an ambulance. Further attempts to resuscitate Phoenix were unsuccessful. He was pronounced dead at 1:51 a.m. PST on the morning of October 31, 1993. The following day the club became a makeshift shrine with fans and mourners leaving flowers, pictures and candles on the sidewalk and graffiti messages on the walls of the venue. A sign was placed in the window that read, "With much respect and love to River and his family, The Viper Room is temporarily closed. Our heartfelt condolences to all his family, friends and loved ones. He will be missed." The club remained closed for a week. Depp continued to close the club every year on October 31 until selling his share in 2004. River Phoenix's autopsy, signed November 15, 1993, reads as follows in the section entitled, "Opinion," which Christopher Rogers, MD, wrote: "Toxicology studies showed high concentrations of morphine (heroin) and cocaine in the blood, as well as other substances in smaller concentrations." On November 24, 1993 Arlyn "Heart" Phoenix published an open letter in the Los Angeles Times on her son's life and death. It read, in part: “His friends, co-workers and the rest of our family know that River was not a regular drug user. He lived at home in Florida with us and was almost never a part of the "club scene" in Los Angeles. He had just arrived in L.A. from the pristine beauty and quietness of Utah where he was filming for six weeks. We feel that the excitement and energy of the Halloween nightclub and party scene were way beyond his usual experience and control. How many other beautiful young souls, who remain anonymous to us, have died by using drugs recreationally? It is my prayer that River's leaving in this way will focus the attention of the world on how painfully the spirits of his generation are being worn down. River made such a big impression during his life on Earth. He found his voice and found his place. And even River, who had the whole world at his fingertips to listen, felt deep frustration that no one heard. What is it going to take? Chernobyl wasn't enough. Exxon Valdez wasn't enough. A bloody war over oil wasn't enough. If River's passing opens our global heart, then I say, thanks dear, beloved son, for yet another gift to all of us." River Phoenix was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at his family ranch in Micanopy, Florida. Also Died on this Day 1723- Cosimo III de' Medici, monarch of Florence (1670-1723), died at 81. 1863- Louis Ludwig Blenker, German/US brig-general (Union), died at 51. 1865- William Parson, 3rd Earl of Rosse & maker of large telescopes, died. 1881- George Washington De Long, American Arctic Explorer, died during expedition to the North Pole at 37. 1916- Charles Taze Russell, American founder of the Jehovah's Witnesses, died at 64. 1943- Max Reinhardt, German film director (b. 1873). 1963- Henry Daniell, actor (Camille, Body Snatchers), died at 69. 1964- Theodore C Freeman, astronaut, died at 34 in a T-38 jet air crash (First Astronaut to die). 1975- Joseph Calleia, actor (Jungle Book, Gilda), died at 78. 1986- Robert S. Mulliken, US physicist (Nobel 1966), died at 90. 1991- Bert Bertram, actor (How to Steal a Million), died of cancer at 97. 1993- Edwin A. Walker, US Maj-Gen, died of lung cancer at 84. 2010- Theodore Sorensen, lawyer and special counsel to John F. Kennedy (b. 1928)	River Phoenix
What was the name of the German Chancellor, the primary force behind the unification of Germany 1871, who also had a famous battleship named after him?	The River Phoenix Pages The River Phoenix Pages A memorial for River? A memorial for River? As yet, there is no permanent memorial for River Phoenix, but I've received some suggestions from people who feel that it is time for us to start to plan something. This page is a forum for ideas and suggestions, and a central resource for the exchange of information. New contributions added on top of the page. As and when more ideas and comments come in then I'll add them to this page. If you have something to contribute, please send them in. ( added March 2011, 31 ) The PETA website put up a memorial page for River here ( added October 2008, 31 ) How do you name a waterfall after someone? I really liked the waterfall idea. I think it would be a great way for people to remember him by. Katy ( added August 2007, 23 ) Hi, River's popularity is undeniable, and he appealed to a range of people. I work with young people, and I think it would be truly worth considering setting up some kind of foundation in River's name- to raise further awarenss of Drugs, but also other issues which can impact on young people. Perhaps there also needs to be something set up in River's name which aims to help budding Actors/performers achieve their goals. It is easy to remember the tragic side of River's life, but there are so much more positive aspects to remember about him too. I think there are plenty of people out there who could make something like this happen. Ben. Please, visit to this page : www.petitionspot.com/petitions/riverstar and give us a signature to ask for a RiverPhoenix star on the Walk Of Fame. I think something of kind like this maybe don't mean anything to him, but it means a lot to us, people who love River, right ? hey, my name is francesca and i am a big fan of rivers. i have been greatly inspired by him and his band too, i think its amazing that someone who left us so long ago has managed to touch so many generations with his spirit. i agree with one of the other girls, i think a tree for river would be great. something that really represents his "hippie" side. and it would also make a small contribution to the environment hey? ( added August 2006, 23 ) Hi, my name is HollyMae. River Phoenix has estonishingly touched so many hearts including mine because he had real integrity & love for God's creation, namely people, animals, nature etc. If we want to make something real memorable to show our love for him, we need to pick up were he left off. If everyone who was inspired by his passion to save our natural habitats would collectively get together, we could change our world for the better by carrying on the legacy that River left for us. The first thing that comes to mind is how easy & perfect it would be for everyone to plant a tree for River. It could be in our own backyards, local parks or bush lands. A tree would be something we could nurture, see grow & flourish & support more life in the process. I know the birds that would perch in the branches of tree's planted for River would eco His name in the sunshine & rain of every new day. He will live on in love forever. I am so amazed there are 12 and 13 year olds who continue to be touched by River's talent, grace and presence. He was and remains an amazing spirit and an inspiration for me since I was nine years old. Perhaps on this, the 20th anniversary of the classic Stand By Me, the time is right to print River (one one side) Stand By Me (on the other side) bracelets. I'd like to repost the poem below since it made me tear again. I cried many of them when he died and made a pilgrimage in 1994 to the Viper Room and laid a rose at the door. A year later, there were still other flowers and tokens of love with mine. Losing him is sad for us, but lights as bright as Rivers burn so bright we'll never forget them and I know either does the universe. He is still with us today, and remains to stand by us. Do not stand at my grave and weep ------------------- Do not stand at my grave and weep I am no there. I do not sleep. I am a thousand winds that blow. I am the diamond glints on snow. I am the sunlight on ripened grain. I am the gentle autumn rain. When you awaken in the mornings hush I am the swift uplifting rush Of quiet birds in circled flight. I am the soft stars that shine at night. Do not stand at my grave and cry; i am not there. I did not die. The love is the memorial. This weekend I was at the Methodist Hospital in Arcadia California where I noticed a new small park area next to the hospital tower called The River Phoenix Memorial Park. The park had not been there a couple of months ago so it was a surprise to me. On Saturday there was a dedication ceremony with less than 100 attendees - I believe it was a private gathering because the area was roped off and everyone was led downstairs to a private area afterwards. Even a portion of the parking lot was roped off for the attendees to park. There was also a small orchestra that played. I have tried to find out more info about it but I have been unsuccessful. Does anyone know anything else about it? Hello, My name is Jennifer and I am 34 years old. I have been a fan of RP since stand by me and I was 15 at the time. I used to buy all the teenage magazines take out the pictures and hang them on my wall. October 31, 1993 was a horrible day for me. I was in love with him as any person can possibly be and I had dreams to meet him some day. That dream came to a bitter end and I was hopelessly devastated and in shock and disbelief. I know River would not want us to be sad about him being gone from this earth, but keep his memory alive by remembering his legacy and work. I sometimes wonder, what would he look like if he was still alive? would he have children? married? I will always wonder. As a tribute, I would like to invite everyone to make a donation to the legacy he believed in (rain forest, etc) and put it in memory of him when his birthday arrives. If there is a way for someone to find out how to get an address for an acknowledgement please list it. I wish they had done a movie on his life. anyone, can email me if they want to talk or have comments. [email protected] River, I love you forever! RIP sweet baby. I'm Rachel Fleming and I am 13 years old. I watched Stand By Me and I cried at least 5 times. River was so amazing in the film and it is my favourite film and always will be. I knew he had died before I watched the film which made me even more upset. I have wanted to be an actress for ages and Ihave always wanted to be in a film with River. Since that cant happen I thought it would be a good idea if people who love River got together to have a memorial service for him. I think it would be very special to me and also very special to his family aswell.River is and always will be very special to me and a memorial would be a good way of expressing those feelings. In fact I am starting to cry now. If I new River I am sure he would have been a lovely caring person. So we should have a day on Rivers birthday that is only for him and it should be called the River Phoenix memorial. River, I hope you have a nice life up above with the angels. R.I.P your beloved and always will be fan Rachel Flemingxxx E-mail me if you feel the same at [email protected] Hi I'm Lindsey I'm 15 year old and I was wondering we should have a holiday named after river phoenix I think all of river's fan should write letter's to the president or have sign shirt's of people that want a holiday named after River I'll do it but I'm going to need lot's of support from river's fan to achieve this I'll try to get the president address and I'll post it in the Internet so we write to him RIVER'S # 1 FAN I LOVE YOU RIVER My name is Brooke and I am 15 years old and live in Australia. No-one, through-out my life, has ever inspired me as much nor in the same way that River Phoenix has. You would never think that one could have such a strong connection with some-one they never knew, but then again, we all know River in our own way don't we? I believe River should be remembered through a charity. One to raise awareness about both the dangers of drugs (by sharing River's story), and the ways in which we can help the world, and all of the concepts that River held in such high regard. I also believe that there should be two statues and/or plaques erected, one in his hometown in Oregon, and one in at the site where he purchased those 800 acres of rainforest on the border of Costa Rica and Panama, which he hoped to turn into a national park. The most any of us can do as individuals is to forever hold River in our hearts and minds, for his spirit will never die as long as his name lives on! I love you River, and miss you more than you could know. R.I.P my friend. Find your peace. My name is Isobel, and I would just like to let you know I am from Western Australia (Perth), and I am not sure if River ever got the chance to travel 'down under', but I just know he would love the Aussie outback. He was definitely one who was in touch with nature, and that is something we have a lot of here - Fortunately, not too many industrial outlets, and loads of space to roam and explore (the main reason due to the fact many areas are inhospitable or very much isolated, but untouched and beautiful nevertheless - I went to New Norcia, up North from where I live in Perth, Western Australia, and the wildflowers were unbelievable!). I would love to help out in arranging a memorial of a sort to commemorate the ever-talented River Phoenix. Just say the word and I can do whatever necessary. Idealy, I think something simple would be a nice loyalty to River, as I think simplicity is something he very much admired, and that should not be dismissed if anyone intends to go through with the construction, or organisation of some sort of memorial. Afterall, it is such a terrible tragedy to loose such a exquisite human being such as River. The song 'Chris Chambers' (named after River's character from the Stephn King novella movie re-make 'Stand By Me'), by the Stereophonics is a great resemblence of my feelings toward the heartbreak and misfortune surrounding River's death. The lyrics speak from the heart - "Ask themselves why, the river has dried.." A question I often ask myself (much like the character Gordie Lachance, when questioning the death of his elder brother) .. "Why?" It has been over a decade since River's death, and he still manages to touch the hearts of many people through his music and films. We need to come together and make a decision on a memorial for River, as he truly deserves it... (To contact me for any reason relating River or the memorial: [email protected]) A brief candle; both ends burning An endless mile; a bus wheel turning A friend to share the lonesome times A handshake and a sip of wine So say it loud and let it ring We are all a part of everything The future, present and the past Fly on proud bird --- May you be at peace River, sleeping in eternal youth and immortality. hey, i think it's great that River Phoenix has so many young fans. I to have only jus realised about his talent from the film Stand By Me and was gutted when it says he died at the end. I look at it as, 'lets not cry because River's gone, lets smile because he was here' i have looked at some websites about River and i know that in his life he wanted fairness to animals and for no more trees to be cut down. i know that he was a vegan. but i see it as River tried along with his family to put right everything that was worng in the world, and died before he could finish. so i say that why don't we his fans try to finish what River started and then we will truely know that he is resting in peace. i'm going to try and finish what River started but i know i can't do it alone Hi my name is Alexis and i'm 14 years old. When i saw the movie "Stand By Me" I fell in love with River Phoenix. I thought that not only is he gorgeous, but he's an incredible actor too. Since I saw the movie I have researched him on the internet and have down loaded many pictures of him. I was thinking that a perfect memorial for him would be to start an organization that helps protect animals. I know that he worked hard to protect animal rights. It would also be a good idea to have a movie made about his short, but well lived life. Thanks again for listening to my ideas. Alexis [email protected] We love you River!!!! Even though you're gone we will remember you forever!!!!!!! Hi my name is kim. i am 16 and my friends father died from a cocaine overdose. it totally ruined his life, as river phoenix will know. i would love to set up a fundraiser for river and all others that were in his position but as i live in england not many people know who he is. river has inspired me to become a better person and i have learnt from his mistakes and achievements!! i hope that someone just as talented will fill his shoes one day but no-one as excellent has done so yet! RIP River love you always!! xoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxox Hi there. I was 18 years old when River died. I grew up this wonderful talent and Stand By Me still remains my most favorite movie. Reading through all the messages it is nice to see the younger generation appreciating the true talent that was River Jude Phoenix. He graced our presence with his music and his film work. I will never forget the day I learned of his death. I cried and cried. I thought I would watch this man continue to do extroadinary things well into my life. Turns out I was wrong and River's life was cut way too short. I think some of these ideas are great. I especially like the idea of re-releasing Stand By Me in the theatres and all or a portion of the proceeds going to charities surrounding drug use etc. If ever any of you get a chance to visit Oregon, be sure to stop off in Brownsville. Stand By Me was filmed here and I am fortunate enought to live right in the middle of it. R.I.P. River K.K.L - hi my name is katie im from london england , River phoenix what can you say? To have lost such a talent at such a young age, what a waste. He wa an incredible actor even from a young age his talent shone through his hard start in life. He was an actor of incredible sensitivity and that was portrayed in the clasic film 'stand by me'. He made such an impact in the world of film even though his life was short,many young aspiring actors should take note and watch any film of his and that will show them how to become one of the worlds most intreging actors. Hopefully his death will show others that you are not invisible and drugs do kill and they can kill anyone any age. There should be a memorial perhaps in hollywood where his life so tragically ended. To river you are missed rest in peace may god bless you and what a tragedy to lose a man who could have only got greater R.I.P ( added August 2005, 23 ) ( August 2, 2005 ) Hi, my name is Jordyn Aragon and I'm 12 from Schaumburg, IL. Ever since I saw the movie Stand By Me I was touched by River Pheonix's performance. Since then I wanted to be an actress so bad, he was such an inspiration to me. I never found out that he died untill a couple of months ago when I went on one of his websites. So I was thinking that you should have sort of a fund raiser in his name for kids who drink or do drugs. I mean it would be a terrible thing for this to happen to someone else. When I heard he had died I was so upset I didn't know what to do, I was crying and in shock at the same time. At that point I didn't know what to do. I finally knew what I had to do, I handed out flyers for a fund raiser on the day River died for kids who take drugs and are very sick in the hospital. My school raised $1,218 and saved many lives. My school was so proud they even considered naming that day River Phoenix day. Even now I can say " Even though he's gone, the River will still run on". If you have any information or anyone just wants to talk please write to [email protected] I LOVE YOU RIVER, WE ALL DO Hi, my name is morgan and i'm 15 years old and I just saw Stand by me for the first time on july 4th, 2005. I immediately fell in love with him. even though i don't know him and haven't ever met him I will miss him forever! I think we do need a memoriable symbol for him. he was an amazing actor at all ages! I was really touched by him and his acting. Like the livestrong rubber braceletes we should have one that says remember river. or an actual place memorial in madras oregon where he lived, or in hollywood. he has a quotes that says, " I love acting because I feel like I can become friends with the viewers." -River Phoenix. That he has. River will be remembered in all who knows him hearts FoReVeR!! Love and miss him. R.I.P River Jude Phoenix~* We love you forever! I am such a huge fan of River Phoenix My sister made me watch Stand by Me when i was 11, and it has been my favorite movie ever since. I did alot of research on River and learned not only that he was gorgeous and talented, but what an awesome person he was. I think Stand By Me should be re-released in theaters and the proceeds should go to charities for drug-abuse or something along those lines. I think we should tell people about River Phoenix, because if we can get it out there, maybe we can stop others from making the same mistakes he did. Also, River said wanted he wanted his death to be glorious like a water fall, Unfortunately he death wasn't a waterfall, so I think we should name a waterfall after him so his memory can be glorious, unlike his tragic death. We'll that's all my ideas. Rest in peace River, you are deeply missed. Love, ( added May 2005, 27 ) Hello Well like many other fans i enjoyed River's films and music, he was truly an inspiration. I was touched when i read some qoutes by River himself about animals and being a vegan and his beliefs made me change mine, i no longer eat meat. Although River is so missed in the world there is a part of me that is happy he got is wish to be free, free from the world and free from the drugs which were hurting him. River might be no longer with us physically but he will always remain in our hearts FOREVER!! As a tribute to River i think that "Stand By Me" should be brought back into the cinema and the money should be given to his family and charity for what he believed in. Stand By Me is one of the best movies i have ever seen and am sure that if younger people today had a chance to see it they will see who River is and what an amzing actor and person he was. I also think that River Jude Phoenix should have a star on the "Hollywood Walk of Fame" i think that his beliefs and amazing talent to movies and music should be awarded to him by this. Rest In Peace "River Jude Phoenix" and God Bless (:Love always Karen Mc Ginley :) Hi, my name is Jessica and I'm 13 years old from Louisville, KY. Today is January 22, 2005. Ever since I saw the movie Stand By Me, I was touched by River Phoenix and his acting and just overall everything about him. Stand By Me is the best movie of all time. I watch it almost every day. he inspired me to be an actress and that is what I'm doing now! River inspired me to be and actress and I want to be one just like him. I think you all should make up a charity about River or a charity for kids who do drugs, animal cruelity, or something about vegetarians. I think that would be great. From now on, October 31st is now my favorite day in the year and the worst day of the year. It's the worst because that's the day that River died. It was a terrible day and I don't think it was his time to go. It's the best day because we now all know that he is in a better place. He is with God watching over all of us. I have seen only one of his movies but I plan on seeing all of them. He made great music and was an awesome actor. I wish he was still with us today, making his movies and music. Although, I've only been a fan of River's for about a month or so, I still think that I have become closer to him and I feel like I can talk to him and I do. I can hear him through my thoughts. It's like I can talk to the dead. I go on River's websites all the time and learn as much as I can about him. I will always remember River throuhgout my life and he is my inspiration. I hope to become an actress very soon and maybe you all will see my name in lights soon...just like River's. Please let me know if there is anything I can do to help with charities and TV shows about River. Well, all I have to say now is...skin it. Love Always, Your Beloved Fan, Jessica The River Still Flows "I still believe in you" R.I.P River August 23, 1970-Ocotber 31, 1993 This is a poem written about an irish soldier, but when i read it, it really reminded me of River, and it's my favourite poem, Do not stand at my grave and weep ------------------- Do not stand at my grave and weep I am no there. I do not sleep. I am a thousand winds that blow. I am the diamond glints on snow. I am the sunlight on ripened grain. I am the gentle autumn rain. When you awaken in the mornings hush I am the swift uplifting rush Of quiet birds in circled flight. I am the soft stars that shine at night. Do not stand at my grave and cry; i am not there. I did not die. The author of this poem is unkown though. thanx Anna Howells xxx Hello, My name is Natalie and I just wanted to say that everytime I see any River Phoenix film, I begin to cry. To have lost such a talent is heartwrenching, but also to have been given such talent is a blessing. I think that a really good idea for a memorial would be if everyone willing would wear a bracelet that said RIVER on it. I think it is simple and it provokes conversation with other so his name can be spead on...what do you think...there doesnt even have to be a uniform type of bracelet...just anything heartfelt...a sybol of caring..let me know what you think.. Thanks, Natalie Hi, I would just like to say that I love all of River's movies. Im just 15 years old & we've recently been watching Stand By Me as part of our English class. We are asked to study the film and take from it what we will. At the end of the movie when 'Gordie' is all grown up and is discussing what happened to all the characters, i couldnt believe it when he said how tragically Chris had died, yet he died doing what was right. And in real life, River's death wasnt in the best circumstances yet what he did for the environment and what a beautiful person he was deserves remembrance. I believe a perfect memorial for River would be in schools. Develop a drugs awareness program and incorporate River's life and movies in that program. Show the children the movie "Stand By Me" and use Rivers life as an example to others, to inspire others!! keryn hi! my and my friend both love river,i dont know about her but i first just thot of river as hott but wen i found out he died (like a month or 2 ago, i was 2 on the actual date of his death) i wanted to know more about him after i found out all the stuff he did like animal rights stuff thats wen i fell in love with him!i think it would be wonderful to have some sort of memorial, but in a way this syte is 1 on its own with all the fans contributing to it with poetry and fan art. keep up the good work! ~caitlin I am 25 years old and I still remember hearing that River had died. I was 14 and sitting on the couch getting ready to take my brother out trick or treating and it came on the news. I was so shocked and started crying. He was such a talented actor and he is missed very much by myself. I saved all of the articles I could about him. "Running on Empty" and "Stand By Me" are my two most favorite movies of his. I don't really have any ideas for a memorial, but I thought the idea of a charity for drug treatment was good. Thanks. Michelle ( added July 2004, 30 ) Although i was only 9 when river died i can still remember what i was doing at the time when i heard about. I remember that i started crying because he was and still is my favourite actor of all time.Stand by me is still my favourite film and i think always will be because it is so different to most other films and Will Wheaton, Cory Feldman,Jerry o'connell and River Pheonix performances were fantastic. I think to remember River we could make a charity for drug users and cruelty to animals. luv Jadexxx hi i am only 14 but when i was younger my sister got stand by me and when i watched it loved it and chris was my favourite character i still watch it now all the time and no all the words to it. i think his other films are good but that has to be my all time favourite i think that we should have carnivals in memory of river on the 31s october their would be lots of people that would go as he has so many fans i think it would be a great day and if he was hear today he would be so greatful. Lisa River Pheonix was a champion of animal rights, the environment and protecting our natural resources. While a song about his deep concern for these causes composed in his honor would be fantastic, when you go on a hike, see the deer, enjoy the serenity of sitting beside a clear brook watching little tadpoles floating by, think of River Phoenix. The Ancient Egyptians believed when you say a deceased person's name, that person lives! Like his last name, on this website and scores of others, he lives again! Paul Jr., [email protected] hiya! i love river to bits and i would love a memorial service for him...i cant think of any good ideas but all the ideas these people have come up with is great. I feel happy when i see pictures of river so pictures could be added. can any one tell me why river took the drugs? and where could i get his films, i've seen stand by me and want to see more i LOVE RIVER Hiya, I would just like to say that i am 13 yrs old and come from scotland and over here not alot of people know about river phoenix and it really hurts me because he was such an amazing person and just because he's dead doesn't mean people should forget him!!! I know this might sound weird but when ever i'm sad or just want someone to talk to i talk to his pictures that are up on my wall i feel like he can hear me and that he watches over his fans.I think there should be a river phoenix day, say the 23rd august or the 31st october(my birthday and also his death day) so we can watch all his tv movies and programs and all his movies and interviews because that will let people know who the real river phoenix is.Also , my ambition in life is to go visit rio's birth place, oregon, and visit where he died and see his plaque. A very loving fan nicola muldoon Hi I have just visited ur web site and i saw ur memorial page and thought that it was a very good idea.Like most people i was to young to appreciate his talents before he died but i'm making up for it now. My idea for a memorial would be to place some sort of paving stone with a white star with rivers name and dates on it on the spot where he collapsed!that way everybody could visit the last place he ever visited! Anyway i just wanted to say that your site is amaizing and a great dedication to such a tallented actor! Take Care Debs ( added October 2003, 31 ) Hey it is now October 22,2003. I wish that the 31st would never come or i wish that River was in a different place on that day in 1993. OMG how i miss him so much, and wish i would have known who he was. I just discovered River Phoenix not to long ago and was shocked to learn that he was no longer here with us, but he's in a better place now with no drugs to hurt him. Today I just learned more about him and how he lived his life. And to honor him in many ways, i am going to change my life by stop using drugs, become a vegan, and stand up and help protect animals and stand up for their rights. No animal should have to starve, be abused and so on... And i am also going to name my first child River Jude in honor of the young man who is now going to help me change my life through his soul and memories he had left us with. I love you and miss you so much River Jude Phoenix, you will never be forgotten and you will always be in my heart and everyone else. Melanie Ferris Hi I was thinking about a memorial and i realised that a plaque or something isn't the kinda thing everyone can see. So i thought maybe if we made a picture or collage with him on that everyone could download or print out and keep it would be a more fitting memorial. We could email the picture or site address to as many people as poiible before october 31st so that everybody could hear about River and his life. This way people won't have to wait ages for a chance encounter with one of his films to hear about him like most of us did. I only heard about him when i bought a box set with Apt Pupil, Shankshaw Redemption and some movie called 'Stand By Me' (LOL!) Candi ( added August 2003, 23 ) i have only recintly became a fan of river's i am only 12 but it feels like me an river have been dear friends. so why did he not stand by us like we stood by him, I think we should get a meeting to discuss how we could remember this magnificent human all that is left to say now is skin it. From Hayley Flannery a dear fan Hi my name is jessica. And though i haven't heard of river phoenix till just about a year ago it was i knew he was dead because my sisters had told me. When river died my sisters cryed because he was one of their favorite actors and inspired them so much to start acting and thats what they are doing. Ever since i saw Stand By Me i river has been my favorite actor i have seen all his films now. I rad articles about him every day. And though i am only 14 and river dies when i was 4 it still made me cry because back then i couldn't apreciate what his work had done to other people it inspired them, like it inspires me now. I know that river is in a better place now with God but i just wish he was with us now sharing his talent to the world of young up coming actors and just every movie lover. I know i keep goin on about him but you just can't help but talk about him. Well anyway i think there should be a charity started up in rivers name that has something to do what he believed in. Like something to do with vegetarians or cruilty to animals or even something against kids doin drugs. That whould be a really good one because where ever River is now i know he wouldn't want the same thing to happen to someone else that what happened to him. He doesn't want someone to make the same mistake. He knows that we all forgive him. God Bless River and let him Reat In Peace. p.s I would just like everyone to know that river dies ten years ago this october 31st. My name is Jeff Forti. I am an older fan who knew of and enjoyed River's work mostly after his death. I think it's is one of the greatest loses Hollywood had for his generation. Many people keep remembering the loss of others like James Dean and Marilyn Monroe after many years on stamps and other items. River deserves as much treatment as they have received. I believe fans should get TV stations to bring forth the great films that he had during his life to show his greatness and contributions to his generation. Many of the great actors of olden times have died recently and people need to know that River was one of the best of the more modern times. I do hope someone will find a location to place a statue or some kind of physical memorial in dedication to his honor (in Hollywood). I feel Johnny Depp, Keanu Reaves, or his brother Joaquin should somehow be contacted and help get something more going in this memorial. I hope they are aware how many fans River really had young and old who really loved his work. They now are all enjoying great careers and could use their influence to help make this a strong reality. I wish that we could have reached River before drugs took him from us. I have been clean and free of all drugs for almost 23 years now and wish I could have helped him. You could tell River was a very beautiful person and I wish we could have had more of him. God bless his soul. A Loving Fan Jeff Forti HI my name is Amanda M. I hade an idea for the river memorial... maybe it could be in Oregon where he was born? I have a lot of ideas for this memorial and maybe I could help you find a location and stuff... please write back soon! From Amanda M. Hello, My name is Carol and there is nothing that I can say that would bring back River to our hearts. I am only 14 years of age and yet I know everything that I could grasp onto about River and his family. I even found the closest person to my hometown that knew River personally. I forget the story she once so long ago, but she told me that River would always call her to simply say hello. She even thought that River had a slight crush on her. She still lives in my home town and I still visit her whenever possible I was just in LA and walked down Sunset blvd. and saw that there was no memorial for River and this saddened me as much as his death in '93. If there is a way that i could some how help that to me would be more of an honor then a simple good deed. if you could even except a donation from me i can do that as well. many of my friends and i have also made a pact that no madder what shall ever happen we will receive our blue bird on our right hand. ill never forget any of river's movies and will never forget my favorite that not many know of. that would be "Dog Fight" with Lily Taylor. that movie had such an impact on me with all the war sences. he has even inspired me to go to San Francisco for 4 days trying to find Rose's Cafe', that day was such an adventure. i never did find it though. once again if there is any way of sort my friends and could help you we would be glad. i believe rivers words were. "superfly do or die!" i dnt wana go on about how much hes missed coz every1 already knows dat, but i jus wana say dat the film Stand By Me is wicked it makes u fink about life. River is an inspiration 2 us all n he is missed SO MUCH. god bless Ashlee Hello , I'm fabiola from Chile , i'm 15 years old and i was too little when i heard about River Phoenix , i think he still is the best and we must to do some kind of memorial , it is the best we can do , we need to work together . hey some girl said the idea of make a memorial in Chile maybe it will be great , so keep me at time with the news about it. greetings for all! Chile "i still believe in you , as i did years ago" Hello. I'm Stephanie from Pennsylvania. I'm only 15 right now, and I was but a child at the age of 6 when River died. I have never known of him until about early this year when my younger sister and her friend suddenly bought all his movies and became a loving fan of his. I've watched the movies, seen many of my sister's pictures of him hanging up in her room, yet never got interested. Here and there, I have heard my sister talking about how he died so young from drugs. It is now only June 20 and just today, my sister showed me a picture online with River in his coffin. His face looks so different than in the pictures my sister has. I'm not sure why, and I don't think I'll ever know why, but I began to cry. It hurt me to see him like that. And I suddenly began looking at websites about his life. Within a matter of one hour, I have made him a constant thought in my head. I don't think that picture will ever leave my mind. I will always remember River, through all of my life. I believe we should put a giant drawing of River outside the Viper Room with his name and the years he lived. Give information for all to see. I will help in any way possible.. R.I.P River ` 1970-1993 I was very moved by the letter that River's mother wrote. I really don't think that a memorial outside the Viper Room would be appropriate. I think concentrating more on his LIFE than his DEATH is what is important. I would love to see a movie made about his life, but then again I can't think of anyone who would be appropriate to portray him. -Jes i would like to say that i love River sooo much! he has inspired to do many things. i was reading some of the articles that people have written and i find them pretty good. i am only 14 and i am deeply and madly in love River! i think it wil be a good idea to remember River on the day that he died ( Oct. 31, 1993) all of his fans should gather outside the Viper Room (owned by Johnny Depp) at the time that River was pronounced dead. ( 1:54 am). We the fans should hold candles and sings songs dedicated to him. We should also make a plaque of River saying like " River Jude Phoenix Born august 23,1970 and died october 31, 1993. He was an inspiring young actor who's life was cut short from a overdose of drugs. He was 23 years old. etc...." I LOVE HIM SOOOOOOO MUCH!! I will help in any way i can to support the memorial idea and i know my friends will too! Love Always, Lauren P.S: Stephanie in Florida when you said "and contact Rain,Joaquin and Summer " you forgot one person....River's other sister Liberty! It's okay. oh yea and i am interested in helping you out. conyact me at [email protected] Thank you! Hello, my name is Emma and im 15. I come from England in the west-midlands. Its weird, i watched stand by me last year in a drama lesson at school and loved it, so i bought my own copy. ive watched it loads of times and loved the character chris chambers. for some reason i kept thinking of him, so i went on the internet last week and looked up his name. I found out loads of info about his life and films he was in......but then i saw that he died in 1993, i would have been about six. I don't know why but i felt really strange like i had known him. Stand by me is my favourite film and its because of it that i had come to find out about River. Ithought he was really good in it and was a highly talented actor....such a shame that he had to die at such a young age! after reading all of these comments i now know how loved River was all over the world. i know that i didn't know him personally or even knew of him for a long time like most people, but somehow i know that there was something special about him...people who say that he was a bad person because he got involved in drugs are talking bull***! It is so easy to get into stuff you shouldnt....all i know is that when i read about his death it made me think twice about drugs...someday i hope to follow in his footsteps and become an actor...but to carry on the life that he should have had...... River's body died on halloween, but his soul will go on as long as people remember his name.....if he left on halloween night, then why can't his soul come back and let us know that he is still around..... I think that all the people who miss River should get together on halloween night this year when it wiil be his ten year anniversary, and try to communiate with River. It should take place somewhere where he is remembered and if enough people show up he might just come back for one night... I am a great believer in the otherside and that the soul will go on, and that we can communicate with people who have passed away......bless you River......... ( added March 2003, 13 ) Hi, my name is Krissy. I have been a big fan or Rivers for the longest time. I think that right outside of the Viper Room beside the pole where his pulse was lost there should be a plaque telling about his life. With a golden colague with pictures of him in such films as Stand By Me, Sneakers, The Mosquito Coast, Dark Blood. This way people who don't know about him will learn and those who do can have yet another way of remembering him. Or there could be a giant drawing of River Phoenix and it could say "Remember River 1970-1993" and be put on the wall outside of the Viper Room. Thank you for your time in reading my letter. Hopefully some how the fans and family could raise enough money to make the memorial more than a dream but a reality. Thank you, Good-Bye. Sincerely, Krissy My idea is that you could take pictures of River Phoenix and put them on the site. Have some pictures of candles. A few words about River and the Chris Chambers song. I'm 19 now and remember the day I heard River died. I was writing in my journal (only 10 years old) and felt this horrible devestation knowing I would never get to work with River...or write with him...or have him being a part of my films. Everything I do now is fueled by this connection to River that even then, at only 10 years old, I felt in my soul. I think we should DEFINITELY try to buy a piece of rainforest (maybe in Venezuela, Chile, ANYWHERE) and build a memorial there on the land for others to go. I also think we should petetion Island Records and contact Rain,Joaquin and Summer about releasing tapes/CDs of Aleka's Attic music for proceeds to the building of the memorial or to PETA. PLEASE let me know if you would be interested in helping me with this. I'm in it all the way. Stephanie, Florida I think this summer a bunch of us should make a trip down to Chile or Venezuela to the rain forests and see about getting some land to build a River Memorial. What do you think? I'm up for it! Thanks, Stephanie Jude ( added July 2002, 21 ) Hi. My name is Charity and I have been a fan of River's for as long as I can remember. I would love to help out in any way I can in his memorial. If you have any questions or need any help with it PLEASE let me know. Thanks! ~Charity Sunday, May 5th, 2002 I'm reading your page about River Phoenix, and I admire you for being such a true fan to him. It's really great that you have gathered all of this information about him and added it to the site. I especially liked the list of songs dedicated to him (i made a couple of burn cds containing them), and also the page with the articles written by/about/concerning him. I enjoyed reading those very much, even though I cried in most. I love finding out new information about him, and so far your site and www.river-phoenix.org have been the best sites that I visited, and I searched long and hard for them. For a memorial, I really thought that some of the people who wrote in had great ideas. The Vegan Day one wasn't bad, considering that I myself stopped eating animal products to spread and continue River's beliefs. I also liked the movie idea, althought that would be hard to accomplish. The rainforest wasn't bad, I would definatly contribute everything I could afford for that, I would even have bake sales and car washes as fundraisers. My friends and I tried that before to give money to the Red Cross after what happend on September 11th, and we raised $150 in 2 hours, which isn't bad, consideing the amount that we could make if we did it for, say, 2 hours a day for a couple of weeks. I would try my best, and I'm sure that other devoted fans of his would also. Some people also wrote about the get-together of his fans to share poems, songs, thoughts, and other creations, and that seems like a great idea. If we try hard enough, we can accomplish many things in River's memory. River always said "we life in a world polluted by men",therefore we have to think about that and respect the nature as the nature respect us ,any singular action of us infavour of the planet earth will be appreciated by River and by nature(LET'S RESPECT ANIMALS AND NATURE) P.S. I've read a message by a girl called Ana ,please send me your new e-mail address, because I've send you my opinion about the simbolical day for rio but your address were expired! I LOVE YOU ALL My name is Amanda... I'm 16 years old and River Phoenix has been a part of my whole life, esp. in "Stand By Me", he's brought me to realize how much I need to care about nature, Because of him I am a Vegan and an Animal Rights activists. He had a talent and life that were both definitely worth celebrating. I say there should be a day for River where all of his fans would come together (Not neccesarily physically) and remember him and his life for what it was, amazing. Maybe light a candle or sing an Aleka's Attic song...I don't know just a Day for Remembering River maybe even on his b-day August 23rd! Any takers!? ~~Amanda Dyson VA I earlier read about making a calendar in which the proceeds would go to Earthsave or some other organization. I think that this would be a great memorial for him. The calendar could include pictures poetry, maybe even some of his own poetry. I think that this suggestion should be well thought about. Thank you, Emily R. Ciao a tutti... sono stata veramente colpita dalla morte inaspettata di river...come credo tutto il mondo! Ero piccola quando � successo. Avevo appena 6 anni ma ora ho imparato che anche se il cielo lo ha tolto a tutti noi lui vive comunque in tutti i cuori che l'hanno amato e che l'hanno sostenuto negli anni del suo grande successo. Xk� te ne 6 andato River... Da dove 6 ora spero tu stia ascoltando queste mie parole.... Sarai sempre nel mio cuore... Riposa in pace!! Ti amo Giulia dall'Italia Hi my name is Keri, and am so sad about River's death. Like, 4 months ago I didn't even know who he was. But then I saw the movie stand by me. And I was like wow, that was such a good movie. And it taught me a lot. Then I found out who played chris chambers part and it was River. I think we should definatly have a day to remember River and buy a part of the rainforest, in his memory. He was such a great actor. Although I never met him, I will still miss him forever. I love you River. God bless. Keri It was so weird looking at Lisa's entry because it's just like me in every way! I too am only 12 and think that we should try to buy some land in the rainforest for River. I think even the smallest bit would count and be appriciated. That may be hard to do though, that was my opposing thought. So maybe we could just collect money to donate to PETA...ya think? We could even donate a small amount towards a anti-drug foundation. I was also only six when he died and I'm sure I couldn't have cared less...even three years ago when my mom made us drive to the Viper Room, on our trip to CA, to see where River Phoenix died. Which I only knew as . Now I wish I would have cared more cause if I saw it now I'd probably cry...thinks* yea, I would. But we really really need to do something to commerate River (is that the coolest name for a kid or what?)! Just keep me posted cause I want to help! Kate I just read over some of the suggestions, and i agree with lisa. i'm 16 and just like her i could'nt have been able to tell you who he was so many months ago. i was looking through the video store and came across a night in the life of jimmy reardon, that is now my favorite and since then have rented every movie he has been in when i get the chance. i knew when i rented the movie he looked familiar but couldn't place him. i later found out he was in stand by me (thats where i knew him from) and then that night after watching the movie i found out he had died. and since then every chance i get i look him up on the internet and my room is totally decorated with him. but as i was saying... i think we should get Island Records to release some of his music. And if possible do try and buy an area of the rainforest. I was only 8 years when he died and never even thought about actors back then let alone the ones who died... but today im more aware of these things and it makes me sad to hear how he died and everything. he was a great actor and person and i want his memory to live on just like all the other well known actors and actresses who died young. i think we owe it to him. Hi, I don't know if they have already but I think River should be given his own star on the Hollywood walk of fame, he deserves it having contributed in his short life far more than most actors have in their entire careers. I'm around the same age as River would've been now so kind of grew up with him and could relate to every charactor he played. My favorite movie of his is 'Running on Empty', the scene at the end between River and Judd Hirsh is one of unbelievable honesty so that the camera is almost intruding on a very private moment. It should have been River in 'Titanic' but Leo didn't do too bad a job, on his behalf, however, since his passing, many actors have taken parts that River was destined to play and cocked them up, what a shame! Regards Sharon Hi my name is Camille, I was only 6 when when River died. I am now 14 going to 15 may 22 and also a vegetarian. I love River so much, he affected my life permnently. I will never forget the day last year when i was flipping channels one day when i was bored and then all the sudden i saw this boy that i dreamt of before. All my life I always felt connected to a boy who looked exactly like him. I always figured it was probably just the type of guys im attracted to blonde hair, blue/green eyes, but it was something more, it was River. Right after the movie ended i waited till the credits came on to find out his name....and there it said River Phoenix as Chris Chambers. Later i found out that movie i had saw was 'Stand By Me'. Which is now my favorite movie and I have my own and watch it almost all the time. I have also seen a lot more of his movies.....and I am still trying to see more. Though what really shocked me was when I saw River Phoenix E True Hollywood Story on E! A person who knew River said that he told him when he was younger ever since River was a baby that he knew that at the age 23 he would be taken away by demonds, and I dont think it was any coincidence that he died on Halloween or that he was born on the 23 of August. I too have had dreams of being taken away at the age of 22 though, and by demonds.....it is very strange. I feel very connected to him even though I never meet him physically, I think everyone who is posted on this site is connected to him spiritually..or something like that. I am very happy to know that everyone here is a fan of River and that his memmory is still going on. I am definitally going to teach River to my kid and If its a girl I want to name her Cayndyce River so and so or if its a boy Jude or River so and so. I love you River and I hope your memmory will carry on forever. 'The River never ends' P.S. I think it is wonderful to have a memmorial for River. I think we should take a piece of land that might be littered and get everyone who is a River fan and go there and clean it up, because River always like to help the enviroment, and so do I. Then maybe we can have and exhibit memmorial to River with maybe poems, artworks, stories all related to River. It should be built of wood, because wood is natural and have flowers all around to represent the beauty of River. I also like the ideas of making the memmorial the place where he was born, a cabin in the woods in Madras, Oregon.....and or buying a piece of the rainforest and saving it because that is what River did when he was alive. Bless all of you who remember and respect the life of River Jude Phoenix Always Loving River, Camille ( added January 2002, 14 ) I think that we should definitely buy a part of the rainforest in memory of River, and get Island Records to release tapes or CDs of Aleka's Attic's music. I enjoy his music and the proceeds could go to PETA. I would also like to say that I miss him terribly although I never knew him. Six months ago I couldn't have told you who he was, and then I saw Stand By Me, which is now my favourite movie. I was only four when he died and am now only 12 but learning about him and discovering his death and the circumstances under which it ocurred has affected me deeply. Rest in peace River. Lisa ( added October 2001, 31 ) There should be a statue to his memory and a living symbol of nature to celebrate his love of nature and his want to preserve the Brazilian rain forest. This should also be submitted to the statue so that the world can see that a young person can be seen to want to respect the world that we live in and to show that young people can be seen to have mature ideals and not to be put down on as to being troublesome this should be denoted world wide. My name is Victoria, and I am a Vegean. I think that world wide, we should have a Vegean day, in memory of River Phoenix. Cheers ( added August 2001, 23 ) I just recently came across this site and I've never felt so touched and so moved by what so many people had to say about River Phoenix. I thought that I was the only one who cared. I'm so glad that I was proven wrong. I think it's a wonderful idea to have a River Phoenix memorial. So many people have wonderful ideas. I feel that a movie should be made - about River's life and death. It should be tastfully done and in such a manner that people will come to understand who he was. Given the fact that there's permission fully from the Phoenix Family. Also, a portion of the proceeds that profit from the movie will be contributed to some environmental / animal organization. People who attend the movie will recieve a booklet/flier based on organizations that River was involved with. Also, organizations that inform people about the environment, animal-rights, vegetarianism, and drug abuse, so anyone who wanted to get involved in a cause on their own could do so. I don't know how anyone else would feel about this idea. It's just something I had on my mind for many years. It's a shame that there are people out there who associate River and drugs. That he was just some messed-up kid who ended his life, and his parents considered as some freaky-ass hippy people who misguided the family to an unconventional lifestyle. With this movie I'd like to see being made would bring River's dignity back and give much respect to the Phoenix Family. As I see it, ever since Riv passed-away, him and his family have been abused, just as bad as the animals that River was trying to defend. It makes me sad and angry that some people have to create such bad memories. However, I have loving personal memories of Riv, that I hold close to my heart. With that in mind, River Jude Phoenix is in my heart always and forever! Lynda, from Colorado ( added July 2001, 15 ) Hello, I'm Rio (17~f~FL) and I think that we should some how put together a concert in L.A. in memorium to River Phoenix. He did many "Rock against Fur" concerts and the proceeds went to charities for animal rights and rainforest conservation. I believe that many celebrities, including Johnny Depp (whom has a strong tie to River) would be willing to contribute to this concert. All the proceeds we made from this could go to charities and funds to make this event a yearly event. I know there is a lot of planning and funds raised to go along with this, but I believe it is something we can achieve and that is worth doing. Please get back to me. Rio Reading all these comments by people who care so much about River, I can only thank you all for trying to make something in his memory. I also have a memorial suggestion. I tought that maybe we could get together a large number of River fans in a simbolical place (like the place he was born or the Viper room) and in a simbolical day ( the day of hid birthday, for instance). There, each fan would present a little personal tribute to River. It could be a drawing, a poem, a song. Each tribute would be acompanied by a little speech, in which the fans would talk about the influence that River had on their lives. Maybe we could tape it and try to send the video to his family (so that they would see that their son is not nor never will be forgotten and that his presence really made a difference in this world) or even to a TV channel, so that they would see that River was not the drug addict they wanna make him be, and that he changed a lot of people's lives. And if it was really on TV (which I doubt!), people would see the impact River had and will still have in this Earth. And maybe they even learned to look at him in a different way. The world should know the good things Ricer did, the good things he tought us. I know this may seem unreal, it probably will never happen. But I think it's not impossible. And we could at least try. As I also read here somewhere, I think it's such a good idea to buy a little part of a rainforest. River would be so happy to know that we were keeping on the work that he had began. He would be so happy to know that his life definetely made a difference on Earth, and that we care about the things he so deeply belived on and tried to protect. I know it would be expensive. But maybe we could gather some money and do our little share. We would buy just a little area of a rainforest, which would belong to all of us. And we would name it after Rio. I know these things are hard to do. But, as I say, they're not impossible. We could give it a try. I'm ready to cooperate with you all. If there's anyone out there who has some comments to my idea or just wants to make a new River friend, I would be very happy if you e-mailed me! God bless you all, Ana. My e-mail: [email protected] Hello everybody! Soy una fan espa�ola de River y espero que no os importe que escriba en mi idioma. Espero que lo entendais.Quiero decir que me empez� a gustar River desde que le v� en una revista hace unos 6 a�os y tiempo despu�s le pude ver en la pelicula Dogfight y me encant�. Me encanta saber que todavia hay cientos o incluso miles de personas que lo recuerdan y lo admiran como yo. Por eso me encanta que se haya hecho este memorial en su honor. I WILL NEVER FORGET YOU. REST IN PEACE NURIA VARAS I think not only should there be a memorial plaque outside the Viper Room where he died, but here should be an evening where River fans could get together and read poetry in his memory. What would be really special, is have some of his family there and maybe they could read some of Rivers Poetry.. I don't know how everything feels about that, but I would go.. Desiree ( added June 2000, 25 ) hello, i have a memorial suggestion. i don't know how one would go about it but i'm sure it's not so hard. i got the idea from arlo guthrie's annual charity calendar. we could have submissions of photos and art work which would be placed in a river calendar. the proceeds would be given to EarthSave or a rainforest group. i'd offer to arrange it and get it printed but i'm moving to japan shortly. i'm sure someone who reads these pages might have a better idea of how to arrange it. sincerely, melanie birdsey Hi, I'm from Eastbourne, England and I think that it is a supreme idea to conduct a memorial area for River Phoenix. Perhaps an evening of music, poetry, etc would combine the project to a more acknowledged and recognized event surrounding this spectacular memorial. Good Luck! PS. Let the English fans know for sure. from Emily Brewer. I really don't know what to write, I can't hardly see cause of all the tears that are running from my eyes, just like River's life suddenly ran away. I guess that I can only write the usually thing's like; "I miss him, I'll never forget him..." and stuff like that. But I can't, I just can't. I never knew him, so I don't know, I don't know what kind of a person he was. And I really don't know what to say, what to write. Yes, I miss him, I never missed anyone like I miss him. I happend to miss him so much that sometimes it's all to much, and I'm sitting there with the knife, on my way to end it all. Just like he did. Just like he did. It's funny in a way, that I'm on my way to kill myself because of a guy that I never even meet!!! But it hurts, and then it's not so funny anymore,it's not. I wanna write down a thing that a friend of mine wrote about me and River, here it comes: RIVER A wisphering wind has a message to her It say's that You'll waite The wind is Blowing in the leaves It's saying that You'll waite The wind is blowing through her hair It's saying that You'll waite She knows that you're out there and that You'll waite Waite for her on the end of the world but it's not time If You love her then You'll waite longer She's got to live, allthough all her love to You You'r holding her hand and look into her eyes You' touching her gently Come back when it's time and take her to all the places You've dreamt of Dream that she's there. Love Kristina, I love you River River and I share the same names, River, but that means nothing, we aren't a like physically at all, one male the other female. I don't deserve a name of such royalty, and beauty. He was so special and important to us all, he touched us all so wonderfully. He was only 23 when he left us, but that is not the way we should think. He still lives and always will live in our minds and hearts. In the midst of life we are in death, but only our bodies stop moving. His spirit is still watching over us and we can still watch and hear his creativity from the movies he acted in and the songs he sang. If you listen to the songs he wrote you will notice, he wasnt' happy and maybe he is happier now, just watching us celebrate his life. Halloween shouldn't be a day to go out and get drunk or act crazy because it is a holiday night, but because River would want us to, he'd want us to love and remember him, even more than we are doing now. A soul only dies, when it is forgot. He will live forever. River Hendrix. Although it's been about 5 years since River died, I still find myself in tears when I watch the movie, Stand by Me. I just recently got the internet and I was totally moved by all of these tributes and memories of River. I think it is so awsome the way people have taken their grief and sadness and begun to try to turn it into something more. Something River would have wanted. Not many people had the pleasure of knowing him personally, but maybe if we can try to accomplish some of the things River was never able to before his death, we will begin to know what he was all about, and let people know that his death is not a reason to grieve, but a reason to celebrate the things that he has left us with. We can keep the river flowing... I knew River when we were younger, and although we only knew each other for a short time, he touched me in a way I cannot describe. His beauty in gentleness, compassion and creativity was apparent even then and our friendship remains a treasured memory. I loved the person he was - the kind of person who wanted to make our world better. Reading the tributes brings tears to my eyes because it is so clear how much you all love him and miss him. However, although we may feel empty without his presence, being the kind of person he was Ri would not want us to mourn his death, but celebrate his life. His life is only wasted if we do not learn from it. River would want us to remember him by supporting the causes he believed in so strongly - loving the Earth we are so blessed with being a part of. River was an inspiration - he still is. He inspires us still as he lives on in our hearts. Through us, his dreams can be achieved, and our own beloved River will flow forever. River, I know you can see us every day, and I love you, I always will. Rest in peace. even though im only 12 ive loved river ever since ive new of him in ways i kinda think hes like me so id say since he was so eco freindly we should do something for the enviroment or animals. wendy i feel very moved by River.....and i think that lighting a candle in his name and letting it burn all day is a special way to remember him......i miss him and his spirit. cathy Up until about a month ago I could not tell you who River Phoenix was probably because I am a PHILOSOPHER who enjoys playing word games in an ivory tower (attic). But my niece who recently passed away from ALL(Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia) at the early age of 20, certainly could. In her younger years she was a great fan of RP, but like so many fans felt betrayed by his secretive use of drugs. However she never forgot him nor did she doubt for a minute the great talent that he had. When she passed away she left many finished and unfinished screenplays behind. She was as talented in her field as River was in his and this too was acknowledged by her peers during her memorial service. But to the point! She left behind a screenplay about the life and death of River Phoenix that is so brutally honest and so heartwarmingly sympathetic (which took many rewrites) one begins to wonder whether she truly abandoned him altogether. Although I cannot describe myself as a true fan, I can never now forget who River Phoenix was even if I tried. Before I could only remember the characters he played (up to young Indiana Jones) but could not remember the actor who played them. Unlike her other sceenplays she gave maticulous details of how each scene was to be shot. I had to put the manuscript away on several occasions because of the emotional intensity, especially the death scene:-{. Tell me has anyone else ever attempted to write a screenplay or produce a biopic on the life of River Phoenix? To my way of thinking this is probably the greatest tribute that anyone could ever give him. Regards David N. Christenson, [email protected] September 1997 I haven't used e-mail before so I hope I do this right. My god, I just read all of these letters and I'm shaking. I am so amazed by the enormous impact River had on so many people. You see, I knew River. I have avoided looking at these tributes and memorials because I felt they were more of the same thing he was trying to escape. But these "comments" have done me a lot of good. Ri seems to embody some sort of universal truth for everybody. He used to say that our power lies in unity and he would have liked to be the impetus for positive action. I know he would not like to be martyred and alot of you are coming close to making him into something he wasn't. He believed that everyone had the potential to do amazing things, that we were all special and unlimited. I see that potential so clearly in the beautiful people who have made suggestions to do good in his name. But he also said that words were nothing without action. We have to realize that these words are for us, to assuage our guilt or loss. Now that we've had time to grieve we need to do something tangible. He would have particularly liked the ideas concerning the rainforest and PETA. I know that he always wanted to compile an album with Aleka's attic and donate the proceeds to one of his causes. If the cuts are ever released that could still happen. Keep petitioning, be consistent and persistent like he was. I have to say a couple things. Please don't hate his parents. He loved them very much. Everyone makes mistakes. River himself was fallible and his mistake killed him. Crucifying his family only puts more ugliness into the world. The same ugliness that he escaped so desperately. Channel that enery into something positive. Find that potential in yourself and do some good. Someone said that River didn't really care for his fans. He cared for all humanity and you're not crazy if you think he hears you. I know he hears me and he believes in us. I really want to hear from those of you that are serious about doing something. I'll do anything I can to help. I don't have an e-mail address yet, this technology thing is new to me, but please write me and I'll let you know the e-mail when I get it. Thank you all so much for your words. Jordan [email protected] I just found this website and was really relieved to see that so many people feel as I do with respect to the passing of River. After nearly three years, I still find that I think about him every day and since no one around me understands this, it is a relief to find others that have similar feelings. Most of the comments I have read echo my sentiments exactly about River, the actor, River, the activist and especially about River, the person--at least the person as we perceived him to be. While it was very satisfying to see others express the sentiments that I have felt since that tragic day, I have to wonder if there isn't something more that we, who still admire River, can do to preserve his memory. Almost from the time of River's passing, I have tried to find some means of doing this, but alone, I seem inadequate to the task. I wrote to Harrison Ford who seemed to be very moved by the loss of River to see if he would help, but received no response to my letter. Wouldn't it be great if we all could petition Island Records to release some of the many tapes they have of River and Aleka's Attic's songs. How about organizing an annual film festival in his memory to honor new, young talent. A permanent memorial dedicated to his memory or a portion of rain forest purchased and preserved in his name. These are just a few of the ideas I have had and I am certain there must be many ideas out there. But as I said before, any of these projects is far beyond the means of any one person. They may even be beyond the combined efforts of us all. But unless we try we will never know and we will just continue to console one another by venting our emotions to one another. Let's take those emotions and do something positive with them - for the memory of River!! Anyone who shares my feelings, please e-mail me - I really look forward to hearing from any of you. Maury: [email protected] We deeply believe that a change in attitude regarding our lifestyle would be the most magnificent memorial River could wish for. The Phoenix family used every means to express their mission, to save our planet, urging us to open our eyes and see, that we are running out of time at a suicidal pace. Civilisation brought our beautiful planet to the brink of extinction. Heart spoke at conventions, and all the family members took every occasion to express their beliefs. They have always been missionaries and raised their children in the same manner. That is why River was such an intense sensitive musician-songwriter and actor, he spoke directly to the hearts of people, truthful, pure and simple, without all the usual garbage. He is certainly not a saint or a martyr, he is just a very special human being. 31 October 1993 was a terrible day for us, and especially for the Phoenix family, their friends and close circles. The media had a field day tearing him up, but can you imagine what it did to his folks? If I placed myself in their position, I would feel misunderstood, betrayed and ridiculed. I fully understand why they closed ranks and clammed up. It is a natural reaction, after all the hardship they went through. Petitioning Island Records, or writing to close friends will absolutely get you nowhere, the Phoenix family sealed up everything real tight. There is a very good reason, because they are waiting for our reaction. How do I know? it is simple, I will explain. The only tangible reaction of the Phoenix family, after River's passing, was a letter from his mother called: A mother's note on her son's life and death by Heart Phoenix. It contains a very touching and beautiful message, telling us everything about the Phoenix philosophy, their drive and goal. At the end of this letter she writes: If River's passing opens our global heart, then I say, thanks dear, beloved son, for yet another gift to all of us. (I am still fighting off my tears, by reading these words) Heart's letter ends in a cry for help, they can't do it alone anymore, they need our help. Let us give our support, please come forward, millions of River fans. It is extremely important to make our move now, at this very moment. Our generation will pass the threshold of a new age, in the history of mankind. If we look back at the past 2000 years, all I can say, what a mess they made of it. It is up to us now, to give new hope for the future, and make a difference. Maybe it will relieve the pain of River's passing, and restore their faith in humanity. I ask you, to put this letter in your comments page. I hope people will come forward from all over, because it reminds us of a longing in our souls, of all that once was good. Let us show the world, that River is one of ours. It's amazing how River impacted on so many people, in just 23 years on our planet. He made an enormous impression in time, by touching millions of souls. This is far more than most of us will achieve in a full lifespan. I am sure, River wasn't about drugs, as his mom and the coroner's report said, it was just an unfortunate accident. He was a warm and gentle voice of reason, talking about love and understanding, urging all of us to live in balance with nature, not to kill and destroy the riches of our unique and beautiful planet, which in fact, was the paradise the creator has given us to guard and cherish, not only for us, but also for our children and our childrens- children. The media and the press wants us to believe: River Phoenix was a liar, a fallen angel, their only concern is, how many books and magazines cross the counter, and how much money they can make. They don't care about their victims, whom they tear to shreds, in the process. They spread a lot of slander, lies and hearsay around. Hitler once said: "The bigger the lie, the more people will believe it." Keep an open mind, use your head, do not condemn him or pass your verdict, without conclusive evidence. He did not hurt anybody, on the contrary, he cared and stood for love and respect. I surely wish he could have done some more. Just remember the son of a carpenter, about 2000 years ago, he brought a message of love and hope to mankind. We all know what happened to him, nailed to a cross and murdered by his own people. Ask yourself, would you make the same mistake? At least, River did not live for nothing, on this planet. He was, is and will be an inspiration to humanity. For reasons I cannot fathom, yet, to their full depth! I will not bury my head in the sand any longer, as an ostrich lives. I don't want to live in a shithole world any longer, and it is certainly not the world I want to die in. Somebody has got to try, somebody! It's up to us now to wake up and rise from our ashes, reach out to each other, and finish what River started. A worldwide web, can relay a very powerful force. A force that binds all people of goodwill together. Now it is up to you, how powerful a Phoenix movement can be. I hope this page will become an inspiring page. River's mission did not end at 31 October 1993, there must be a continuation, he wanted it that way. Let us pick up the pieces, GO ON and kick up some dust! River's passing was not an end, we believe his spirit has become a very powerful transmitter, our "brother in arms" so to speak, working on the other side of the fence. Reach inside your heart, trust your feelings, he will give you power! Look at all the incoming comments, all these people share the same feelings, which Heart so beautifully describes in her letter . I would suggest to open the discussion by way of River's Memorial Page, it keeps this page alive, and I would welcome everybody, who will contribute, to share and learn from each other and create new ideas. I would ask EVERYBODY OUT THERE, tell your friends, your fellow students and colleges, SOMETHING WONDERFUL IS HAPPENING ON THIS PAGE. I want to create, a plan of action together with all of you, with a so large as possible basis, that really means something to our generation, something we gladly say--"YES"-- to. I don't want to call the shots, I am not important, we have to do it together! It must be totally new and fitting to our generation, discarding all the old ways. Organisations in the field of preserving nature, started out very dedicated but gradually grew into money hungry fundraisers, getting funds became their main concern, they even sell their address files of donaters to other fundraisers. You would not believe what we find in our mailbox every day. Our action should be totally free of charge, no fundraising whatsoever, everybody can participate. It must be peace-loving, abolutely legal and non-violent in any way. It must be our way, we are entering the NEW AGE and above all IT MUST BE GREAT FUN TO DO! It's our JOURNEY, and I promise you all, it will be a very good one! CURIOUS? A VERY GOOD REASON TO LET YOUR VOICE BE HEARD WHILE YOU STILL HAVE THE CHANCE TO SPEAK FOR YOURSELF. before the bad guys take over. For your support and suggestions you can E-mail me: Hankjan F. van Timmeren [email protected] I was very touched by the things that the others have written on here. I agree totally with them, and I feel the idea of a memorial is wonderful. It is very nice to be able to share my feelings about River to other people. So many people have just forgotten about him, but I find that impossible to do. He was a very special person, to all who knew him personally, and to all that didn't. His dedication to the environment is what has made a lasting impression on me from the start. He expressed his concerns and worries about the environment far before it was "popular" to do so. He was real and caring. That is why I remember him almost everday. During the age when most people are worrying about money, clothes, and where the next party is, River felt deeply other concerns. He was not superficial and I find that very refreshing. He did not conform, and did what he felt was right. That is why I get so mad when people put him down for things he has done. He was just doing what he felt he had to do; what he could do to live day by day. He was very loving and lived his life the only way he could. He didn't put down others beliefs and wished he could get the same respect. River will always have an influence in my life. Through his eyes and concerns, I saw how destructive humans really are to the planet. I can relate to how he must have felt, because I feel sick from the loss of nature everyday. I just wish there was some way to make people see what they are doing. I wish they would wake up. Over the past few years, I have developed quite an obsession for rain forests. I believe that they hold much of what we are looking for. Medicines, cures, etc. Also, they house many types of wildlife and people. A poem that River wrote really stands out in my mind. It is about how people are destroying the forests without even thinking about what they are doing. I know he was sickened by the destrucion. Because of this, I think that it would be wonderful if we could buy land in the rainforests as a memorial to him. He would want us to help the envronment. I know it would be way costly, but if a lot of people helped, it could be possible. We need a way to remember this beautiful person before it is too late. He is a part of us and our generation. Sincerely, feel free to email me! I am not going to elaborate into a long explanation of why I believe River is one of few true heroes in this world, everyone on the page has done so, in more beautiful and heartful terms than I ever could. But I would like to say, a good memorial for him could be a branch of PETA, which he publicly backed, a sort of River Phoenix Animal Fund. In which money would be raised to help stop the use of animals in product testing. Or it could be branched out to include all issues River deemed worthy, such as the rainforest (as someone has already mentioned.) River had stong opinions, and it is our duty to help those opinions survive, even though he could not. But most of all, we have to remember how much we love him, I know I do. Hope I do not know where to begin, but I have been thinking about a memorial for River Phoenix. I think the memorial should be held August twenty-third and last until September seventh. The reason why you should start on August twenty-third because it is River's birthday! It should last until September seventh so everybody can get a chance to go. I also think you should play some songs by him and his band, and also play the song Hey Jude by The Beatles, because that was River's middle name Jude. You see That was his parents John and Arleyne's favorite Beatles' song.You also should have fireworks and play those songs.You should also have this live on TV. I have one more request, please say this little poem at the memorial. It is called: THE MUSIC OF THE SPIRTUAL RIVER: Music notes, music notes, that really is all you would hear out of this River. Acting, acting, that really is all you would see out of this River. OH NO ! Something dreadful happend. This River tried saving the world. He did not save himself though. River died just like he did in the movie Stand BY ME. I have one thing to say to River: Hey Jude don't make it bad, take a sad song and make it better! I read all the comments on this page and I found them inspiring. I only recently watched Stand by Me, only recently begun to know River. Sadly, since he has been gone for almost 4 years. But he left behind a legacy of hope. He left behind a million or more fans, friends, family. He showed us how fragile human life is - not only by donating to various charities, but by taking a fatal drug dose one day. I think we should create some fundraising, non-profit organization, or a petition - buying part of the rainforest, donating to the PETA - things like that to honour his memory. He is someone special, and always will be. I've made two images , which are still in somewhat rough form, but I was moved to do that, and who am I to ignore my own feelings? :) Perhaps, when these images are perfected, we can distribute them around the Net, linking them all to a Memorial page like this one. On the Memorial page we could detail what kind of organization we are, what we're trying to do - whether it's raising funds, petitioning, etc. Rivers are eternal, aren't they? They may stop flowing, but only to flow into the sea. And this particular river has flown into the sea of our hearts. Rest in Peace, River.	i don't know
A Stephen King 1975 horror fiction novel which involves a writer (named Ben Mears) who returns to the town where he lived as a boy, to discover that the residents are all becoming vampires?	Stephen King - 'Salem's Lot (Audiobook) » Vector, Photoshop PSDAfter Effects, Tutorials, Template, 3D, Categories: E-Books & Audio Books » Audio Books English - Mp3 - AudioBook - Unabridged - 620 MB 'Salem's Lot is a 1975 horror fiction novel written by the American author Stephen King. It was his second novel to be published. The story involves a writer named Ben Mears who returns to the town where he lived as a boy between the ages of 9 through 13 (Jerusalem's Lot, or 'Salem's Lot for short) in Maine, New England, to discover that the residents are all becoming vampires. The town would be a location that would be revisited in the short stories "Jerusalem's Lot" and "One for the Road", both from King's 1978 short story collection Night Shift. Stephen King - 'Salem's Lot (Audiobook) HI-SPEED DOWNLOAD Free 300 GB with Full DSL-Broadband Speed! The title King originally chose for his book was Second Coming, but he later decided on Jerusalem's Lot. King stated the reason being that his wife, novelist Tabitha King, thought the original title sounded too much like a "bad sex story". King's publishers then shortened it to the current title, thinking the author's choice sounded too religious. 'Salem's Lot has been adapted into a television mini-series twice, first in 1979 and then in 2004. It was also adapted by the BBC as a seven part radio play in 1995. The novel was nominated for the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel in 1976. In two separate interviews, King conceded that ‘Salem’s Lot was his personal favorite book of those which he has written. In his 1983 Playboy Interview the interviewer mentioned that because it was his favorite, King was planning a sequel, but he has more recently stated on his website that since his Dark Tower series picked up the story already, in the novels “Wolves of The Calla” and "Song of Susanna," he felt there was no longer a need for one.[3] In 1987 he told Phil Konstantin in "The Highway Patrolman" magazine: "In a way it is my favorite story, mostly because of what it says about small towns. They are kind of a dying organism right now. The story seems sort of down home to me. I have a special cold spot in my heart for it!" [4] The book is dedicated to King's daughter Naomi: "For Naomi Rachel King . . . promises to keep." Ben Mears, a successful writer who grew up in the town of Jerusalem's Lot, Maine, has returned home after twenty-five years. Once in town he meets local high school teacher Matt Burke and strikes up a romantic relationship with Susan Norton, a young college graduate. Ben starts writing a book about the Marsten House, an abandoned mansion where he had a bad experience as a child. Mears learns that the Marsten House--the former home of Depression-era hitman Hubert "Hubie" Marsten--has been purchased by Kurt Barlow, an Austrian immigrant who has arrived in the Lot to ostensibly open an antique store. Barlow is an apparent recluse; only his familiar, Richard Straker, is seen in public. The duo's arrival coincides with the disappearance of a young boy, Ralphie Glick, and the death of his brother Danny, who becomes the town's first vampire, infecting such locals as Mike Ryerson, Randy McDougall, Jack Griffen, and Danny's own mother, Marjorie Glick. Danny fails, however, to infect Mark Petrie, who resists him successfully. Over the course of several weeks almost all of the townspeople are infected. Ben Mears and Susan are joined by Matt Burke and his doctor, Jimmy Cody, along with young Mark Petrie and the local priest, Father Callahan, in an effort to fight the spread of the vampires, whose numbers increase as the new vampires infect their own families and others. Susan is captured by Barlow before Mark has a chance to rescue her. Susan becomes a vampire, but is eventually staked through the heart by Mears, the man who loved her. Father Callahan is caught by Barlow at the Petrie house after Barlow kills Mark's parents, but does not infect them, so they are later given a clean burial. Barlow holds Mark hostage, but Father Callahan has the upper hand, securing Mark's release, agreeing to Barlow's demand that he toss aside his cross and face him on equal terms. However he delays throwing the cross aside and the once powerful religious symbol loses its strength until Barlow can not only approach Callahan but break the cross, now nothing more than two small pieces of plaster, into bits. Barlow says "Sad to see a man's faith fail him", then forces the helpless Callahan to drink blood from Barlow's neck. Callahan resists but cannot hold out forever and is forced to drink, leaving him trapped in a netherworld, as Barlow has left his mark. When Callahan tries to re-enter his church he receives an electric shock, preventing him from going inside. Callahan disappears forever from "the Lot". Jimmy Cody is killed when he falls from a rigged staircase and is impaled by knives by the one-time denizens of Eva Miller's boarding house, Mears' one-time residence, who have now all become vampires. Matt Burke dies from a heart attack in the town hospital. Ben Mears and Mark Petrie succeed in destroying the master vampire Barlow, but are lucky to escape with their lives and are forced to leave the town to the now leaderless vampires. The novel's prologue, which is set shortly after the end of the story proper, describes the men's flight across the country to a seaside town in Mexico, where they stop to recover from their ordeal. Mark Petrie is received into the Catholic Church by a friendly local priest. The epilogue has the two returning to the town a year later, intending to renew the battle. Ben, knowing that there are too many hiding places for the town's vampires, sets the town on fire with the intent of destroying it and the Marsten House once and for all. DOWNLOAD From FileServe:	'Salem's Lot
In what year was George Washington inaugurated as the first president of the United States?	'Salem's Lot - Free definitions by Babylon 'Salem's Lot 'Salem's Lot ' Salem's Lot is a 1975 horror fiction novel written by the American author Stephen King . It was his second published novel. The story involves a writer named Ben Mears who returns to the town of Jerusalem's Lot (or 'Salem's Lot for short) in Maine, where he had lived from the age of nine through thirteen, only to discover that the residents are becoming vampires . The town is revisited in the short stories "Jerusalem's Lot" and "One for the Road", both from King's story collection, Night Shift (1978). The novel was nominated for the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel in 1976, and the Locus Award for the All-Time Best Fantasy Novel in 1987. Video results for the word "'Salem's Lot" The following video provides you with the correct English pronunciation of the word "'Salem's Lot", to help you become a better English speaker.	i don't know
How many presidents have been assassinated?	How many U.S. presidents have been assassinated? - Do You Know at MuseumSpot.com Search MuseumSpot or Google \| Great Must-See sites \| See Articles and Exhibits \| Find answers \| Did you know? MuseumSpot > How many U.S. presidents have been assassinated? How many U.S. presidents have been assassinated? Four presidents have been killed in office: Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley and John F. Kennedy. Source: The American Presidency , an exhibit by the Museum of American History.	4
Which president's First Lady opened a clinic for drug and alcohol abusers?	How Many US Presidents Have Been Assassinated How Many US Presidents Have Been Assassinated 04 Aug, 2011 how many 0 The President of the United States of America is one of the most powerful and influential people in the entire world. Although the president is elected in a democratic matter there is always some opposition to the policies or ideals of the current president. Most opposition is handled in a calm and peaceful manner, but sometimes this means that the president is also a target for people with differing views. As it currently stands, there have been at least 20 known attempts to assassinate current and former presidents. How many US Presidents have been assassinated? There has been four successful assassinations of American presidents. The first was President Abraham Lincoln who was gunned down by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. The second was James Garfield who was gunned down by Charles Guiteau on July 2, 1881. He died 11 weeks later due to infection. The third assassination was President William McKinley who was shot on September 6, 1901 by Leon Czolgosz. The most recent presidential assassination was on November 22, 1963, when President John F. Kennedy was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald with the sniper rifle. Possible assassinations There have been two presidents, Zachary Taylor and Warren G. Harding, that some people believe were assassinated. It is certainly true that both of their deaths were suspicious, but assassination has never been proven. Other assassination attempts At least 12 presidents have been the known targets of assassination attempts, but this number could be much higher. Today, the president is one of the most well protected people on the planet. The president is protected by the Secret Service, which was created after the successful assassination of William McKinley. Related articles	i don't know
Which president served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president?	Video shows US Presidents morph from George Washington to Barack Obama \| Daily Mail Online comments As the country enjoys the annual Presidents Day holiday here’s an amazing video which morphs through the faces of all 43 people who have been sworn into the highest office in the land in under four minutes. The roll call of great leaders starts with George Washington and goes all the way through to current incumbent Barack Obama. Although there have been 44 presidencies, only 43 people have been sworn into office as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Scroll down for video From George W Bush into Barack Obama: An amazing video morphs through the faces of all 43 people who have been sworn into the highest office in the land in under four minutes Republican Dwight Eisenhower morphs into Democrat John F Kennedy, the only Roman Catholic president to date Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy) and one resigned (Richard Nixon). George Washington, the first president, was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. RELATED ARTICLES Share William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office with 32 days in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest with over twelve years, but died shortly into his fourth term in 1945 and is the only president to have served more than two terms. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president, was the first to be elected by men of all classes in 1828 after most laws barring non-land-owners from voting were repealed. The morphed image captures the moment that Bill Clinton morphs into his replacement George W Bush Warren Harding was the first elected after women gained voting rights in 1920. Four presidents – John Q. Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Benjamin Harrison and George W. Bush – lost the popular vote but assumed office. John F. Kennedy has been the only president of Roman Catholic faith, while Barack Obama is the first African American president. To date there have been 18 Republicans, 16 Democrats and in the early days a smattering of Whigs, Federalists and Democratic-Republicans who have held the position. As the video morphs through the vintage photographs there are no smiles until Jimmy Carter in 1977. Ronald Reagan emerges from a photo of his smiling predecessor Jimmy Carter Bill Clinton morphs out of an image of his predecessor George Bush Snr Presidents Day is celebrated on the third Monday of February in honor of country’s first president. It is also a state holiday in most states where it is known by a variety of names including Presidents Day and Washington's and Lincoln's Birthday and officially celebrates, depending upon the state, Washington alone, Washington and Lincoln, or some other combination of U.S. presidents. Some states celebrate Washington and the third president Thomas Jefferson but not Lincoln. Colloquially, the holiday is widely known as Presidents Day and is often an occasion to celebrate, or at least remember, all presidents and not just George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Both Lincoln's and Washington's birthdays are in February. In historical rankings of Presidents of the United States both Lincoln and Washington are frequently, but not always, the top two presidents. Democrat Lyndon B Johnson morphs into his Republican replacement Richard Nixon	Grover Cleveland
Who became president following the assination of John F Kennedy in 1963?	United States of America Presidents - Mr.Rungsun Klinkaeo 183 Mr.Rungsun Klinkaeo 183 edited by Mr. Rungsun Klinkaeo edited by Rungsun Klinkaeo United States of America Presidents United States of America United States of America Presidents of the United States The White House, located in Washington, D.C., is the president's official residence and the center of the administration. Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. As chief of the executive branch and head of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives, should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person). Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected President more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent President, the Vice President assumes the office. The President must be at least 35 years of age, has to have lived in the United States for 14 years, and has to be a "natural born" citizen of the United States. This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect on March 4, 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see President of the Continental Congress. The list does not include any Acting Presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. There have been 43 people sworn into office, and 44 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,[3] Zachary Taylor,[4] Warren G. Harding,[5] and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln,[6] James A. Garfield,[6][7] William McKinley,[8] and John F. Kennedy) and one resigned (Richard Nixon). George Washington, the first president, was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office with 32 days in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest with over twelve years, but died shortly into his fourth term in 1945; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. A constitutional amendment, affecting presidents after Harry Truman, was passed to limit the number of times an individual can be elected president. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president, was the first to be elected by white men of all classes in 1828 after most laws barring non-land-owners from voting were repealed. Warren Harding was the first elected after women gained voting rights in 1920. Four presidents – John Q. Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Benjamin Harrison and George W. Bush – lost the popular vote but assumed office; Bush was subsequently re-elected with a popular majority. John F. Kennedy has been the only president of Roman Catholic faith, and the current president, Barack Obama, is the first president of African descent. List of presidents	i don't know
Which president was married to the actress Jane Wyman?	Jane Wyman - Biography - IMDb Jane Wyman Biography Showing all 168 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (5) \| Trade Mark (5) \| Trivia (117) \| Personal Quotes (35) Overview (5) 5' 5½" (1.66 m) Mini Bio (1) Jane Wyman was born Sarah Jane Mayfield on January 5, 1917, in St. Joseph, Missouri (she was also known later as Sarah Jane Fulks). When she was only eight years old, and after her parents filed for divorce, she lost her father prematurely. After graduating high school she attempted, with the help of her mother, to break into films, but to no avail. In 1932, after attending the University of Missouri, she began a career as a radio singer, which led to her first name change to Jane Durrell. In 1936 she signed a contract with Warner Bros. Pictures and that led to another name change, the more familiar one of Jane Wyman. Under that name she appeared in "A" and "B" pictures at Warners, including two with her future husband, Ronald Reagan : Brother Rat (1938) and its sequel, Brother Rat and a Baby (1940). In the early 1940s she moved into comedies and melodramas and gained attention for her role as Ray Milland 's long-suffering girlfriend in The Lost Weekend (1945). The following year she was nominated for a Best Actress Oscar for her role as Ma Baxter in The Yearling (1946), and won the coveted prize in 1949 as deaf-mute rape victim Belinda MacDonald in Johnny Belinda (1948). She followed that with a number of appearances in more prestigious films, such as Alfred Hitchcock 's Stage Fright (1950), Frank Capra 's Here Comes the Groom (1951), Michael Curtiz 's The Story of Will Rogers (1952) and the first movie version of The Glass Menagerie (1950). She starred opposite Bing Crosby in the musical Just for You (1952). She was Oscar-nominated for her performances in The Blue Veil (1951) and Magnificent Obsession (1954). She also starred in the immensely popular So Big (1953), Lucy Gallant (1955), All That Heaven Allows (1955) and Miracle in the Rain (1956). In addition to her extensive film career, she hosted TV's Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre (1955) and starred in most of the episodes of the show, which ran for three seasons. She came back to the big screen in Holiday for Lovers (1959), Pollyanna (1960) and her final film, How to Commit Marriage (1969). Although off the big screen, she became a presence on the small screen and starred in two made-for-TV movies, including The Incredible Journey of Doctor Meg Laurel (1979). In early 1981, in the 49th year of her career, she won the role of conniving matriarch Angela Channing Erikson Stavros Agretti in the movie "The Vintage Years", which was the unaired pilot for the prime-time soap opera Falcon Crest (1981), later in the year. For nine seasons she played that character in a way that virtually no other actress could have done, and became the moral center of the show. The show was a ratings winner from its debut in 1981, and made stars out of her fellow cast members Robert Foxworth , Lorenzo Lamas , Abby Dalton and Susan Sullivan . At the end of the first season the storyline had her being informed that her evil son, played by David Selby , had inherited 50% of a California newspaper company, and the conflicts inherent in that situation led to even bigger ratings over the next five years. Wyman was nominated six times for a Soap Opera Digest Award, and in 1984 she won the Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series Drama. By the show's eighth season, however, she was emotionally drained and the strain of constantly working to keep up the quality of a hit show took its toll on her. In addition, there was friction on the set among cast members. All of these events culminated in her departure from the show after the first two episodes of the ninth season (her character was hospitalized and slipped into a coma) for health reasons. After a period of recuperation, she believed that she had recovered enough to guest-star in the last three episodes of the season (her doctor disagreed, but she did it anyway). She then guest-starred as Jane Seymour 's mother on Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (1993) and three years later appeared in Wild Bill: Hollywood Maverick (1995). In the late 1990s she purchased a home in Rancho Mirage, California, where she's still living in retirement. Her daughter, Maureen Reagan (who died in August 2001), was a writer who also involved herself in political issues and organized a powerful foundation. Also, she placed her 3200-sq.-ft. Rancho Mirage condominium on the market. Jane Wyman died at the age of 90, at her Palm Springs, California home, on September 10, 2007, having long suffered from arthritis and diabetes. It was reported that Wyman died in her sleep of natural causes at the Rancho Mirage Country Club. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Gary Richard Collins II ([email protected]) Spouse (5) Her hairdo, bangs over her forehead. Played roles that were either physically challenged or disabled. Usually played women who either become engaged or soon get married. Short stature Trivia (117) Her Best Actress Oscar for Johnny Belinda (1948) makes her the only wife of a future U.S. President ( Ronald Reagan ) ever to win such an award. Adopted mother of nationally syndicated radio talk show host Michael Reagan . Her name changed to "Jane Faulks" when she was unofficially "adopted" by the Faulks family, middle-aged neighbors of her single mother. Moved to So. California with Mrs. Faulks when she was widowed in 1928 Several sources have given her date of birth as January 4, 1914, which would mean she was one of the first (and one of the very few) actresses to make herself older. She is a serious convert to Roman Catholicism, attending Mass with good friend Loretta Young . Apparently broke up with Ronald Reagan over her love for Lew Ayres , but that relationship failed in the long run. Mother of Maureen Reagan and Michael Reagan . Daughter, with third husband - actor/former president Ronald Reagan - Maureen Reagan dies of malignant melanoma (skin cancer) at her Sacramento-area home. [August 2001] Holds the record for the longest screen kiss, with Regis Toomey in You're in the Army Now (1941), at 3 minutes and 5 seconds. Before she was a successful actress, she was once a switchboard operator. Had taken a break on the ninth and final season of Falcon Crest (1981), during the third episode, due to the health problems she was suffering, but came back for the last three episodes of the series. Was a diabetic. Was always good friends with Loretta Young . Has 2 stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Would never talk about Ronald Reagan in an interview. Daughter, Maureen Reagan , was admitted to the John Wayne Cancer Institute for malignant melanoma. [11 December 2000] Appeared in every episode of Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre (1955) and was nominated for an Emmy twice. Before she was a successful actress, she was a chorus girl. Was very good friends with: Julie London , John Forsythe , Barbara Stanwyck , Virginia Mayo , Rod Taylor , Dennis Morgan , Alexis Smith , Chao Li Chi , Bob Curtis , Bob Hope , Frank Sinatra , Sammy Davis Jr. , Dean Martin , Robert Conrad , Ernest Borgnine , Danny Thomas , Buddy Ebsen , Cary Grant , Robert Mitchum , Cesar Romero , Doris Day , Fernando Lamas , Arlene Dahl , Betty Grable , Carol Channing , Anne Jeffreys , Esther Williams , Ann Doran , Ray Milland , Loretta Young , Tony Curtis , Betty Hutton , Mickey Rooney , Aaron Spelling , Earl Hamner Jr. , Larry Hagman , Barbara Bel Geddes , Howard Keel , Eddie Albert , Gavin MacLeod , Ann Sheridan , Eve Arden , Karl Malden , Abby Dalton , Ruta Lee , Claire Trevor , Fred MacMurray , William Demarest , Rosemary Clooney , Bing Crosby , Broderick Crawford , Rock Hudson , Leslie Nielsen , Johnny Carson , Merv Griffin , Lauren Bacall , Yvonne De Carlo and Agnes Moorehead . Replaced Gracie Allen for an evening of "The Burns and Allen Radio Show" when Gracie had a migraine. It turned out to be the only time Gracie missed their show in all the years Burns and Allen performed together. She would never talk about Ronald Reagan in an interview, but voted for him three times and attended his funeral. In Italy, most of her films were dubbed by either Lidia Simoneschi or Dhia Cristiani . She was occasionally dubbed by Rosetta Calavetta , Renata Marini , Rina Morelli or Giovanna Scotto . Was a close friend of USC School of Cinematic Arts professor Drew Casper. She attended Lafayette High School in St. Joseph, Missouri. She dropped out of Lafayette High School, during her freshman year, and took on odd jobs such as a waitress and manicurist. She had 10 hobbies: landscape painting, golfing, dancing, collecting CDs, listening to music, playing piano, singing, philanthropy, reading and politics. Was the recipient of the Charles B. Harding Award in 1977, which was the highest national award given by The Arthritis Foundation. Began her career as a contract player for Warner Bros. in 1936. Her Falcon Crest (1981) co-stars, Susan Sullivan and Lorenzo Lamas , both went to visit her in the hospital, while the ninth and final season was filming. Her Falcon Crest (1981) co-star, Susan Sullivan , won the 1998 Jane Wyman Award at the Arthritis Foundation. Her father, Manning Jefferies Mayfield, died when she was only 5. In 1991, she received the Golda Meir Award from Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel. Wyman had appeared in almost every episode of Falcon Crest (1981) from 1981 to 1989, before she missed 16 episodes in the final season. Against her doctor's advice, she came back for the series' final three shows, for a total of 208 of the 227 episodes of the series. Lived in a retirement home in Palm Springs, California, before she resided at the Rancho Mirage Country Club, where she died. Was not the first choice for Angela Channing on Falcon Crest (1981). It was after her best friend Barbara Stanwyck turned down this part, that producers Earl Hamner Jr. and Michael Filerman immediately cast her in the role. Met Lorenzo Lamas 's father, Fernando Lamas , on an episode of Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre (1955), when at the time of filming, Lorenzo was a 3 month old infant. By the time Lorenzo Lamas was 21, he persistently auditioned for a co-starring role in the long-running TV series, Falcon Crest (1981), opposite Wyman, as her grandson. His persistence paid off, and he won the role. Was a very good friend of Aaron Spelling . She appeared on both of his shows: Charlie's Angels (1976) and The Love Boat (1977). On an episode of Falcon Crest (1981), Wyman's movie The Blue Veil (1951), showed flashback scenes when her character reminisces about being told in the hospital that her newborn son had died. Was a spokesperson for the National Arthritis Foundation from the mid-1970s. Was hospitalized with a liver ailment and diabetes after she collapsed on the set of Falcon Crest (1981)'s ninth season. [20 February 1989]. Remained good friends with Susan Sullivan and Lorenzo Lamas during and after Falcon Crest (1981). Her parents were Gladys Hope Christian, an a doctor's stenographer and office assistant and Manning Jefferies Mayfield, a meal-company laborer. Was a staunch Republican. Her best friend Esther Williams is the stepmother of Falcon Crest (1981), co-star, Lorenzo Lamas , whose father was Fernando Lamas , who married Williams on New Years' Eve, 1969, till his death in 1982. Ironically, Wyman, Lamas and Williams, knew each other for many years, before. She had been battling health problems for years, so producers thought they rewrote the scripts in such a way that her character didn't do most of the walking on the Falcon Crest (1981) set. Before she was a successful actress, she had lots of jobs, especially that of a radio singer. The first actress ever to have lots of name changes. After she took the name of Sarah Jane Fulks, she dropped her first name and used Jane, as her middle name, hence, she legally changed her name to Jane Durrell, however, she was asked to change her last name to Wyman, the same last name as her adoptive siblings - her mother had first been married to a Dr. Weymann. Began singing and dancing at an early age. The youngest of three children. Future Falcon Crest (1981) co-stars, David Selby , Ana Alicia and Lorenzo Lamas were all being idolized by her, during childhood. Was born in the same city as Ruth Warrick . She died only 9 months before her Falcon Crest (1981) co-star Mel Ferrer . Was a heavy smoker for years. Former sister-in-law of Neil Reagan . Her ex-husband, Ronald Reagan , died of complications of Alzheimer's disease and pneumonia. [5 June 2004]. After her father's death and the divorce of her mother, she lived with her foster mother, when she was a little girl. Survived by two grandchildren and one adopted grandchild. Interred at Forest Lawn Mortuary and Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California, USA. Had met her first husband, Ronald Reagan , on the set of Brother Rat (1938). Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman had a daughter Christine who was born June 26, 1947 and lived 9 hours. After her retirement from acting, and long before her death, she attended other charity and honorable events, as well as the funeral of her best friends. Wrote a soliloquy for the series finale of Falcon Crest (1981). Went into semi-retirement after she starred in two failed TV pilots in the 1960s and 1970s. Best remembered by the public for her starring role as Angela Channing on Falcon Crest (1981). Had relocated from Los Angeles and back to Saint Joseph, Missouri, in 1930, when young Jane was only age 13. Was also a friend of John Forsythe . Coincidentally, Wyman starred on Falcon Crest (1981), after Forsythe starred on Dynasty (1981), in the same year. She and Eddie Albert were best friends from 1938 to Thursday, May 26, 2005, when Eddie Albert lost his life. After her guest-starring role on Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (1993), she retired from acting at age 76. Was reported that she also died of natural causes in her sleep. Was supposed to reprise her role as Aunt Polly in The Adventures of Pollyanna (1982), but was unavailable, because she was under contract working on Falcon Crest (1981), hence, the role was ultimately given to Shirley Jones . Was buried as a third-degree nun [from an interview by Michael Reagan to Megyn Kelly on America Live (2010) on May 29, 2012]. After she won the Oscar, Jack Warner announced Wyman for "A Streetcar Named Desire" and "Ethan Frome.' Vivien Leigh played the role in "Streetcar" and Warner Bros. never made "Frome.". Created the character of Angela Channing of Falcon Crest (1981), who also had no intention of letting her character become a sort of J.R. Ewing of the wine business who felt she was representing all women in business. She was also a very, tough character at first, but wanted Angela to show she was also capable of love. Was raised Roman Catholic. Her adopted son Michael Reagan had a recurring role on Falcon Crest (1981) with her. Quit her hosting duties on Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre (1955), because she was exhausted from putting on a miniature movie once a week. Grandmother of Cameron and Ashley. She was the last surviving member of Brother Rat (1938). Acting mentor and friends of Lorenzo Lamas , Ana Alicia and David Selby . Jack Benny gave Jane her nickname of Minnie Mouse because he believed that she resembled what the Disney character would look life if human. Missed a lot of episodes in the last season of Falcon Crest (1981), because of the direction the show was going. Appeared on the front cover of TV Guide four times. On her retirement in 1993, she moved to Rancho Mirage, California, and lived there until she died. Of German descent. Jane Wyman was deceased on September 10, 2007. Her longtime friend, Merv Griffin , died on August 12, 2007, just 4 weeks before her. Resided in Santa Monica, California, from 1985 to 1993. Had missed two episodes of Falcon Crest (1981), because she underwent abdominal surgery at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California, just 3 days before her 69th Birthday. An adhesion on her intestine was removed there, making her surgery so successful. [2 January 1986]. When Sarah Jane was age 15, she landed a job as dancer in the chorus of Busby Berkeley's The Kid from Spain (1932) at MGM. Other dancers and unfamiliar actresses on the lot included Lucille Ball , Betty Grable and Paulette Goddard . Before Merv Griffin became a successful talk show host and producer, he worked with her, when he began his contract career at Warner Bros. in 1954. She studied music at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. Began her show Falcon Crest (1981) at age 64. Was a longtime friend of Eve Arden , who guest-starred alongside Wyman on Falcon Crest (1981). Now living in Palm Springs, California, in retirement. [April 2003] Was considered for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind (1939). Her favorite comedienne was Betty Hutton . Despite her divorce from Ronald Reagan , they remained close friends until his death in 2004. Worked with Fred MacMurray in both: Bon Voyage! (1962) and on My Three Sons (1960). Longtime friend of Dick Powell . She and Ronald Reagan both attended his funeral in 1963. The hardest scene she'd ever worked on was with Ray Milland in The Lost Weekend (1945). Met Aaron Spelling on Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre (1955), where the two became friends, until Spelling's death in 2006. Her children to attended boarding school. Was the 32nd actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for Johnny Belinda (1948) at The 21st Academy Awards on March 24, 1949. She was most widely known to be a very private and shy lady. Her ex- Falcon Crest (1981) co-star, Lorenzo Lamas , had said in an interview, Wyman was the grandmother he never had. Lifelong friends of: Barbara Stanwyck , Fred MacMurray , Merv Griffin , Arlene Dahl , Esther Williams , Doris Day and Agnes Moorehead . She and her first husband Ronald Reagan had a stillborn daughter Christine June 27, 1947. When one of her Falcon Crest (1981) co-stars, Lorenzo Lamas , was bungling his lines, she cautioned him not to come to work, when battling drugs. Met Julie London , Virginia Mayo , Eve Arden and Lauren Bacall , when the five were under contract with Warner Bros. in 1949. Wyman was (by far) the longest-running member of the contract company, since she was 19. She brought along her old family and her old friends to the set of Falcon Crest (1981). To protect and prevent her health, she fell asleep early, before arriving to work early on the set of Falcon Crest (1981). When Wyman received the script for her starring role on Falcon Crest (1981), she was undecided about undertaking her character, so different from the self-sacrificing characters of her movie days. When she married Myron Futterman, she wanted to have children, her first husband didn't. She would later divorce him, a year later. During the last season of Falcon Crest (1981), her character was hospitalized in a coma, in real-life, she was hospitalized, the year before the last season started.	Ronald Reagan
Who was the only president to resign from office?	Jane Wyman, Reagan's 'Button Nose' - The New York Sun Jane Wyman, Reagan's 'Button Nose' Staff Reporter of the Sun \| September 11, 2007 http://www.nysun.com/national/jane-wyman-reagans-button-nose/62345/ The actress Jane Wyman, who died yesterday at 93, had already been married twice before she became the first Mrs. Ronald Reagan. The match was unequal from the start. He called her cutely "Little Miss Button Nose" and she dubbed him cruelly "America's number one goody two shoes." By the time the youthful Reagan arrived in Los Angeles from Tampico, Ill., Wyman was already an established Warner Brothers leading lady with all the usual Hollywood trappings: an imposing Spanish-style mansion, a reputation for being difficult on set, and a wandering eye. In Reagan she found a rare simplicity and honesty, qualities that some 40 years later would ensure his election to the White House. In retrospect, it is chilling to hear Reagan boasting of his newfound love: "I believe we belong together and that we will end our days together." There was little chance of that. Not long after they took their wedding vows, in 1940, Wyman was badmouthing Reagan to her friend the actress June Allyson. "Don't ask Ronnie what time it is because he will tell you how a watch is made," she complained. A daughter, Maureen, an adopted son, Michael, and a miscarriage later, the marriage was on the rocks. When Reagan returned from testifying in Washington before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, he found Wyman had packed his bags and loaded them into the convertible she had given him for his 37th birthday. Brokenhearted, he drove to the home of his friend William Holden and bunked there for weeks, waiting for Wyman to return to him. Before long, Wyman went public that she was having an affair with her co-star in the film "Johnny Belinda," Lew Ayres, and even then Reagan acted the big lug, ready to take her back at a moment's notice. He blamed her genius for acting and getting too close to a role for the breakdown of their marriage. "The trouble is, she hasn't learned to separate her work from her personal life. Right now, Jane needs very much to have a fling and I intend to let her have it," he told sniggering reporters. The divorce, in 1948, came as a surprise to no one except Reagan. "I suppose there had been warning signs, if only I hadn't been too busy, but small-town boys grow up thinking only other people get divorced," he said. "The plain truth was that such a thing was so far from ever being imagined by me that I had no resources to call on." Wyman would never have guessed it at the time, but her divorce from Reagan would guarantee her a place in American history. As the first wife of the first president to be divorced, she became an interesting anomaly, the first first lady we never had. More significantly, she made way for one of America's most applied and determined first ladies, Nancy Reagan, born Anne Frances Robbins in Flushing, Queens. A Reagan presidency without the untiring support and devotion of a doting Nancy is unthinkable ï¿½ just ask the chief of staff she edged out of the White House, Donald Regan. In addition, Wyman's contribution to American political history is that she, entirely unwittingly, contributed to the end of divorce being a deal-breaker for presidential nominees. Just as before John F. Kennedy being Roman Catholic was considered an insuperable inhibition to being elected president, so divorce remained an insurmountable hurdle, particularly in the GOP, the party of Christian vows and family values. Reagan became such a firm favorite with conservatives after delivering what became known as "The Speech" in support of the failed presidential candidacy of Barry Goldwater in 1964 that the fact of his divorce became irrelevant, even among conservatives. At its peak, in 1980, divorce brought to an end about 40% of all American marriages. Since then, the proportion of marriages ending in divorce has slowly declined. Had it not been for Jane Wyman, the current Republican presidential lineup would be without its front-runners. There would be no Mayor Giuliani, divorced twice, married three times, currently married to a twice-divorced wife, Judith; no Fred Thompson, divorced once, married twice; and no Senator McCain, divorced once, married twice, currently married to a divorcee, Cindy. All three might raise a toast to Wyman. Eventually, Reagan and Wyman were reconciled, and she was prominent among the mourners at a 2004 ceremony held for the former president at the Ronald Reagan Memorial Library in Simi Valley, Calif. She came to blame herself, not Reagan, for the divorce that made history. Ruminating on marriage, she said: "I guess I just don't have a talent for it. Some women just aren't the marrying kind, or anyway not the permanent marrying kind, and I'm one of them." Mr. Wapshott's "Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher" is published by Sentinel, an imprint of Penguin USA, on November 8. receive the latest by email: subscribe to the new york sun's free mailing list	i don't know
Who was president for the duration of the First World War?	Woodrow Wilson - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Google Woodrow Wilson’s Early Years Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born on December 28, 1856, in Staunton, Virginia . (Because his mother said he arrived around midnight, some sources list Wilson’s birthday as December 29.) His father, Joseph Ruggles Wilson (1822-1903), was a Presbyterian minister, and his mother, Janet Woodrow Wilson (1826-1888), was a minister’s daughter and originally from England. Tommy Wilson, as he was called growing up, spent his childhood and teen years in Augusta, Georgia , and Columbia, South Carolina . During the American Civil War (1861-1865), Wilson’s father served as a chaplain in the Confederate army and used his church as a hospital for injured Confederate troops. Did You Know? Woodrow Wilson, who had an esteemed career as an academic and university president before entering politics, did not learn to read until he was 10, likely due to dyslexia. Wilson graduated from Princeton University (then called the College of New Jersey ) in 1879 and went on to attend law school at the University of Virginia. After briefly practicing law in Atlanta, Georgia, he received a Ph.D. in political science from Johns Hopkins University in 1886. (Wilson remains the only U.S. president to earn a doctorate degree.) He taught at Bryn Mawr College and Wesleyan College before being hired by Princeton in 1890 as a professor of jurisprudence and politics. From 1902 to 1910, Wilson was president of Princeton, where he developed a national reputation for his educational reform policies. In 1885, Wilson married Ellen Axson (1860-1914), a minister’s daughter and Georgia native. The couple had three daughters before Ellen died of kidney disease in 1914, during her husband’s first presidential term. The following year, Wilson married Edith Bolling Galt (1872-1961), a widow whose husband had owned a Washington , D.C., jewelry business. Woodrow Wilson’s Rise in Politics In 1910, Woodrow Wilson was elected governor of New Jersey, where he fought machine politics and garnered national attention as a progressive reformer. In 1912, the Democrats nominated Wilson for president, selecting Thomas Marshall (1854-1925), the governor of Indiana , as his vice presidential running mate. The Republican Party split over their choice for a presidential candidate: Conservative Republicans re-nominated President William Taft (1857-1930), while the progressive wing broke off to form the Progressive (or Bull Moose) Party and nominated Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919), who had served as president from 1901 to 1909. With the Republicans divided, Wilson, who campaigned on a platform of liberal reform, won 435 electoral votes, compared to 88 for Roosevelt and eight for Taft. He garnered nearly 42 percent of the popular vote; Roosevelt came in second place with more than 27 percent of the popular vote. Woodrow Wilson’s First Administration At the age of 56, Woodrow Wilson was sworn into office in March 1913. He was the last American president to travel to his inauguration ceremony in a horse-drawn carriage. Once in the White House , Wilson achieved significant progressive reform. Congress passed the Underwood-Simmons Act, which reduced the tariff on imports and imposed a new federal income tax. It also passed legislation establishing the Federal Reserve (which provides a system for regulating the nation’s banks, credit and money supply) and the Federal Trade Commission (which investigates and prohibits unfair business practices). Other accomplishments included child labor laws, an eight-hour day for railroad workers and government loans to farmers. Additionally, Wilson nominated the first Jewish person to the U.S. Supreme Court, Louis Brandeis (1856-1941), who was confirmed by the Senate in 1916. When World War I broke out in Europe in the summer of 1914, Wilson was determined to keep the United States out of the conflict. On May 7, 1915, a German submarine torpedoed and sank the British ocean liner Lusitania , killing more than 1,100 people (including 128 Americans). Wilson continued to maintain U.S. neutrality but warned Germany that any future sinkings would be viewed by America as “deliberately unfriendly.” In 1916, Wilson and Vice President Marshall were re-nominated by the Democrats. The Republicans chose Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes (1862-1948) as their presidential candidate and Charles Fairbanks (1852-1918), the U.S. vice president under Theodore Roosevelt, as his running mate. Wilson, who campaigned on the slogan “He kept us out of war,” won with a narrow electoral margin of 277-254 and a little more than 49 percent of the popular vote. Woodrow Wilson’s Second Administration: World War I Woodrow Wilson’s second term in office was dominated by World War I. Although the president had advocated for peace during the initial years of the war, in early 1917 German submarines launched unrestricted submarine attacks against U.S. merchant ships. Around the same time, the United States learned about the Zimmerman Telegram, in which Germany tried to persuade Mexico to enter into an alliance against America. On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany, stating, “The world must be made safe for democracy.” America’s participation helped bring about victory for the Allies, and on November 11, 1918, an armistice was signed by the Germans. At the Paris Peace Conference, which opened in January 1919 and included the heads of the British, French and Italian governments, Wilson helped negotiate the Treaty of Versailles . The agreement included the charter for the League of Nations, an organization intended to arbitrate international disputes and prevent future wars. Wilson had initially advanced the idea for the League in a January 1918 speech to the U.S. Congress in which he outlined his “Fourteen Points” for a postwar peace settlement. When Wilson returned from Europe in the summer of 1919, he encountered opposition to the Versailles treaty from isolationist Republicans in Congress who feared the League could limit America’s autonomy and draw the country into another war. In September of that year, the president embarked on a cross-country speaking tour to promote his ideas for the League directly to the American people. On the night of September 25, on a train bound for Wichita, Kansas , Wilson collapsed from mental and physical stress, and the rest of his tour was cancelled. On October 2, he suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed. Wilson’s condition was kept largely hidden from the public, and his wife worked behind the scenes to fulfill a number of his administrative duties. The Senate voted on the Treaty of Versailles first in November 1919 and again in March 1920. Both times it failed to gain the two-thirds vote required for ratification. The treaty’s defeat was partly blamed on Wilson’s refusal to compromise with the Republicans. The League of Nations held its first meeting in January 1920; the United States never joined the organization. However, in December 1920, Wilson received the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to include the Covenant of the League of Nations in the Treaty of Versailles. Woodrow Wilson’s Second Administration: Domestic Issues Woodrow Wilson’s second administration saw the passage of two significant constitutional amendments. The era of Prohibition was ushered in on January 17, 1920, when the 18th Amendment, banning the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcohol, went into effect following its ratification one year earlier. In 1919, Wilson vetoed the National Prohibition Act (or Volstead Act), designed to enforce the 18th Amendment; however, his veto was overridden by Congress. Prohibition lasted until 1933, when it was repealed by the 21st Amendment. Also in 1920, American women gained the right to vote when the 19th Amendment became law that August; Wilson had pushed Congress to pass the amendment. That year’s presidential election–the first in which women from every state were allowed to vote–resulted in a victory for Republican Warren Harding (1865-1923), a congressman from Ohio who opposed the League of Nations and campaigned for a “return to normalcy” after Wilson’s tenure in the White House. Woodrow Wilson’s Final Years After leaving office in March 1921, Woodrow Wilson resided in Washington, D.C. He and a partner established a law firm, but poor health prevented the president from ever doing any serious work. Wilson died at his home on February 3, 1924, at age 67. He was buried in the Washington National Cathedral, the only president to be interred in the nation’s capital. Access hundreds of hours of historical video, commercial free, with HISTORY Vault . Start your free trial today. Tags	Woodrow Wilson
What do the 1st, 3rd, 16th and 26th presidents have in common?	Woodrow Wilson in World War I Woodrow Wilson in World War I NEXT Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) was the 28th President of the United States, serving two terms from 1913-1919. As president of Princeton University and later as governor of New Jersey, Wilson was a leading Progressive, arguing for a stronger central government and fighting for anti-trust legislation and labor rights. As president of the United States, he passed important legislation on those and many other issues, narrowly winning reelection in 1916 after pledging to keep America out of World War I. Wilson's foreign policy was noted for its idealistic humanitarianism; his Fourteen Points—a statement of national objectives that envisioned a new international order after World War I—ultimately failed, but was one of the clearest expressions of interventionist American values. Wilson suffered a severe strokes during his second term in office and died in 1924. Though he pledged to keep America out of World War I, Wilson was obliged to declare war on Germany after the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917. He was relatively uninterested in military affairs, but was able to organize the American economy to provide the food and munitions the army needed to fight in France. At the end of the war, Wilson became the first American president to leave the country during his administration when he sailed for Paris to negotiate the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Most of Wilson's Fourteen Points advocating for human and democratic rights were not adopted in the treaty, due to France and Britain seeking punishment for Germany. However, the most important of the Fourteen Points—the creation of the League of Nations—was adopted. Wilson proved unable to get the Treaty of Versailles ratified by the U.S. Senate, and ironically, America never joined the League of Nations.	i don't know
Which book features the characters Passepartout, Mr Fix and Aouda?	Around the World in 80 Days Character Analysis Downloadable / Printable Version Character Analysis Phileas Fogg - This precise and intelligent man is one to the most memorable characters of Verne. When we are introduced to him, he is an English man who lives a very regularized life. He is impeccable in his manners and is very punctual as well as particular about what he wants. If it weren’t for the title we would never have guessed that he makes a plan to go around the world. What is most distinct about his character is his eccentricity and even his trip around the world results out of a stubborn quirk and not out of a greed for the wager money. While Fogg does travel around the world he does not really bother to find out more about the possible sources of tourist interest that he passes through. Surprisingly if anyone had a conversation with Fogg regarding the very same places, he would know a lot about them. It is the volatility and fire beneath the calm exterior that makes Fogg so very attractive. Your browser does not support the IFRAME tag. Another outstanding trait of Fogg is his large heartedness. He decides to help the sacrificial victim, Aouda and risks his own life in the bargain. The same attribute in Fogg enables him to pardon Passepartout despite the latter’s many blunders. Towards the end of the novel, Fogg even forgives the detective who had put so many hurdles in Fogg’s path. Fogg goes to the extent of giving Fix some money, while anyone else in Fogg’s place would have been livid with anger. As the protagonist of the story, Fogg demands a great deal of attention. It is he who sets most of the action rolling and it is he who initiates the entire adventure. He never gives up despite all odds and hires boats, captures ships, rides on a snow mobile and even hires a train in order to attain his goal. Verne adds an unexpected twist in the story when the precise Fogg slips up and mistakes the time. He thinks he has reached London late, when in fact, he reaches it a full day earlier. The entire England and the readers too cheer, when Fogg wins the wager and manages to go around the world in the stipulated period. Verne shows growth in Fogg’s character. While Verne celebrates Fogg’s rationality and his detachment at the end Verne maintains that Fogg attains nothing but love through his entire endeavor. He may have won a wager, which is good for his pride but more than anything else he finds lasting love, which is wonderful for his heart. Aouda would have kept Fogg very happy and we are glad that the ex-shipman marries the exotic Indian princess. Passepartout - Fogg’s valet, Passepartout is a foil to Fogg’s character. This interesting Frenchman is an integral part of the story, from the very first chapter. He is shown as a man, who is on the lookout for some peace and quiet after having had a very exciting and adventurous life. It is for this reason that he decides to serve the impeccable Fogg, who comes across as a meticulous man, who will not undertake travels. Passepartout soon realizes that he is completely wrong for Fogg suddenly plans a journey around the world and Passepartout is tugged along. This journey is not undertaken at a leisurely pace but is completed at a hectic gallop complete with many bumps. While Passepartout is very loyal, it is he who serves to delay his master several times. Passepartout is naïve to a certain extent and tends to get carried away at several occasions. While Fogg, Aouda and Passepartout are at Hong Kong, Passepartout gets opiated in the company of Fix and is unable to inform his master about the change in the departure time of the Carnatic. Fogg is thus forced to hire a special boat to Shanghai. Later in the story while the group is traversing America, Passepartout is taken captive by the Sioux. Fogg’s journey is delayed yet again, while he decides to rescue his menial-Passepartout. But the worst blow comes when Fogg is arrested by detective Fix in England. Passepartout can be greatly held blame for this arrest. He should have warned his master about Fix’s suspicions regarding the robbery, but he didn’t. Passepartout does feel guilty that he is a major source of delay as well as financial loss to his master. On the other hand, he makes up for his errors by his jovial nature and his unflinching love and loyalty for his master. Moreover it is Passepartout who takes the most crucial step in the rescue of Aouda. It is he who manages to lift her from the sacrificial pyre by pretending to be the dead Rajah reawakened. Thus while Aouda’s rescue is Fogg’s idea, it is Passepartout who makes it possible. At the end of the book Fogg is grateful to Passepartout again. It is Passepartout who goes to the Reverend Samuel Wilson, of the Parish of Marylebone, in order to tell him about Fogg and Aouda’s planned wedding. When he requests the priest to marry the couple, he realizes that the next day is Sunday, not Monday. He rushes back to his master and drags him to the Reform Club. Fogg wins the wager as a result of his menial’s last minute realization of their joint mistake. Both Fogg and Aouda are fond of the funny Passepartout. Fogg gives Passepartout a part of the money he wins, while Aouda gives this French man her affection and care. Passepartout serves to add a comic touch to the story with his antics. He is all the more interesting because he has been an acrobat before. His little role as a long nosed acrobat in Japanese clothes is a very bright cameo. His lightheartedness and his blunders are in complete contrast to Fogg’s seriousness and meticulousness. Together they make an unforgettable pair. Passepartout enthralls the audience and the readers grow to like this crazy, eccentric Frenchman. Detective Fix - He is the closest to being termed the ‘antagonist’ in this story of a challenge to travel around the world in eighty days. He appears in the fifth chapter and is then a permanent feature in the story till the very end. Mr. Fix is one of the many detectives who are on the trail of the infamous robber of the Bank of England. Somehow he gets suspicious of Mr. Fogg and starts to believe passionately that it is none other than Fogg who is guilty of the bank robbery. Fix has a drawing of the suspected culprit that is given to all detectives. The portrait happens to resemble Fogg’s persona and this strengthens Fix’s conviction about Fogg’s guilt. Thus, Fix decides to obtain a warrant to arrest Fogg. The catch is that the warrant takes time to reach Fix and till then he has to shadow Fogg all over the world. He succeeds in placing many obstacles in Fogg’s path without Fogg ever realizing that Fix is out to ruin his plans. Fix befriends Passepartout with the sole aim of keeping a tab on Fogg. Passepartout’s naivete and innocence makes him incapable of smelling a rat in Fix’s pretended friendly behavior. Fix is not at all a straightforward man. In his desperation to get hold of the reward money that a detective gets for arresting a robber, he even goes to the extent of intoxicating Passepartout with opium. Passepartout is then unable to inform his master about the change in the departure time of a ship and Fogg is delayed as a result. Previously it was Fix, who encouraged the Indian priests of a pagoda at Malabar Hill, to pursue Passepartout till Calcutta in order to arrest the latter on the change of desecrating a holy place. Indeed, Fix’s antics make the reader detest him. We are even more frustrated, when Passepartout does not tell his master about Fix after having learnt the latter’s true identity. Thus Fix continues to accompany Fogg and his group on their travels. He is shameless in that he accepts Fogg’s offer to travel with the group on special ships and trains, without contributing to the finances that make these exclusive conveyances possible. While viewing Fogg’s gallantry in America, Fix does have a twinge of embarrassment at whether his suspicious are mistaken but these thoughts remain passing whims only. The only place where Fix does help Fogg is when he arranges for a unique mode of conveyance from Fort Kearney to Omaha Station and that is by a sledge. There is of course a very selfish reason behind this extended help. Fix too wishes to reach English soil as soon as possible, so that he may arrest Fogg. He cannot arrest Fogg in America. Fix finally does arrest Fogg at Liverpool and Fogg is imprisoned. When Fogg is released with due apologies, he hits Fix and this is a blow that Fix very much deserves. What is most amazing is that despite Fix’s misbehavior, Fogg feels sorely sorry for the defeated Fix and gives him some part of the wager money that he wins. We can imagine how Fix would have been indebted to Fogg and his generously for the rest of his life. Aouda - Aouda, as a beautiful and exotic Indian princess is a major source of glamour in the novel. In a story, which is mainly about men, Aouda is the sole source of femininity. Fogg and his group come across her while traveling through India. In fact, the story of her rescue is one of the most dramatic episodes in the novel. She is a rich princess who is forcibly married to an old rajah after her father’s death. When the rajah too passes away, she is forced to commit ‘suttee’- that is sacrifice of the wife’s life on the funeral pyre of the husband’s. Being young and intelligent, she obviously does not want to sacrifice herself but she is literally intoxicated with opium by the fanatic priests and is trapped by them. Fogg and his companions had hired an elephant to take them to Allahabad. The guide relates Aouda’s story to them when they see the procession of priests with Aouda. Fogg in a rare emotional moment insists on trying to rescue Aouda. Finally through the courageous daring of Passepartout the princess is saved from the jaws of death. She is then eternally grateful to both Fogg and Passepartout for the rest of her life. It is decided that she will travel with Fogg till Hong Kong, where she will ask one of her rich relatives for aid. But when they reach Hong Kong, they find out that the relative has moved away. Thus Aouda accompanies Fogg in his journey around the world. Despite Fogg’s cold exterior Aouda senses a warm heart beneath and falls in love with him. Passepartout alone can sense that Aouda’s feelings for Fogg surpass mere gratefulness but Fogg shows no apparent sign of reciprocity. But nevertheless, we learn that Fogg does love Aouda and he confesses his love towards the end of the novel. Aouda and Fogg do marry and Passepartout is especially happy to see two of his favorite people yoked together. Aouda seems to be the perfect companion for a man such as Fogg. She is shown as beautiful, polished in manners and kind at heart. Moreover, she is just as self-respecting as Fogg himself is and is also equally brave. When they are attacked by the Sioux in America, she puts up a courageous fight. She gets hold of arms and defends herself magnificently. She refuses to be left with Passepartout at Kearney station and braves the acute suffering of a journey in the open air in order to accompany Fogg to Omaha station. Verne uses the character of Aouda to drive home a crucial point. In the last chapter titled-‘In which it is shown that Phileas Fogg gained nothing by traveling round the world unless it were happiness, Verne points out that Fogg’s ultimate victory was not the one of the wager, but one in which he attained Aouda’s love. Verne goes on to write that Aouda was a charming woman, who made Fogg the happiest of men! In Verne’s own words-‘And forsooth, who would not go round the world for less?’ the author refers to Aouda as being a more important attainment than the completion of a successful journey round the world. Aouda reiterates the fact that human relationships and love are more important than any number of worldly challenges, wagers or money. Cite this page:	Around the World in Eighty Days
Who wrote the classic thriller The Thirty-Nine Steps?	Around the World in Eighty Days Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 18 January 2017 10:08 AM, PST NEWS 36 out of 43 people found the following review useful: A spectacle in every sense of the world! 2 January 2002 * This review may contain spoilers * Mike Todd's version of Jules Verne tale offers a refined English comedy, giant-screen travel landscapes, dazzling brilliant color, famous actors in small roles... as Phileas Fogg and his comical valet made the tour of the world beginning in England, going to Europe, the Middle East, India, and Asia... It begins in (1872) Victorian London as the wealthy, supremely confident Phileas Fogg sets out a wager that he can traverse the globe in precisely eighty days... The other club members at the Reform Club think Fogg is a fool, and challenge his claim and wager £20,000 that he is wrong... The snags begin almost immediately, as the true gentleman misses a train and has to travel by balloon... The wild journey takes Fogg and his new servant into a series of incredible adventures in every land they pass through... David Niven plays the true impassive Englishman Phileas Fogg... A polished man of the world, who makes no superfluous gestures, and is never seen to be moved or agitated... A puzzling personage, who believes in progress, science, and intellectual deduction... An eccentric quiet gentleman who talks very little and lives by a precise schedule of tea, whist games, fish and chips... He lives alone in a big house, and a single domestic sufficed to serve him... Mexican screen legend Cantinflas known as the comic genius of the Spanish-speaking world, plays Passepartout, the most faithful of domestics... Passepartout is a multi-skilled honest Frenchman with a pleasant oval face, slender and slight, soft-mannered and serviceable... Robert Newton plays Mr. Fix, the mysterious detective who had been dispatched from England in search of the bank robber... He is a slight-built personage, with a nervous, intelligent face, and bright eyes peering out from under eyebrows which he is incessantly twitching... Shirley MacLaine plays the charming young Indian princess, Aouda, who was married against her will at age seven... She speaks English with great purity... One of the main interests of the film is the various cameos played by stars of the time who give minute but exquisite characterizations: - Finlay Currie, Mr. Fogg's usual partner at whist... - Robert Morley, one of the directors of the Bank of England... - John Gielgud, the dismissed servant who relates that his master wears two watches, and every available surface in his house is covered with so many clocks... - Trevor Howard, the club's member who rejects the news that the English gentleman has robbed the Bank of England... - Charles Boyer, the educated travel agent who proposes to the couple to travel with a hot-air balloon... - Martine Carol, the offended lady who slaps the new butler just for saying: 'Mademoiselle!' - Fernandel, the French coachman who was not so content with the tip... - Gilbert Roland, the Arab who offers his ship to Marseilles just on one condition... - Cesar Romero, the henchman who sadistically insists Passepartout must fight a bull even if he doesn't know how... - Ronald Colman, the Railway Official who announces (No more railway!) all passengers know that they must provide means of transportation for themselves from Kholby to Allahabad... - Cedric Hardwicke, the officer who finds happily a means of conveyance : to cross the deep jungle on an elephant! - Charles Coburn, the Steamship Company clerk who makes the observation that the 'Carnatic' had sailed the evening before...and he doesn't expect any vessel to Yokohama one week from now... - Peter Lorre, the smiling Japanese steward who informs Passepartout that being broke without money in Yokohama... is catastrophic! - Glynis Johns, the sporting lady who bets with her companion on Fogg's outcome... - George Raft, the suspicious mob who chases everyone who stands near his glamorous woman... - Marlene Dietrich, the Barbary Coast saloon hostess who looks for a way to be free... - Frank Sinatra, the honky-tonk pianist... - Red Skelton, the drunken with great appetite... - John Carradine, the insolent colonel hit by an arrow... - Buster Keaton, the American train conductor who announces some delay... - Andy Devine, the first mate who refuses 'Henrietta' to be burn... - Victor McLaglen, the helmsman who is ordered ('Full steam!') to feed all the fires until the coal is exhausted... - John Mills, the sleepy carriage driver at the delicate moment... The other scenes that were actually outrageous and delightful are: Passepartout scooping some snow off an alp to chill a bottle of champagne; his funny and graceful way of bullfighting; his burlesque dance with a troupe of Spanish dancers; his venture to ride an ostrich through a back-lot Hong Kong; his anxiety when he is captured by savage Sioux; his courage when he is almost burned to death with an Indian widow; his fault when he clears the 'human' pyramid; his ignorance when he breaks Hindus religious beliefs and his absurdity when he constantly tries to hit on anything in skirts... With terrific music, this Academy Award winner for Best Picture of 1956 is nice for the family to watch... Was the above review useful to you? 28 out of 35 people found the following review useful: The greatest supporting cast in the history of film 28 September 2005 Michael Todd's screen adaptation of Jules Verne's classic novel is a masterpiece. Beautifully shot in over 100 different locations around the world, it is one of the few novels which actually benefits from big screen treatment. No longer do we have to imagine these fine exotic places in our minds, they are presented here in full cinematic and Technicolour brilliance. The great David Niven plays the quintessential English gentleman to the hilt as Philias Fogg, the well to do bachelor who after calmly announcing that it was possible, accepts a £20,000 wager from his fellow Reform Club members to travel round the world in 80 days. In tow on this mammoth voyage are newly appointed man servant Passepartout played by Mexican entertainer Cantinflas, a rather miscast Shirley MacLaine as Aouda a recently rescued Indian Princess and the lovable and ever watchable Robert Newton as Mr. Fix the detective who is convinced Fogg is a master criminal who left Britain having just robbed the Bank of England. Yet what adds flavour to an already wonderful story and fascinating movie, is that no matter what corner of the globe our intrepid Fogg appears, he is helped, hindered, slowed down, befriended and attacked by a myriad of world renowned movie stars. Never before or since has a film boasted so many top named stars in cameo appearances. Robert Morley, Ronald Squire, Finlay Currie, Basil Sydney, Noel Coward, John Gielgud, Trevor Howard, Harcourt Williams, Martine Carol, Fernandel, Charles Boyer, Evelyn Keyes, Gilbert Roland, Cesar Romero, Alan Mowbray, Cedric Hardwicke, Melville Cooper, Reginald Denny, Ronald Colman, Charles Coburn, Peter Lorre, George Raft, Red Skelton, Marlene Dietrich, John Carradine, Frank Sinatra, Buster Keaton, Tim McCoy, Joe E. Brown, Andy Devine, Edmund Lowe, Victor McLaglen, Jack Oakie, Beatrice Lillie, John Mills, Glynis Johns and Hermione Gingold all come along for this bizarre journey. Now thats what I call a cast list. Niven is as always a joy to watch as the seemingly unstoppable and resourceful Fogg, so much so that the film can be forgiven its epic length. However, I do feel as though a good half an hour could have been trimmed had Todd decided to tone down some of Cantinflas' over long routines. We know what a fantastic and talented performer he was, there was no real need to hammer the point home with a nigh on 15 minute bull fight sequence, Japanese circus tricks and stunt horse riding. However despite this one criticism, the film is legend, the story is legend and was fully deserving of the five Oscar's it was awarded, including Best Picture of 1956. In fact I feel certain that if Philias Fogg had a film like this on DVD, he would have much preferred to stay at home and watch it. I know I certainly would. Was the above review useful to you? 25 out of 34 people found the following review useful: "It Might Have Been In County Down, Or In New York, In Gay Paree, Or Even London Town" from Buffalo, New York 26 January 2007 Except for the horrible miscasting of Shirley MacLaine as a Hindu princess, Around the World in 80 Days comes close to being a perfect film. The rest of the cast paints to perfection the portrait of Jules Verne's odyssey about a very anal retentive man driven by a wager to complete a global circumnavigation in 80 days in the mid nineteenth century. Jules Verne unlike in a lot of his other stories makes one of his main characters here a Frenchman. Normally the international minded Mr. Verne never had any of his protagonists come from his native France. In this case the valet Passepartout accompanies English gentleman Phileas Fogg on the journey and comes close to wrecking it a couple of times. Michael Todd had to settle for second choices for both of his leads. The part was originally offered to Cary Grant who turned it down and Todd settled happily for David Niven. And even though Fernandel offered to learn English to play Passepartout, the process would have taken too long so the Mexican comic star Cantinfas got the part. Fernandel did have a small role as a Parisian hansom cab driver. It's still a mystery to me as to why Cantinflas on the strength of this and Pepe did not break out of the Latin American market where he was nothing short of a demi-god of the cinema. Certainly his presence in this film opened up a huge market of viewers in the Spanish speaking parts of the world. Also consider that the probably no other performer in the history of the cinema ever got as good supporting casts as Cantinflas did in both Around the World in 80 Days and Pepe. Maybe he didn't break into the English speaking cinema fan world, but it was no accident that all the stars who appeared in both wanted to be associated with him. Shirley MacLaine would have to wait until Some Came Running for a real break out role. She's just not the type to play a Hindu princess. Someone like Jean Simmons who played one in Black Narcissus would have been far better. David Niven however got on the crest of a big career wave that wouldn't reach maximum until his Oscar two years later in Separate Tables. This was one of his best career roles and nice that for once he would not have to carry a mediocre picture on the strength of his considerable charm. Mr. Niven sadly recalls in his memoirs that Robert Newton was already dying when he made Around the World in 80 Days. The doctors had told the screen's most celebrated alcoholic that he had only a short time left when he did this film, his liver was failing. Newton does a grand job as the unctuous conniving detective Fix who gets it into his head that Niven robbed the Bank of England. Around the World in 80 Days won for Best Picture in 1956 and four other Oscars including best musical score. Oddly enough the song Around the World was not nominated in that category even though it was a big hit that year. Bing Crosby for Decca and Eddie Fisher for RCA Victor had the big hit records of it, Frank Sinatra also did it for Capitol. It was a great tribute to its composer Victor Young and lyricist Harold Adamson. Young died in 1956 and the Oscar for Best Scoring was given to him posthumously. Producer Michael Todd and Director Michael Anderson did a first rate job in casting all the small bit roles with major players. A lot of these names are unfamiliar to today's generation, but if they see the film it's a chance to see a lot of great cinema names at one time doing real characters instead of just walking on as themselves. The film holds up well today and can still be enjoyed. Maybe someone will actually try to make it in the transportation mode of the Victorian era. Can it be done in 80 Days? Was the above review useful to you? 18 out of 21 people found the following review useful: Go and see it - in a cinema from Germany 13 December 2000 I really enjoyed this film, and was shocked to see all the negative comments about it on IMDB. Yes it's long, yes it's a fantasy rather than true-to-life, yes it's spectacular rather than deep drama. But what the hell, it's also (like the book) a hilarious send-up of Englishness as seen by a Frenchman. The millions of cameo roles (actually I'm HOPELESS at recognising faces, so identified none of them) camp it all up splendidly. This film is one of those, like the Ealing comedies or the Carry-On films, that define the British Myth. OK, so it won't work on TV, unless you have a widescreen TV and can shut yourself away from all distractions for several hours. But I just dare anyone to be bored by the film in a cinema. They don't make them like that any more, because these days films are "made for TV" . . . Was the above review useful to you? 18 out of 24 people found the following review useful: Best imitation of one of the finest work by Jules Verne. from Lahore, Pakistan 2 May 2007 Well before ditching in this movie I had a glimpse of the book and I feel very delighted about the extraordinary vision of Jules Verne. He had predicted many inventions and innovations before the time, but I felt more delighted after seeing this movie. The true essence of Jules Verne's literal work is flawlessly captured by director Michael Anderson. This movie is true extravaganza with some special acting by veteran actor David Niven. His portrayal of arrogant, time-table stricken rich innovator was immaculate. This movie also has handful of cameos played by great actors like Frank Sinatra and others. Only one thing that can bother viewers is its immense length where some scenes are monotonous and make you feel loitered. Over all it's a great movie and best motional version of Jules Verne's finest work. The movie won five Oscars including best picture of 1956. Was the above review useful to you? 18 out of 25 people found the following review useful: This Picture Makes No Sense On A Small Screen Author: tonstant viewer 24 December 2004 Around the World in 80 Days is part comedy and part demonstration of a new wide-screen process. I saw it in its original run at the old Rivoli Theater in New York, where the screen ran from 48th St. to 49th St. People gasped at the size of the screen when the curtains opened, before the film even got underway. If you watch the new 16x9 DVD on anything less than a 50-inch television, the visual composition and the pacing are absolutely incomprehensible, and you're on your own to seize on the many little things that are there to entertain you. But as a whole, the film loses its reason for being when viewed on a conventional TV. David Niven is unbeatable as Phileas Fogg, Shirley Maclaine is implausible but slyly humorous as the Princess, Robert Newton appears sober most of the time and hammy all of it as Inspector Fix. Cantinflas is inexplicable as Passepartout, except perhaps as Mike Todd's attempt to corral the entire Latin American market. The Mexican comedian's English is very shaky; it slows him down, and his clarity comes and goes and makes me wonder if Paul Frees didn't replace a lot of his lines. At any rate, only in the seemingly improvised encounter with Red Skelton at a buffet does Cantinflas do anything remotely humorous, and there he's the straight man. The cameos are fun, and if you're too young to know who all these geezers are, it's worth it to find out, and use the IMDb to track down the work that made them famous. I remember the shriek the original audience let out when the piano player was revealed to be Frank Sinatra. Viewing the film now, I was most moved to see Edmund Lowe and Victor McLaglan reunited in the engine room of the Henrietta, thirty years after they riveted the industry in "What Price Glory?" Buster Keaton concentrates really hard in his appearance as the train conductor, to excellent effect. A. E. Matthews gives a terrific acting lesson in saying "no" a half a dozen times in a London sequence. Among the original bettors, locate Ronald Squire with the drooping mustache, hollow nasal baritone, and a slouching relaxation while performing that was a marvel - Rex Harrison publicly admired Ronald Squire's ease on stage all his life. In fact, Squire is so relaxed he makes someone like Dean Martin seem uptight. So, this film is an unusual case - requiring patience for lots of little joys on the small screen, but making sense only on a large one. Was the above review useful to you? 7 out of 9 people found the following review useful: The Parapatetic Novel of Jules Verne 24 January 2007 * This review may contain spoilers * In 1946 Orson Welles decided to return to his Broadway roots and produce a dramatic version of the 1872 Jules Verne novel "Around The World In 80 Days". It was to be a big production - with a musical score by Cole Porter, and Mike Todd as producer. Welles, besides directing it, was playing the part of the Detective (in the musical he was "Dick Fix" = presumably called that because of the slang term for a detective). It was an extravaganza, and Welles had plenty of gags in it including one where he brought out a kitchen sink (i.e. "everything and the kitchen sink": get it?). The show had a big opening night - and sank in a couple of months. It also had no song of any worth by Porter, whose normal abilities were finally shown not to be limitless (a typical song in the show was "There goes Phileas Fogg" - hardly sounds interesting from a man who created "Night and Day" or "Begin the Beguine" or "Brush Up Your Shakespeare" or "Anything Goes"). Welles had to declare bankruptcy, and had tax problems for years (which explains why after 1949 he did much of his work in Europe). He also sold his interest in the musical to Todd. That is why Michael Todd is given full credit for "Around The World In 80 Days" (the 1956 movie) rather than an angry Welles. He really had no leg to stand on in this case. "Around The World In Eighty Days" is really the odd duck among the major novels of Verne. If you read it, except for the use of a "wind wagon" in the Western United States portion of the novel, there are no odd devices or inventions or methods of travel in the story. In fact, the best known image of the movie (David Niven and Cantaflas flying in a balloon over the Pyranees) is not from the novel - Verne's balloon novel was "Five Weeks In A Balloon" (and he came out against balloons in "Robur The Conqueror"). "Around The World" was Verne's fun novel about English stuffiness (he disliked the English), wherein the phlegmatic and punctual Phileas Fogg makes a bet of his whole fortune to prove that he can get around the world in under three months. As such, the novel enabled Verne to show how travel was not very broadening to Fogg (a perfect name for the hero) and yet fascinating to his French valet Jean Passepartout (pronounced "Pass - par - too"). It is Passepartout who examines all the foreign peoples and lands he and Fogg travel through. Fogg only shows spirit twice: in rescuing the Indian princess Aouda from being burned alive, and in getting into a duel with the obnoxious American Colonel Seth Proctor. When he wrote the novel, Verne was aware of an actual "Fogg" - but an American one. The eccentric American millionaire, George Francis Train (great name for a traveler) traveled around the world, in 90 days in 1870. Train would be so impressed by his effect on Verne, he did a second world tour in 72 days. And in 1889 the American journalist Nelly Bly did it in 69 days (when she stopped off in Nantes to meet Verne, he asked her where Aouda was). Verne made fun of the story himself in 1893 when in another novel he had a German aristocrat try to beat Fogg's record, but so botches up his schedule that he ended up taking twice as long. David Niven is good as Fogg in one of his "comeback" roles that led to his Oscar winner in "Separate Tables". Shirley Maclaine seems good as Aouda, but she really is not eastern enough (maybe Merle Oberon could have handled the role twenty years earlier). Cantaflas rarely did English speaking films, and it is this one that gives non-Spanish audiences an idea of his abilities as a comic performer (but his Mexican films are better). Robert Newton was in his final performance as Fix - and he is very good. He comes across as conniving but witless at the same time. However I find that Peter Ustinov's performance in the 1989 miniseries was funnier. Then there are all those stars in cameo parts. A clever selling idea by Todd to ensure the public's attention in the film. As a result this is the only film where Ronald Colman and Frank Sinatra and Col. Tim McCoy and Red Skelton and Edmund Lowe all appear - though not necessarily together. As many of these stars of the 1930s - 1950s are no longer remembered too well, it is difficult to see if the cameo idea was such a hot one in the long term. But the film is still enjoyable, and should lead one back to reading the Verne original. Was the above review useful to you? 7 out of 9 people found the following review useful: And it feels like every minute ... from Derry, Ireland 28 September 2006 This monstrously overblown 'entertainment' didn't just win the Oscar as the year's Best Picture but was also chosen by that august body, The New York Film Critic's Circle; it was hardly their finest hour. It's a producer's movie rather than a director's, (the producer was that showman Mike Todd), and he assembled a massive cast of 'stars' to appear in cameo roles to boost the film's box-office appeal and he made it in his own spectacular widescreen format, Todd-AO. Certainly everything about it was big and you felt like you were taking 80 days to watch it. The main parts of Phileas Fogg, the intrepid gentleman-adventurer, and his man-servant, Passepartout, went to David Niven and the Mexican actor, Cantinflas. Niven was actually very good considering his role never really amounted to more than being host in a large-scale travelogue, while Cantinflas was as annoying as foreign actors can be when cast as comic foils in large-scale 'international' productions. Perhaps the worst piece of casting was that of Shirley MacLaine as an Indian Princess, a performance just marginally less insulting than those of Peter Sellers in "The Millionairess" and Alec Guiness in "A Passage to India". Lionel Lindon's photography ensures that it's consistently easy on the eye; otherwise all it proves is that the world's a big place and who would want to spend 80 days in this company going round it. Was the above review useful to you? 17 out of 29 people found the following review useful: known for its end credits and numerous cameos from United Kingdom 14 August 2004 'Around the World in Eighty Days' stars David Niven,Cantinflas, and Robert Newton (in his final role) but is mainly known for featuring zillions of people in cameo parts as Niven moves round his world trip. You can spot ... Marlene Dietrich, Frank Sinatra, Buster Keaton, Ronald Colman, Gilbert Roland, Shirley MacLaine, Tim McCoy, Hermoine Gingold, Charles Boyer, Finlay Currie, Trevor Howard ... Is it any good? Well, it is too long but gives a good attempt to present countries and travelling on a big scale. Niven is as charming as ever, while Cantinflas manages to stay irritating for three hours. Robert Newton as the obsessed Inspector Fix is entertaining but he'd done better. One to watch at least once (and no doubt better than the recent remake). And the end credits by Saul Bass are superb. Was the above review useful to you? 9 out of 14 people found the following review useful: Classic Cinema At its Best! from Scotland 26 January 2006 Based on the famous novel of the same name Around The World In Eighty Days,is an undeniable classic,Despite a forgettable 'remake'it has never been bettered, David Niven star's as The eponymous Phileas Fogg, an Eccentric gentleman who wages a bet with his chums at the reform club, that he can attempt the impossible travel Around the globe in a record time,His epic journey takes Fogg to Paris Spain, India,Hong Kong,Japan,San Francisco, Mexican personality Cantinflas,plays Fogg's loyal Man servant Passpartout,who attends to Mr Foggs every whim, Shirley McClaine,in an early role is Aouda the Indian girl Whom Fogg rescues from a fiery death atop a funeral pyre, and subsequently falls in love with,This Classic was probably the first film to feature 'Cameo roles' the roles are an impressive list of who's who of stage and screen,the film's budget is certainly well spent every cent is up there on screen, lavishly lensed in Todd-AO which of course must be viewed in Widescreen,as it's totally unwatchable in 'Pan And Scan' Was the above review useful to you? 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Who wrote the novel Chitty Chitty Bang Bang : The Magical Car?	Chitty Chitty Bang Bang car up for auction - BBC News BBC News Chitty Chitty Bang Bang car up for auction 15 May 2011 Close share panel Media captionWatch: Peter Bowes test drives Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, one of the most loved cars in the world, is going up for auction in Los Angeles. The star of the 1968 family movie was shipped to California from England to go under the hammer on Sunday. The unique vehicle, which is still in working order, is expected to fetch up to $2m (£1.2m). For the past four decades it has been kept in Stratford-upon-Avon by owner Pierre Picton, the man who looked after it on set. It has appeared at hundreds of shows and charity road races, but has never been auctioned until now. Magical being There were several Chitty Chitty Bang Bang cars made for the film, but this was the only one that actually worked. It was driven in the movie by Dick Van Dyke, who played the eccentric inventor who takes his children on the adventure of a lifetime. I think it's the most recognisable car in the world - this is a once in a lifetime opportunity Joe Maddalena, Profiles in History The vehicle was designed by Ken Adam and built by the Ford Racing Team. Its bonnet is crafted of polished aluminium; the boat deck is hand-crafted of red and white cedar, and the brass fittings taken from Edwardian cars. The car is powered by a Ford three-litre V6 engine and has a dashboard plate from a British World War I fighter plane. Chitty was completed in 1967 and registered with the number plate GEN 11, given to her by Ian Fleming, who wrote the novel the film was based on. The registration spells the Latin word "genii", meaning magical person or being. It is being sold by a Hollywood memorabilia company Profiles in History, which says the vehicle is attracting interest from around the world. "I think it's the most recognisable car in the world," said Joe Maddalena, the company's owner. "This car is the best of the best. It takes your breath away. This is a once in a lifetime opportunity for a car collector or museum."	Ian Fleming
Who wrote the novel Black Beauty, first published in 1877?	DJ Chris Evans buys Chitty Chitty Bang Bang car for £500k - Mirror Online DJ Chris Evans buys Chitty Chitty Bang Bang car for £500k Chris Evans has bought the iconic car used in the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Share Get daily updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email Chris Evans has bought the iconic car used in the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. The Radio 2 DJ is believed to have paid almost £500,000 and has now sent it to be restored. He revealed he got the car from its current owner - who bought it at auction last year in Los Angeles - because at over 17 feet long it wouldn’t fit in his garage. Evans, who already has a multi-million pound classic car collection, is understood to have paid nearly £500,000 for the car, which he has now sent to be restored. The car was recognised around the world after it starred in the 1968 hit film alongside Dick Van Dyke, Sally Ann Howes and Benny Hill. Chitty, with the registration number GEN11, has been seen by thousands of fans and spent more than 30 years competing in charity races around he country. Michael Jackson once tried to buy it for his Neverland Ranch. Evans’s son Noah, who is three next month, is a massive fan of the classic film. The car was expected to fetch between £600,000 and £1.2million, but eventually sold for £495,415 at an auction in Los Angeles last May. Once his friend decided to sell the DJ is thought to have paid him the same amount to take the car from him. Evans revealed at the weekend: “My pal had bought the car on his birthday before he went skiing, not realising she is over 17 feet long. Garage problem. No money lost or gained. “Chitty is now officially part of the Berkshire Automotive Massive. She is indeed Truly Scrumptious. She’s also gone into the workshop for some much-needed road legalisation.” There were several Chitty Chitty Bang Bang cars made for the film, but only one that actually worked. The vehicle was designed by Ken Adam and built by the Ford Racing Team. Its bonnet is crafted of polished aluminium; the boat deck is hand-crafted of red and white cedar, and the brass fittings taken from Edwardian cars. The car is powered by a Ford three-litre V6 engine and has a dashboard plate from a British World War I fighter plane. Chitty was completed in 1967 and registered with the number plate GEN 11, given to her by Ian Fleming, who wrote the novel the film was based on. The registration spells the Latin word “genii”, meaning magical person or being. Evans, whose wife Natasha is expecting the couple’s second child, also revealed he has recently toured locations used in the film, which tells the story of eccentric inventor Caractacus Potts and the adventure he makes with his children in the flying car. Video Loading	i don't know
Which author wrote the Foundation series of science fiction novels?	Foundation: Isaac Asimov: 9780553293357: Amazon.com: Books By J. Callen on November 22, 2013 Format: Kindle Edition\|Verified Purchase This review is specifically of the Kindle edition, published by Ballantine/Bantam. The Foundation Trilogy is a wonderful piece of work, but the Kindle edition butchers it! Someone has decided to water down Asimov's prose, eliminating some of the more enjoyable passages of the book. Here are some examples, found by comparison with an old Bantam Doubleday hardcover edition. Several pages into chapter 3, Salvor Hardin is arguing with the Encyclopedists about the decline of the Empire. Original: "If you ask me,", he cried, "THE GALAXY IS GOING TO POT!" Kindle: "If you ask me,", he cried, "THE GALACTIC EMPIRE IS DYING!" In chapter 5, Hardin is again meeting with the Encyclopedists and discussing the threat received from Anacreon. Original: The message from Anacreon ... boils down easily and straightforwardly to the unqualified statement ... "You give us what we want in a week, or we beat the hell out of you and take it anyway." Kindle: The message from Anacreon ... boils down easily and straightforwardly to the unqualified statement ... "You give us what we want in a week, or we take it by force." I'm going to be asking for a refund. By Alastair Browne on March 23, 2016 Format: Hardcover\|Verified Purchase This is Isaac Asimovâs masterpiece. This is about the fall of the Galactic Empire, consisting of the entire Milky Way galaxy. In the story, there are twenty five million inhabited planets, with a population in the quintillions, set 50,000 years in the future. The planet of origin had long been forgotten, and the citizens of the galaxy knew of no other form of government. Nobody in the galaxy was aware of what was to happen. Nobody, except one man, a psychologist named Hari Seldon. He invented the concept of psychohistory, predicting the behavior of human masses. The behavior of one human being is unpredictable, but the behavior of masses of people can be predicted in their reactions to any event. The greater the mass, the easier it is to predict their reactions. In predicting the fall of an empire, Dr. Seldon foresees 30,000 years of barbarism, a dark age, ahead for humanity. The fall of this empire could not be averted, but the period of barbarism could be reduced from 30,000 years down to 1,000 years, so Dr. Seldon sets up two foundations, âat opposite ends of the galaxyâ in order to observe and intervene when necessary when a major crisis arises, and for the Foundation, the First Foundation in this case, can deal with it and move on with its work. Dr. Asimov himself has stated that this trilogy is based on the book, âThe Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.â You can see the resemblances here. Rome itself was also known as Terminus back in the days of the empire. When Rome fell, it did split apart into feudal kingdoms before the Renaissance, and then the nation-state came into being. Donât forget the Barbarians, the Germanic tribes to the North of Europe. With this, you have an interesting book. Little kingdoms are formed as the empire falls apart, all trying to be the top power, with several battles taking place here and there. There are different planets with different physical features; one planet always faces its sun, with the inhabitants living on the border day/night (twilight) zone. Another planet being cold nine months of the year, and, of course, Trantor, the capital with one gigantic city covering the whole planet, until it gets sacked. What is different is that the two foundations, in the book, try to minimize the barbarous, or chaotic, era to 1,000 years, controlled by the First Foundation, which is openly displayed for all to see. The Second Foundation was a lot more mysterious, with no one knowing where it is. Terminus is a planet with no natural resources, so the people, especially the scientists, placed there have to use their ingenuity to come up with ways to control the masses in the galaxy by way of a religion, the Galactic Spirit (similar to Christianity) and also come up with miniature technology, i.e. atomic weapons and power plants the size of a golf ball (my example). Whenever Terminus, of the Foundation is threatened, the image of Hari Seldon appears in a room, where the top echelon of the Foundationers gather, and Seldon tells of the crisis he predicted and tells the Foundationers what they should do about it. Terminus rises from a threatened entity to an indispensable society, with the other kingdoms highly dependent on it. All goes well, and the First Foundation starts to rise as a new force in the galaxy, until the coming of an unforeseen conqueror, the Mule. The Mule has a way of controlling minds from afar and uses it to establish his own empire. He could turn his most bitter foes into his closest allies through mind control. (One person pointed out to me that this is similar to the coming of Islam, but this is very different). This is where the mysterious Second Foundation comes in, and both the Mule and others start to search for it, to destroy it, but the Second Foundation uses deception to lead these searcher off the track. They also have a âcounter mind controlâ that threatens the Mule himself. This book will take you to planets and lead you into battles, battles that were started by those you would not suspect for reasons that you would never guess. In a way, this book could be a psychology book, teaching you the reactions of the masses whenever a crisis occurs. Psychohistory is becoming a new and important discipline in our society today. The original trilogy was written in the early 1950s, but it is not dated by any means. All of these situations could be applied today. For example, look at the condition of the United States and see what could be ahead for them. Look at the masses of people and how they react to the present crisis we are in, and will find a lot of similarities. Asimov has written two sequels to this trilogy, and two prequels after that, leading you to other series of books, including the robot novels, but this trilogy is the core of his writings, and it is a good stand along book, or books, since there are three of them. If you decide to get into his âFoundation series,â read this trilogy first, then delve into the robot novels and others, then reread this trilogy. By DcLonChi on July 28, 2016 Format: Mass Market Paperback\|Verified Purchase I'm reading the original Foundation trilogy for the 3rd (or maybe 4th?) time, but the first time in at least 20 years. I've got a few points to note, in no particular order: 1) Old science fiction tells us so much about the past. The things they never thought would change -- cigarettes, newspapers, women in the home, microfilm (!) -- show us just how prominent our blind spots can be. And the things they didn't even dream of (most obviously, the internet, but also race and s*xual relations, cell phones, etc.) tell us just how far and how quickly things change. 2) Reading it the first (and 2nd) time through, the young ambitious Federation reminded me of the USA -- young, resourceful, growing, upstarts. Now, I read it and the dying, corrupt, Empire reminds me of the USA. I'm not sure if this is my getting older (and pessimistic) or whether the times have changed so much since the 40s and 50s. In any case, there's an optimism in these books (like a lot of old sci-fi) that has long since passed out of (American?) pop culture. 3) There's a funny disconnect between 1 and 2 -- and I'm not sure where it is. So much has improved for so many, and yet the future now seems more scary than ever. Part of me reads this as escapist fun, part of me reads it to try to exercise my powers of optimism. (Without starting any arguments about current politics or which apocalyptic future I fear, let me say that I grew up in the Cold War with a very real fear of dying in a nuclear war -- the only bright side being that living in DC meant that I'd be incinerated instantly, and not suffer a lingering post-war death. Are any our current fears more likely or more catastrophic than that?) 4) There is little emotional depth in the Foundation. We don't get outsiders or brooding introspection, we learn about the characters through what they do. It reminds me a bit of the Icelandic sagas I just finished reading: lots of who did what, over how many generations -- and while there's little internal monologueing, you see that actions give insight into character. Perhaps it's our blind spot now to to think that how things feel to you is the most important thing in the world. 5) The Mule seems -- to my eyes -- a portent of 1960's. Without giving any spoilers, suddenly everyone sees that people's feelings are far more important and disruptive than any technology. (And the visi sonor seems so close to a depiction of an LSD trip that it makes me wonder what was going on in Asimov's personal life around this time!) In conclusion, I encourage any old fans to pick up and re-read the series: you'll get something different out of it than the last time.	Isaac Asimov
What is the first part of JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy called?	Isaac Asimov, Foundation Series - AbeBooks Isaac Asimov, Foundation Series Results (1 - 30) of 139 1 ISBN 10: 0345308980 ISBN 13: 9780345308986 Used Mass Market Paperback. Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Del Rey, U.S.A., 1983. Mass Market Paperback. Book Condition: Good. Please see any and all photos connected with this listing. A bit scuffed but all pages intact and legible. Good reading copy. Clean. No store stamps. --- --- (The sixth book in the Foundation series) --- It is 498 years since the two Foundations came into existence - half-way through the Interregnum planned by Hari Seldon. The Second Foundation has once more successfully concealed its existence so that the laws of psychohistory can operate to usher in a new Empire ruled by the mental sciences. . . Bookseller Inventory # 21379 ISBN 10: 0345308980 ISBN 13: 9780345308986 Used Mass Market Paperback ISBN 10: 0345308980 ISBN 13: 9780345308986 Used Mass Market Paperback Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Del Rey, 1983. Mass Market Paperback. Book Condition: Good. 424 pp; spine creases, edge wear, some foxing to page ends; One of the bridge novels between the Foundation and Robot series. Winner of the 1983 Hugo Award. Bookseller Inventory # kb008699 Published by Bantam Books (1964) Used Mass Market Paperback Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Bantam Books, 1964. Mass Market Paperback. Book Condition: Good. Pages heavily toned, spine creased, cover edge wear & corner creasing. Asimov's first novel, originally published in 1950. Cover art by Stephen Youll. "One moment, Joseph Schwartz was a happily retired tailor in Chicago, 1949. The next he was a helpless stranger on the Earth during the heyday of the Galactic Empire. Earth, as he soon learned, was a backwater world, despised by all the other 200 million planets of the Empire because its people dared to claim it was the original home of man. And Earth was poor, with great areas of radioactivity ruining much of its soil -- so poor that everyone was sentenced to death at the age of sixty. Schwartz was sixty-two! A novel of the time when Trantor ruled the galaxy, while Earth dreamed of its ancient glory -- and plotted revenge." CONTENTS: Between One Footstep and the Next; The Disposal of a Stranger; One WOrld - Or Many?; The Royal Road; The Involuntary Volunteer; Apprehension in the Night; Conversation with Madmen?; Convergence at Chica; Conflict at Chica; Interpretation of Events; The Mind that Changed; The Mind that Killed; Spider Web at Washenn; Second Meeting; The Odds that Vanished; Choose Your Side!; Change Your Side!; Duel!; The Deadline that Approached; The Deadline that was Reached; The Deadline that Passed; The Best is Yet to Be; Afterword. "Dr. Isaac Asimov (January 1, 1920 - April 6, 1992), was a Russian-born American author and professor of biochemistry, a highly successful and exceptionally prolific writer best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Asimov wrote or edited more than five hundred books and an estimated nine thousand letters and postcards, and has works in every major category of the Dewey Decimal System except Philosophy. Asimov is widely considered a master of the science-fiction genre and, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, was considered one of the "Big Three" science-fiction writers during his lifetime. Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation Series; his other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series, both of which he later tied into the same fictional universe as the Foundation Series. He penned numerous short stories, among them "Nightfall", which was voted by the Science Fiction Writers of America the best of its kind up to 1964. He also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as a great amount of non-fiction. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French. Most of Asimov's popularized science books explain scientific concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage. He often provides nationalities, birth dates, and death dates for the scientists he mentions, as well as etymologies and pronunciation guides for technical terms. Examples include his Guide to Science, the three volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery. Asimov was a long-time member and Vice President of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described the members of that organization as "intellectually combative". He took more joy in being President of the American Humanist Association. The asteroid 5020 Asimov, the magazine Asimov's Science Fiction, and two different Isaac Asimov Awards are named in his honor." -- WikipediaKeywords: FICTION SCIENCE TRANTORIAN EMPIRE IMAGINARY. Bookseller Inventory # 1294296 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Street & Smith, NY, 1945. SingleIssueMagazine. Book Condition: Fair to Good-. Vol. XXXVI, No. 5. Edited by John W. Campbell, Jr. Cover art by Timmins for "Beggars in Velvet" (novelette) by Lewis Padgett [C. L. Moore & Henry Kuttner]. Includes "Trouble Times Two" (novelette) by George O. Smith; "Orders" by Malcolm Jameson; "The Mule" (pt. 2 of 2 - Foundation series) by Isaac Asimov. Article: "Atomic Power Plant" (uncredited). Readers' Departments: "The Editor's Page: Atoms Won't Do Everything"; "In Times to Come"; "The Analytical Laboratory"; "Barss Tacks". Illustrated by Orban, Raymond and Williams. Letters from Theodore Sturgeon, Leslie A. Croutch, and others. Rear cover glued on at hinge with losses to hinge area and lower foredge corner; tape ghosts; nearly half of spine covering lost; loss at upper foredge edge. Bookseller Inventory # PJ1113 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Bantam Books, 1964. Mass Market Paperback. Book Condition: Good. 1st Printing. First printing. Wrappers rubbed, pages toned, ink stamp inside. Author's first novel. One moment Joseph Schwartz is a happily retired tailor in Chicago, 1949. The next he's a helpless stranger on Earth during the heyday of the first Galactic Empire. Earth, as he soon learns, is a backwater, just a pebble in the sky, despised by all the other 200 million planets of the Empire because its people dare to claim it's the original home of man. And Earth is poor, with great areas of radioactivity ruining much of its soil--so poor that everyone is sentenced to death at the age of sixty. Joseph Schwartz is sixty-two. This is young Isaac Asimov's first novel, full of wonders and ideas, the book that launched the novels of the Galactic Empire, culminating in the Foundation series. This is Golden Age SF at its finest.Keywords: SCIENCE FICTION APOCALYPSE HUMAN RACE GALACTIC EMPIRE DYSTOPIA. Bookseller Inventory # 1644276 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Street & Smith, NY, 1950. SingleIssueMagazine. Book Condition: Good+ to Very Good-. Vol. XLIV, No. 6. Edited by John W. Campbell, Jr. Cover art by Chesley Bonestell for "The XXi Effect" by Philip Latham. Includes ". . .And Now You Don't" (Foundation series; pt. 3 of 3) by Isaac Asimov; "Undesirable Alien" by David McCarthy; "Gypsy" by Poul Anderson; "Not to Be Opened - " by Roger Flint Young; "Ole Mother Methuselah" by Rene Lafayette (L. Ron Hubbard). Article: "Maxwell's Demon and Monsieur Ranque" by Arthur C. Parlett. Readers' Departments: "The Editor's Page: The Real Pushbutton Warfare" by John W. Campbell, Jr.; "Book Review"; "Brass Tacks"; "In Times to Come"; "The Analytical Laboratory". Illustrated by Cartier, Gaughan, Orban, Rogers and Ward. Creasing; tanning; wraps starting; staple wear and rubbing. Bookseller Inventory # PH326 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Street & Smith, NY, 1945. SingleIssueMagazine. Book Condition: Good-. Vol. XXXVI, No. 5. Edited by John W. Campbell, Jr. Cover art by Timmins for "Beggars in Velvet" (novelette) by Lewis Padgett [C. L. Moore & Henry Kuttner]. Includes "Trouble Times Two" (novelette) by George O. Smith; "Orders" by Malcolm Jameson; "The Mule" (pt. 2 of 2 - Foundation series) by Isaac Asimov. Article: "Atomic Power Plant" (uncredited). Readers' Departments: "The Editor's Page: Atoms Won't Do Everything"; "In Times to Come"; "The Analytical Laboratory"; "Barss Tacks". Illustrated by Orban, Raymond and Williams. Letters from Theodore Sturgeon, Leslie A. Croutch, and others. Rear cover glued on at hinge with losses to hinge area; tape ghosts; 1" lost at spine head with some covering lost at rear cover edge; tear at upper front spine corner. Bookseller Inventory # PJ1019 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Granada / Panther, 1973. Soft cover. Book Condition: Good: Moderate signs of wear. Cover Art: Chris Foss (illustrator). 1962 Edition. 7" (178mm) x 4¼" (108mm). © 1952: 2nd in the 'Foundation' series of books (previous owners name to inside front cover). 11th printing of 1962 edition.:- Synopsis: This is the second volume of Asimov's world-famous trilogy, one of the great classics of science fiction. This story takes us into the holocaust of galactic conflict where, among a million worlds, two mighty movements clash over the destiny of the Universe. Grappling for control amid the chaos of the stars - and only one can survive:- (original cost £0.35). Bookseller Inventory # 11.001.00730 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Street & Smith, NY, 1949. SingleIssueMagazine. Book Condition: Good. Vol. XLIV, No. 3. Edited by John W. Campbell, Jr. Cover art by Rogers for ". . .And Now You Don't" (pt. 1 of 3 - Foundation series) by Isaac Asimov. Includes "Gulf" (pt. 1 of 2) by Robert A. Heinlein; "What Dead Men Tell" (novelette) by Theodore Sturgeon; "Over the Top" by Lester del Rey; "Final Command" by A. E. van Vogt; "Finished" by L. Sprague de Camp. Article: "The Time of Your Life" by R. S. Richardson. Readers' Department: "The Editor's Page: Science-Fiction prophecy". Illustrations by Brush, Cartier, Orban, Rogers and Ward. Both lower front cover corners lost; glue mends to spine; other short tears; tanning. Bookseller Inventory # PI648 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Street & Smith, NY, 1950. SingleIssueMagazine. Book Condition: Very Good-. Vol. XLIV, No. 6. Edited by John W. Campbell, Jr. Cover art by Chesley Bonestell for "The XXi Effect" by Philip Latham. Includes ". . .And Now You Don't" (Foundation series; pt. 3 of 3) by Isaac Asimov; "Undesirable Alien" by David McCarthy; "Gypsy" by Poul Anderson; "Not to Be Opened - " by Roger Flint Young; "Ole Mother Methuselah" by Rene Lafayette (L. Ron Hubbard). Article: "Maxwell's Demon and Monsieur Ranque" by Arthur C. Parlett. Readers' Departments: "The Editor's Page: The Real Pushbutton Warfare" by John W. Campbell, Jr.; "Book Review"; "Brass Tacks"; "In Times to Come"; "The Analytical Laboratory". Illustrated by Cartier, Gaughan, Orban, Rogers and Ward. Creasing; tanning; small tears at edges of rear cover; lower spine loss with lower rear hinge separation; dealer's mark. Bookseller Inventory # PI896 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Avon [1973], [New York], 1973. Mass Market Paperback. Book Condition: Good. Later Printing. [New York]: Avon [1973]. Good. 1973. Later Printing. Mass Market Paperback. Later [15th] printing thus. Part two of the Foundation Trilogy. Winner of the Hugo Award for the best all time science fiction series! "Two mighty forces of civlization oppose each other in a galactic battle for mastery of the universe". 224 pages. Good or better copy [bumping to the rear spine edge near the head with creasing to the upper right corner of the rear cover, light cover creasing, some scattered staining/soiling to the rear cover, cheap text paper tanning]. . Bookseller Inventory # 37093	i don't know
Who wrote East of Eden, Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath?	John Steinbeck - Biographical John Steinbeck The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 John Steinbeck Questions and Answers on John Steinbeck John Steinbeck (1902-1968), born in Salinas, California, came from a family of moderate means. He worked his way through college at Stanford University but never graduated. In 1925 he went to New York, where he tried for a few years to establish himself as a free-lance writer, but he failed and returned to California. After publishing some novels and short stories, Steinbeck first became widely known with Tortilla Flat (1935), a series of humorous stories about Monterey paisanos. Steinbeck's novels can all be classified as social novels dealing with the economic problems of rural labour, but there is also a streak of worship of the soil in his books, which does not always agree with his matter-of-fact sociological approach. After the rough and earthy humour of Tortilla Flat, he moved on to more serious fiction, often aggressive in its social criticism, to In Dubious Battle (1936), which deals with the strikes of the migratory fruit pickers on California plantations. This was followed by Of Mice and Men (1937), the story of the imbecile giant Lennie, and a series of admirable short stories collected in the volume The Long Valley (1938). In 1939 he published what is considered his best work, The Grapes of Wrath, the story of Oklahoma tenant farmers who, unable to earn a living from the land, moved to California where they became migratory workers. Among his later works should be mentioned East of Eden (1952), The Winter of Our Discontent (1961), and Travels with Charley (1962), a travelogue in which Steinbeck wrote about his impressions during a three-month tour in a truck that led him through forty American states. He died in New York City in 1968. From Nobel Lectures , Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel . It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures . To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.	John Steinbeck
Who wrote Jurassic Park, which the Spielberg film was based on?	Biography in Depth \| The Martha Heasley Cox Center for Steinbeck Studies \| San Jose State University The Martha Heasley Cox Center for Steinbeck Studies [an error occurred while processing this directive] [an error occurred while processing this directive] Steinbeck in 1909 with his sister Mary, sitting on the red pony, Jill, at the Salinas Fairgrounds. John Steinbeck, American Writer by Dr. Susan Shillinglaw John Steinbeck was born in the farming town of Salinas, California on 27 February 1902. His father, John Ernst Steinbeck, was not a terribly successful man; at one time or another he was the manager of a Sperry flour plant, the owner of a feed and grain store, the treasurer of Monterey County. His mother, the strong-willed Olive Hamilton Steinbeck, was a former teacher. As a child growing up in the fertile Salinas Valley —called the "Salad Bowl of the Nation" — Steinbeck formed a deep appreciation of his environment, not only the rich fields and hills surrounding Salinas, but also the nearby Pacific coast where his family spent summer weekends. "I remember my childhood names for grasses and secret flowers," he wrote in the opening chapter of East of Eden. "I remember where a toad may live and what time the birds awaken in the summer-and what trees and seasons smelled like." The observant, shy but often mischievous only son had, for the most part, a happy childhood growing up with two older sisters, Beth and Esther, and a much-adored younger sister, Mary. Never wealthy, the family was nonetheless prominent in the small town of 3,000, for both parents engaged in community activities. Mr. Steinbeck was a Mason, Mrs. Steinbeck a member of the Order of the Eastern Star and founder of The Wanderers, a women's club that traveled vicariously through monthly reports. While the elder Steinbecks established their identities by sending roots deep in the community, their son was something of a rebel. Respectable Salinas circumscribed the restless and imaginative young John Steinbeck and he defined himself against "Salinas thinking." At age fourteen he decided to be a writer and spent hours as a teenager living in a world of his own making, writing stories and poems in his upstairs bedroom. To please his parents he enrolled at Stanford University in 1919; to please himself he signed on only for those courses that interested him: classical and British literature, writing courses, and a smattering of science. The President of the English Club said that Steinbeck, who regularly attended meetings to read his stories aloud, "had no other interests or talents that I could make out. He was a writer, but he was that and nothing else" (Benson 69). Writing was, indeed, his passion, not only during the Stanford years but throughout his life. From 1919 to 1925, when he finally left Stanford without taking a degree, Steinbeck dropped in and out of the University, sometimes to work closely with migrants and bindlestiffs on California ranches. Those relationships, coupled with an early sympathy for the weak and defenseless, deepened his empathy for workers, the disenfranchised, the lonely and dislocated, an empathy that is characteristic in his work. After leaving Stanford, he briefly tried construction work and newspaper reporting in New York City, and then returned to his native state in order to hone his craft. In the late 1920s, during a three-year stint as a caretaker for a Lake Tahoe estate, he wrote several drafts of his first novel, Cup of Gold (1929) about the pirate Henry Morgan, and met the woman who would become his first wife, Carol Henning, a San Jose native. After their marriage in 1930, he and Carol settled, rent-free, into the Steinbeck family's summer cottage in Pacific Grove, she to search for jobs to support them, he to continue writing. During the decade of the 1930s Steinbeck wrote most of his best California fiction: The Pastures of Heaven (1932), To a God Unknown (1933), The Long Valley (1938), Tortilla Flat (1935), In Dubious Battle (1936), Of Mice and Men (1937) and The Grapes of Wrath (1939). To a God Unknown, second written and third published, tells of patriarch Joseph Wayne's domination of and obsession with the land. Mystical and powerful, the novel testifies to Steinbeck's awareness of an essential bond between humans and the environments they inhabit. In a journal entry kept while working on this novel - a practice he continued all his life — the young author wrote: "the trees and the muscled mountains are the world — but not the world apart from man — the world and man — the one inseparable unit man and his environment. Why they should ever have been understood as being separate I do not know." His conviction that characters must be seen in the context of their environments remained constant throughout his career. His was not a man-dominated universe, but an interrelated whole, where species and the environment were seen to interact, where commensal bonds between people, among families, with nature were acknowledged. By 1933, Steinbeck had found his terrain; had chiseled a prose style that was more naturalistic, and far less strained than in his earliest novels; and had claimed his people - not the respectable, smug Salinas burghers, but those on the edges of polite society. Steinbeck's California fiction, from To a God Unknown to East of Eden (1952) envisions the dreams and defeats of common people shaped by the environments they inhabit. Undoubtedly his ecological, holistic vision was determined both by his early years roaming the Salinas hills and by his long and deep friendship with the remarkable Edward Flanders Ricketts, a marine biologist. Founder of Pacific Biological Laboratories, a marine lab eventually housed on Cannery Row in Monterey, Ed was a careful observer of inter-tidal life: "I grew to depend on his knowledge and on his patience in research," Steinbeck writes in "About Ed Ricketts," an essay composed after his friend's death in 1948 and published with The Log from the Sea of Cortez (1951). Ed Ricketts's influence on Steinbeck, however, struck far deeper than the common chord of detached observation. Ed was a lover of Gregorian chants and Bach; Spengler and Krishnamurti; Whitman and Li Po. His mind "knew no horizons," writes Steinbeck. In addition, Ricketts was remarkable for a quality of acceptance; he accepted people as they were and he embraced life as he found it. This quality he called non-teleological or "is" thinking, a perspective that Steinbeck also assumed in much of his fiction during the 1930s. He wrote with a "detached quality," simply recording what "is." The working title for Of Mice and Men, for example, was "Something That Happened "- this is simply the way life is. Furthermore, in most of his fiction Steinbeck includes a "Doc" figure, a wise observer of life who epitomizes the idealized stance of the non-teleological thinker: Doc Burton in In Dubious Battle, Slim in Of Mice and Men, Casy in The Grapes of Wrath, Lee in East of Eden, and of course "Doc" himself in Cannery Row (1945) and the sequel, the rollicking Sweet Thursday (1954). All see broadly and truly and empathetically. Ed Ricketts, patient and thoughtful, a poet and a scientist, helped ground the author's ideas. He was Steinbeck's mentor, his alter ego, and his soul mate. Considering the depth of his eighteen-year friendship with Ricketts, it is hardly surprising that the bond acknowledged most frequently in Steinbeck's oeuvre is friendship between and among men. Steinbeck's writing style as well as his social consciousness of the 1930s was also shaped by an equally compelling figure in his life, his wife Carol. She helped edit his prose, urged him to cut the Latinate phrases, typed his manuscripts, suggested titles, and offered ways to restructure. In 1935, having finally published his first popular success with tales of Monterey's paisanos, Tortilla Flat, Steinbeck, goaded by Carol, attended a few meetings of nearby Carmel's John Reed Club. Although he found the group's zealotry distasteful, he, like so many intellectuals of the 1930s, was drawn to the communists' sympathy for the working man. Farm workers in California suffered. He set out to write a "biography of a strikebreaker," but from his interviews with a hounded organizer hiding out in nearby Seaside, he turned from biography to fiction, writing one of the best strike novels of the 1900s, In Dubious Battle. Never a partisan novel, it dissects with a steady hand both the ruthlessness of the strike organizers and the rapaciousness of the greedy landowners. What the author sees as dubious about the struggle between organizers and farmers is not who will win but how profound is the effect on the workers trapped in between, manipulated by both interests. At the height of his powers, Steinbeck followed this large canvas with two books that round-out what might be called his labor trilogy. The tightly-focused Of Mice and Men was one of the first in a long line of "experiments," a word he often used to identify a forthcoming project. This "play-novelette," intended to be both a novella and a script for a play, is a tightly-drafted study of bindlestiffs through whose dreams he wanted to represent the universal longings for a home. Both the text and the critically-acclaimed 1937 Broadway play (which won the 1937-1938 New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for best play) made Steinbeck a household name, assuring his popularity and, for some, his infamy. His next novel intensified popular debate about Steinbeck's gritty subjects, his uncompromising sympathy for the disenfranchised, and his "crass" language. The Grapes of Wrath sold out an advance edition of 19,804 by 1939 mid-April; was selling 10,000 copies per week by early May; and had won the Pulitzer Prize for the year (1940). Published at the apex of the Depression, the book about dispossessed farmers captured the decade's angst as well as the nation's legacy of fierce individualism, visionary prosperity, and determined westward movement. It was, like the best of Steinbeck's novels, informed in part by documentary zeal, in part by Steinbeck's ability to trace mythic and biblical patterns. Lauded by critics nationwide for its scope and intensity, The Grapes of Wrath attracted an equally vociferous minority opinion. Oklahoma congressman Lyle Boren said that the dispossessed Joad's story was a "dirty, lying, filthy manuscript." Californians claimed the novel was a scourge on the state's munificence, and an indignant Kern County, its migrant population burgeoning, banned the book well into the 1939-1945 war. The righteous attacked the book's language or its crass gestures: Granpa's struggle to keep his fly buttoned was not, it seemed to some, fit for print. The Grapes of Wrath was a cause celebre. The author abandoned the field, exhausted from two years of research trips and personal commitment to the migrants' woes, from the five-month push to write the final version, from a deteriorating marriage to Carol, and from an unnamed physical malady. He retreated to Ed Ricketts and science, announcing his intention to study seriously marine biology and to plan a collecting trip to the Sea of Cortez. The text Steinbeck and Ricketts published in 1941, Sea of Cortez (reissued in 1951 without Ed Ricketts's catalogue of species as The Log from the Sea of Cortez), tells the story of that expedition. It does more, however. The Log portion that Steinbeck wrote (from Ed's notes) in 1940 - at the same time working on a film in Mexico, The Forgotten Village - contains his and Ed's philosophical musings, his ecological perspective, as well as keen observations on Mexican peasantry, hermit crabs, and "dryball" scientists. Quipped New York Times critic Lewis Gannett, there is, in Sea of Cortez, more "of the whole man, John Steinbeck, than any of his novels": Steinbeck the keen observer of life, Steinbeck the scientist, the seeker of truth, the historian and journalist, the writer. Steinbeck was determined to participate in the war effort, first doing patriotic work (The Moon Is Down, 1942, a play-novelette about an occupied Northern European country, and Bombs Away, 1942, a portrait of bomber trainees) and then going overseas for the New York Herald Tribune as a war correspondent. In his war dispatches he wrote about the neglected corners of war that many journalists missed - life at a British bomber station, the allure of Bob Hope, the song "Lili Marlene," and a diversionary mission off the Italian coast. These columns were later collected in Once There Was a War(1958). Immediately after returning to the States, a shattered Steinbeck wrote a nostalgic and lively account of his days on Cannery Row, Cannery Row (1945). In 1945, however, few reviewers recognized that the book's central metaphor, the tide pool, suggested a way to read this non-teleological novel that examined the "specimens" who lived on Monterey's Cannery Row, the street Steinbeck knew so well. Steinbeck often felt misunderstood by book reviewers and critics, and their barbs rankled the sensitive writer, and would throughout his career. A book resulting from a post-war trip to the Soviet Union with Robert Capa in 1947, A Russian Journal (1948), seemed to many superficial. Reviewers seemed doggedly either to misunderstand his biological naturalism or to expect him to compose another strident social critique like The Grapes of Wrath. Commonplace phrases echoed in reviews of books of the 1940s and other "experimental" books of the 1950s and 1960s: "complete departure," "unexpected." A humorous text like Cannery Row seemed fluff to many. Set in La Paz, Mexico, The Pearl (1947), a "folk tale. . .a black-white story like a parable" as he wrote his agent, tells of a young man who finds an astounding pearl, loses his freedom in protecting his wealth, and finally throws back into the sea the cause of his woes. Reviews noted this as another slim volume by a major author of whom more was expected. The Wayward Bus (1947), a "cosmic Bus," sputtered as well. Steinbeck faltered both professionally and personally in the 1940s. He divorced the loyal but volatile Carol in 1943. That same year he moved east with his second wife, Gwyndolen Conger, a lovely and talented woman nearly twenty years his junior who ultimately came to resent his growing stature and feel that her own creativity - she was a singer - had been stifled. With Gwyn, Steinbeck had two sons, Thom and John, but the marriage started falling apart shortly after the second son's birth, ending in divorce in 1948. That same year Steinbeck was numbed by Ed Ricketts's death. Only with concentrated work on a film script on the life of Emiliano Zapata for Elia Kazan's film Viva Zapata! (1952) would Steinbeck gradually chart a new course. In 1949 he met and in 1950 married his third wife, Elaine Scott, and with her he moved again to New York City, where he lived for the rest of his life. Much of the pain and reconciliation of those late years of the 1940s were worked out in two subsequent novels: his third play-novelette Burning Bright (1950), a boldly experimental parable about a man's acceptance of his wife's child fathered by another man, and in the largely autobiographical work he'd contemplated since the early 1930s, East of Eden (1952). "It is what I have been practicing to write all of my life," he wrote to painter and author Bo Beskow early in 1948, when he first began research for a novel about his native valley and his people; three years later when he finished the manuscript he wrote his friend again, "This is 'the book'...Always I had this book waiting to be written." With Viva Zapata!, East of Eden,Burning Bright and later The Winter of Our Discontent (1961), Steinbeck's fiction becomes less concerned with the behavior of groups - what he called in the 1930s "group man" - and more focused on an individual's moral responsibility to self and community. The detached perspective of the scientist gives way to a certain warmth; the ubiquitous "self-character" that he claimed appeared in all his novels to comment and observe is modeled less on Ed Ricketts, more on John Steinbeck himself. Certainly with his divorce from Gwyn, Steinbeck had endured dark nights of the soul, and East of Eden contains those turbulent emotions surrounding the subject of wife, children, family, and fatherhood. "In a sense it will be two books," he wrote in his journal (posthumously published in 1969 as Journal of a Novel: The "East of Eden" Letters) as he began the final draft in 1951, "the story of my country and the story of me. And I shall keep these two separate." Early critics dismissed as incoherent the two-stranded story of the Hamiltons, his mother's family, and the Trasks, "symbol people" representing the story of Cain and Abel; more recently critics have come to recognize that the epic novel is an early example of metafiction, exploring the role of the artist as creator, a concern, in fact, in many of his books. Like The Grapes of Wrath, East of Eden is a defining point in his career. During the 1950s and 1960s the perpetually "restless" Steinbeck traveled extensively throughout the world with his third wife, Elaine. With her, he became more social. Perhaps his writing suffered as a result; some claim that even East of Eden, his most ambitious post-Grapes novel, cannot stand shoulder to shoulder with his searing social novels of the 1930s. In the fiction of his last two decades, however, Steinbeck never ceased to take risks, to stretch his conception of the novel's structure, to experiment with the sound and form of language. Sweet Thursday, sequel to Cannery Row, was written as a musical comedy that would resolve Ed Ricketts's loneliness by sending him off into the sunset with a true love, Suzy, a whore with a gilded heart. The musical version by Rodgers and Hammerstein, Pipe Dream , was one of the team's few failures. In 1957 he published the satiric The Short Reign of Pippin IV, a tale about the French Monarchy gaining ascendancy. And in 1961, he published his last work of fiction, the ambitious The Winter of Our Discontent, a novel about contemporary America set in a fictionalized Sag Harbor (where he and Elaine had a summer home). Increasingly disillusioned with American greed, waste, and spongy morality - his own sons seemed textbook cases - he wrote his jeremiad, a lament for an ailing populace. The following year, 1962, Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature; the day after the announcement the New York Times ran an editorial by the influential Arthur Mizener, "Does a Writer with a Moral Vision of the 1930s Deserve the Nobel Prize?" Wounded by the blindside attack, unwell, frustrated and disillusioned, John Steinbeck wrote no more fiction. But the writer John Steinbeck was not silenced. As always, he wrote reams of letters to his many friends and associates. In the 1950s and 1960s he published scores of journalistic pieces: "Making of a New Yorker," "I Go Back to Ireland," columns about the 1956 national political conventions, and "Letters to Alicia," a controversial series about a 1966 White House-approved trip to Vietnam where his sons were stationed. In the late 1950s — and intermittently for the rest of his life — he worked diligently on a modern English translation of a book he had loved since childhood, Sir Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur; the unfinished project was published posthumously as The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights (1976). Immediately after completing Winter , the ailing novelist proposed "not a little trip of reporting," he wrote to his agent Elizabeth Otis, "but a frantic last attempt to save my life and the integrity of my creativity pulse." In 1960, he toured America in a camper truck designed to his specifications, and on his return published the highly praised Travels with Charley in Search of America (1962), another book that both celebrates American individuals and decries American hypocrisy; the climax of his journey is his visit to the New Orleans "cheerleaders" who daily taunted black children newly registered in white schools. His disenchantment with American waste, greed, immorality and racism ran deep. His last published book,America and Americans (1966), reconsiders the American character, the land, the racial crisis, and the seemingly crumbling morality of the American people. In these late years, in fact since his final move to New York in 1950, many accused John Steinbeck of increasing conservatism. True enough that with greater wealth came the chance to spend money more freely. And with status came political opportunities that seemed out of step for a "radical" of the 1930s: he initially defended Lyndon Johnson's views on the war with Vietnam (dying before he could, as he wished, qualify his initial responses). And true enough that the man who spent a lifetime "whipping" his sluggard will (read Working Days: The Journals of "The Grapes of Wrath" [1989] for biting testimony of the struggle) felt intolerance for 1960s protesters whose zeal, in his eyes, was unfocused and whose anger was explosive, not turned to creative solutions. But it is far more accurate to say that the author who wrote The Grapes of Wrathnever retreated into conservatism. He lived in modest houses all his life, caring little for lavish displays of power or wealth. He always preferred talking to ordinary citizens wherever he traveled, sympathizing always with the disenfranchised. He was a Stevenson Democrat in the 1950s. Even in the 1930s, he was never a communist, and after three trips to Russia (1937, 1947, 1963) he hated with increasing intensity Soviet repression of the individual. In fact, neither during his life nor after has the paradoxical Steinbeck been an easy author to pigeonhole personally, politically, or artistically. As a man, he was an introvert and at the same time had a romantic streak, was impulsive, garrulous, a lover of jests and word play and practical jokes. As an artist, he was a ceaseless experimenter with words and form, and often critics did not "see" quite what he was up to. He claimed his books had "layers," yet many claimed his symbolic touch was cumbersome. He loved humor and warmth, but some said he slopped over into sentimentalism. He was, and is now recognized as, an environmental writer. He was an intellectual, passionately interested in his odd little inventions, in jazz, in politics, in philosophy, history, and myth - this range from an author sometimes labeled simplistic by academe. All said, Steinbeck remains one of America's most significant twentieth-century writers, whose popularity spans the world, whose range is impressive, whose output was prodigious: 16 novels, a collection of short stories, four screenplays (The Forgotten Village, The Red Pony, Viva Zapata!, Lifeboat ), a sheaf of journalistic essays - including four collections (Bombs Away, Once There Was a War, America and Americans, The Harvest Gypsies) — three travel narratives (Sea of Cortez, A Russian Journal, Travels with Charley), a translation and two published journals (more remain unpublished). Three "play-novelettes" ran on Broadway: Of Mice and Men, The Moon Is Down, and Burning Bright, as did the musicalPipe Dream. Whatever his "experiment" in fiction or journalistic prose, he wrote with empathy, clarity, perspicuity: "In every bit of honest writing in the world," he noted in a 1938 journal entry, "...there is a base theme. Try to understand men, if you understand each other you will be kind to each other. Knowing a man well never leads to hate and nearly always leads to love."	i don't know
Who wrote Three Men In A Boat?	Three Men in a Boat (TV Movie 1975) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Three Men in a Boat ( 1975 ) 1h 4min One hot June day, three friends decide there is nothing they would like to do more than to get away from London. A boating holiday with lots of fresh air and exercise would be just the very... See full summary » Director: Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. a list of 196 titles created 06 Jun 2012 a list of 257 titles created 01 Jan 2013 a list of 39 titles created 04 Sep 2014 a list of 30 titles created 4 months ago a list of 50 titles created 3 months ago Title: Three Men in a Boat (TV Movie 1975) 7.4/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? Three London gentlemen take vacation rowing down the Thames, encountering various mishaps and misadventures along the way. Director: Ken Annakin Griff Rhys Jones , Rory McGrath and Dara O'Briain embark on a series of boat journeys. Stars: Griff Rhys Jones, Rory McGrath, Dara O'Briain Two ill-matched teenage girls form a punk band and soon have New York City by its ears. Director: Allan Moyle James Penfield has made a career out of journalism. Now bankrupt, he finds himself with a group of other writers in the middle of the dispute-ridden British homeland at the time of the Falklands War. Director: Richard Eyre A corrupt television preacher and his congregation are held hostage by a woman, her lover, and her two cousins in an attempt to avenge the theft of her inheritance. A quirky look at the ... See full summary » Director: David Beaird A traveler by the name of Crossley forces himself upon a musician and his wife in a lonely part of Devon, and uses the aboriginal magic he has learned to displace his host. Director: Jerzy Skolimowski Napoleon and Love (TV Mini-Series 1974) Biography \| Drama \| History A dramatized account of Napoleon's love life and his many women; from first-love, marriage, and betrayal with Josephine, liaisons with actresses, his love for the beautiful patriotic Marie ... See full summary » Stars: Ian Holm, Billie Whitelaw, Peter Bowles Sammy and Rosie are an unconventional middle-class London married couple. They live in the midst of inner-city chaos, surround themselves with intellectual street people, and sleep with ... See full summary » Director: Stephen Frears Will Shakespeare (TV Mini-Series 1978) Biography Blue Money (TV Movie 1985) Comedy \| Crime Larry dreams of becoming a star entertainer, but until then he drives a cab and works as chauffeur for the shady Ramirez. One day he has a look in the suitcase that Ramirez is carrying ... See full summary » Director: Colin Bucksey The comic adventures of three friends and a dog when they take a boating holiday on the River Thames. Director: Graham Cutts Edit Storyline One hot June day, three friends decide there is nothing they would like to do more than to get away from London. A boating holiday with lots of fresh air and exercise would be just the very thing, or so their doctors tell them. So, after debating the merits of hotel or camp beds and what to pack, they set off on their voyage - a trip up the Thames from Henley to Oxford - but very quickly find themselves ill-equipped for the trials of riverbank life. Written by Dabby 31 December 1975 (UK) See more » Also Known As: Drei Mann in einem Boot See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Tom Stoppard had never read Jerome K. Jerome's famous novel when he was asked to adapt it for this TV movie. He claimed that this was actually a help, as "I didn't know which bits were supposed to be funny". See more » Connections (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews I don't think it is quite as good as the 1956 David Tomblinson film, but what we have here is a charming adaptation of a classic book, that is worthy of a little more praise. True, some(emphasis on the some)of the camera-work is a little flat, but considering that it was made in the 70s, and made for TV, it can be forgiven, and it is rather short. The adaptation does look beautiful, with lovely English scenery and sumptuous costumes. The script is lovely, very lyrical and poetic with phrases such as "Dainty dress of spring", and is very true to the book, which is better admittedly. There is also some humour, especially with the chemistry between the two men and the scene in the Hampton Court Maze. Another mention is when Jerome is reading a book on diseases and convinces himself he has them all. I particularly liked Jerome's exclamation "Why does Harris look like a martyr goose?" It was really nice to see the wonderful Tim Curry in an early role, and I thought he was great as Jerome, and this is an example of a film where Curry shouldn't be dismissed as over the top person as he is made out to be. He is given top notch support by Michael Palin as Harris and Stephen Moore as George. All in all, a relaxing and perfectly watchable adaptation, with a 9/10 from me. Bethany Cox. 2 of 3 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Jerome K. Jerome
Which broadsheet newspaper founded in 1821 as 'The New Observer' became the first to produce a colour supplement?	Jerome K. Jerome (1859-1927) - Victorian Secrets Victorian Secrets Contact Jerome K. Jerome (1859-1927) Jerome Klapka Jerome was born Jerome Clapp Jerome on 2 May 1859 in the Staffordshire town of Walsall. The family surname was originally Clapp, but his parents took the seemingly inexplicable decision to change it to Jerome. The failure of his father’s colliery forced the family to decamp to London, where Jerome attended the Philological School (later Marylebone Grammar School). They lived in Poplar at the heart of the East End, where Jerome was tormented as an obvious outsider and the family had no choice but to relinquish their middle-class lifestyle. After his father’s death, the fourteen-year-old Jerome was obliged to find a job, working as a clerk for the London and North Western Railway. When his mother died two years later, Jerome was able to achieve his ambition of becoming an actor, a profession of which his god-fearing parents would have strongly disapproved. Although touring with theatre companies provided variety and excitement, Jerome soon found himself sleeping rough on the streets of London. He was discovered there by an old friend who persuaded him to become a journalist. The pay and prospects weren’t much better, and Jerome supplemented his income by working as a solicitor’s clerk. He had, however, risen sufficiently in the world to settle down, marrying in 1888 the recently divorced wife of his first cousin. It was shortly after his marriage that Jerome wrote Three Men in a Boat (1888) the phenomenally successful novel that was to become both a curse and a blessing. Although it catapulted him to literary stardom, most reviewers refused to take his subsequent work seriously, and his lower-middle-class status was ridiculed by many. He felt an affinity with Charles Dickens who could never escape the legacy of Pickwick. Mindful of the backlash if he attempted to write in a different genre, Jerome asked that his 1892 novella Weeds be published anonymously. Unfortunately, this dark tale of sexual corruption made his publisher nervous and it was never made available for sale. The book wasn’t linked with Jerome until 1968 when a letter was auctioned at Sotheby’s ( it is now available in a critical edition ). Despite being predominately famous for one book, Jerome wrote eight novels, fifteen collections of sketches and short stories, two autobiographical works, over thirty plays, and an uncalculable number of journal articles. In addition he edited the illustrated monthly The Idler and the weekly To-Day, which featured contributions from George Gissing and Aubrey Beardsley. On this platform, Jerome campaigned on a variety of issues, such as vivisection and corporal punishment, and also attacked the industrialist Samson Fox for fraudulent behaviour. Alas, in 1897 the mighty Fox sued for libel, leaving Jerome with costs of £9,000, which he was only able to cover by selling his interest in both magazines. A two-year stay in Germany inspired Three Men on the Bummel (1900), a sequel to Three Men in a Boat. Undaunted, he continued writing , including the autobiographical novel Paul Kelver (1902) and a series of plays, the most successful being The Passing of the Third Floor Back (1908). Like many prominent men, Jerome was initially an enthusiastic propagandist for the First World War, but a stint with a French ambulance unit left him ‘cured of any sneaking regard I may ever have had for war’. His 1919 novel All Roads Lead to Calvary demonises a crowd that lynches a conscientious objector, and Anthony John (1921) explores his move towards socialism. This attempt to redefine himself as an author of political fiction was futile, and Jerome was described as ‘a typical humourist of the eighties’ in his Times obituary, nearly forth years after the publication of Three Men in a Boat. Jerome K. Jerome died on 14 June 1927, following a series of strokes, and was buried at St Mary’s Church in the Oxfordshire village of Ewelme.	i don't know
What was the title of The Beatles' first film released in 1964?	Film History Milestones - 1964 Event and Significance 1964 The first feature-length made-for-TV movie, an action film titled See How They Run (1964) and starring John Forsythe and Senta Berger, was broadcast on NBC-TV for its world premiere. It was the first broadcast of Project 120, an innovative deal between Universal and NBC. 1964 By 1964, especially with the rise of television, theater admission numbers had dropped dramatically to below 1 billion. The trend started to reverse itself with the arrival of blockbusters and multi-plexes, but Hollywood would never get back to its glory days in the 1940s and 1950s. 1964 Director/screenwriter Shirley Clarke's mainstream, fictional feature crime film The Cool World (1964), a cinema verite-style examination of the rise of the Black Power movement and street gangs among African-Americans in the inner-city, was the first commercial film venture to be shot on location in Harlem. The semi-documentary was also the first feature-length film credit produced by legendary documentary director Frederick Wiseman. 1964 Michelangelo Antonioni's and cinematographer Carlo DiPalma's visually-impressive French-Italian co-production Red Desert (1964, It.) (Il Deserto Rosso) made spectacular use of the recently-perfected telephoto lens, to create a shallow depth-of-field. It was also Antonioni's first film in color, used in extreme and expressive ways. 1964 Director Teinosuke Kinugasa's Japanese historical period drama Gate of Hell (1953/1954, Jp.) (aka Jigokumon), released during the wave of influential Japanese cinema in mid-century, was the first color film from Japan to be released outside of the country. It also won the Palme d'Or (Grand Prize) at the 1954 Cannes Film Festival, and the Best Costume Design (Color) Oscar. Its tale was about a brave 12th Century samurai named Moritoh Enda (Kazuo Hasegawa) who hopelessly longed for the beautiful but married Lady Kesa (Machiko Kyo). 1964 The mockumentary A Hard Day's Night (1964), the first Beatles film, premiered. The behind-the-scenes lives of the Fab Four were highlighted as Beatlemania erupted worldwide. The Beatles had made their first live TV appearance in the US on "The Ed Sullivan Show" on February 9, 1964. 1964 Sony began marketing the first reel-to-reel (video tape recorder) VTR designed specifically for home use in 1964 -- however, widescale consumer use of video tape recorders didn't really take off until the mid-1970s. 1964 Director Stanley Kubrick's brilliant, satirical, provocative black comedy/fantasy regarding doomsday and Cold War politics was released, Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) . The landmark film - the first commercially-successful political satire about nuclear war, was a cynically-objective, Monty Python-esque, humorous, biting response to the apocalyptic fears of the 1950s. 1964 To obtain film rights to the intellectual property My Fair Lady (1964) , to be directed by George Cukor and starring Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison, Warners paid a record sum of $5.5 million in February 1962. (See Annie (1982) when the record was broken.) 1964 The Cockney flower vendor character, Eliza Doolittle, played by little-known Julie Andrews on the Broadway stage for My Fair Lady was replaced by well-known, non-singing 'Cinderella' actress Audrey Hepburn in the big-screen 1964 version. Ironically, Julie Andrews was awarded a Best Actress Academy Award (presented in 1965) for her role in Disney's competing film Mary Poppins (1964) as the title character British nanny, and Hepburn failed to receive a nomination for her part. 1964 Mary Poppins (1964) blended live-action and animation. It received 13 Academy Award nominations and won five Oscar statues, including Best Actress for Julie Andrews. She was the first Disney star to win an Oscar, and the film has remained for many years the single most successful film that the Disney Studios has had at the Academy Awards. 1964 Mostly known for his "tough guy" roles, Alan Ladd died at the age of 50, due to a lethal combination of alcohol and drugs. During his film career, he was most memorably paired three times in film noirs with 'peekaboo' blonde star Veronica Lake in his breakthrough film This Gun For Hire (1942) as hired killer "Raven," in The Glass Key (1942), and in the mystery The Blue Dahlia (1946). Another notable role for which he was forever identified was as the title character in George Stevens' western Shane (1953) . 1964 Goldfinger (1964) , the third James Bond film in the long-running series, was released in the UK in September of 1964. A few months later in December, it was released in the US. It was the first James Bond film to receive an Academy Awards Oscar - Best Sound Effects Editing. It was also the first Bond film to receive an Academy Awards nomination. It also introduced the not-so-subtly named Pussy Galore (Honor Blackman). Its iconic image was Jill Masterson (Shirley Eaton) dying after being painted in gold. 1964 During the filming of The Cincinnati Kid (1965) starring Steve McQueen, maverick director Sam Peckinpah was fired by producer Martin Ransohoff (the President of Filmways, Inc.) for "vulgarizing" the picture with the unscheduled shooting of a non-scripted nude scene with a female extra (star-to-be Sharon Tate), supposedly for the European version. She was to be naked under a fur coat. Along with Peckinpah, actress Tate was fired. He was replaced by a new director, Norman Jewison. The theatrical release of the film contained no nudity. 1964 The musical Hello, Dolly!, starring Carol Channing, opened at the St. James Theatre in New York City on January 16, 1964. Five years later, Barbra Streisand played the lead role in the film version of Hello, Dolly! (1969) directed by Gene Kelly. 1964 In late June of 1964, 47 year-old actor Ernest Borgnine married 56 year-old singer Ethel Merman (with a long filmography of musicals that stretched back into the 1930s) - a union that lasted only 32 days. It was her fourth marriage - and divorce, and his third marriage. Their divorce was finalized in May of 1965. 1964 Ronald Reagan's last feature film appearance before his retiring from the screen was in director Don Siegel's post-noir crime thriller The Killers (1964) in which he played 'heavy' or bad-guy crime boss Jack Browning - the first time he had ever played a villain. Two years later, he would be elected governor of California. 1964 Austrian-born character actor Peter Lorre, with a distinctive accent and large bugged-out eyes, died of a heart attack/stroke at the age of 59. He first came to prominence in the role of Hans Beckert, a predatory serial killer of young children in director Fritz Lang's M (1931, Germ.). He also had memorable roles in films opposite Humphrey Bogart and Sydney Greenstreet in The Maltese Falcon (1941) and Casablanca (1942) , as the star in a series of eight Mr. Moto films (from 1937 to 1939), and in the wacky comedy Arsenic and Old Lace (1944) .	A Hard Day's Night
Which member of the Royal family divorced on April 23rd 1992 and married again 8 months later?	The Beatles Albums - A Hard Day's Night - 1964 Release Date: July 10, 1964 Length: 30;45 Recorded: Abbey Road Studios and Pathé Marconi Studios Label: Parlophone A Hard Day's Night is the third UK album by The Beatles, released on 10 July 1964 as the soundtrack to their first film of the same name on Parlophone in mono) and stereo. The album, their fourth U.S. release, was released on 26 June 1964 by United Artists Records with a different tracklisting. The American version of the album was released on 26 June 1964 by United Artists Records in mono and stereo and contained the seven songs from the film: "A Hard Day's Night," "Tell Me Why," "I'm Happy Just to Dance With You," "I Should Have Known Better," "If I Fell," "And I Love Her," and "Can't Buy Me Love." It also features "I'll Cry Instead", which, although written for the film, was cut from it at the last minute. The American version also included four easy listening-styled instrumental versions of Lennon and McCartney songs by George Martin: "I Should Have Known Better", "And I Love Her", "Ringo's Theme (This Boy)", and "A Hard Day's Night", each of which later appeared on George Martin's own instrumental albums released by Capitol, United Artists and Parlophone. The album went to number one on the Billboard album chart, spending 14 weeks there, the longest run of any album that year. Other Albums	i don't know
What did 15 men led by Bruce Reynolds do on August 8th, 1963 in Ledburn, Buckinghamshire?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 8 \| 1963: Train robbers make off with millions 1963: Train robbers make off with millions Thieves have ambushed the Glasgow to Euston mail train and stolen thousands of pounds. Banks estimate they have lost over £2m in used, untraceable banknotes in the biggest ever raid on a British train. The Post Office train - known as the Up Special - had run every night, without interference, for 125 years until it was brought to a halt by a red light at 0315 GMT in Buckinghamshire. This was obviously a brilliantly planned operation<br> Det Supt Buckinghamshire CID<br> Driver Jack Mills, 58, has been detained in hospital in Aylesbury with head injuries after being coshed by the raiders, who police believe were masked and armed with sticks and iron bars. But most of the 75 mail sorters working on the train were unaware of the 20 minute incident as the thieves uncoupled the engine and front two carriages of the train and drove them up to Bridego Bridge a mile away. There they broke into the second carriage - restraining the four postal workers inside - and loaded 120 mail and money bags into a lorry waiting on the road beneath. Investigators - including Buckinghamshire Police, the British Transport Police and the Post Office - were on the scene, near Cheddington, in the early hours of the morning and found signals had been tampered with and telephone wires cut. The Detective Superintendent of Buckinghamshire CID said: "This was obviously a brilliantly planned operation." Rewards totalling a record £260,000 have already been offered by insurers, banks and the Post Office for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the gang and return of the money. The Postmaster-General Mr Bevins explained the robbery may have been an "inside job" and has called for a "full and urgent" inquiry into security on Royal Mail trains. He was concerned the money on board had not been defaced, since much of it was en route to be destroyed. Labour MP for Burnley Dan Jones proposed a bill to improve security on mail trains two years ago and in the House of Commons today expressed outrage that the matter had still not been addressed. In Context The total amount stolen was put at £2.6m in a heist that became known as the Great Train Robbery. <br> After a massive police operation the gang's abandoned hideout was found at Leatherslade Farm in Bedfordshire. <br> Just over six months later 12 - of a gang of 15 - thieves were sentenced to jail-terms totalling more than 300 years. <br> The robbery's mastermind, Bruce Reynolds, evaded capture until 1969, when he was given a 10 year sentence. <br> In the meantime two of his accomplices - Charlie Wilson and Ronnie Biggs - escaped. <br> Biggs only returned to the UK in 2001 for medical treatment and was imprisoned to serve the remainder of his 28 year sentence. He was released in August 2009 on compassionate grounds after suffering several strokes.<br> Jack Mills never worked again and died in 1970. <br>	The Great Train Robbery
'Live Aid' pop concerts are staged on July 13th 1985 in London and which other US city?	July 8, 1965: Great Train Robber Ronnie Biggs escapes from Wandsworth prison - BT July 8, 1965: Great Train Robber Ronnie Biggs escapes from Wandsworth prison Great Train Robber Ronnie Biggs used an exercise session as cover to scale a 20-foot wall and spark a manhunt which would end with 31 years in exile in Brazil. Print this story Ronnie Biggs, one of the gang who carried out the notorious Great Train Robbery in August 1963, escaped from Wandsworth Prison on this day in 1965, setting in motion a manhunt which would lead to his eventual enforced exile in Brazil. Biggs, 35, escaped with three other inmates by scaling the 20-foot wall of the prison yard during afternoon exercise, after ladders of rope and tubular steel were thrown over the wall by accomplices. Warders supervising the exercise session were hampered by the other prisoners in the yard, allowing the four men to lower themselves onto a red furniture van waiting below (pictured). They were then split into three cars to make their escape. When police arrived on the scene they found prison overalls and a loaded shotgun in the abandoned van. Later they discovered one of the cars used in the escape, a green Ford Zephyr, which had been left outside Wandsworth Common station. Biggs had been captured a little over a month after the robbery and was tried with 12 other suspects. He was convicted in April 1964 of armed robbery and conspiracy to rob, and was sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment. His fellow robber Charlie Wilson had escaped in August of that year when three men broke into Winson Green Prison in Birmingham. Wilson would be recaptured in Canada in 1968, but the police had no such good fortune in apprehending Biggs. He would travel to Paris to undertake plastic surgery and receive falsified identity papers, before spending three years in Australia and then fleeing to Brazil, where he remained until voluntarily returning to the UK in 2001. [Related story: What happened to the Great Train Robbers?] He then served eight years of his sentence before being released on compassionate grounds, having suffered a series of strokes. Do you remember Ronnie Biggs escaping from Wandsworth prison? What were your feelings toward the prisoners at the time? Let us know in the Comments section below. Ronnie Biggs – Did you know? Ronald ‘Ronnie’ Biggs was born in 1929 in Stockwell, London. He served two jail sentences in the 1950s for car theft and attempted robbery; during the second stretch, in Wandsworth Prison, he met Bruce Reynolds. Reynolds masterminded the robbery of a Royal mail train on August 8, 1963, by planning to fake a red signal to make the train stop by a bridge in Ledburn, Buckinghamshire. The 15-strong gang got away with £2.6 million. Biggs had been trying to ‘go straight’ as a carpenter when he heard of Reynolds’ plan. As he was able to source a train driver, who was needed to drive the engine after it was uncoupled from the train, he became a member of the gang. Of the 13 men tried in Aylesbury in 1963-64, seven (including Biggs) would receive 30-year sentences. Commentators immediately noted the harshness of this punishment; in the event, none of the robbers spent more than around eleven years in total in prison. The men who escaped from Wandsworth with Biggs were his friend Eric Flower, 31, an armed robber, and Robert Anderson and Patrick Doyle, both 27, who were serving time for conspiracy to rob. Anderson and Doyle were recaptured within three months. Biggs and his wife Charmian went to Sydney where their third child was born. Tipped off that he was under suspicion, he moved his family to Melbourne in 1967 and worked as a builder. Further suspicion caused him to flee to Panama by sea, then to Brazil by plane. Police, led by Detective Chief Superintendent Jack Slipper (above, middle), travelled to Rio de Janeiro to extradite Biggs in 1974, but were unable to do so as his Brazilian girlfriend was pregnant with his son, Michael. He was granted leave to remain in the country for the rest of his life in 1997. On his return to the UK in 2001 – in part undertaken to receive medical treatment – Biggs was incarcerated in Belmarsh Prison, later moving to Norwich Prison. He was released on grounds of ill health in 2009, but would survive nearly four more years a free man.	i don't know
At the 84th Academy Awards in 2012, which silent French film received ten nominations, winning five awards, including Best Picture?	Oscars 2012: Complete Winners List \| Hollywood Reporter Oscars 2012: Complete Winners List 5:30 PM PST 2/26/2012 by THR Staff Getty Images "The Artist" and "Hugo" topped the 84th annual Academy Awards with five wins apiece. The 84th annual Academy Awards took place Sunday, Feb. 26 with Billy Crystal hosting for a ninth time. Martin Scorsese's 3D film Hugo and silent movie The Artist topped the night with five wins apiece . The Artist took home several of the top awards, including best picture, director (Michel Hazanavicius) and actor (Jean Dujardin). The Iron Lady was the only other film to take home multiple awards with two honors, including Meryl Streep's third Oscar. Other films represented with wins include The Descendants, The Help, A Separation, The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, Undefeated, Beginners, The Muppets, Midnight in Paris and the short films The Shore, Saving Face and The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore. Below are the winners in the 24 motion picture categories: Best Picture	Artist (disambiguation)
What was the name of Apollo 11's Lunar Module that landed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the surface of the moon in 1969?	Michel Hazanavicius, Writer / Director The Search - COLCOA 2015 French Film Festival - YouTube Michel Hazanavicius, Writer / Director The Search - COLCOA 2015 French Film Festival Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Apr 25, 2015 Discussion avec Michel Hazanavicius, réalisateur du film The Search, présent à Los Angeles pendant COLCOA 2015, French Film Festival à Hollywood. 2012 Oscar Best Director for The Artist. Michel Hazanavicius is the director of The Artist which, at the 84th Academy Awards, received ten nominations, winning five awards, including Best Picture, Best Director for Hazanavicius, Best Actor in a Leading Role for Jean Dujardin, Best Costume Design, and Best Original Score Autres interviews dans le cadre de COLCOA 2015 Other interviews done during COLCOA 2015	i don't know
In which country would you find budgerigars in their natural habitat?	Parakeet Habitat - Pets Pets by Jasey Kelly Mimicking their natural habitat will make your budgie extremely happy! The common parakeet, or budgerigar, is a favorite birdie pet because of its compact size, color, inquisitiveness and all-around good attitude. These guys love being part of the family, especially when they're given the opportunity to do things they would in their native Australia. Native Habitat The colorful little budgies you talk to and play with every day are native to Australia, despite the fact they do so well in captivity. While they inhabit the entire Australian continent except for certain coastal areas in the far east and southwest corners, they favor the drier, hotter interior of the country. In the wild, flocks of budgies favor open areas such as grasslands, scrublands and open woodlands, but they'll always be close to a body of water. Natural Behaviors Wild budgerigar habitat is based largely on the availability of food and water. As ground-foragers, these little parrots thoroughly enjoy taking the seeds from grasses and crops, particularly tussock grasses and spinifex. In the wild, budgies don't need any other food source because these seeds are so energy-rich, with as many calories as animal tissue! This is why you might notice your pet parakeet spending time on the floor of their cage -- it's a natural feeding behavior. The need for water is large partly due to the fact that an adult budgie will drink approximately 5 1/2 percent of its body weight daily! Migrations to the north are often based on the need to find more water and an available food source. Introductions into New Areas Because of their exquisite ability to provide companionship to humans, budgies have been introduced as pets to New Zealand, Japan, Africa, Europe and the United States, among other places. Only one other area in the world has known feral populations of budgies, though: St. Petersburg, Florida. They've been recorded there since the 1940s, although their populations are slowly declining. Captive Habitats Setting up your budgie's cage to mimic his natural behavior is beneficial to your feathered friend! Just because the cage you see in a pet store says "Perfect for Budgies" or something similar doesn't mean it's truly ideal. These little birds love to both fly and climb, so height and length are equally important. In the wild they play on branches, tall grasses and similar items; mimic these with various textured perches, bird swings and toys they can interact with. Keep in mind -- the bigger the cage, the better.	Australia
What name is given to a cow that has not had a calf?	Budgies - National Wildlife Federation Budgies By Ellen Lambeth Do these birds look like pet parakeets to you? Look again and discover their wild side! Want to track down a flock of parakeets in the wild? Then head for Australia (see map). But don’t ask where the parakeets are. Ask where you can find budgies. That’s because a parakeet is any kind of small, slender parrot with a long tail. The kind you’d be looking for is called a budgerigar (BUHJ-uh-reegar), nicknamed “budgie.” Once you get the name straight, you’ll be directed to the Outback — and we don’t mean the restaurant of that name. The real Outback is the open countryside across much of Australia. Not many people live there, but it's home to wild budgies. Do these birds look like pet parakeets to you? Look again and discover their wild side! HOME ON THE RANGE The Outback is usually hot and dry. But budgies have lived there for so long that they’ve worked out ways to deal with it. For example, they can go a long time without drinking, if they have to. Meanwhile, their bodies get water from the food they eat—mainly grass seeds. Another budgie survival trick is to lead a nomadic (noh-MAD-ik), or wandering, life. When times are good, the birds gather in small flocks, flitting from here to there. When they’ve gobbled up all they can find in one spot, they move on to the next spot — and then the next. Sometimes it becomes so dry, the grasses just wilt and wither away. Then the flocks join other flocks and roam far and wide in search of food and water. Some of these combined flocks have many thousands of birds and travel many hundreds of miles. Times can get really tough for budgies during a drought (DROWT). That’s an extra long period when it’s extra dry. Many of the birds die when they can’t find enough to eat. But others survive and keep searching. Eventually, their luck changes, and they find a place where the rains have come. Rain means the grasses grow again and make new seeds. And that means it’s also the perfect time to make new budgies! BABY BOOM Budgies get busy raising families after a good rain. They want to take advantage of a big food supply while it lasts. Each pair seeks out a hole in a hollow tree or log. Mom lays four to six eggs and keeps them warm for nearly three weeks. The chicks are helpless when they hatch, and they remain that way for the next three weeks. Up to his point, Dad’s only job is to bring food to Mom. But when the chicks start growing feathers, he’s allowed to go into the nest and help take care of them. That lets Mom take a break once in a while. After another few weeks, the babies are ready to spread their wings and take off on their own. If there’s still plenty of food and water, Mom and Dad may start another family right away. As you can tell, life is pretty much “boom or bust” for wild budgies. Good thing there are rainy “boom” periods to make up for the hard times when things seem to go “bust” in the dust. BUDGIE BRUNCH? A little ball of green, feathery fluff is a clue that the falcon below made a lucky strike. The predator most likely snatched its budgie prey right out of the air with its sharp talons. BABY BUDGIE BUNDLE Budgie eggs are laid a couple of days apart, and they hatch in the same order. You can tell which chick above was the last one out of its shell. It doesn’t yet have a downy coat, and its eyes are still shut tight. BEAK-TO-BEAK While the female is busy tending eggs, her mate must deliver meals to her. Here, she greets him at the nest hole opening so he can feed her. In the Wild: Here are some fun facts about wild budgies. Where they are found: Wild budgies live in Australia’s hot, dry open countryside called the Outback. How they survive: Wild budgies can go a long while without drinking water, if they have to. They also can move far and wide in search of food during dry spells. Good times: When the rains come, budgies have plenty to eat. Their favorite foods, the seeds of grasses, grow quickly during rainy spells. Making more: During these rainy spells, budgies go looking for mates. After all, it’s easier to raise families when there’s plenty of food around. Budgie babies: A female lays eggs—four to six altogether. She keeps them warm until the chicks hatch--nearly three weeks later. By the time the chicks are six weeks old, they’re ready to fly away from home. Tame: Thinking of getting a parakeet for a pet? Here’s what you should know. Good Points	i don't know
How many walking legs does a lobster have?	How many legs do crayfish have? \| Reference.com How many legs do crayfish have? A: Quick Answer Crayfish have five pairs of legs, for a total of 10. Four of these pairs are considered "walking legs," while the fifth pair are the "chelipeds" or pinchers. Full Answer Crayfish are members of the Arthropoda phylum, which means they have jointed legs, exoskeletons and segmented bodies. Except for the pinchers, which are larger, their legs are long and slender with multiple sections. The exterior skeleton is made from calcium-rich chitin, which is a substance similar to human fingernails. The body has two major parts. The cephalothorax, in the front, is followed by the abdomen. The first part is divided into the head and thorax regions. The abdomen, often referred to as the tail, has seven separate sections.	10
From which animal do we get cashmere?	The American Lobster Genus: Homarus Species: americanus Lobsters are actually closely related to insects! Itï¿½s hard to believe that these beady-eyed, clawed-clothed marine animals could be closely related to a mosquito or a grasshopper, but indeed they are. Lobsters, like insects, belong to the invertebrate phylum Arthropoda. Besides lobsters and insects, spiders and snails belong to this group as well. These animals are closely related because of two main characteristics that they share: they all have an exoskeleton (outer skeleton) and they all have joint appendages. Lobsters are farther categorized into the class Crustacea, along with other marine organisms like crabs and shrimp. These crustaceans are distinguishable from other Arthropods with hard exoskeletons, like mussels and clams, because their shell is softer and more flexible. Because lobsters have ten legs they belong to the order Decapoda (derived from the Latin word, ten feet). Also called the American lobster, the Atlantic lobster or the true lobster, Homarus americanus belongs to the family Nephropidae. Another kind of edible lobster found in the order Decapoda is the family Palinuridae. These lobsters are called spiny lobsters or rock lobsters. Unlike the American lobster they lack large claws, have spines all over their bodies, and live in subtropical and tropical oceans. A Spiny Lobster Diagram courtesy of Department of Marine Resources, State of Maine . Body Plan: A lobster consists of two main parts. The first part, the cephalothorax, which is made up of the cephalon (the head) and the thorax (the mid-section), is often called the body of the lobster and is covered by a hard shell called the carapace. The second part that makes up the lobster is the abdomen, which is commonly called the tail. The 14 segments that are fused together to make up the cephalothorax are called somites and each somite bears a pair of appendages that are located on different areas of the lobster, usually on either side of the body or on the underside of the body. The eyes of the lobster are found on the first segment, and are housed at the end of two individual, movable stalks found on either side of the rostrum (the very tip of the cephalon). Each eye is actually made up of thousands of little lenses joined together, which is why they are called compound eyes. You would think that with all these ï¿½tiny eyesï¿½ that lobsters would have excellent vision, but ironically they do not. In fact, in bright light a lobster is practically blind. Lobsters cannot really see specific images but they can detect motion in dim light. The second segment of the cephalothorax bears the antennules, which are carried on a three-segmented peduncle (foot) and contain the chemosensory organs. The chemoreceptors found in these short antennae detect distant odors or chemical signals that are carried by the seawater. These messages received by the antennules help a lobster find food, choose a mate and decide if danger is near. The more then 400 different types of receptors found on the delicate hairs of the antennules are sensitive enough to allow a lobster to distinguish between particular species of mussels. Imagine having a nose that sensitive! The antennae, which consist of a five-segmented peduncle and a single flagellum, are located on the third segment. These antennae are much longer then the antennules and are used as sense organs as well. The last three segments of the cephalon and the first three segments of the thorax are where the mouthparts are located. The many mouths of the lobster have a variety of functions and are found on the underside of the lobster. Some are used to grip food such as the second and third maxillipeds. Others, such as the first and second maxillae and the first maxillipeds are used to pass this food along to the jaws, also called the mandibles, for crushing and ingestion. The Jaws are located on the fourth segment of the cephalothorax, and the other mouths are located on segments 5-9. The remaining segments of the cephalothorax are where one finds the walking legs of the lobster and what are commonly called the claws. These five legs (including the claws) are located on segments 10-14, and are joined to the lobster on either side of the body. The first three pairs of legs end in pincers, which are sharp, small, scissor-like claws that are used in handling and tasting food. Tiny hairs that line the inside of the pincers are sensitive to touch and taste. The first legs with the largest and sharpest pincers are called the claws. One claw is actually called the pincer claw, but the other is called the crusher claw. The crusher claw, being the larger of the two, is more powerful and is used to crush the shells of the lobsterï¿½s prey. The pincer claw is like a razor and is used to tear the soft flesh of the prey. Not only are humans right-handed or left-handed, surprisingly lobsters can be as well. Depending on whether its crusher claw is on the left side or right side of its body determines whether the lobster is left or right handed! The other two sets of legs that do not have pincers end in a point called a dactyl. These two sets of legs are mostly used for grooming and walking. At the base of the third walking legs in females the opening to the oviducts is located. This is the opening through which eggs are released. In males the opening of the sperm duct is located at the base of the fifth walking legs. The six segments that make up the abdomen are not fused together to allow for flexibility and movement. The soft tissue that connects them is not hard like the carapace. One of the advantages of having this flexibility is that it helps the lobster when it is in danger and needs to flee quickly. Itï¿½s tail is able to contract forcefully and then retract quickly, allowing the lobster to scoot backwards to safety. The first 5 segments of the abdomen bear the pleopods, which are also called swimmerets, and are located on the underside of the tail. The last segment, where the tail fan is located, is dived up in to a central telson with pairs of uropods on both sides. These uropods are pleopods that have been modified. Altogether there are five parts to the tail fan. Physiological processes and body systems: The digestive, excretory, respiratory, circulatory and reproductive systems of the lobster are located within the cephalothorax, below the carapace. These systems are quite similar to other species found in the order Decapoda. The digestive system of the American lobster consists of three stomachs, the foregut, midgut, and the hindgut. The first stomach, the foregut, contains a gastric mill, a set of grinding teeth that can grind food into fine particles. The particles then pass into the midgut glands where the particles are further digested. The midgut glands are actually the tomalley, the yummy green stuff that so many lobster lovers enjoy! Material that is too large to be absorbed is eventually passed into the hindgut and then through to the enlarged rectum and out the anus at the tip of the lobsterï¿½s tail. The excretory system removes toxic byproducts of protein metabolism and tissue breakdown. Wastes are eliminated via excretory organs located at the base of the lobsterï¿½s antennae. Urine is also released from this area through the nephropores. Wastes can also be eliminated through the gills, the digestive glands or can be lost when the lobster molts. Twenty pairs of gills located within the branchial chambers on either side of the cephalothorax are what comprise the respiratory system. These gills are made up of numerous feathery like filaments situated around a central rod and are protected within the gill chamber of the carapace. Water passes up through openings between the lobsters legs, over the gills and up towards the head. Every few minutes this current of water is reversed the other way so that debris can be flushed out of the chambers. An important part of this ï¿½gill currentï¿½ is that when it is flowing forward towards the head it can project urine forward. It is thought that the urine of the lobster contains important information about the sex of the lobster, and itï¿½s physiological state. A lobster does not have a complex circulatory system like we do. Instead of a four-chambered heart it has a single-chambered sac that consists of muscles and several openings called ostia. Their heart lies above the stomach on the upper surface of the animal (but still below the carapace of course!) A lobsterï¿½s circulatory system is known as an ï¿½openï¿½ system whereas our system is known as a closed system. The heart of an adult lobster beats 50-136 beats per minute. Coloring: Live lobsters are not red like the cooked ones youï¿½ve bought at the store or restaurant. The colour of a live lobster does vary among individual lobsters, but most lobsters are either olive green or greenish brown. Orange, reddish, dark green or black speckles are commonly found adorning a live lobster and a bluish colour is often found at the joints of the lobster. The major pigment in a lobsterï¿½s shell is astaxanthin, which is bright red in its free state. In a live lobster astaxanthin is chemically bound to proteins that change this colour to a greenish or bluish colour. When a lobster is boiled the heat from the water breaks the bonds that hold this pigment to these proteins and the astaxanthin is released in to its free state. Thus a cooked lobster is bright red and not dark green.	i don't know
Which element is represented by the symbol 'P' in the periodic table?	Phosphorus»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table] Element News Phosphorus: the essentials Phosphorus is commonly misspelled "phosphorous". It is an essential component of living systems and is found in nervous tissue, bones and cell protoplasm. Phosphorus exists in several allotropic forms including white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). White phosphorus has two modifications. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid. When pure, it is colourless and transparent. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulphide. It catches fire spontaneously in air, burning to P4O10, often misnamed as phosphorus pentoxide. When exposed to sunlight, or when heated in its own vapour to 250°C, it is converted to the red variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is a little less dangerous than white phosphorus. The red modification is fairly stable and sublimes with a vapour pressure of 1 atmosphere at 417°C. This sample is from The Elements Collection , an attractive and safely packaged collection of the 92 naturally occurring elements that is available for sale. Phosphorus: historical information Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig Brand in 1669 at Germany. Origin of name : from the Greek word "phosphoros" meaning "bringer of light" (an ancient name for the planet Venus?). Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand, who prepared it from urine. Not less than 50-60 buckets per experiment in fact, each of which required more than a fortnight to complete. Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for phosphorus is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.] Phosphorus around us Read more » Phosphorus is a key component of biological molecules such as DNA and RNA. Phosphorus is a component of bones, and teeth, and many other compounds required for life. Chronic poisoning of people working unprotected with white phosphorus leads to necrosis of the jaw ("phossy-jaw"). Phosphorus is never found as the free element but is widely distributed in many minerals. Phosphate rock, (apatite, impure calcium phosphate), is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in Morocco, in Russia, and in the USA. Abundances for phosphorus in a number of different environments. More abundance data » Location	Phosphorus
What is a Kerry Blue?	Phosphorus»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table] Element News Phosphorus: the essentials Phosphorus is commonly misspelled "phosphorous". It is an essential component of living systems and is found in nervous tissue, bones and cell protoplasm. Phosphorus exists in several allotropic forms including white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). White phosphorus has two modifications. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid. When pure, it is colourless and transparent. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulphide. It catches fire spontaneously in air, burning to P4O10, often misnamed as phosphorus pentoxide. When exposed to sunlight, or when heated in its own vapour to 250°C, it is converted to the red variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is a little less dangerous than white phosphorus. The red modification is fairly stable and sublimes with a vapour pressure of 1 atmosphere at 417°C. This sample is from The Elements Collection , an attractive and safely packaged collection of the 92 naturally occurring elements that is available for sale. Phosphorus: historical information Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig Brand in 1669 at Germany. Origin of name : from the Greek word "phosphoros" meaning "bringer of light" (an ancient name for the planet Venus?). Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand, who prepared it from urine. Not less than 50-60 buckets per experiment in fact, each of which required more than a fortnight to complete. Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for phosphorus is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.] Phosphorus around us Read more » Phosphorus is a key component of biological molecules such as DNA and RNA. Phosphorus is a component of bones, and teeth, and many other compounds required for life. Chronic poisoning of people working unprotected with white phosphorus leads to necrosis of the jaw ("phossy-jaw"). Phosphorus is never found as the free element but is widely distributed in many minerals. Phosphate rock, (apatite, impure calcium phosphate), is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in Morocco, in Russia, and in the USA. Abundances for phosphorus in a number of different environments. More abundance data » Location	i don't know
By what name is the plant 'Atropa bella-donna' more commonly known?	Belladonna Belladonna Great Morel Naughty Man's Cherries The plant commonly known as the belladonna is a medium sized perennial shrub. It can grow from two to six feet in height; it normally bears two or three branches and has a distinct purplish colored stem. The belladonna bears dark green leaves and each individual leaf is about three to ten inches in length from base to tip. The belladonna also gives off distinct bell shaped flowers which are dark purple in color. The belladonna gives out a strong odor when it is crushed or bruised. The belladonna is an extremely poisonous plant and all parts of the plant contain this poison. This herb is also known by the popular name of ï¿½deadly nightshade." Since the plant is poisonous, using it as a home remedy would be bad judgment indeed. However, despite the very grim reputation that is associated with this herb, the Italians have named the plant belladonna or the "fair lady" in Italian - a name by which it is also known universally. This Italian name of the plant came about according to one story, as Italian women in the past used to drop the juice on their eyes so as to enlarge the pupils, thus it was used to enhance the appearance of the eyes - a cosmetic effect that beautified the appearance of the face. Belladonna contains the chemical substance atropine which indeed affects the pupils in the manner described. Even to this day, atropine is used by eye doctors to dilate the pupils during an examination of a patient's retina. Two other valuable substances are found in the belladonna - these are the chemicals scopolamine and hyoscyamine, these, similar to the compound atropine have a sedative action and bring about relaxation in the smooth muscles of the body. Compounds isolated from the belladonna find a wide range of applications individually or in combination to this day, the chemical constituents obtained from the leaves and root form the basic ingredients used in a variety of antispasmodics are very commonly prescribed to treat intestinal diseases i.e. peptic ulcers , persistent diarrhea and an irritable colon among other disorders. Belladonna was recognized as a very poisonous plant even by early Greeks such as Theophrastus, way back in the third century B.C. The term "the Mandragora of Theophrastus" was often used to describe the plant. The plant's English name, Dwaule, was a derivative of the Dutch word dwaal, which means ï¿½to wander or to be deliriousï¿½. The belladonna is a perennial herb, it may be considered to be one of the more important species in the nightshade family of plants. The ancient Greeks gave it the name Atropos, as it was so poisonous, this is the Greek word for inflexible or rigid. The word ï¿½atroposï¿½ can also be a reference to "one of three Fates who cut the thread of life" in Greek mythology. The plant species Atropa belladonna is taxonomically classified in the plant family Solanaceae; this plant family also includes common commercial plants such as the potato , the tobacco and the chili pepper among others. The origin of this species is probably southern Europe and continental Asia, however, the plant is naturalized in many other parts of the world including the new world. The belladonna produces green berries that change to a shiny purplish black color as they ripen. The berries are about the size of the common cherry , however, all are not agreed on the taste of the berries - some say the berry tastes sweet while others say that it tastes bitter. Many people at the same time say that the entire plant possesses a very nauseating odor and they cannot stand the smell. Contemporary scientists and medical clinicians consider the belladonna as a very important plant due to its content of various chemicals . The fact that this species had an active constituent was known to the early Greek physician Dioscorides in the first century itself, however, it took another eighteen hundred years for the potent chemicals in the plant to be ï¿½discoveredï¿½ or recognized. A chemical was isolated from the belladonna in the year 1809; the chemical had by 1819 been classified as being an "alkaloid" compound. At the present, the full complement of chemicals found in the belladonna has been investigated and we know it contains the poisonous compound atropine, as well as compounds such as scopolamine and hyoscyamine among other useful compounds. The chemical "atropine is extremely poisonous" is noted in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia to this day. Atropine is very potent and it is said that a dilution of only 1 part atropine in 130,000 parts water is enough to induce dilation in the pupil of a cat's eye. While all the beneficial and poisonous alkaloids are present in every part of the plant, the highest amount of alkaloids is present in ripened fruit and in the green leaves of the belladonna. In some areas of the world, belladonna plants are harvested from the wild. This herb is commercially cultivated in the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin and California in the United States. The belladonna grown on some of these farms is even exported to Europe. Belladonna has minute and extremely small seeds. One to two ounces of seeds or about 40 grams will be enough to grow ten thousand plants. This amount can easily cover an entire acre of land if the spacing between plots is at 2 X 2.5 ft. Belladonna plants require rich and moist soils for proper growth; the soil should contain a lot of fertilizer and should preferably be weed free. Belladonna plants are vulnerable to pests such as the flea beetle and the potato beetle even though they are usually high yielding; they are also very susceptible to wilt disease. Once the plant is in full bloom, it can be harvested. Only a single crop can normally be obtained in the first year. However, this yield increases as the years go on and the following years can yield two or three crops on a single site. All the plants on a site are usually uprooted by the end of the third year as the alkaloid content of the plants is unlikely to increase. The extremely poisonous content of Atropa belladonna has already been mentioned, at the same time, some grazing animals surprisingly eat the plant and the berries without suffering any noticeable ill effects. The poison is probably absorbed into the bodies of such animals as people who eat the meat of these animals often suffer from extreme illness. The skin can also act as a conduit for absorbing the poison in people who actually handle the belladonna plants. Severe cases of dermatitis are also often reported in people who come in direct contact with the sap present in the belladonna. Some of the physical symptoms that affect people who ingested this plant include an inability to urinate; a rapid increase in the heart beat rate as well as sudden and unexplained fits of laughter . When taken orally, the overdose level is only 600 mg. At the same time, dosage levels that are at any range below this overdose level can also induce dilation of the pupils, the sudden drying out of the mouth , spells of nausea and sudden vomiting , problems such as depression , an increase in the heart beat rate, failure in the movement of muscles , problems such as delirium, physical and mental exhaustion , psychological problems such as hallucinations, a general paralysis of the body, the onset of coma or even death caused by sudden respiratory failure. These physical symptoms may begin to take effect only half an hour after the plant matter has been consumed. The big question to ask then becomes, why is this plant still considered beneficial, if it induces all of these "bad" effects when used by humans? The answer is that there are positive and negative aspects to the use of the plant due to the fact that so many uses for the plant can be found - the plant has good and bad properties depending on how it is used. Belladonna was used by the ancient Romans as a type of biological "weapon" used to contaminate the food reserves and water supplies of their enemies. Belladonna may have also been used in religious rituals of the Greeks and Romans, some believe that the famous Bacchanalian orgies during the course of which women went naked in frenzied dances, literally throwing themselves to the waiting men would not have been induced by the use of alcohol alone, this is because the property of the A. belladonna was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans and the plant was probably used during these ritual festivities. Such festive rituals were forced underground on the advent of Christianity in the ancient Mediterranean; one result was that the belladonna began to be associated with the making of so called sorcerers' and witches brews. Belladonna was also used in surgical processes in the ancient world. Surgery in the ancient world was performed by applying an herbal concoction made by mixing hemlock , mandrake , A. belladonna and henbane - also known as "sorcerers promade", when this paste was applied to the skin it induced a form of unconsciousness and primitive operations were performed using this herbal mixture as a proto-anesthetic. Another well known legend associated with the belladonna is that the Scottish army defeated the Danes by supposedly mixing the belladonna in the liquor supply of the latter. The Scotsmen, it is said waited until all the Danes fell into a deep sleep after they drank the spiced liquor and then they murdered the helpless Danes. Belladonna as has been mentioned before was also used as an eye cosmetic, and Spanish as well as Italian women dilated their pupils using drops of the juice, only greatly diluted solutions of the plant juice were however used for such purposes as the poisonous nature of the plant was well known. The modern medical field of ophthalmology still gives lays great emphasis on this use of the plant for the dilation of the pupil. Scopolamine, the other active chemical agent present in belladonna was added to morphine in 1902 and was found to be capable of inducing a trance called "twilight sleep"- this effect was found to help reduce the pain during childbirth and lessened the mortality rate. This mixture of two compounds was also the infamous "truth serum" made used of in so many legal battles and court cases years before. One troubling factor is that this so called "serum" may still be in use in some countries for purposes of "brain-washing", and other sinister applications. Atropine, the primary chemical in belladonna came into its own during World War II; the Germans had synthesized a type of nerve gas that was lethal, odorless, and colorless. Atropine was the only antidote that could prevent the paralyzing effect of this nerve gas. It is fortunate that the Germans never used the nerve gas in actual combat during World War II. Atropine used in the role of a life saving chemical is reported more recently from an incident in the state of Tijuana, Mexico, in 1967. The deadly insecticide - parathion - had affected many people when they ingested bread which had been exposed to the dangerous chemical, in this instance, atropine was used as an agent to save many lives from the effects of the insecticide . A number of medical disorders have also been treated using the chemical atropine in recent times, these disorders include problems such as asthma , a slow heart beat rate or bradycardia, disorders like the whooping cough , gastric ulcers , allergen induced hay fever and most impressive, the chemical has been used in treating tremors and paralysis associated with Parkinson's disease - a debilitating muscular disease.	Atropa belladonna
What is the common game given to the spectacular light show the Aurora Borealis?	Belladonna \| Define Belladonna at Dictionary.com belladonna noun 1. Also called deadly nightshade . a poisonous plant, Atropa belladonna, of the nightshade family, having purplish-red flowers and black berries. 2. Pharmacology. a drug from the leaves and root of this plant, containing atropine and related alkaloids: used in medicine to check secretions and spasms, to relieve pain or dizziness, and as a cardiac and respiratory stimulant. Origin of belladonna Italian 1590-1600 1590-1600; < Italian bella donna literally, fair lady (so called because it is said to have been used by women to dilate the pupils of the eyes and to create an artificial pallor). See belle , donna Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for belladonna Expand Contemporary Examples The Silent Bullet Arthur B. Reeve If the tongue is red, in the early stage, use Bryonia in place of the belladonna. Insomnia; and Other Disorders of Sleep Henry M. Lyman It affects the constitution in much the same way as belladonna. British Dictionary definitions for belladonna Expand noun 1. either of two alkaloid drugs, atropine or hyoscyamine, obtained from the leaves and roots of the deadly nightshade 2. another name for deadly nightshade Word Origin C16: from Italian, literally: beautiful lady; supposed to refer to its use by women as a cosmetic Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for belladonna Expand n. 1590s, "deadly nightshade" (Atropa belladonna), from Italian, literally "fair lady;" the plant so called supposedly because women made cosmetic eye-drops from its juice (an 18c. explanation; atropic acid, found in the plant, has a well-known property of dilating the pupils) or because it was used to poison beautiful women. Perhaps a folk etymology alteration; Gamillscheg suggests ultimately of Gaulish origin. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper	i don't know
What was the name of the coffee house in Friends?	Central Perk \| Friends Central \| Fandom powered by Wikia Central Perk is a coffee house in New York on NBC sitcom Friends . Contents [ show ] About The six main protagonists frequently visited Central Perk throughout the series. It is situated in New York City's Greenwich Village, near Monica's apartment . It was where they spent much of their free time conversing. Staff Rachel Green Rachel works as a waitress at Central Perk from autumn 1994 till winter 1996/1997 . Being pretty much a spoiled, self-centered individual throughout this period of her life, Rachel clearly shows ineptitude at work, mixing up orders, neglecting her waitressing duties, and showing little care about where everything goes and how it should be done. Ironically, in The One With The Flashback , it is revealed that prior to getting this job, while out with her friends one night, she had responded to a waiter getting their drinks mixed up by remarking: "how hard is it to get a couple of drinks?". When Joey starts working at Central Perk, Rachel mentions that she would sneeze on the food of any customers who were rude to her. It quickly becomes clear that Rachel does not care for her job at Central Perk, only for her financial income. However, she does try for other job opportunities in fashion (mostly during Season 1 ), with little success. In Season 3 , she decides to pursue the fashion business again after Gunther assigns her to re-training, quitting her waitressing job to work with Fortunata Fashions, then moving on to Bloomingdale's. Joey Tribbiani Jr. Joey becomes a waiter at the coffee shop half-way through Season 6 . His acting career being at a standstill, Joey is tight on money, so much that he can't afford paying for coffee. Gunther decides to let him work there. Like Rachel, Joey shows ineptitude at the job. Unlike Rachel, however, this is mostly due to his immaturity coinciding with the house's policies. However, later in the season, Joey's acting career takes a step forward when he gets the lead role in Mac & C.H.E.E.S.E. . This makes him quit his waitering job, which he does without mentioning anything to Gunther. Gunther, however, points this out to him in The One With The Ring , and that he was going to fire Joey anyway. Entertainment Phoebe Buffay was also a regular fixture in Central Perk, and played songs such as Smelly Cat to often bemused audiences. Phoebe was, at one point, replaced by Stephanie Schiffer , a professional who was hired by Terry. Layout The interior of the famous Central Perk Throughout the coffee shop are small tables with chairs that extras on the show usually occupy. These, from the main camera angle, are behind the large orange sofa in the middle of the shop. The green chair on the right, the coffee table and the table and chair on the left are nearly always used as the main setting for any scenes in Central Perk. In the earlier episodes, irrespective of how busy the coffee shop became, those seats were always available. The writers turned this into a joke and, in the first episode of season three , the six main characters arrive in the shop to find their seats taken, apparently by Kevin Bright, Marta Kauffman and David Crane, the show's creators. They then look at each other, dejected, and walk out. The artwork in the back of Central Perk was changed every three episodes (including images of King Kong and Uncle Sam), but the layout of the furniture remained largely unchanged for the entire series. The Orange Couch The most prominent fixture of Central Perk is the large orange couch that the characters usually sit on. It usually seats four of the Friends at one time. One of the others then occupies the green chair on the right and, if all six are present, there is a table with one chair to the left that sits the last person. Rarely is anyone else ever seen on the couch and the guys consider it their own. In one instance, Chandler is seen sitting reading, when a young man comes in and goes to sit down on the green chair, only for Chandler to promptly usher him away. Another example is when Rachel complains about sitting by the window instead of the couch, or when the Friends came in only to see the couch taken, and leave. In The One With The Bullies two bullies 'steal' the seating area, and also steal Chandler's hat. In 'The One with the Ultimate Fighting Champion', Robin Williams and Billy Crystal come in the coffee house and ask the cast to move over. They are sitting there having a personal conversation, which the cast overhears. The couch is also seen in the opening credits of the show in front of the large fountain the cast of Friends dance in. At the end of the credits all of the friends sit on the couch at once as Monica turns off the lamp to the right. Pricing In The One With Rachel's Sister , Joey says the following prices: Muffin and espresso: $4.50 Coffee and a scone: $4.25 Herbal tea: $1.25 Continuity During season 1 and 2 we see Terry the owner, in episodes "The One Where Underdog Gets Away" and "The One With The Baby On The Bus". He is also mentioned in the Season 3 episode "The One Where Rachel Quits". In The One with the Flashback we find out that the coffee house was a bar before it became Central Perk and the friends hung out there. Cultural Impact The Central Perk coffee house, one of the principal settings of the series, has inspired various imitations. In 2006, Iranian businessman Mojtaba Asadian started a Central Perk franchise , registering the name in 32 countries. The decor of the coffee houses is inspired by Friends, featuring replica couches, counters, neon signage and bricks. The coffee houses also contain paintings of the various characters from the series, and televisions playing Friends episodes. James Michael Tyler , who portrays the Central Perk manager in the series, Gunther, attended the grand opening of the Dubai cafe, where he worked as a waiter. [101 ] Central Perk was rebuilt as part of a museum exhibit at Warner Bros. Studios, and was shown on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in October 2008. Jennifer Aniston revisited the set for the first time since the series finale in 2004. [102 ] From September 24 to October 7, 2009, a Central Perk replica was based at Broadwick Street, Soho , London. The coffee house sold real coffee to customers and featured a display of Friends memorabilia and props, such as the Geller Cup from the season three episode "The One with the Football". [103 ] In 2009, a dance remix of the song " Smelly Cat " became a popular Internet meme . [104 ] In Beijing , business owner Du Xin opened a coffee shop named Central Perk in March 2010.	Friends
Which London museum houses the world's largest collection of decorative and design?	Friends \| Friends Central \| Fandom powered by Wikia [ show ] About Crane and Kauffman began developing Friends under the title "Insomnia Cafe" in November 1993. They presented the idea to Bright, with whom they had previously worked, and together they pitched a seven-page treatment of the series to NBC. After several script rewrites and changes, the series was finally named "Friends" and premiered on NBC's coveted Thursday 8:30 pm timeslot. Filming for the series took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California in front of a live audience. After ten seasons on the network, the series finale was heavily promoted by NBC, and viewing parties were organized around the U.S.. The finale, which was first aired on May 6, 2004, was watched by an average of 52.5 million American viewers, making it the fourth most-watched series finale in television history. Friends received positive reviews throughout its run, and became one of the most popular sitcoms of its time. The series won many awards and was nominated for 63 Primetime Emmy Awards. The series was also very successful in the ratings, consistently ranking in the top ten in the final primetime ratings. Friends has made a large cultural impact, and the Central Perk coffee house featured prominently in the series has inspired various imitations worldwide. Repeats of the series continue to air worldwide, while each season has been released on DVD. Following the series finale, the spin-off series Joey was created, and rumors of a film continue to circulate. Characters Jennifer Aniston as Rachel Green , a fashion enthusiast who starts working at the coffee shop, but later moves into management at Bloomingdale's and later at Ralph Lauren. Jennifer Aniston had already appeared in several unsuccessful sitcom pilots before being cast in Friends. Courteney Cox Arquette as Monica Geller (later Monica Geller-Bing), a chef who changes jobs often throughout the show, ending up as head chef at Javu. She is known for her obsessive-compulsive and competitive nature and is often ridiculed for having been an extremely overweight child by the others. She eventually marries longtime friend Chandler Bing in season seven. Courteney Cox was already an accomplished TV and film actress when she was cast, having appeared in the likes of Ace Ventura: Pet Detective and with several minor roles on sitcoms such as Seinfeld and Family Ties. Lisa Kudrow as Phoebe Buffay (later Phoebe Buffay-Hannigan), an eccentric masseuse and musician. Phoebe became homeless at the age of 14, and is known for being street-smart yet naive. She later marries Mike Hannigan and changes her name to his. Lisa Kudrow had previously played Ursula Buffay on Mad About You , and reprised the dual role of twin sister Ursula as a recurring character during several episodes of Friends. Prior to her role on Friends, Kudrow was an office manager and researcher for her father, a headache specialist. Matt Le Blanc as Joey Tribbiani , a struggling actor who becomes famous for his role on Days of our Lives as Dr. Drake Ramoray. Joey is a womanizer with many girlfriends throughout the series. He also has a strong appreciation for food, especially meatball subs. LeBlanc had appeared as Vinnie Verducci in Married... with Children in the early 1990s and starred in that sitcom's short-lived spin-off, Top of the Heap, as well as in the unrelated Vinnie & Bobby, but before that had mainly been focusing on advertising and modeling work when he was cast as Joey Tribbiani. Matthew Perry as Chandler Bing , a sarcastic executive in statistical analysis and data reconfiguration for a large multi-national corporation. Chandler quits his job and becomes a junior copywriter at an advertising agency and marries longtime friend Monica Geller. Like Aniston, Perry had already appeared in several unsuccessful sitcom pilots before being cast. David Schwimmer as Ross Geller , Monica's older brother, a paleontologist working at a museum of Prehistoric History and later a professor of paleontology at New York University. Ross has three unsuccessful marriages through the series, and is involved in an "on-again, off-again" relationship with Rachel. The character of Ross was written with David Schwimmer in mind; having auditioned for Crane and Kauffman in the past, Schwimmer was said to have a memorable voice and was most known for his Broadway work. Before their roles on Friends, the main six cast members were somewhat familiar to television viewers, but were not considered to be stars. During the series' ten season run, the actors all achieved household name celebrity status, and all pursued careers in the movies, with varied success. Aniston's movie career is predominantly populated with light romantic comedies including The Good Girl, Bruce Almighty, Along Came Polly, Rumor Has It, The Break Up and Derailed. Cox made several lightweight films and achieved her greatest success with the Scream series, in which she co-starred with her husband, David Arquette , who had made a guest appearance as Ursula 's stalker in Friends. This was followed by the critically acclaimed TV series, Dirt, that portrayed her as a ruthless editor of a two-bit tabloid magazine. Kudrow fared best in low budget indie films, most notably The Opposite of Sex and Happy Endings, and also films like the comedy hit Romy and Michelle's High School Reunion and Analyze This. Most recently Kudrow played a main character alongside Hilary Swank in 2007's P.S. I Love You. Perry co-starred in the Canadian mafia comedy The Whole Nine Yards and its sequel The Whole Ten Yards along with Bruce Willis , who had also made guest appearances on the show. He also starred in the romantic comedy Fools Rush In. He also starred as the title character in the critically acclaimed The Ron Clark Story, and has since co-starred in TV drama Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip and an episode of Scrubs titled "My Unicorn" as Murray. He has also played the leading role of the film Numb which, whilst released straight to DVD, has gained an appreciation and collection of high praise from critics. Matt LeBlanc took a leading role in Lost in Space and starred as the boyfriend of Alex (Lucy Liu) in Charlie's Angels. He also reprised his role as Joey Tribbiani in the show's spin off series, Joey . In 2001, Schwimmer co-starred as Capt. Herbert Sobel in the 2001 TV mini-series Band of Brothers. In 2005, Schwimmer starred as the voice for the giraffe Melman in the movie Madagascar a role which he reprised in the 2008 Madagascar 2. David Schwimmer directed ten episodes of Friends and two of Joey. His big directorial debut "Run Fatboy Run" was released on March 28, 2008. Aniston at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival. Series co-creator David Crane wanted all six characters to be equally prominent, and the series was lauded as being "the first true 'ensemble' show". The cast members made efforts to keep the ensemble format and not allow one member to dominate; they entered themselves in the same acting categories for awards, opted for collective instead of individual salary negotiations, and asked to appear together on magazine cover photos in the first season. In their original contracts for the first two seasons, each main cast member was paid $1,600 per episode. Before the third season, the cast threatened to go on strike unless they received pay increases, which resulted in each actor receiving $100,000 per episode. For the series' sixth season, the cast members were offered $250,000 to return. The cast members again entered negotiations before the sixth season, asking for $750,000 per episode, and during the ninth and tenth seasons, received $1 million per episode. Behind the scenes, the show was known for its unusually cohesive and unified cast. The six main actors made deliberate efforts, from early on, to keep the show's ensemble format and not allow one member to dominate; notably for a show of its length, the six principals each appeared in every episode of the run. The actors became such close friends that one guest star, Tom Selleck , reported sometimes feeling left out. The cast remained good friends after the show's run, most notably Cox and Aniston, with Aniston being godmother to Cox and David Arquette's daughter, Coco. In their official farewell commemorative Friends Til' The End, they each separately acknowledged in their interviews that the cast had become their family. Storylines and format The first season introduces the six main characters: Rachel Green , Monica Geller , Phoebe Buffay , Joey Tribbiani , Chandler Bing , and Ross Geller . Rachel, who left her fiance at the altar on her wedding day, has come to New York and ends up living with Monica. It establishes early on in the season that Ross has been infatuated with Rachel since the two characters attended high school. Several episodes revolve around his attempts to tell her how he feels. Meanwhile, Ross's estranged lesbian wife Carol is pregnant with his baby. This puts him and Carol's lesbian life partner, Susan (played by Jessica Hecht ), in an awkward position. When the baby is born at the end of the season, Ross, Carol, and Susan agree to name him Ben: after a name tag on a janitor's uniform worn by Phoebe. The episodic nature of the season sees the other characters having multiple dates, many of which go wrong (Monica dates a minor in one episode ). The recurring character of Janice (played by Maggie Wheeler ) is introduced as a girlfriend Chandler breaks up with in an early episode but frequently returns to through the ensuing ten seasons. The second season features more serialized storylines; it begins when Rachel discovers that Ross is dating Julie (played by Lauren Tom ), someone he knew from grad school. Julie returns for several episodes early in the season. Rachel's attempts to tell Ross she likes him mirror his own failed attempts in the first season, though the characters eventually begin a relationship that lasts into the following season. Joey, a struggling actor in the first season, gets a part in a fictionalized version of the soap opera Days of Our Lives but loses the part soon after when he angers the writers by saying in an interview that he writes many of his own lines. Tom Selleck begins a recurring guest role as Dr. Richard Burke. Richard, a friend of Monica and Ross' parents who is recently divorced and with grown children, is 21 years older than Monica but despite this they date for the second half of the season. In the season finale, they end the relationship when they realize that he does not want any more children and she does. The second season also served to deepen Chandler and Joey's friendship. This becomes especially apparent in the episodes in which Joey temporarily moves out and a creepy guy named Eddie ( Adam Goldberg ) moves in. The third season took on a significantly greater serialized format. Rachel begins working at Bloomingdales and Ross becomes jealous of her coworker, Mark. Ross and Rachel break up after Ross sleeps with the hot girl from the copy shop, Chloe. His insistence that he and Rachel were "on a break" becomes a running gag through the remaining seasons. The two show significant animosity towards each other through the second half of the season, though the cliffhanger ending suggests the two reconcile. Interestingly, the first episode after they break up does not focus on the two of them, but on Chandler, who's having a very hard time dealing with the situation, as it reminds him of his parents' divorce. Phoebe, established as having no family except for an identical twin sister, becomes acquainted with her half-brother (played by Giovanni Ribisi ) and in the finale discovers her birth mother she never knew she had (played by Teri Garr ). Joey develops a crush on Kate, his acting partner in a new play. (played by Dina Meyer ) At first, she doesn't harbor feelings for him, even after sleeping together. However, after her boyfriend/director dumps her following a scathing review of the play, she turns to Joey for support. The relationship doesn't last long, as she is given an opportunity on a soap opera in Los Angeles. Monica begins a relationship with Pete Becker , a millionaire who has a crush on her. (played by Jon Favreau ) At first, she only sees him as a friend, but eventually, the two begin to date. Preparing for what she thinks is a marriage proposal, Pete confides in her that he wants to become the Ultimate Fighting Champion. After seeing him get beat up badly in two matches, she tells him he has to give it up. Since he won't, she breaks up with him. During the fourth season , actress Lisa Kudrow became pregnant. This was written into the show by having Phoebe become a surrogate mother to the children of her brother and his wife (played by Debra Jo Rupp ). Ross and Rachel briefly reconcile in the premiere but soon break up again. During the middle of the season, Monica and Rachel are forced to switch apartments with Joey and Chandler after losing a bet on how well the four know each other. They bribe Joey and Chandler to switch back with Knicks season tickets and a one-minute kiss. Mid-season, having moved on, Ross begins dating an English woman called Emily (played by Helen Baxendale ) and the finale, featuring the wedding of the characters, was filmed on location in London. Chandler and Monica sleep together when, after a wedding guest mistakes Monica for Ross' mother, Monica seeks comfort in the arms of a friend. Rachel, depressed by the impending wedding enough to chase away a potential boyfriend in Joshua, attends the wedding at the last minute, intending to tell Ross that she still loves him, but decides not to. Things are thrown into chaos when Ross replaces Emily's name with Rachel's while saying his vows. The fifth season follows Monica and Chandler keeping their new relationship a secret from their friends, while Ross' marriage to Emily ends before it even started, following their wedding (Baxendale's pregnancy prevented her from appearing on-screen in all but two episodes). Phoebe starts a relationship with Gary ( Michael Rapaport ), a police officer she meets after finding his badge. Although leery of moving in with Gary, she eventually relents. The relationship ends with a bang, literally, when Gary shoots a bird outside of their apartment. Monica and Chandler's relationship becomes public and on a trip to Las Vegas, they decide to get married. On a cliffhanger, Ross and Rachel drunkenly stumble out of the wedding chapel. It received Emmy nominations in 1999 for Outstanding Comedy Series. In the sixth season premiere Ross and Rachel's marriage is established to be a drunken mistake and, although Ross is reluctant to do so, the two get a divorce (Ross's third) after failing to get an annulment. Monica and Chandler decide just to move into her apartment together and Rachel moves in with Phoebe. Joey, still a struggling actor, gets a female roommate and a part on a cable television series called "Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E", where he stars alongside a robot. Ross gets a job lecturing at New York University and starts dating his college student, Elizabeth (played by Alexandra Holden ). Bruce Willis makes a three-episode cameo as her father. Phoebe and Rachel's apartment catches on fire, causing Rachel to move in with Joey and Phoebe with Chandler and Monica. In the final episodes, Chandler decides to propose to Monica. Trying to make it a surprise, he starts acting like his old commitment-phobic self, telling her he opposes marriage. For a brief moment Monica considers going to back to Richard, who confesses to her that he still loves her and is willing to have children with her. Monica gets wind of Chandler's idea, and attempts to propose to him but breaks down in tears and cannot finish. Chandler then asks her to marry him and the show is ended with celebration with many of the friends who were standing outside the door. It nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series at Emmy Award 2000. The seventh season largely concerns various wedding-related antics by Monica and Chandler. Joey's television series is canceled but he is offered his old job back on Days of Our Lives. Phoebe's apartment is fixed but due to the way the apartment has been rebuilt, Rachel stays with Joey. The two-part season finale follows Monica and Chandler's wedding, with guest stars that include Kathleen Turner as Chandler's transvestite father. The closing moments of the season reveal that Rachel is pregnant. The eighth season 's first episodes follow a "Who's the father?" format, with the father revealed to be Ross in episode two and Rachel telling him in episode three. Joey begins to develop romantic feelings for roommate Rachel and when Joey's feelings are revealed things become awkward for the two. Eventually their friendship returns to its status quo but in the finale, following Rachel's giving birth to a daughter, she accepts an accidental [roposal of marriage from him. The season was regarded as a return to form for the series; its ratings increased as viewers tuned in for comfort following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. It won the Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2002. The first in that category for the series. The ninth season follows Ross and Rachel living together with baby Emma after she and Joey clear up the misdirected proposal. She soon moves back in with Joey after a fight with Ross. Monica and Chandler, inspired by Ross and Rachel, decide to conceive a child of their own. They seek medical advice after several episodes of trying for a baby, and discover that both of them are physically unable to conceive. Paul Rudd appears in the recurring role of Mike Hannigan, a new boyfriend for Phoebe. Hank Azaria returns as David "the scientist guy", a character originated in the first season, and Phoebe must choose between the two in a touching finale, deciding to choose Mike. The finale is set in Barbados, where the group goes to hear Ross give a keynote speech at a Paleontologist conference. Aisha Tyler appears as the series' first recurring black character. Tyler plays Charlie, Joey's intelligent girlfriend. Even though Joey's attracted to her, she finds herself eventually becoming attracted to Ross, who is more her intellectual equal. After Charlie dumps Joey, Joey and Rachel's feelings for each other return. They agree to clear it with Ross first, until Joey catches Ross kissing Charlie. The finale ends with Joey and Rachel kissing. The tenth season closes up several storylines; Joey and Rachel try to contend with Ross' feelings about them being together. However, consummating the relationship becomes disastrous, and they decide to remain friends. Charlie decides to return to Benjamin Hobart ( Greg Kinnear ), her old flame, and from whom Ross was trying to obtain a research grant. Monica and Chandler decide to adopt a child, and meet Erica, a birth mother from Ohio (played by Anna Faris ). Erica gives birth to twins in the series finale. Phoebe and Mike get married towards the end of the season and Rachel takes a job based in Paris. Ross declares his love for her and they resume their relationship (not making any mistakes this time) in the season finale, while Monica and Chandler move out of their apartment into the suburbs. Joey is upset that everything is changing. Rachel still gets on the plane even with Ross' confessions, but later appears at his apartment door admitting she loves him too. In the series finale, at the end, a tearful Rachel says 'Shall we go get some coffee?' to which Chandler sarcastically responds, 'Sure. Where?' (the last words spoken on the show). Production Conception "It's about sex, love, relationships, careers, a time in your life when everything's possible. And it's about friendship because when you're single and in the city, your friends are your family." —The original treatment used by Crane, Kauffman and Bright to pitch the series to NBC. David Crane and Marta Kauffman began developing three new television pilots — which would premiere in the Fall 1994 season — following the cancellation of their sitcom, Family Album, by CBS in November 1993. Kauffman and Crane decided to pitch the series about "six people in their 20's making their way in Manhattan" to NBC, which they felt best suited the network's style. Crane and Kauffman presented the idea to their production partner Kevin Bright, who had served as executive producer on their HBO series Dream On. The idea for the series was conceived when Crane and Kauffman began thinking about the time when they had finished college and started living by themselves in New York; Kauffman believed they were looking at a time when the future was "more of a question mark". They found the concept to be interesting, as they believed "everybody knows that feeling", and because it was also how they felt about their own lives at the time. The team titled the series Insomnia Cafe (other working titles included Across the Hall, Six of One and Friends Like Us), and pitched the idea as a seven-page treatment to NBC in December 1993. At the same time, Warren Littlefield, the then-president of NBC Entertainment, was seeking a comedy involving young people living together and sharing expenses. Littlefield wanted the group to share memorable periods of their lives with friends, who had become "new, surrogate family members". However, Littlefield found difficulty in bringing the concept to life, and found the scripts developed by NBC to be terrible. When Kauffman, Crane and Bright pitched Insomnia Cafe, Littlefield was impressed that they knew who their characters were. NBC bought the idea as a put pilot, meaning they risked financial penalties if the pilot was not filmed. Kauffman and Crane began writing a pilot script for a show now titled Friends Like Us, which took three days to write. Littlefield wanted the series to represent Generation X and explore a new kind of tribal bonding, but the trio did not share his vision. Crane argued that it was not a series for one generation, and wanted to produce a series that everyone would enjoy watching. NBC liked the pilot script and ordered the series under another title, Six of One, mainly due to the similar title it shared with the ABC sitcom These Friends of Mine. Development Casting Once it became apparent that the series was a favored project at NBC, Littlefield reported that he was getting calls from every agent in town, wanting their client to be a part of the series. Auditions for the lead roles took place in New York and Los Angeles. The casting director shortlisted 1,000 actors who had replied for each role down to 75. Those who received a callback read again in front of Crane, Kauffman and Bright. At the end of March, the number of potential actors had been reduced to three or four for each part, and were asked to read for Les Moonves, president of Warner Bros. Television. During the casting process, more changes occurred to the series' storylines. The writers found that they had to adjust the characters they had written to suit the actors, and the discovery process of the characters occurred throughout the first season. Kauffman acknowledged that Joey's character became "this whole new being", and that "it wasn't until we did the first Thanksgiving episode that we realized how much fun Monica's neuroses are." Having worked with Schwimmer before, the series creators wrote the character of Ross with him in mind, and he was the first actor cast. Aniston, Perry and Kudrow were cast based on their auditions. The producers wanted Courteney Cox to portray Rachel; however, Cox asked to play Monica. Kauffman said that Cox had "this cheery, upbeat energy", which was not how they envisioned Monica. When Cox auditioned for the role, the producers were surprised by her direction of the character and she was cast. When Matt LeBlanc auditioned for Joey, he put a "different spin" on Joey. The writers did not originally intend for Joey to be dim, but found it to be a major source of comedy. LeBlanc also gave the character heart, which the writers did not realize Joey had. Writing In the weeks after NBC's pick up of Friends, Crane, Kauffman and Bright reviewed sent-in scripts that writers had originally prepared for other series, mainly unproduced Seinfeld episodes. Kauffman and Crane hired a team of seven young writers because "When you're 40, you can't do it anymore. The networks and studios are looking for young people coming in out of college." According to Crane, the creators felt that utilizing six equal characters, rather than emphasizing one or two, would allow for "myriad story lines and give the show legs". The majority of the storyline ideas came from the writers, although the actors added ideas. The writers originally planned a big love story between Joey and Monica, as they intended them to be the most sexual of the characters in the series pitch. The idea of a romantic interest between Ross and Rachel emerged during the time when Kauffman and Crane were writing the pilot script. During the production of the pilot, NBC requested that the script be changed to feature one dominant storyline and several minor ones, but the writers wanted to keep three story lines of equal weight and refused. NBC thought the cast was too young, and pushed for an older character who could give the young adults advice. Crane and Kauffman were forced to comply, and wrote a draft of an early episode which featured "Pat the cop". Crane found the storyline to be terrible, and Kauffman joked, "You know the kids book, Pat the Bunny? We had Pat the Cop." NBC eventually consented and dropped the idea. The producers would outline the storylines for each season early in the previous summer. Before an episode went into production, Kauffman and Crane would revise the script written by another writer, mainly if something felt foreign to either the series or a character. Unlike other storylines, the idea for a relationship between Joey and Rachel was decided on halfway through the eighth season. The creators did not want Ross and Rachel to get back together so soon, and while looking for a romantic impediment, a writer suggested Joey's romantic interest in Rachel. The storyline was incorporated into the season; however, when the actors feared that the storyline would make their characters unlikeable, the storyline was wrapped up, until it again resurfaced in the season's finale. For the ninth season, the writers were unsure about the amount of storyline to give to Rachel's baby, as they neither wanted the show to revolve around a baby nor pretend there to be none. Filming The Greenwich Village building used as the friends' apartment in establishing shots as of Aug. 2008. The first season was shot on Stage 5 at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California. The NBC executives had worried that the coffee house setting was too hip and asked for the series to be set in a diner, but eventually consented to the coffee house concept. The opening title sequence was filmed in a fountain at the Warner Bros. Ranch at 4:00 am, while it was particularly cold for a Burbank morning. At the beginning of the second season, production moved to the larger Stage 24, which was renamed "The Friends Stage" after the series finale. Filming began in the summer of 1994 in front of a live audience, who were given a summary of the series to familiarize themselves with the six main characters; a hired comedian entertained the studio audience between takes. Each 22-minute episode took six hours to film — twice the length of most sitcom tapings — mainly due to the several retakes and rewrites of the script. Although the producers always wanted to find the right stories to take advantage of being on location, Friends was never shot in New York. Bright felt that filming outside the studio made episodes less funny, even when shooting on the lot outside, and that the live audience was an integral part of the series. When the series was criticized for incorrectly depicting New York, with the financially struggling group of friends being able to afford huge apartments, Bright noted that the set had to be big enough for the cameras, lighting, and "for the audience to be able to see what's going on"; the apartments also needed to provide a place for the actors to execute the funny scripts. The fourth season finale was shot on location in London because the producers knew of the country's large fanbase. The scenes were shot in a studio with three audiences of 500 each, the show's largest audiences throughout its run. Although some people thought the season 5 finale was filmed on location in Las Vegas, the episode was filmed at Warner Bros. Studios, where they took down the Central Perk set to be replaced with Cesar's Palace (the only time in the show's run that the coffee shop set was taken down). Broadcast After the produced pilot lived up to NBC's hopes, the series premiered with the name Friends on September 22, 1994 on the coveted Thursday 8:30 pm timeslot. The pilot aired between Mad About You and Seinfeld, and was watched by almost 22 million American viewers. The series was a huge success throughout its run, and was a staple of NBC's Thursday night line-up, dubbed by the network as Must See TV. When Crane told reporters in 2001 that the ninth season was a possibility, critics believed that he was posturing, and that at least two of the cast members would not sign on for another season. When it was confirmed that Friends would return for a ninth season, the news was mainly about the amount of money — $1 million per episode — that it took to bring the series back for another season. After year-long expectations that the ninth season would be the series' last, NBC signed a deal in late December 2002 to bring the series back for a final tenth season. The series' creative team did not want to extend negotiations into the next year, and wanted to start writing the rest of the ninth season episodes and a potential series finale. NBC agreed to pay $10 million to Warner Bros. for the production of each tenth season episode, the highest price in television history for a 30-minute series. Although NBC was unable to bring in enough advertising revenue from commercials to cover the costs, the series was integral to the Thursday night schedule, which brought high ratings and profits to the other television series. The cast demanded that the tenth season be reduced from the usual 24 episodes to 18 episodes to allow them to work on outside projects. Series finale Main article: The Last One The cast became very emotional while filming the final episode. Jennifer Aniston explained, "We're like very delicate china right now, and we're speeding toward a brick wall." The series' creators completed the first draft of the hour-long finale in January 2004, four months before its original airing. Crane, Kauffman and Bright decided to watch finales from other sitcoms to prepare the episode's outline, paying attention to what worked and what did not. Kauffman found that they liked the ones which stayed true to the series, citing the finale of The Mary Tyler Moore Show as the gold standard. The writers had difficulty writing the finale, and spent several days thinking about the finale scene without being able to write a word. Crane said that they did not want to do "something high concept, or take the show out of the show". The most critical parts of the finale were shot without an audience, and with a minimum amount of crew. The main cast enjoyed the finale and were confident that the fans would react similarly. David Schwimmer said the finale was "exactly what I had hoped. We all end up with a sense of a new beginning and the audience has a sense that it's a new chapter in the lives of all these characters." NBC heavily promoted the series finale, which was preceded by weeks of media hype. Local NBC affiliates organized viewing parties around the U.S., including an event at Universal CityWalk featuring a special broadcast of the finale on an outdoor Astrovision screen. The finale was the subject of two episodes of Dateline NBC, a weekly television newsmagazine, one of which ran for two hours. A one-hour retrospective of clips from previous episodes was shown before to the airing of the episode. Following the finale, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno was filmed on the set of the Friends' Central Perk cafe, which featured the series' cast as guests. The advertising rates for the finale averaged $2 million for 30 seconds of commercial time, breaking the record held by the Seinfeld finale at $1.7 million. 52.5 million American viewers watched the finale on May 6, 2004, making it the most-watched entertainment telecast in six years. Although it was not the series' most-watched episode, the finale was the fourth most-watched series finale in television history, only behind the finales of MASH, Cheers and Seinfeld, which were watched by 105, 80.4 and 76.2 million viewers respectively. The retrospective episode was watched by fewer than 36 million viewers, and the finale was the second most-watched television show of the year, only behind the Super Bowl. Following the finales of Friends and Frasier, media critics speculated about the fate of the sitcom genre. Expressed opinions varied between a signaling of the end of the sitcom genre, a small decline in the large history of the genre, and a general reduction of scripted television in favor of reality shows. Kauffman and Crane stated that they would not have signed on for an eleventh season, even if all the cast members wanted to continue. Crane said that it took them a while to accept the idea of a tenth season, which they decided to do because they had enough stories left to tell to justify the season. Impact Critical reception Early reviews of the series were mixed. Tom Feran of The Cleveland Plain Dealer wrote that the series traded "vaguely and less successfully on the hanging-out style of Seinfeld", while Ann Hodges of the Houston Chronicle called it "the new Seinfeld wannabe, but it will never be as funny as Seinfeld." In the Los Angeles Daily News, Ray Richmond named the series as "one of the brighter comedies of the new season", and The Los Angeles Times called it "flat-out the best comedy series of the new season". Chicago Sun-Times' Ginny Holbert found Joey and Rachel's characteristics to be underdeveloped, while Richmond commended the cast as a "likeable, youth ensemble" with "good chemistry". Robert Bianco of USA Today was complementary of Schwimmer, calling him "terrific". He also praised the female leads, but was concerned that Perry's role as Chandler was "undefined" and that LeBlanc was "relying too much on the same brain-dead stud routine that was already tired the last two times he tried it". The authors of Friends Like Us: The Unofficial Guide to Friends thought that the cast was "trying just a little too hard", in particular Perry and Schwimmer. As the series progressed, reviews became more positive, and Friends became one of the most popular sitcoms of its time. Critics commended the series for its consistently sharp writing and the chemistry between the main actors. Noel Holston of Newsday, who had dismissed the pilot as a "so-so Seinfeld wannabe" in 1994, reneged his review after rewatching the episode, and felt like writing an apology to the writers. Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com thought that the series "hit its stride" in the second season. Havrilesky found the character-specific jokes and situations "could reliably make you laugh out loud a few times each episode", and the quality of writing allowed the stories to be "original and innovative". Bill Carter of The New York Times called the eighth season a "truly stunning comeback". Carter found that by "generating new hot story lines and high-decibel laughs", the series made its way "back into the hearts of its fans". However, Liane Bonin of Entertainment Weekly felt that the direction of the ninth season was a "disappointing buzzkill", criticizing it for the non-stop celebrity guest spots and going into jump the shark territory. Although disappointed with the season, Bonin noted that "the writing [was] still sharp". Havrilesky thought that the tenth season was "alarmingly awful, far worse than you would ever imagine a show that was once so good could be." Reviews of the series finale were mixed to positive. USA Today's Robert Bianco described the finale as entertaining and satisfying, and praised it for deftly mixing emotion and humor while showcasing each of the stars. Sarah Rodman of the Boston Herald praised Aniston and Schwimmer for their acting, but felt that their characters' reunion was "a bit too neat, even if it was what most of the show's legions of fans wanted." Roger Catlin of The Hartford Courant felt that newcomers to the series would be "surprised at how laughless the affair could be, and how nearly every strained gag depends on the sheer stupidity of its characters." Ken Parish Perkins, writing for Fort Worth Star-Telegram, pointed out that the finale was "more touching than comical, more satisfying in terms of closure than knee-slappingly funny." Cultural impact Central Perk couch as displayed on the Warner Bros. Studios Tour. Although the producers thought of Friends as "only a TV show", numerous psychologists investigated the cultural impact of Friends during the series' run. Aniston's hairstyle was nicknamed " The Rachel " and copied around the world. Joey Tribbiani's catchphrase "How you doin'?" has become a popular part of Western English slang, often used as a pick-up line or when greeting friends. The show also popularized the idea of the "laminated list", a list of celebrities that a person's partner will permit them to sleep with if they were to ever meet them. In " The One With Frank Jr. " the characters exchange "lists" verbally, while Ross creates a physical list and laminates it, making his choices permanent. The concept of the laminated list has been adopted by the Hollywood Stock Exchange website. The series also impacted on the English language, according to a study by a linguistics professor at the University of Toronto. The professor found that the characters used the word "so" as an adjective more often than other intensifiers, such as "very" and "really". Although the preference had already made its way into the American vernacular, usage on the series may have accelerated the change. The show is also responsible for popularizing the phrase "going commando". The phrase "Ross and Rachel" has appeared as a joke in Scrubs: the janitor describes J.D.'s relationship with Elliot as "not exactly Ross and Rachel." Friends has been referenced again in the Scrubs episode, "My Cold Shower"; Carla describes J.D and Elliot's relationship as being, "On and off more than Ross and Rachel, from Friends." Also in Scrubs, when Elliot and J.D. are deciding to get back together, J.D. says "We don't always have to be arguing over if we were on a break", to which Elliot responds "Did you watch the Friends re-run on NBC last night?". On the 100th episode of the television show One Tree Hill (Lucas' and Lindsay's wedding), a character references Ross saying the wrong name at the altar when he was marrying Emily. In one episode of the British show Skins, a Russian girl learns English from Friends, and uses many of the catchphrases (such as "How you doin'" and "We were on a break") as a recurring joke. One of the principal settings of the series, the Central Perk coffee house has inspired various imitations worldwide (the coffee house is based on Cholmondeley's, a coffee shop and lounge in Usen Castle at Brandeis University, the alma mater of the show's creators), including the now-defunct "Phoenix Perk" in Dublin (named for the Phoenix Park in the city) and the 'Riverdale Perk' in Toronto. In 2006 Iranian businessman Mojtaba Asadian started a "Central Perk" franchise, registering the name in 32 countries. The décor of his coffee houses are inspired by that in Friends. James Michael Tyler , who plays Gunther , the Central Perk waiter in love with Rachel, attended the grand opening of the flagship Dubai café and is the spokesman for the company. Central Perk was rebuilt as part of a museum exhibit at Warner Bros. Studios, and was shown on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in October 2008. Lisa Kudrow revisited the set for the first time since the series finale in 2004. Additionally, many fans have attempted to recreate the look of the "Friends" apartments. Many companies now sell replicas of props appearing on the sets of Friends. One such example is www.friendsposter.com, which features Monica's famous peephole frame, and many posters that are featured in both Monica and Joey and Chandler's apartments. The name of every Friends episode, with the exceptions of the very first and last episodes (titled " The Pilot " and " The Last One " respectively), starts with "The One...", e.g. "The One With Ross' Inappropriate Song", though the Pilot is sometimes called "The One Where Monica Gets A Roommate", or "The One Where It All Began". In continuing with this tradition, a boxed set containing all ten seasons on DVD was called "The One With All Ten Seasons". This tradition is based on the way people, when unable to remember the actual title of an episode of a TV show, will describe it as "it's the one with..." and then state the main storyline of the episode. A parody of Friends was created in Britain called Chums and was aired on SM-TV. It features 3 characters named Ant, Dec and Cat Deely. Cat Deely can be seen as a parody of Rachel's actions. The episodes include short episodes, also beginning with "The One...". Most of the episodes feature pretend shows like Pokefight, based on Pokemon. Also Nickelodeon's 'Snick' used to make short episodes called 'Buds' with the Snick cast. They would act like the friends cast but with different, pointless plots. Awards and nominations Main article: List of Friends' awards and nominations To maintain the series' ensemble format, the main cast members decided to enter themselves in the same acting categories for awards. Beginning with the series' eighth season, the actors decided to submit themselves in the lead actor balloting, rather than in the supporting actor fields. The series was nominated for 63 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning six. Jennifer Aniston and Lisa Kudrow are the only main cast members to win an Emmy, while Courteney Cox is the only actor not to be nominated. The series won the 2002 Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, with nominations in 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000 and 2003. The series also won an American Comedy Award, one GLAAD Media Award, one Golden Globe Award, three Logie Awards, six People's Choice Awards, one Satellite Award, and then two Screen Actors Guild Awards. Ratings U.S. ratings The 66-minute series finale was named by Entertainment Tonight as the biggest TV moment of the year 2004, and was the second highest rated show in 2004, bringing in 52.5 million viewers (43% of all viewers that night), beaten only by Super Bowl XXXVIII. However, it did not surpass the ratings received by series finales for MASH (106 m), Cheers (80.4 m) or Seinfeld (76.3 m), nor was it the most watched episode of Friends-that accolade remains with the Season Two episode " The One After The Superbowl ", which aired on January 28, 1996 and drew 52.9 million viewers. The table below indicates the ratings of Friends in the U.S., where it consistently ranked within the top ten of the final television ratings. "Rank" refers to how well Friends rated compared to other television series which aired during primetime hours of the corresponding television season. The television season tends to begin in September, and ends during the May of the following year, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps. "Viewers" refers to the average number of viewers for all original episodes, broadcast during the television season in the series' regular timeslot. "Rank" is shown in relation to the total number of series airing on the then-six major English-language networks in a given season. The "season premiere" is the date that the first episode of the season aired, and the "season finale" is the date that the final episode of the season aired. Season 21.4 Australian and New Zealand ratings Friends debuted on Australian television in 1996, on the Seven Network. For the first season, it averaged 1,788,000 viewers per episode, and was the 8th most watched regular program that year. The second season aired on the Nine Network by the end of 1996, and took the number 2 position and averaged 2,291,000 viewers per episode. The third season aired in mid-1997 and saw an increase in its position and viewers, being the most watched regular program, averaging 2,543,000 viewers per episode. Repeats were also averaging 1,918,000 viewers, and they were the 6th most watched regular program of the year. The fourth season aired in 1998, and continued to increase in ratings, averaging 2,586,000 viewers. The fifth season aired in 1999, but saw a slight drop in viewers. It averaged 2,340,000 viewers per episode, but still managed to retain its number one position. The sixth season, aired in 2000, fell into a contentious year for TV ratings in Australia. Previously, ratings had been calculated by Nielsen Media Research, but OzTAM took over. OzTAM showed slight differences in ratings for most shows broadcast on Nine Network, and saw a significant drop in total viewers across all networks. OzTAM had Friends averaging 1,816,000 viewers nationally, and ranked it as the 3rd most watched program of the year. Nielsen Media Research Australia , however, had Friends averaging 2,340,000 viewers per episode, and ranked it as the most watched program. The eighth season, aired in 2002, saw erratic scheduling of Friends on the Nine Network , and as a result saw a major drop in viewers. It ranked as the 10th most watched regular program that year, averaging 1,629,000 viewers. As a result of the Athens Olympics, Friends saw a decrease in its ratings. It was put on hiatus twice, for periods of four and seven months long respectively. The tenth season averaged 1,716,000 viewers per episode, and was ranked as the 6th most watched program of the year. It was also ranked as the third most watched scripted program. The finale averaged 2,273,000 viewers, though it was not the highest rated episode of Friends ever. While Cable TV channel Arena (a Foxtel and Optus channel) aired Friends repeats daily, channel Nine did not air Friends repeats like it did with another popular US sitcom, Frasier. In November 2007, it was announced that Network Ten had bought the rights to the show (although Nine retains some last season episodes which are replayed late-night, thus making it aired simultaneously by two separate networks), and that it would air it seven nights a week from December 2 screening at 7:00p.m., replacing Futurama repeats. It was also a part of the 2007/2008 summer schedule, meaning that the show has aired on all of Australia's "Big Three" television networks. In February 2008, Friends was moved to the 6pm Monday-Friday timeslot, and replaced long-running 6 p.m. repeats of The Simpsons in Network Ten's regular schedule. Due to sexual content and low level coarse language, many episodes were edited to fit the G ratings, and the first two episodes of the fifth season were cut altogether due to Monica and Chandler's relationship acts. On July 28, 2008, Network Ten moved episodes of Friends to 7pm weeknights, allowing for the episodes to remain unedited. In New Zealand, Friends first debuted on TV2 during the middle of 1995. The show typically screened around 7:30 p.m. on Wednesday nights but some seasons were screened on Sunday nights. Repeats were screened at 7:00 p.m. during December and January between 1996 and 1998 when Shortland Street went off the air for the Summer break. TV2 began screening repeats at 6:30 p.m. from 2000 onwards, running constant repeats of all previous seasons. Currently, the show plays every weeknight at 6:00 p.m. Comedy Central has announced they will screen Friends when TV2 loses the rights around 2015-16. British and Irish ratings Friends was originally aired on the terrestrial Channel 4 from 1995 onwards. New episodes were then shown on Sky One in the late 1990s, although the series achieved a more mainstream audience through repeat showings on Channel 4. The program was repeated daily on Channel 4 and S4C in Wales until recently, it is still repeated twice a day on E4 with 2 back-to-back episodes. However during the summer when the 4 network is overridden by Big Brother it is repeated three times a day usually in between shows such as Hollyoaks and Big Brother's Little Brother. Friends is currently shown exclusively on Comedy Central in the UK, the episodes are available in HD for the first time in the UK market. The Irish channel RTÉ Two was the first channel in Europe to air both the premiere and finale episodes of Friends. The show achieved exceptionally high ratings throughout the initial run, and continues to run twice weekly on RTÉ Two, and weekdays on Channel 6. Merchandise The 40-disc Friends - The Complete Series Collection DVD box set was released in . A wide range of Friends merchandise has been produced by various companies. All ten seasons have been released on DVD individually and as a box set. Warner Bros. has also talked about plans of a future Blu-ray release. Each season release contains special features and footage originally cut from the series. For the first season, each episode is updated with color correction and sound enhancement. In late September 1995, WEA Records released the Friends Original TV Soundtrack , containing music featured in previous and future episodes. In between some of the songs, there is spoken dialog from scenes from the show's first season. The soundtrack debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 46, and sold 500,000 copies in November 1995. In 1999, a second soundtrack album entitled Friends Again was released. Other merchandise include a Friends version of the DVD game "Scene It?", and a quiz computer game, entitled "Friends: The One with All the Trivia", "hosted" by James Michael Tyler , Christina Pickles , Elliott Gould and Maggie Wheeler as their respective characters from the series. All ten seasons were re-released in region 2 on October 25, 2004. For region 1, when Season Ten was released on November 15, 2005, the WB made a limited edition box called "The One With All Ten Seasons" to fit all individual ten seasons in. The collection was cased in wood with black covering and a plastic door with all of the Friends pictured on it. One year later, the WB released The Complete Series , cased in a red box with an exclusive booklet about the show, cast, and original pilot pitch. Instead of individually boxing and organizing the shows by season, this collection organized the 40 discs into volumes sorted by how many episodes to a disc, and they were split up by a disc holder for each cast member. This version was released in the UK on 12 November 2007. DVD name Main article: Joey (TV Series) Joey Title Card After the series finale in 2004, LeBlanc signed on for the spin-off series, Joey, following Joey's move to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career. Kauffman and Crane were not interested in the spin-off, although Bright accepted to executive produce the series with Scott Silveri and Shana Goldberg-Meehan. NBC heavily promoted Joey and gave it Friends' Thursday 8:00 pm timeslot. The pilot was watched by 18.60 million American viewers, but ratings continually decreased throughout the series' two seasons, averaging 10.20 million viewers in the first season and 7.10 million in the second. The final broadcast episode on March 7, 2006 was watched by 7.09 million viewers; NBC canceled the series on May 15, 2006 after two seasons. Bright blamed the collaboration between NBC executives, the studio and other producers for quickly ruining the series: "On Friends Joey was a womanizer but we enjoyed his exploits. He was a solid friend, a guy you knew you could count on. Joey was deconstructed to be a guy who couldn't get a job, couldn't ask a girl out. He became a pathetic, mopey character. I felt he was moving in the wrong direction, but I was not heard." Film Following the series finale, rumors began to emerge of a Friends film, although all were proven to be untrue. Rumors of a film reemerged after the release of the Sex and the City film in 2008, which proved to be a success at the box office. The Daily Telegraph reported in July 2008 that the main cast members had agreed to star in the project, and that filming was going to start within the next 18 months. A source commented that "Jennifer, Courteney and the rest of the cast are [eager] to reprise their roles, under the right circumstances [...] Jennifer says she and Courteney have already talked this summer about what they want out of a Friends movie." When asked about the film, Kudrow said that she was unaware of the talks, but expressed interest in the idea. However, the director of publicity for Warner Bros. said there was "no truth in the story", and Perry's spokeswoman added that "nothing is happening in this regard, so the rumor is false."	i don't know
In the U.S., who represents the government in the prosecution of criminal offences?	The United States Attorney's Office \| USAO-EDPA \| Department of Justice The United States Attorney's Office Eastern District of Pennsylvania About The Office The United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania is one of the largest in the country with 134 Assistant United States Attorneys (AUSAs) currently on staff. There are 121 non-attorney positions in the office. The USAO is located at 615 Chestnut Street in downtown Philadelphia. The office is divided into three divisions: Criminal, Civil and Organized Crime Strike Force. Computer Crimes Criminal Division The Criminal division is the largest group of attorneys in the office. The division consists of 93 Assistant United States Attorneys. For management purposes, the Criminal Division is divided into eight teams. Each team has a team leader who also serves as the chief of cases in a particular subject. Attorneys in the Criminal Division are assigned to teams and the team leader serves as an administrative head of the team. Our criminal assistants are generalists within all areas of criminal law. The team leaders also serve as subject matter chiefs. They maintain expertise in these areas and maintain relationships with the investigative agencies in their subject matter. The sections are: Narcotics Financial Institution Fraud and Identity Theft Government Fraud, Health Care Fraud, and Environmental Crimes Official Corruption, Tax Fraud and Civil Rights Firearms Violent Crime, Terrorism and Immigration Fraud Fraud Computer Crimes The Criminal Division also includes approximately 51 Special Assistant U.S. Attorneys assigned from other federal agencies and local prosecutor's offices to handle firearms offenses and other rmatters. Civil Division The Civil Division consists of 25 attorneys. They represent the United States in civil actions, both defensive and affirmative. The affirmative litigation work includes fraud on the government, such as health care fraud, and environmental enforcement. Because the Eastern District has a large number of federal facilities, the office has a defense practice that includes all varieties of personal injury, including medical malpractice, Title VII litigation and defense of government agency action. Attorneys in the Civil Division do both affirmative and defensive litigation. Please go to the following links to learn more about our Civil Division: Affirmative Civil Enforcement , Predatory Lending , Whistleblower suits , Elder Abuse . The Organized Crime Division The responsibility in the U.S. Attorney's Office for dealing with both traditional and certain non-traditional organized criminal groups is assigned to the Organized Crime Strike Force Division ("Strike Force"). Consistent with the Department of Justice's National policy on organized crime, the Strike Force has the responsibility in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania for coordinating federal invetigations and prosecutions in cases related to, and involving, the following criminal organizations: 1) La Cosa Nostra; 2) Eastern European/Russian organized crime groups; 3) Asian organized crime groups; and 4) criminal organizations orginating in Italy, including the Sicilian Mafia, the Camorra, and the N'drangheta. The Strike Force also handles "special circumstance" investigations that are assigned to it by the U.S. Attorney with the concurrence of the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice. Included within the Strike Force's assignment are the coordination and development of cases involving human trafficking (the human trafficking assignment potentially cuts across both Asian and Eurasian organized crime) and investigations of outlaw motorcycle gangs. The Strike Force consists of 12 attorneys headed by a Chief and Assistant Chief. The staffing is augmented occasionally by Special Assistant U.S. Attorneys from local, state and federal agencies who work under the umbrella of the Organized Crime Division. The use of "special attorneys" underscores the advantage of cooperative law enforcement when investigating and prosecuting organized crime groups. Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs The Narcotics and Dangerous Drug Section prosecutes violations of federal narcotics laws including the illegal trafficking of cocaine, crack, heroin, methamphetamine and other controlled substances. Federal prosecutions focus in particular on the importation of illegal narcotics, interstate, large-scale or organized drug trafficking, or individuals or groups that use violence in the course of drug dealing. State and local authorities, such as the Philadelphia Police and the Philadelphia District Attorney's Office, prosecute the vast majority of narcotics offenders. This office focuses its efforts on international, interstate and organized drug offenders, coordinating its efforts with the state and local authorities. The United States Attorney's Office also prosecutes cases involving the diversion of prescription drugs for illegal sale. The United States Attorney's Office participates in Weed & Seed, a program designed to create a partnership between law enforcement and community groups to improve neighborhoods. For more information on the Weed & Seed program, go to the following link - Weed & Seed - or contact William Hausmann of the U.S. Attorney's Office at (215) 861-8274. Criminal prosecutions brought by this office are most often investigated by one of the following federal agencies, frequently acting together with state and local authorities: Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) 215-861-3474 Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) 215-418-4000 Immigration and Customs Enforcement 215-597-4305 United States Postal Inspection Service 215-895-8450 If anyone has information regarding narcotics trafficking, please contact Thomas Perricone, Chief of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Section at (215) 861-8419, or one of the federal agencies listed above. The Philadelphia Police Department drug hotline is (215) 686-3784. Financial Institution Fraud and Identity Theft The Financial Institution Fraud Section is responsible for prosecuting a broad spectrum of bank fraud acts and schemes designed to profit persons both inside and outside and institution. The Section also investigates/prosecutes crime in other related areas. Prosecutions supervised by the Financial Institution Fraud Section include: Bank Fraud - Major bank fraud matters include check kites, false loans, embezzlement and misapplication of bank funds by insiders, counterfeit, stolen and forged checks. Federal Agencies: U.S. Secret Service (215) 861-3300 Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC) (202) 416-2912 Credit Card Fraud - FBI / U.S. Secret Service / U.S. Postal Inspection Service (215) 895-8450 Counterfeit Currency - U.S. Secret Service Food Stamp Fraud - Department of Agriculture (610) 337-2237 Money Laundering - FBI / U.S. Secret Service ICE (215) 597-4305 Immigration and Passport Fraud - BCBP (215) 597-4606 State Department (215) 861-3370 Communications Fraud - U.S. Secret Service - Clone Phone Identity Theft - FBI / U.S. Secret Service / U.S. Postal / Social Security I.G. For more information about Identity Theft, go to the following link: Identity Theft The Chief of the Financial Institution Fraud is Richard Goldberg who may be contacted at (215) 861-8439. Government Fraud, Health Care Fraud, and Environmental Crimes The Government Fraud, Health Care Fraud, and Environmental Crimes Section oversees federal criminal prosecutions of offense such as: Major health care fraud matters involving false billings and other schemes that victimize patients, the Food and Drug Administration, health care providers, private insurers and government insurers such as Medicare and Medicaid. Frauds committed against agencies of the Department of Defense, or other government buyers, by suppliers of materials in fulfillment of government contracts Thefts and frauds involving government programs, including workmen's compensation, social security, housing, and similar programs administered by other government agencies Fraudulent violations of Department and Agriculture laws prohibiting the sale of adulterated foods Crimes against the United States Postal Service, including thefts, embezzlements and threats against postal employees In appropriate cases involving health care fraud and fraud on government agencies, the criminal division coordinates with the office's Affirmative Civil Enforcement Program. If anyone has information regarding health care fraud, a fraud involving a government program, or an environmental crime, please contact Catherine Votaw, the Chief of the Government and Health Care Fraud Section, at (215) 861-8303. In addition, the FBI, or the Office of the Inspector General of Health and Human Services, (215) 861-4586, may be contacted. Official Corruption, Fraud and Civil Rights The Official Corruption, Tax Fraud and Civil Rights Section handles the following matters: All major public official corruption involving local, state and federal officials, including bribery, kickbacks and extortion All police corruption Tax offenses and crimes that undermine the integrity of the Internal Revenue Service and its programs, including IRS employee theft and robbery Corruption, theft and racketeering by labor leaders and pension fund administrators/trustees The interstate theft/transportation of goods and operations involving automobile theft/replating or chop shops The unlicensed export of military articles of high technology to foreign governments Civil Rights Violations If any information exists concerning the activity involving any of these types of offenses, please contact Mike Schwartz, Chief of the Corruption, Labor Racketeering and Tax Section at (215) 861-8923. Firearms The Firearms Section prosecutes the violations of federal laws in the following subject matters: Firearms and Explosives Unlicensed sale of firearms, ammunition and explosives Convicted felons in possession of firearms, ammunition and explosives False statements in the acquisition of firearms, ammunition and explosives Possessing/using/carrying firearms or explosives in federal crimes of violence or drug trafficking Project Safe Neighborhood falls under this section. This is a cooperative effort with local law enforcement to reduce gun violence and improve community safety throughout our district To report a violation of these types of offenses, please contact a federal agent at the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) at one of the following telephone numbers: Firearms - Convicted felons possessing firearms: (215) 717-4749 Illegal sale of firearms without a license, false statements to acquire a firearm: (215) 717-4801 The Chief of the Firearms Section is Richard Barrett, (215) 861-8420. Violent Crimes, Terrorism & Immigration The Violent Crimes Terrorism and Immigrations Section investigates crimes which jeopardize public safety: bank robbery, carjacking, kidnapping, terrorism, extortion, and arson. Cases in this area are investigated by a federal agency, such as FBI, USSS, ICE, and ATF. This section coordinates the federal law response to International and Domestic terrorism threats and directs the state, federal and local, Anti Terrorism Task Force (ATTF). Allegations about crimes in this section should be made first to the federal investigatory agencies or a local police department if there is an immediate threat to public safety. The Chief of the Violent Crimes, Terrorism & Immigrations Section is David Webb and he can be reached at (215) 861-8450. Frauds	District attorney
What was the name of Stanley Kubriks landmark 1968 sci-fi blockbuster?	The United States Attorney's Office \| USAO-EDPA \| Department of Justice The United States Attorney's Office Eastern District of Pennsylvania About The Office The United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania is one of the largest in the country with 134 Assistant United States Attorneys (AUSAs) currently on staff. There are 121 non-attorney positions in the office. The USAO is located at 615 Chestnut Street in downtown Philadelphia. The office is divided into three divisions: Criminal, Civil and Organized Crime Strike Force. Computer Crimes Criminal Division The Criminal division is the largest group of attorneys in the office. The division consists of 93 Assistant United States Attorneys. For management purposes, the Criminal Division is divided into eight teams. Each team has a team leader who also serves as the chief of cases in a particular subject. Attorneys in the Criminal Division are assigned to teams and the team leader serves as an administrative head of the team. Our criminal assistants are generalists within all areas of criminal law. The team leaders also serve as subject matter chiefs. They maintain expertise in these areas and maintain relationships with the investigative agencies in their subject matter. The sections are: Narcotics Financial Institution Fraud and Identity Theft Government Fraud, Health Care Fraud, and Environmental Crimes Official Corruption, Tax Fraud and Civil Rights Firearms Violent Crime, Terrorism and Immigration Fraud Fraud Computer Crimes The Criminal Division also includes approximately 51 Special Assistant U.S. Attorneys assigned from other federal agencies and local prosecutor's offices to handle firearms offenses and other rmatters. Civil Division The Civil Division consists of 25 attorneys. They represent the United States in civil actions, both defensive and affirmative. The affirmative litigation work includes fraud on the government, such as health care fraud, and environmental enforcement. Because the Eastern District has a large number of federal facilities, the office has a defense practice that includes all varieties of personal injury, including medical malpractice, Title VII litigation and defense of government agency action. Attorneys in the Civil Division do both affirmative and defensive litigation. Please go to the following links to learn more about our Civil Division: Affirmative Civil Enforcement , Predatory Lending , Whistleblower suits , Elder Abuse . The Organized Crime Division The responsibility in the U.S. Attorney's Office for dealing with both traditional and certain non-traditional organized criminal groups is assigned to the Organized Crime Strike Force Division ("Strike Force"). Consistent with the Department of Justice's National policy on organized crime, the Strike Force has the responsibility in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania for coordinating federal invetigations and prosecutions in cases related to, and involving, the following criminal organizations: 1) La Cosa Nostra; 2) Eastern European/Russian organized crime groups; 3) Asian organized crime groups; and 4) criminal organizations orginating in Italy, including the Sicilian Mafia, the Camorra, and the N'drangheta. The Strike Force also handles "special circumstance" investigations that are assigned to it by the U.S. Attorney with the concurrence of the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice. Included within the Strike Force's assignment are the coordination and development of cases involving human trafficking (the human trafficking assignment potentially cuts across both Asian and Eurasian organized crime) and investigations of outlaw motorcycle gangs. The Strike Force consists of 12 attorneys headed by a Chief and Assistant Chief. The staffing is augmented occasionally by Special Assistant U.S. Attorneys from local, state and federal agencies who work under the umbrella of the Organized Crime Division. The use of "special attorneys" underscores the advantage of cooperative law enforcement when investigating and prosecuting organized crime groups. Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs The Narcotics and Dangerous Drug Section prosecutes violations of federal narcotics laws including the illegal trafficking of cocaine, crack, heroin, methamphetamine and other controlled substances. Federal prosecutions focus in particular on the importation of illegal narcotics, interstate, large-scale or organized drug trafficking, or individuals or groups that use violence in the course of drug dealing. State and local authorities, such as the Philadelphia Police and the Philadelphia District Attorney's Office, prosecute the vast majority of narcotics offenders. This office focuses its efforts on international, interstate and organized drug offenders, coordinating its efforts with the state and local authorities. The United States Attorney's Office also prosecutes cases involving the diversion of prescription drugs for illegal sale. The United States Attorney's Office participates in Weed & Seed, a program designed to create a partnership between law enforcement and community groups to improve neighborhoods. For more information on the Weed & Seed program, go to the following link - Weed & Seed - or contact William Hausmann of the U.S. Attorney's Office at (215) 861-8274. Criminal prosecutions brought by this office are most often investigated by one of the following federal agencies, frequently acting together with state and local authorities: Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) 215-861-3474 Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) 215-418-4000 Immigration and Customs Enforcement 215-597-4305 United States Postal Inspection Service 215-895-8450 If anyone has information regarding narcotics trafficking, please contact Thomas Perricone, Chief of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Section at (215) 861-8419, or one of the federal agencies listed above. The Philadelphia Police Department drug hotline is (215) 686-3784. Financial Institution Fraud and Identity Theft The Financial Institution Fraud Section is responsible for prosecuting a broad spectrum of bank fraud acts and schemes designed to profit persons both inside and outside and institution. The Section also investigates/prosecutes crime in other related areas. Prosecutions supervised by the Financial Institution Fraud Section include: Bank Fraud - Major bank fraud matters include check kites, false loans, embezzlement and misapplication of bank funds by insiders, counterfeit, stolen and forged checks. Federal Agencies: U.S. Secret Service (215) 861-3300 Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC) (202) 416-2912 Credit Card Fraud - FBI / U.S. Secret Service / U.S. Postal Inspection Service (215) 895-8450 Counterfeit Currency - U.S. Secret Service Food Stamp Fraud - Department of Agriculture (610) 337-2237 Money Laundering - FBI / U.S. Secret Service ICE (215) 597-4305 Immigration and Passport Fraud - BCBP (215) 597-4606 State Department (215) 861-3370 Communications Fraud - U.S. Secret Service - Clone Phone Identity Theft - FBI / U.S. Secret Service / U.S. Postal / Social Security I.G. For more information about Identity Theft, go to the following link: Identity Theft The Chief of the Financial Institution Fraud is Richard Goldberg who may be contacted at (215) 861-8439. Government Fraud, Health Care Fraud, and Environmental Crimes The Government Fraud, Health Care Fraud, and Environmental Crimes Section oversees federal criminal prosecutions of offense such as: Major health care fraud matters involving false billings and other schemes that victimize patients, the Food and Drug Administration, health care providers, private insurers and government insurers such as Medicare and Medicaid. Frauds committed against agencies of the Department of Defense, or other government buyers, by suppliers of materials in fulfillment of government contracts Thefts and frauds involving government programs, including workmen's compensation, social security, housing, and similar programs administered by other government agencies Fraudulent violations of Department and Agriculture laws prohibiting the sale of adulterated foods Crimes against the United States Postal Service, including thefts, embezzlements and threats against postal employees In appropriate cases involving health care fraud and fraud on government agencies, the criminal division coordinates with the office's Affirmative Civil Enforcement Program. If anyone has information regarding health care fraud, a fraud involving a government program, or an environmental crime, please contact Catherine Votaw, the Chief of the Government and Health Care Fraud Section, at (215) 861-8303. In addition, the FBI, or the Office of the Inspector General of Health and Human Services, (215) 861-4586, may be contacted. Official Corruption, Fraud and Civil Rights The Official Corruption, Tax Fraud and Civil Rights Section handles the following matters: All major public official corruption involving local, state and federal officials, including bribery, kickbacks and extortion All police corruption Tax offenses and crimes that undermine the integrity of the Internal Revenue Service and its programs, including IRS employee theft and robbery Corruption, theft and racketeering by labor leaders and pension fund administrators/trustees The interstate theft/transportation of goods and operations involving automobile theft/replating or chop shops The unlicensed export of military articles of high technology to foreign governments Civil Rights Violations If any information exists concerning the activity involving any of these types of offenses, please contact Mike Schwartz, Chief of the Corruption, Labor Racketeering and Tax Section at (215) 861-8923. Firearms The Firearms Section prosecutes the violations of federal laws in the following subject matters: Firearms and Explosives Unlicensed sale of firearms, ammunition and explosives Convicted felons in possession of firearms, ammunition and explosives False statements in the acquisition of firearms, ammunition and explosives Possessing/using/carrying firearms or explosives in federal crimes of violence or drug trafficking Project Safe Neighborhood falls under this section. This is a cooperative effort with local law enforcement to reduce gun violence and improve community safety throughout our district To report a violation of these types of offenses, please contact a federal agent at the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) at one of the following telephone numbers: Firearms - Convicted felons possessing firearms: (215) 717-4749 Illegal sale of firearms without a license, false statements to acquire a firearm: (215) 717-4801 The Chief of the Firearms Section is Richard Barrett, (215) 861-8420. Violent Crimes, Terrorism & Immigration The Violent Crimes Terrorism and Immigrations Section investigates crimes which jeopardize public safety: bank robbery, carjacking, kidnapping, terrorism, extortion, and arson. Cases in this area are investigated by a federal agency, such as FBI, USSS, ICE, and ATF. This section coordinates the federal law response to International and Domestic terrorism threats and directs the state, federal and local, Anti Terrorism Task Force (ATTF). Allegations about crimes in this section should be made first to the federal investigatory agencies or a local police department if there is an immediate threat to public safety. The Chief of the Violent Crimes, Terrorism & Immigrations Section is David Webb and he can be reached at (215) 861-8450. Frauds	i don't know
Who directed Alien and Blade Runner?	Ridley Scott - IMDb IMDb Producer \| Director \| Production Designer Ridley Scott was born in South Shields, Tyne and Wear (then County Durham) on 30 November 1937. His father was an officer in the Royal Engineers and the family followed him as his career posted him throughout the UK and Europe before they eventually returned to Teesside. Scott wanted to join Army (his elder brother Frank had already joined the ... See full bio » Born: a list of 25 people created 26 Feb 2011 a list of 23 people created 13 Oct 2012 a list of 27 people created 08 Jun 2014 a list of 23 people created 06 Jan 2015 a list of 22 people created 9 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Ridley Scott's work have you seen? User Polls Nominated for 4 Oscars. Another 37 wins & 85 nominations. See more awards » Known For \| Edit Filmography 2015-2016 The Man in the High Castle (TV Series) (executive producer - 20 episodes) - Detonation (2016) ... (executive producer) - Loose Lips (2016) ... (executive producer) - Fallout (2016) ... (executive producer) - Land O' Smiles (2016) ... (executive producer) - Kintsugi (2016) ... (executive producer) 2016 Killing Reagan (TV Movie) (executive producer) 2016 Mindhorn (executive producer) 2016 BrainDead (TV Series) (executive producer - 13 episodes) 2016 Jean-Claude Van Johnson (TV Movie) (executive producer) 2009-2016 The Good Wife (TV Series) (executive producer - 156 episodes) - End (2016) ... (executive producer) 2014 Italy in a Day (Documentary) (executive producer) 2014 1.24.14 (Short) (producer) - Episode #1.1 (2014) ... (executive producer) 2013 Killing Kennedy (TV Movie) (executive producer) 2013 Killing Kennedy (Documentary) (producer) 2013 The Vatican (TV Movie) (executive producer) 2012 The Polar Bears (Short) (producer) 2012 Labyrinth (TV Mini-Series) (producer - 2 episodes) 2011 Life in a Day (Documentary) (executive producer) 2010 Nomads (TV Movie) (executive producer) 2010 The Pillars of the Earth (TV Mini-Series) (executive producer - 9 episodes) - Illumination (2010) ... (executive producer) - New Beginnings (2010) ... (executive producer) - Witchcraft (2010) ... (executive producer) 2010 The Real Robin Hood (TV Movie documentary) (producer) 2005-2010 Numb3rs (TV Series) (executive producer - 119 episodes) - Episode #1.1 (2008) ... (executive producer) 2007 Law Dogs (TV Movie) (executive producer) 2006 Tristan + Isolde (executive producer) 2006 Orpheus (TV Movie) (executive producer) 2002 Beat the Devil (Short) (executive producer) 2002 Hostage (Short) (executive producer) 2000 The Last Debate (TV Movie) (executive producer) 2000 Gladiator (executive producer - uncredited) 1999 RKO 281 (TV Movie) (executive producer) 1997-1999 The Hunger (TV Series) (executive producer - 4 episodes) 1994 Monkey Trouble (executive producer) 1993 Elephant (TV Short) (associate producer) 1965 Boy and Bicycle (Short) (producer) Hide 1965 Reluctant Bandit (TV Movie) 1964 Singalong Saturday (TV Series) (3 episodes) 1965 Boy and Bicycle (Short) (written by) Hide 2001 Hannibal (executive music producer - uncredited) Hide 1999 The Alien Legacy (Video documentary) (archival material) Hide 2010 London Boulevard (special thanks) 2008 The Rhapsody (Short) (very special thanks) 2007 99 francs (special thanks) 2007 Boot Polish (Short) (very special thanks) 2016 20/20 (TV Series documentary) Himself - Director, The Martian Himself - Director (as Sir Ridley Scott) 2016 Today (TV Series) 2015 Celebrity Conversations (TV Series) Himself 2010-2015 Made in Hollywood (TV Series) Himself 2012-2015 Janela Indiscreta (TV Series) Himself 2015 CBS This Morning (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2014 Rencontres de cinéma (TV Series) Himself 2002-2014 Film 2016 (TV Series) Himself - Interviewee / Himself 2014 World Premiere (TV Series) Himself 2013-2014 Special Look (TV Series) Himself 2014 Weekend Ticket (TV Series short) Himself 2014 The Counselor: Sky Movies Special (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1988-2013 Cinema 3 (TV Series) Himself 2012 Bergmans video (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself (2012) 2000-2012 HBO First Look (TV Series documentary) Himself 2012 Ad Men (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2011-2012 Prophets of Science Fiction (TV Series documentary) Himself 2010 Alien: Enhancement Pods (Video documentary) Himself 2010 The Real Robin Hood (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2010 2010 Britannia Awards (TV Special) Himself 2009 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Himself 2008 Eigo de shabera-night (TV Series) Himself 2008 Séries express (TV Series) Himself 2007 All Our Variant Futures (Video documentary short) Himself 2007 Fashion Forward: Wardrobe and Styling (Video documentary short) Himself 2002-2007 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Himself / Himself - Guest 2007 Postcards from Provence (Video documentary) Himself 2006 60 Minutes (TV Series documentary) Himself - Director (segment "Explaining Russell Crowe ") 2006 Black Rain: Post-Production (Video documentary short) Himself 2006 Colors of the Crusade (Video documentary short) Himself 2006 Creative Accuracy: The Scholars Speak (Video documentary short) Himself 2006 Kingdom of Heaven: Cast Rehearsals (Video documentary short) Himself 2006 Unholy War: Mounting the Siege (Video documentary short) Himself 2005 Close-up (TV Series documentary) Himself 2005 The 100 Greatest War Films (TV Movie documentary) Himself (as Sir Ridley Scott) 2005 Hannity & Colmes (TV Series) Himself 2005 History vs. Hollywood (TV Series documentary) Himself 2005 The Big Story (TV Series) Himself 2005 The Culture Show (TV Series documentary) Himself 2005 MovieReal: Kingdom of Heaven (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2005 The Suite with Dave Karger (TV Series documentary) Himself - Guest (2005) 2004 Hollywood Greats (TV Series documentary) Himself 2004 Filmland (TV Series documentary) Himself 2003 Tinseltown TV (TV Series) Himself 2003 Je suis venu(e) vous dire (TV Series short) Himself 2003 DVD Discoveries (Video documentary) Himself (Behind the Behind the Scenes featurette) (uncredited) 2002 The Hollywood Machine (TV Series documentary) Himself 2002 + de cinéma (TV Series documentary short) Himself 2002 Channel 4 News (TV Series) Himself 2002 Hollywood, Inc. (TV Series documentary) Himself 2002 Hollywood History (TV Series documentary) Himself 2002 The Men from the Agency (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2001 The 100 Greatest Films (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2001 Alien Evolution (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2000 Gladiator Games: The Roman Bloodsport (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1999 The Alien Legacy (Video documentary) Himself - Director 1997 Hollywood Halloween (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1997 The Directors (TV Series documentary) Himself 1992 The Making of 'Alien 3' (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1992 Omnibus (TV Series documentary) Himself 1991 Reflections on 'Citizen Kane' (TV Short documentary) Himself 1991 Días de cine (TV Series) Himself 1991 E.T. - Entretenimento Total (TV Series) Himself 1990 The Horror Hall of Fame (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1990 Signals (TV Series documentary) Himself 1988 Bains de minuit (TV Series) Himself 1988 The Media Show (TV Series) Himself 1979 Giger's Alien (Short documentary) Himself 2014 The Drunken Peasants (TV Series) Himself 2012 Made in Hollywood (TV Series) Himself 2012 Prophets of Science Fiction (TV Series documentary) Himself 2009 España, plató de cine (TV Movie documentary) Himself (uncredited) 2007 60 Minutes (TV Series documentary) Himself - Director (segment "Explaining Russell Crowe ") 2005 Cinema mil (TV Series) Himself 2002 The 'Alien' Saga (TV Movie documentary) Himself (uncredited) Personal Details Other Works: 1984: Directed the famous Super Bowl ad for Apple Computers inspired by the book "1984". See more » Publicity Listings: 1 Biographical Movie \| 5 Print Biographies \| 1 Portrayal \| 15 Interviews \| 11 Articles \| 2 Pictorials \| See more » Alternate Names: Did You Know? Personal Quote: The digital and theatrical markets are two different marketplaces. I think the digital marketplace - thank God for it! - is like having a book on the shelf: so you can actually go to that book and if it's four hours long, you can put it on pause, you can have a beer - no one's counting. See more » Trivia: Directed 6 actors in Oscar nominated performances: Geena Davis , Susan Sarandon , Russell Crowe , Joaquin Phoenix , Ruby Dee , and Matt Damon . Crowe won for his performance in Gladiator (2000). See more » Trademark: Frequently uses fast shutter speeds during action scenes. See more » Nickname:	Ridley Scott
Who wrote 'The War of the Worlds' which has been adapted to film on four occassions?	Films directed by Ridley Scott Film Guide : Blade Runner, Black Hawk Down, Thelma & Louise, Alien, Hannibal, Gladiator, Kingdom of Heaven: Amazon.es: Source: Wikipedia: Libros en idiomas extranjeros DescripciÃ³n del producto Reseña del editor Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Commentary (films not included). Pages: 74. Chapters: Blade Runner, Black Hawk Down, Thelma & Louise, Alien, Hannibal, Gladiator, Kingdom of Heaven, American Gangster, Robin Hood, Body of Lies, Legend, 1984, Black Rain, A Good Year, All the Invisible Children, Matchstick Men, G.I. Jane, The Duellists, 1492: Conquest of Paradise, Life in a Day, Someone to Watch Over Me, White Squall, Boy and Bicycle. Excerpt: Alien is a 1979 science fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Tom Skerritt, Sigourney Weaver, Veronica Cartwright, Harry Dean Stanton, John Hurt, Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto. The film's title refers to its primary antagonist: a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature which stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship. Dan O'Bannon wrote the screenplay from a story by him and Ronald Shusett, drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror. The film was produced through Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox, with producers David Giler and Walter Hill making significant revisions and additions to the script. The titular Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss surrealist artist H. R. Giger, while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film. Alien garnered both critical acclaim and box office success, receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Direction for Scott, and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright, and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, along with numerous other award nominations. It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades, being inducted into the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2002 for historical preservation as a film which is "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 2008 it was ranked as the seve... No es necesario ningÃºn dispositivo Kindle. DescÃ¡rgate una de las apps de Kindle gratuitas para comenzar a leer libros Kindle en tu smartphone, tablet u ordenador. Apple	i don't know
What was the name of the superhuman cyborg law enforcer played by Peter Weller in 1987?	RoboCop \| Heroes Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia History RoboCop (1987) Robocop was formerly Alex Murphy, a Detroit police officer in the near future. Recently transferred to the Metro West precinct and partnered with Anne Lewis, Murphy engaged in a high-speed chase and cornered a group of drug dealers led by Detroit crime boss Clarence Boddicker. Following the group into an abandoned steel mill, Murphy was caught, tortured and brutally executed by Boddicker and his gang. Murphy was rushed to the operating table, where he was declared dead; however, mega-corporation Omni Consumer Products (OCP), which had recently taken over operation of Detroit's law enforcement, had other plans for him. Bob Morton, an executive in the Security Concepts division, used Murphy for his Robocop program. Combining state-of-the-art technology, armor and weaponry, OCP merged Murphy's mind with machinery to create Robocop, the crime-fighting cyborg. OCP programmed Robocop with three prime directives: serve the public trust, protect the innocent, and uphold the law. A fourth, unknown directive remained hidden in his programming. At first, Robocop cleaned up crime in Detroit and had citizens cheering and criminals on the run. Before long, however, Alex Murphy's memories began to haunt the cyborg. Searching for clues to his past, Robocop rediscovered memories of his happy family life and his murder at the hands of Boddicker's gang. He became determined to get vengeance for his own murder. Robocop tracked down Boddicker's henchmen on a quest for Boddicker himself. He soon learned that the corruption extended to Dick Jones, the Vice President of OCP, who was working with Boddicker. While attempting to arrest Jones, Robocop's fourth directive activated and prevented him from taking action against any senior OCP official. Jones attacked Robocop with his own mechanical enforcement droid, the bumbling ED-209. Robocop escapes into the parking complex, however he is then confronted by Detroit Police SWAT team led by Lt. Hedgecock who Robocop helped negotiated the hostage taker Ron Miller who Mayor Gibson and his staff hostage earlier has betrayed Detroit Police and taken control of the SWAT to follow Dick Jones' orders to destroy him. Before they open fire a few SWAT team members Kaplan, Jerry, Manson and Ramirez Robocop's comrades protest and tried to stop him and they walk off disgusted after Lt. Hedgecock tells them they have orders to destroy him. With the help of Murphy's old partner, Lewis who was alerted by Kaplan and the others to Lt. Hedgecock's treachery arrives to save him, Robocop escaped capture and returned to the steel mill where Murphy had first encountered Boddicker's gang. Jones ordered Boddicker to destroy Robocop and a climactic showdown ensued. One by one, Robocop and Lewis took out Boddicker's thugs and ultimately, Boddicker himself. Robocop then returned to OCP and, after a hostage standoff, was able to kill Jones when the senior OCP executive fired him and his orders on the Detroit Police force to destroy Robocop is put to ane end. RoboCop 2 (1990) Soon afterward, Robocop and Lewis were among the last few police officers working in Detroit as a major police strike ensued and the SWAT team suspended for falling into Dick Jones' trick and Whitakker is the new SWAT leader replacing Lt. Hedgecock who is now been killed for following DIck Jones' orders to destroy Robocop and his betrayel. The absence of police combined with the presence of a new, highly addictive drug called Nuke made the streets of Detroit more dangerous than ever. Robocop pursued the Nuke drug lord Cain to an abandoned factory, but Cain and his henchmen captured and dismantled him. Reduced to a collection of parts in a lab, Robocop's future was in doubt as OCP focused instead on developing an improved "Robocop 2." An ambitious company psychologist, Dr. Juliette Faxx, took advantage of the situation to reprogram Robocop with hundreds of nonsensical directives. With his psyche strained to the breaking point, Robocop deliberately subjected himself to a massive electric shock. He was able to clear all of the directives from his programming, giving him more free will than ever before. Robocop recruited the striking police officers of Detroit and staged a massive raid on Cain's drug operation. Robocop captured Cain in the ensuing chase. Dr. Faxx, meanwhile, had decided that Cain's criminal mind would be the best subject for her Robocop 2 project, and murdered him in his hospital bed in order to extract his brain. Unleashed on the city to do OCP's bidding and controlled by his addiction to Nuke, this new Robo-Cain soon clashed with the original Robocop in a battle at OCP headquarters. RoboCop 3 (1993) Robocop was able to defeat Cain, but OCP began the process of forcibly removing Detroit citizens from their homes to pave the way for its ambitious Delta City project. Caught in a moral dilemma and no longer able to reconcile OCP's actions with his own directives, Robocop, along with his partner, Lewis, turned against the corporation and joined an underground resistance movement. OCP's "rehab" officers subsequently murdered Lewis and forced Robocop into hiding. The resistance fighters took Robocop in and recruited his OCP technician, Dr. Marie Lazarus, to repair him after the scuffle with the rehab officers. While recovering, Robocop befriended Nikko, a young girl whose parents had recently been killed by the rehabs. Seeking revenge for Lewis's death, Robocop tracked down the rehabs' commanding officer, Paul McDaggett, but was unable to catch him. OCP, meanwhile, sent Otomo, an agent of its Japanese partner corporation, after Robocop. Robocop squared off against Otomo while the resistance members and former police officers fought the rehab officers in the streets of Detroit. Robocop was able to defeat Otomo, aid the resistance members using his new rocket pack, and rescue Nikko and Dr. Lazarus from McDaggett. With OCP's plans in ruins, Robocop stood at the forefront of the grass roots effort to rebuild Detroit. Since Alex Murphy's "resurrection" as Robocop, the struggling influences of man and machine that comprise the cyborg have presented his greatest challenge. Haunted by memories of his family and the knowledge of what it was like to touch and love others, Robocop also knows that he can never be human again. However, through his experiences, he has learned to regain as much of his humanity as possible. Anne Lewis, Alex Murphy's former partner, was the first to reach out to Robocop. She recognized him as Murphy and was the first to begin referring to him as such. Her compassion led her to rescue Robocop when Dick Jones ordered his termination. After taking down Jones and Boddicker together, Robocop and Lewis became partners at Metro West, just as they had been before Murphy's death. Robocop was never able to reestablish a connection with his wife and child, and losing them was perhaps his most painful experience. In addition to the mixed emotions Robocop faced, his "owners" at OCP were also concerned about the legal implications of their "product" seeking a relationship with private citizens under its own volition. Robocop ultimately decided that the only way to allow his former wife to grieve and move on was to make her believe that Murphy was truly dead, and Robocop himself just an emotionless machine. In addition to Lewis, other associates came to befriend Robocop and treat him as a person rather than just a machine. Sergeant Reed, the head of Detroit's Metro West precinct and Robocop's commanding officer in the police department, treated him like one of the team and, along with most other Metro West officers, knew Robocop as "Murphy." In his time at the precinct, Robocop came to earn the respect and admiration of his fellow officers for his service. They ultimately followed his lead in giving up the police strike to wage war against Cain, and later, to quit OCP and join the resistance movement. When Robocop joined the civilian resistance, he gained a little more of his humanity back by befriending Nikko, the orphaned girl who served as the group's computer whiz. Triggering memories of his own child, Robocop's time with Nikko allowed him to feel a sense of belonging after Lewis's death and provided Nikko with a parent figure after the death of her father and mother. He also had a good friend in his technician, Dr. Marie Lazarus, who treated Robocop as a patient rather than a piece of machinery. Ironically, it is Robocop's humanity that continues to prove the strongest weapon in his arsenal. Despite repeated attempts by OCP to restrain their creation with directives, Murphy's sense of honor and duty remain the driving forces that compel Robocop to serve the public trust, protect the innocent, and uphold the law. Personality After being murdered by brutal criminals, Officer Alex Murphy's flesh and brain was used to create the cyborg, Robocop. As the law enforcer, Murphy was bound by a sense of justice and constantly followed the three directives hardwired into his mind but it's also revealed he had no choice in the matter. Murphy has shown to be relentless when it comes to other criminals, and hasn't a qualm when it comes to killing them however he will only attack if he is provoked. However unbeknownst to OmniCorp Consumers who all believed that Robocop was fully machine Alex Murphy was still inside that shell. He was clearly traumatised by his death and memory of his past life, he was known to have nightmares reminiscing about what he has lost; being remorselessly gunned down by Clarence Boddicker and his thugs, losing his wife and his child after being transformed into Robocop and being forced to remember his partner, Anne Lewis dying before his eyes. Although many people believe that Robocop is stronger, it's normally proved that Alex Murphy is what prevails, as its humanity, morality and sense of morality that protects the people of Delfa City. Robocop occasionally proves that he is not bound by his directives as people would imagine him to be. He was capable of acting by himself even if it wasn't the most logical choice. Examples are when he disobeyed his superiors to help Lewis when she was being held down by thugs and later disobeying Paul McDaggett when he was prepared to destroy a church full of innocent people.	RoboCop
Who supplied the voice for Darth Vader in the original Star Wars trilogy between 1977 and 1983?	Robocop - www.robotines.com Robocop Average rating for our customers 4.9 You must be registered to place a rating and comment. Newsletter Home > Action Figures & Toys >Robocop Robocop There is 1 product. RoboCop is a 1987 American science fiction action film directed by Paul Verhoeven and written by Edward Neumeier and Michael Miner. The film stars Peter Weller, Dan O'Herlihy, Kurtwood Smith, Nancy Allen, Miguel Ferrer, and Ronny Cox. Set in a crime-ridden Detroit, Michigan in the near future, RoboCop centers on police officer Alex Murphy (Weller) who is brutally murdered and subsequently revived by the malevolent mega-corporation Omni Consumer Products (OCP) as a superhuman cyborg law enforcer known as "RoboCop". RoboCop includes themes regarding the media, resurrection, gentrification, corruption, privatization, capitalism, masculinity, identity, dystopia and human nature. It received positive reviews and was cited as one of the best films of 1987, spawning a large franchise, including merchandise, two sequels, a television series, two animated TV series, and a television mini-series, video games and a number of comic book adaptations/crossovers. The film was produced for a relatively modest $13 million. Sort by	i don't know
What was the name of the robot in 1986 smash 'Short Circuit'?	Short Circuit (1986) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Number 5 of a group of experimental robots in a lab is electrocuted, suddenly becomes intelligent, and escapes. Director: From $7.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC 'The Circle' Trailer: Emma Watson Falls for Tom Hanks' Cult-Like Tech Company 6 December 2016 1:30 PM, -08:00 \| Movies.com a list of 47 titles created 08 Dec 2011 a list of 25 titles created 13 Nov 2012 a list of 48 titles created 26 Jan 2013 a list of 45 titles created 10 Jun 2015 a list of 22 titles created 2 months ago Search for " Short Circuit " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 1 win & 3 nominations. See more awards » Videos Robot Johnny Five comes to the city and gets manipulated by criminals who want him for their own purposes. Director: Kenneth Johnson In 1978, a boy travels 8 years into the future and has an adventure with an intelligent, wisecracking alien ship. Director: Randal Kleiser Apartment block tenants seek the aid of alien mechanical life-forms to save their building from demolition. Director: Matthew Robbins The Henderson family adopt a friendly Sasquatch but have a hard time trying to keep the legend of 'Bigfoot' a secret. Director: William Dear Three bachelors find themselves forced to take care of a baby left by one of the guys' girlfriends. Director: Leonard Nimoy A troubled boy dives into a wondrous fantasy world through the pages of a mysterious book. Director: Wolfgang Petersen A seemingly normal young boy turns out to be a top secret military-created robot with superhuman abilities. Director: Simon Wincer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.6/10 X A boy obsessed with 50s sci-fi movies about aliens has a recurring dream about a blueprint of some kind, which he draws for his inventor friend. With the help of a third kid, they follow it and build themselves a spaceship. Now what? Director: Joe Dante The scientist father of a teenage girl and boy accidentally shrinks his and two other neighborhood teens to the size of insects. Now the teens must fight diminutive dangers as the father searches for them. Director: Joe Johnston On another planet in the distant past, a Gelfling embarks on a quest to find the missing shard of a magical crystal, and so restore order to his world. Directors: Jim Henson, Frank Oz Stars: Jim Henson, Kathryn Mullen, Frank Oz A 16-year old girl is given 13 hours to solve a labyrinth and rescue her baby brother when her wish for him to be taken away is granted by the Goblin King. Director: Jim Henson A toon-hating detective is a cartoon rabbit's only hope to prove his innocence when he is accused of murder. Director: Robert Zemeckis Edit Storyline Number 5, one of a group of experimental military robots, undergoes a sudden transformation after being struck by lightning. He develops self-awareness, consciousness, and a fear of the reprogramming that awaits him back at the factory. With the help of a young woman, Number 5 tries to evade capture and convince his creator that he has truly become alive. Written by Jean-Marc Rocher <[email protected]> Life is not a malfunction. See more » Genres: 9 May 1986 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Fisher Stevens plays a character called Ben Jabituya, who has an exaggerated Indian accent and mannerisms. However he is not Indian. When asked where he is from, he responds Bakersfield, and that his ancestors are from Pittsburgh. See more » Goofs When the armed men are shooting from the boat dock, the barrel of one of the guns can be seen with something in it. See more » Quotes See more » Crazy Credits The credits are played out over a montage of scenes from the movie, including a pair of scenes that failed to make the final cut. One involves an encounter between Number 5 and a toy robot, the other involves a scene in a scrap yard where a scrapped car that Number 5 is currently sitting in is crushed. See more » Connections Performed by Max Carl and Marcella Detroit (as Marcy Levy) Courtesy of MCA Records, Inc. (Toronto, Ontario) – See all my reviews I remember watching this when I was 8 years old. It was all that and then some. When you are a kid, anything amazes you though, I guess. However, I recently had the chance to watch this flick again. I must say, that it still has it's redeeming value to it. If you ask me, Number 5, is STILL alive! I recommend this movie to anyone. 7 out of 10. 44 of 50 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Short Circuit (1986 film)
Who plays Sarah Connor in the first of the Terminator movies?	Short Circuit Movie - The 80s Movies Rewind More Trivia from Short Circuit When it came to movies in the 1980s, robots were normally typecast as mechanical failures gone wrong. Whether it was the killer T-800 of The Terminator or the dead cop-turned-cyborg of Robocop, robots were considered violent on the big screen. For Number 5, however, killing was not his motive. His motive: "Imput" [sic]. Short Circuit is an 80s classic si-fi comedy from the director of "Blue Thunder" and " WarGames ", the writers of Tremors and infamous Brat Packer, Ally Sheedy -alongside the overshadowed Steven Guttenberg. The story involves Number 5 (Or Johnny 5 as hardcore fans call him), one of a group of experimental military robots created by the military tech organization known as NOVA. During a public demostration at the NOVA headquarters, Number 5 is struck by lightning. Because of this, Number 5 develops self-awareness, consciousness and a fear of the reprogramming that awaits him back at the factory. Discovering his escape, NOVA sends their security reinforcements led by the egotistical leader, Skroeder (Bailey), to stop Number 5 because of his powerful lazer beam that can wipe out even an entire tank. Skroeder doesen't just want Number 5 reprogramed but dead. During a miraculous chase on a bridge, Number 5 falls onto the truck of Stephanie Speck (Sheedy), a single woman facing the difficulty of her ex-boyfriend and her home full of pets. Although she fears him at first, the two share a bond with each other through dancing to the music of Saturday Night Fever and Number 5 demolishing her ex-boyfriend's car. She also begins to realize that the more "imput" that Number 5 gains through ads, books, TV, etc that he becomes more alive. As the NOVA team, the remaining robots and even the harmless Indian scientist, Ben Jabituya, close in on Number 5, Stephanie must convince his creator, Newton Crosby (Guttenberg), that Number 5 is truly alive... Verdict? As a kid, I previewed it millions of times just like "Gremlins" and "The Golden Child". Short Circuit has become a milestone in my life and still holds true to my heart to this day because of its wonderful performances and an unforgettable robot. Although they'll never make a third movie, I still await the day for a real Number 5 action figure. I hope McFarlane Toys is listening..! Notice any mistakes? Review Strengths: Wonderful performances, great story, memorable quotes, and a cool 80s soundtrack. Weaknesses? Doing Short Circuit 2 without Ally Sheedy or Steve Guttenberg. Our rating: 9.3 out of 10	i don't know
Who co-wrote,produced,directed and starred in the 1981 film Reds?	Reds (1981) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC A radical American journalist becomes involved with the Communist revolution in Russia and hopes to bring its spirit and idealism to the United States. Director: a list of 48 titles created 20 Oct 2012 a list of 23 titles created 14 May 2013 a list of 47 titles created 31 Jan 2015 a list of 26 titles created 12 Dec 2015 a list of 25 titles created 11 months ago Search for " Reds " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 3 Oscars. Another 19 wins & 34 nominations. See more awards » Videos Edit Storyline American journalist John Reed journeys to Russia to document the Bolshevik Revolution and returns a revolutionary. His fervor for left-wing politics leads him to Louise Bryant, then married, who will become a feminist icon and activist. Politics at home become more complicated as the rift grows between reality and Reed's ideals. Bryant takes up with a cynical playwright, and Reed returns to Russia, where his health declines. Written by Jwelch5742 Not since Gone With The Wind has there been a great romantic epic like it! Genres: 25 December 1981 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Novelist Jerzy Kosinski originally turned down the acting gig in this film because he feared he would be kidnapped by the KGB whilst shooting on location in Finland. See more » Goofs When Louise first comes to New York and finds John's apartment (during the time of WWI), some of the apartment windows behind her have air conditioning units. See more » Quotes [first lines] Witness 1: [voiceover] Was that in 1913 or 17? I can't remember now. Uh, I'm, uh, beginning to forget all the people that I used to know, see? Witness 2: [voiceover] Do I remember Louise Bryant? Why, of course, I couldn't forget her if I tried. As the credits roll, additional interviews with the 'witnesses' play. See more » Connections Every movie lover should see this film! 26 June 2001 \| by Princess-Alice – See all my reviews Warren Beatty's Reds follows only Gone With The Wind in my list of favourite films. This movie is both a love story, and a documentary. It educates the viewer not just on John Reed and his comrades, but on WWI era society in general. This brilliant script, (which, like the writings of Jack Reed expresses his political feelings with the same poetic eloquence as his love poems to his wife Louise), is interspersed with commentary from Jack's contemporaries, who tell the history from their own unique perspectives. As the truth of what was going on in that community is such an illusive thing, the only way to tell this story accurately was to show the often completely opposite view points of what was going on as told by the people for whom this history is a first hand memory. The acting in Reds is breath taking. Every member of this, extremely large, cast committed fully to their characters. One feels a true connection to even those characters who lurked in the background with only occasional lines. The most notable performances were by Beatty himself, (who's embodiment of Jack Reed was incredible), Diane Keaton, (who portrayed all the facets of Louise's personality with stunning realism), Jack Nickelson, (who delivers O'Neil's quick witted dialogue with an almost frightening cynicism), and Maureen Stapelton, (who conveyed an amazing strength as Emma Goldman). While these actors were the most prominently featured, all the actors delivered noteworthy performances as far as I'm concerned. The political history covered in this movie is nothing if not vast. This is proof of Beatty's most impressive knowledge of history. This is a film I would recommend be shown in schools, as one the most in depth study of American communism on screen to date. Reds is truly an inspiration, and should be seen by every actor, director, writer, liberal, film maker, history buff & movie lover! You will not be disappointed! 41 of 61 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Warren Beatty
Who was the lead singer of Simply Red?	Warren Beatty Movies \| Movies.com Warren Beatty Movies Profession: Actor, Producer, Screenwriter, Director Born: Mar 30, 1937 Died: Jan 1, 0001 Birth Name: Henry Warren Beaty Biography: It might have been easy to write off American actor Warren Beatty as merely the younger brother of film star [[Performer~P44255~Shirley MacLaine~shirleymaclaine]], were it not for the fact that Beatty was a profoundly gifted performer whose... Continued	i don't know
The Red River is a tributary of which U.S.river?	US River Map, Map of US Rivers Alaska About USA Rivers The United States of America has over 250,000 rivers. The longest river in the USA is the Missouri River; it is a tributary of the Mississippi River and is 2,540 miles long. But the biggest in terms of water volume is the deeper Mississippi River. The longest un-dammed river in the contiguous USA is the Yellowstone River; it is 692 miles long. Rivers provide drinking water, irrigation water, transportation, electrical power, drainage, food, and recreation. Rivers also erode land and carry it downstream to the sea. This kind of erosion can even form canyons, like the Grand Canyon, and waterfalls, like Niagara Falls. While some of the USA rivers and lakes serve as vital waterways for inland navigation others are useful sources of irrigation and power generation. For certain cities like New Orleans, river basins usher in growth and prosperity for the city and its people. The whole drainage topography of the USA may be divided into two main subsystems, namely the Eastern systems and the Pacific systems. Of the several prominent rivers featured in the USA river map, the major rivers of USA are: Colorado river Snake River Lakes of USA Besides the USA rivers, the USA river map also shows the various lakes, streams and other water bodies in the USA. The lake system of the US comprises Great Lakes of Lake Superior, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario and Lake Michigan, the first four of which are shared with Canada. The Great Lakes of the US constitute the largest group of fresh water lakes in the world. Located in east-central North America, the Great Lakes form the largest group of fresh water lakes in the world covering a total area of 244,106 square km. Of the five Great Lakes, only Lake Michigan falls entirely within the territory of the United States with the remaining four being shared with Canada. Apart from being the site for large population concentrations and industrial activities, the Great Lakes also handle the highest volume of fresh water shipping tonnage in the world. The other major lakes shown in the USA river map are: Eagle lake	Mississippi River
In which branch of the British Army would a Redcap serve?	Which States Share Their Name With a U.S. River? By Matt Rosenberg Updated August 11, 2016. Learning the origins of names is always interesting and the 50 states of the United States have some very unique names. Can you count how many states share their name with a river? If we count only natural rivers in the U.S., the total is 15 and the majority of the states were named after their respective rivers. The 15 states that share their name with a river in the United States are Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. In most cases, the names have a Native American origin. Additionally, California is also the name of an aqueduct (an artificial river), Maine is also a river in France, and Oregon was an old name for the Columbia River. The Alabama River Runs southwest through the state of Alabama, beginning just north of Montgomery. Flows into the Mobile River north of Mobile. The Alabama River is 318 miles (511.7 kilometers) long. The name Alabama derives from the name "Alibamu," a Native American tribe from the area. The Arkansas River Runs east-southeast through four states, from the Rocky Mountains in Colorado to the Arkansas-Mississippi border. Flows into the Mississippi River. The Arkansas River is 1,469 miles (2,364 kilometers) long. The name Arkansas comes from the Quapaw (or Ugakhpah/Arkansaw) Indians and it means "the people who live downstream." The Colorado River Runs southwest through five states, beginning in Colorado's Rocky Mountains and through the Grand Canyon. Flows into the Gulf of California in Mexico. The Colorado River is 1,450 miles (2,333 kilometers) long. The name Colorado comes from a Spanish word used to describe something that is 'colored red.' Spanish explorers gave this name to the river because of the red silt it contained. The Connecticut River Runs south through four states, beginning at the Fourth Connecticut Lake in New Hampshire, just south of the Canadian border. Flows into Long Island Sound between New Haven and New London. The Connecticut River is 406 miles (653 kilometers) long. The largest river in New England. The name derives from 'Quinnitukqut' meaning 'beside the long tidal river.' The river was called this by the Mohegan Indians that lived in what is now Connecticut. The Delaware River Runs south from New York state and forms the border of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Flows into the Delaware Bay between the states of Delaware and New Jersey. The Delaware River is 301 miles (484 kilometers) long. The river was named after the Lord of De La Warr, Sir Thomas West, who was the first governor of the Virginia colony. The Illinois River Runs southwest from where the Des Plaines and Kankakee rivers meet near Joliet, Illinois. Flows into the Mississippi River on the Illinois-Missouri border. The Illinois River is 273 miles (439 kilometers) long. The name comes from the Illinois (or Illiniwek) tribe. Though they called themselves 'inoca', the French explorers used the word Illinois. It is often thought to mean 'tribe of great men.' The Iowa River Runs southeast through the state Iowa, beginning in the north-central part of the state. Flows into the Mississippi River on the Iowa-Illinois border. The Iowa River is 323 miles (439 kilometers) long. The name comes from the Ioway Indian tribe and the river's name led to the state's name. The Kansas River Runs east-northeast through the state of Kansas, beginning in the east-central part of the state. Flows into the Missouri River at Kansas City. The Kansas River is 148 miles (238 kilometers) long. The name is a Sioux Indian word that means 'people of the south wind.' The Kansa Indians lived in the area and French explorers were the first to put the name on a map. The Kentucky River Runs northwest through the state of Kentucky, beginning near Beattyville. Flows into the Ohio River at the Kentucky-Indiana border. The Kentucky River is 259 miles (417 kilometers) long. The origin of the name Kentucky is up for debate, though most sources reference various Indian languages. It has been interpreted as both 'the land of tomorrow' and 'plain.' The area has been called Kentucky since it was part of the Virginia colony. The Minnesota River Runs southeast through the state of Minnesota, starting at Big Stone Lake. Flows into the Mississippi River near St. Paul. The Minnesota River is 370 miles (595.5 kilometers) long. The name was given to the river before the state and is often interpreted as a Dakota word meaning 'sky-tinted (or cloudy) water.' The Mississippi River Runs south from Lake Itasca, Minnesota. It touches or runs through a total of 10 states, often acting as the border between states. Flows into the Gulf of Mexico in New Orleans. The Mississippi River is 2,552 miles (4,107 kilometers) long (some official measurements state 2,320 miles). Third longest river in North America. The name was given to the river and is an Indian word meaning 'the Father of Rivers.' The state received the name because the river makes up its western border. The Missouri River Runs southeast from the Centennial Mountains in Montana through seven states. Flows into the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The Missouri River is 2,341 miles (3,767 kilometers) long. Fourth longest river in North America. The name comes from a tribe of Sioux Indians named the Missouri. The word is often interpreted to mean 'muddy water' though the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology interprets it as 'town of the large canoes.' The Ohio River Runs west-southwest from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and forms the borders of six states. Flows into the Mississippi River at Cairo, Illinois. The Ohio River is 981 miles (1,578 kilometers) long. The name Ohio is attributed to the Iroquois and means 'great river.' The Tennessee River Runs southeast from Knoxville in the east-central part of Tennessee. The river dips into the northern part of Alabama before changing course to the north through Tennessee and Kentucky. Flows into the Ohio River near Paducah, Kentucky. The Tennessee River is 651.8 miles (1,048 kilometers) long. The name is often attributed to Cherokee Indians and their villages of Tanasi, which were along the river's banks. The Wisconsin River Runs southwest through the center of Wisconsin, beginning at Lac Vieux Desert on the Wisconsin-Michigan border. Flows into the Mississippi River south of Prairie de Chien, Wisconsin on the Wisconsin-Iowa border. The Wisconsin River is 430 miles (692 kilometers) long. The name is of Indian origin though the meaning is debated. Some argue that it means 'the gathering of the waters' while the Wisconsin Historical Society notes it as 'river running through a red place.'	i don't know
What name is given to red Bordeaux wine?	Bordeaux Wine - Beginner's Guide Bordeaux Wine A Beginners Guide to the Basics of Bordeaux Wine Bordeaux's Left Bank - Medoc. CIVB / Philippe Roy By Stacy Slinkard Updated February 06, 2016. Bordeaux...just the name conjures up all sorts of extraordinary wine expectations. As the fourth largest French city, the largest controlled wine growing region (AOC) in France, home to over 10,000 producers and the artisan of close to 70 million cases of wine per vintage, Bordeaux is the modern-day red wine Mecca, beckoning pilgrims near and far to scout for, speculate on and ultimately imbibe in the crown jewel, Bordeaux's exalted red wines. Not to say that Bordeaux doesn’t enjoy a favored following on the white wine or sweet wine fronts, merely that Bordeaux has been built on a foundation of red wine for hundreds of years, forged in large part by the historical and somewhat symbiotic relationship with the British over the highly coveted claret. This famous winemaking region’s maritime climate, celebrated parcels of land, distinguished collection of grape varieties, well-honed traditions and complicated classification systems all come together in a tethered trellising system to form the winemaking wonder that is Bordeaux. continue reading below our video How to Juice Citrus A land based on “banks” – left bank or right bank, formal family roots and home to a slew of newcomers, layered with rules yet capable of cultivating wines that don’t all fall in regulatory line, crafting wine for futures yet gracing the table with everyday wine, every day, and built on a reputation of high-end wine, but presenting over 80% of its juice to the world in the “affordable” wine category at the $8-30 price point, Bordeaux is full of contrasts and more than capable of maintaining multiple wine expectations very well. Bordeaux – Climate and the Lay of the Land Located in the southwest corner of France, just miles from the Atlantic, Bordeaux benefits considerably from the coastal maritime influence, and typically enjoys wet springs, fairly gentle summers and mild winters. The Gulf Stream exerts a warming influence on the region, yet summer weather can be fickle and inconsistent, making for interesting issues when it comes to getting grapes to fully ripen. Bordeaux: Good Vintages vs. Great Vintages Bordeaux’s climate is a critical player in vintage quality year in and year out. With great vintages built on the backs of well-ripened grapes and intended to age for the long haul and good vintages, maintaining the silver lining of being ready to drink earlier and selling at more affordable prices. The best vintages are always warm ones, Bordeaux can be a cool climate for red grapes, which need plenty of sun to reach full maturity, with optimum levels of sugar and tannin. Mature grapes create great wines. With good vintages , the wines come across fairly fresh, with less complexity and overall intensity. These wines may be ready to drink upon release and require a lot less age to enjoy fully, though if you do want to hold a good vintage 3-5 years will often suffice. Vintages from recent years that fall into the “good category” include 2006, 2007 and 2008. Great vintages are built to cellar. They have a density, intensity and overall complexity that will only get more interesting with age. Recent Bordeaux vintages that fall into the “great category” include 2005, 2009 and 2010. Battle of the Banks – Bordeaux's Left Bank vs. Right Bank Three rivers do their best to define Bordeaux, with the major river, Gironde (truly classified as an estuary), effectively dividing the region into two primary sections – known worldwide simply as the left bank and the right bank. The flat, lower-lying land south of the Gironde is designated as the left bank and includes the regions of the Medoc and Graves . The gently sloping land on the north side of the Gironde is considered the right bank. The Gironde maintains two tributaries, the Garonne and Dordogne, with the Dordogne River serving to extend the right bank southeast along the most notable districts of Pomerol and St. Emilion . While, the Garonne continues its course south of the charming city of Bordeaux and slices through the land around the key districts of Graves, Pessac-Leognan and Sauternes . In general, gravel dominates the soil of the left bank, which holds the sun’s heat well, lending itself to nurturing the thermophilic properties of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes best. The soil of Bordeaux’s right bank steers towards limestone and clay, functioning like a sponge to hold water, making it the ideal soil to grow the softer side of early-ripening Merlot . While the wines of the right bank tend to lean more heavily on Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon typically anchors the blends of the left bank, these are not hard and fast rules, with both varietals enjoying opportunities for growth on the opposite bank, depending on the vineyard’s subsoil, orientation and general terroir. The beauty of Bordeaux’s wines stem from the blend; it is in fact the blended synergy between the Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, well supported by Cabernet Franc , that brings the balance and elegance that have become synonymous with Bordeaux wine for centuries. The complementary growing patterns and palate personalities of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon offer built-in risk management. There is a safeguard in knowing that Merlot will ripen sooner than Cab. If weather wipes out one grape, there’s still hope for the other, keeping all of the eggs out of a single basket at harvest time not only brings peace of mind but also allows two unique grapes to participate in a blended partnership to build a wine that is truly better together. Merlot brings plenty of red berry fruit, silky tannins, higher alcohol and lower acidity levels. While Cabernet Sauvignon is heavy on the black fruit, enjoys tighter tannins, significant structure and often lower levels of alcohol than Merlot. These complementary characteristics serve to support the balance of the blend, where one grape may lack the other fills in, resulting in a wine marriage that’s forged and sustained on varietal strengths while working in tandem to blend away weakness. The Grapes of Bordeaux Don’t expect to find the grapes on the labels of Bordeaux wines, you’ll find producer names, various villages, appellations and AOC designations, but not grapes. Why? It is where the grapes are grow - the terroir, the region, the village, the chateau itself that is most important to the Bordelais, not the individual grape varieties. This can make it tough to navigate Bordeaux wines for New World consumers, who tend to be more grape-centric, born and raised on the label designates of “Merlot” or “Cabernet Sauvignon.” Remember the name of the game is BLEND in Bordeaux, it is the combination of the climate, the soil, the overall terroir and the dominate grapes that create a wine from Bordeaux, not a stand alone, all-star varietal. Red Wine Grapes of Bordeaux Bordeaux’s red wines are the region’s most vocal ambassadors, living a legend and leaving a legacy to all who imbibe. Crafted for perfect pairing with the region’s best lamb, beef, duck, wild game and local cheese, Bordeaux’s reds on all levels, live for food. Merlot is the primary red grape grown in Bordeaux weighing in at 60% of the vines planted, followed by Cabernet Sauvignon at 26 % and Cab Franc at 12%. Malbec and Petit Verdot may also be grown in Bordeaux, but they are grown in much smaller quantities and are used more for “seasoning” the red blend rather than building the blend itself. Merlot– The dominant red wine grape of Bordeaux is Merlot. The highest concentrations of Merlot are grown on the right bank with limestone and clay being the most common soil substrates. This early ripening grape brings plenty to the blending table. Aromatic red fruit on the nose along with the supple fruit components of plum, cherry and chocolate and softer, silk-driven tannins bring a round character to the medium to full-bodied Merlot-based wines of Bordeaux’s right bank. The storied village of St. Emilion and the small district of Pomerol are the most famous districts for Merlot-based blends in Bordeaux; while, Fronsac continues to be one of the more affordable, offering high quality, well-priced right bank wines. Cabernet Sauvignon – 26% of Bordeaux’s red wine grapes are Cabernet Sauvignon. Cab dominates the left bank and is a late ripening grape, with intense tannins contributing structure, depth and long-term aging potential. Wines on the left bank are anchored by Cabernet Sauvignon and blended with varying degrees of Merlot and Cab Franc (and perhaps a scosh of Petit Verdot). These left bank lads tend to enjoy deep color, remarkable intensity, a full body, plenty of structure and enduring elegance along with darker fruit components. Acclaimed names for some of Bordeaux’s best Cab-based blends come from the villages of St. Estephe, Pauillac, St. Julien and Margaux. For more affordable left bank wines look for labels with the villages of Listrac, Moulis and Haut-Medoc. Cabernet Franc – Grows best on the right bank, but is also readily found on the left bank. This grape has long played a supporting role to Bordeaux’s Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon. Cab Franc lends spicy aromas with peppery accents and violet nuances, along with an understated elegance and fine tannins to the region's red wine blends. Malbec and Petit Verdot – In Bordeaux these grapes are grown in considerably smaller quantities, making up roughly 2% of the region's red grape population. However, Malbec and Petit Verdot both may be used in Bordeaux blends, with Malbec contributing a softness and Petit Verdot bringing some serious power and structure. White Wine Grapes of Bordeaux The white wine segment makes up about 11% of Bordeaux’s total wine market . Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, the floral Muscadelle and Ugni Blanc are the only four grape varieties allowed to participate in the white wine AOC labeled blends of Bordeaux. For a lean, dry white wine brimming with acidity and food-friendly character, look for labels sporting the district of Entre-Deux-Mers. If more body, a rounder palate profile and an uptick in complexity defines your favorite white wines, then scout labels with district designates of Pessac-Leognan or Graves. Sauvignon Blanc – The white wine grape, Sauvignon Blanc, enjoys a good deal of diversity in Bordeaux. It can be made into a crisp, refreshing dry white wine in regions like Pessac-Leognan that pair well with oysters, shellfish and regional seafood or it can be beautifully blended with Semillon to make the sweet wines of Sauternes or Barsac, perfect pairing partners with the regional foie gras and Roquefort cheese. Sauvignon Blanc is not typically made to age on its own, but enjoyed in its youth will show fresh herb or “grassy” aromatics with bright acidity and well-balanced fruit. Semillon – The Semillon grape is the most widely planted white grape in Bordeaux. It can be showcased on its own or in a blend with Sauvignon Blanc . This grape brings full flavor, creamy textures, intensity and body to a blend and constitutes the primary grape used for making Bordeaux’s sweet Sauternes , thanks to its exceptional susceptibility to noble rot, or Botrytis Cinerea . Unlike Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon can age well given the right vintage and is a rich, dry white wine in the hands of regions like Graves and Pessac-Leognan. Buying Bordeaux Buying wine from Bordeaux can be an intimidating experience for newbies. For starters, French wine labels in general steer clear of grapes and focus on geography. Labels highlight a wine's classification, the region that the grapes were grown, the AOC statement, and the estate - similar to New World wines, except that many are not familiar with Bordeaux's regions. Does the village lie on the left bank or right bank and why does it matter? Many would-be buyers of Bordeaux lack familiarity with Bordeaux's 10,000 estates and are oblivious to the region's the AOC Classification System . To gain an initial grip on buying wines from Bordeaux, recall that the right bank is dominated, in general, by Merlot and the left bank is typically anchored by Cabernet Sauvignon. Learning several Bordeaux-based villages on each side of the river constitutes the next step for label recognition, whether you're buying the wines online or at the wine shop. Keep in mind, vintage variables play a critical factor in buying Bordeaux wines, check out the last several Bordeaux vintages to see where they lineup on the "good" vs. "great" scale, clearly good vintages are cheaper than great vintages. It's also no surprise, that big name chateaus will command significantly higher prices for their wines, but you can find solid red blends at incredible prices from Bordeaux's more modest chateaus. Learn more about top tips for buying wine from Bordeaux here. While the finest wines from Bordeaux, the ones that have both built and maintained the region’s prestigious reputation are quite expensive, often cashing in at $1000+ a bottle for First Growths, they do not represent the majority of wines from Bordeaux. In fact, the vast majority of Bordeaux’s wines are affordable, food-friendly wines. Love it or hate it, drink it or not, Bordeaux has ruled the world of wine for well over three centuries and looks like it will continue to steer tradition, influence consumer trends and prep the future of vines for years to come. As is common in the travel industry, the writer was provided with complimentary travel for the purpose of reviewing the region. While it has not influenced this review, About.com believes in full disclosure of all potential conflicts of interest. For more information, see our ethics policy .	Bordeaux wine
Which toy manufacturer produces the Connect 4 game?	© King Estate By Ray Isle Posted September 22, 2016 It’s easy to find great wines made in tiny quantities that cost a fortune. What’s hard is locating amazing wines that are sold in stores across the country, that are delicious regardless of vintage, and that ring up at $20 or less per bottle. Here are our picks for the most reliable, most readily available wines in the world—50 wines that won’t let you down. Plus, there are bonus selections: five top-notch Bordeaux for less than $25, 12 foolproof pairing suggestions and 10 world-class wines from France and the United States that cost a little more but still offer disproportionate quality for the price. Advertisement Beringer Founder’s Estate California Cabernet Sauvignon ($9) This historic winery makes arguably the broadest collection of acclaimed wines in California. Its Private Reserve has been a benchmark for Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon since 1976. The much more affordable Founder’s Estate Cabernet Sauvignon is also impressive: a velvety, generous, cassis-driven red. La Crema Sonoma Coast Chardonnay ($18) At La Crema, winemaker Elizabeth Grant-Douglas makes a range of subtly expressive Chardonnays and Pinot Noirs. Her Sonoma Coast Chardonnay, one of La Crema’s most widely available bottlings, is also one of her best: round and rich with ripe pear and caramel-vanilla flavors. Blackstone Winery California Merlot ($8) Blackstone started out in 1990 producing one of California’s most succulent, affordable Merlots. These days, it makes a large range of wines (including a delicious Riesling only available at its Kenwood, California, tasting room), but the backbone of its business, and one of its best bottlings, is still talented winemaker Dennis Hill’s lightly smoky, plummy Merlot. Bogle Old Vine California Zinfandel ($12) The Bogle family has been farming in California’s Clarksburg region since the mid-1800s but only ventured into grape growing in 1968. The late Warren Bogle and his son Chris founded their eponymous winery about 10 years later. The family business is currently headed by Chris and Patty Bogle's three children: Warren, Ryan and Jody. Bogle farms more than 1,200 acres of wine grapes in the Sacramento Delta—some of which go into Bogle’s jammy, luscious Old Vine Zinfandel, one of the best Zinfandel deals on the market. Chateau Ste. Michelle Columbia Valley Merlot ($14) Unquestionably the largest producer in Washington State (more than a million cases each year), Chateau Ste. Michelle is also one of the most adventurous: The winery has forged partnerships with famous European names such as Tuscany’s Piero Antinori and Ernst Loosen of Germany’s Mosel, and has developed properties in up-and-coming regions like Washington’s Red Mountain and Horse Heaven Hills. Its Columbia Valley Merlot—smoky, savory and rich with black cherry fruit—is one of the reasons Washington Merlot is so highly regarded. Clos Du Bois California Pinot Noir ($12) Clos du Bois has been making reliable wines for years; indeed, its Marlstone proprietary red blend has been acclaimed since its first vintage in 1978. In the past few years, though, new winemaker Erik Olsen (who made his name at Washington State’s Chateau Ste. Michelle) has lifted quality levels here another notch. That’s clear in the latest vintage of Marlstone, the 2003, and also in Clos Du Bois’s succulent Pinot Noir—one of the few under $20 Pinots that really gives a sense of the allure of this complex grape. Geyser Peak California Sauvignon Blanc ($10) This Sonoma-based winery’s vivid California Sauvignon Blanc can convert even the most jaded Chardonnay drinker into a lover of zesty, unoaked whites. Mick Schroeter deliberately picks a percentage of the grapes earlier than most other producers do to retain the variety’s hallmark crispness and grassy zing, then balances the blend with riper grapes that add juicy lemon-melon fruit character. Hess Hess Select North Coast Cabernet Sauvignon ($15) Although most of the great wines of the world come from specific vineyards, most of the great affordable wines of the world are a blend of grapes from many different sites—as is the case with Hess’s spicy, black cherry–rich Hess Select Cabernet Sauvignon. Typically sourced from regions that range from Napa Valley to Paso Robles to the Sierra Foothills, it’s a reference point for modestly priced California Cabernet Sauvignon. Hogue Cellars Columbia Valley Riesling ($10) Hogue’s Columbia Valley Riesling helps explain why Riesling has become such a popular grape variety in the United States (sales rose about 29 percent in 2006). Hogue’s bottling, with its orange blossom scent and crisp, minerally flavors, underscores the appeal of this grape; it’s lightly off-dry (i.e., slightly sweet), but the crisp acidity provides balance and makes the wine a natural match for Asian or Indian cuisines. Kendall Jackson Vintner’s Reserve California Chardonnay ($12) Here are two things to know about Kendall Jackson’s Vintner’s Reserve Chardonnay: More than two million cases are made each year, and every single grape that goes into those bottles comes from vineyards owned by Kendall Jackson. (This is why, when you take a tour of the Kendall Jackson vineyards, you do it by helicopter.) Vineyard ownership means control over viticultural practices, and that’s why this wine—despite its vast production—remains so delicious: rich but finely focused, its flavors suggesting ripe mangoes and pears. King Estate Signature Collection Oregon Pinot Gris ($15) It takes a certain kind of genius to envision vineyards where cattle are grazing, but that’s exactly what Ed King III did in early 1991. While he was on a hay-buying trip in Oregon’s Lorane Valley, he noticed that the hillside slopes where the cattle were standing were similar to a couple of small vineyards he already owned. The 600-acre ranch turned out to be for sale, so King bought it. Now King Estate has become one of Oregon’s largest and most reliable producers. The winery is particularly known for its Oregon Pinot Gris, a crisp white full of stone-fruit flavors that is a consistently great value. Pepperwood Grove California Merlot ($10) Don Sebastiani’s Sonoma-based wine négociant firm, Don Sebastiani & Sons, was founded only in 2001, but its multiple brands have quickly become go-to names for high-quality, affordable wines made with grapes sourced from throughout California. Pepperwood Grove may be one of the company’s least playful brand names (compared to Smoking Loon, say, or Screw Kappa Napa), yet its juicy California Merlot, full of plum and chocolate notes, embodies the appealingly straightforward drinkability of Don Sebastiani’s wines. Rancho Zabaco Heritage Vines Sonoma County Zinfandel ($14) Rancho Zabaco is one of many labels owned by Gallo. The company also owns a vast range of vineyards, including many long-planted to Zinfandel. Its Heritage Vines Zinfandel takes advantage of the old vines’ intensity of flavor, and while it may not be as inexpensive as Gallo Hearty Burgundy was in the 1970s, it’s still a steal. Ravenswood Old Vine Lodi Zinfandel ($14) Not so long ago, Ravenswood founder Joel Peterson remarked that when he started out, his wines were considered high-alcohol. These days, Ravenswood’s Zinfandels seem positively graceful compared to some of the galumphing Zin-monsters out there—and that’s why we still love them. Of particular note is its Lodi Zinfandel, a shade pricier than the company’s ubiquitous Vintners Blend, but with a depth of blackberry richness that’s well worth the few extra dollars. Robert Mondavi Winery Courtesy of Robert Mondavi Napa Valley Fumé Blanc ($15) Though no longer owned by the Mondavi family, this is still one of Napa Valley’s defining estates, producing wines ranging from its age-worthy Reserve Cabernet to its citrus-scented Napa Valley Fumé Blanc. Robert Mondavi coined the term "Fumé Blanc" for his Sauvignon Blanc wines in 1968 (French Pouilly-Fumés are made from Sauvignon Blanc), and winemaker Genevieve Janssens still uses French techniques—partial fermentation in barrel, the addition of a touch of Sémillon—to add complexity to this zesty white. Rodney Strong Sonoma County Chardonnay ($13) Former Broadway dancer Rodney Strong was one of Sonoma County’s earliest fine-wine pioneers, helping it make the transition from a source of grapes for mass-produced jug wines to a fine-wine region whose reputation can challenge that of neighbor and rival Napa Valley. Strong, who founded the winery in 1959 (and passed away in 2006), focused on vineyard-driven bottlings—he created the first single-vineyard Sonoma Cabernet, Alexander’s Crown, in 1974—at reasonable prices. The winery (owned by Tom Klein since 1989) still produces one of Sonoma’s greatest values, its lightly toasty Sonoma County Chardonnay. Australia & New Zealand Yalumba Y Series South Australia Shiraz Viognier ($12) A family-owned Australian big brand is rare today, but Barossa Valley–based Yalumba is run by Sam and Robert Smith, fifth-generation proprietors. The brothers run the business, while winemaker Kevin Glastonbury creates eminently drinkable wines, most notably the red-berried Shiraz Viognier. Banrock Station South Eastern Australia Shiraz ($8) Banrock Station is well known in Australia for its efforts to preserve that country’s endangered wetlands. (It has also awarded grants to environmental agencies around the world.) But Banrock, located on the Murray River in South Australia, is best known in America for its deliciously smoky, berry-flavored Shiraz. Brancott Estate Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc ($12) While Cloudy Bay is still the most famous Sauvignon Blanc made in New Zealand, the much larger producer Brancott Vineyards deserves recognition, too. With properties in regions on both the North Island (Gisborne and Hawkes Bay) and the South Island (Marlborough), Brancott turns out a broad range of wines, including this compulsively drinkable Sauvignon Blanc. Jacob’s Creek South Eastern Australia Shiraz ($8) Long before there was Yellow Tail, there was Jacob’s Creek, one of Australia’s largest value labels for more than 30 years. Its wines have won a raft of medals (800 in the past three years), and its voluptuous, blackberry-rich Shiraz is consistently one of its best bottlings. Penfolds Koonunga Hill South Australia Cabernet Sauvignon ($12) Once upon a time, only one Australian wine was considered first-rate: Penfolds Grange, a Shiraz and (sometimes) Cabernet blend. While Grange remains the country’s standard-bearer, Penfolds also makes many other excellent wines, especially its cassis-scented, fruit- forward Koonunga Hill Cabernet Sauvignon, one of the most reliable Cabernets from Down Under. Rosemount Estate Diamond Label South Eastern Australia Shiraz ($10) Rosemount Estate founder Bob Oatley made his fortune in the coffee fields of Papua New Guinea before turning his attention to the vineyards of Australia in the late ’60s, making him one of the country’s modern wine pioneers. Rosemount’s best known wine is probably the Show Reserve Chardonnay, which debuted in 1982, but its reasonably priced, robust Shiraz has helped make Rosemount Estate a household name. Wolf Blass Yellow Label South Australia Riesling ($10) Although Wolf Blass makes many notable reds (it has won Australia’s most prestigious wine prize, the Jimmy Watson Trophy, for its $70 Black Label Cabernet-Shiraz blend a record four times), the winery is also focused on high-quality whites, including a wonderfully zippy Yellow Label Riesling that’s clean, bright and dry, marked by refreshing flavors of lemon and lime. Chile & Argentina Bodega Norton Reserva Lujan de Cuyo Malbec ($19) Though founded by an Englishman (Sir Edmund James Palmer Norton) and now owned by an Austrian (Gernot Langes-Swarovski of Swarovski crystal), Norton is deeply Argentine—as is clear from its spicy, black-fruited Reserva Malbec. Alamos Mendoza Malbec ($9) Nicolás Catena is probably the vintner most responsible for helping Americans realize that Argentina has the capacity to produce world-class red wines, not just affordable everyday bottles. So it’s a bit ironic that Catena’s surprisingly inexpensive second label, Alamos, is so good—as evidenced by the remarkably consistent Alamos Malbec, with its velvety raspberry fruit and toasty oak notes. Casa Lapostolle Rapel Valley Sauvignon Blanc ($9) Most people may be familiar with the name Marnier (as in Grand Marnier), less so with Lapostolle. But that’s been changing in recent years thanks to the high-quality wines of Casa Lapostolle, the Chilean winery co-founded by Alexandra Marnier-Lapostolle, great-granddaughter of Grand Marnier’s founder. Consulting top enologist Michel Rolland oversees the winery’s production, including a crisp and lively Sauvignon Blanc that’s consistently one of the best in Chile. Concha y Toro Casillero del Diablo Rapel Velley Carmenère ($10) Odds are that if you’re drinking a Chilean wine, it’s Concha y Toro, which is not only that country’s largest producer (15 million cases a year) but also its largest exporter, accounting for almost a third of all Chile’s international wine sales. The blackberry-rich Casillero del Diablo Carmenère, made from vineyards all over Chile’s Central Valley (including those in Maipo, Rapel and Maule), is Concha y Toro’s affordable star. Cousiño-Macul Antiguas Reservas Maipo Valley Cabernet Sauvignon ($15) The Cousiño family has been producing wine at the Cousiño-Macul winery for more than 150 years. But this doesn’t mean the Chilean company is stuck in the past: It still turns out attractive, well-made wines, most notably the Cousiño-Macul Antiguas Reservas Cabernet Sauvignon, a fruit-forward, accessibly styled red. Santa Rita 120 Central Valley Chardonnay ($8) Although Santa Rita is practically within the city limits of Santiago, in the Maipo region, the winery owns vineyards all over Chile, including the Aconcagua Valley, the source of the fruit for its soft, citrusy 120 Chardonnay. Made mostly in stainless steel vats (only 10 percent of the grapes are aged in oak), it’s a clean, bright white with just a touch of oak-derived richness. Trapiche Oak Cask Mendoza Malbec ($10) At the base of the Andes in the Mendoza region, Trapiche has become one of Argentina’s most ambitious wineries. Two years ago, it released an impressive collection of single-vineyard Malbecs; even so, Trapiche’s peppery Oak Cask Malbec offers equal insight into winemaker Daniel Pi’s skill with this variety. Related Paul Jaboulet Aîné Parallèle "45" Côtes-du-Rhône ($10) Jaboulet’s large portfolio ranges from the stunning Hermitage La Chapelle, one of the Rhône’s greatest wines, to more modest offerings such as the peppery Parallèle "45," but the firm’s laserlike focus on quality carries across the whole line. E. Guigal Côtes-du-Rhône Rouge ($14) While Guigal’s greatest acclaim derives from its extraordinary single-vineyard Côte-Rôties, which Rhône wine fanatics refer to as the "La Las"—La Mouline, La Landonne and La Turque—this family-owned firm makes top-notch wines at every price. Its typically Syrah-based Côtes-du-Rhône Rouge is full-bodied and compellingly aromatic. Georges Duboeuf "Flower Label" Moulin-à-Vent ($17) Georges Duboeuf’s name is synonymous with Beaujolais, and for good reason: He makes consistently appealing wines, from his ubiquitous delivered-in-November Beaujolais Nouveau (Duboeuf is credited for creating that particular mania in the United States) to single-estate wines produced in limited amounts. Many are good, but his ageworthy, blackberry- rich Moulin-à-Vent "Flower Label," from Beaujolais’s most distinguished village, may be the star of the portfolio. Hugel et Fils Gentil Alsace ($14) This venerable Alsace producer makes a wide range of white wines, yet its best-known wine is also its most affordable. Hugel’s Gentil revives a reportedly ancient Alsatian tradition in which wines blended from the region’s noble grape varieties were known generically as gentil. Hugel’s modern version, introduced in 1992, combines Sylvaner with Riesling, Pinot Gris, Gewürztraminer and Muscat to create a lithe, dry white with stone-fruit and floral aromas. Langlois-Chateau Crémant de Loire Brut NV ($19) It’s sparkling, it’s from France, it’s delicious—and it isn’t Champagne. Langlois-Chateau, founded in 1885, makes a variety of wines, but its shortbread-scented, pear-inflected Crémant is the one that rises above the rest. A blend of Chenin Blanc, Chardonnay and Cabernet Franc, it ages for 24 months on its lees (the yeast cells left over after fermentation) rather than the nine months typical of most Crémants, which helps give it unusual lushness and depth. Louis Jadot Mâcon-Villages ($14) The firm of Louis Jadot is a rare thing: a large-scale Burgundy négociant whose reputation nevertheless hovers at the same level as many smaller, more rarefied domaines. This is in part thanks to the sure hand of Jacques Lardière, technical director at Jadot for 27 years, but partly it’s because of the inarguable quality of the company’s fruit—found even in basic bottlings like Jadot’s crisp, floral, lime-inflected Mâcon-Villages. Louis Latour Les Deux Moulins St-Véran ($18) Since its founding in 1797, Latour has been one of the defining white wine houses of Burgundy. (It produces fine reds as well.) It’s particularly known for its extraordinary grand cru Corton-Charlemagne, one of the benchmarks of the region. Still family-owned, Latour is now run by the seventh-generation Louis-Fabrice Latour, from the company’s original mansions in the city of Beaune. While its wines generally cost more than $20—the Corton-Charlemagne sells for around $80, actually a good deal for grand cru Burgundy of its quality—its marzipan-and-apple-scented St-Véran Les Deux Moulins, from the more affordable Mâconnais region, is a superb introduction to the Latour style. M. Chapoutier Belleruche Côtes-du-Rhône Rouge ($12) In 1990, at age 26, Michel Chapoutier took over his family’s firm and lifted it back to its former status as one of the Rhône’s most significant producers. Since then he’s ventured into new territories, first to lesser-known French regions such as Roussillon and Collioure, and more recently (both on his own and in a joint venture with the wine-importing Terlato family) to southern Australia. Yet his basic Côtes-du-Rhône Belleruche Rouge, with its Grenache-based spicy, cherry flavors, remains one of his most impressively consistent bottlings. Italy A-Mano Puglia Primitivo ($10) It took a winemaker from California, Mark Shannon, to put Primitivo from Puglia on supermarket shelves in the United States. His bright cherry-flavored A-Mano Primitivo (an Italian grape that’s genetically identical to Zinfandel) is made from ancient vines in this up-and-coming region of Southern Italy. Antinori Santa Cristina Toscana ($12) There is no more famous name in Italian winemaking than Antinori. Under patriarch Piero Antinori, this noble family makes an enormous range of wines all over Italy, but one of its year-in, year-out values is the berry-bright, straightforward Santa Cristina Sangiovese from Tuscany. Banfi Centine Toscana ($12) Importing Italian wine to America wasn’t enough for John and Harry Mariani (though their family has been doing so for over 70 years); they wanted to make Italian wine as well. Now, with 2,400 acres of vineyards in Montalcino, the brothers produce excellent Tuscan reds under the Castello Banfi brand, including Centine, an earthy blend of Sangiovese, Cabernet and Merlot. Folonari Veneto Pinot Grigio ($5) Though Folonari first became famous for Soave back in the 1970s (and set the reputation of that wine back several decades by producing a mediocre, characterless wine), the company also produces a truly delicious Pinot Grigio that’s marked by mouthwatering acidity and bright green-apple flavors. And a note on that Folonari Soave: It’s gotten a lot better. Frescobaldi Castiglioni Chianti ($13) The Frescobaldis are nearly as famous as the Antinoris in their native Florence (the family also has a palazzo there) and in all of Tuscany, too. The Frescobaldi clan currently claims nine Tuscan estates, including Castiglioni, where the label’s basic Chianti offers a taste of ripe Frescobaldi fruit for a very small price. Mionetto Prosecco di Valdobbiadene Frizzante ($11) The one place in the world truly suited to the persnickety Prosecco grape is the small town of Valdobbiadene, just north of Venice. The Mionetto family, which is based there, makes a consistently good Prosecco di Valdobbiadene Frizzante, a softly sparkling wine with a bright lime flavor. Ruffino Chianti ($9) Ruffino’s Riserva Ducale Oro Chianti Classico is a restaurant-list perennial; there are few Chiantis more widely poured than this wine. The winery also turns out a simple Chianti that delivers the earthy notes of a good Tuscan red. Spain Freixenet Cordon Negro Brut Cava ($10) Freixenet’s ultrapopular, black-bottled Cordon Negro Brut is probably the only sparkling wine in the world that’s as famous as Moët & Chandon Champagne. And it’s a lot less expensive but also very good. A crisp, dry sparkling wine with charming citrus notes and a touch of classic cava earthiness, it’s always reliable and a pleasure to drink. Jaume Serra Cristalino Brut Cava ($9) Though it’s not quite as ubiquitous as Freixenet’s Cordon Negro, the lemon-and-lime-scented Cristalino Brut cava is equally delicious, with tart green-apple flavors and fine, appealing bubbles. The company, founded in 1943 by winemaker Jaume Serra Guell, is now owned by the Carrión family, but it still makes wine in the caves under its winery in the coastal town of Villanueva y Geltrú. Marqués de Cáceres Rioja Crianza ($14) This groundbreaking winery was founded in 1970 by Enrique Forner, with help from legendary Bordeaux winemaker Émile Peynaud. Today, though it may be more stalwart than upstart, Cáceres walks a graceful line between modern and traditional. For instance, its ruby-colored crianza (in Rioja, a term for reds that are aged at least a year in barrel and not sold for a minimum of three years after the vintage) is aged in French oak rather than the traditional American but still has all the balance and elegance of old-style Rioja crianzas. Marqués de Riscal Rioja Reserva ($19) There’s the much-ballyhooed new Frank Gehry–designed hospitality center, not to mention the new restaurant from Francis Paniego, Rioja’s most famous chef, but there are also great wines made at Marqués de Riscal. Among them are the luxurious Barón de Chirel blend of Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon, a long-aging Gran Reserva and this focused Reserva, with its classically Riojan notes of red cherries and vanilla. Osborne Solaz Tierra de Castilla Tempranillo Cabernet Sauvignon ($9) Osborne has been best known for its Riojas, ports and sherries—unsurprisingly, as the company has been in those businesses for the past 235 years. But a few years ago, the family (led by sixth-generation Tomás Osborne Gamero-Cívico) branched out into the Tierra de Castilla region near Toledo to produce some of Spain’s most appealing and inexpensive wines under its Solaz label. A brilliant example of its success is its fruit-driven, spicy Osborne Solaz Tempranillo Cabernet Sauvignon. —Additonal reporting by Megan Krigbaum Under $25 Bordeaux Most Americans associate Bordeaux with the powerful, complex and very expensive wines of great châteaus such as Lafite-Rothschild and Haut-Brion. But the region has many châteaus that produce reliable values, too. Here are five to look for: Château Bonnet Rouge ($14) Usually a 50-50 blend of Cabernet and Merlot, it’s firm and flavorful. Château Greysac Mèdoc ($25) This medium-bodied, Merlot-dominated wine is graceful and aromatic. Château Cap de Faugères Côtes de Castillon ($15) From the up-and-coming Côtes de Castillon, this is velvety and lush. Château Charmail Haut-Médoc ($19) Intense and ageworthy, this is a star of the often dull Haut-Médoc appellation. Château Gigault Cuvée Viva Blaye Côtes-de-Bordeaux ($18) Consultant Stéphane Derenoncourt makes this luscious red from the Blaye Côtes-de-Bordeaux sub-region. U.S. Luxury Values Ridge Geyserville Alexander Valley Zinfandel ($40) An old-vines blend of Zinfandel and a variety of other grapes, Geyserville is full of ripe blackberry and black pepper notes, no matter the vintage. Mount Eden Vineyards Santa Cruz Mountains Chardonnay ($63) It’s a mystery why Mount Eden isn’t better known, since its spicy, pear-inflected white is one of the few California Chardonnays able to age gracefully for more than a decade. Merry Edwards Klopp Ranch Russian River Valley Pinot Noir ($74) Edwards is one of California’s finest interpreters of the fickle Pinot Noir grape, and this violet-scented bottling (from a vineyard she helped plant 17 years ago) shows why. Andrew Will Sorella Horse Heaven Hills ($74) Washington winemaker Chris Camarda produces a number of thrilling wines, but this floral Cabernet blend may be his best. Altamura Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon ($101) Each year, this cocoa-scented, complex red from winemaker Frank Altamura is a sublime example of how good Napa Cabernet can be. French Luxury Values Many top French wines are reliably great no matter the vintage, but they’re produced in miniscule amounts—a taste of Coche-Dury Corton-Charlemagne might make you mortgage your house to buy a case, but first you’d have to find one. Here are five consistently well-made, high-end French wines that are possible to find: William Fevre Montmains Chablis Premier Cru ($48) This premier cru bottling is stunning: full of Chablisienne chalky minerality, it’s complex and delicious all at once. Joseph Drouhin Beaune Clos des Mouches Rouge ($103) This velvety, subtle red Burgundy from a famous premier cru vineyard (largely owned by Drouhin) can age for a decade or more. Château de Beaucastel Châteauneuf-du-Pape ($66) This extravagantly aromatic, savory Rhône red is a reference point for great Châteauneuf-du-Pape. Château Léoville Las Cases Saint-Julien ($190) Las Cases’ reputation now (as it has been for many years) is essentially "the second growth that ought to be a first." This wine is profoundly complex and powerful and can age for decades. Pol Roger Cuvée Sir Winston Churchill Brut Champagne ($192) This tête-de-cuvée Champagne is luscious and intense, with dried-apricot, brioche and honey notes.	i don't know
What is the name of the high speed train service that connects London to Paris and Brussels?	Eurostar high-speed train \| Eurail.com Eurostar Eurostar high-speed train Eurostar is a high-speed train connecting Great Britain to Continental Europe. The Eurostar travels via the Channel Tunnel, and brings you from London to Paris or Brussels in less than 2,5 hours. The Eurostar also travels direct to Calais, Lille, and Disneyland Paris (Marne-la-Vallée). Facilities and Services Eurostar high-speed train routes Eurostar operate almost hourly departures with regular direct routes to and from central London to the heart of Paris (France) and Brussels (Belgium). Eurostar services also connect with many TGV and Thalys services to transport you to many cities across France and the Benelux. The Eurostar offers the following routes: London - Paris R Reservation: mandatory When a reservation is mandatory you must reserve a seat in advance. It's not possible to board the train without this reservation. Reservations on the Eurostar are mandatory. You can start making your reservations 3 months in advance. Your Eurail Pass needs to be valid in either France or the Benelux. How to make your reservations for the Eurostar You can reserve your seat on the Eurostar in the following ways:	Eurostar
The film The French Connection is set in New York and which French city?	Paris: Railway Stations - TripAdvisor New! Find and book your ideal hotel on TripAdvisor — and get the lowest prices Paris: Railway Stations Review a place you’ve visited JOIN We'll send you updates with the latest deals, reviews and articles for Paris each week. Paris Traveler Article: Comments (20) Paris is a city with six ( 6 ) major train stations in the city centre, each serving different regions of France & Europe. TGV trains also stop at three suburban stations: Marne la Vallée-Chessy (next to Disneyland Paris), the Roissy-Charles de Gaulle Airport in Terminal 2 (station code: AEROPORT CDG 2 TGV) and Massy (of little use for tourists). Gare de l'Est Address: place du 11 November 1918, 75010 serves Eastern France, Germany with TGV Est line The Deutsche Bahn AG (or German Rail) high speed Inter-City Express (ICE) runs from Frankfurt, Mannheim, Saarbrucken to Paris Gare du Nord Address: 18 rue de Dunkerque, 75010 Paris serves Northern France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands EuroStar trains run to London St. Pancras normally once every hour, sometimes calling also at Lille and/or Calais. Thalys trains run to Brussels Midi/Zuid, Amsterdam Central, Cologne/Koln Hbf, on a variety of schedules - generally once or twice an hour to Brussels, less often beyond. change at Cologne to GermanRail InterCityExpress_ICE for much of Northern and Eastern Germany Gare Saint-Lazare Address: 13, Rue d'Amsterdam, 75008 PARIS serves North Western France, English Channel Coast (Normandy mainly) Gare d'Austerlitz Address: 55 quai D'Austerlitz, 75013, Paris. serves Central and South Western France, Spain, Portugal. TGV to the Loire Valley also available Gare de Lyon Address: 20 boulevard Diderot, 75012 Paris. serves Southern France - Riviera, Italy, Switzerland; also local trains to Fontainebleau & Melun (Vaux Le Vicomte) note that for Italy some services run from Bercy (next to the country end of Gare de Lyon), allow about 15-20 minutes to find it. Gare Montparnasse Address: 17, Boulevard de Vaugirard, 14e and 15e arrondissements, Paris. serves Western France (Atlantic Coast), Northwestern France, and TGV service to Southwestern France Non-central stations: Marne la Vallée-Chessy - train station for Disneyland Paris Roissy-Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG) - northeast of the city. TGV station is in Terminal 2. Massy the three served by regional TGV services to most areas of France, less frequently than from the main Paris central stations Useful Info RATP - Regie Autonome des Transports Parisiens. The RATP is the Paris public transport agency responsible for the Metro, RER B with SNCF and most of the bus network. Bus - ID numbers in central Paris is 2digits. (20 - 96). Suburbs of Paris have 3digit ID numbers to identify route. This is a brief history of useful Paris RATP Bus info Bus routes useful for visitors are: #20, #24, #63, #69 Noctilien - Night bus network with 42 routes operating from 12:30am to 5:30am throughout Paris and the Île-de-France region. Main Bus Station in Paris is at: Gare Routiere de Paris-Gallieni (28 Avenue du General de Gaulle, Bagnolet, Mo: Gallieni, line 3). Eurolines's buses leave from here. Grandes Lignes: major rail lines within France and to other major European cities. Métro - This is the subway / underground / tube system of Paris. It is a rapid transit network of 16 lines (1 - 14 and 3bis and 7bis). RER - Réseau Express Régional. The RER lines are colour-coded for mapping identification purposes. This is the Métro express network of Five (5) lines that extend the Metro to the outer suburban areas. RER A - Red (useful for La Defense, Euro Disney and crossing Paris east-west quickly) RER B - Blue (useful for Charles de Gaulle and Orly Airports, Notre Dame, Jardin du Luxembourg, Gare de l'Est, Gare du Nord, and crossing Paris north-south quickly) RER C - Yellow (useful for the Eiffel Tower, Versailles, tourist attractions by the Seine: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Notre Dame, Musée d'Orsay, Musée de l'Armée at Invalides, Musée du Quai Branly, Tour Eiffel) RER D - Green (useful for direct transfer between Nord and Lyon stations in around 15-20 minutes) RER E - Purple (of little use for tourists, direct transfer between Saint-Lazare and Nord stations in around 10 minutes) Transilien - The suburban railway services of the SNCF operates within the Île-de-France region from 5 of the Paris railway stations and from La Défense. Tansilien H and K, Paris Nord Transilien J and L, Paris Saint-Lazare Transilien N, Paris Montparnasse Transilien U, Paris La Défense SNCF - France's National Railway Network (SNCF = Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français) TGV ( train à grande vitesse - pron: tay-zhay-vay) is the name of the French high-speed train for long-distance travel. Railpasses are only valid when supplement/reservations are made. Reservation is obligatory for travel on TGV, but unless train is already full may be made until departure time. Advance purchase fares often available at substantial discounts. Some international services branded with other names also use basically the same technology trains with different colour schemes, layouts or technical bits (Lyria, Thalys, Eurostar). Many TGV services on the Paris-Lyon-South East route are double-deck equipment, and the deck can be specified when you book your seat. To purchase train tickets while in Paris, visit any of the major train stations or visit the SNCF on the web ( French / English ). Tramway line T1 - Gare Saint-Denis RER D station – Noisy-le-Sec RER E station, in the north suburb of Paris. Tramway line T2 - La Défense – Porte de Versailles (Parc des Expositions). Tramway line T3 - (Tramway des Maréchaux) connects Boulevard Victor - Pont du Garigiliano RER C station (15th arrondissement) with Porte d'Ivry Metro station (13th arrondissement). Tramway line T4 - Bondy – Aulnay-sous-Bois, in the north suburb of Paris. This is the link to another topic: Tripadvisor - Paris - Public Transport Share your knowledge	i don't know
Who is the host of BBC4's Only Connect?	Only Connect (2) - UKGameshows Only Connect (2) Victoria Coren (credited as Victoria Coren Mitchell, 2013-) Broadcast Presentable for BBC Four, 15 September 2008 to 11 March 2013 (73 episodes in 6 series + 13 specials) RDF Television and Parasol for BBC Four, 12 May 2013 to 7 July 2014 (39 episodes in 3 series + 2 specials) RDF Television and Parasol for BBC Two, 1 September 2014 to present Synopsis Fresh from her hit documentary A History of Corners, Victoria Coren continues her career on that darkest recess of Britain's television corporation, BBC Four. Two teams of three people vaguely connected by a job or hobby turn up to be ritually humiliated by some of the most - if not the most - difficult questions ever seen on a TV show on these shores, certainly outside a specialist subjects quiz. Clearly appealing to the widest demographic possible the show opens with, er, a string quartet and a flurry of Greek letters (or, in later series, Egyptian hieroglyphs), which will later adorn the game board. In the first round, the teams take it in turn to pick a Greek letter from the A Question of Sport -esque board whereupon the first of up to four clues are revealed. Further clues can be revealed but at a cost - 5, 3, 2, 1 points are earned after the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and final clue. The teams have 40 seconds to spot the connection, and the captain must buzz in during that time to offer a correct guess, otherwise their opponents get the opportunity to pick up a bonus point if they know the answer. The connections can range from the straightforward ("Card games") to the frankly bizarre ("People with palindromic surnames"), and it can take a few shows before you tune into the show's own mindset. There's also a set of picture clues and a set of musical ones (the latter indicated by a musical note), and Coren-Mitchell frequently (strongly) encourages the teams to sing tunes that have not been played, which is always entertaining. The Greek letters on the board later changed to Egyptian hieroglyphs, which are still in use to this day. Their positions on the board are: Top row, left to right: Two Reeds, Lion, Twisted Flax. Bottom row, left to right: Horned Viper, Water, Eye of Horus. In the second round, the clues form four terms of a sequence. The points are given for providing the fourth item in the sequence even if, as has happened in some cases, the team arrive at the right answer for completely the wrong reason. There's always a set of picture-clues in this round, and sometimes, but not necessarily, musical ones too. A little sample question - what completes this sequence? Undoubtedly the most popular round is the Connecting Wall, where 16 clues have to be grouped together into four lots of four. The team to go first gets a choice between Lion and Water, the other team has to take the alternative hieroglyph. The team use a touch screen to stab in their guesses, and tactics come into play towards the end as the team only get three attempts to differentiate the last eight clues into the 3rd and 4th groups. One point is earned for each correct group found during the time, another point is earned for the correct reason behind the connection, and a bonus two points are added if all four groups and connections are given. The grid itself is cleverly programmed as a 3D virtual wall and works very well on screen. The well esteemed Connecting Wall The final word game, Missing Vowels, requires the contestants to buzz in when they can identify phrases, names or titles from which the vowels have been removed and the consonants respaced (e.g. THL NN GTWRFP S for THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA), appearing in batches of four connected clues. It doesn't particularly fit in with the rest of the show, but overall the rounds provide sufficient variety to hold up the interest. Though not her first presenting role, it is La Coren's first quiz and surprisingly so, as she gets the hang of it rather quickly, keeping up the pace with a whip-cracking schoolmistressy charm while providing sufficient background from her notes to fully explain any loose ends. She certainly had more of the schoolmarm about her in earlier series, whereby she could come across as pretty severe; these days, she seems to have toned that down and, while she can still be on the strict side, she shows a good deal more of a sense of humour, which is very welcome. It's not for everyone but those who like it, like it a lot. Enough people liked it for it to run ... and run ... and become a huge cult smash amongst young literate geeky types ... and bring a million viewers to BBC4 ... and eventually get a transfer to BBC Two. It's also worth noting that the show features many Mastermind and University Challenge alumni among the contestants. Champions 2008 Crossworders (Mark Grant, David Stainer, Ian Bayley) 2009 Rugby Boys (Richard Parnell, Gary Dermody, Mark Labbett) 2010 (April) Gamblers (Jenny Ryan, Dave Bill, Alan Gibbs) 2010 (December) Epicureans (Katie Bramall-Stainer, David Brewis, Aaron Bell) 2011 Analysts (Paul Steeples, David Lea, William De Ath) 2012 Scribes (Dom Tait, Holly Pattenden, Gareth Price) 2013 (August) Francophiles (Ian Clark, Mark Walton, Sam Goodyear) 2013 (December) Board Gamers (Hywel Carver, Jamie Karran, Michael Wallace) 2014 Europhiles (Douglas Thomson, Khuram Rashid, Mark Seager) 2014-5 Orienteers (Paul Beecher, Sean Blanchflower, Simon Spiro) 2015-6 String Section (Tessa North, Richard Aubrey, Pete Sorrell) Catchphrases "...The teams have to find the connection between four apparently random clues..." "...Please choose an Egyptian hieroglyph". "What is the connection between these clues? Here's the first". "Not it, either, I'm afraid..." "Bad luck, your time's up and the wall's been frozen, but you can still get points for the connections between the groups that you didn't find..." (there are frequent variations on this phrase). "And the bell's gone for the end of the quiz, so, looking at the final scores..." Theme music Dawson Sabatini Trivia Curiously, uses the same title - but is otherwise unconnected - as one of the most unpopular Radio 4 panel games in living memory. That version of Only Connect was helmed by Arabella Weir. The title comes from the epigraph to E. M. Forster's 1910 novel Howards End. Web links	Victoria Coren Mitchell
What is the anatomical name given to the tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs?	Only Connect - what time is it on TV? Episode 1 Series 12 cast list and preview. Only Connect Video clips are automatically supplied by broadcasters and distributors. RadioTimes.com is not responsible for the clip's contents. S12-E1 Tubers v Bardophiles not currently available Add this to your watchlist to find out when it is available via broadcast or catch-up. Watchlist Review by Alison Graham At last! Monday nights are Monday nights again, as quizzers across the land huddle in front of their televisions for our favourite time of the week. Does this mean it will soon be Christmas? Let rejoicing begin as University Challenge and Only Connect return to bring us an hour of mind-bending and possibly an intellectual drubbing or two. Victoria Coren Mitchell, who in the last series appeared to undergo an epic, elephantine pregnancy (it appeared so because of OC’s tight filming schedule) is back behind the host’s desk after the birth of her daughter. To her right are the literature-loving Bardophiles and to her left the Tubers, who are fans of the London Underground. I guarantee it’s the only television quiz this week where you will hear the words “vulcan” and “beaver” used in the same sentence. Summary New series. Victoria Coren Mitchell returns with the quiz show as another batch of teams of three use patience, lateral thinking and sheer inspiration to make connections between four things that may appear at first not to be linked, hoping to succeed reigning champions the String Section. In the opening edition of the 12th series, London Underground enthusiasts the Tubers take on Shakespeare lovers the Bardophiles, with one set of clues consisting of Brownies, Michael Fagan, Freddie Krueger and Milk Tray Man. Cast & Crew Series Director Sian G Lloyd Series Producer Jenny Hawker	i don't know
What is the name of the strait that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean?	Golden Gate Bridge – Structural Wonders Opened: 1937 Cost of construction: 27 million USD Though the name says golden gate, the bridge has been painted reddish orange in color in order to protect it from the corrosive environment. The bridge derives its name from the Golden Gate strait which connects the the San Francisco bay to the Pacific ocean. The US Navy initially objected for the construction of the bridge fearing that the naval ships would be trapped in the bay if the bridge was bombed or it collapsed. Eventually approval was given, but the military wanted the bridge to be painted in black and yellow stripes. Apart from helping to reduce traffic congestion, the bridge is also a popular tourist attraction and according to Frommers travel guide, the most photographed bridge in the world. What is even more interesting about the Golden gate bridge is that its construction created many jobs during the Great Depression, thereby helping the economic development of the United States. The citizens of San Francisco area pledged their own homes, farms and other properties as collateral for the $ 35 million bond issues by the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway district. Aerial view of the golden gate bridge Golden gate bridge at night Share this:	Golden Gate (disambiguation)
What is the name of the device that connects a computer to the internet?	Golden Gate \| strait, California, United States \| Britannica.com strait, California, United States Juan de Fuca Strait Golden Gate, strait, in California , western coastal U.S., connecting San Francisco Bay with the Pacific Ocean and separating San Francisco from Marin County. An ancient river mouth, it is about 3 miles (5 km) long, from 1 to 3 miles wide, and 300 feet (90 metres) deep and serves as the ocean gateway to the port cities of the bay and the Sacramento–San Joaquin river system. The strait, now spanned by the Golden Gate Bridge , was probably seen by Sir Francis Drake in 1579, but the actual European discovery of it was made in 1769 by a land party led by Francisco de Ortega. In 1775 the San Carlos, navigated by Juan Manuel de Ayala, was the first European ship to sail through the strait. The name Golden Gate was given in 1846 by Captain John C. Frémont in analogy to the Golden Horn of the Bosporus (Turkey) when he visualized rich cargoes from the Orient flowing through the strait. Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco. © HD Fanatic/Fotolia Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco. George Hall/Woodfin Camp and Associates Learn More in these related articles: in San Francisco Bay large, nearly landlocked bay indenting western California, U.S. It is a drowned river valley paralleling the coastline and is connected with the Pacific Ocean by a strait called the Golden Gate, which is spanned by the Golden Gate Bridge. San Francisco Bay is 60 miles (97 km) long and 3 to 12 miles (5 to 19 km) wide and is one of the world’s finest natural harbours. Treasure, Yerba Buena,... 1 Reference found in Britannica Articles Assorted Reference San Francisco Bay (in San Francisco Bay ) External Links Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: June 29, 2016 URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Golden-Gate-strait-California Access Date: January 18, 2017 Share	i don't know
The Briish Airways subsidiary BA Connect was sold to which other airline?	British Airways \| Airline Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit British Airways (BA) was created in 1974, when the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways Corporation (BEA) were combined under the newly formed British Airways Board. Following two years of fierce competition with British Caledonian, the second largest airline in Britain at the time, the Government changed its aviation policy in 1976 so the two carriers would no longer compete on long-haul routes. British Airways and Air France operated the supersonic airliner Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde; the world's first supersonic passenger service first flew in January 1976 from London Heathrow to Bahrain. Services to the US were inaugurated to Washington Dulles airport on 24 May 1976; flights to New York JFK airport started on 22 September 1977. Following the Air France Concorde crash in Paris and a slump in air travel following the September 11 attacks in New York in 2001, it was decided to cease Concorde operations in 2003, after 27 years of service. The final commercial Concorde flight was BA002 from New York JFK to London Heathrow on 24 October 2003. Merger agreements Edit On 30 July 2008, British Airways and Iberia, a Spanish fellow OneWorld partner, announced a merger plan; the two airlines would retain their original brands, similar to KLM and Air France in their merger agreement. An agreement to merge was confirmed in April 2010. In July 2010, the European Commission and US Department of Transport permitted the merger and co-ordinate transatlantic routes with American Airlines. On 6 October 2010, the alliance between British Airways, American Airlines and Iberia formally began operations; the alliance generates an estimated £230 million annual cost-saving for BA, in addition to £330 million by the Iberia merge. Overview Edit British Airways trades on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index under the title of "International Airlines Group" following British Airways' merger with Iberia on 21 January 2011, with trading beginning on 24 January 2011. Operations Edit BA World Cargo is the world's 12th-largest cargo airline based on total freight tonne-kilometres flown. BA World Cargo has global freight opportunities through the British Airways flight routes. In addition to the main fleet, BA World Cargo lease three Boeing 747-8F aircraft from Global Supply Systems on a multi-year basis, as well as utilising space on dedicated freighters operated by other carriers. British Airways opened a World Cargo centre at Heathrow in the late 1990s; it is an automated freight handling centre capable of handling unusual and premium cargo, and fresh produce, of which it handles over 80,000 tons per year. BA World Cargo also handles freight at London's Gatwick and Stansted airports, and, through its partner British Airways Regional Cargo, at all of the main regional airports throughout the UK. In 2009, BA announced that it had chosen to continue its long-haul freight operations from London Stansted Airport rather than relocate to Kent International Airport. Partnerships and Codeshare Agreements British Airways has codeshare agreements and/or partnerships with the following airlines: Aer Lingus UK Domestic is British Airways' economy class on domestic UK flights. Flights into Heathrow are operated by Airbus A320 series aircraft, and flights into Gatwick are operated by Boeing 737 aircraft, which are in a one-class configuration. Business UK operates the same cabin as UK Domestic, but has pre-flight lounge access. Euro Traveller is British Airways' economy class offering on flights from the UK to the rest of Europe. In-Flight Entertainment is offered on 767-300ER and some A320 aircraft. Club Europe is the short-haul business class on all short-haul flights, except within the UK. This allows for access to business lounges at most airports. Since September 2009, Club Europe has seats in a 2-3 configuration on narrow-body aircraft. Mid-haul Edit From October 2012, British Airways launched a brand new mid-haul product on ex-British Midland routes with 7 ex bmi A321s. These aircraft have been designated to serve 'mid-haul' routes such as Almaty, Tbilisi, Baku, Amman, Beirut and Tel Aviv. The 'Club World' business class on these narrow-body aircraft is different to the product operated on the rest of BA's long-haul fleet - configured in a 1-2 configuration of 23 seats to allow for enough leg room and space for flat bed seats. In World Traveller, new seats were introduced. All seats are also fitted with the brand new Thales i5000 in-flight entertainment system. Long-haul Edit First (rebranded from 'FIRST' in 2009) is the long-haul first class service on British Airways, offered only on Boeing 747 and some Boeing 777 aircraft. There are 14 private 'demi-cabins' per aircraft, each with a 6ft 6in bed, a 15-inch wide entertainment screen, and in-seat power. In 2009, British Airways announced a major upgrade and refresh of upgrades. Club World is the long-haul business class on Boeing 767, 777, 747 and Airbus A318 aircraft; the cabin features fully flat beds. On 13 November 2006, British Airways launched Next Generation New Club World, featuring larger seats. World Traveller is the long-haul economy class offered on international flights to destinations outside Europe; offering seat-back entertainment and several complimentary drinks and meals. AVOD is offered on all 747, long-haul 767s and all but 16 of the 777s, with the remainder of those fitted with a 12 channel looped system. This system is currently being phased out and replaced with a new AVOD product as part of the aircraft's refurbishment programme. World Traveller Plus is the premium economy offering provided on all long-haul aircraft, which offers fewer seats per row, more seat comforts, and power sockets. Incidents and Accidents	Flybe
The human body has 5 basic types of taste: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter and Umami. From what language do we borrow the word Umami from?	BBC NEWS \| Business \| Flights hit by BA sale to Flybe Flights hit by BA sale to Flybe The expanded airline will fly nearly 10 million people British Airways has sold the regional operations of its subsidiary airline, BA Connect, to Flybe - a move that will lead to about 900 flight cancellations. The airline said it would offer passengers alternative flights with either BA or Flybe, or a full refund. The airports affected include Manchester, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Birmingham and Bristol. The deal will create "Europe's largest regional airline", carrying 10 million passengers on 152 routes, Flybe said. BA - which will take a 15% stake in Flybe - saw its shares fall as much as 10% in morning trade on Monday, but recovered later in the day to close down 6.59% at 496.5 pence on the London Stock Exchange. The fall came after the US and Europe reached a preliminary "open skies" deal on Friday that could threaten BA's position at Heathrow airport and on the money-making transatlantic routes, analysts said. Critical mass All passengers will be offered alternative flights with Flybe or BA via Heathrow to minimise inconvenience British Airways See BA share price Flybe chairman Jim French said its acquisition gives the firm "critical mass" across domestic and European city markets, and created a business with more than ï¿½500m in revenues. Flybe said its immediate focus was to "ensure the transition is managed effectively". Once that has happened it said it would be looking to list the firm on the stock exchange. BA said it would take an extra ï¿½20m charge on the sale due to losses at BA Connect. BA had taken a ï¿½106m charge when the deal was first announced in November last year. Alternative flights The airline said that the flights affected would be those that had been scheduled to run between 4 March and 24 March. These routes need to be cancelled to protect the ongoing viability of the business British Airways Q&A: The sale of BA Connect Flights from Glasgow to Birmingham, and from Edinburgh to Birmingham and Southampton, have been cancelled. Other routes that will cease to run include Birmingham to Barcelona, Madrid and Berlin, Manchester to Madrid and Aberdeen, and Bristol to Munich and Zurich. BA will keep a number of BA Connect's routes, including the Manchester to New York service that it will run as part of its main operations. The airline added that a new subsidiary called BA City flyer will incorporate flights from London City to Edinburgh, Frankfurt, Madrid and Milan. Of the 15,000 passengers affected, some 6,500 will be given an equivalent Flybe flight, while the remaining 8,500 will be offered BA flights via London. "All passengers will be offered alternative flights with Flybe or BA via Heathrow to minimise inconvenience," BA said. "Alternatively, they will be offered the choice of a full refund." Union reaction BA said all the routes being cancelled were "substantial loss makers" for BA Connect. "These routes need to be cancelled to protect the ongoing viability of the business," it explained. Amicus reacted to the sale saying it had become clear that BA did not intend to continue flying "what they saw as a loss making operation". But it added: "The transfer to Flybe has given our members the opportunity to have continued employment". Some 200 Amicus members worked for BA Connect as engineers and cabin crew. Amicus said that while there were some outstanding issues the union was "committed to working with Flybe management now and in the future". BA is also in talks to transfer its ground-handling operations at Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Manchester airports to Aviance UK, an independent services firm. The Transport & General Workers Union has reacted angrily to the move, saying members "have suffered real anxieties about their futures" since plans were announced to sell BA Connect in November. Your comments: I'm part of a group flying from Birmingham to Madrid for a wedding on the 15th of March. Other members of the party had been informed their flights had been cancelled, yet I still haven't received formal notification. I ended up having to contact the airline myself to find out the flight situation. They then confirmed I was amongst those whose flights were cancelled. They have now since put me onto an alternative flight from Heathrow, however they've offered no compensation for the additional costs of getting to and from Heathrow. Poor showing BA. Just some courtesy like two weeks notice would have been nice. James McCormack, Leamington Spa, England I am due to fly MAN - LYS 25 Mar returning 6 Apr. BA can't tell me (and presumably don't know) what's happening. My flights aren't including in the cancellation policy, and are not listed on the flybe site of flights that they are taking on. I have connecting arrangements at the other end. And, for the time being can neither replan, nor assume that the flights are going ahead. !!!! Anon I've just started to use the Edinburgh to Southampton route as an alternative to Heathrow for meetings in the south west. Yet again BA start toying with their customers and think that it is acceptable to just cancel routes that are not profitable at a moments notice. Ian Fleming, Stirling, Scotland "All passengers will be offered alternative flights with Flybe or BA via Heathrow to minimise inconvenience," BA said. As I am booked to fly from Birmingham, the airport being 5 miles from where I live, could Mr French explain precisely whose inconvenience he is minimising? Certainly not mine! Be unsurprised that this will be remembered the next time I select an airline to fly with, although why on earth I would want to fly at all on 'non-urgent' travel with all the current uncertainties and petty restrictions, is beyond me! Tom, Balsall Common, Coventry BA let me know a week ago that flights I had booked for my elderly mother and a friend, for a special weekend treat in Barcelona (flying from Birmingham) had been cancelled. There were no alternatives with any airline on this route until a week later, when BMIbaby pick it up, and so we have had no option but to reroute via Heathrow, although no alternative travel arrangements to Heathrow have been offered. The weekend is turning out to be substantially more expensive, and far less comfortable for an already frail passenger than originally planned. As we had already paid for tickets to see the Cirque du Soleil as part of the weekend, cancellation wasn't really an option. I think BA have acted very shabbily indeed. I will certainly think more than twice before using them ever again. Helen Widdowson, Murcia, Spain As a fairly regular traveller from Gatwick to Newcastle to visit elderly parents I now discover that the route has been completely withdrawn and will not be operated by Flybe. In my experience these flights were invariably almost full. Using other airports such as Heathrow is simply not a viable option for millions based South of London. I have in the past travelled on the same flight as MP's such as David Milliband, and I'd be interested to see what they think of this axing of a much needed route. I am now having to revert to train travel which is not as convenient. Perhaps the eco drive to get people off planes begins here, but it would be nice to have choice! K Bridges, Brighton It's about time that BA was rebranded London Airways as it serves no part of the UK other than London now. It should certainly no longer describe itself as our national carrier. I used to fly BA every week until their disastrous decision last year to become "no frills" by providing no onboard services whilst charging ï¿½500+ for a ticket. The fact that they could not make a profit by doing this speaks volumes about BA mismanagement. Richard, Birmingham, UK Everybody seems to be concentrating on the passengers - I'd like to know if anyone is even remotely concerned about the staff at these regional airports. Many members of staff have had the uncertainty of job losses hanging over their heads since mid-November when the sale was first announced. Their has been a distinct lack of information from BA on their future (or lack of one). Mainline staff handle Connect flights at some airports and management have been wholly inept at handling their queries over whether they will still have a job or not. A Little, I have a flight booked from Birmingham to Geneva in April, and Flybe, when I rang them this morning, seem to have no idea if it will be operating or not. Hardly good customer relations! Lin Lisle, Alcester, Warwickshire I am a French person living in Solihull near Birmingham. My partner and I are planning to visit my parents who live about 80 miles from Lyon. Our BA Connect flight from Birmingham to Lyon on 7th March will be honoured by BA but we have to come back via Heathrow. The whole trip will involve a train and shuttle to Lyon, then the flight to London, then 2 tubes to get to Marylebone station, then a 2 hour train journey to Solihull, then a taxi home, all that with an 8 month old baby, luggage and a pushchair. Alleluia!! Businessmen will also waste a lot of time flying there indirectly or getting on trains. I can't believe that there will be no direct flights between the 2nd city in France and the 2nd city in England. There are flights to small French towns in the middle of nowhere and there should be no flights to Lyon? It just doesn't make sense. Nathalie Tamin, Solihull, UK BA dropped out of the Southampton to Glasgow route last year leaving Flybe as the sole carrier. Guess what? The Flybe flights have since increased at least 50% (I was quoted ï¿½129 for an end of April flight). So I'll be taking Ryanair from Bournemouth to Prestwick instead - ï¿½23 for the same trip! Robert, Southampton, UK This doesn't affect me directly as I already switched my flights from BA Connect when they announced the sale. The abandonment of regional airports is going to be a disaster for BA. London is not an alternative - it adds at least three hours to every journey, so I'm better off flying through Amsterdam or Paris. What's more, Heathrow is so crowded that there is almost always a delay. I've switched to Air France and am very happy. Duncan Ross, Birmingham Withdrawal of BA services from Birmingham to Madrid, with no replacement from flybe, is deplorable and very disappointing. The option of travel from London is just not a viable alternative. The Madrid route was always well used, and if it was really a loss maker this must have been due to poor management. Malcolm, Lichfield, England Why would anyone in their right mind want to travel to Heathrow to catch a flight when there is a perfectly good airport in Birmingham. I take many flights with BA but recently switched to Aer Lingus for my New York flights because BA don't fly from Birmingham, result! a call from BA asking me why I don't want to travel to London to catch their flight now there is arrogance for you. John, Birmingham This has been going on for some time now, with nonsensical excuses ranging from technical issues with aging aircraft, to Easyjet poaching BA Connect staff pre-takeover. I fly weekly and it has seriously impacted upon my carrier choice to any destination. John Dalziel, Edinburgh, UK British Airways should be rebranded as London Airways given that the only non London route remaining following the sale of BA Connect would appear to be Manchester-New York. Why did BA not make a non London Airport (Manchester being the obvious choice) their 2nd hub rather than Gatwick. Long haul routes out of Manchester would surely have helped to keep the short haul routes viable with the additional feeder traffic, both domestic and European. I know of some Americans, who once they've been routed via Manchester, now always transit through Manchester on bmi then onwards with bmi's star alliance partner airlines rather than have to go through the transfer mayhem that is Heathrow. bmi, American, US Airways, Delta, Continental, PIA, Emirates, Eithad, Malaysian, Cathay, Virgin, amongst others have all been able to establish profitable long haul routes out of regional UK airports, why not BA? If the reports that Gatwick is also not profitable for BA are true, how long before they become Heathrow airways? anon, Manchester UK In 2005 all direct flights to Paris were cancelled. Last year flights Glasgow via Birmingham restricted now Glasgow flights cancelled. Looks like us Scots are being given no alternative but to go through Heathrow to fly anywhere. Bad move considering the fiasco at Christmas. Fly British? Not likely as British is withdrawing flights and routes. This leaves the door open for a 'foreign' airline to offer a 'better'/only service. Competition too hot? Tom Morrison, Auchinleck, Scotland The conduct of BA is abysmal. I booked to travel to Barcelona from Birmingham in January 2007 to celebrate my 45th birthday. The flights were Dep 23/03/07 BHX to Barca Arr 26/03/07 Barca to BHX I was offered a flight from H'row on 23/03, BUT, the return was to BHX. My request for compensation for having to travel one way to H'row was refused. The best part is that we can have a full refund which I have opted to take. HOWEVER, THE REFUND WILL TAKE APPROX 10-14 DAYS TO BE CREDITED TO MY CREDIT CARD WHEREAS THE MONEY WAS TAKEN IMMEDIATELY WHEN I BOOKED. Surely BA must have known that they were selling to Flybe when they took my booking. THIS MATTER NEEDS TO BE INVESTIGATED BY THE BBC AND PEOPLE PROPERLY COMPENSATED AND CREDIT GIVEN FOR INTEREST INCURRED WHILST BA HAVE HELD THE FUNDS! Should you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me. Best regards Russell Blakey Russell Blakey, Birmingham, UK As a person who travels widely and is an avid airline enthusiast also, unfortunately the airline industry as we knew it is becoming decapitated and severely handicapped. This "low-cost" and "saving costs" madness right, left and centre has got to stop. It's a real pity that BA doesn't try to develop another hub aside from London much in the successful way Lufthansa has done both at Frankfurt and at Munich; mind you, BA was never truly committed in developing another hub aside from London. In this way, Manchester - the UK's most important city after London in terms of tourism and business will go down the drain and the airport will be inundated with yet more shoddy low-cost carriers. Basically, it's a matter of time before disaster strikes through all this cost-cutting madness. Victor, Athens, Greece Birmingham to Barcelona. Recently operated by an Airbus the flight was generally full. They took the air bus off and put a smaller aircraft on. This was always full. Now British Airways say that the route is not viable. ???? One would need to check the figures accurately but I believe the above is a reasonable reflection of the truth. Richard Hamilton, Tenbury Wells, Worcestershire	i don't know
What is the name of Heston Blumenthal's 3 Michelin starred restaurant in the UK?	Heston Blumenthal - Biography - IMDb Heston Blumenthal Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trivia (2) \| Personal Quotes (34) Overview (3) 5' 7" (1.7 m) Mini Bio (1) Heston is a self-taught English chef renowned for his experimental and scientific approach to cooking and gastronomy. He holds multiple honorary degrees in recognition of his scientific approach to cooking. He is the head chef of The Fat Duck, a three Michelin-starred restaurant voted the best restaurant in the world in 2005, and the best restaurant in the UK for a number of years. Additionally, it was voted best restaurant in the world in 2005 by Restaurant magazine. Since that date, it was awarded 2nd place in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009, 3rd in 2010 and 5th in 2011, and 12th in 2012. His reputation is based upon his constant and meticulous scientific examination of food. This includes both the chemical processes subjected to food structures during cooking, and also the inherent physical properties of foodstuffs. Blumenthal's famously experimental dishes include bacon and egg ice cream and snail porridge. Heston Blumenthal regularly collaborates with scientists such as Dr Peter Barham, Reader of Physics at Bristol University and author of the book The Science of Cooking, and Dr Charles Spence, an experimental psychologist at the University of Oxford, with whom they experimented on the use of headphones whilst eating. He has been a regular contributor to various BBC food programmes, has written a number of books on cooking and recipes, and contributes to newspapers such as The Guardian. Blumenthal has had numerous books published. His first book was Family Food: A new approach to cooking in 2000. His second book was Heston Blumenthal: In Search of Perfection in 2006 (in which he attempts to find the best way of preparing classic dishes, including fish and chips and Black Forest gateau). Heston Blumenthal: Further Adventures In Search of Perfection was published in 2007 and The Big Fat Duck Cook Book in 2008 published by Bloomsbury. "Heston Blumenthal at Home" was published in late 2011 and is currently in the top 10 in the food and drink category on Amazon's bestseller's list. The Big Fat Duck Cookbook is a 532 page cookbook written by Blumenthal and published in 2008. Heston won the Food & Wine Personality of the Year Award - GQ Magazine, Glenfiddich Awards in 2004. In 2005 he produced a series of six half-hour television programmes called Kitchen Chemistry with Heston Blumenthal which were transmitted on Discovery Science along with a book Kitchen Chemistry, published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and distributed to six thousand schools in the UK and Ireland. To date, it is the most successful book ever produced by the Society. He opened his first London restaurant, Dinner, in the exclusive Mandarin Oriental Hotel where he has abandoned his experimental approach to food in favour of studied approach to classic English cooking. Heston is represented in London, UK by Useful Talent. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Useful Talent Spouse (1) (? - present) (3 children) Trivia (2) Owner and head chef of the Fat Duck in Bray, Berkshire, a multi-award winning restaurant which is constantly inventing new recipes and pioneering new scientific cooking techniques. He was awarded the OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2006 Queen's New Years Honours List for his services to the Hospitality Industry. Personal Quotes (34) To me, food is as much about the moment, the occasion, the location and the company as it is about the taste. You think about some of the most memorable meals you've ever had; the food will be good but it will often be about locating a mental memory and taste is inexorably linked to all the other senses and memory, so ultimately it is all about taste. I'm not scared of anything in particular, but I am motivated by a fear of failure as opposed to a need to succeed. A lot of country pubs will receive Michelin stars. And I like asking questions, to keep learning; people with big egos might not want to look unsure. At home I've got 1,500 cook books and the spines have all gone, the pages are all torn - it's chaos. This kitchen is completely calm. Some of the old-fashioned chefs - they become kings in their kitchen, they've got to be called chef. But I don't care if someone calls me chef or Heston, it really doesn't bother me. Development is where my heart is focused because eating is the only thing that we do that involves all the senses. We eat with our eyes and our ears and our noses. I was determined that if I failed it wouldn't be due to lack of effort. I was born in the '60s and grew up in the '70s - not exactly the best decade for food in British history. It was horrendous. It was a time when, as a nation, we excelled in art and music and acting and photography and fashion - all creative skills... all apart from cooking. I am not the world's most confident person. If it doesn't taste good it doesn't go on the menu. There are so many issues in our oceans - like the near extinction of blue fin tuna - that should be taken more seriously worldwide. As we get older, we tend to become more risk averse because we tend to find reasons why things won't work. When you are a kid, you think everything is possible, and I think with creativity it is so important to keep that naivety. No, when I worked as an accountant I was falling asleep waiting for 5 o'clock. I have this desire to keep improving, so I find fault. But most is all to do with work. There are aspects of work that are enjoyable, that you could call a hobby. I still love doing what I do, and I'm really lucky to get up in the morning and want to go to work. It was quite a challenge to make people eat crab ice cream. I haven't raised my voice for eight to 10 years in the kitchen. And I won't have anybody shouting. If I hear of anybody having a go at anyone else, they'll get disciplined. I write and chop with my left hand and do everything else, including eating with a knife, with my right. You need to do the work to bring the money in, but not compromise standards. We were saving, saving, saving then going to France and blowing the money eating. She was a nurse and had never experienced fine dining but she loved it, too. Our mates thought it absurd. It was not easy with a newborn, asking your wife to give up the family home and your security. I would try doing a dish 30 different ways. You know how sad your life is when you know the release date of DVDs. I've got around 400 cookbooks. Television forces people to be larger than life. I would be too shy. We sunk everything into it. It came close to going under several times. I tend to take negative comments to heart. Being branded number one restaurant in the world is actually very humbling. What gets me excited is the original principle. I worked 120 hours a week for eight years. That's 20 to 22 hours a day every day and one week I only got 15 hours sleep. Now my complaint is there are only 18 hours to work in a day. See also	The Fat Duck
True or False: Apples belong to the rose family?	Heston Blumenthal - IMDb IMDb Writer Heston is a self-taught English chef renowned for his experimental and scientific approach to cooking and gastronomy. He holds multiple honorary degrees in recognition of his scientific approach to cooking. He is the head chef of The Fat Duck, a three Michelin-starred restaurant voted the best restaurant in the world in 2005, and the best ... See full bio » Born:	i don't know
One of the most hydrating foods to eat is the cucumber, which contains what percentage of water? 76%, 86% or 96%?	Eat These 9 Foods to Keep Your Skin Hydrated \| Bauer Nutrition March 29, 2016 Eat These 9 Foods to Keep Your Skin Hydrated If you want healthy, vibrant skin, you have to work on it. One way to ensure your skin is in tip top condition is to keep it moisturized from the inside out. This means eating the right foods to keep your body hydrated. Here are nine water packed fruits and vegetables to add to your everyday meal plans that will help keep your skin hydrated. Cucumbers Cucumbers contain more water than any other solid food. With a 96% water content ratio, they are great for staying hydrated during the summer months. They’re good alone or in a salad, and pretty easy to find in most grocery stores. If a salad is too boring for you, try making cucumber sandwiches. Celery Celery has a water content of just over 94%. Each stalk contains about 6 calories and is full of fiber to help you feel fuller longer. If you’re not into eating it plain, add some peanut butter to celery. It’s also tasty with cream cheese or sour cream. Some people even like to pair celery with cheese. Tomatoes Tomatoes are a great addition to your diet any time of the year, and they’re the perfect food to eat when you’re looking to keep hydrated. They contain 94% water, and come in a few different varieties. Most people just plop them into a salad, but there are tons of ways to incorporate tomatoes into your diet. They’re also a thirst quenching, stand alone treat. Watermelon Watermelon is 92% water, and one of the most refreshing fruits you could eat. It’s also packed with potassium, and vitamins A,B, and C. On a hot summer day a cold slice of watermelon can quickly hydrate you and keep you feeling full. It even tastes good at room temperature. Grapefruit Both tangy and sweet, who doesn’t love grapefruit? It’s packed full of vitamin C, and contains about 88% water, so you’ll get the hydration you need from it. There are some other helpful benefits to eating grapefruit too. It helps burn fat, lower cholesterol ,and boosts your metabolism. Apples Apples aren’t just full of water (about 87%), but they’re also a good source of fiber. The water content is in the meat of the apple, and most of the fiber is in the skin. This means that it’s best to eat your apples unpeeled to get the maximum benefits. If you don’t like them plain, try dipping them in a bit of caramel or chocolate. Spinach If you love spinach salads, then you’ll be glad to know that you’re doing yourself a big favor by eating them. Spinach contains about 92% water, and is loaded with vitamins and nutrients including vitamins A, B6, and vitamin K. Spinach also contains zinc, potassium and iron. Strawberries Whether you blend them into a smoothie or prefer to eat them raw, juicy strawberries are great for keeping your skin hydrated. With a 92% water content rate, they make a perfect on-the-go snack. Other benefits of strawberries include their high levels of vitamin C and cancer fighting properties. Cauliflower When it comes to hydrating foods, most people wouldn’t think about cauliflower. Perhaps because it’s not the main ingredient in most everyday dishes, or because it’s just not a popular vegetable. But don’t let the popularity contest deter you. Cauliflower contains 92% water, and has some great health benefits to go along with it – it’s been known to help lower cholesterol, and help fight cancer. Part of keeping your skin hydrated from inside includes eating foods that contain a good amount of water. These are just a few fruits and vegetables to add to your diet, but there are plenty more that fit the bill and promote beautiful, glowing skin.	96
Which actor has played the policeman Nick Rowan in the UK TV retro soap Heartbeat'?	Infused Waters to Keep You Hydrated this Summer - Tasty Yummies Infused Waters to Keep You Hydrated this Summer by Beth @ Tasty Yummies We all know how important it is to stay hydrated, year round, but this is especially important in the summer. When the weather is hot and you are spending much of the day outside being active, it is extra important to drink more fluids than usual and most especially that you are doing so before you start feeling thirsty – as that is a sure sign you are on your way to dehydration. Did you know that every single cell in the human body needs water to function properly? Much like the plants in your garden, your cells, too, can perk up immediately upon watering. It’s that simple. What Does Water Do in My Body? Water Helps Your Body with the Following: Getting rid of waste through urination, perspiration, and bowel movements. Keeping it’s temperature normal. Lubricating and cushioning your joints. Protecting your spinal cord and other sensitive tissues. Tips for Drinking More Water: Drink a glass of water as soon as you wake up in the morning ( I prefer mine warm with a little lemon ). Carry a dedicated bottle or container with you are all times, at work, at home, even if you are just out running a few errands. Use an app on your mobile phone to track your water intake or simply set an alert on your phone to remind you. Choose water at restaurants instead of other beverages. not only will you save on calories while simultaneously hydrating yourself, but it also saves money. When you are hungry, start with a glass of water before you reach for the snack. sometimes feelings of hunger are actually your body telling you that it’s thirsty. it may just curb the cravings. Drink before you eat. 16 ounces 30 minutes before every meal can actually keep you from over indulging. make this a regular practice and you might even find yourself losing weight. Infuse and flavor your own water. Today, I am sharing with you one of my very favorite ways to stay hydrated during the summer months… INFUSED WATER! Infused water is not only a tasty way to stay hydrated but it is nutritional, healthy, fresh and all-natural! How-to Make Infused Water: I N G R E D I E N T S : Herbs, Spices and Botanicals mint • basil • rosemary • lavender • thyme • ginger • cinnamon • sage • rose petals • vanilla • lemongrass • cardamom • parsley • lemon verbena • cilantro • cloves • cardamom • hibiscus • black pepper • chammomile • lemon verbena • stevia AND MORE Fruit and Veggies strawberries • blackberries • blueberries • raspberries • cherries • pineapple • watermelon • cucumber • orange • lemon • lime • grapefruit • watermelon • cantaloupe • honeydew • mango • grapes • pear • apples • peaches • plums • nectarines • blood orange • meyer lemon • tangerines • pomegranate • kiwi • carrots • celery • peppers • fennel AND MORE Optional Add-ins: sparkling water R E C I P E : For infused water, there really is no recipe, exactly. There are no right or wrong measurements, it’s all based on taste and what you have on hand. Generally, I just add all of the ingredients to my pitcher or jar (or glass), slightly mashing up any fruit to release their juices. Next I bruise the leaves of any herbs (in my hands) to release the natural extracts and oils. Finally, top with some filtered water and enjoy! I find letting it sit in the fridge for an hour or so really allows the flavors to mesh together. The longer it sits, obviously the better and stronger the flavor will be. You can also blend the water and fruit together with a touch of sweetener for homemade agua frescos. N O T E S : select fresh organic produce and herbs whenever possible, you want your ingredients to be pesticide-free you can peel citrus before infusing to avoid excess bitterness. for smaller herbs and botanicals like dried lavender or peppercorns, add them to a cheesecloth when infusing S T O R A G E : Infused waters can be stored in airtight jars or pitchers as shown above, mason jar, glass pitcher, water bottle, gallon jug, etc. Whatever works for you. Infused waters keep in the refrigerator for about a week or until the flavor is no longer present. We tend to drink and add more water to replace the water we just poured out, adding more fruit or flavors as necessary, until it just no longer has a pronounced flavor. Here are 4 of My Favorite Flavor Combinations: cucumber strawberry thyme infused water // also great with mint or basil ginger pear cinnamon vanilla bean infused water // also great with apple grapefruit rosemary infused water // also great with sage or other citrus fruits blueberry lime cilantro infused water // also delicious with blood oranges Here are just some of my other favorite flavor combinations: grape + lemon + parsley THE POSSIBILITIES ARE ENDLESS! Aquasana Powered Water Filtration System As important as staying hydrated is and as delicious as infused waters are – it is also just as important to know the purity of the water you are drinking. We have an Aquasana Powered Filtration System in our home and I have to tell you, I had NO CLUE that water could actually taste better. We always had a run of the mill filtration pitcher in the fridge to do the best we could to purify our water but when I received the Aquasana Filtration System, it was a whole new ball game. What Makes Aquasana Powered Water Filtration System So Much Better: Patent Pending Powered Filtration Technology never before available in a pitcher. Delivers performance of a professional grade installed filtration system for a fraction of the price – no plumbing or installation required. Fast Filtration in just seconds. Traditional pitchers use gravity to slowly trickle water over filter granules. The Aquasana Powered Water Filtration System uses power to filter water fast, right before your eyes. Ultimate Purity – Filters 10x the contaminants (60 total) of the leading pitcher filter and is the only pitcher on the market tested to remove 96% of chlorine and chloramines (chlorine + ammonia disinfectant). Longest Lasting Filter & Lowest Cost Per Gallon. Aquasana Claryum filters deliver 8x the gallon capacity of the leading pitcher filter for half the price. (320 gallons vs. 40 gallons at 9.4 cents per gallon vs. 20 cents per gallon) Ultra delicious – the purest water you’ve ever tasted. Naturally occurring minerals in your water like Calcium, Potassium and Magnesium are retained by our selective Claryum filtration, leaving you with healthier, delicious water! What You Need to Know about the Aquasana Powered Water Filtration System All components are BPA free. Complete System – includes a portable ½ gallon pitcher you can easily fit in your fridge and a one gallon dispenser for on-demand water at the push of a button. Includes your first Claryum filter that will last 320 gallons or 6 months before needing a replacement. With the Aquasana Powered Water Filtration System you get faster filtration, more contaminant removal, longer lasting filters for half the price per gallon compared to the leading drip pitcher filter. This post is by sponsored by Aquasana. I received an Aquasana Powered Water Filtration System to review and was compensated for my time. I was under no obligations. All opinions are all mine. More Posts You Might Like: 1 Karey @ Nutty About Health July 7, 2014 at 9:50 am I stay hydrated in the summer by drinking at least one or two glasses of cold water when I first wake up, along with carrying a small water bottle with me most places I go. Great giveaway & beautiful blog! Reply 2 Megan July 7, 2014 at 10:02 am Oh my! I would love to win this filtration system! I currently use a Britta filter and it takes forever! But we wouldn’t dare go without it, our water is funky! Keeping my fingers crossed. Megan Reply 3 noelle July 7, 2014 at 10:26 am I drink lots of water–it’s almost all i drink right now. I’m super intrigued by the filtering system, thanks! Reply 4 Emily H. July 7, 2014 at 10:36 am I follow those tips – water first thing in the morning and before every meal. Then I drink water all day at my desk, too! 5 sue/the view from great island July 7, 2014 at 10:53 am What a fabulous post — I’m definitely guilty of not drinking enough water, so i really need this tutorial! Reply 6 Sandra July 7, 2014 at 11:10 am Maybe I can get my husband to drink more water with your infusing ideas! I’ve been off any sodas for two years. Water is my main drink and I love it! Reply 7 Kenan M. July 7, 2014 at 11:14 am I’ve started using an app to keep track of my water consumption. It definitely reminds me to keep drinking water throughout the day! 8 Ellen Killinger July 7, 2014 at 11:22 am Love infused water! One thing I’ve noticed is it is a great detox for me! Law at feel so energized! 9 Anabelle July 7, 2014 at 11:35 am I’ve been looking at aquasana filters! I love this giveaway! 10 Janella E July 7, 2014 at 11:40 am I take water with me everywhere to try and stay hydrated. Reply 11 Shushy July 7, 2014 at 12:39 pm I went to a vegan place in Philly where they had water with cucumber and lemon! I made it at home as soon as I could and I’ve been hooked ever since! 12 Gaby July 7, 2014 at 12:59 pm Perfect for summer and bikini season!!! Reply 13 Jenn July 7, 2014 at 1:47 pm I drink water all day long, especially while I’m out walking dogs (my day job), but I’m super excited to try these infused waters! Reply 14 Lily July 7, 2014 at 2:22 pm The water at my house is pretty yucky but I haven’t been able to afford a filter. It would be wonderful to have one and be able to try all these yummy infusions with filtered water. In the mean time hopefully the infusions will help with the taste of our water. 15 Barb G July 7, 2014 at 4:32 pm Would LOVE to win this aquasana water filter. Trying to get my husband to drink more water. It’s like pulling teeth! lol. Maybe this and your recipes for the flavored waters will help. Thanks for the opportunity. Reply 16 Karen July 7, 2014 at 4:48 pm I hate tap water but wasn’t sure what kind of filtration system to use. I would love to win this system and then infuse my water. I am terrible at drinking enough water! Reply 17 Karen July 7, 2014 at 4:59 pm I am terrible at drinking enough water each day. Infusing it is a great idea! My tap water tastes terrible – it would be great to win this filtration system. Reply 18 Lori July 7, 2014 at 6:49 pm I fill 3-4 qt mason jars with water and lemon every day and keep in the fridge. I would love to win the aquasana filtration system! Thanks for the opportunity. 19 linda July 7, 2014 at 8:14 pm These look amazing! Reply 20 Cat July 7, 2014 at 8:24 pm Happened upon your blog recently and love your fresh ideas. I drink a lot of herbal teas as well as straight water to stay hydrated throughout the day, but I’m going to start making some infused water right now! 21 Millie l Add A Little July 7, 2014 at 11:38 pm Absolutely love water with lemon and cucumber or strawberries and mint – so refreshing! 22 Thalia @ butter and brioche July 8, 2014 at 12:26 am awesome post! love it. thanks so much for the insight & ideas. Reply 23 Jeanne July 8, 2014 at 5:13 am Well Beth, You’ve done it again! Wonderful post and giveaway. Love all the water combinations that you posted! Reply 24 rachel abram July 8, 2014 at 6:44 am I am six months pregnant so I try and drink as much water as possible. I also juice twice a day. This water filtration system would make an excellent addition to my house! 25 Melissa @ Nourish By Melissa July 8, 2014 at 8:08 am I love infused waters to stay hydrated in the summer….I’m definitely going to try adding some spices/herbs since I’ve only ever experimented with fruits! Reply 26 Stephanie July 8, 2014 at 11:15 am I stay hydrated all year round by starting off my day with 1 glass of pure water, 1 glass of water mixed with Greens powder and a smoothie also made with filtered water. Then I continue to drink water throughout the day. Reply 27 Maribel Palermo July 8, 2014 at 12:06 pm Hi i love this entry because i want to be more healthy and i want to win this filter ,it looks amazing 28 Tori July 8, 2014 at 4:56 pm I always bring filtered water from home. Sometimes I add a lemon. Reply 29 Molly July 8, 2014 at 8:18 pm I have never heard of this water filter and it sounds like a wonderful item that will help will me having safe water to drink which I have been wishing for. I’m 66 and it’s not on my retirement plan. I would love to win this because it would be the only way I would have one. I sorry I don’t twitter or tweet and do little face book and as for instagram I have no ideal what that it. I am doing good to email so I just stick to that, and if I knew how to do the others in order to win I would do it. But I still hope I have a chance to WIN. Would LOVE, LOVE, Love, it. Oh and I love your web sight I have learned a lot from you. Thanks, Reply 30 www.soletshangout.com July 8, 2014 at 8:39 pm This post is gorgeous, milady! Love infused water. So simple, but such a great way to stay hydrated in the summertime. Reply 31 Sarah July 9, 2014 at 7:44 am I keep cases of water bottles on reserve and my fridge stocked with cold bottles at all times. I make a goal to drink a certain amount per day, and aim to achieve that goal daily. Reply 32 Shari Z July 9, 2014 at 8:05 am It is very hard for me to stay hydrated — I try to drink lots of water with a straw and green smoothies. Thank you for another great giveaway! Reply 33 Viviana July 9, 2014 at 8:09 am i stay hydrated by drinking water both plain and also infused concoctions!! i love making new flavour combinations and will definitely make some of the combinations you post about here!! they all sound delish~! 😀 Reply 34 Jacqueline July 9, 2014 at 8:17 am It would be such a treat to win this awesome filtration system for my family! Thank you for this opportunity, Beth & Aquasana!! ~Jacqui 35 julianne July 9, 2014 at 8:41 am plenty of water with lemon! 36 Kristy July 9, 2014 at 9:42 am I drink infused water all day long! Reply 37 sarah bradford July 9, 2014 at 3:21 pm I am OBSESSED with infused water and always drink at least 60 oz everyday as I’m supposed to! This would be amazing to win because my PUR filter is getting pretty expensive to maintain and the water doesn’t taste much different than our tap water. Really hope I can win this for our family!! 38 Donna July 9, 2014 at 3:39 pm I just started to infuse water with fruit and herbs,as well as cucumber.. I would love the opportunity to use this filter system..I only use tap water now… I can only imagine how much better the water could taste… thank you 39 Terri July 9, 2014 at 5:44 pm Already doing infused waters. This filtration system looks awesome, hope to win. 40 Sylvie \| Gourmande in the Kitchen July 9, 2014 at 7:23 pm These would be great for a party they are so pretty! Reply 41 Barbara July 9, 2014 at 7:32 pm We still drink water out of the tap….but I’ve been wanting a filtration system for some time. Love your infused water combos. Reply 42 Diana Cote July 9, 2014 at 7:33 pm We make smoothies, drink coconut water, regular water or a cup of tea everyone in a while. Would love to try these water infusions! Reply 43 Tory July 10, 2014 at 12:43 pm Hi Beth! Although I rarely comment, I want you to know I love your blog and thank you for what you do. I have a question about the infused water (which I’m so excited to try!). Do you ever put the leftover fruits/veg/herbs into a smoothie after the week is up, or is it usually too far gone by then? Thanks! Reply 44 Beth @ Tasty Yummies July 11, 2014 at 8:52 am Hi Tory, thanks for taking the time to comment and for your lovely words! I appreciate it. No usually after several days or up to a week of the ingredients sitting in the water, all of the flavor and nutritional content is gone and infused into the water and they are of course, quite soggy I just add them to the compost bin. Hope that helps. xoxo Reply 45 Kaikki Bryan July 10, 2014 at 1:40 pm I so far have really only added lemons or limes to my water in the past. Recently I have started using cranberry concentrate and lemon essential oil or cherry concentrate and lime essential oil. Using fresh ingredients makes it look even more refreshing! Will have to try it. Reply 46 Jessica Dunton July 10, 2014 at 1:48 pm I like to make ice with fruit in it to put in my water, but these recipes look so good. Reply 47 Tena July 10, 2014 at 1:50 pm I stay hydrated with at least one coconut water per day, and by carrying around a mason jar of water, but these flavored waters look AMAZING. Will be trying them for sure! First up, the grapefruit/rosemary one. Thanks for this! I’ve been searching for the best the best filtration system. Would love to win this! 48 David Becker July 10, 2014 at 1:54 pm Water, water, water, iced tea, and more water 😉 Reply 49 Diana July 10, 2014 at 2:22 pm Water and fresh fruit! I recently started infusing my water and was amazed at what a difference it makes! I’m excited to try out some of these different combos! 50 Julie July 10, 2014 at 2:26 pm I drink water and tea as much as I can. These recipes will help more! 51 Brian Wood July 10, 2014 at 2:42 pm These recipes sound great, thanks for sharing! 52 Stacey burruss July 10, 2014 at 2:47 pm Thanks for the giveaway. We have horrible quality local water so a filtration system is a must. 53 Joey July 10, 2014 at 2:50 pm I drink water and eat raw food. Reply 54 Robin Kelman July 10, 2014 at 3:06 pm I start hydrating with a glass of room temp lemon water. Take a 20 oz plain water and a 20 oz infused water to work each day. Reply 55 Shaunette Gillespie July 10, 2014 at 3:36 pm I stay hydrated by carrying my 1.5 liter Nalgene with me wherever I go. I also have a 2 liter mason jar to ensure I drink enough water throughout the day. I have just started diffusing water with strawberries, blueberries and cucumbers and it has been so tasty. I cannot wait to try these other combinations. 56 Penny July 10, 2014 at 4:00 pm Sounds delicious! Thanks!! Reply 57 Dusty July 10, 2014 at 4:26 pm Right now I’m drinking just water from a Brita filter. Would love to try this filter system! Reply 58 Kim July 10, 2014 at 4:37 pm I take a big water bottle with me first thing in the morning to the gym. I then take my infuser water bottle with me all day and refill it as necessary. Trying to get at least 106 oz of water is hard to do when not carrying water constantly. Reply 59 Denise July 10, 2014 at 4:48 pm Here in Florida we drink a lot of coconut water which may be the most hydrating water of all; I imagine that these drinks would taste wonderful with the ingredients infused into the coconut water. 60 Cynthia July 10, 2014 at 6:22 pm Lots of water and herbal tea. The water infusions look awesome! 61 Zach July 10, 2014 at 6:37 pm What an absolutely fabulous idea. I never thought to go this far beyond lemons. Xx 62 Marybeth July 10, 2014 at 7:12 pm My fave combo is cucumber, ginger and mint 63 Carey July 10, 2014 at 7:21 pm Thanks for all the great ideas! You must try pineapple + rosemary…. so refreshing! 64 Rick DeCarlo July 10, 2014 at 11:36 pm I use sodas team and my favorite infusion is with lemons, limes, cherries, strawberries, & blueberries. Reply 65 Anita Molnar July 10, 2014 at 11:55 pm I drink a lot of water all day long! I love your blog! I gonna try your infused water recopies,I love them! And of corse I’d love to win the filter system….. Reply 66 Valerie July 11, 2014 at 12:36 am I stay hydrated by using a 20 oz. clear water bottle and try to take it with me wherever I go (even just around the house). Only three times through the bottle and I’m pretty set with water intake for the day. It helps tremendously having the visual of how much water I have drank/have yet to drink. Reply 67 Gilda July 11, 2014 at 5:05 am I make and drink infused water all the time. This was my go to when I stopped drinking soda. I drink up to 115 ounces of water a day so, infusing it with fruit, herbs and spices helps. Reply 68 Joy Stokes July 11, 2014 at 7:02 am I use lemon infused water every morning and throughout the day. I also drink fruit, veggie, and herb infused water during the day to help boost my water consumption. I love it! 69 gretchen \| kumquat July 11, 2014 at 7:31 am these photos are all so lovely!! i can’t decide if i’d rather drink the waters or stare at them. so beautiful, beth! Reply 70 Tasha July 11, 2014 at 7:36 am This would be awesome! I have a hard time just drinking plain water so I’ve been adding a little lemon juice. I love the recipes for infused water. and can’t wait to try them. Glad to come across this Reply 71 Jessica Allison July 11, 2014 at 9:34 am Thanks for making such a fitting post for these warm summer days. Water doesn’t have to be boring or tasteless anymore! I will be making more than a few of your recipes in this summer. Cheers Reply 72 Jenny D July 11, 2014 at 11:03 am I stay hydrated by filling up a gallon jar and trying to drink it all by the end of the day! I look forward to trying it with these different flavors. Reply 73 Sarah July 11, 2014 at 11:21 am I carry a large bottle of water with me at all times. This filtration system sounds like it would help a lot with keeping that bottle full of filtered water! 74 alison @ Ingredients, Inc. July 11, 2014 at 2:13 pm LOVE THIS POST! Reply 75 Grace Peters July 11, 2014 at 3:00 pm JUMBO Brita filters + refilling VOSS water bottles. I love your suggestion about taking them with you everywhere though. I’m just about to leave the house and I know I’ll end up thirsty. Got to stay hydrated in the Florida heat! Reply 76 Stella Soon July 11, 2014 at 3:00 pm I haven’t experimented with herbs but I’ve tried: lemon, lime, mixed berries + lemon, cucumber + mint + lemon. So I guess mostly fruits. 77 Elizabeth July 11, 2014 at 10:03 pm I can really tell the difference with a filter. Would love to try this one. 78 Sarah M July 12, 2014 at 8:50 am and here I thought just having mint in my water was infusing it…I have never tried puttin gfruit & herbs together! YUM. Sarah M Reply 79 Brandy Robinson July 12, 2014 at 12:19 pm I don’t do a great job of staying hydrated in the summer, honestly. Maybe a jug of infused water on the table would be a good reminder! 80 Kristel July 12, 2014 at 12:41 pm I didn’t lots of water with Pink Grapefruit:) Reply 81 Savannah Milligan July 12, 2014 at 2:46 pm Another great add-in is green tea! Zero calories and full of antioxidants. Mix the chilled tea with some mint and lemon and you have a delicious drink full of vitamins and antioxidants! 82 Tanya July 12, 2014 at 11:49 pm water with lemon juice & a pinch of salt water with ultima replenisher Reply 83 Kathy July 13, 2014 at 12:33 am I stay hydrated with filtered water and a slice of lemon. I also make an herb tea with loose herbs that I allow to steep overnight. After straining it in the morning, I take a quart of it to work with me. This filter would improve both my beverages, thank you for the offer. ~ Kathy 84 Michelle July 13, 2014 at 2:14 pm I would love to try some of these recipes. Looking forward to it! They sound delicious Reply 85 Mendi Goolsby July 13, 2014 at 2:26 pm I try to stay hydrated by choosing water over anything else. I love water infused with natural things, it’s so refreshing. 86 Janina W July 13, 2014 at 7:52 pm I love this Aquasana Filter . thanks for the great ideas of drinking water for an interesting taste. Reply 87 Terese July 13, 2014 at 8:26 pm I drink water, lemon water in the mornings, though I am going to do so much more with these recipes. Thanks. Reply 88 Lucy July 14, 2014 at 9:15 pm I always have a full glass of water sitting on the kitchen counter. I’ll down the entire thing (and refill) every time I pass it. 89 Matriya July 13, 2014 at 10:41 pm I drink lots of liquid especially water! Reply 90 kat July 14, 2014 at 3:41 pm Lemon water, and infused water with lemon and basil. I enjoy infused waters on a hot summer day, very refreshing! Can’t wait to try some of your favorites! Thanks for the ideas! 91 Janeen Medina July 14, 2014 at 4:08 pm I would love to have this!!!!! 92 suezin July 14, 2014 at 8:14 pm Freeze watermelon to infuse water and drop in fresh basil…or cucumber and mint.. So refreshing! 93 H July 18, 2014 at 9:16 pm We drink tons of water. I like infusing my water with watermelon &!spearmint fresh from the garden. 94 H July 19, 2014 at 10:59 am I love an ice col glass of watermelon water with spearmint fresh from the garden Reply 95 Katie September 15, 2015 at 7:05 am wow, such a fantastic way to make water fun and tasty! I especially love the strawberry, cucumber and thyme – it tastes delicious, and makes it much easier to drink more and stay hydrated. thanks for sharing this 96 Beth @ Tasty Yummies September 21, 2015 at 6:43 am Thanks Katie! Glad you enjoyed. Reply 97 Sarah April 23, 2016 at 5:58 am Not sure if this has been asked but how do you do things like pear water, apple water and peach water without either bitterness or no flavor. I have been trying for year (i have an infuser bottle and I jucast seem to make it work) I know I am a little late to the thread but I hope someone can respond	i don't know
On 1st May 2014, renowned Michelin star chef Jason Atherton opened City Social' restaurant situated on level 24 of Tower 42 in London. Who was the previous highly rated chef to run a restaurant at this location?	London 2014: New Openings \| London Events Calendar 2014 \| LondonTown.com London Events Calendar 2014 The Sky Garden opens October 2014 A new indoor theatre at Shakespeare's Globe, the British Museum's ï¿½135 million extension, and Heston Blumenthal's new restaurant at the brand new ï¿½2.5 billion Heathrow Terminal 2 are just some of the exciting new launches in London in 2014 . Here Francesca Young outlines what the year has in store. New Theatre: Shakespeare's Globe & National Theatre Dorfman theatre, National Theatre, end of 2014 Copy and paste the embed code above. The New Year marks new beginnings for Shakespeare's Globe which opens the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse , a 350 seat indoor candlelit theatre named after its founder, on 9th January. Opening in the year of Shakespeare's 450th birthday, the ï¿½7.5 million theatre launches with The Duchess of Malfi with Gemma Arterton in the title role, and a programme of Jacobean plays, opera, candlelit concerts and anarchic comedy follows. The Globe is not the only London theatre getting a spruce up in 2014, also in January work will be completed on Donmar Dryden Street, a new space for the Donmar Warehouse that will bring all of the Covent Garden theatre's off-stage work under one roof for the first time. It will offer a double height rehearsal room, new education room and a rooftop extension to house a flat for visiting artists. The Bloomsbury Theatre is undergoing a summer renovation, closing from 14th July until October 2014 when new facilities including a refurbished foyer and theatre, an additional bar, improved toilets and seating will be revealed. Access from the Gordon Street side of the building will also be improved. Hampstead Theatre , currently enjoying a highly successful period under artistic director Edward Hall, including the West End transfer of Sunny Afternoon , will be closed to the public after the final performance of Wonderland on 26th July until September 2014 to allow for the bar and box office to be relocated, creating more spacious and relaxed public areas. On 30th September 2014 the National Theatre 's renovated Cottesloe theatre will be renamed and reopen as the Dorfman theatre, named after Travelex founder Lloyd Dorfman whose ï¿½10 million donation helped to renovate the space. The improvements, including increased capacity and better sight lines, mean an extra 27,000 people each year can gain access to what are often sold-out performances, and the auditorium can be used for learning activities during the day when it would usually be empty. Also due to be complete by the end of the year, the Lyric Hammersmith 's refurbishment project will give the building its first major facelift in 30 years, adding a two storey extension, drama, dance and recording studios, a screening room, digital playspace, and a sensory space for children. New Museums: British & Imperial War Museums World Conservation and Exhibitions Centre opens 6th March 2014 Copy and paste the embed code above. In March 2014, the British Museum begins opening one of the largest redevelopment projects in the museum's 260 year history. Located in the north-west corner of the museum site, the ï¿½135 million World Conservation and Exhibitions Centre will house the museum's first purpose built temporary exhibition space - the Sainsbury Exhibitions Gallery designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour Partners - which launches on 6th March with Vikings . The rest of the centre, which houses laboratories, studios and stores for the museum's world class collection, opens later in the year. It's a significant year for the Imperial War Museum which fully re-opens in summer 2014 unveiling its new First World War galleries to mark the 100 year anniversary of the start of the First World War. The renovations include a new atrium housing large objects, new shops and a park-side cafï¿½ as well as a major new First World War exhibition, Truth and Memory , the largest exhibition and first major retrospective of British First World War art which will run until March 2015. Museums Autumn: Wellcome Collection & Science Museum Copy and paste the embed code above. The Wellcome Collection is undergoing a ï¿½17.5 million development project to a design by Stirling Prize-winning architects Wilkinson Eyre and although the official opening date has been pushed back to spring 2015 parts of the building remain open and in October 2014 a new space called The Hub opens with Hubbub, a research group looking into issues of rest and busyness in modern day life. When complete, the transformation of one of London's most inspirational free museums will bring new areas and galleries into public use, a stunning spiral staircase, a new restaurant, and studio space for their live programme, all centred around the iconic reading room which becomes a new public space. Open on 25th October 2014, Information Age is a new ï¿½15.6 million gallery at the Science Museum that sets out to be the world's foremost celebration of information and communication technologies. At 2,500 metres squared, the gallery is the largest exhibition space in the South Kensington museum and features hundreds of unique objects from the museum's world class collections, many of which have never been seen before. Rare exhibits include the instruments which detected the first transatlantic telegraph messages in 1858, the BBC's first radio transmitter, and the only Russian supercomputer in a museum collection in the West. New Sport: Aquatics Centre & Velodrome Opens to the public in spring 2014 Copy and paste the embed code above. In January, on Friday 17th, Brooklyn Bowl , the trendy New York bowling alley where you can bowl, eat and drink while listening to live music - Adele, Kanye West and Elvis Costello have all played at the NY branch - and DJs, opens its first overseas location in London's O2 . Two of the most iconic 2012 London Olympic venues, the Velodrome and the Aquatics Centre , re-open in spring 2014, adding to the major sporting venues already available in the city. The Velodrome housing the Olympic cycling track where Chris Hoy and the British team won gold re-opens and becomes part of the Lee Valley VeloPark which includes a BMX track and mountain biking trails, welcoming members of the public from 23rd March. In April 2014, the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park will open its South Park Hub to the public including the Zaha Hadid-designed Aquatics Centre and ArcelorMittal Orbit , Anish Kapoor's striking, spiralling red steel sculpture. Boasting two 50 metre swimming pools, a 25 metre diving pool and a seating capacity reduced to 2,500, the Olympic swimming venue will open to members of the public and aims to host events like the 2016 European Swimming Championships. Spring also sees the Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre, located in the north of the park, launch. When it opens in May 2014 the centre will host community, club and elite programmes as well as high profile competitions including the European Hockey Championships in 2015 and the NEC Wheelchair Tennis Masters in 2014, 2015 and 2016. New Building: The Sky Garden, 20 Fenchurch Street The Sky Garden opens October 2014 Copy and paste the embed code above. One of the most hotly anticipated buildings in London and one of the most controversial is the ' Walkie-Talkie ' in Fenchurch Street. Due to open in March 2014, the distinctive top heavy building designed by world-renowned architect Rafael Vinoly made headlines before it even opened when it 'melted' cars parked underneath it during the peak of the summer heat in 2013. With measures put in place to prevent further melting mishaps, the Walkie Talkie promises to be one of the most hotly anticipated buildings to open in London in 2014 thanks to its 'garden in the sky', expected to open in October 2014. The distinctive design not only ensures that views of St Paul's remain intact but also allows for a top floor 'sky garden' which span three floors and offers uninterrupted views across the City. Served by two express lifts, visitors arrive to a beautiful landscaped garden at level 35, a bar and viewing area at level 36 and, to top it all, a public terrace, restaurant and cafe at level 37. New Hotels: Shangri-La, Ham Yard Copy and paste the embed code above. Despite the glut of hotels which opened in time for the Olympics, there are more stylish new hotels to come in 2014. After a delayed launch the long-awaited Shangri-La opened on 6th May 2014. The five star hotel, which takes up the middle third of the Shard , situated between floors 34 and 52 of London's tallest tower, promises to bring a uniquely Asian view of service to London, as well as 202 rooms, signature dining room, London's highest bar and a gym complete with infinity pool. Tim and Kit Kemp's Firmdale hotel group adds to its existing London hotels - Charlotte Street and The Soho Hotel among them - with its eighth London property, Ham Yard Hotel , on 1st June 2014. Known for their cool and quirky interiors, the hotel will include 90 individually designed bedrooms and suites, 24 residential apartments, a collection of 13 specialist retail stores and an airy restaurant and bar with outdoor dining, transforming a former bombsite in Soho into a luxury boutique hotel worth ï¿½90 million. Other highlights include sumptuous drawing rooms, the Soholistic Spa and Gym, and a 176 seat cinema. In west London the Grade II listed Dorsett Shepherds Bush, which opened in 1923 as a cinema, becomes the Dorsett Regency, a 322 room, 11 storey luxury hotel retaining the original faï¿½ade while undergoing a ï¿½25 million conversion. East London has already benefitted from the 2013 opening of the Ace Hotel and there are three new hotels to boost the area in the next three years. A new citizenM hotel is planned within Shoreditch Village, the 200-room M by Montcalm Shoreditch London Tech City within Will Alsop's 23-storey 'Doodle' tower will open in early 2015, but we'll have to patiently wait until 2016 before we may well finally see the 156-room Nobu Hotel open in Shoreditch. New Hotels: Mondrian & The Beaumont Copy and paste the embed code above. The first five star hotel to open on Grosvenor's Mayfair estate in the last decade, the boutique Beaumont hotel overlooking the beautiful Brown Hart Gardens comprises 73 bedrooms and suites as well as public areas including a restaurant and lobby bar, residents' lounge, meeting room and spa. The first hotel from The Wollseley restaurateurs Corbin and King which opens on 29th September 2014 also features the first inhabitable work of art by leading British artist Antony Gormley, a sculpture which doubles as a unique guestroom for the hotel. Throwing open its doors just one day later, on 30th September 2014, Mondrian London has been designed by Tom Dixon who has the iconic Sea Containers building into the first Mondrian hotel in Europe. Expect the vibe of the original Hollywood Mondrian to be replicated in this historic waterfront building on London's South Bank. Not one but two citizenM hotels - citizenM St Paul's and citizenM Tower of London - due to launch in 2014 have been pushed back to 2015, bringing the popular brand of budget boutique hotels to the City. The Royal Horseguards Hotel , a grand, vast Victorian hotel by Embankment on the north bank of the Thames will be comprehensively renovated before re-opening as the luxury Clermont Hotel in 2014. In the final quarter of 2014 the Lanesborough 's year-long closure, which began on 20th December 2013, is due to come to an end. The hotel on Hyde Park Corner, first opened 22 years ago, is given a complete refurbishment by interior designer Alberto Pinto, his last project before his death in 2012. The refurb is expected to re-establish the Lanesborough as one of the most luxurious hotels in the world. New Restaurants: House of Ho, Q Grill, London House Copy and paste the embed code above. In January the start of the new year brings a clutch of new restaurants openings in London including Bobby Chin's House of Ho which brings modern Vietnamese food to Soho's Old Compton Street and officially launches on Monday 6th January. Nearby and in the same month Paul Merrony and Trace Peterson, proprietors of Flat White and Milk Bar, launch of La Giaconda Restaurant, Cafe and Bar on Denmark Street. Also in January come two new burger joints: Q Grill , on Chalk Farm Road in Camden, is by Des McDonald, the man behind Islington's The Fish & Chip Shop (who, incidentally, is also behind the Rosewood 's Holborn Dining Room ); and Tommi's Burger Joint expands to include a restaurant on the King's Road in Chelsea. Rosewood London on High Holborn which launched late in 2013 welcomes its first diners at in-house restaurant, the Martin Brudnizki-designed Holborn Dining Room , and Scarfes Bar - named after satirical cartoonist, Gerald Scarfe - from February 2014. Diners can enjoy a menu overseen by Bjorn van der Horst while admiring Scarfe's distinctive drawings commissioned for the brand new bar. February is also the month that Gordon Ramsay's London House restaurant opens in a former coal warehouse in Battersea. The new-look Polpetto at 11 Berwick Street in Soho expands to seat 70 (greatly increased from its previous 23 seats) and will feature an aperitivo bar and an open kitchen. Early in 2014 Zucca , the hugely popular Italian in Bermondsey is expanding to open Farina , a new pizza and ice cream restaurant at no. 186 next door. And in February Borough Market stalwart Brindisa celebrates 25 years of importing Spanish food to London when it opens Brindisa Food Rooms , a new shop and bar in Brixton. Also in February, the people behind the famous subterranean Gordon's Wine Bar open Villiers Coffee Company and Dining Room just down the street; the first of two new Roka restaurants for 2014 opens on North Audley Street in Mayfair (followed by Roka Aldwych in the summer); and The Fable , a new bar from Drake & Morgan inspired by Aesop's Fables opens in the newly developed Sixty London in Farringdon. Further February 2014 restaurant openings include D&D's Avenue restaurant in St James's which will re-launch with a new Manhattan loft interior designed by Russell Sage and an American-inspired menu including dishes like clam chowder, Brooklyn rooster and donut holes served with Hershey melt. A new branch of sourdough pizza specialists Franco Manca opens in Broadway Market in Hackney in late February ahead of an eighth site on Lordship Lane in East Dulwich in late summer. Copy and paste the embed code above. March brings a taste of Portuguese influenced food with an Indian/Goan twist as Assado opens at 157 Waterloo Road. It's the latest restaurant from chef Cyrus Todiwala, one half of the duo featured in BBC TV series The Incredible Spice Men, who already owns celebrated landmark Indian restaurant, Cafe Spice Namaste , a short hop from the Tower of London . In the same month, Indian restaurant group the Tamarind Collection is to relaunch the former Zaika restaurant at One Kensington , serving international cuisine and named after its door number on Kensington High Street. The entire area around Berwick Street is being revamped and in early 2014 (no fixed date as yet), Hakkasan and Wagamama founder Alan Yau opens 'Chinese gastropub' Duck & Rice on the Soho street famous for its fruit and veg market, silk shops and Flat White . Opening on 22nd April, the British seaside to London with the second branch of Bonnie Gull , Bonnie Gull Seafood Cafe , in Exmouth Market , EC1. In spring 2014, quality coffee shop chain Benugo - which already runs leafy cafes in Hyde Park and Lincoln's Inn Fields - takes over the Regent's Park restaurants. But the really big restaurant news around this time of year is Simon Rogan 's takeover of Claridge's restaurant, launching on 6th May 2014. In the same month, Jason Atherton goes high rise with City Social taking over the area vacated by Gary Rhodes' Rhodes 24 in Tower 42. Heston Blumenthal follows Gordon Ramsay's lead and sets up airport restaurant The Perfectionists' Cafe at the brand new ï¿½2.5 billion Heathrow Terminal 2 which opens as The Queen's Terminal in June 2014. Expect easy to enjoy, familiar dishes from fish and chips to pizza, fast service and good quality ingredients. Lanes of London will be the new restaurant for the five-star Marriott Park Lane which is set to revamp all its 151 bedrooms as part of a major refurbishment scheduled to start in March with a completion date of September 2014 expected.	Gary Rhodes
In which city was the world's biggest McDonalds fast food restaurant opened in 2012?	Cherrypick Dubai - Search "" Cherrypick Dubai Members Area Comptoir 102 Acquainting Jumeirah with Parisian bohemian chic, this peaceful environment and yummy mummy hangout focuses on interior design, fashion accessories and food. Set just off Jumeirah road, the airy sanct... Dubai Community Theatre & Arts Centre (DUCTAC) Dubai Community Theatre & Arts Centre (DUCTAC) is a non-profit community art centre based in Mall of the Emirates. Within its theatre and exhibition space it offers an active calendar of events and ac... House of Curry As well as a small selection of dishes for the calorie conscious, House of Curry offer a blend of famous North Indian recipes, combined with some unique combinations from the coastal regions, as well... SMCCU (The Sheikh Mohammed Centre for Cultural Understanding) The SMCCU is a non-profit organisation established to increase awareness and understanding between the various cultures that live in Dubai, addressing the local customs and religion of the region. Org... Chelsea College of Arts Short Courses CCAD is one of six art colleges that make up the prestigious University of the Arts London, boasting a host of well-known alumni including Alexander McQueen, Anish Kapoor, Mojeb Al-Dousari and Florenc... Deira Old Souk & Spice Souk Slip beneath the arches of the wind towers on the Deira side of the Creek and nip into Dubai’s largest and oldest souk. Here you will find a bit of everything, from toys to spices. CP Tip: The best... The Design Shop By suce A wonder-world and infallible one-stop-shop, for quirky and unique gifts, many of which you will not find anywhere else in the city. The lifestyle offering totes a nice selection of regional and inter... Dinner Club – APRIL 2013 The dynamic Emirati pair, who kick-started the regions's underground dining scene, are an effervescent breath of fresh air. Gracious and charming (but don't be fooled by their delicate demeanor, both... Khalid Mezaina – NOVEMBER 2013 The regional art scene has become somewhat a significant player for the international art world over the past five years as Art Dubai and Abu Dhabi Art now attract some of the world's biggest and most... La Petite Maison This renowned worldwide eatery with its dark, bare wood floors and long bar boasts fresh and delicate Niçoise cuisine (French Mediterranean with an Italian influence). One of the city's top restaurant... Le Relais de l'Entrecote French institution, Le Relais de l'Entrecote offers swift, no-nonsense service in a classic café setting, with tables and chairs spilling onto the Boulevard. Paper table clothes and a simple option of... The Maine The Maine Oyster Bar & Grill, ran by Montreal gastropreneur Joey Ghazal and head chef Liam Breen, serves up an unpretentious dining experience tucked away in a hotel loading dock near the Dubai coastl... Marina Social Celebrated British Chef Jason Atherton’s first Dubai venture, Marina Social is a casually sophisticated dinner setting, with a Brit-Med inspired menu. Tapas-style dishes communicate the award winning... Maya Modern Mexican Kitchen & Lounge Set in the lush grounds of Le Royal Meridien Beach Resort & Spa, Maya, a strictly Mexican offering from celebrity chef Richard Sandoval, is an alfresco candlelit bar and terrace, with restaurant and u... Nola Eatery & Social House This New Orleans inspired restaurant serves Southern American food touching on flavourful old classics Lousiana crab cake and seafood jambalaya, as well as lighter options like their crab and tuna cev... The Social Room Celebrated British Chef Jason Atherton’s first Dubai venture, The Social Room is a minimalist, retro-chic setting. Marina Social’s adjoining bar serves an extensive collection of whiskeys, classic, be... Almaz by Momo Parisian-Algerian Mourad Mazouz launched his first restaurant in London in 1997. The charming and kitsch Moroccan concept now has another location in Dubai, to add to the evolving Momo portfolio. The... Aprons & Hammers Amidst the sparkling yachts of the Marina Mina Seyahi is a huge wooden dhow unashamedly pointing out of the water like a big old majestic pirate ship. Grab a bib, hammer and pincers and get stuck into... Asiana Grand Buffet – Bonafide Asian Dubai's very reasonable and most authentic, evening Asian brunch, with the hotel's Korean, Japanese and Chinese restaurants serving up fresh seafood, meats, sushi and veggie options and a good selecti... Baker & Spice European Baker & Spice have adapted their home cooked menu to the Middle East in an aim to create local soul food. Sourcing mainly seasonal, organic and fresh goods from the farms and markets of the U... BiCE Mare Charming little Italian seafood restaurant overlooking the boisterous fountains, with impeccable service and a delicate, traditional menu. Be sure to order the organic BICE wine from Tuscany, a perfec... Blue Marlin Ibiza UAE This Ibizan beach brand injects Dubai with a refreshing infusion of hedonism and beach club glamour. Enjoy a leisurely lunch on the terrace and be prepared for the sun to go down and the atmosphere to... Calicut Paragon Is it Calicut Paragon, or just simply the later, we're really not sure… Either way this staple South Indian restaurant produces good, inexpensive food and is held dear by many. Staff could be more eff... Cocktail Kitchen A highly unpretentious, well...Cocktail Kitchen. This functional, 5,000 sq ft thirst quencher is a refreshing addition to Dubai's restaurant scene. As they rightly state, 'There is never a shortage of... The Dubai Mall It can be a mission to simply get from one end to the other in the world's largest mall. But touch screen maps and golf buggies are at hand for the weak and weary. From Valentino to Topshop, homewear,... Dubai Museum (Al Fahidi Fort) This fort built in 1799 is pretty self-explanatory and worth a visit if you’re interested in finding out a little more about the city's history. Including local antiquities as well as artifacts from A... Gazebo What this place lacks in enthusiastic customer service or prompt delivery time it makes up for with passion for damn good Indian food. The Chefs' ancestors presided over the Mughal kitchens and have f... Katana An award-wining robata and sushi bar from Sunset Strip, LA, this famous Japanese restaurant enjoys a prominent waterfront location overlooking the ... La Residence This discerning restaurant and lounge, with custom-made touches (including table wear by Pierre Tachon), benefits from its own private entrance (avoiding a run-in with the hotel lobby). Taking inspira... La Serre Set in the attractive Vida hotel, La Serre is a pretty French bistro; light and airy with clean white lines, marble worktops and rustic charm. French-Mediterranean fare, time is spent sourcing seasona... Mall of the Emirates This all-rounder houses everything you need, from Harvey Nichols to the largest Carrefour supermarket in the city. Featuring over 500 international brands, from fashion to furnishings and sports. Home... Mercury Lounge This slinky rooftop bar overlooks the Dubai skyline with a dreamy view of Burj Khalifa on one side and the Arabian Gulf on the other (the bill may act as a reminder of your privileged setting)... It’s... Omnia \| October 15.2014 Nestled in a quaint café in Al Souq, Jumeirah Fishing Harbour, Omnia, Arabic for wish (aptly named given the whimsical foliage hanging from the ceiling and Ottoman style ‘wishing well’) serves modern... Posh Paws Animal Sanctuary and Petting Farm If you never had a reason to visit the Al Khawaneej area you do now. This non-profit animal sanctuary and petting farm is like nothing we have seen before. Upon entering the gates you’ll be greeted by... Pots, Pans and Boards Known for his no-fuss approach to cooking and an enthusiasm for sourcing the best in fresh, seasonal and ethical ingredients, Tom Aikens, one of the UK's most acclaimed Chefs, launched his first Dubai... Qbara Designed by Noriyoshi Muramatsu (the interior mind behind Zuma Dubai), Qbara is a towering Middle Eastern vault with several strings to its bow. Utilising the huge, open space, this restaurant/bar boa... Reform Social & Grill The board games and Beano mags are a Blighty giveaway. A quintessentially British export tucked away in The Lakes, offering a different experience to Dubai's catalogue of hotel eateries. The bar is fi... Sass Café This decadent Monaco hotspot likes to flaunt its celebrity following, but it's not this that impresses us. Dripping with fiery, ornate chandeliers and moody lighting, Sass is the place to go when you... Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque \| October 03.2013 We make our way through pristine stone columns to the women’s changing area, where we’re handed an abaya. If you haven’t worn one of these, this is a perfect time to immerse yourself in the culture of... Six Senses Zighy Bay Set on a private cove, an unassuming entrance of spindly goats and unkempt mountain road are opposites of what is within. The tucked away, Flinstone-esque paradise hidden behind imposing Omani mountai... Sushi Art Japanese (dine in, takeaway or delivery) with a fine dining twist and dishes from 'Michelin Starred sushi innovator' Thierry Marx. With minimalist, wooden interiors, Sushi Art offers a menu of modern... Weslodge Hailing from Toronto, this gentrified saloon/restaurant in Tower B of the JW Marriot Marquis hotel, sports an extensive cocktail list and a hearty menu. The at-once welcoming interiors and friendly te... Al Maha Desert Resort & Spa Bedouin style private suites designed in neutral tones, with regional artwork and hand carved furniture, each with their own pool looking out to a desolate expanse of sand. This peaceful nature reserv... Al Reef Lebanese Bakery An authentic, unassuming bakery. The bread is freshly made in front of you and as this place is open 24 hours, it's often the go-to pit-stop after an eve of revelry. Staff could benefit from breaking... Arabian Tea House Café The quiet green courtyard tucked away in Bastakiya is a perfect place to saver some serenity and shade. A quaint and rustic café, serving freshly prepared vegetarian food; salads, soups, sandwiches, i... Asha's Still going strong, Asha's combines North West Indian cuisine with an innovative twist, red and amber hues, and a relaxed open-air terrace (Wafi restaurant). Not just your typical crowd pleasers (alth... Bread Street Kitchen A huge space with tall ceilings, bar area and outdoor terrace, Bread Street Kitchen is infamous British Chef, author and restaurateur, Gordon Ramsey's Dubai edition. Their open-plan kitchen serves a w... Cabana The Address Dubai Mall A relaxed spot, The Address Dubai Mall's alfresco poolside venue, Cabana, is a perfect pre-or-post party spot. Enjoy a soak in the pool, or their live resident DJ while you sip cocktails on an evening... Cielo Sky Lounge Swanky and Deira don't usually go hand-in-hand, but Dubai Creek Golf & Yacht Club's Cielo is reminiscent of a plush Ibizan sunset lounge. Enjoy the panoramic views of the skyline set over the Creek, w... Culinary Boutique This unique culinary space with a fresh and contemporary design aesthetic, is several things rolled into one location in the heart of Jumeirah. The café, outdoor terrace and rooftop provides a relaxed... DIFC (Dubai International Financial Centre) There are several galleries favouring impressionism and modern art in this suited and booted business hub. Grab lunch in one of Dubai Financial District's esteemed eateries, then onto bathing in the c... The Farm A tranquil Elysium brought to you by the Zaal family (the region's most eco-conscious property developers/ dream-makers). A wash of serene creams and light wood, nestled in the heart of Al Barari, sur... Festival City Waterfront and Canal Walk Walk along Dubai's Creek (particularly attractive at sunset) and you’ll encounter market stalls selling perfume, toys, t-shirts and other knick-knacks. Canal Walk has pimped-up pedalo boats, or electr... Global Village Open usually from November 1st to March 31st. This huge, open-air global marketplace is home to endless ‘world’ stalls selling native produce, as well as fairground rides, a myriad of street food outl... Indie An alternative to the DIFC's more formal venues, Indie hails from Beirut and offers a more casual, unpretentious setting, with different areas of restaurant and bar seating. Just across from Zuma and... The JamJar Having long established itself as the primary arts space in town to get hands on with art (be it by painting your own masterpiece in their DIY studio, participating in a workshop, or joining in a talk... Jean-Georges Vongerichten One of the world's most famous chefs and a pioneer of the haute cuisine global franchise, Jean-Georges' culinary vision has been responsible for redefining industry standards. Involved in every aspect... The Jetty Lounge This luxurious beach bar and terrace is perfect for sundowners, with large white sofas, flickering candles and moody lighting. Livening up on an evening and weekend, this place never becomes raucous.... Little Black Door A hidden watering hole with an exclusive atmosphere (but not elitist- which we like)… Charged and often busy with a mixed crowd chatting around tall tables, sipping crafted cocktails or nibbling at di... Market & Platters As one of the first to discover this little haven...we can't get enough... A European-style grocery providing a good selection of international cheeses and uber-fresh seafood display with live tanks,... Milk & Honey 100% home-grown in Dubai, this gourmet grocer really does articulate all things milk and honey. Fresh produce, breads, organic super foods, hampers, cheeses and a naughty selection of cakes, fondues a... Nadine Kanso – APRIL 2014 Nadine Kanso has become an integral part of Dubai's developing scene and not least because of her stand out style. The 45-year-old Lebanese artist and jewellery designer, who has been based in Dubai f... Per Aquum Desert Palm An ‘avant garde’ oasis away from the centre of Dubai, Desert Palm is set within a luscious polo estate. Housing exceptional art— most a nod to all things equine; be that the old endurance saddles artf... Pierchic Walk down the promenade and enjoy the finest views of Dubai's most iconic building, Burj Al Arab and the Arabian Gulf. This enchanting restaurant specialises in seafood and Mediterranean fare and neve... Poco Loco This Latin American restaurant is inspired by head chef and owner, Neil Witney’s travels. Previous group executive chef of London’s Ricker Restaurants (whose portfolio includes hotspot Bodega Negra) t... The Protein Bake Shop An experienced nutritionist, Rashi Chowdhary (owner and founder of PBS) is passionate about the dangers of diabetes and refined sugars. The Protein Bake Shop is an online bakery service, cooking up go... The Scene A restaurant, lounge and terrace serving classic British comfort food. Celebrity Chef and author Simon Rimmer, along with his executive head Chef, have created a menu of heart-warming options (some wi... Sharjah Art Foundation Bringing a broad range of contemporary art and cultural programmes to the communities of Sharjah and the UAE; including Sharjah Biennial, the annual March Meeting, exhibitions, film screenings, perfor... Sheesa Beach Dhow Cruises Embark at Dibba Oman port and explore the Musandam Peninsula. Fish, dive, sightsee or strike up a BBQ. These boats supply clean diving equipment, air-conditioned cabins and single beds with showers an... Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque A magnificent example of Muslim architecture. Natural materials were chosen for much of its design and construction due to their long-lasting qualities; including marble, stone, gold, semi-precious st... Signature by Sanjeev Kapoor Impressive menu and service in Sanjeev Kapoor's tucked away culinary cove. Nix the ominous silver hanging fabric, this restaurant is not just another 'celeb chef does Dubai'. A true feast for the sens... Sir Bani Yas Island (Anantara) The Emirates' very own Jurassic Park, Sir Bani Yas Island is 87 km2 and can be reached via private charter, seaplane or 20 minutes by boat (off the port of Jebel Dhanna, Abu Dhabi). The wildlife park... Souk Madinat Jumeirah Dubai's most convenient souk, Madinat (as it's more commonly referred to) is the perfect place to take Dubai newbies. Modelled on a traditional Arabian souk (but remember you are in the land of luxury... St. Regis Saadiyat Island The UAE is full of five star beach resorts with vast marble foyers, butler service and lavish dining spots, which make it hard to distinguish one experience from the other (it’s a hard life)... St. Re... suce A national treasure, this funky Dubai fashion cult fave stocks some of the world's most exciting, contemporary designers including Alexander Wang, Mary Katrantzou, Preen, Thakoon, Notte by Marchesa an... suce in the hood The newest addition to the suce family, suce in the hood continues the concept of the quirky multi brand store at Citywalk Mall. Led by owner and designer Zayan Ghandour, the neighbourhood boutique... The Terrace This place is perfect for relaxed cocktails or a glass of vino, overlooking the historic Creek amongst a sumptuous terrace and palatial Park Hyatt backdrop.... TOMO Launched by chef and owner Chitoshi Takahashi (original mastermind of Kisaku Dubai) TOMO boasts a cocktail bar and candlelit terrace of traditional seating with twinkling Dubai panorama, as well as sm... Tom & Serg Adamantly not a franchise and far away from robotic food and service, Tom Arnel (an Aussie from Melbourne) and Sergio Lopez (from Madrid) set their sights on this two story warehouse just of Sheikh Za... TRE by Roberto Rella TRE (three, in Italian) represents the venue's three floors. Private lifts take guests to the lounge/bar, serving a menu of Mediterranean-style tapas, or onto a sound-proofed cigar lounge (both with i... Wafi Gourmet This restaurant and delicatessen, offers takeaway and dine in. Featuring a wide variety of Middle Eastern food, hot and cold beverages, kebabs, mezze, shawarma, mounds of olives, spices and more. Cont... West L.A. This funky store stocks U.S. brands like House of Harlow and Winter Kate (lines created by Nicole Richie) as well as Mink Pink, UNIF, Stylestalker, J.J Winters, Finders Keepers, BLANK NYC and more. Me... 40 Kong An urban rooftop lounge with impressive views of Dubai. This swanky space is nestled atop the H Hotel's (you guessed it) 40th floor and is completely open-air with atmospheric and moody hues to compli... Al Bait al Baghdadi Nestled among a myriad of eateries on Al Muteena Street, is an unassuming, back-to-basics restaurant/cafe serving some of the best Iraqi food in the city. Pre-order the Masgouf (if you’re organised),... Al Boom Diving Synonymous with diving in the region, Al Boom has several centres including one centrally located at Atlantis hotel on the Palm. They offer an easy drop-in; from beginners PADI courses through to obta... Al Fahidi District (Bastakiya) Stroll down the waterfront beside the Creek and through the Textile Souk into Al Fahidi District (originally Bastakiya), a restored heritage area with mud-brick houses and wind to, dating back to the... Al Fanar Al Fanar (the local term for the kerosene lamp used to light homes in old times) is a great place to bring Dubai newbies and visitors interested in sampling true Emirati cuisine. This restaurant is li... Al Qasr Brunch – The Epic Reserve a seat on the terrace and indulge in a monumental feast of international dishes from the hotel's restaurants. Overlooked by the Madinat waterways, with cocktail stops, bountiful desserts inclu... Bab Al Yam If you haven't visited Burj Al Arab at least once during your time in Dubai, then Bab Al Yam is a good excuse to swing by one of the world's most iconic hotels in a more casual setting. Juxtaposed fro... Bedouin Oasis Camp This Bedouin-style camp (just over an hour's drive from Dubai) is a secluded spot set in the desert of Ras Al Khaimah. With traditional cushion seating and goat-hair tents, a campfire, barbecue, authe... Boom & Mellow One of the first high-end accessories boutiques in Dubai (opened it's doors in 2005), a petite, shabby-chic space with charming accessories, fashion items and jewellery; from statement bulk internatio... Brunswick Sports Club This casual restaurant/sports bar tucked away in MOE's Sheraton Hotel, is a practical gem to replenish after a mall-trawl and sure bet for a comfort food fix and a cold one while catching up with frie... Bussola Fine Dining Twinkling candles and unbuttoned elegance with a classic, fresh Italian menu, Bussola's more formal restaurant is a convenient and consistent spot. Make sure you secure a seat on the terrace in the co... The Change Initiative So you're thinking to yourself, “I would love to compost but where am I going to find the supplies necessary in the desert?” Here enters The Change Initiative, packed full of products that help you li... The China Club What this old favourite may lack in atmosphere it makes up for in good food, a generous mix of authentic Cantonese, Peking and Szechuan cuisine, along with a charming team. There are also private dini... Clinton Street Baking Company A satisfying spot for breakfast, lunch or dinner that is consistently busy on a weekend (be prepared to wait). This relatively young, NY institution brings with it a casual and friendly atmosphere and... Creekside From the dynamic team behind some of the city’s coolest creative concepts, Brownbook, The Archive, The Magazine Shop and The Shelter, Creekside is a contemporary cultural space with a primary focus on... Cryo Health This 'deep freeze' treatment favoured by celebrities and athletes is the practice of exposing the body to extreme temperatures as low as 160C, to provoke a process of immune-system stimulation and mus... The Dinner Club by No.57 Emirati duo Buthaina Al Mazrui and Alamira Noor Bani Hashim created The Dinner Club 57 in November 2012 and brought something new and exciting to the city. Secrecy sets the tone and the location, them... Din Tai Fung Famous for its signature dumplings, this renowned Taiwanese restaurant uses fresh ingredients paired with simple cooking styles. Some of the most authentic Taiwanese food you'll find in the city, with... Diversified Integrated Sports Clinic The city's increasing trend in boot camps and cross fit comes at a price, which is why those who have been training hard have DISC on speed dial. Co-founded by a team of professionals ranging from chi... Dubai Creek Golf & Yacht Club The par 71 course measures 6,967 yards, with superbly manicured fairways, date and palm trees, mounds, lakes and the Dubai Creek, all adding to the beauty and difficulty of the holes. Golf does not en... The Dubai Miracle Garden It may surprise you (or maybe not, in our city full of record breaking stunts) that Dubai is home to the largest natural flower garden in the world. And when we say large we're talking 72,000 square m... Eataly This luxury food court/ modern market/ culinary learning centre, is comprised of a variety of food and beverage stations, dining locations, a bakery and retail items. First opened in Turin Italy, in J... Eat Greek Eat Greek offers an honest variety of wholesome Greek food. The restaurant has a prettified industrial character, with hanging bird cages decorated by fairy lights, concrete floors, leather sofas, rus... Gallery Isabelle van den Eynde The work of Gallery Isabelle van den Eynde precedes its established date of 2010 and since has continued to rise as one of Dubai's leading galleries on the international scene. Working with artists fr... Garderobe The brainchild of ex-Harvey Nichols buyer Micha Maatouk, Garderobe is well-stocked with ‘pre-loved’ and designer clothes and accessories from Micha’s well-connected friends. We’ve found some brilliant... Gulf Photo Plus The UAE’s leading photography organisation, GPP offers photography services and support, with printing and studio rental, as well as free talks, movie nights and market days (where you can sell your o... Iris Beirut's iconic rooftop bar lays its hat at The Oberoi Dubai. An urban retreat, enticing a well-heeled, post-work crowd, while resident DJ's spin smooth house, basking in the cityscape surrounds. Floo... Kitsch Cupcakes Launched by childhood friends Dalia Dogmoch and Racil Chalhoub. The pair first developed their Kitsch concept store in Beirut. Then, with a desire to share the love with “their little bites of heaven,... La Cantine From Paris to Dubai, this multi-sensory restaurant is not your steriotypical Parisian Café. Good for lunch, dinner and after work drinks, La Cantine du Faubourg's creators, Pierre Pirajean and Helena... La Tarteliere French gourmet tarts, exclusively home and office delivered, with a convenient 'order online' service. Whether you're a veggie (try La Mediterranéene and La Nantaise), fancy tuna with a twist of Carib... London College of Fashion One of the world's most reputable and prestigious fashion institutes, London College of Fashion holds short courses in Dubai in over 17 fashion-related topics, included Fashion Marketing, Starting You... The Magazine Shop From the makers of The Archive, this modern and minimalist café and magazine shop serves a great cuppa and champions art, culture, film and design. Specialising in unique and independently published i... Mezza House Truly Eastern Med with a strong local following, celebrating culinary heritage and recipes passed down through generations. This authentic restaurant offers a lovingly compiled Levantine menu of Leban... Nusr-Et Some of the best steak you'll have…with some of the worst service. This renowned restaurant, bar and grill concept is a result of the charismatic Nusret Gökçe, from Turkey, a butcher and meat speciali... Okku Dubai's very first high-end Japanese restaurant. The conglomeration of chefs from Tokyo, New York, LA and Las Vegas is reflective of the innovative fused menu, with tantalising dishes such as grilled... One & Only The Palm Located on the peninsula of The Palm offering an exclusive and secluded enclave of discerningly luxurious surroundings, this renowned hotel is set amidst serene fountains and manicured gardens. Guests... Pai Thai Pull up to the enchanting entrance of golden horses and giant palatial fountains. Make your way through the hotel and down to the restaurant via boat, buggy or foot. Bask in a magical setting overlook... Phoenix Rising Acro yoga technically means yoga meets acrobatics. But in theory, 'acro' (as it's referred to in the community) is a lot less daunting and a small group of enthusiasts in Dubai are spreading the craze... Ramusake A modern Japanese concept located at the DoubleTree by Hilton (yep, where The Maine and ... Reemami by Reem Al Banna Born and raised in the UAE, Palestinian Reema Al Banna is much like her ready-to-wear label— modern, quirky, fun and eclectic. Her contemporary brand is filled with unique, colourful pieces perfect fo... Sho Cho Situated on a large decked beach terrace looking out over the Gulf, this modern and minimalist restaurant/bar is a good place to take Dubai newbies. The Japanese menu is fairly traditional, with a few... Six Senses Zighy Bay \| November 26.2013 An optional 15-minute cliff-top paraglide is an exciting introduction to the beach and we’re greeted by a gaggle of friendly staff.... Smiling BKK The pintsized, original location of this quirky Thai restaurant (maximum capacity 25) is a treasure, with its trade mark moustachioed Mona Lisa and amusing dishes of 'Fook Yu' noodles and 'Six Inches... Social by Heinz Beck A classic, elegant atmosphere, with an impressive open glass kitchen, Heinz Beck's Social is a large restaurant and bar serving modern European fine dining fare. Think minuscule amuse-bouches, delicat... Special Ostadi This Iranian restaurant is one of Dubai's best-kept secrets, serving some of the best, traditional Persian food in the city. Situated near the Burjuman Centre, with its quirky vintage telephones and q... suce on sea Suce on sea is a sea-front boutique at The Beach outdoor mall complex on JBR. Stocking eclectic designs from local and international designers, this is the ideal location to indulge in a little retai... Tasha's This cosmopolitan café hailing from South Africa, has an energetic, warm atmosphere, with an extensive and fresh international menu. Breakfasts can go one way or the other; vegan, raw and glutton free... Tashkeel Since 2008, Tashkeel has been Dubai's corner stone for the local artist community, facilitating and encouraging professional art and design. Spanning across two venues— artist studios in Al Fahidi nei... Very Vintage Shop From jewellery to art, fashion items and vintage furniture, this cool store, in EFT, is the place to source one-off pieces for your home and office. Launched by founder and British Dubai dweller, Lydi... XVA Café Fresh vegetarian food (breakfast, salads, soups and sandwiches, as well as light dinner) in this peaceful and charming courtyard café. Cool down with an ice cream, or refreshing mint lemonade.... Yamanote Atelier Dubai's first Japanese bakery, perfect for a friendly catch-up, tea/coffee stop and a bite to eat. This simple, modern pastry shop entices you with its pristine peppermint interior and delicious selec... Zengo Mexican chef Richard Sandoval and Singaporean chef Akmal Anuar are the brains behind this Asian-Latin restaurant, taking its name from the Japanese word for give and take. With Anuar's premium supplie... The Zoo Concept Bambah's urban bro; head here for quirky and cool presents from interesting new brands and up-and-coming designers, as well as gadgets, unique t-shirts and trainers. A mishmash of funky homeware, mens... Zuma There's not much to say about this Japanese hub of culinary brilliance, other than all the positive feedback that you have heard about it is true. Light, open and contemporary, with an international l... 3in1 Brunch – Urban Picnic Each Friday 3in1 is transformed into a relaxed picnic setting. Think pastries and pizzas all freshly baked in-house, crunchy salads in glass jars, gingham blankets and wicker baskets (well what picnic... Al Mallah Excellent low-cost Lebanese food and large portions at this sidewalk cafe. Feast like a king on mixed grills, fresh juices and shawarma, minus the bank loan…... Al Nafoorah This distinguished Lebanese restaurant prides itself on an expansive selection of hot and cold meze, with options like the chicken livers with pomegranate and fresh grilled Omani lobster. Enjoy a ling... Aquaventure Water Park Atlantis Hotel's famous water park, Aquaventure boasts 42 acres of fun including the Master Blasters, speed slide, rivers, rapids, Splashers children's play area, lush tropical landscapes and a privat... The Archive Dubai A cool arty hangout founded by the creative minds behind the The Shelter and The Pavilion. This low rise, floor-to-ceiling glass structure stocks a range of regularly updated art literature, including... The Beach With several plazas, shops, restaurants, kids play area and an open-air cinema, this beach-side complex is more LA than Dubai. Connected by an esplanade (that's an open level walk area usually beside... Betawi A family owned restaurant in Bur Dubai with only nine tables. Born 2007, this little diamond in the rough serves truly authentic Indonesian food and boasts a loyal following. They only accept cash her... Boxpark This 1.2km stretch on Al Wasl Road is a concept taken from several cosmopolitan cities, including London's hipster haven, Shoreditch. Made up of 220 shipping containers, Boxpark's urban design gives i... The Brass This beautifully designed cafe is a relaxed spot where you can pull up a pew and indulge in some choice brew. Homegrown in Dubai their team of baristas, all have insight into both the modern ‘Third Wa... Bubblicious Brunch – Family Favourite More than 10 live cooking stations in three restaurants (Blue Orange, Hunters Room & Grill and Spice Emporium). Catering to expats with families and children. Expect everything from desserts, seafood,... Bu Qtair A simple shack serving fresh fish caught daily. Local snapper and shrimp, fried fish curry and boiled cassavo root dishes with rice. Go as long as you don't mind picking the odd fish bone out of your... Burger & Lobster This cow and crustacean restaurant is a crowd-pleaser and easy on the wallet, with a separate bar serving up killer cocktails. The London staple serves up wild Atlantic lobster, fresh from the tank, o... Bussola Pizzeria Impressive views of the Gulf, a relaxed environment and reasonable prices establish Bussola as one of Dubai's fundamental favourite pizza restaurants. An open-air pizzeria with bar area, this spot tic... Café Belge A good spot for afternoon lunch or post work drinks, with its roots passionately set in 1920s Brussels, Café Belge is comfortable European elegance with French influences. Food is classic bistro fare;... Camel Market Grab the chance to witness an authentic camel sale. Go early (open mornings only) and enjoy the hustle and bustle, sights and smells of a traditional livestock market.... Catch This famous NYC hotspot has been transported from Meatpacking District Manhattan and bridges a long awaited gap in Dubai's restaurant scene. The vibrant atmosphere attributed to the restaurant's tight... Cave With over 500 international wines and an encouraged 'straight from the barrel' ethos, this urban wine cellar with exposed brick walls and sultry light is a decadent gent. The grey stone floor and cave... The Chedi Muscat Just 15 minutes from the airport, this seamlessly designed hotel resort with clean and minimal aesthetic is surrounded by manicured gardens and symmetric water features creating a haven of zen. The 21... China Sea This gem has been going for over a decade and is one of the most authentic Chinese restaurants in the city. Don't expect Molton Brown washroom products. This intrinsic Dubai luxury will fade into insi... Coffee Museum As well as a peaceful spot to enjoy a good cup of coffee, this small museum in Al Fahidi District (just behind The Orient Hotel and Local House) has some rooms displaying antique grinders and parapher... Coya This Peruvian den and sister of trendy London joint, Coya Mayfair, is a player in Dubai's fine food scene. From the team behind loved and lorded LPM and Zuma, Coya exudes sultry-cool. A well-stocked P... The Creek Soak up the sights of the boats effortlessly gliding along with eager seagulls ravenous for remnants of leftover catch. Negotiate a lift and hop aboard an abra, while milling over whether you fancy lu... The Cycle Bistro A cafe living and breathing Paleo (also known as the caveman diet; includes meats, seafood, vegetables, fruits and nuts), with a menu endorsed by nutritionists and fitness experts. Dishes contain no w... Deep Like Presents Thursdayz! Looking for true, raw house on a Thursday night? Head to the JW Marriot Marquis Hotel Dubai, where Deep Like Collective's mission is to develop Dubai's electronic music scene. Check back on their Face... Dhow & Anchor A relaxed spot for lunch or dinner with a large terrace, this modern gastropub serves up British comfort food that will put a smile on your face and an extra notch on your belt (quite literally). With... Dubai Polo & Equestrian Club A hacienda offering several membership packages, with a riding school, dessert hacks, livery facilities, polo academy and Angsana spa, as well as a luxurious pool and gym. A great view of the polo fie... Elia This attractive and authentic restaurant is owned by Greeks, run by Greeks and frequented by… yes, you guessed it. The head chef and assistant manager are a humble and charming couple, passionate abou... El Sur Not lauded for its Spanish restaurants, El Sur is a welcomed addition to Dubai; a mix of modernity and tradition with a contemporary indoor setting and an extensive bar. The outdoor terrace is invitin... Fumé Unpretentious food from around the globe, this friendly neighbourhood eatery is good for a casual breakfast, lunch or dinner, with views of the Marina or Burj Khalifa (depending on which location you... The Hamptons Café This small, family-owned restaurant on Jumeirah Beach Road is set in a sumptuous townhouse, with a terrace overlooking the city's rooftops and iconic Burj Al Arab. Serving all day breakfast with an in... The Hummingbird Bakery This West London bakery was first born in Notting Hill in 2004 when cupcakes were virtually unheard of in the UK. Today The Hummingbird Bakery has several cookbooks and numerous branches worldwide. A... Jebel Ali Shooting Club Located around 1.5kms from the Jebel Ali Golf Resort, the Jebel Ali Shooting Club has both indoor and outdoor grounds where anyone from 13 years and upwards can practice their aim. As well as the usua... Jumeirah Zabeel Saray Ticking most boxes, this is perfect for those who want to get away from the city centre, but still have entertainment on their doorstep. Asserting Dubai's famous motto— big is best— with its vast ceil... Kan Zaman Impressive views of the Creek and a menu of Middle Eastern cuisine. Enjoy the outdoor patio with shisha in the cooler months, as long as you don't mind the odd stray cat…... Kung Korean Restaurant & Karaoke The restaurant interior is not particularly appealing, however there are eight private karaoke rooms for wannabe crooners. If you fancy a bite to eat, food is authentic and can be delivered to your ro... Ladurée This Parisian tearooms' history began in 1862 when Louis Ernest Ladurée, a miller from the southwest of France, founded a bakery in Paris. A fire in 1871 made way for the transformation of a pastry sh... Lafayette Gourmet With eight kitchens and in-house dining, this famous department store's food gallery caters to a wide range of tastes. Options include antipasti and wood fired pizza, Indian curries, fresh Mediterrane... Madinat Jumeirah Talise Spa Jumeirah Hotels' Talise spa, hidden beside Al Qasr hotel, houses gym, yoga, swimming pool, hot and cool plunge pool, sauna, steam and relaxation facilities with mixed and separate male and female area... Manta & Rebozo Mexican born Dubai resident Cecilia is behind the vibrant Manta & Rebozo. She has combined her passion for helping others and her love for her home country to bring us handcrafted, fair trade products... Manvaar Excellent Rajasthani food on a budget. Although Karama can be a maze, once you find this restaurant you will not be disappointed.... Mekong Open for dinner, this charming restaurant is a taste of the Far East, with Thai, Chinese and Vietnamese all playing a part in the menu. A nod to street food, diners are served complimentary betel leav... Mythos As one of the first to champion this venue's older sister Elia, based in the Majestic Hotel in Bur Dubai (yep we're kinda proud of this), this li... One & Only Spa The One & Only Royal Mirage and the One & Only The Palm, boast two of the best spas in the city andboth are equally impressive. The five-star hotels’ Spas use luxury ESPA products in a refined menu of... Physique 57 Sparking a barre studio craze since its launch in 2006, US export Physique 57 promises rapid results. The signature full body barre-based workout blends intervals of cardio, stretching, strength train... Prime 68 Set in the tallest hotel in the world (it's Dubai…), this sophisticated Art Deco steak house is impressive from, from the awesome setting, to the faultless staff and mergence of fine dining without pr... Prime 68 \| May 26.2014 A glass of champagne to start, we’re tempted by a complimentary, rich and creamy amuse bouche of mushroom soup. Worried that the cauliflower soup I just ordered may not live up to its petite predecess... Qasr al Hosn Abu Dhabi’s symbolic birthplace and most historical landmark. Qasr (the Arabic word for palace) and Hosn (the Arabic word for fort) refers to the dual uses of this 250-year-old location; as a defensiv... Rare Brunch – Gatsby Glamour This elegant experience marries all the brunch essentials without the excessive waste. A dignified display of good quality food from Rare's contemporary grill, with well-sourced ingredients. Emphasis... Rare Restaurant Brunch \| January 25.2013 The eclectic collection of art makes a first and lasting impression. A far cry from some of Dubai’s haughty and bombastic brunches, Rare is subtle and chic. Warmly greeted at the restaurant entrance w... Ravi A legendary Dubai institution loved by all from cabbies to C.E.O.s. This bonafide Pakistani eatery serves hot tandoori roti, lassi, dal, scrumptious meat grills and mouth-watering curries. Grab a tabl... Reflets par Pierre Gagnaire A large waterfront terrace, opulent mirrors, dripping Venetian chandeliers, rich purple hues and damask chairs, set the tone for the three Michelin starred Chef's signature Dubai restaurant. Pierre Ga... Rent My Bag Dubai-based Mona (she likes to keep her family name a secret) opens her impressive accessories closet for her business Rent My Bag, which lets you, quite literally, rent one of her bags for a day, wee... Ripe One of the first organic markets to hit Dubai. Ripe's aim is to provide customers with fresh, organic and seasonal produce. This passionate company, first launched by British expat Becky Balderstone,... Roberto's Signature dishes feature lobster carpaccio with fresh tempura artichoke and caviar dressing, grilled asparagus with seared scallops and black truffle, and black-ink spaghetti with baby squid, red shri... Saadiyat Beach Club Complimenting the idyllic, white Saadiyat Island sandscape, this chic beach club is set on 9km of natural coastline. Tasteful, modern sculptures compliment the luxe venue, in an open and tranquil sett... Salt With somewhat of a cult status, Salt was one of Dubai's first popup food concepts. Relying heavily on social media this food truck concept once parked its Airstream trailers at random, undisclosed (un... Saravanaa Bhojan This Indian vegetarian restaurant serves a wide range of crispy dosas, tasty tiffin meals, thaali 'specials' and mixed rice options at a snip of the price (around 10dhs a dish). Whether you're a meat-... Siddartha A sophisticated and relaxed, open-air poolside bar serving shisha, with cabana style seating and an indoor cocktail lounge.... Siraj An upscale Emirati-Arabic restaurant tucked away in Souk Al Bahar, with golden interiors and a more casual outdoor setting. Shisha is served on the terrace while the menu incorporates old and new Arab... Ski Dubai If the novelty of skiing in the desert doesn't tickle you, then the world's first indoor black run and 400 metre long slope, ski jumps and hamster balls for kids will.... Slider Station This cool slider concept (with several strings to its bow) channels 1940s American Gas Station and don't be thrown off by the feeling you may have stumbled across an alcohol free members club… Base be... Sophie's Closet One of the first online jewellery shops within the region, Sophie's Closet is an easy to navigate site that showcases a mixture of antique pieces integrated with well known designer names; such as Yve... The Sum of Us From the duo behind Tom & Serg, this busy space is Tom Arnel and Sergio Lopez's second successful venture. What sets this place apart from its big bro? A more compact menu, specialised roastery room,... The Surf Café This large open space on Jumeirah road, serves breakfast lunch and dinner. The head Chef's background is seafood, having previously worked at Dubai's iconic, Burj Al Arab (so we recommend you sample t... Traiteur Brunch - European Fine Dining Guests have several options; to enjoy the theatrical kitchen while listening to live jazz, indulge with friends in the private dining room, or relax on the outdoor terrace overlooking the Marina. Feat... Urban Yoga Anatomy-focused yoga instruction, placing the emphasis on your body and how to move it in ways that will benefit you both physically and mentally. Classes take place at 'Loft Studio' (with a converted... YUM! Simple contemporary interiors with 60s inspired seating and colourful modern art, created by renowned restaurant designer Tony Chi. Favoured by the city's Asian expats and businessmen, Yum's menu is a... Zaroob This Levant 'street food' eatery with exposed concrete floors and graffitied walls has a fun and eclectic vibe. The colourful and busy atmosphere (whether indoor amongst the cooking theatrics and fres... Zaya Nurai Island A haven far away from bombastic architecture, this natural private island is a short boat ride from Abu Dhabi's Saadiyat. Greeted by a discreet welcome centre, hop on a boat set to deliver you to a s... ZOGA yoga studio and cafe While Dubai is not short of yoga studios or cafes, Zoga stands out for its health-conscious cafe. While they offer Sivananda, pre-natal, vinyasa, kundalini as well as hot yoga classes, their juice bar... 101 This restaurant, bar and luxurious terrace is on stilts facing the Palm's One&Only hotel and is surrounded by the Arabian Gulf, with sweeping views of the Dubai skyline. Savour cocktails and Spanish d... 360 Set on the sea, this renowned alfresco bar, all on a mini island of its own (well kind of), with awesome panoramic views of the Arabian Gulf and a Burj Al Arab backdrop, plays mainly house music and i... Abdulla Al Kaabi – SEPTEMBER 2014 Emirati film-maker Abdulla Al Kaabi, is due to break onto the scene as his debut film Koshk premiers at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival. Born and raised in Fujairah, the 28-year-old, has recently returned... Akin Barber Offering haircuts, straight razor shaves and beard trims using blade or clippers, Akin Barber is where the city's hipsters go to just hang (even if they don't require maintenance)… These guys don't me... Al Badia Golf Club Home to a championship 18-hole course designed by Robert Trent Jones II, Al Badia features an award winning clubhouse, four restaurants and is home to the region's first TaylorMade Performance Lab gol... Angelina In the heart of Fashion Avenue, nestled between the luxury giants, sits Angelina. The darling tea room of Paris serves up specialities daily to a chic, Chanel handbag toting crowd. The menu is classic... The Artisan Brought to you by Enoteca Pinchiorri, of the highly acclaimed three Michelin-Starred Florence institution, this elegant restaurant is a feast for the senses. Bringing its rich culinary history to Duba... Bagatelle With a menu of signature dishes and recipes influenced by local culture as well as accomplished Executive Chef Timothy Newton's personal creations, Bagatelle came to Dubai with a bang (known for its r... Bare Aimed at a 360 approach to fitness, the team behind BARE want to emphasise the fact that it's hard work and nutrition that produce results when it comes to working out. Founded by fitness fanatic Dyla... BeStro A small start-up by British raw-food junkie, Hayley Macdonald, BeStro serves delicious raw, dairy-free, sugar-free and gluten-free organic fare. The 100 per cent organic menu includes an eclectic arra... Bliss This in-house and online flower store provides a fresh selection of blooms with a skilled team of florists creating clean, balanced arrangements to your taste. Whether you require a personal gift, or... Bloomingdale's This famous “Big Brown Bag” department store is set over three levels and includes beauty, fragrances, jewellery, womenswear, menswear, kids, bridal, shoes and accessories. Bloomingdale's Home is situ... Book World by Kinokuniya A booklover’s Utopia. This gargantuan temple of wisdom houses thousands of books and international magazines, from fiction to autobiographies, encyclopaedias, language training, as well as cute Japane... Boutique 1 One of Dubai’s first fashion forward boutiques, stocking contemporary designer brands including Proenza Schouler, Alexander Wang, Victoria Beckham, and 3.1 Phillip Lim as well as local names like KAGE... The Boutique Kitchen A locally grown (exactly what it says on the tin) boutique kitchen based in Al Quoz, offering a home delivery and catering service. Recipes have been accumulated over the years and honed to produce a... Capella Club This bijou dance studio offers a whole range of disciplines, from salsa, belly dance and flamenco, to break dancing, martial arts (capoeira, taekwondo and self defence) yoga and pole dancing. They off... The cARTel While Dubai is not short of designer boutiques, this fresh concept breathes creative life into the city’s shopping scene. The cARTel, located at the Desert Fish studios in Al Quoz, showcases a host of... Casa De Tapas Classic Andalusian plates decorate the ceiling and Moorish tiles prettify the casual bar area, while flamenco music radiates throughout. If the view of the Creek doesn't blow you away the Spanish fare... Celebrities If you can overlook the 'Celebrity' name, this redesigned restaurant provides the ultimate fine-dining destination for intimate evenings and welcoming gatherings, with a bar and outside terrace. Inspi... Chez Charles This online website imports food from around the world, with a diverse range of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, offal and meats, including Australian Wagyu, milk fed veal, sweetbreads, venison, guinea fo... Cocoa Room Quirky breakfast bistro by day, bustling, top-drawer burger joint by night, Cocoa Room is a kind of in-house popup, only open from 8.30am-11.30am (get there before 10.45am or risk being turned away).... The Coco Ville Sweet-toothed foodies take note, as The Coco Ville, on Jumeirah Beach Road, produces some of the finest hand-made chocolates in the city. Founded by Emirati Aysha Al Hashimi, who swapped her job at a... Cottage Chic A whimsical, shabby-chic treasure trove of romantic furniture, decadent, gilded homewear and pretty trinkets.... Coya Brunch A relaxed Peruvian fiesta with a feel-good atmosphere, DJ, Pisco Station and a tempting display of contemporary South American light bites, char-grills, ceviche, tiraditos and maki roles. This renowne... D3 (Dubai Design District) Affectionately named D3, this is a Dubai-centric hotspot for the city's creative types. With a focus on all things design, the neighbourhood stays true to its motto of 'live, work, play' with residenc... Debauve & Gallais Chocolatiers of French Royalty, Debauve & Gallais bathes in hues of powder-pink velvet and Louis XVI opulence. The trademark blue, grey and gold embossed box— once handmade exclusively for the French... Designer 24 Here's how it works… Choose a dress online from a selection of their designers; including Marchesa, Herve Leger and Alex Perry. Receive a free delivery of two sizes freshly cleaned and steamed (see wh... The Doll House Brainchild of Mona Kattan, sister of world-renowned make-up artist and beauty blogger, Huda Kattan, The Doll House salon offers just about every beauty treatment imaginable. Opt for a Brazilian Blowou... D.tales Good for contemporary designer objects and personal accessories, for the home as well as the office. This Scandinavian company offers interesting brands like Muuto, Källemo and One Nordic, with up and... Dubai Circus School Offering classes in Aerial Arts (anything based in the air like trapeze, aerial silks and 'vertical dance'), acrobatics, juggling (brilliant for hand-eye coordination) and diabolo. Basically if you've... Dubai Flea Market Where locals and expats go to clear out their homes and closets. Snap up second-hand steels at this bustling market.... The Dubai Fountain Set on the Burj Khalifa lake, the choreographed fountain performs daily, shooting water jets as high as 500ft (the equivalent of a 50 storey building) and is 900ft long. Interesting fact for ya… The b... Dubai Moving Image Museum Representing the history of visual entertainment leading up to the advent of film. Dubai Moving Image Museum consists of over 300 unique pieces dating back to the 1700s, all following the progression... El Greco Perfect for a cheap and cheerful Greek feed or late night pit-stop. Service isn’t exactly fast, but this place serves souvlaki, donner and veggie kebabs, along with salads, mixed grills, sandwiches, f... Elia \| October 20.2012 My fellow diner and I felt as though we had been transported somewhere else and the Majestic Hotel (long may it reign) is candidly not where you would expect this little flower to shelter.... The Emperor 1688 An innovative luxury menswear brand that prides itself on using some of the finest fabrics sourced from European mills. Founded by three brothers in 2007, Babak, Haman and Farhan Golkar united their t... The Empty Quarter The only gallery in Dubai devoted exclusively to fine art photography, The Empty Quarter deals with emerging and established photographers. Showcasing work from across the globe with special attention... Enigma The first restaurant in the world to change its dining concept and world-renowned chefs four times a year, taking discerning diners on an unexpected multi-sensory journey, with each new chapter unfold... The Entertainment Design Co. This luxury invitation house creates bespoke invitations and personalised stationery for the most discerning clientele across the globe, with flagship stores in New Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.... ET Sushi Frequented by DIFCites, ET sushi is Tokyo at the Towers' convenient sister restaurant. A perfect spot for a good quality refuel or business lunch, with an la carte menu and conveyer belt of freshly pr... Ferrari World The only Ferrari theme park in the World: we're talking high adrenaline rides (including the World's fastest rollercoaster), a 4-D fantasy simulation experience, a ridiculous collection of vintage and... FN Designs A multidisciplinary art and design studio, hosting art related events that give enthusiasts a chance to connect with local artists and designers. One such event is the popular 'Sketch', where artists... The Fridge Based in a large two-storey warehouse in the city’s creative hub of Al Quoz. The Fridge is dedicated to supporting and promoting locally based musicians by hosting classes, regular gigs, rehearsal ses... Friends Avenue Cheesy name aside, this cosy café in JLT is a comfortable spot to grab a drink and catchup (be that an iced tea or coffee, Green Detox Booster, fresh lemonade or a homemade chai latte). They offer a s... Geales Much loved British fish joint, Geales, has been servicing Notting Hill and Chelsea London locals for decades (since 1939 to be exact). Crisp white table cloths and classic vinegar shakers have prevail... Glory MMA & Fitness Dubai's number one MMA facility, with world class coaches and equipment, including a rooftop strongman circuit, games and a sprinting area. Located on Al Meydan road, Glory also offer martial arts cla... Gold and Diamond Park If you can’t deal with the hustle of the Gold Souks this is a welcomed substitute. Jewellery shops galore conveniently situated under one air-conditioned roof including the Dubai-favourite Cara Jewels... Gold Souk The city’s famous Gold Souk, considered one of the largest gold bazaars in the Middle East. A maze of alleys behind the main arcade crammed with souvenirs and ethnic traditional costume jewellery. If... Green Art Gallery Beginning life in Jumeirah in 1995, Green Art Gallery was one of the first galleries on Dubai's arts scene and a key player in the development of major modern Arab artists. Following a move to Al Quoz... Harvey Nichols From Isabel Marant to Balmain, Maison Martin Margiela, Givenchy, Marni, Dolce & Gabbana, Chloé, Dries Van Noten, DSquared, Paul Smith and Lanvin. Harvey (as the locals call it) is a one-stop shop for... Hoi An This charming restaurant has a serene atmosphere, with attractive wooden shutters, perfected low-level lighting and a ceiling full of billowing fans. A haven amidst the vast surrounds of the Shangri L... The Hot Box Kit This boutique features colourful and affordable workout gear, hard to find anywhere else in the city. When yoga and dance instructor Hannah Hales moved to Dubai in 2009 and couldn't find any cool work... Inked Creating conceptual dinners, cooking workshops, brand activations, guest-chef pop-ups and private events, in a large open warehouse. Inked’s dedication to food is reflective of the raw space in which... Karak House A good amalgamation of modern mixed with traditional Arabic and Indian food. This homegrown Emirati concept is set in a glass building in Downtown and serves breakfast, lunch and dinner. Light salads,... Kisaku A favourite amongst Dubai's Japanese expats and traveling execs. Excellent fare and an authentic, no frills dining experience from this consistent, quality eatery. One of the city's old diamonds in th... La Galerie Nationale Specialising in 20th century design, La Galerie Nationale exhibits collectable and iconic original art furniture from one of the most prolific periods in design history. Representing top designers fro... Long Yin Cantonese and Szechwan cuisine, with outdoor seating available. The Friday dim sum is some of the best in the city.... Maison Des Fleurs Modern and elegant, Maison Des Fleurs creates whimsical romanticism inspired by classic French design in their signature box. Whether for your wedding day, to prettify your home or a welcomed present,... Maraya Art Centre Maraya Art Centre is used for a number of design purposes. As well as a functioning gallery, visitors are invited to attend lectures led by featured artists and enroll in specialised workshops; such a... Marina Home With several stores dotted around the city (Al Barsha being the largest) this furniture shop is a reliable source for home interiors. Stocks mostly new, but also some reclaimed and antique items; incl... Medzo An alluring setting within the imposing Wafi pyramids, Medzo is a charming little restaurant offering a classic taste of Italy, with a well-priced monthly Mediterranean themed set menu. The pièce de r... Meena Bazaar Landing a parking space in this busy, built-up area is like spotting a Jumeirah Jane at Bombay Chowpatty. Home to textiles, ethnic jewellery shops and Pakistani and Indian clothing stores, as well as... The Montgomerie Golf Club Home to the world’s largest single green and managed by Troon Golf (of Westin Turnberry, Scotland and Troon North, Arizona, developing over 185 golf properties in 20 countries). A design collaboration... Nakkash Gallery Established in 1983, Nakkash Gallery showcases a distinctive line of art and design objects more at home in the world of high-end interior design than your usual stark gallery environment. Just a few... Nayla Al Khaja – OCTOBER 2014 Vibrant Emirati film-maker Nayla Al Khaja, is someone who enjoys luxury but prefers to hang out in less polished surrounds. As she begins work on her first feature film, Khaja candidly reveals some of... Objekts of Design It's tricky for fans of mid-century interior design to pick up authentic pieces in this shiny new city, but if you’re not averse to knock-offs (or don't have the budget), Objekts of Design on SZR is t... The Odd Piece Eclectic home owners need know about The Odd Piece at Al Wasl square. Housing a combination of original mid-century modern furniture designed by founder, Arwa Hafiz and vintage-then-updated finds coll... O’de Rose The petal sprinkled water fountain is a welcomed giveaway set in a little haven just off Al Wasl road. Visitors sip rose-flavoured cordial while wandering around the shop’s colourful collections of et... Omnia Gourmet This little bit of healthy heaven with roof jungle foliage and Middle Eastern character, serves some of the best raw, vegan and paleo dishes in Dubai. All food is sourced locally, free range and organ... Park Hyatt Dubai Moorish elegance set away from the hustle and bustle with large Creek view rooms. Restaurants Traiteur and Thai Kitchen as well as the inviting Terrace bar overlook the Marina and cater to your foodie... Play This big player (yep we said it), introduced via a private entrance and lift in the H Hotel, serves an Asian-European menu of damn good food (and who would doubt it with Ex-Zuma chef Reif Othman headi... Rang Mahal A hue of red and amber, this contemporary restaurant is spearheaded by Atul Kochhar of London's Benares, one of the first Indian chefs to receive a Michelin star fo... Ravi \| January 16.2014 I spot the white and green sign and eagerly hop out of the car before we’re even stationary. The flagship Satwa location is filled with a sense of nostalgia, brimming with hungry mouths while the staf... Rooftop This enchanting and intimate venue looks out over Palm Jumeirah. Immerse yourself in the lethally serene, low cushioned seating, quaff cocktails and luxuriate amidst the melodic tones of Arabic lounge... Saadiyat Beach Golf Club Saadiyat Beach Golf Club, with its Gary Player designed course is one of the world's most impressive golfing projects created to cater for all types of players, starting at 5290 yards, to the most cha... Salsali Private Museum The Middle East's first private museum for contemporary art in the region, Salsali Private Museum is home to the art collection of Mr. Ramin Salsali. Through a rotating exhibition programme audiences... Sapori Di Bice Launched by the same Milanese family of much loved BiCE Mare (in Downtown Dubai), Sapori Di Bice, located in the new dining district of Citywalk, is for people looking for a more casual, family dining... Shogun This unassuming eatery is a refreshing diamond in the rough. Revered amongst many of Dubai's East Asian expats in search of a little nostalgia, the menu consists of Japanese, Thai and Korean dishes. I... Skydive Dubai One of the world's biggest centres, founded by H.E Nasser El Neyadi in 2010, putting Dubai firmly on the skydiving map. Set on the edge of Dubai Marina, the centre offers a 260,000m drop zone over bre... Snob Salon Bloggers have been raving about Snob Salon on social media for a reason. While the vintage décor (pretty mint floral wallpaper lines the walls) is Instagram-worthy, beauty's best treatments (mani/pedi... Sonamu Dubai's most authentic high-end Korean restaurant, often frequented by well-groomed East Asian businessmen. A large, open culinary haven of zen. Even the huge trees are imported from Asia, adding to t... suce \| August 28.2013 The fashion boutiques are sparkly treasure troves of an interesting, fresh and exciting mix of local and international names. Glancing around the employees look just as happy to be here as the custome... Sukhothai A hidden gem in the Méridien Village, with traditional décor and hand carved wooden interiors. Your experience is enriched by thoughtful touches. Customers are greeted by a coconut water with orchid g... Talise Ottoman Spa This grand, marble and mosaic warren of 42 treatment rooms, eight hydrotherapy rooms, steam rooms, swimming pools, saunas, snow rooms, floating baths, thalassotherapy pools and Turkish hammams, is pur... The Third Line An International player in the contemporary art market, The Third Line is the go to gallery for those wanting to scope out the fastest growing names in Arab and Iranian art today. An impressive roster... Tong Thai Set on the fourth floor of the sprawling JW Marriot Marquis hotel, this restaurant with masculine, dark wood interiors and amber and blue hues of sultry light, provides an overall experience that stan... Train Strength & Fitness For the weight-training enthusiast, Train Strength & Fitness is an open and bright, independent commercial use gym, full of machines. Treadmills and X Trainers run the width of this facility but the r... Traiteur Great food in a majestic setting with exceptional staff, enter down an imposing staircase worthy of the Crillon Ball itself and caramel cut ceiling (an amber hue of mesmerising sultry light) classic a... Voi The city’s first (and only) fine-dining French/Vietnamese restaurant, with a formal atmosphere, opulent hand-blown chandeliers, high ceilings, towering mirrored pillars, attentive staff and fresh, fra... Wadi Adventure Not just a water park, fun filled Wadi Adventure boasts one of the world's largest wave pools and white water rafting courses, accommodating three first class rafting and kayaking runs, with a combine... Wadi Adventure \| March 05.2013 Not forgetting one of the world’s largest wave pools and white water rafting courses, accommodating three contrasting runs with a combined length of 1,133 metres. Surveying the activity village like a... Wadi Wurayah Technically falling within Fujairah, this 129 square kilometre expanse is the richest natural environment in the UAE and the first mountain habitat to be declared a protected zone. Bedouins lived in W... Wild Wadi Dubai’s original waterpark, a little smaller than its mighty counterpart (Aquaventure), but if you want quality of rides Wild Wadi ticks the box, as well as boasting a surf machine and the largest wav... XVA Gallery One of the originals, XVA Art Gallery was established in 2003. Specialising in contemporary art from the Arab world, Iran and the Subcontinent, their artists express different cultural identities and... Zagol Don't underestimate this pint-sized gem. Like walking into someone's living room, Zagol offers some of the best home cooked Ethiopian food in Dubai. Modest, with tiny stools, mesobs (traditional woven... Zuma Brunch — Sushi Master One of the city's most popular brunches, Zuma's name speaks for itself and this Friday institution allows you the opportunity to feast on the world-renowned restaurant's signature Japanese fare for a... The ACT A somewhat tamer version of its saucy sister The Box (with venues in London and NY), The Act offers a theatre setting with carnival style performances and counts actors Jude Law and Rachel Weisz among... Al Falamanki Sister of the famous, Beirut-based, Al Falamanki Café, this traditional Lebanese restaurant with indoor and outdoor seating, is tucked behind a residential area in Jumeirah. It’s where you go to escap... Al Quoz Meander around the Al Quoz district, the city's industrial art hub, with coffee shops, an eclectic mix of exhibitions, bespoke furniture specialists, photography and design studios. This cultural have... Amara Spa A Moorish paradise. Private outdoor showers, music menu and an array of tempting treatments from the integration of precious stones, to ear candling and detoxification. Partner this with a relaxing lu... Armani Privé Impressive and expansive, two tiered space with wrap around sound system and LCD screens. Like many places in the city it ain't easy on the wallet, but what do you expect revelling in Armani splendou... Atmosphere Set in the world's tallest building, Atmosphere offers a refined, French restaurant experience. Think foams and seasonal flavours, carefully selected by Chef Jerome Lagarde. The menu incorporates clas... Ayyam Gallery Hailing from Damascus, Syria and now present in Beirut, Dubai, London and Jeddah, Ayyam Gallery has had a prolific impact on the Middle East's art scene. Through initiatives such as the Shabab Ayyam P... Bazxar This food market come restaurant and wine bar concept, offers a culinary journey drawing inspiration from South East Asia, Europe and the Americas. Blending work and play with a Business Lunch and Pow... Burj Al Arab The world's first unofficial seven star hotel, this iconic sail-shaped structure has become synonymous with the Middle East and all that glitters. The gleaming white, picture-postcard view, when you p... Burj Khalifa Soar 124 stories and bask amidst the dwarfing surrounds of the world’s tallest building, with inevitable, awesome views of the city. CP Tip: When visiting the Observation Deck, book your ticket in... Carbon 12 When Carbon 12 was established in 2008 by Kourosh Nouri and Nadine Knotzer, its emphasis was firmly global. It was the first gallery in the region to establish a dedicated international program, striv... The Card Co Launched in 2011, this fine stationary specialist offers an extensive collection of luxury wedding invitations, table planners, silk folders, wax seals, wrapping and other tailored accessories, to cus... Casa Jardin One of the most luxurious flower shops in the city, Casa Jardin on Al Wasl, focuses on Ecuadorian roses and other high-end blooms and bouquets. While the large-headed roses that are grown near an acti... Chivalry Salon Men in the downtown area who like a traditional wet shave need look no further than this grooming boutique. The debut of Emirati entrepreneur, Mustafa Abbas, is a dapper den offering a wide range of s... Cities Owner Hazem K. Aljesr first launched Cities in Riyadh in 2006, a brazen design and accessories store that houses colourful and creative lifestyle products. Each addition to the Cities collection is ha... CLAW BBQ Claw is a bustling, Southern American diner complete with gingham table cloths, neon signs, bumper plates and a tongue-in-cheek cocktail menu of ‘white trash,’ ‘old trash,’ and ‘young trash.’ Sauces a... Crossfit Gold Box The Crossfit explosion in the Middle East shows no signs of slowing down, fueled largely by the community that has forged. Expect to work hard (very hard), learn new skills and achieve physical feats... Dar Al Masyaf Pulling up to the entrance of this hotel has never failed to impress visitors; with its palatial fountain and gold sculpted horses. Inspired by the traditional courtyard summerhouses of old Arabia, th... Deborah Henning Having honed her skills at brands such as Sass & Bide and Alexander McQueen, Henning launched her namesake debut collection in Dubai. A mix of playful/androgynous womenswear, this subtle and sensual l... Deira A far cry from the glistening skyscrapers and vast, polished malls, Deira is sometimes cramped and chaotic but if you are craving a change from the shiny 'new' Dubai this is where you will find it, al... Downtown Design \| October 2015 A celebration of design and innovation, featuring an eclectic mix of globally renowned and up-and-coming worldwide brands. Cherrypick Founder and Editor, Aysha Majid, shines a light on some of her T... Dubai Art Season – FEBRUARY 2015 Sikka Art Fair is the place to go if you want to see art by upcoming Emirati and locally based artists. Based in the Al Fahidi Historical Neighbourhood it's quaint buildings provide a labyrinth of exh... Dubai Art Week \| March 2016 If you're already confused by the endless list of exhibits and forums set to showcase around the city, don't worry, Cherrypick Art Contributor Rachael Brown l... Eddie Handmade Named after a playful Jack Russell (whose silhouette also stars as the labels motif) this London based, leather accessories brand focuses on simple and classic designs made with quality hides. From wa... Emirates Equestrian Centre Established in 1983, EEC is very much a part of the equestrian scene in the Middle East. Catering for all levels of riding; from novice to advanced. The main disciplines are dressage, show jumping and... Fishtail Rides A unique series of fixed gear bike rides, providing a platform where a community of like-minded peeps from different backgrounds can come together. Organised by Puma Middle East, Fishtail Rides (fisht... Grey Noise Starting life as a Lahore based gallery Grey Noise established itself in Dubai in 2008 and focuses on work from South Asia and Europe. Exhibiting a selection of solo shows and carefully curated group... Home Bakery This Dubai born and raised café serves undoubtedly some of the best cookies in town (think chewy, melt-in-your-mouth bites of heaven). Also on the menu are seven types of the elusive cronut (Nutella's... House of Prose A quirky second-hand bookshop offering a 50% buy back in cash for books purchased from the store.... Ikon House Anyone with a deep interest in Scandinavian and mid-century modern furniture, needs know about Ikon House. Stocking authentic, iconic pieces and lighting from the likes of Eames, Arne Jacobsen, Poul K... Impact Hub Originally founded in London in 2005, The Impact Hub inspires, encourages and supports young free thinkers and entrepreneurs across the world and now has a base 'hub' in Dubai. Hang out and meet like-... Izakaya Izakaya are traditionally described as casual places for after-work drinking and inexpensive food, in Japan. Not exactly a cookie cut example, all the same, this novelty spot is fit for group fun. A q... José Eber Laloge Bringing Beverly Hills to Emirates Hills, Dubai-based entrepreneurs Reem Abou Samra and Lubana Sakkal created José Eber Laloge in collaboration with one of the world’s most recognised celebrity hairst... Kaftan This unassuming Turkish restaurant neighbours the bombastic Burj Al Arab (the sail watches over you while you dine on a juxtaposed terrace, decorated in white-washed furniture and trees adorned with c... Kite Beach This white sandy beach with shower facilities, volleyball nets, shelter spots, canoe and kite surfing rentals, has a decent selection of restaurants (including CP favourite, Salt), not to mention an a... Kitefly Dubai Learn how to kitesurf through private or semi private lessons on the shores of Kite Beach. Lessons are mostly in the afternoon, all depending on the wind speed. The Kiteshop also sells all the equipme... Lawrie Shabibi When Lawrie Shabibi came onto Dubai's gallery scene back in 2011, they quickly established themselves as the ones to watch for contemporary art coming out of the Middle East, North Africa and South As... Level Shoe District The world’s biggest footwear destination— 96,000 Sq feet to be exact. Feed your footwear fetish with an unparalleled collection of womens and mens shoes; by brands like Prada, Maison Martin Margiela,... Magnolia Bakery This retro style bakery produces famous, delectable desserts, from the Hummingbird to the Black Bottom Pecan Pie. The Chocolate with Chocolate Cupcake is delish…... Maison Bagatelle The sister of US French restaurant Bistro Bagatelle (known for its raucous brunches) is a somewhat tamer version. Loved by locals, this light and airy Downtown cafe with ornate features and floor to c... Maison du Maillot All the essentials for hitting the beach in one easy (Bahrain based) website, bringing cool international beachwear brands to the UAE. Find contouring bikinis, sand sweeping kaftans and airy sun dress... Malakiya Villas Think Disney's Aladdin/ Arabian Nights. The hotel boasts a magical setting and epitomises flamboyant Dubai, with tiny abras transporting you to the Madinat and its handy plethora of shops, eateries an... Mayrig Named after the grandmother of the original owner and inspired by age-old ancestral recipes, Mayrig offers traditional Armenian food (the first of its kind in Dubai). Situated on Emaar Boulevard, this... The Music Room Somewhat of an ‘Old Dubai’ institution, playing live chart tunes (past and present) an excellent resident Filipino band and DJ nights. Music Room also hosts live gigs from alternative international ar... Nailstation While Dubai is not short of nail salons, when it comes to choice of colour, Nailstation is your girl. The brainchild of Annie Thomassian (who moved to Dubai from Paris 13 years ago), while the technic... Night Vibes Night Vibes (formerly Electric Days) is all about having fun and bringing something organic to the city and their rooftop parties, featuring international DJs and up and coming talent, are just what t... Nonno This trendy brand homegrown in Dubai, claims the world's thinnest pizza. Less than two millimetres thick and 30 centimeters in diameter, the pizzas contain no sugar, salt, yeast, additives or preserva... Noon by Noor Cousins and childhood friends, Shaikha Noor Al Khalifa and Shaikha Haya Al Khalifa, graduated from Fashion Design in the U.S. and returned to Bahrain to launch their womenswear label in 2008. Drawing... Novikov A melting pot of influences, from Chinese and Japanese to South-East Asian, a concept created by Russian restaurateur Arkady Novikov. This well-known brand garners a crowd of slinky, ‘enhanced’ fans a... OHM Events Founded by Dubai-based Wissam Khodur (who is Ohm’s managing partner by day and rapper Eslam Jawaad by night), Ohm Events are responsible for some of the city’s biggest alternative music nights, includ... OP Lifestyle British Sports Coach Matt Coe is a certified corrective exercise and functional movement specialist, as well as the curator of the Dubai Fitness Competition (endorsed under the patronage of Sheikh Maj... Ottomans This Turkish restaurant holds its own amongst Grosvenor House's abundant fine dining spots; with warm tones, a majlis inspired entrance and relaxed terrace with views of Dubai Marina. Expect classic f... Pinky's Still going strong. Since 1989 Pinky's has been one of the leading antique and reclaimed furniture stores in the UAE. Expect furniture from India and reasonable prices (don't be afraid to barter). The... Platinum Suites Buy yourself some peace, quiet and leg room with Reel Cinema's VIP Platinum Suite cinemas. Showing all the latest blockbusters including 3D films, the Platinum Suites only have 32 seats per cinema, ea... Rage Skate Bowl Pushing the culture of skateboarding and action sports in the region, Rage host annual Skate, Snow and BMX events such as the Dubai Desert Extreme Championships, contribute to Dubai X Games and variou... Rawr Yoga While the city isn't short of yoga studios, Rawr specifically focuses on Bikram, Detox Yoga Budi and hot yoga classes making it perfect for anyone wanting to build up a sweat. Founded by 30-year-old E... Rhodes Twenty10 Celebrity chef Gary Rhodes' second successful Dubai venture, Rhodes Twenty10 is a culinary gem amongst a sea of the city's steak/grill options. The attention to detail shines from start to finish, wit... Rhodes W1 With a quintessentially British menu from famous Brit chef Gary Rhodes, this restaurant, bar and terrace is beautifully designed (all be it, more inviting on the terrace). With fresh, lemon and emeral... Round 10 Boxing Round 10 Boxing picks up the traditional boxing gym feel and we love this. If you want to embrace your inner Ali, then this is your spot, situated in Al Quoz. You’ll find a timetable of classes throug... Saucette This decadent Monaco hotspot likes to flaunt its celebrity following, but it's not this that impresses us. Dripping with fiery, ornate chandeliers and moody lighting, Sass is the place to go when you... SensAsia Urban Spa This convenient urban spa offers an excellent range of forward thinking products and includes quirky treatments such as Pamper Me Silly, Golfers Tonic, Bee My Honey and Blissfully Unaware.... Shop Local \| September 2015 SO YOU WANT TO SHOP LOCAL? With worldwide luxury brands opening flagship stores throughout the region, local designers are also making their mark. CP Editor and Founder, Aysha Majid, provides a che... Showcase Gallery Showcase Gallery's diverse selection is evidence of their 20 years experience in the UAE. With a regular exhibition calendar of contemporary art by both established and emerging artists from Europe, t... SoH Nestled in the Galleria Mall, SoH 'concept' salon is much more than just a place to get a mani-pedi. Decorated in pop art by local artist Melanie Pickup (which can also be bought), the women-only salo... Spice Emporium Dinner only. This restaurant offers indoor and outdoor seating with open kitchens. décor is dark walnut and splashes of amber, with a fairly traditional menu of fresh authentic Thai food. Book a table... Stereo Arcade 80s, 90s and 00s heaven, if you used to play Street Fighter on your PlayStation and get down to TLC, you’ll love this place. A retro arcade, busy pub/bar playing 80s rock and a neon hued club catering... Studio 8 Owned by one of Dubai’s most famous socialites, Sara Belhasa, Studio 8 stocks the latest names in contemporary designers from the region and Far East including Aiisha, Manish Malhotra, HSY, Prai Kataa... s*uce Rocks A jewellery concept, selling international fine jewellery brands such as AS29, Ileana Makri, Nessa and Noor Fares, as well as the latest and never seen before collections by some of the region's most... Taher Asad-Bakhtiari - JANUARY 2016 Iranian artist Taher Asad-Bakhtiari has become a name to know in Middle Eastern art and design, marrying the traditional craft of carpet weaving set for modern day life. Cherrypick talks to the artist... Team Nogueira Dubai Team Nogueira was setup in 2009 by the famous UFC Champion brothers Rodrigo and Rogerio Noguiera. The highest standards of martial arts are taught and athletes have since come to compete in UFC, Bella... Textile Souk A treasure trove of colours and textures from around the world, selling viole, silk, satin, velvet and more. Shop around as prices are negotiable.... Thai Privilege Spa Not one of the city’s most luxurious pamper spots, however, expect efficient and well-trained staff with an abundance of traditional Thai treatments including Oriental foot reflexology, hand acupressu... TOMO \| June 12.2013 In the restaurant, encased in glass, we’re bestowed a perfect view of the artists at work. Chef Takahashi graciously greets us, while we immediately relinquish any dish favouritism in place of h... Up And Running This Integrated Sports Medical Centre provides clinical pilates, sports massage, physiotherapy, sports medicine, occupational health and orthotics.... Vii A terrace bar and nightclub, Vii offers a whimsical style setting on a rooftop in the Conrad hotel. In hotter months expect a ‘Greenhouse’ transformation, so you don’t have to break a sweat (heaven fo... The Warehouse Gym This raw and dark, graffitied space in Al Quoz is a gym head's sweet shop. Big and burly, it's reminiscent of a gritty New York warehouse, with pink and blue neon lights guiding males and females to c... XVA Hotel Arguably the city's first boutique hotel, this old coral stone, quaint courtyard hotel is decorated with simple dark wood and mother-of-pearl inlaid furnishings, stable door windows, billowy white dra... Yoga Ashram While Yoga Ashram primarily focuses on traditional and ancient practises of yoga (they even hold classes solely focusing on meditation and chanting), the JLT studio does also offer more contemporary t... Yuan A vast, seductive restaurant with several seating options available, dependent on your mood… The tall tables near the bar area or large rounded seating towards the back of the restaurant (which could... Zaveri Prive After passionately collecting rare and exceptional vintage frames over the past decade, sunglasses collector Bijoy Zaveri has over 25,000 pieces available to buy in his Al Wasl boutique. Original 70s... 1847 From manicures and pedicures to shaves and shoe-shines, this ultra slick male pamper den offers an executive grooming experience.... A4 A4 space provides a platform to interact with artists, writers and gallery owners, to collaborate while inspiring and adding a gracious kick of character and culture to the community. The open-door ve... Al Hadheerah Desert dining in an Arabian oasis. This themed, open-topped market with its bustling cooking stations, belly dancers and shisha, is perfect for introducing newcomers tired of Dubai's city hangouts.... Amongst Few While the city isn't short of elaborate and feminine fashion brands, streetwear collection Amongst Few, founded Florian Moser and Michael Taylor, is inspired by the traditional Emirati philosophy of s... Art Space Dedicated to the promotion of contemporary Middle Eastern and Iranian art, Artspace regularly rotates artworks (by their roster of artists) on a three week basis. Having opened a second branch recentl... Art Week – JANUARY 2013 Dubai's Art Week is upon us and if you've never delved into the UAE's arts scene then this is your perfect introduction. During March the Emirates plays host to a variety of art fairs, exhibitions, ev... Audio Tonic Audio Tonic are responsible for putting on some of Dubai's biggest and best electric dance music nights. As well as having their own record label and event agency, their nights are curated showcasing... Bambah This multifaceted store, just opposite Dubai Zoo in Jumeirah originally started out as a vintage shop, stocking one-off items, mainly from the 70s, 80s and 90s. Now housing the elegant owner and desig... The Basement As close to an underground club scene that Dubai gets, The Basement rebels against all of the city's velvet rope venues by offering club nights that'll leave you sweaty and aching. The gritty, low-cei... Bounce Australian trampoline craze Bounce, introduces you to the world of free-jumping in the heart of Al Quoz. This massive warehouse with over 80-interconnected trampolines, allows you to literally fly thr... California Chiropractic An established team of doctors, chiropractors, physiotherapists and sports therapists make California Chiropractic a highly recommended resource for those suffering from injuries, aches and pains. Spo... Cipriani A nautical themed institution offering some of the best Italian food in the city, with well-loved classic options from the original Harry’s Bar, first opened by Giuseppe Cipriani in 1931, Venice. Set... City Walk Bringing together an array of dining and shopping amenities within one convenient, outdoor lifestyle concept. City Walk offers a range of al fresco restaurants, fashion brands and more including Cherr... Corcel Collective A bike shop all about creating cool rides and tailoring them to your specifications, adding bespoke touches like vintage style accessories, neon chains and powder blue wheels. Their focus is Fixies an... Cube Arts First launched in London, Cube Arts has made its way to Dubai. As a cross-cultural organization their artistic focus is rooted in Islamic arts. Through their gallery based in the heart of DIFC, they p... DAS Collection One of Dubai's biggest fashion success stories after London's Harrods stocking their ready-to-wear line, DAS Collection— by Emirati sisters Reem and Hind Beljafla— is the place to head for fashion-for... Detox Delight Offering a delightful (yes we said it) way to detox, based on a juice, soup and/or vegan cleanse programme. This German franchise (first launched in Dubai in 2012) provides a convenient door-to-door s... Dubai Autodrome A Petrol Head’s paradise… F1 style single seaters, Audi R8's, Subaru STI's, kids carting, sport-bikes, endurance challenges, as well as a laser tag game area.... The Gramercy Restaurant/ bar / Gastro-Pub, this easy spot in the DIFC offers a casual setting with wraparound booths, sports screens, draught beers and an International bistro menu, if you're feeling peckish. Unbu... Hisham Samawi – APRIL 2015 An integral part of the cultural scene, 37 year-old Jordanian Hisham Samawi has lived in the city for eight years, having first made a name for himself by launching Ayyam Gallery and more recently Cli... HKD – Hooked Designer Farah Nasri, combines 3D printing technology and the geometrics of hoops and futuristic forms, taking inspiration from Middle Eastern henna art and tribal embellishments. Her wearable collect... HOMMAGE This men's grooming brand, first launched in Monaco, is set in Dubai's International Financial Centre. Interiors of wood paneling, exposed brick, dark leather and carved stag heads create a sophistica... Huda Kattan – JULY 2015 Successfully carving out her growing beauty empire, both regionally and internationally, we catch up with world-renowned blogger come business entrepreneur, Huda Kattan, as she dishes on Dubai's best... Jalal Luqman - JUNE 2016 Labeled as one of the Emirates’ most provocative creatives and a pioneer of Emirati art; Jalal Luqman is a mixed media artist, having shown contemporary exhibits internationally in Beijing, Egypt, Mor... JNBY A modern, all natural womens wear brand, creating apparel and accessories produced using raw, organic materials, with over 600 stores worldwide. Their modern and clean designs reflect their South East... Jumeirah Mosque This beautiful example of Islamic architecture also offers cultural breakfasts, luncheons and Ramadan dinners, as well as informative tours of Bastakiya. If you are interested in finding out more abou... Kalpaka A dimly lit, budget gem serving authentic Malabar food. Cosy booths make up the compact restaurant and a Malayali lady wrapped in a white sari attentively serves honest, traditional cuisine. Don't mis... Karama Market Get your ‘real, genuine fakes’ here; from Christian Louboutin to Fendi and Alexander McQueen. The best pieces are not always on the shop floor… Karama is also a one stop shop for souvenirs, traditiona... Laluz Sophisticated Mediterranean food in an upscale setting, Laluz is part of the Four Season’s Hotel in Dubai’s International Financial District. Grupo Tragaluz’s (the reputable Spanish hospitality firm w... Lime The Desert Palm has tranquil-chic atmosphere that is consistently carried through to the spa. Perfectly bijou, what it lacks in size, it makes up by offering a backdrop of the polo field and blue skie... Majilis Gallery Opening in 1989, Majilis Gallery was born of a desire to introduce international fine art within the city's once sleepy trading port. This original windtower house in Bastakiya (now known as Al Fahidi... Maria Dowling While hairdressers are plentiful in the city, finding one you trust with your hair is a different matter, which is why it's worth battling Satwa traffic to get to Maria Dowling. Located in Al Mankhool... Mauzan Head to one of the city's favourite abaya boutiques Mauzan for ready-to-wear, bespoke national dress, with contemporary and fashion-forward detailing.... Meem Gallery Meem Gallery's expertise lies in modern and contemporary Arab and Iranian art,with a particular focus on the work of the Middle East's modern masters. Exhibitions are carefully curated often introduci... Mochi Wardrobe must-have skirts, jackets, shoes, accessories and homeware. Palestinian, Ayah Tabari (born in Riyadh and studied in London before finally settling in Dubai) founded this vibrant brand, toutin... The Movement Located in the Dubai Garden Centre, The Movement, a bike shop for all ages, supports cycle lovers and sustainable living. Their Linus Dutchi bikes are perfect for trips to the market or just riding al... Nathalie Trad Born in Beirut and raised in Dubai, this bag and accessories designer takes organic materials; from chizled onyx to smooth marble, mother of pearl and brass, merging these with handcrafted, modern des... Ohm Records Ohm is still going strong, being the first shop in the city to carry vinyl. With open decks, comfy sofas, a selection of house, trance, progressive, trip-hop and drum ‘n’ bass, as well as DJ equipment... Opera Gallery With galleries worldwide, Opera Gallery is firmly established as exhibitors of modern and contemporary art, from some of the worlds greatest artists spanning America, Europe and Asia. You can expect t... Priceless A label lover's nirvana, stocking designer brands at knock off prices from the Al Tayer group, including Chloe, Alexander McQueen, Dolce & Gabbana, Armani, Jimmy Choo, Stella McCartney and Marni.... RAW Coffee Established in 2007 (initially self-labelled as 'bootleggers', bringing beans into Dubai in suitcases from favourite roasteries around the world) RAW is a purist's playground, supplying several busine... Razan Alazzouni Exuding femininity, this elegant fashion line is a wash of soft textures with whimsical edge. Luxurious fabrics and floral embellishment compliment the female form and contribute to sculptured yet del... Reems Closet Vintage handbags, clothing and accessories handed in by hundreds of local women and sold on by the boutique’s own, you’ve guessed it, Reem. Here you’ll find as-new Balenciaga and Louis Vuitton bags fo... Rula Galayini This playful accessories brand has 80s edge and a strong, power-style approach. Committed designer Rula Galayani uses geometric shapes, metal and leather, to create the ultimate fashion weapon incorpo... Sarah Alagroobi – AUGUST 2014 Inspired by Dubai's ever-evolving and fast-paced cultural landscape, the bubbly 24-year-old, who has started opening dialogues and conversations about cultural issues through her work, wants to inspir... Shabestan This Persian gem has been serving regulars with traditional fare and a view of the Creek for 23 years. Start by sampling the hearty and fragrant vegetable and grain soup, ash e reshte (a favourite of... SLaM No crooked neck (their sinks are made for comfort and you also have the option of a heavenly, Indian head, neck and shoulder massage), with a hair and beauty service from meticulous and warm staff. SL... SOLE DXB – NOVEMBER 2014 29-year-old Australian Joshua Cox and 34-year-old Brit Hussain Moloobhoy are two of the region's committed trailblazers. If you haven't already heard of them, they are the men behind SOLE DXB, a trade... Sprüngli Confiserie Sprüngli is a Swiss chocolate tradition since 1836, combining historical craftsmanship and innovation at the very highest level. Flown in twice a week to ensure absolute premium quality, th... Surf Dubai For beginners, surf Dubai's credited surf school has accomplished instructors willing to help you crack the sport from square one, while instilling enthusiasm along with surf etiquette. Whether you're... UAE Parkour Parkour— also known as 'Freerunning'— is a discipline originally created in 1980s France, derived from military training and was further adapted to a mix of various movement styles used to overcome ob... UFC Gym MMA is the fastest growing sport in the world and has a very loyal following in the Middle East. So it is no surprise the UFC brand has rolled into town to put their own stamp on this MMA specialist t... Whistle & Flute A bit of an age-old institution in Dubai, Whistle & Flute is one of the best Satwa tailors for dapper gents wanting bespoke suits and shirts for a good price. While it'll cost you decidedly less than... Wild & The Moon Using plant-based, local, seasonal and ethically sourced ingredients. This is a no additive, no GMO, no gluten, dairy or refined sugar, no messin’ kind of joint. A café set in one of the smaller wareh... Yuraku If you’re bored of Dubai’s gleaming, glamorous hotels, this is a spot to get together with friends for sushi, saki and a singsong. Book one of their three private karaoke rooms.... 800 Tailor This well-packaged little business provides a door-to-door service, with experienced staff, competitive pricing and good customer care. As well as alterations they also offer a mobile tailoring servic... Al Qasr Hotel Pulling up to the entrance of the hotel has never failed to impress visitors, with its palatial fountain and gold sculpted horses. Think Disney's Aladdin/Arabian Nights. This magical abode boasts a sp... Biorganic This biorganic grocery store and café has a firm no-junk rule. Housing a bakery with an assortment of breads and seeds, ranging from gluten-free loaves to options for your sweet course, natural meat c... The Bowery Company Based in Dubai this online design store stocks unique factory-chic furniture, lighting and accessories for the home. Their contemporary objects offer affordable luxury for the urban customer combining... Comicave Comicave is one of the largest comic and collectables stores in the world. The concept is set across 17,000 sqft crammed with over 5,000 titles, high-end collectables and hard-to-find movie memorabili... D5 D5 specialises in lifestyle change via a multidimensional approach. Targeting fat loss using nutritional and physical methods as well as blood testing, hormonal balancing, strength coaching and health... Dumyé Perfect for gifts, each handcrafted Dumyé rag doll can be customised by you; choose the style, look and purpose by creating a personal message for the Purpose Pocket. Toting karmic goodness, all items... Fashion Forward Dubai \| October 2016 www.fashionforward.ae ... Flowground Once a biochemistry graduate from Harvard, Dubai-based Teeba Alkhudairi recently founded the UAE's first and only flow arts centre, specialising in hoop and poi (a circus act featuring a pair of equal... Flywheel Flywheel (a fitness concept originally from New York) has a committed and passionate crowd of obsessives in the city. Get your sweat on to loud, adrenalin-pumping music (don't worry, they dim the ligh... Freshly Ground Sounds Freshly Ground Sounds is an independent music initiative focused on unearthing regional talent, supporting and spreading the word about local artists. The non-profit organisation, ran by Ismat Abidi (... The Galleria Mall Good for a bite to eat and easy browse, if you can't face heading to the heavyweights and jostling with the crowds. Set in Jumeirah, a stone's throw away from City Walk, this mini mall houses the well... Ghaf Kitchen Dubai's first gourmet restaurant on wheels is a beautifully restored vintage Citroen H van. Led by an all-star team, this quirky and charming, British owned business, provides personalised catering se... The Green Planet The region’s first bio-dome, this immersive experience recreates the world of a tropical rainforest, with over 3,000 plants and animals. Allowing you the opportunity to engage and explore first-hand,... Hautletic Aimed at the style-conscious fitness fiends of the city, Hautletic in Al Quoz (next to Art Sawa) sells stylish active gear from some of the world's coolest fashion-fitness names. Founded by Dubai-base... JetSet The region's first wash and blow-dry salon with three branches in Dubai's key business and leisure districts, also offering hair cutting and colouring by a team of international stylists. Inspired by... Lovin My Bags Founded in the US, this luxury handbag spa promises to breathe new life into your arm candy. Lovin My Bags offers restoration and cleaning services for designer handbags, plus boasts it's own range of... Mahiki This London export and Tiki den sports Hawaiian themed cocktails, the infamous Treasure Chest, clued up bar staff and Tiki dancers that are easy on the eye.... Malaak Created by Dubai-based designer Huda N, Malaak’s creative masterpieces marry the local dress with Western influences and trends.... The Mine A contemporary art space nestled in the industrial art hub of Dubai, The Mine is focussed on presenting emerging artists from the Middle East. Continuously fostering progressive artwork, modern design... Mochi – JULY 2014 If you follow the region's most stylish Instagram accounts, then you might have recently noticed a trend. Swathes of brightly coloured embroidered jackets, crop tops and A-line skirts have popped up o... Music Hall This huge, cabaret style venue hosts live and cultural entertainment. With more than ten unique music acts per night ranging from Latino to Middle Eastern, jazz and rock, all carefully selected by fou... Okhtein Launched in 2013 by siblings Aya and Mounaz Abdelraouf, Okhtein (meaning sisters in Arabic) is an accessories brand with a philanthropic approach, supporting Egyptian artistry, having collaborated wit... Provocateur This bijou club with a tough door and even more strict DJ policy, is made up of mainly tables (if you don't have one we wouldn't recommend it). A somewhat contradiction of itself; for true musos who k... Pure Classic Pilates focused on teaching the authentic method, as designed by Joseph Pilates. Classes take place in an open-plan, industrial style studio in Tecom with views overlooking Dubai, using Gratz... Secret Circle Founded by a group of party goers wanting to celebrate nothing but good music, Secret Circle kicks off every Monday at The Basement, Boutique 7 Hotel & Suites, TECOM. Frequented by the city's cool and... Shelter A large, barn-like concept space in Al Quoz, this creative hub with free wifi and artsy reading material, is a great place to grab a coffee and brainstorm.... Stone Delicate and unique pieces incorporating diamonds and semi-precious stones, from a select handful of worldwide designers, including Andre Marcha, Tubogas, Tiigan, Nawbar, Selim Mouzannar's Tayfoon and... Supperclub Hailing from Amsterdam, the world famous (slightly tamer version of) Supperclub, is a whitewashed, modern restaurant/ lounge/ gallery/ club concept with an outdoor terrace thrown in for good measure.... Symphony A contradiction of clinical whitewashed wood, with homely touches. This store supports young talent, especially local, featuring a selection of luxury, ready-to-wear, accessories, cosmetics, books and... Velsvoir Specialising in luxury accessories for him and her, Velsvoir is a growing brand with a dual presence in the UK and Dubai. Collaborating with the likes of English tailor, October House and Patrick Hell... White This huge club brand brings a slice of Lebanon to Dubai and pushes the mantra, “Go big or go home.” Expect a predominantly Middle Eastern crowd of big spenders, tables of pumped up revelers and glitzy... yApparel A haven for yogi’s who practice what they preach, independent boutique yApparel, opened by Dubai-based Dina Ghandour, concentrates on eco-friendly yoga clothes and equipment. Stocking brands you’ll be... Cafe Rider The first of its kind in Dubai, Café Rider is a mix of top-notch coffee (sourced from Dubai, South Africa and the US) and metal (of the motorcycle kind). The exclusive regional distributor of Brass Ba... CHERRYPICK MEMBERSHIP You are invited to Cherrypick'd events and kept up-to-date on the coolest parties in town. Members' discreet Black Card unveils a hand-picked world of advantages... Flash her and don't be surprised by... Common Grounds Tom Arnel and Sergio Lopez's third cafe/restaurant. The location may not be as appealing as the older, stand-alone siblings - Tom & Serg and The Sum of Us - and if, like us, you have a phobia of that... Desert Chill A cool, dinky ice cream van delivering icy treats and personalised messages (if you desire) to homes, businesses, parties or as a surprise gift to a worthy compadre. Desert Chill's free to download, i... Dubai Opera This iconic landmark taking centre stage amidst a Burj Khalifa backdrop provides a diverse schedule of opera, concerts, art exhibitions, theatre, orchestra, sports events, ballet, film and seasonal pr... Em Sherif A feast for the senses, whether you dine inside amidst the Dali-esque interiors or outside on the terrace looking onto the Dubai Fountain, you won't be disappointed. This fine restaurant, hailing from... Galeries Lafayette As well as housing numerous international brands such as Balmain, Manoush, See by Chloe and French contemporary favourites Comptoir des Cotonniers, Maje and Sandro, this French department store also s... Marina Mall This mall may not hold its own in the fashion stakes, but never-the-less has 130 stores and sports classic, high street brands; such as Diesel, H&M, Adidas, Reiss and Mango. With alfresco waterfront d... Sushi Master Something of a Dubai institution, offering all the favourites with buffet dining at the robata, sushi and dessert counters. There is a choice of a main meal from the brunch menu, including Zuma classi... Tribe Tribe’s style caters to coastal-living, incorporating raw interiors of wood, rattan, leather and organic shapes. This natural home boutique, set in The Courtyard, adopts an ethical approach with many...	i don't know
Which of Shakespeare's plays begins with the words `If music be the food of love, play on`?	If music be the food of love, play on - eNotes Shakespeare Quotes If music be the food of love, play on Duke Orsino: If music be the food of love, play on, Give me excess of it; that surfeiting, The appetite may sicken, and so die. Read on Owl Eyes This eText is now on Owl Eyes. Clicking this link will open a new window. Duke Orsino of Illyria, presiding over the merry, mixed-up world of Twelfth Night, opens the play with these festive sentiments, soured though they be by the affected airs of the melancholic lover. He has convinced himself that he's insanely in love with a wealthy and resistant lady, who is in mourning for her brother and only annoyed by Orsino's inappropriate attentions. The duke's idea of a cure for his disease is to stuff himself sick with his own passions. Orsino's brand of self-indulgent pouting comes in for much ribbing here and elsewhere in Shakespeare, most vividly in As You Like It and Much Ado about Nothing. For melancholic poseurs like Orsino, who are actually expected to make spectacles of themselves, affecting gestures are more important than sincere emotions.	Twelfth Night
The Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio was set up on October 16 1923 by Walt Disney and his brother, what was his brothers' first name?	Twelfth Night: Entire Play Twelfth Night SCENE I. DUKE ORSINO's palace. Enter DUKE ORSINO, CURIO, and other Lords; Musicians attending	i don't know
The company trademark incorporates the character Mickey Mouse, but was Mickey's original screen name?	Mickey Mouse \| The Disney Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Walt Disney, Ub Iwerks Voiced by Walt Disney (1928–1947) Jimmy MacDonald (1947–1977) Wayne Allwine (1977–2009)[3] Bret Iwan (2009–present) Mickey Mouse is a cartoon character who has become an icon for the Walt Disney Company . Mickey Mouse was created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks [1] . He was voiced by Walt Disney from 1928–1946 theatrically, and again from 1955–1959 for the original ABC TV The Mickey Mouse Club , Daily's Pets television series. The Walt Disney Company celebrates his birth as November 18, 1928, upon the release of Steamboat Willie , [2] although Mickey had already appeared six months earlier in an unfinished test screening of Plane Crazy [3] (Steamboat Willie being the first Mickey Mouse Cartoon to be released). The anthropomorphic mouse has evolved from being simply a character in animated cartoons and comic strips to become one of the most recognizable symbols in the world. Mickey is currently the main character in the Disney Channel 's Disney Junior series " Mickey Mouse Clubhouse ". Mickey is the leader of The Mickey Mouse Clubhouse , with help from Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, and other friendly friends of his. In late 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced that they will begin to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by putting a little less emphasis on his pleasant, cheerful side and reintroducing the more mischievous and adventurous sides of his personality, [4] starting with the newly released Epic Mickey . Contents Edit Mickey Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , an earlier cartoon character created by the Disney studio for Charles Mintz of Universal Studios . [5] When Disney asked for a larger amount for his budget for the popular Oswald series, Mintz announced that Disney could keep doing the Oswald series, as long as he agreed to a budget cut and went on the payroll. Mintz owned Oswald and thought he had Disney over a barrel. Angrily, Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney was dismayed at the betrayal by his staff, but determined to restart from scratch. The new Disney Studio initially consisted of animator Ub Iwerks and a loyal apprentice artist, Les Clark . One lesson Disney learned from the experience was to thereafter always make sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company. In the spring of 1928, Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected. They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar . (A male frog, also rejected, would later show up in Iwerks' own Flip the Frog series.) [1] Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from his old pet mouse he used to have on his farm. In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney. [1] " Mortimer Mouse " had been Disney's original name for the character before his wife, Lillian, convinced him to change it, and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be. [6] [7] Actor Mickey Rooney has claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him. [8] "We felt that the public, and especially the children, like animals that are cute and little. I think we are rather indebted to Charlie Chaplin for the idea. We wanted something appealing, and we thought of a tiny bit of a mouse that would have something of the wistfulness of Chaplin — a little fellow trying to do the best he could. When people laugh at Mickey Mouse, it's because he's so human; and that is the secret of his popularity. I only hope that we don't lose sight of one thing — that it was all started by a mouse." [9] Plane Crazy, The Gallopin Gaucho, and Steamboat Willie Edit Disney had Ub Iwerks secretly begin animating a new cartoon while still under contract with Universal. The cartoon was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks was the main animator for the short, and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. In fact, Iwerks was the main animator for every Disney short released in 1928 and 1929. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also assisted Disney during those years. They had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz, but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney. This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation. [10] Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short Plane Crazy , on May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience, and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short: " The Gallopin' Gaucho " which was also not released for lack of a distributor. Mickey Mouse in Steamboat Willie (1928) Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18, 1928 in New York. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark , Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy . This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton 's Steamboat Bill Jr. , first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus is considered by The Disney Company as Mickey's debut. Willie featured changes to Mickey's appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous Walt Disney films. The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios , headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer , had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the "Turkey in the Straw" sequence, when Mickey's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film's original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie, and would remain the source of Mickey's voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey's voice again from 1955 to 1959 for the Mickey Mouse Club television series on ABC. The script had Mickey serving aboard Steamboat Willie under Captain Pete. At first he is seen piloting the steamboat while whistling . Then Pete arrives to take over piloting and angrily throws him out of the boat's bridge. They soon have to stop for cargo to be transferred on board. Almost as soon as they leave, Minnie arrives. She was apparently supposed to be their only passenger but was late to board. Mickey manages to pick her up from the river shore. Minnie accidentally drops her sheet music for the popular folk song " Turkey in the Straw ". A goat which was among the animals transported on the steamboat proceeds to eat the sheet music. Consequently Mickey and Minnie use its tail to turn it into a phonograph which is playing the tune. Through the rest of the short, Mickey uses various other animals as musical instruments . Captain Pete is eventually disturbed by all this noise and places Mickey back to work. Mickey is reduced to peeling potatoes for the rest of the trip. A parrot attempts to make fun of him but is then thrown to the river by Mickey. This served as the final scene of this short. Audiences at the time of Steamboat Willie's release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes. Sound films or "talkies" were still considered innovative. The first feature-length movie with dialogue sequences, The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson , was released on October 6, 1927. Within a year of its success, most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and, arguably, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney. As a result Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho (which had originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey's success and popularity. A fourth Mickey short, The Barn Dance, was also put into production; however, Mickey does not actually speak until The Karnival Kid in 1929 when his first spoken words were "Hot dogs, Hot dogs!" After Steamboat Willie was released, Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat , and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons. By 1929, Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result. [11] Unfortunately, audiences did not respond well to Felix's transition to sound and by 1930, Felix had faded from the screen. [12] Roles and designs Edit The Barn Dance , first released on March 14, 1929, was the first of twelve Mickey shorts released during that year. It was directed by Walt Disney with Ub Iwerks as the head animator. This short is notable for featuring Mickey turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete. It is also an unusual appearance of the Pete character; previously depicted as a menacing villain , he is portrayed here as a well-mannered gentleman. In addition, Mickey was not depicted as a hero but as a rather ineffective young suitor. In his sadness and crying over his failure, Mickey appears unusually emotional and vulnerable. It has been commented, however, that this only serves to add to the audience's empathy for the character. First gloved appearance "Ever wonder why we always wear these white gloves?" - Various characters (with minor variations) Mickey The Opry House , first released on March 28, 1929, was the second short released during the year. This short introduced Mickey's gloves . Mickey can be seen wearing them in most of his subsequent appearances. Supposedly one reason for adding the white gloves was to allow audiences to distinguish the characters' hands when they appeared against their bodies, as both were black (Mickey did not appear in color until The Band Concert in 1935). The three black lines on the backs of the gloves represent darts in the gloves' fabric extending from between the digits of the hand, typical of kid glove design of the era. Depiction as a regular mouse Edit When the Cat's Away , first released on April 18, 1929, was the third Mickey short to be released that year. It was essentially a remake of one of the Alice Comedies, Alice Rattled by Rats, which had been first released on January 15, 1926. Kat Nipp makes his second appearance, though his name is given as "Tom Cat" (this describes his being a tomcat , and the character should not be confused with the co-star of the Tom and Jerry series). He is seen getting drunk on alcoholic beverages . Then he leaves his house to go hunting . In his absence an army of mice invade his house in search of food. Among them are Mickey and Minnie, who proceed to turn this gathering into a party . This short is unusual in depicting Mickey and Minnie as having the size and partly the behavior of regular mice. The set standard both before and after this short was to depict them as having the size of rather short human beings. On another note, since this short was released during the Prohibition era , the alcoholic beverages would probably have been products of bootlegging . Mickey as a soldier Edit The next Mickey short to be released is also considered unusual. " The Barnyard Battle " was first released on April 25, 1929. This short is notable because it was the first to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in combat. Mouse in transition In 1930, Disney began the first of what would later be many Mickey Mouse Clubs, which were located in hundreds of movie theaters across the United States. [13] First comic strip appearance Edit By this point Mickey had appeared in 15 commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. So Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip. Walt accepted and Mickey made his first comic strip appearance on January 13, 1930. The comical plot was credited to Walt Disney himself, art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith . The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of "Plane Crazy". Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January 13, 1930 and March 31, 1930 have been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title "Lost on a Desert Island". Animation historian Jim Korkis notes "After the eighteenth strip, Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day format..." [14] Classical music performances Edit Meanwhile in animation, two more Mickey shorts had been released. The first of them was "The Barnyard Concert", first released on March 3, 1930. It featured Mickey conducting an orchestra . The only recurring characters among its members were Clarabelle as a flutist and Horace as a drummer . Their rendition of the Poet and Peasant Overture (by Franz von Suppé ) is humorous enough; but it has been noted that several of the gags featured were repeated from previous shorts. The second, was originally released on March 14, 1930 under the title Fiddlin' Around but has since been renamed to Just Mickey. Both titles give an accurate enough description of the short which has Mickey performing a violin solo. It is only notable for Mickey's emotional renditions of the finale to the " William Tell Overture ", Robert Schumann 's "Träumerei" ("Reverie"), and Franz Liszt 's " Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2", the latter which would appear on a regular basis in shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Tom and Jerry and Woody Woodpecker . In The Band Concert , the first Mickey Mouse cartoon filmed in Technicolor , Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture, but in the cartoon is swept up by a tornado, along with his orchestra. It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. Mickey made his most famous classical music appearance in 1940 in the classic Disney film Fantasia . His screen "role" as The Sorcerer's Apprentice , set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas , is perhaps the most famous segment of the film. The segment features no dialogue at all, only the music. The apprentice (Mickey), not willing to do his chores, puts on the sorcerer's magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom, which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore—filling up a deep well using two buckets of water. When the well eventually overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, leading to a near-flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski , who conducts all the music heard in Fantasia. Departure of a co-creator and consequences Edit "The Barnyard Concert" and "Fiddlin' Around" were followed by " Cactus Kid ", released on April 11, 1930. As the title implies, the short was intended as a Western movie parody. But it is considered to be more or less a remake of "The Gallopin' Gaucho" set in Mexico instead of Argentina. Mickey was again cast as a lonely traveler who walks into the local tavern and starts flirting with its dancer. The latter is again Minnie. The rival suitor to Mickey is again Pete though using the alias Peg-Leg Pedro. For the first time in a Mickey short, Pete was depicted as having a peg-leg. This would become a recurring feature of the character. The rhea of the original short was replaced by Horace Horsecollar. This is considered to be his last non-anthropomorphic appearance. The short is considered significant for being the last Mickey short to be animated by Ub Iwerks. Shortly before the release of "Cactus Kid", Iwerks left to start his own studio, bankrolled by Disney's then-distributor Pat Powers . Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal. It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney's cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio. The departure is considered a turning point to the careers of both Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse. The former lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919. The latter lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction and/or animation of several of the shorts released till this point, and some would argue Mickey's creator. Walt Disney has been credited for the inspiration to create Mickey, but Iwerks was the one to design the character and the first few Mickey Mouse cartoons were mostly or entirely drawn by Iwerks. Consequently some animation historians have suggested that Iwerks should be considered the actual creator of Mickey Mouse. Advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credited them as "A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks". Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone. Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's popularity would rise, and by 1932, the Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members [15] and Walt would receive a special Oscar for creating Mickey Mouse; in 1935, Disney would begin to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems. [16] Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short The Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye the Sailor was more popular than Mickey. [17] [18] [19] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000.00 a year. [20] In 1994, "The Band Concert" was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey, Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal; [21] in 1935, Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey. However, by 1938, the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a redesign of the mouse; [22] the redesign between 1938 and 1940 put Mickey at the peak of his popularity. [21] However, after 1940, Mickey's popularity would decline until his 1955 re-emergence as a daily children's television personality. [23] Despite this, the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning his only competitive Academy Award—with canine companion Pluto —for a short subject, Lend a Paw) and again from 1946 to 1952. Appearances in comics Main article: Mickey Mouse and Friends (comic book) In early 1930, after Iwerks' departure, Walt was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip, assigning the art to Win Smith. However, Walt's focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well. Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script, draw, and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation. Walt proceeded to search for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio. For unknown reasons he selected Floyd Gottfredson , a recently hired employee. At the time Floyd was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Walt had to assure Floyd that the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation. Floyd accepted and ended up holding this "temporary" assignment from May 5, 1930, to November 15, 1975. Walt Disney's last script for the strip appeared May 17, 1930. [14] Gottfredson's first task was to finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1, 1930. The storyline was completed on September 20, 1930 and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in Death Valley. This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie's uncle Mortimer Mouse . The Death Valley narrative was followed by Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers, first printed between September 22 and December 26, 1930, which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie's parents. Starting with these two early comic strip stories, Mickey's versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other. While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy , the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure. This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century. Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion (1936) and The Gleam (1942). He also created the Phantom Blot , Eega Beeva , Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch. Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales , Carson Van Osten , Jim Engel, Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes ; writers included Ted Osborne , Merrill De Maris , Bill Walsh , Dick Shaw, Roy Williams , Del Connell, and Floyd Norman . The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics . His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey did not become a speciality until Murry's first serial for Walt Disney's Comics and Stories in 1953 ("The Last Resort"). In the same period Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine Topolino began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes , in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures. This reinnasance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson , David Gerstein , Noel Van Horn , Michael T. Gilbert and Cesar Ferioli . In Europe, Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comics magazines, the most famous being Topolino in Italy from 1932 on, Le Journal de Mickey in France from 1934 on, and the Greek Miky Maous . Mickey was the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine , published in Italy from 1999 to 2001. Later history Edit On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd. Melbourne (Australia) runs the annual Moomba festival street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their King of Moomba (1977). [24] Although immensely popular with children, there was controversy with the appointment: some Melburnians wanted a 'home-grown' choice, e.g. Blinky Bill ; when it was revealed that Patricia O'Carroll (from Disneyland's Disney on Parade show) was performing the mouse, Australian newspapers reported "Mickey Mouse is really a girl!" [25] Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros. ' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, in a historic moment in motion picture history, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney / Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit . Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had exactly the same amount of screen time, right down to the micro-second. File:Mickey-mouse-bugs-bunny-113.jpg Similar to his animated inclusion into a live-action film on Roger Rabbit, Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit the Frog . The two are established in the story as having been old friends. The Muppets have otherwise spoofed and referenced Mickey over a dozen times since the 1970s. Eventually, The Muppets were purchased by the Walt Disney Company in 2004. Mickey appeared on several animated logos for Walt Disney Home Entertainment , starting with the "Neon Mickey" logo and then to the "Sorcerer Mickey" logos used for regular and Classics release titles. He also appeared on the video boxes in the 1980s. His most recent theatrical cartoon was 1995's short Runaway Brain , while in 1999-2004, he appeared in made-for-video features, like Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas ; Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers ; and the computer-animated Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas . Many television programs have centered around Mickey, such as the recent ABC shows Mickey Mouse Works (1999—2000), Disney's House of Mouse (2001—2003) and the Disney Channel's Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–present). Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the Bonkers episode "You Oughta Be In Toons". Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year's Day 2005. In the Disney on Ice play, Disney Presents Pixar's The Incredibles in a Magic Kingdom/Disneyland Adventure, Mickey and Minnie are kidnapped by an android replica of Syndrome , who seeks to create "his" own theme park in Walt Disney World/Disneyland's place. They are briefly imprisoned in the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction's prison cell before an assault on the robot Syndrome by the Incredible Family forces "him" to place them in laser prisons, but not without using a flamethrower in a botched attempt to incinerate their would-be superhuman saviors. After the robot Syndrome is congealed by Frozone, Mickey and Minnie are finally liberated, the magic and happiness of the Walt Disney World/Disneyland Resort is restored, and the Incredibles become Mickey and Minnie's newest friends. Mickey has recently been announced to star in two films. One is being based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort , while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering around Mickey, Donald and Goofy. [26] If greenlit, the latter will be the 54th full-length theatrical animated feature in the canon , and the first starring Mickey and his friends. Meeting Mickey Mickey greeting guests at Disneyland Park Mickey regularly appears at the various Disneyland theme parks to greet guests who visit the parks. [27] Video games Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games , including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System , Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse , Mickey's Ultimate Challenge , and Disney's Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the Mega Drive/Genesis , Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands on the Game Boy , and many others. In the 2000s, the Disney's Magical Quest series were ported to the Game Boy Advance , while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse , a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a major role in the Kingdom Hearts series, as the king of Disney Castle and aide to the protagonist, Sora . King Mickey wields the Keyblade , a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness. Epic Mickey , featuring a darker version of the Disney universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii . The game is part of an effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality. [4] Toys and games In 1989, Milton Bradley released the electronic-talking game titled Mickey Says, with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host. Mickey also appeared in other toys and games, including the Worlds of Wonder -released Talking Mickey Mouse . Interactive Books Edit The character has gone through some major changes through his existence. The first one happened with The Pointer in 1939 and The Sorcerer's Apprentice section of Fantasia in 1940, where he was given pupils in his eyes, a Caucasian skin colored face, and a pear-shaped body. In the 40's, he changed once more in " The Little Whirlwind ", where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades, lost his tail, got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy. But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in "The Pointer", with the exception of his pants. In his final theatrical cartoons in the 50's, he was given eyebrows, which were removed in the more recent cartoons. Mickey's top trademark is his ears, and they have also become a trademark of the Disney company in general. Basic design of Mickey's ears is two very round ears that are attached to a very round head. Other than the 1940s Mickey, he and Minnie's ears have had the unusual characteristic of always being viewable with the same symmetry despite which direction that their respective head is facing. In other words, the ears are always generally in the same position as they are in a frontal view of the character, and appear to be sideways on their head when facing left or right. A large part of Mickey's screen persona is his famously shy, falsetto voice. From his first speaking role in The Karnival Kid onward, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in which Disney took great personal pride. (Carl Stalling and Clarence Nash allegedly did some uncredited ADR for Mickey in a few early shorts as well.) However, by 1946, Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work which means he could not do Mickey's voice anymore (and as it is speculated his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years), and during the recording of the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and Fancy Free , Mickey's voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jimmy MacDonald . (Both Disney's and MacDonald's voices can be heard on the final soundtrack.) MacDonald voiced Mickey in the remainder of the theatrical shorts, and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in the mid-1970s, although Walt voiced Mickey again for the introductions of the original 1954—1959 The Mickey Mouse Club TV series and the "Fourth Anniversary Show" episode of the Disneyland TV series aired on September 11, 1958. 1983's Mickey's Christmas Carol marked the theatrical debut of the late Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who was the voice of Mickey until his death in 2009. [28] Allwine was, incidentally, married to Russi Taylor , the current voice of Minnie Mouse . Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in the TV special Down and Out with Donald Duck released in 1987. Bret Iwan , a former Hallmark greeting card artist, is the current voice of Mickey. His early recordings in 2009 included work for the Disney Cruise Line , Mickey toys, Theme Parks, and also the Disney on Ice: Celebrations! ice show. [29] His first video game voiceover of Mickey Mouse can be found on Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep , a video game for PlayStation Portable. He has also voiced the character in the next games for the Kingdom Hearts series . Bret also does the vocal effects of Mickey in Epic Mickey . Social impact Edit In the United States, protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot, or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure. Since most states' electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of " None of the Above ", most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate's name entered as a write-in vote Template:Citation needed . Cartoon characters are typically chosen for this purpose Template:Citation needed ; as Mickey Mouse is the best-known and most-recognized character in America, his name is frequently selected for this purpose. (Other popular selections include Donald Duck and Bugs Bunny.) This phenomenon has the humorous effect of causing Mickey Mouse to be a minor but perennial contestant in nearly all U.S. presidential elections . Template:Citation needed A similar phenomenon occurs in the parliament elections in Finland and Sweden , although Finns and Swedes usually write Donald Duck or Donald Duck Party as a protest vote. Mickey Mouse's name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists, most recently in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election . [30] [31] Pejorative use of Mickey's name Edit "Mickey Mouse" is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial. In the UK and Ireland, it also means poor quality or counterfeit. However, in parts of Australia it can mean excellent or very good. [32] In The Godfather Part II , Fredo 's justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were "Send Fredo off to do this, send Fredo off to do that! Let Fredo take care of some Mickey Mouse night club somewhere!" as opposed to more meaningful tasks. In an early episode of the 1978-82 sitcom Mork & Mindy , Mork stated that Pluto was "a Mickey Mouse planet," referring to the future dwarf planet having the same name as Mickey's pet dog Pluto . Actually, the planet was named shortly before the dog was. In 1984, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky 's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13-4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter, "Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice." [33] Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey. In the 1993 Warner Bros. film Demolition Man , as Sylvester Stallone 's character is fighting the malfunctioning AI of his out-of-control police car, he shouts for the system to "Brake! Brake! Brake, now, you Mickey Mouse piece of shit!" [34] In the 1996 Warner Bros. film Space Jam , Bugs Bunny derogatorily referred to Daffy Duck 's idea for the name of their basketball team, asking, "What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would name a team 'The Ducks?'" (This also referenced the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , a NHL team that was then owned by Disney. This was showing the Disney/Warner Bros. rivalry.) In the United States armed forces, actions that produce good looks, but have little practical use (such as the specific manner of making beds in basic training or the polishing of brass fittings onboard ship) are commonly referred to as "Mickey Mouse work". In schools a "Mickey Mouse course", "Mickey Mouse major", or " Mickey Mouse degree " is a class, college major, or degree where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade (especially an A) and/or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market. [35] Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen as Mickey Mousing (also mickey-mousing and mickeymousing). [36] The software company Microsoft has been derogatorily called "Mickeysoft". [37] During World War II , the Motor Minesweepers used by the British Royal Naval Patrol Service were unofficially known as "Mickey Mouses". In the beginning of the 1980s, then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a "Mickey Mouse parliament", meaning a discussion club without influence. [38] In the British sitcom Red Dwarf , in the episode "Quarantine" , after the team's substandard equipment nearly cost them their lives, Lister pointed out, "We're a real Mickey Mouse operation, aren't we?" The Cat replied, "Mickey Mouse? We ain't even Betty Boop !" Parodies and criticism Edit Mickey Mouse was originally portrayed as a minstrel character . From 1929 to well into the 1930s the character of Mickey Mouse was understood and openly described as "minstrel". [39] These portrayals can be seen in early depictions such as the original version of "Steamboat Willie", [40] as well as " Mickey's Mellerdrammer ", the advertising for which featured Mickey in blackface with pronounced facial features understood to resemble caricatures of African-Americans in the 1930s. [41] Mickey Mouse's global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and as of the United States itself. For this reason Mickey has been used frequently in anti-American satire , such as the infamous underground cartoon " Mickey Mouse in Vietnam ". There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse, such as the Mad Magazine parody "Mickey Rodent" by Will Elder in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck's larger popularity. [42] The grotesque Rat Fink character was created by Ed "Big Daddy" Roth over his hatred of Mickey Mouse. In The Simpsons Movie , Bart Simpson puts a black bra on his head to mimic Mickey Mouse and says: "I'm the mascot of an evil corporation!" [43] In the South Park episode " The Ring " Mickey Mouse is depicted as the sadistic, greedy boss of The Walt Disney Company , only interested in money. In an episode of "Full Frontal Nerdity," by Aaron Williams , Mickey is shown as desperately trying to unload Miramax . [44] On September 20, 2008 Sheikh Muhammad Al-Munajid claimed that the sharia considers mice to be harmful vermin and that characters like Mickey Mouse and Jerry from Tom and Jerry are to be blamed for making mice such lovable characters. He issued a fatwā against Mickey, which made international headline news and was the subject of much controversy and ridicule. Sheikh Muhammed Al-Munajid issued a statement afterwards in which he stated that he was misquoted and translated badly. [45] Labor issues In January 1936, Julius Herskowitz, a trade unionist trying to organize a plant that made Mickey Mouse dolls, was beaten by an unknown assailant and his skull was fractured. He had received threats from the owner of his factory. [46] Legal issues Edit A typical style of sign in Walt Disney World , showing one of many uses by Disney of the Mickey ears logo It is sometimes erroneously stated that the Mickey Mouse character is only copyrighted . In fact, the character, like all major Disney characters, is also trademarked , which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner. So, whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain , the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization. However, within the United States, European Union and some other jurisdictions, the Copyright Term Extension Act (sometimes called the 'Mickey Mouse Protection Act' because of extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation) and similar legislation has ensured that works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2023. However, some copyright scholars argue that Disney's copyright on the earliest version of the character may be invalid due to ambiguity in the copyright notice for Steamboat Willie . [47] The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character, whose likeness is closely associated with the company, with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in Florida for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and rival Universal Studios replaced them with Universal cartoon characters. [48] Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates Edit In 1971, a group of underground cartoonists calling themselves the Air Pirates , after a group of villains from early Mickey Mouse films, produced a comic called Air Pirates Funnies. In the first issue, cartoonist Dan O'Neill depicted Mickey and Minnie Mouse engaging in explicit sexual behavior and consuming drugs. As O'Neill explained, "The air pirates were...some sort of bizarre concept to steal the air, pirate the air, steal the media...Since we were cartoonists, the logical thing was Disney." [49] Rather than change the appearance or name of the character, which O'Neill felt would dilute the parody, the mouse depicted in Air Pirates Funnies looks like and is named "Mickey Mouse". Disney sued for copyright infringement, and after a series of appeals, O'Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $1.9 million. The outcome of the case remains controversial amongst free-speech advocates. New York Law School professor Edward Samuels said, "[The Air Pirates] set parody back twenty years." [50] Censorship Edit In 1930, The German Board of Film Censors prohibited showing a Mickey Mouse film because they felt the kepi -wearing mouse negatively portrayed the Germans and would "reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War". [51] A mid 1930s German newspaper article even stated: "Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed...Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal...Away with Jewish brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross !" [52] [53] [54] Art Spiegelman used this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his graphic novel Maus . The 1935 Romanian authorities banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas after they feared that children would be "scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre". [55] In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary "to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution," the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature [56] except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the "acknowledged artistic merit" of Disney's work. [57] Actually Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. [58] In 1942, after Italy declared war on the USA, fascism forced the Italian publishers to suddenly stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of Tuffolino, a new human character created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government, the ban was removed. Filmography	Mortimer
Which 1940 film was the first commercial film to be shown in stereophonic sound?	Mickey Mouse \| Disney Fan Fiction Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia ― Walt Disney [src] Mickey Mouse is an animated anthropomorphic mouse created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks in the year 1928 . Arguably by far its most famous character, Mickey serves as the mascot for The Walt Disney Company and the leader of The Sensational Six . Fancifully estimated as standing 2 ft. 3 in. (69 cm) and weighing 23 pounds (10 kg), Mickey rapidly rose to the pinnacle of American culture, being more widely recognized overseas than any other American icon but the U.S. flag. For over 80 years, he has signified The Walt Disney Company , animation, goodwill, fun, laughter and most of all Walt Disney himself. It was said by Lillian Disney, his wife, that over the years, Mickey and Walt grew together and were mirrors of each other's personality. They both started off mischievous and cheeky, but as they grew older preferred to step out of the spotlight and observe others work their magic. President Jimmy Carter once said; "Mickey Mouse is the symbol of goodwill, surpassing all languages and cultures. When one sees Mickey Mouse, they see happiness". Mickey also shares the same birthday with Minnie Mouse , his girlfriend. Mickey's 3-circle silhouette serves as the logo for most of Disney's subsidiaries, save for the ones that don't carry the 'Disney' or 'Walt Disney' label. Andy Warhol's portrait The Art of Mickey Mouse used Warhol's famous pop art techniques on the classic mouse. Mickey is often cited as the world's most famous cartoon character of all time. Contents [ show ] Personality Mickey is easily recognized by his red shorts with white (sometimes yellow or golden) buttons on it, white gloves and large yellow shoes as well as his round mouse ears. He often gets himself into trouble as a result of his mischief and the fact that he can be forgetful and extremely imaginative. Mickey sometimes chooses fun and adventure over working, a trait disliked by Minnie Mouse. While usually always having the better amount of luck, when teamed with his pals Donald and Goofy , he and his friends often end their day in failure and all three are the faults. Even so, Mickey has, on many occasions, proven to be the most reliable of the three being that, he has far better control over his temper than Donald, and more common sense than Goofy. Mickey stands as a father figure for Pluto and has grounded him on many occasions as if he is a young boy. He also counts Pluto as his best pal and usually puts him before nearly everything else. Mickey describes himself as a good sport but on occasion has lost his temper on both enemies and friends. He is usually dumbstruck by the mere sight of Minnie Mouse giving her many titles such as "his best girl" and constantly goes out of his way to impress her. Mickey loves her with all his heart and Minnie loves him in return. From experience, Mickey believes there is at least a small dose of kindness in everyone's heart, resulting in him being quite forgiving. He is also understanding and sympathetic. Mickey is very brave. Many cartoons begin with Mickey and Minnie enjoying each other's company until a villain (usually his nemesis Pete ) kidnaps her and the takes her away, resulting to Mickey battling the villain and proclaiming his love. Mickey can be competitive and never backs down even when his opponent is twice his size. In many situations, Mickey has shown to be a trickster and enjoys pranking his enemies to get the better of them. Despite being very heroic, Mickey prefers to lay back and relax. He is optimistic and hardworking during harsh times and often encourages his friends to keep going, but on rare events has given up hope and even doubted himself. Its times like these when Mickey's friends, such as Donald and Goofy are optimistic and encourage him in return. Mickey is incredibly noble and generally puts the people he loves in front of his own well being. He has even been able to set aside differences with his foes when necessary. In spite of being an anthropomorphic mouse, Mickey has the tendencies to act with his animal nature including the fact that, being a mouse, he loves cheese. In the television series House of Mouse , Mickey being a mouse is made fun of when he is shown to exercise on a hamster wheel and drink from a rodent drinking bottle (like the ones found in a hamster cage). These particular facts seem to only exist in the House of Mouse . Creation and debut Mickey through the years. Mickey was originally created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , an earlier star created by the Disney studio. Oswald had been created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks for Charles Mintz of Universal Studios. In fact, Mickey closely resembled Oswald in his early appearances. However, Disney received an unpleasant lesson when he asked Mintz for a larger budget for his popular Oswald series: in reply, Mintz fired Disney and Iwerks and taken all of Disney's artists to draw Oswald, to which Mintz and Universal owned the rights. From that point on, Disney made sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company. Oswald would eventually return to the Disney fold in 2006 as part of a trade between NBC Universal and Disney, with NBC getting the contract of sports announcer Al Michaels as compensation. In order for Walt and his older brother and business partner Roy to keep their company active, new characters had to be created to star in their subsequent animated shorts. One day, during a train ride, Walt desperately wanted to come up with a money-making character to replace the one he lost, Oswald, whom he loved dearly. He had visions of a mouse in the back of his head (he had previously made silent cartoon shorts with animated mice). He wanted to name his new creation Mortimer Mouse , but his wife Lillian Marie Bounds thought the name was too pretentious, so she suggested he change it to Mickey Mouse which he did. The name Mortimer would later be used for a character in a Mickey cartoon, that oddly enough, became a new rival for Mickey. It has been suggested that Walt Disney was influenced by an actual mouse that he almost tamed by feeding it crumbs on his desk at the Laugh-O-Gram Studio . Mickey and Minnie Mouse (Mickey's flapper girlfriend) debuted in the cartoon short Plane Crazy , first released on May 15, 1928 . The short was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks was also the main animator for this short, and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising were credited for assisting him; these two had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz, but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney. This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation. Mickey in his first appearance, Steamboat Willie in 1928 The plot of Plane Crazy was fairly simple. Mickey is apparently trying to become an aviator in emulation of Charles Lindbergh. After building his own aircraft, he proceeds to ask Minnie to join him for its first flight, during which he repeatedly and unsuccessfully attempts to kiss her, eventually resorting to force. Minnie then parachutes out of the plane. While distracted by her, Mickey loses control of the plane. This becomes the beginning of an out-of-control flight that results in a series of humorous situations and eventually in the crash-landing of the aircraft. A non-anthropomorphic cow that briefly becomes a passenger in the aircraft is believed to be Caroline Cow making her debut. Plane Crazy apparently failed to impress audiences, and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short: The Gallopin' Gaucho . It would not be until Mickey's third, probably most famous, and first sound cartoon Steamboat Willie , that Mickey began to gain the popularity that he has today. The short's original release date - November 18, 1928 - was later declared to be Mickey's official birthday in the early 1970s. Mouse in Transition Mickey Mouse entering Depression Era The twelfth and last Mickey short released during the year was Jungle Rhythm , first released on November 15, 1929. Mickey is seen in a safari somewhere in Africa. He rides on an elephant and is armed with a shotgun. But the later proves to be problematic soon after Mickey finds himself standing in between of a lion and a bear. Mickey proceeds to play music to calm them down. During the rest of the short, various jungle animals dance to Mickey's tunes. The tunes vary from the previously mentioned "Yankee Doodle" and "Turkey in the Straw" to Robert Burns' "Auld Lang Syne" (1788), Johann Strauss' "The Blue Danube" (An der schönen, blauen Donau - 1867) and Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii's Aloha `Oe - 1878. This was the first Mickey short to be released during the Great Depression. Mickey's efforts as an entertainer to the jungle can be seen as representative of a function often credited to him. To provide relatively cheap but much needed entertainment to the audiences of the period of Jimmy Durante . Mickey's World of Color Main article: Sorcerer Mickey Mickey's most famous role (alongside Steamboat Willie) is in the 1940 film Fantasia. In the film Mickey appears in a segment called The Sorcerer's Apprentice . In the film's sequel, Fantasia 2000 , Mickey starred in the same short, as well as a brief live-action/animation scene with James Levine to introduce Donald and Daisy's segment, Pomp and Circumstance. Canceled Anchors Aweigh appearance In 1945, the producers of the MGM musical Anchors Aweigh wanted Mickey to do a dance number with Gene Kelly and for Walt Disney to animate it. There were several theories why it never happened: Walt was willing to accept this offer but his brother Roy declined saying that they were in debt after World War II. Walt declined the offer. Walt and Roy agreed with the offer but MGM received a counter offer from Will Hanna and Joe Barbera to use Jerry Mouse instead since Hanna and Barbera were still working at MGM studios at the time. Regardless of which theory was correct, the role and dance number ended up going to Jerry Mouse of Tom & Jerry fame and was animated by Will Hanna and Joe Barbera, who were still making Tom & Jerry cartoons at the time. A Goofy Movie Mickey made a cameo appearance hitchhiking with Donald Duck during the song On the Open Road. A Mickey Mouse phone was also seen in Max's room in the film's opening. At the end of the film, Mickey was seen in the crowd at the Power Line concert. Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas Mickey in Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas. In this film, Mickey is lacking in money, preventing him from easily purchasing a chain for Minnie's watch as a Christmas gift. To gain money faster, he and Pluto work extra hard at their job at "Crazy Pete's Tree Lot". However, after ruining Pete's scheme to sell an overpriced tree to a struggling family, Mickey's tip money is stolen by Pete, and the mouse is fired. With no money, Mickey and Pluto think of a way to make more money, whilst Mickey plays his beloved harmonica. The beauty of Mickey's harmonica playing catches the attention of the Chief of Police who is having a toy drive. However, the band for the drive was unable to perform at the time. The Chief asks Mickey to play at the drive, but Mickey tries to explain that he has no time. Upon seeing the sad face of a child who donates a toy, Mickey decides to play. Even after his stellar performance, Mickey still has no way to get Minnie her gift. Before Mickey departs, the Chief congratulates Mickey on his performance and tells him that he and his harmonica are something special. This gives Mickey the idea to trade in his harmonica for Minnie's chain. The store owner doesn't accept the offer however, until he hears Mickey's harmonica playing. Feeling sympathy for the mouse, the store owner goes through with the trade. At Minnie's, the couple exchanges gift and it turns out that Minnie traded her watch for a case for Mickey's harmonica. The couple then realize that each other are all the gifts they'll ever need. In the finale, Mickey and Minnie join the other characters for Christmas carols. Bonkers Mickey was given a guest spot on Bonkers in "I Oughta be in Toons". Mickey was kidnapped and was rescued by Bonkers and Lucky Piquel . Throughout the episode, Mickey was never actually seen (except as a silhouette in the first scene of the episode) and only referred to as "The Mouse". Mickey in Mickey Mouse Works . Mickey was the star of the series similar to his classic cartoons. Mickey usually got into problems out of his own mischievous attitude. Mickey had his own 90-second cartoon segments entitled "Mickey to the Rescue" in which he would break into Pete's trap-laden hideout to rescue Minnie. In some episodes, Mickey would be involved in the Ajax business with Donald and Goofy having various jobs often ending in complete failure while in other cartoons might involve him in trying to impress Minnie by going over the top and modern. Some episodes involved Mickey competing with his much hated rival Mortimer Mouse. Mickey was shown to be a trickster in the show, in such shorts as Mickey's Mountain and Mickey's Cabin, usually having Mickey outwit his nemesis Pete as they battle each other. Mickey was able to trick the dim-witted Pete on many occasions. Mickey as the host of House of Mouse . Mickey is the owner of the popular night club in downtown Main Street. Mickey strives to keep the club profitable to keep safe from the landlord, Pete, while making sure himself is entertaining. Like his previous series, Mickey is mischievous and often gets the club in hot water because of that, such as in the episode " Rent Day ", where he spent the club's rent on a large order of cheese. In Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse , Mickey and the guests are trapped inside the club on Christmas Eve. Mickey suggests they throw a Christmas party at the club. While the guests enjoy themselves by watching cartoons and socializing, Mickey and the employees try to get Donald into the Christmas spirit. With the guidance of Jiminy Cricket , Mickey is able to shed light on Donald, making it a merry Christmas for everyone. In Mickey's House of Villains , Mickey tries to give his guests a good-spirited spooky Halloween. However, things take a turn for the worse when Jafar rallies the villains together at midnight and kicks him out along with the rest of the staff (trapping non-evil guests in the kitchen) and rename the club the "House of Villains". Mickey tries reasoning with Jafar to get the club back to normal, but to no avail. This forces Mickey to sneak backstage and don his sorcerer robes and hat from his time as Yen Sid 's apprentice and take Jafar on in a magical duel. However, he soon loses his hat and becomes disadvantaged as the villains gang up on him, but Aladdin provides a lamp to imprison Jafar, scaring the other villains away and returning the House to normal. Mickey as he appears in Mickey Mouse Clubhouse . Mickey is the host of the CG animated series in which he uses brains and teamwork to solve problems. Mickey is the leader of the clubhouse gang and often going on various adventures to help and/or save his friends. Mickey was voiced by official voice actor Wayne Allwine for the first three seasons until his death. The role was then taken over by Bret Iwan . However, Allwine's Mickey voice was a tad bit too low at some point. Iwan's Mickey voice is staying in the lighter high range close to how Allwine would used to normally perform it. In the show, Mickey and the clubhouse gang solve various problems using the viewers help. Aside from leaving on adventures and solving puzzles, Mickey and his friends also go through other problems such as stopping Goofy's Goofbot and Mickey and Pluto spending the day trying to return to solid grown after being trapped in a bubble. Mickey is also the host of the spin-off television series: Mickey Mousekersize . In these shorts, Mickey, accompanied by Toodles , help his friends stay in shape by using exercises to solve their daily problems. Mickey Mouse Mickey and his friends are set to star in an upcoming animated series that is set to premiere on Disney Channel. In the series, Mickey and the gang will partake in a series of new adventures around the world such as Paris, New York, and many more. Later popularity On November 18 , 1978 , in honor of his 50th anniversary, he became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd. Only four people have regularly provided the voice for Mickey (not including theme park attractions and parades in the 1970s and 1980's). His first three official voice actors were Walt Disney (regularly from 1928 to 1947, occasionally from 1947 to 1966), James MacDonald (from 1947 to 1977) and Wayne Allwine (from 1977 until his death in 2009). After Allwine's passing, Hallmark greeting card illustrator Bret Iwan was chosen to be the new voice of Mickey, starting with a Mickey toy. Mickey battles Julius in Runaway Brain . Mickey's most recent theatrical cartoon was 1995 's short Runaway Brain , a short focusing on Mickey's brain and body being switched with that of a monster, who falls in love with Minnie, named Julius . Mickey Mouse has received nine nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. These are Mickey's Orphans (1931), Building a Building (1933), Brave Little Tailor (1938), The Pointer (1939), Lend a Paw (1941), Squatter's Rights (1946), Mickey and the Seal (1948), Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983), and Runaway Brain (1995). Among these, Lend a Paw was the only film to actually win the award. Additionally, in 1932, Walt Disney received an honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey's creation and popularity. In 1994 , four of Mickey's cartoons were included in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons, which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as voted by members of the animation field. The films were The Band Concert (#3), Steamboat Willie (#13), Brave Little Tailor (#26), and Clock Cleaners (#27). Mickey served as the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year's Day 2005, as part of the kickoff of the "Happiest Homecoming on Earth", celebrating Disneyland's 50th Anniversary. In 2009, Mickey has reappeared in balloon form in the famous Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade , dressed as the captain of the Disney Cruise Line. That same year, Disney Channel premiered a short-series known as Have a Laugh! which is a collection of remastered shorts starring Mickey and friends. In 2010, three dozen Mickey statues were used to promote the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, which was played in Anaheim, California, adorned with insignias of the teams. In 2011 , Mickey and Minnie were given the honors as Grand Marshals of the 20th Annual Festival of Lights Parade in Chicago. Mickey would also be featured in the short series A Poem Is... on Disney Junior . In 2012, Mickey and the gang starred in the animated short, Electric Holiday .Mickey will star in 19 cartoon shorts staring June 28 2013 Disney Parks Mickey poses for a photo at Hong Kong Disneyland. Since Disneyland first opened in 1955, Mickey and the gang have been an important part of the Disney theme park experience. Today, they can be seen everyday in shows, parades, and meet-and-greet opportunities at all 11 Disney theme parks worldwide. Mickey is the most requested character in the parks. Classic cartoons staring the beloved characters are also screened in the Main Street Cinema at Disneyland and the Town Square Exposition Hall at Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom . Back in Disneyland's old Adventure Thru Inner Space , most of the molecules were shaped around Mickey heads. Disneyland In Disneyland Park, Mickey can often be found in Mickey's Toontown in the Movie Barn. For entertainment, Mickey is seen in nearly all parades and every showing including Mickey's Soundsational Parade and the popular Fantasmic! Mickey can often be found with the Disneyland Band. Over at Disney California Adventure , Mickey is found at Paradise Pier for meet-and-greets, and was also included on some billboards with characters like Goofy , Donald Duck , Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , Horace Horsecollar , and more . Mickey, in his sorcerer outfit, can be seen at the end of World of Color . Walt Disney World At the Magic Kingdom, Mickey is found in Main Street, U.S.A. with Minnie inside the Town Square Theater. Mickey is sometimes found in Fantasyland. For entertainment, Mickey can be seen in Mickey's PhilharMagic , Dream Along with Mickey , Celebrate A Dreams Come True Parade , Main Street Electrical Parade and far more. Over at Disney's Hollywood Studios , Mickey has the starring role in Fantasmic! . Mickey also makes a cameo in Muppet*Vision 3D . In Animal Kingdom , Mickey and friends can be found in Camp Minnie Mickey for meet-and-greets as well as being featured in Mickey's Jammin' Jungle Parade. Mickey also appears at Disney's Contemporary Resort in the Chef Mickey's restaurant for breakfast meet-and-greets. Mickey has two spell cards in the attraction Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom known as "Apprentice Mickey's Broomsticks" and "Mickey's Magic Beans". Disney Cruise Line Mickey is apart of the Oceaneer Lab with the younger children on board and for shows, Mickey is found in " The Golden Mickeys " and "Believe". On the Disney Fantasy, Mickey is the leader of a detective agency in " Midship Detective Agency ". Mickey, along with Donald and Goofy, teams up with different Disney characters to help solve a case. On the Disney Magic cruise, Mickey can be seen flying Minnie around in The Toon Plane in the Magical Porthole. Mickey also joins on on the Sail Away Parties when the ships sail from their ports. In video games Main article: Mickey Mouse in video games Mickey with Oswald the Lucky Rabbit in promotional artwork for Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two. Mickey has starred in many video games, including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System, Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse and the Magical Quest trilogy on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Castle of Illusion starring Mickey Mouse on the Sega Genesis, and many others. Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse , a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. A costume of Mickey is playable in the video game Disney Universe , released in 2011 . In Kinect Disneyland Adventures , Mickey is one of the many characters available for meet-and-greets and gives several tasks to the player(s). The first game in Epic Mickey series , featuring a darker version of the Disney universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. It centers around Mickey's adventures in Wasteland , a world where forgotten and rejected Disney elements reside, including the character and Mickey's half-brother Oswald the Lucky Rabbit . The sequel, Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two , was released in 2012. Kingdom Hearts series Mickey also plays a major recurring role in the Kingdom Hearts video game series , known as King Mickey. In the series, he is the king of Disney Castle , and he sets off to battle the forces of Darkness . He is an incredibly powerful character in the Kingdom Hearts universe , as shown when he defeated three Darkside Heartless in a single blow whilst inside the Realm of Darkness . First studying under Yen Sid , Mickey is possibly the inventor of Gummi Ships . He is the first to realize the threat of darkness spreading between worlds, and one of the characters most strongly affiliated with light, including Sora . Kingdom Keepers Mickey hasn't made yet an appereance on the Kingdom Keepers books, but it's known he is the leader of the Disney characters and is mentioned by Minnie and Ariel in the fourth book. Here, they say Mickey disappeared since an event called the night, when strange noises and some kind of struggle were heard from his house at Mickey's ToonTown Fair (this is the "reason" why they closed the land). They also say, there's the possibility that he is in hiding, but the most possible thing is that he has been taken by The Overtakers . Relationships with other characters Main article: Mickey Mouse's Relationships Catchphrases Mickey, like Donald and Goofy has many catchphrases. Some of Mickey's most famous catchphrases are: Oh boy!, Hi folks!, Hey Everybody, See ya Real Soon and Hot Dog. Some of his other well known catchphrases are Golly and Oh my gosh!. His trademark laugh is among one of his catchphrases. Filmography Main article: Mickey Mouse's Filmography Trivia Mickey's full name was said to be Michael Mouse in the cartoon Symphony Hour and again in House of Mouse . Mickey Mouse was listed #50 in Empire Magazine's The 50 Best Animated Movie Characters; a list for characters from animated features. The low listing was due to Mickey's lack of critically acclaimed theatrical feature films with the exception of Fantasia. However, the list refers to Mickey as "the world's most famous cartoon character of all time" to make up. Many variations of Mickey's silhouette logo have been made, see: List of Mickey Mouse Head Formed by Circles, these are called hidden mickeys. According to Walt Disney, Mickey and Minnie Mouse have never been married on screen. But, in 1933, during an interview with Film Pictorial, Walt said, “In private life, Mickey is married to Minnie... What it really amounts to is that Minnie is, for screen purposes, his leading lady.” Mickey was used along with Minnie in a 1930 Aesop's Fables cartoon called "The Office Boy" after Walt Disney admitted influence from this cartoon series which had been around even before Mickey was even created. But Walt sued its creator Paul Terry for "plagiarizing" his character which lead to Aesop's Fables ending in 1933. Wayne Allwine's final performance of Mickey Mouse before his death was in Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days. Because of this, there is a dedication to him in the credits of the English version of the game. Steamboat Willie 's Mickey makes a cameo appearance as a transformation of Genie 's in Aladdin and the King of Thieves. Although Mickey is usually shown to have magic powers with the Sorcerer Hat of Yen Sid , it is shown that Mickey can control magic without aid. Mickey's first-ever spoken line was "Hot Dogs!" in The Karnival Kid (1929). This is a very similar line to one of his catchphrases, "Hot dog!" In the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Mickey is often referred to by the Cast Members as the boss or Mr. Mouse. In the 2011 Disney / Pixar film Cars 2 , two characters named Mama Topolino and Uncle Topolino are tributes to Mickey, as Topolino (meaning "little mouse") is Mickey's name in Italian. In 1933, Mickey Mouse received 800,000 pieces of fan mail. In Aladdin , Rajah's face turned into Mickey's for a split second when he transformed from a kitten to a tiger again. In 101 Dalmatians: The Series , Mickey makes numerous appearances. When the Pups are riding on top of a Subway Train in the first episode; "Home is Where the Bark Is", Mickey's silhouette can be seen as one of the passengers. In "Roll Out the Pork Barrell"; Rolly has a stuffed animal of Mickey Mouse. And in "On The Lamb", One of the Trees in the Gruteley Nursery is in the shape of a Mickey Mouse Head. In the anime series Stitch! , Hidden Mickeys are a common running gag being seen in many episodes.	i don't know
In which year (+/- 2 years) was the original Disneyland resort to open to the general public?	Disneyland's Grand Opening Store After years of planning, Walt Disney's very first theme park Disneyland opened its gates at 2:30PM on Sunday July 17, 1955 in Anaheim, California. Television crews, Art Linkletter, Ronald Reagan, Bob Cummings, the Mouseketeers, Thurl Ravenscroft, California Governor Goodwin J. Knight and over 28,000 guests witnessed the opening of Walt's dream. Broadcast on ABC at 4:30PM, it was the biggest live telecast to date. Eighteen-year-old Bob Penfield operated the King Arthur Carousel that day - he was suppose to operate Peter Pan's Flight, but the attraction kept breaking down. "On Opening Day I remember standing on the Carrousel when they lowered the drawbridge for the first time and all of the kids came running across." Penfield went on to become the longest working Cast Member in Disneyland history! Charlie Ridgway, a reporter working for the Los Angeles Mirror-News was covering the opening of Disneyland on that hot July day. He later went on to work for Disney as a publicist before relocating to Orlando, Florida to run Disney's public-relations department for thirty years! Actor Ronald Reagan (who would later become president of the United States) introduced 53-year-old Walt Disney - "And now, Walt Disney will step forward to read the dedication of Disneyland." Walt christened his 160-acre park with these now famous words (penned by Winston Hibler): The park offered 5 themed lands with a total of 18 attractions . Disneyland opened as invitation only on this day, given to studio workers, construction workers, the press and officials of company sponsors. (The park opened to the general public the following day - July 18 .) Because tickets to the grand opening were counterfeited, a surprising 28,000-plus attended. The day was marked by numerous disasters, including a traffic jam, a shortage of food, and a gas leak in Fantasyland. Even a chunk of window from the Mark Twain Steamboat crashed on the head of an invited state senator! Disneyland encouraged visitors to arrive before 4:15PM, as during the live ABC telecast the park's gates were closed from 4:20PM to 5:30PM. Cast Member Ron Dominguez was working as a ticket taker at Disneyland's main gate. "I was a Ticker Taker. Opening Day was a hectic day. The plan was to invite people at different hours so that we could spread out all of the arrivals. But it didn't work out that way. Everyone wanted to come out early to see the stars." Dominguez would spend his entire career at the park eventually becoming a top executive (between 1971-1994). Ironically he grew up on one of the Anaheim orange groves later purchased by Disney for the theme park. The Dominguez family house was located just about where the entrance to the Pirates of the Caribbean is! Celebrities visiting Disneyland that day included Frank Sinatra, Jerry Lewis, Sammy Davis Jr., Danny Thomas, Debbie Reynolds and Eddie Fisher. July 17, 1955 was known by Disneyland old-timers as "Black Sunday" (because of the numerous mishaps) ... yet in those first 7 weeks more than a million people walked down Disneyland's Main Street USA! OPENING DAY OPENING OF DISNEYLAND Nine-year-old Bonnie Williams was an opening day guests because her church youth group was invited. She was among the first children to cross the drawbridge into Fantasyland and ride Disneyland's rides! "I remember seeing Walt," she says. "He looked like a giant. I told him, 'I saw you on TV!' The whole day was magical. I felt like a real princess." "To all who come to this happy place: welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past...and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams and the hard facts which have created America ... with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world." THIS SITE MADE IN THE USA A rusty-haired 12-year-old named Tom Nabbe also visited Disneyland. Tom and his mom stood outside the park's entrance seeking autographs from Hollywood stars who were visiting. They spotted entertainer Danny Thomas exiting and Tom's mom asked him for an autograph. As he signed he asked her, "Have you been in the park?" Upon learning she hadn't, Thomas gave her two extra free passes! Tom and his mom became invited guests of Danny Thomas! (Two days later, Tom landed a job as a "newsie," hawking The Disneyland News on Main Street. In 1956 Nabbe became the park's first Tom Sawyer and in 1971, became Walt Disney World's monorail manager!) Firehouse Five Plus Two, a Dixieland jazz band made up of Disney Studio employees and led by animator Ward Kimball, appeared at the firehouse on Main Street for the opening ceremonies. The group, made up of Harper Goff, Danny Alguire, Clarke Mallery, Monte Mountjoy, Ed Penner, and Frank Thomas, later played at the dedication of Frontierland. "Walt told us to wander around the park and play wherever there was a crowd. We were the first mobile band at Disneyland!" -Ward Kimball Disney consultant Harrison "Buzz" Price, who a few years earlier had chosen the then-sleepy agricultural town of Anaheim as the location for Disneyland, attended opening day. "I was on the bridge that led to Sleeping Beauty's Castle, and it was full of people. We couldn't move. and the asphalt was sticky. I looked down and saw Frank Sinatra, and he was cursing." Actor Fess Parker, famously known in 1955 as TV's Davy Crockett, led the opening-day parade dressed as the famous frontiersman and riding a horse! ''There were so many people I couldn't see the park!" he later explained. The Mouseketeers were first introduced to the public during the live broadcast of the Disneyland opening day festivities. All 24 members were featured in the inaugural Main Street parade and were showcased with their very own musical production number. (Mickey Mouse Club would make its national television premiere on October 3, 1955 .) Future Disneyland President Jack Lindquist was there on opening day ... but as a guest. He was working for an ad agency and one of his clients, Kelvinator (an appliance company) invited him. "It was so overcrowded, and it was I think 105. I don’t know, but very very hot. But traffic wasn’t a problem, they had a great system of directing traffic. It came right into the parking lot, and then everything came to a halt. You had tickets that said enter at 1PM. Well, the people that had tickets that said 8am, 9am, 10am weren’t leaving. They were just adding more people going in, nobody was coming out." "It’s not apparent at a casual glance but this street is only a scale model. We had every brick and tile and gas lamp made 5/8ths true size. This cost more, but it made the street a toy, and the imagination can play more freely with a toy. Besides, people like to think that their world is somehow more grown-up than Papa’s was." -Walt Disney on Disneyland's Main Street Also among the first children to run through Sleeping Beauty Castle was young Robb Fischle. He was also one of the first to experience Mr. Toad's Wild Ride. Starting in 1972 he worked at Disneyland and today is a park Security Officer! "Main Street, U.S.A. is America at the turn of the century - the crossroads of an era. The gas lamps and the electric lamps, the horse drawn car and the auto car. Main Street is everyone's home town ... the come true." -Walt Disney "Tomorrowland ... a vista into a world of wondrous ideas, signifying man's achievements ... a step into the future with predictions of constructive things to come. Tomorrow offers new frontiers in science, adventure and ideals ... the challenge of outer space, and the hope of a peaceful and unified world." -Walt Disney "Opening Day? It was wonderful! I was loading jungle boats and Bob Cummings microphone wire kept getting wrapped around my neck! I was supposed to be working on the Mark Twain but they didn't have my uniform by opening day. Well, the Mark Twain had too many operators and the jungle didn't have enough, so I went to the jungle for a year. There were no microphones on the boats then and you shouted yourself hoarse with a megaphone. I didn't like to give the spiel so they sent me to the shooting galleries for ten years. I made Walt Disney pay on the shooting gallery. Yep. Sure did. That's the rules... no different for him than anyone else! Walt wanted things perfect. He had an open mind and asked advice of the operators saying, 'How can you improve?' He loved kids." -Homer Holland (original Cast Member) Imagineer Harriett Burns, the first woman ever hired by Walt Disney in a creative rather than an office capacity, was there on July 17 as well. "Oh, the crunch. Oh my gosh. We were all assigned different places... each person at the studio. They didn’t want everyone in the same area. They thought we’d be spaced out and sort of be “hosting” in different areas. But, it was just so crunched. They had counterfeit tickets and there was just this mob of people and it felt like 110 degrees. The asphalt was melting, every woman wore heels and my heels would sink into the asphalt. It was a miserable hot day." "On the opening day of Disneyland, we (Mouseketters) were in Walt Disney's private apartment above the Main Street Fire Station when the gates of the park opened for the first time. I was standing next to him at the window, watching the guests come pouring through the gates. When I looked up at him, he had his hands behind his back, a grin from ear to ear, I could see a lump in his throat and a tear streaming down his cheek. He had realized his dream. I was only twelve years old at the time, so it didn't mean as much to me then. But as the years go by, that image of him becomes more and more endearing." -Sharon Baird "Disneyland will always "I think what I want Disneyland to be most of all is a happy place—a place where adults and children some of the wonder of life, of adventure, and feel better because of it." -Walt Disney Young Martin Gushwa visited the park on that historic day as well. "I was one of the kids that ran across the bridge and then thru the castle the day the park opened," Marty happily recalled. After high school and during his college years he worked at the Disneyland Hotel restaurants. "After my wife and I started a family we began buying annual passes and used to take the girls to the park every Sunday after church. My oldest daughter went on to work with the Disney Kids Clubs and also for one contract on one of the Disney Cruise ships. A couple of years ago we purchased the DVD set of the opening day at the park. I swear I can pick me out of the group of kids on the bridge." "Disney was a dreamer and a doer ... while the rest of us were talking about the future, he built it. The things he taught us at Disneyland about street planning, crowd movement, comfort humanity, etc, will influence builders, architects, urban planners for the next century." -writer Ray Bradbury	1955
Which is the only one of the 7(seven) Dwarfs not to have a beard?	DISNEYLAND TIMELINE The First 50 Years (1955-2005) The Happiest Place on Earth 1954 ï¿½ Construction starts in Anaheim, which often continues 24 hours a day to get the park ready in time. Hollywood studios and amusement park owners couldnï¿½t understand Waltï¿½s concept of a ï¿½theme park,ï¿½ and figured it would fail within months of opening. Burbank was the desired location, but the city rejected the project fearing the ï¿½carnieï¿½ type atmosphere and increased crime that was associated with amusement parks of the day. Disneyland, in fact, was based much less on the traditional amusement park and much more on the worldï¿½s fair, Denmarkï¿½s Tivoli Gardens, Greenfield Village and the ï¿½garden city" concept, which also became the model for most of Americaï¿½s suburbs developed during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s (most of Disneyland's patrons came from those suburbs, and it's a small wonder they found it so appealing). ABC, the smallest of the three networks, begins airing Disneyland television show, which eventually becomes the Wonderful World of Disney. The show is the first time a major Hollywood movie studio has partnered with television, and puts ABC at the top of the rankings. The hour-long showï¿½s programming is divided into four guiding themes, Fantasyland (Disney animated shorts), Frontierland (the amazingly successful Davy Crocket), Adventureland (True-Life Adventures series ï¿½ the first such films to capture animals in the wild) and Tomorrowland (original programming such as Man In Space). Not only was the show a great way to remind audiences of Disney favorites of the past, but it also was the first time future movies were promoted using television, a practice that is now commonplace. In addition, Walt used the show to show the public plans for his theme park concept. Walt Disney becomes the first publicly recognizable studio head in Hollywood history by insisting that his face be shown on every episode of Disneyland. 1955 ï¿½ Disneyland opens July 17th with 18 attractions, at a cost of $17.5 million. The five original lands are Adventureland, Frontierland, Fantasyland, Tomorrowland and Main Street USA (the only entrance/exit for the park). Opening day ceremonies are overseen by Ronald Reagan, Art Linkletter and Robert Cummings. All three will return for Disneylandï¿½s 35 in 1990, and Art Linkletter will be present for Disneylandï¿½s 50th in 2005. Park crowds swell to 30,000 as more than double the invited number of guests enter as people climb fences and walls around the park to get in. Most attractions break down within the first few hours and many women lose the heels of their shoes (yes people dressed up for Disneyland back then) as the asphalt paving on Main Street USA had just been poured and was still soft. Disneyland is deemed a disaster in Anaheim, although the televised grand opening attracted the largest TV audience in history to that date ï¿½ over 90 million viewers, which in 1955, was almost everyone that had the ability to view television. By September, Disneyland welcomes its 1,000,000th guest. Disneyland not only charged admission for attractions (which would later change to tickets), but there was also a general admission at the front gate, which kept out certain ï¿½undesirables.ï¿½ Disneyland was also located off a major freeway, far from public transportation and the center of Los Angeles, again, limiting access to those able to afford automobiles. It clearly represented a shift in American entertainment from the city center to the surrounding suburbs. 1956 ï¿½ By October, 5 million people have visited Disneyland. The "D" ticket is introduced this year. The Skyway opens and is the first aerial tramway of its kind in the US. Tom Sawyer Island opens. Other "lands," Edison Square, International Street and Liberty Street were to be located in the backstage area between Main Street USA and Tomorrowland, however they were never completed (Edison Square served as the inspiration for the Carousel of Progress, International Street eventually morphed into World Showcase at Epcot Center, and Liberty Street is essentially the inspiration for Liberty Square in the Florida Magic Kingdom). These ideas would pop up, sometimes even announced to the visiting public with signage, between late 1955 and the early 1960s. 1957 ï¿½ By December, 10 million people have visited Disneyland. Sleeping Beauty Castleï¿½s interior walkways open. Construction starts on the first park to attempt the Disney ï¿½themeï¿½ concept. Financial backers get scared, and Magic Mountain in Denver (no association with Magic Mountain outside of Los Angeles), was never completed, although the site of the old park is now Heritage Square in Denver. 1958 ï¿½ The first poster-sized, large souvenir map of Disneyland is released to the public. Alice in Wonderland opens in Fantasyland. Pacific Ocean Park (POP) in Santa Monica was converted from a small traditional amusement park into a lavish theme park by new owners CBS and the Hollywood Turf Club. Hoping to cash in on the success Disney seemed to have, $16 million was put into the park. While very popular, POP opted for one low cover charge of $2.50 (the POP also stood for Pay One Price). The crowds poured in, but the low entrance fee didnï¿½t allow for proper maintenance of the facility (it was next to the ocean), and allowed ï¿½undesirablesï¿½ to afford entry into the park. The park ultimately failed and closed in 1968. 1959 ï¿½ The "E" ticket is introduced this year. The experimental Swiss-made Alweg Disneyland Monorail makes its US debut this year. Soviet Premier, Nikita Krushchev, is denied entry into Disneyland. Disneyland introduces the world to the tubular steel roller coaster with the opening of the Matterhorn Bobsleds to go along with the studioï¿½s new movie, Third Man on the Mountain. The Matterhorn is a 1/100 version of the 14,700ft high Swiss Alps peak, and tops out at 147ft. It is the parkï¿½s highest point. Besides being the first tubular steel roller coater (Walt originally wanted actual bobsleds, but was convinced that those would prove unsafe with unskilled riders), the Matterhorn was also the first roller coaster to allow the multiple dispatch of trains. Matterhorn contains breaking blocks, and at any time, all of the trains can be stopped without running into each other. This combination of fantasy and technology suits the location of the Matterhorn at the border of Fantasyland and Tomorrowland. The Tomorrowland side of the ride (there are two bobsled runs inside the Matterhorn), is actually the faster, but in order to keep the two lines more equal in length, this knowledge is withheld from guests by the late 1970s. Arrow Development Company of the USA (later Arrow Dynamics and now owned by S&S Power), created many of the track systems for Disneylandï¿½s early Fantasyland rides. They turned it up a notch with the experimental tubular track for Matterhorn and revolutionized the coaster industry, going on to create run-a-way mine trains for parks around the country, the Corkscrews at Knottï¿½s Berry Farm and Cedar Point, The Loch Ness Monster at Busch Gardens, Viper at Magic Mountain, Vortex at Kings Island, Demon at both Great America parks and numerous other coasters. The company also created the first modern log flume (El Aserradero at Six Flags Over Texas), which has been built in several theme and amusement parks around the world. A third attempt to duplicate the success of Disneyland, Pleasure Island, opens outside of Boston at a cost of $4 million. The park fails to impress audiences who continue to patronize the traditional amusement parks in the Boston area that provide standard thrill rides instead of themed areas. The park struggles for ten years and closes in 1969 without ever turning a profit. Busch Gardens opens in Tampa on land surrounding the Busch brewery. At this stage it is literally just a garden with plants and birds. 1960 ï¿½ Freedomland USA, opens in the Bronx New York. Freedomland was ambitious ($33 million), but unfortunately underfunded. It played heavily on US history, and the park was shaped like a giant map of the United States, with sections themed to Old New York, Old Chicago, The Great Plains, San Francisco, The Old Southwest, New Orleans and Satellite City (the Florida "Space Coast"). Although 60,000 people jammed the half-finished park on opening day, the park was an enormous financial failure, leading many to speculate that Disneyï¿½s cleanliness and emphasis on family entertainment over thrill rides was a fluke that only worked in Anaheim. In 1964 Freedomland closed. 1961- First Grad Nite party. The Flying Saucers are added to Tomorrowland. In this space-age version of bumper cars, riders actually float on air that is shot up through the floor by giant fan jets. The technology, while exciting, was difficult to execute consistently, and the attraction closed in 1966. The monorail is extended to the Disneyland Hotel, making it the first monorail in the United States to operate over surface streets (Seattle's Alweg Monorail will open in 1962). The Disneyland Hotel expands and becomes Orange County's first high-rise building. Six Flags Over Texas is opened between Dallas and Fort Worth by oil tycoon and real estate developer, Angus Wynne, Jr. (son of Angus Wynne, Sr.). Wynne liked Disneyï¿½s family entertainment concept, but was smart enough to realize that Disneyï¿½s national-level success was the result of the parkï¿½s promotion on television and the synergy created between the parkï¿½s attractions and the companyï¿½s movies and characters. Wynne, not having movies or a television show made his park for the local residents of the Dallas metropolitan area and the state of Texas, and thus the ï¿½regional theme parkï¿½ was born. The designer was Randall Duell, an architect and set designer for MGM who would go on to design most of the regional theme parks in the United States. The park had six themed areas, each relating to a ï¿½flagï¿½ that had flown over the state of Texas (Spain, France, Mexico, the Confederacy, The Republic of Texas and USA). The opening cost was modest, only $3 million, but that small sum could be supported by local visitation. The theming was also not as detailed (and not as expensive) as Disney or the other failed theme parks. The park was an instant success, and is still the most visited theme park in Texas. Nearly all of the USï¿½s theme parks follow this regional theme park concept rather than the Disney ï¿½destination parkï¿½ concept. 1962 ï¿½ Swiss Family Treehouse opens. 1963 ï¿½ Disneyland introduces the world to audio-animatronic characters with the opening of the Enchanted Tiki Room. The Haunted Mansion is built in Frontierland, although the desired show isn't technologically available at the time. The first log flume, El Aserradero, opens at Six Flags Over Texas. The Arrow Development designed log flume will become the most popular family ride at US theme parks. 1964 ï¿½ Disney creates the Carousel of Progress (moved to Disneyland in 1967), Itï¿½s A Small World (1966) and Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln (1965) for the Worldï¿½s Fair in New York. After their run at the fair, they become Disneyland attractions. The Carousel of Progress is later moved to the Magic Kingdom in Florida and replaced with America Sings at Disneyland in 1974. Disneylandï¿½s first death is recorded as a 15 year old stands up on the Matterhorn and falls out. Not a pleasant sight for those standing near the bottom of the waterfall. Universal Studios (later Universal Studios Hollywood) revives its tour of the 1920s and begins charging the public admission. The first of the four SeaWorld parks opens in San Diego. SeaWorld will later be bought by Busch Entertainment, the family branch of the beer company. 1965 ï¿½ For the 10th Anniversary, a Disneyland Ambassador to the World begins making trips to Japan, Australia, Europe and other parts of the US to meet with leaders and make press appearances. Disney ends discussions with St. Louis to build an indoor theme park near the riverfront between the new Busch Stadium and the planned Gateway Arch (designed by Eero Saarinen). St. Louis is hoping to save its downtown (one of the first urban-redevelopment plans in the country) by incorporating the theme park concept, which is projected to cost between $30 and $50 million. Disney demands that the city pay for the entire project and once the construction costs are cleared, Disney wants 100% of the profits. The city backs out of the deal. Busch Gardens opens the ï¿½Serengeti Plain,ï¿½ the first zoo to have animals roaming freely. By 1968 it is Floridaï¿½s most popular tourist attraction. It will become a full theme park in 1975, calling itself The Dark Continent Busch Gardens (then Busch Gardens The Dark Continent, then Busch Gardens, then Busch Gardens Tampa Bay and finally, Busch Gardens Africa). 1966 ï¿½ New Orleans Square, the first new ï¿½land,ï¿½ opens at a cost of $18 million at the bend of the Rivers of America in what used to be part of Frontierland. A young man is crushed to death on by the monorail as he tries to sneak into the park by climbing its track during Grad Night. Not a pleasant sight for the high school graduates. Walt Disney dies in December, his older brother and business partner, Roy Disney becomes CEO. Space Mountain first appears on the large, poster-sized, souvenir map of Disneyland. Space Mountain will not open however until 1977. Public is first made aware of plans for ï¿½Disneyland East,ï¿½ for which Walt Disney Productions has been secretly buying land in Central Florida under various names to avoid a sudden increase in the price per acre. Disneyland Eastï¿½s name is later changed to Disney World. Disney formally announces plans to build a ski resort at Mineral King, adjacent to Sequoia National Park. The site was selected after looking at other now famous ski areas such as Aspen and Mammoth. However, plans never materialized due to a ten year legal battle over the size of Disneyï¿½s project. Protesters marched on Disneyland, and in 1978, the Mineral King Valley was added to Sequoia, making it unavailable for development. Busch Gardens opens in Van Nuys surrounding the Busch Brewery. The park closes in 1986. 1967 ï¿½ Pirates of the Caribbean makes its debut in New Orleans Square, and immediately becomes Disneylandï¿½s most popular attraction, and is the most popular dark ride in the world, with an abbreviated version in Florida, a full-length version in Tokyo, a reverse-story line version in Paris, and soon to be modified, higher-thrill version in Hong Kong. One of the attraction's most popular effects, the two chute hills, actually served a very practical purpose. The actual ride building for Pirates is located beyond the park's berm. In order to transport guests to the ride building, they would have to be lowered underneath the railroad tracks. The mundane task was made exciting by incorporating two downward hills near the beginning of the ride (this is the same reason the Haunted Mansion uses its elevators - imagineers just took the opportunity to make it part of the attraction even though its primary purpose is a practical one). In the mid-1980s, the attraction comes under attack by womenï¿½s rights groups that complain of the theme songï¿½s rowdy rape, pillage, hijack and plunder lyrics and several scenes of the attraction that depict men chasing women. Some of the scenes are altered to make the attraction more politically correct. Club 33, a secret club located above Pirates also opens this year. Tomorrowland is revamped at a cost of $23 million. A teenage boy is crushed to death by the PeopleMover as he tries to jump between cars and falls between them. He is torn to pieces by the rideï¿½s cog system. Not a pleasant thing for employees to have to clean up. Six Flags Over Texas and Arrow Development team up again to create the Run-A-Way Mine Train family roller coaster, based on the Matterhorn technology, which will become a standard in theme parks across the country. Six Flags Over Georgia opens outside of Atlanta, becoming the first time a theme park ï¿½chainï¿½ is established. Theme parks as suburban (or exurban) ventures is firmly established as the idea of an urban park is not attempted again. 1968 ï¿½ Knottï¿½s Berry Farm begins charging admission to the ï¿½Ghost Townï¿½ that had joined the chicken dinner restaurant that Cordelia Knott operated since 1934 next to her husband Walter Knottï¿½s boysenberry farm. Ghost Town had opened in 1940 as something Walter built to entertain guests waiting for a table in the restaurant. The chicken dinner restaurant is currently the largest restaurant serving chicken as its main course. 1969 ï¿½ The Haunted Mansion finally opens in what is now New Orleans Square, becoming the most technologically advanced attraction of the time. Originally conceived as a walk-through attraction, Disney held out until a continuously moving transportation system (named the "omnicar" or "omnimover") could be developed for the ride that never had to stop - even when loading. These "doom buggies" would help control the number of guests per hour, keeping the rate high. At last report, there are still only 999 ghosts within the mansion, and they are still looking for number 1000. Any takers? 1970 ï¿½ By June, 100 million people have visited Disneyland. Yippies (Youth International Party members) invaded Disneyland and cause for early park closure. Police were called in to round up the trouble-makers that took over Tom Sawyer Island and declared it theirs by raising a Viet Cong flag, filled the now-closed Adventure Through Inner-Space attraction with Marijuana smoke, lit trash cans on fire, and tried to ï¿½liberateï¿½ Minnie Mouse, whom they saw as oppressed because of her female gender and subordinate role to Mickey. A second SeaWorld park opens in Ohio. In 2001, this SeaWorld will be sold to Six Flags. 1971 ï¿½ Walt Disney World in Florida opens as the first full-scale vacation resort, and the largest privately funded project on earth. It opens with one theme park (the Disneyland inspired Magic Kingdom), two resort hotels and 43 square miles of recreational land and water space (equal to twice the size of Manhattan or equal to the size of the entire city of San Francisco). Walt Disney World now attracts nearly 40 million people annually, and ranks as the fourth most visited ï¿½nationï¿½ in the world, falling between the United States and Italy. The ï¿½Waltï¿½ was added to the name of the ï¿½Vacation Kingdom of the Worldï¿½ in honor of Roy Disneyï¿½s younger brother, Walt. Waltï¿½s older brother and the Disney financial genius (to match Waltï¿½s creative genius), Roy Disney, dies in December. Don Tatum takes over as CEO. Magic Mountain (originally owned in part by SeaWorld, later purchased by Six Flags and renamed Six Flags Magic Mountain) opens in the northern suburbs on Los Angeles. The park struggles for several years due to bad design and underfunding. Although it began as a family park, by the late 1970s, it relies mainly on thrill rides to attract an audience. The third and final of the three original Angus Wynne Six Flags parks (Six Flags Over Mid-America, now Six Flags St. Louis) opens in St. Louis. It comes with the now signature Six Flags rides, a log flume and a run-a-way mine train. All other Six Flags parks are parks the company purchased after being opened (and proven unsuccessful) by someone else. 1972 ï¿½ Bear Country (later re-named Critter Country) becomes Disneylandï¿½s seventh themed land, anchored by the Country Bear Jamboree, a huge hit in Florida that never manages to totally take off in California. The highly successful Main Street Electrical Parade debuts this year. Kings Island opens outside of Cincinnati by Taft Broadcasting Company (Hanna Barbera cartoons). Up to this point, theme parks had, like Disney, focused on family rides and small roller coasters like run-a-way mine trains (that used the tubular steel track pioneered on the Matterhorn). Kings Island premiered with its opening, The Racer, a large wooden racing roller coaster designed by coaster veteran, John Allen. The ride was an instant hit, appearing on both the Brady Bunch and the Partridge Family, and is credited with beginning the ï¿½second golden age of the roller coaster.ï¿½ After Kings Island, regional theme parks begin to differ substantially from Disneyland by incorporating more thrill rides. 1973 ï¿½ Disney considered Florida too close to the Caribbean to include its most famous attraction, but after many complaints from Magic Kingdom guests, (a shortened version of) Pirates of the Caribbean opens in Walt Disney Worldï¿½s Magic Kingdom in an extension of Adventureland called Caribbean Plaza (originally, Thunder Mesa, a huge three-attraction anchor to Frontierland was to be the Florida answer to Pirates, with a mine train, a mule ride and a river-boat ride called the Western River Expedition). Caribbean Plaza so successfully uses the attraction as a guest pull to that section of the park (which translates to dollars spent in nearby shops and restaurants), it wins an architectural design award. A teenager drowns in the Rivers of America surrounding Tom Sawyer Island at Disneyland as he tries to swim across carrying his little brother. Not a nice thing to see from the decks of the Mark Twain. SeaWorld follows Disney to Florida, and opens its third park in Orlando. This will become the most successful sea-life park in the world. 1974 ï¿½ Disneylandï¿½s first cast member (employee) fatality occurs on America Sings (formerly Carousel of Progress) as a young woman is crushed to death between the walls of the rotating carousel. 1975 ï¿½ Three teenagers are shot in Tomorrowland in the parkï¿½s first reported large-scale gang fight. Space Mountain debuts in the Magic Kingdom in Florida. It has two tracks (Alpha and Omega) and is based closely on Disneylandï¿½s Matterhorn Bobsleds. The attraction is such a huge hit, that a jealous Disneyland immediately begins talks with WED Enterprises (home of Disneyï¿½s ï¿½imagineersï¿½ ï¿½ the creative people behind all of the attractions) for their own version of the ride. On the success of the Tampa park and Los Angeles park (which would later close), Busch tries its luck in a non-Disney part of the country. The Old Country Busch Gardens (later Busch Gardens The Old Country, then Busch Gardens, then Busch Gardens Williamsburg and finally Busch Gardens Europe) opens in 1975 on land surrounding the Williamsburg brewery. Also in Virginia, Kings Dominion opens in Richmond following the success of Kings Island. The parks will later be purchased by Paramount. Knottï¿½s Berry Farm opens the Corkscrew designed by Arrow Development, as the first successful upside-down roller coaster. 1976 ï¿½ 150 million people have visited Disneyland. The Jungle Cruise, one of the park's original attractions, is given seven new scenes. The two Marriottï¿½s Great America parks open outside of Chicago and San Jose for the American Bicentennial. Unlike other chain parks, which vary slightly from location to location, the two Marriott parks are identical to the last detail, with a third Washington, DC park planned that is never realized. The two theme parks, designed by Randall Duell and Associates, represent the current state-of-the-art in the industry and are immediately successful. However, Marriott underestimates the reinvestment and maintenance expenditures and opts out of the theme park business by the early 1980s, selling the Chicago park to Six Flags and the San Jose park to the City of Santa Clara (eventually bought by Paramount). Magic Mountain opens the Schwarzkopt/INTAMIN (INTernational AMusement INstallations) designed Great American Revolution (later renamed Revolucï¿½on and then Revolution) as the worldï¿½s first vertical looping roller coaster (the loops on the Corkscrew are barrel rolls and not vertical loops). Disney will not employ upside-down elements in one of its coasters until 1995 when Space Mountain ï¿½ De la Terre ï¿½ la Lune opens in Disneyland Paris. Card Walker becomes Disney CEO. 1977 ï¿½ Space Mountain opens in a new Tomorrowland, and astronauts John Glenn and Alan Shepard are among the first riders. The $20 million Space Mountain becomes the parksï¿½ most popular attraction and is the second time Disneyland has copied an attraction that debuted in Florida, although it is significantly different due to the Florida versionï¿½s similarity to Matterhorn and the limited space within Disneyland (Disneylandï¿½s version is only 118ft high while the Magic Kingdom version is 164ft high). The Disneyland version also has only one track inside. 1978 ï¿½ Disneyland celebrates Mickey Mouseï¿½s 50th birthday. 91,000+ guests cram the parkï¿½s 80 acres to be part of the mouseï¿½s birthday. Matterhorn is given an extensive overhaul. A new computer system, new tandem bobsleds and the inside is made to look like snow (instead of showing the steal beams that held up the mountain). Most significantly, the abominable snowman makes his debut. 1979 ï¿½ Big Thunder Mountain Railroad opens in Frontierland at a cost of $40 million, replacing the Mine Train through Natureï¿½s Wonderland. Some of the Mine Trainï¿½s buildings are kept as the set for the mining town in the Big Thunder Mountain attraction. The 104ft high California version is based on the ï¿½hoodooï¿½ rock formations of Bryce Canyon, Utah. There are six trains that run on Big Thunder (although not all at once), and they have some pretty clever names. The names are: U.R. Courageous, I.M. Brave, I.M. Bold, U.R. Fearless, I.B. Hearty and U.R. Daring. The ride is seen as a "changing of the guard" at Disneyland. Old, original imagineer, Marc Davis (Pirates, Small World, Haunted Mansion, Carousel of Progress, Mr. Lincoln, Tiki Room, etc.) lost out on his greatest attraction concept, Thunder Mesa, to young, up-and-coming imgineer, Tony Baxter. Baxter's hipper, more exciting mine train pushed him to the front of Disney imagineering, and while the ride was being built, Davis retired from Disney in 1978 (various scenes and characters from the Western River Expedition would later pop up in Epcot Center pavilions, World of Motion and The Land - seamlessly woven into the storylines of those rides). Teresa Salcedo is the first baby born at Disneyland. 1980 ï¿½ Disneyland turns 25. Big Thunder Mountain Railroad opens in the Magic Kingdom, and is similar to Disneylandï¿½s version, although the rock formations are based on those of Monument Valley, Utah, giving the attraction an entirely different appearance. This is the only surviving piece of the never-built Thunder Mesa. The western-themed, Pirate's-like Western River Expedition never materialized, the pack mule ride was not created in Florida, and the mine train portion of Thunder Mesa was given a high-speed upgrade and turned into Big Thunder Mountain Railroad. Disney imagineers love to throw in references to things that never happened (but should have), and not only does Thunder Mountain sounds a lot like Thunder Mesa, but in the Paris park, the boat docks in Frontierland are called Thunder Mesa landing (even though there is no Thunder Mesa in the park). The PeopleMover strikes again, as another teen is killed in the cog system while trying to jump between cars. Again, messy clean-up for employees. 1981 ï¿½ 200 million people have visited Disneyland. 1982 ï¿½ The all-inclusive Disneyland Passport ($12 for a one-day passport) is introduced, and the A-E tickets are discontinued. The Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow (EPCOT ï¿½ later changed to Epcot) opens in Walt Disney World a few miles from the Magic Kingdom, making it the first time a vacation destination has contained two separately gated theme parks. A new monorail is built connecting the Magic Kingdom resort area to Epcot, giving Walt Disney World more monorail miles than any other location on earth. This ï¿½adultï¿½ theme park has no Mickey Mouse (that is later changed) and serves alcohol ï¿½ another first for Disney. EPCOT cost over $1 billion, making it the largest privately funded project in the world. 1983 ï¿½ The new Fantasyland opens at Disneyland, changing the appearance from the fantasy faire type look to that reminiscent of a European village. Pinocchio's Daring Journey is new with this renovation. Tokyo Disneyland opens and within a year becomes the worldï¿½s most visited theme park, routinely out pulling the Magic Kingdom in Florida, which had passed the original Disneyland in annual attendance by 1972. Japanese tourism to the original Disneyland actually increases rather than decreases. Another teen is killed by drowning in the Rivers of America. Walt Disney's son-in-law, Ron Miller, becomes Disney CEO. 1984 ï¿½ Michael Eisner comes on board as CEO, and begins an aggressive increasing of park admission prices, attempting to put them on scale with Broadway tickets, which commonly went for $50. One-day passports to Disneyland are now $56, having met and surpassed Michael Eisnerï¿½s goal. A teen unbuckles her seatbelt for an extra thrill on the Matterhorn, and is thrown from the bobsled. She lands on a lower track, still alive, but is killed by a bobsled that hits her. Rude jolt for those riding that were smart enough to keep their seatbelts on. 1985 - Until now, Disneyland has been closed certain days of the week during spring, fall and winter (always on Monday and sometimes also on Tuesday). This year marks the introduction of year-round, 365 day operation. The Magic Kingdom in Florida (and Epcot Center) have always had year-round operation. 1986 ï¿½ Captain Eo, the 3-D, musical adventure starring Michael Jackson and Angelica Houston, opens in the specially created Magic Eye Theatre in Tomorrowland. The attraction had opened just six days earlier in the Journey Into Imagination pavilion at EPCOT Center in Florida. At over $1 million a minute, the film is the most expensive film per minute made at the time. Captain Eo closes in 1997. 1987 ï¿½Star Tours opens for the 10th anniversary of Star Wars, and is the first time a major Disneyland movie-based attraction is based on a non-Disney movie. Regardless, it becomes a major hit with park guests. A gang member is shot to death by a rival gang member in Tomorrowland and becomes the parkï¿½s first gang-related death. 1988 ï¿½ The Walt Disney Company (formerly Walt Disney Productions) purchases the neighboring Disneyland Hotel, which much of the public already thought Disney owned. This is the first hotel property Disney owns in California. Space Mountain opens at Tokyo Disneyland and is a duplicate of the Disneyland version, not the Magic Kingdom version. The last and largest of the four SeaWorld parks opens in San Antonio. 1989 ï¿½ 300 million people have visited Disneyland. Splash Mountain opens in Critter Country as the fourth and smallest (87ft high) peak in Disneylandï¿½s mountain range (east to west, Space Mountain, Matterhorn Mountain, Big Thunder Mountain and Splash Mountain). Many of the characters from the recently removed America Sings in Tomorrowland end up as ï¿½extrasï¿½ in Splash Mountain. The cameras at the top of Splash Mountainï¿½s drop routinely capture women pulling up their shirts, and in the late 1990s, a website called Flash Mountain, created by former Disneyland cast members, pops up and displays several of the photos. Disney-MGM Studios opens at Walt Disney World, becoming its third gated theme park. It is a strategic move by Eisner designed to prevent visitors from leaving Walt Disney World to go to Universal Studios Florida, set to open in 1990. It works, and Disney-MGM Studios outdraws Universal Studios each year. 1990 ï¿½ Disney is anxious to expand it presence in Southern California and capture more days of visitation by tourists. Plans are announced for Port Disney in Long Beach, which will include five resort hotels and the DisneySea theme park. The idea is eventually scrapped, but remnants of DisneySea and Port Disney appear later in Tokyo. Universal Studios Florida opens in Orlando and becomes Floridaï¿½s second most popular tourist attraction. 1991 ï¿½ Plans are announced for a new ï¿½Disneyland Resortï¿½ that will include a new theme park, Westcot Center (the West coast version of Epcot Center). Westcot is eventually dropped, but Disneyï¿½s California Adventure theme park now stands on the proposed Westcot site. 1992 ï¿½ Fantasmic! debuts on the Rivers of America in Frontierland at a cost of $30 millioin. Euro-Disney (later re-named Disneyland Paris), opens in Marne-la-Valle. While Tokyo Disneyland is essentially based on copies of Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom attractions (even though the Japanese were lead to believe that they were copies of Disneyland attractions), the French park was almost entirely re-designed from scratch, making it much more expensive. Unlike Tokyo, which was a run-a-way success, Euro-Disney struggles for years to turn a profit. Major cultural issues surround the park as Europeans react negatively to many of the Disney-ized versions of what are traditional European stories folk tales (Snow White, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, etc.). Profit estimates for restaurants were based on American dining patterns (an average of only 45 minutes), so tables turned over several times per day. French dining habits of two to three hours greatly reduced the money typically made on food. Similarly, American souvenir buying patters mean a push for anything Disney (Americans spend on average $250 per day at Walt Disney World), where-as the French were almost entirely uninterested in shirts with a Mickey Mouse on them. Splash Mountain opens in the Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom with re-design ï¿½logsï¿½ so that riders sit side-by-side, rather than toboggan-style as at Disneyland. 1993 ï¿½ Mickeyï¿½s Toontown opens as an extension of Fantasyland. 1994 ï¿½ Evil Tower U R Doomed! The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror opens in Disney-MGM Studios. The haunted hotel's elevator drops riders thirteen stories (of course) and features a drop sequence that is programmable and altered over the years. The town of Celebration is founded at Walt Disney World as an example of New Urbanism/Neo-Traditionalism, and marks the first time people can actually live full-time on Disney property. Originally Walt wanted EPCOT to be an actual city, but after his death, the Disney board opted to build a Disneyland like theme park on the Florida property, which they figured would be more financially sound. The EPCOT Center that opened in 1982 kept the original name, but was entirely different on concept to what Walt imagined. Two other cities have been founded on Walt Disney World property (Lake Buena Vista ï¿½ where the Hotel Plaza is located off of I-4, and Reedy Creek ï¿½ located more north on the property now, but originally located where Celebration stands), but the general public is not allowed residential access to either of these towns. Disney officially announces its plans to cancel the construction of Disneyï¿½s America in Virginia, outside of Washington. This theme park, based on Americaï¿½s history, met with fierce opposition of area residents that worried of Disneyï¿½s effect on historic battlegrounds in the area. 1995 ï¿½ Beware the eyes of Mara! The Indiana Jones Adventure opens in Adventureland as the most technologically advanced dark ride in a theme park. The queue of this attraction is also very well themed, with interactive elements that respond if guests pull ropes or push certain stones, much like in the Indiana Jones movies. There are actually three separate ride paths in the attraction, and the ride vehicles are capable of over 160,000 individual movements, making each trip unique. Disney buys ABC, the network that years ago first aired the Disneyland television show. Space Mountain ï¿½ De la Terre ï¿½ la Lune, opens at Disneyland Paris, and is the first Space Mountain to turn riders upside-down. It is also the first roller coaster to have a soundtrack. The ride is designed by Vekoma of the Netherlands. 1996 ï¿½ Space Mountain is given a soundtrack to approximate the technology in Paris. The wireless-type technology wasnï¿½t great in 1996, and it never quite works and not all rockets are consistently able to receive sound. 1997 ï¿½ The last original cast member (Disney employee) from 1955 retires. 1998 ï¿½ Tomorrowland is once again remade. Space Mountain is re-painted in rusts, and browns to match the new color scheme. Animal Kingdom opens at Walt Disney World, becoming the fourth gated theme park in an attempt to block visitors from going to Busch Gardens in Tampa, which has an animal/safari theme. Initially water mammals such as killer whales are to be included to compete directly with Sea World, but animal rights activists protest, and the plans are dropped. The Animal Kingdom Lodge becomes the first resort hotel to be located inside a Disney theme park. The Sailing Ship Columbia on the Rivers of America is responsible for the first death in the park that is determined to be the fault of Disneyland, not the patron. A metal cleat is torn from the ship and strikes three guests in the head, killing one of them. Disneylandï¿½s policy of restricting the entry of outside medical help (to avoid frightening guests) is considered part of the reason the young man died (he was still alive after being struck by the cleat). DisneyQuest, interactive indoor theme park, opens at Downtown Disney Westside in Florida. Although this is the first of 20 to 30 planned locations, the only other location to open is in Chicago in 1999. The Chicago location closes in 2001. 1999 ï¿½ Fastpass premiers at Disneyland in an effort to deal with the parkï¿½s number one guest complaint ï¿½ long lines. In taking a cue from the movie industry, the free Fastpass service assigns guests specific times to return to an attraction and ride without waiting in line. Fastpass is designed to prevent people from standing in line since while they are in line, they are not walking around the park spending money on souvenirs and food. As it is introduced on Pirates of the Caribbean and the Indiana Jones Adventure, it proves to work almost too well and restaurants in Adventureland and New Orleans Square are swamped with guests, just as Disneyland expected. Frontierland is called in to help with the problem, and a new two-story dining area is built to take the overflow from Adventureland and New Orleans Square. Radio Disney opens in Tomorrowland. Universal Studios Florida opens a second theme park, Islands of Adventure, to compete directly with Disney. The two are re-named Universal Studios Escape, which confuses guests. The name is changed back to Universal Studios Florida (with the movie studio theme park simply called, Universal Studios). 2001 ï¿½ Disneyï¿½s California Adventure opens in what used to be the Disneyland parking lot, to become the second gated theme park at the newly re-named Disneyland Resort (Disneyland is now often referred to as Disneyland Park "Where the Magic Began" to avoid confusion). The Disneyland sign is changed. Fastpass is set up on all major attractions, and proves almost too successful, allowing guests to finish the park by mid-afternoon. Instead of enjoying not having to wait in lines, guests now complain that the new park does not have a dayï¿½s worth of entertainment. Attendance is less than expected, although it still manages to beat out every other park in California except Disneyland. California Adventure serves its purpose and keeps many guests from leaving Disney property to visit Universal Studios Hollywood or Knottï¿½s Berry Farm. Downtown Disney entertainment area opens to compete with Universal Studioï¿½s CityWalk. The Grand Californian resort hotel is located within California Adventure. The entire creation of the Disneyland Resort costs $1.5 billion, partly paid for by the City of Anaheim, making it the largest public-private venture in US history. Tokyo DisneySea opens at the newly re-named Tokyo Disneyland Resort, becoming its second gated theme park. Tokyo DisneySea breaks several industry records, being the park to hit the 1,000,000 guests mark the quickest (less than a month), being the park to hit the 10,000,000 guests mark the quickest (in less than nine months) and being the park to have the highest first year attendance ever (13 million guests). In an effort to help attendance at Disneyï¿½s California Adventure and keep people in the park later in the day (mainly for dinner, the most expensive meal of the day), the Main Street Electrical Parade, which had been operating in Tokyo Disneyland, returns to California Adventure. Universal Studios Japan opens in Osaka and becomes the most successful of the Universal movie theme parks. 2002 ï¿½ The Walt Disney Studios theme park opens at the Disneyland Paris Resort and quickly becomes the company's least attended theme park, attracting fewer than three million guests its first year. Disneyland Paris continues to have financial trouble, having spent hundreds of millions on the new park. 2003 ï¿½ Disneyland is found responsible for another death (the second time in the parkï¿½s history) as a young man is killed during the derailment of a train on Big Thunder Mountain Railroad. Pirates of the Caribbean becomes a successful movie, with many scenes taken directly from the Disneyland attraction. It marks the first time a theme park attraction has generated a successful film (rather than the other way around) and critics and audiences applaud. The success of the film will lead to sequels in 2006, 2007 and 2011 (with more planned). Disneyland airspace is declared a no-fly zone. 2004 ï¿½ 500 million people have visited Disneyland. Tower of Terror debuts in California Adventure, in a somewhat altered version from the original (it contains one less scene and lacks the horizontal movement of the Florida version). While the ride proves successful, it isn't the attendance windfall expected, and in one of those oddities of west vs. east, it never becomes as popular as it did in Florida (perhaps because of the skimping on certain scenes and effects mentioned above). Rumors of Universalï¿½s Shanghai theme park being shelved crop up and the company finally admits in 2005 that it failed to receive government approval for the Shanghai park. Industry experts expect that Shanghai wants a top-notch theme park and is holding out for Disney. 2005 ï¿½ Disney blogger and unofficial tour-giver, Jim Hill, is finally escorted out of Disneyland and asked not to return. Hill had been conducting his unofficial tours of the park for years, but in early 2005, three women who had signed up for an official Disney tour ended up in Hillï¿½s group by mistake. They complained to Disneyland officials, and Disneyland promptly put an end to Hillï¿½s work (he charged $25 per person). Disneyland begins its year-long 50th Anniversary Celebration. Space Mountain is completely re-tracked, re-painted white, and re-opens with a new soundtrack (that works) and new special effects. Hong Kong Disneyland is set to open in September, with a press day occurring in July. Much of Hong Kong Disneyland ($3.6 billion) is based on the original Disneyland, which will visually make it different from its sister in Tokyo, although many of the Hong Kong attractions are completely unique in their design. Each of the Disney theme parks around the world prepare to honor the original with new attractions, special festivities and extended operating hours. Some of the most anticipated new attractions are Raging Spirits, a new roller coaster at Tokyo DisneySea and Space Mountain: Mission II at Disneyland Paris. Virtual Magic Kingdom, interactive online game, debuts. Disney officially announces its plans for the long rumored park in Shanghai. The park is set to open in 2012 and the Shanghai property will be approximately three times the size of Hong Kong Disneyland. Six Flags, Inc., operators of more theme parks than any other company, put themselves up for sale and announce that they are over $2 billion in debt. Behind the Magic: 50 Years of Disneyland opens at the Henry Ford in September. The exhibit is planned to tour the US after its debut in Michigan. Robert Iger takes over as Disney CEO. 2006 - Rumors of new parks surface in India and Brazil, and continue for Shanghai. Chinese New Year celebrations force the closing of the gates at Hong Kong Disneyland (the park is filled to capacity). Angry visitors storm the gates and many force their way in, even past top security. Pirates of the Caribbean is taken offline in both Disneyland and the Magic Kingdom as the characters for Captain Jack Sparrow and Captain Barbossa are added to the attractions' storylines. Pirates will re-open in both parks in time for the release of the second Pirates of the Caribbean movie (if you want to ride the ride in the original form, you can still do so in Tokyo and Paris - Hong Kong has planned a very different version of the attraction to open later). The storyline is changed slightly from the original, and now Barbossa is in a race with Jack to find the treasure. Without a great deal of controversy from Disney "purists," Pirates re-opens with a star-studded event at Disneyland that is combined with the premier screening of the new movie (Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest) on a giant screen set up in the park. It appears the new version of the attraction is a hit, with the movie breaking all box-office records. It has the largest three day opening in history ($132 million, passing Spiderman's $114 million), it's the first movie to hit $100 million in only two days, it also sells more tickets than any other movie has in a three day period. By the end of ten days, it's over the quarter billion mark at approximately $268 million, another record. By the fourth week, Pirates has already become the biggest grossing Disney film in history, pulling in $358 million, passing the Disney/Pixar film Finding Nemo's $340 million, which had been Disney's best. While fans know that Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (the speculated title, but not yet confirmed by Disney) is already in filming (Rolling Stone Keith Richards will have an appearance) for a Memorial Day 2007 release, rumors begin of talks between Disney and Johnny Depp for a Pirates 4. References to the famous attraction were far fewer in the second film (most notably in the swamp scene - which is completely absent in the Florida version of the ride, so east coast fans probably didn't pick that up at all). The third film will coincide with the 40th anniversary of the ride - expect the waterfall drops to make an appearance in this film as the "end of the world." At Animal Kingdom, the much-anticipated Expedition Everest opens, adding to Disney's mountain range of roller coasters. This is the single most-expensive attraction ever built at Walt Disney World, and it contains a reverse switch-back section and features a scary run-in with the Yeti (to go along with the ride, Yeti Vision is launched on the Disney website). The stand out attraction at Disney's California Adventure has always been Soarin' Over California, and this year a clone of the ride makes its debut at Epcot Center as Soarin' (while the ride is the same, it is decide to drop the "Over California" for the east coast version of the ride). Speaking of "over," Six Flags continues to restructure and sell properties. It also announces that it will focus more on family and characters (Warner Bros.) to create an atmosphere at the parks less centered on teens and thrill rides. 2007 - Disneyland prepares for the debut of Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End with a make-over of Tom Sawyer Island. Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End opens with the largest Memorial Day weekend take of any film in history ($152 million) with the largest launch of any film in history (4,362 theatres). Still, the film falls a bit short of the actual three-day weekend numbers. The film had early openings on Thursday (officially before the weekend), which consequently may have hurt the film in setting an official record the way Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest did last year. All said and done, the three-day tally was $115 million, making it the fourth largest film opening in history behind Spider-Man 3 ($151 million), Pirates 2 ($136 million) and Shrek 3 ($122 million). The Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage opens at Disneyland, marrying the long-closed, classic Submarine Voyage with one of Disney's most popular films. This is the third and most elaborate Nemo attraction, following the Nemo lay over of The Living Seas at Epcot (to become The Seas with Nemo and Friends in October 2006) and Finding Nemo - The Musical at Animal Kingdom, which opened in January. DisneyToon Studios is merged into Disney Animation with the removal of its president. This follows the Disney purchase of Pixar (for about $7.5 billion) in stock to make Pixar head, Steve Jobs of Apple, a board member and Disney's largest stock holder. Jobs ends DisneyToon's straight-to-DVD sequels (Lion King 1 ï¿½, Bambi II) saying that the sequels are "embarrassing." Walt Disney World sets a new theme park record by raising the gate prices at all four of its theme parks to $71. Universal Florida, SeaWorld Orlando and Busch Gardens Tampa are expected to follow suit.	i don't know
How old was Walt Disney when he died on December 15 1966? (+/- 5 years)	Walt Disney, 65, Dies on Coast; Founded an Empire on a Mouse Walt Disney, 65, Dies on Coast; Founded an Empire on a Mouse Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES Los Angeles, Dec. 15--Walt Disney, who built his whimsical cartoon world of Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs into a $100-million-a-year entertainment empire, died in St. Joseph's Hospital here this morning. He was 65 years old. His death, at 9:35 A.M., was attributed to acute circulatory collapse. He had undergone surgery at the hospital a month ago for the removal of a lung tumor that was discovered after he entered the hospital for treatment of an old neck injury received in a polo match. On Nov. 30 he re-entered the hospital for a "post-operative checkup." Just before his last illness, Mr. Disney was supervising the construction of a new Disneyland in Florida, a ski resort in Sequoia National Forest and the renovation of the 10-year-old Disneyland at Anaheim. His motion-picture studio was turning out six new productions and several television shows and he was spearheading the development of the vast University of the Arts, called Cal Art, now under construction here. Although Mr. Disney held no formal title at Walt Disney Productions, he was in direct charge of the company and was deeply involved in all its operations. Indeed, with the recent decision of Jack L. Warner to sell his interest in the Warner Brothers studio, Mr. Disney was the last of Hollywood's veteran moviemakers who remained in personal control of a major studio. Roy Disney, Walt Disney's 74-year-old brother, who is president and chairman of Walt Disney Productions and who directs its financial operations, said: "We will continue to operate Walt's company in the way that he had established and guided it. All of the plans for the future that Walt had begun will continue to move ahead." Besides his brother, Mr. Disney is survived by his widow, Lillian, two daughters, Mrs. Ron Miller and Mrs. Robert Brown. A private funeral service will be held at a time to be announced. Weaver of Fantasies From his fertile imagination and industrious factory of drawing boards, Walt Elias Disney fashioned the most popular movie stars ever to come from Hollywood and created one of the most fantastic entertainment empires in history. In return for the happiness he supplied, the world lavished wealth and tributes upon him. He was probably the only man in Hollywood to have been praised by both the American Legion and the Soviet Union. Where any other Hollywood producer would have been happy to get one Academy Award--the highest honor in American movies--Mr. Disney smashed all records by accumulating 29 Oscars. "We're selling corn," Mr. Disney once told a reporter, "and I like corn." David Low, the late British political cartoonist, called him "the most significant figure in graphic arts since Leonardo." Mr. Disney went from seven-minute animated cartoons to become the first man to mix animation with live action, and he pioneered in making feature-length cartoons. His nature films were almost as popular as his cartoons, and eventually he expanded into feature-length movies using only live actors. The most successful of his non-animated productions, "Mary Poppins," released in 1964, has already grossed close to $50-million. It also won an Oscar for Julie Andrews in the title role. From a small garage-studio, the Disney enterprise grew into one of the most modern movie studios in the world, with four sound stages on 51 acres. Mr. Disney acquired a 420-acre ranch that was used for shooting exterior shots for his movies and television productions. Among the lucrative by- products of his output were many comic scripts and enormous royalties paid to him by toy-makers who used his characters. Mr. Disney's restless mind created one of the nation's greatest tourist attractions, Disneyland, a 300- acre tract of amusement rides, fantasy spectacles and re-created Americana that cost $50.1-million. By last year, when Disneyland observed its 10th birthday, it had been visited by some 50 million people. Its international fame was emphasized in 1959 by the then Soviet Premier, Nikita S. Khrushchev, who protested, when visiting Hollywood, that he had been unable to see Disneyland. Security arrangements could not be made in time for Mr. Khruschev's visit. Even after Disneyland had proven itself, Mr. Disney declined to consider suggestions that he had better leave well enough alone: "Disneyland will never be completed as long as there is imagination left in the world." Ideas Met Skepticism Repeatedly, as Mr. Disney came up with new ideas he encountered considerable skepticism. For Mickey Mouse, the foundation of his realm, Mr. Disney had to pawn and sell almost everything because most exhibitors looked upon it as just another cartoon. But when the public had a chance to speak, the noble-hearted mouse with the high-pitched voice, red pants, yellow shoes and white gloves became the most beloved of Hollywood stars. When Mr. Disney decided to make the first feature-length cartoon--"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs"--many Hollywood experts scoffed that no audience would sit through such a long animation. It became one of the biggest money-makers in movie history. Mr. Disney was thought a fool when he became the first important movie producer to make films for television. His detractors, once again were proven wrong. Mr. Disney's television fame was built on such shows as "Disneyland," "The Mickey Mouse Club," "Zorro," "Davy Crockett" and the current "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color." He was, however, the only major movie producer who refused to release his movies to television. He contended, with a good deal of profitable evidence, that each seven years there would be another generation that would flock to the movie theaters to see his old films. Mickey Mouse would have been fame enough for most men. In France he was known as Michel Souris; in Italy, Topolino; in Japan, Miki Kuchi; in Spain, Miguel Ratoncito; in Latin America, El Raton Miguelito; in Sweden, Muse Pigg, and in Russia, Mikki Maus. On D-Day during World War II Mickey Mouse was the pass-word of Allied Supreme Headquarters in Europe. But Mickey Mouse was not enough for Mr. Disney. He created Donald Duck, Pluto and Goofy. He dug into books for Dumbo, Bambi, Peter Pan, The Three Little Pigs, Ferdinand the Bull, Cinderella, the Sleeping Beauty, Brer Rabbit, Pinocchio. In "Fantasia," he blended cartoon stories with classical music. Though Mr. Disney's cartoon characters differed markedly, they were all alike in two respects: they were lovable and unsophisticated. Most popular were big-eared Mickey of the piping voice; choleric Donald Duck of the unintelligible quacking; Pluto, that most amiable of clumsy dogs, and the seven dwarfs, who stole the show from Snow White: Dopey, Grumpy, Bashful, Sneezy, Happy, Sleepy and Doc. His cartoon creatures were often surrounded with lovely songs. Thus, Snow White had "Some Day My Prince Will Come" and the dwarfs had "Whistle While You Work." From his version of "The Three Little Pigs," his most successful cartoon short, came another international hit, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" Cliff Edwards as Jiminy Cricket sang "When You Wish Upon a Star" for "Pinocchio." More recently, "Mary Poppins" introduced "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious." Exhibition at Museum Mr. Disney seemed to have had an almost superstitious fear of considering his movies as art, though an exhibition of some of his leading cartoon characters was once held in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. "I've never called this art," he said. "It's show business." One day, when Mr. Disney was approaching 60 and his black hair and neatly trimmed mustache were gray, he was asked to reduce his success to a formula. His brown eyes became alternately intense and dreamy. He fingered an ashtray as he gazed around an office so cluttered with trophies that it looked like a pawn shop. "I guess I'm an optimist. I'm not in business to make unhappy pictures. I love comedy too much. I've always loved comedy. Another thing. Maybe it's because I can still be amazed at the wonders of the world. "Sometimes I've tried to figure out why Mickey appealed to the whole world. Everybody's tried to figure it out. So far as I know, nobody has. He's a pretty nice fellow who never does anybody any harm, who gets into scrapes through no fault of his own, but always manages to come out grinning. Why Mickey's even been faithful to one girl, Minnie, all his life. Mickey is so simple and uncomplicated, so easy to understand that you can't help liking him." But when Dwight D. Eisenhower was President, he found words for Mr. Disney. He called him a "genius as a creator of folklore" and said his "sympathetic attitude toward life has helped our children develop a clean and cheerful view of humanity, with all its frailties and possibilities for good." Honored by Universities When France gave to Mr. Disney its highest artistic decoration as Officier d'Academie, he was cited for his "contribution to education and knowledge" with such nature-study films as "Seal Island," "Beaver Valley," "Nature's Half Acre" and "The Living Desert." From Harvard and Yale, this stocky, industrious man who had never graduated from high school received honorary degrees. He was honored by Yale the same day as it honored Thomas Mann, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist. Prof. William Lyon Phelps of Yale said of Mr. Disney: "He has accomplished something that has defied all the efforts and experiments of the laboratories in zoology and biology. He has given animals souls." By the end of his career, the list of 700 awards and honors that Mr. Disney received from many nations filled 29 typewritten pages, and included 29 Oscars, four Emmys and the Presidential Freedom Medal. There were tributes of a different nature. Toys in the shape of Disney characters sold by the many millions. Paris couturiers and expensive jewelers both used Disney patterns. One of the most astounding exhibitions of popular devotion came in the wake of Mr. Disney's films about Davy Crockett. In a matter of months, youngsters all over the country who would balk at wearing a hat in winter, were adorned in 'coonskin caps in midsummer. In some ways Mr. Disney resembled the movie pioneers of a generation before him. He was not afraid of risk. One day, when all the world thought of him as a fabulous success, he told an acquaintance, "I'm in great shape, I now owe the bank only eight million." A friend of 20 years recalled that he once said, "A buck is something to be spent creating." Early in 1960 he declared, "It's not what you have, but how much you can borrow that's important in business." Mr. Disney had no trouble borrowing money in his later years. Bankers, in fact, sought him out. Last year Walt Disney Productions grossed $110-million. His family owns 38 per cent of this publicly held corporation, and all of Retlaw, a company that controls the use of Mr. Disney's name. Mr. Disney's contract with Walt Disney Productions gave him a basic salary of $182,000 a year and a deferred salary of $2,500 a week, with options to buy up to 25 per cent interest in each of his live- action features. It is understood that he began exercising these options in 1961, but only up to 10 per cent. These interests alone would have made him a multimillionaire. Mr. Disney, like earlier movie executives, insisted on absolute authority. He was savage in rebuking a subordinate. An associate of many years said the boss "could make you feel one-inch tall, but he wouldn't let anybody else do it. That was his privilege." Once in a bargaining dispute with a union of artists, a strike at the Disney studios went on for two months and was settled only after Government mediation. Did Not Draw Mickey Mouse This attitude by Mr. Disney was one of the reasons some artists disparaged him. Another was that he did none of the drawings of his most famous cartoons. Mickey Mouse, for instance, was drawn by Ubbe Iwerks, who was with Mr. Disney almost from the beginning. However, Mr. Iwerks insisted that Disney could have done the drawings, but was too busy. Mr. Disney did, however, furnish Mickey's voice for all cartoons. He also sat in on all story conferences. Although Mr. Disney's power and wealth multiplied with his achievements, his manner remained that of some prosperous, Midwestern storekeeper. Except when imbued with some new Disneyland project or movie idea, he was inclined to be phlegmatic. His nasal speech, delivered slowly, was rarely accompanied by gestures. His phlegmatic manner often masked his independence and tenacity. Walt Disney was born in Chicago on Dec. 5, 1901. His family moved to Marceline, Mo., when he was a child and he spent most of his boyhood on a farm. He recalled that he enjoyed sketching animals on the farm. Later, when his family moved back to Chicago, he went to high school and studied cartoon drawing at night at the Academy of Fine Arts. He did illustrations for the school paper. When the United States entered World War I he was turned down by the Army and Navy because he was too young. So he went to France as an ambulance driver for the Red Cross. He decorated the sides of his ambulance with cartoons and had his work published in Stars and Stripes. After the war the young man worked as a cartoonist for advertising agencies. But he was always looking for something better. When Mr. Disney got a job doing cartoons for advertisements that were shown in theaters between movies, he was determined that that was to be his future. He would say to friends, "This is the most marvelous thing that has ever happened." In 1920 he organized his own company to make cartoons about fairy tales. He made about a dozen but could not sell them. He was so determined to continue in this field that at times he had no money for food and lived with Mr. Iwerks. In 1923 Mr. Disney decided to leave Kansas City. He went to Hollywood, where he formed a small company and did a series of film cartoons called "Alice in Cartoonland." After two years of "Alice in Cartoonland," Mr. Disney dropped it in favor of a series about "Oswald the Rabbit." In 1928 most of his artists decided to break with him and do their own Oswald. Mr. Disney went to New York to try to keep the series but failed. When he returned, he, his wife, his brother Roy and Mr. Iwerks tried to think of a character for a new series, but failed. They decided on a mouse. Mrs. Disney named it Mickey. Added Sound to Cartoon The first Mickey Mouse cartoon, "Plane Crazy," was taken to New York by Mr. Disney. But the distributors were apathetic. "Felix, the Cat" was ruler of the cartoon field, and they saw nothing unusual in a mouse. When Mr. Disney returned from New York he decided that sound had a future in movies. He made a second Mickey Mouse, this one with sound, called "Steambot Bill." In October, 1928, the cartoon opened at the Colony Theater in New York. Success was immediate and the Disney empire began.	65 years old
Which actor originally voiced the 1995 Toy Story character 'Woody'?	Walt Disney, 65, Dies on Coast; Founded an Empire on a Mouse Walt Disney, 65, Dies on Coast; Founded an Empire on a Mouse Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES Los Angeles, Dec. 15--Walt Disney, who built his whimsical cartoon world of Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs into a $100-million-a-year entertainment empire, died in St. Joseph's Hospital here this morning. He was 65 years old. His death, at 9:35 A.M., was attributed to acute circulatory collapse. He had undergone surgery at the hospital a month ago for the removal of a lung tumor that was discovered after he entered the hospital for treatment of an old neck injury received in a polo match. On Nov. 30 he re-entered the hospital for a "post-operative checkup." Just before his last illness, Mr. Disney was supervising the construction of a new Disneyland in Florida, a ski resort in Sequoia National Forest and the renovation of the 10-year-old Disneyland at Anaheim. His motion-picture studio was turning out six new productions and several television shows and he was spearheading the development of the vast University of the Arts, called Cal Art, now under construction here. Although Mr. Disney held no formal title at Walt Disney Productions, he was in direct charge of the company and was deeply involved in all its operations. Indeed, with the recent decision of Jack L. Warner to sell his interest in the Warner Brothers studio, Mr. Disney was the last of Hollywood's veteran moviemakers who remained in personal control of a major studio. Roy Disney, Walt Disney's 74-year-old brother, who is president and chairman of Walt Disney Productions and who directs its financial operations, said: "We will continue to operate Walt's company in the way that he had established and guided it. All of the plans for the future that Walt had begun will continue to move ahead." Besides his brother, Mr. Disney is survived by his widow, Lillian, two daughters, Mrs. Ron Miller and Mrs. Robert Brown. A private funeral service will be held at a time to be announced. Weaver of Fantasies From his fertile imagination and industrious factory of drawing boards, Walt Elias Disney fashioned the most popular movie stars ever to come from Hollywood and created one of the most fantastic entertainment empires in history. In return for the happiness he supplied, the world lavished wealth and tributes upon him. He was probably the only man in Hollywood to have been praised by both the American Legion and the Soviet Union. Where any other Hollywood producer would have been happy to get one Academy Award--the highest honor in American movies--Mr. Disney smashed all records by accumulating 29 Oscars. "We're selling corn," Mr. Disney once told a reporter, "and I like corn." David Low, the late British political cartoonist, called him "the most significant figure in graphic arts since Leonardo." Mr. Disney went from seven-minute animated cartoons to become the first man to mix animation with live action, and he pioneered in making feature-length cartoons. His nature films were almost as popular as his cartoons, and eventually he expanded into feature-length movies using only live actors. The most successful of his non-animated productions, "Mary Poppins," released in 1964, has already grossed close to $50-million. It also won an Oscar for Julie Andrews in the title role. From a small garage-studio, the Disney enterprise grew into one of the most modern movie studios in the world, with four sound stages on 51 acres. Mr. Disney acquired a 420-acre ranch that was used for shooting exterior shots for his movies and television productions. Among the lucrative by- products of his output were many comic scripts and enormous royalties paid to him by toy-makers who used his characters. Mr. Disney's restless mind created one of the nation's greatest tourist attractions, Disneyland, a 300- acre tract of amusement rides, fantasy spectacles and re-created Americana that cost $50.1-million. By last year, when Disneyland observed its 10th birthday, it had been visited by some 50 million people. Its international fame was emphasized in 1959 by the then Soviet Premier, Nikita S. Khrushchev, who protested, when visiting Hollywood, that he had been unable to see Disneyland. Security arrangements could not be made in time for Mr. Khruschev's visit. Even after Disneyland had proven itself, Mr. Disney declined to consider suggestions that he had better leave well enough alone: "Disneyland will never be completed as long as there is imagination left in the world." Ideas Met Skepticism Repeatedly, as Mr. Disney came up with new ideas he encountered considerable skepticism. For Mickey Mouse, the foundation of his realm, Mr. Disney had to pawn and sell almost everything because most exhibitors looked upon it as just another cartoon. But when the public had a chance to speak, the noble-hearted mouse with the high-pitched voice, red pants, yellow shoes and white gloves became the most beloved of Hollywood stars. When Mr. Disney decided to make the first feature-length cartoon--"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs"--many Hollywood experts scoffed that no audience would sit through such a long animation. It became one of the biggest money-makers in movie history. Mr. Disney was thought a fool when he became the first important movie producer to make films for television. His detractors, once again were proven wrong. Mr. Disney's television fame was built on such shows as "Disneyland," "The Mickey Mouse Club," "Zorro," "Davy Crockett" and the current "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color." He was, however, the only major movie producer who refused to release his movies to television. He contended, with a good deal of profitable evidence, that each seven years there would be another generation that would flock to the movie theaters to see his old films. Mickey Mouse would have been fame enough for most men. In France he was known as Michel Souris; in Italy, Topolino; in Japan, Miki Kuchi; in Spain, Miguel Ratoncito; in Latin America, El Raton Miguelito; in Sweden, Muse Pigg, and in Russia, Mikki Maus. On D-Day during World War II Mickey Mouse was the pass-word of Allied Supreme Headquarters in Europe. But Mickey Mouse was not enough for Mr. Disney. He created Donald Duck, Pluto and Goofy. He dug into books for Dumbo, Bambi, Peter Pan, The Three Little Pigs, Ferdinand the Bull, Cinderella, the Sleeping Beauty, Brer Rabbit, Pinocchio. In "Fantasia," he blended cartoon stories with classical music. Though Mr. Disney's cartoon characters differed markedly, they were all alike in two respects: they were lovable and unsophisticated. Most popular were big-eared Mickey of the piping voice; choleric Donald Duck of the unintelligible quacking; Pluto, that most amiable of clumsy dogs, and the seven dwarfs, who stole the show from Snow White: Dopey, Grumpy, Bashful, Sneezy, Happy, Sleepy and Doc. His cartoon creatures were often surrounded with lovely songs. Thus, Snow White had "Some Day My Prince Will Come" and the dwarfs had "Whistle While You Work." From his version of "The Three Little Pigs," his most successful cartoon short, came another international hit, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" Cliff Edwards as Jiminy Cricket sang "When You Wish Upon a Star" for "Pinocchio." More recently, "Mary Poppins" introduced "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious." Exhibition at Museum Mr. Disney seemed to have had an almost superstitious fear of considering his movies as art, though an exhibition of some of his leading cartoon characters was once held in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. "I've never called this art," he said. "It's show business." One day, when Mr. Disney was approaching 60 and his black hair and neatly trimmed mustache were gray, he was asked to reduce his success to a formula. His brown eyes became alternately intense and dreamy. He fingered an ashtray as he gazed around an office so cluttered with trophies that it looked like a pawn shop. "I guess I'm an optimist. I'm not in business to make unhappy pictures. I love comedy too much. I've always loved comedy. Another thing. Maybe it's because I can still be amazed at the wonders of the world. "Sometimes I've tried to figure out why Mickey appealed to the whole world. Everybody's tried to figure it out. So far as I know, nobody has. He's a pretty nice fellow who never does anybody any harm, who gets into scrapes through no fault of his own, but always manages to come out grinning. Why Mickey's even been faithful to one girl, Minnie, all his life. Mickey is so simple and uncomplicated, so easy to understand that you can't help liking him." But when Dwight D. Eisenhower was President, he found words for Mr. Disney. He called him a "genius as a creator of folklore" and said his "sympathetic attitude toward life has helped our children develop a clean and cheerful view of humanity, with all its frailties and possibilities for good." Honored by Universities When France gave to Mr. Disney its highest artistic decoration as Officier d'Academie, he was cited for his "contribution to education and knowledge" with such nature-study films as "Seal Island," "Beaver Valley," "Nature's Half Acre" and "The Living Desert." From Harvard and Yale, this stocky, industrious man who had never graduated from high school received honorary degrees. He was honored by Yale the same day as it honored Thomas Mann, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist. Prof. William Lyon Phelps of Yale said of Mr. Disney: "He has accomplished something that has defied all the efforts and experiments of the laboratories in zoology and biology. He has given animals souls." By the end of his career, the list of 700 awards and honors that Mr. Disney received from many nations filled 29 typewritten pages, and included 29 Oscars, four Emmys and the Presidential Freedom Medal. There were tributes of a different nature. Toys in the shape of Disney characters sold by the many millions. Paris couturiers and expensive jewelers both used Disney patterns. One of the most astounding exhibitions of popular devotion came in the wake of Mr. Disney's films about Davy Crockett. In a matter of months, youngsters all over the country who would balk at wearing a hat in winter, were adorned in 'coonskin caps in midsummer. In some ways Mr. Disney resembled the movie pioneers of a generation before him. He was not afraid of risk. One day, when all the world thought of him as a fabulous success, he told an acquaintance, "I'm in great shape, I now owe the bank only eight million." A friend of 20 years recalled that he once said, "A buck is something to be spent creating." Early in 1960 he declared, "It's not what you have, but how much you can borrow that's important in business." Mr. Disney had no trouble borrowing money in his later years. Bankers, in fact, sought him out. Last year Walt Disney Productions grossed $110-million. His family owns 38 per cent of this publicly held corporation, and all of Retlaw, a company that controls the use of Mr. Disney's name. Mr. Disney's contract with Walt Disney Productions gave him a basic salary of $182,000 a year and a deferred salary of $2,500 a week, with options to buy up to 25 per cent interest in each of his live- action features. It is understood that he began exercising these options in 1961, but only up to 10 per cent. These interests alone would have made him a multimillionaire. Mr. Disney, like earlier movie executives, insisted on absolute authority. He was savage in rebuking a subordinate. An associate of many years said the boss "could make you feel one-inch tall, but he wouldn't let anybody else do it. That was his privilege." Once in a bargaining dispute with a union of artists, a strike at the Disney studios went on for two months and was settled only after Government mediation. Did Not Draw Mickey Mouse This attitude by Mr. Disney was one of the reasons some artists disparaged him. Another was that he did none of the drawings of his most famous cartoons. Mickey Mouse, for instance, was drawn by Ubbe Iwerks, who was with Mr. Disney almost from the beginning. However, Mr. Iwerks insisted that Disney could have done the drawings, but was too busy. Mr. Disney did, however, furnish Mickey's voice for all cartoons. He also sat in on all story conferences. Although Mr. Disney's power and wealth multiplied with his achievements, his manner remained that of some prosperous, Midwestern storekeeper. Except when imbued with some new Disneyland project or movie idea, he was inclined to be phlegmatic. His nasal speech, delivered slowly, was rarely accompanied by gestures. His phlegmatic manner often masked his independence and tenacity. Walt Disney was born in Chicago on Dec. 5, 1901. His family moved to Marceline, Mo., when he was a child and he spent most of his boyhood on a farm. He recalled that he enjoyed sketching animals on the farm. Later, when his family moved back to Chicago, he went to high school and studied cartoon drawing at night at the Academy of Fine Arts. He did illustrations for the school paper. When the United States entered World War I he was turned down by the Army and Navy because he was too young. So he went to France as an ambulance driver for the Red Cross. He decorated the sides of his ambulance with cartoons and had his work published in Stars and Stripes. After the war the young man worked as a cartoonist for advertising agencies. But he was always looking for something better. When Mr. Disney got a job doing cartoons for advertisements that were shown in theaters between movies, he was determined that that was to be his future. He would say to friends, "This is the most marvelous thing that has ever happened." In 1920 he organized his own company to make cartoons about fairy tales. He made about a dozen but could not sell them. He was so determined to continue in this field that at times he had no money for food and lived with Mr. Iwerks. In 1923 Mr. Disney decided to leave Kansas City. He went to Hollywood, where he formed a small company and did a series of film cartoons called "Alice in Cartoonland." After two years of "Alice in Cartoonland," Mr. Disney dropped it in favor of a series about "Oswald the Rabbit." In 1928 most of his artists decided to break with him and do their own Oswald. Mr. Disney went to New York to try to keep the series but failed. When he returned, he, his wife, his brother Roy and Mr. Iwerks tried to think of a character for a new series, but failed. They decided on a mouse. Mrs. Disney named it Mickey. Added Sound to Cartoon The first Mickey Mouse cartoon, "Plane Crazy," was taken to New York by Mr. Disney. But the distributors were apathetic. "Felix, the Cat" was ruler of the cartoon field, and they saw nothing unusual in a mouse. When Mr. Disney returned from New York he decided that sound had a future in movies. He made a second Mickey Mouse, this one with sound, called "Steambot Bill." In October, 1928, the cartoon opened at the Colony Theater in New York. Success was immediate and the Disney empire began.	i don't know
What is the name of the Griffin's family dog in Seth MacFarlane's cartoon series 'Family Guy'?	Family Guy \| [adult swim] wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia [[Image: \|center\|280px]] Family Guy is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company (With reruns on Adult Swim TBS and other broadcast syndication). The series centers on the Griffins, a dysfunctional family consisting of parents Peter and Lois ; their children Meg , Chris , and Stewie ; and their anthropomorphic pet dog Brian . The show is set in the fictional city of Quahog , Rhode Island , and exhibits much of its humor in the form of cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture . The family was conceived by MacFarlane after developing two animated films, The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve . MacFarlane redesigned the films' protagonist, Larry, and his dog, Steve, and renamed them Peter and Brian, respectively. MacFarlane pitched a seven-minute pilot to Fox on May 15, 1998. The show was given the green light and started production. Shortly after the third season of Family Guy aired in 2001, Fox canceled the series. However, favorable DVD sales and high ratings for syndicated reruns on Adult Swim convinced the network to renew the show in 2004. Family Guy has been nominated for 12 Primetime Emmy Awards and 11 Annie Awards , and has won three of each. In 2009, it was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series , the first time an animated series was nominated for the award since The Flintstones in 1961. Family Guy has also received criticism, including unfavorable comparisons for its similarities to The Simpsons . Many tie-in media have been released, including Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story , a straight-to-DVD special released in 2005; Family Guy: Live in Vegas , a soundtrack-DVD combo released in 2005, featuring music from the show as well as original music created by MacFarlane and Walter Murphy ; a video game and pinball machine , released in 2006 and 2007, respectively; since 2005, six books published by Harper Adult based on the Family Guy universe; and Laugh It Up, Fuzzball: The Family Guy Trilogy (2010), a series of parodies of the original Star Wars trilogy . In 2008, MacFarlane confirmed that the cast was interested in producing a feature film and that he was working on a story for a film adaptation. A spin-off series, The Cleveland Show , premiered on September 27, 2009, as a part of the " Animation Domination " lineup on Fox. The eighth season of Family Guy premiered the same night. Family Guy holds a TV-PG and TV-14 rating, with the latter being used more often. Contents [ show ] Origins MacFarlane initially conceived Family Guy in 1995 while studying animation at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). [1] During college, he created his thesis film entitled The Life of Larry , [1] which was submitted by his professor at RISD to Hanna-Barbera . MacFarlane was hired by the company. [2] In 1996 MacFarlane created a sequel to The Life of Larry entitled Larry and Steve, which featured a middle-aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve; the short was broadcast in 1997 as one of Cartoon Network 's World Premiere Toons. [1] Executives at Fox saw the Larry shorts and contracted MacFarlane to create a series, entitled Family Guy, based on the characters. [3] Fox proposed MacFarlane complete a 15-minute short, and gave him a budget of $50,000. [4] Several aspects of Family Guy were inspired by the Larry shorts. [5] While working on the series, the characters of Larry and his dog Steve slowly evolved into Peter and Brian. [3] [6] MacFarlane stated that the difference between The Life of Larry and Family Guy was that "Life of Larry was shown primarily in my dorm room and Family Guy was shown after the Super Bowl ." [5] After the pilot aired, the series was given the green light. MacFarlane drew inspiration from several sitcoms such as The Simpsons and All in the Family . [7] Premises were drawn from several 1980s Saturday morning cartoons he watched as a child, such as The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang and Rubik, the Amazing Cube . [8] The Griffin family first appeared on the demo that MacFarlane pitched to Fox on May 15, 1998. [9] Family Guy was originally planned to start out as short movies for the sketch show MADtv , but the plan changed because MADtv's budget was not large enough to support animation production. MacFarlane noted that he then wanted to pitch it to Fox, as he thought that that was the place to create a prime-time animation show. [7] Family Guy was originally pitched to Fox in the same year as King of the Hill , but the show was not bought until years later, when King of the Hill became successful. [7] Fox ordered 13 episodes of Family Guy to air in midseason after MacFarlane impressed executives with a seven-minute demo. [10] Production Executive producers MacFarlane has served as an executive producer during the show's entire history, and also functions as a creative consultant. The first executive producers were David Zuckerman , [11] Lolee Aries , David Pritchard, and Mike Wolf. [12] Family Guy has had many executive producers in its history, including Daniel Palladino , Kara Vallow , and Danny Smith . David A. Goodman joined the show as a co-executive producer in season three, and eventually became an executive producer. [13] Alex Borstein , who voices Lois , worked as an executive and supervising producer for the fourth and fifth seasons. [14] A more involved position on the show is the show runner , who acts as head writer and manages the show's production for an entire season. [15] Writing The first team of writers assembled for the show consisted of Chris Sheridan , [16] Danny Smith, Gary Janetti , Ricky Blitt , Neil Goldman , Garrett Donovan , Matt Weitzman , and Mike Barker . [17] The writing process of Family Guy generally starts with 14 writers that take turns writing the scripts; when a script is finished it is given to the rest of the writers to read. These scripts generally include cutaway gags. If there are not enough cutaway sequences, writers are asked to create them. Various gags are pitched to MacFarlane and the rest of the staff, and those deemed funniest are included in the episode. MacFarlane has explained that normally it takes 10 months to produce an episode because the show uses hand-drawn animation. The show rarely comments on current events for this reason. [18] The show's initial writers had never written for an animated show; and most came from live-action sitcoms. [7] MacFarlane explains that he is a fan of 1930s and 1940s radio programs, particularly the radio thriller anthology " Suspense ", which led him to give early episodes ominous titles like " Death Has a Shadow " and " Mind Over Murder ". MacFarlane explained that the team dropped the naming convention after individual episodes became hard to identify, and the novelty wore off. [19] For the first few months of production, the writers shared one office, lent to them by the King of the Hill production crew. [19] Credited with 14 episodes, Steve Callaghan is the most prolific writer on Family Guy staff. Many of the writers that have left the show have gone on to create or produce other successful series. Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan co-wrote 13 episodes for the NBC sitcom Scrubs during their eight-year run on the show, while also serving as co-producers and working their way up to executive producers. [20] Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman would later create American Dad , along with MacFarlane. [21] [22] During the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike , official production of the show halted for most of December 2007 and for various periods afterward. Fox continued producing episodes without MacFarlane's final approval, which he termed "a colossal dick move" in an interview with Variety . Though MacFarlane refused to work on the show, his contract under Fox required him to contribute to any episodes it would subsequently produce. [23] Production officially resumed after the end of the strike, with regularly airing episodes recommencing on February 17, 2008. [24] Early history and cancellation Family Guy officially premiered after Fox's broadcast of Super Bowl XXXIII on January 31, 1999, with " Death Has a Shadow ". The show debuted to 22 million viewers, and immediately generated controversy regarding its adult content. [25] The show returned on April 11, 1999, with " I Never Met the Dead Man ". Family Guy garnered decent ratings in Fox's 8:30 pm slot on Sunday, scheduled between The Simpsons and The X-Files . [10] At the end of its first season, the show was No. 33 in the Nielsen ratings , with 12.8 million households tuning in. [26] The show launched its second season in a new time slot, Thursday at 9 pm, on September 23, 1999. Family Guy was pitted against NBC's Frasier , and the series' ratings declined sharply. [10] Fox removed Family Guy from the network's permanent schedule, and began airing episodes irregularly. The show returned on March 7, 2000, at 8:30 pm on Tuesdays, but was constantly beaten in the ratings by the new breakout hit Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , coming in at No. 114 in the Nielsen Ratings with 6.320 million households tuning in. [27] Fox announced that the show had been canceled in 2000, at the end of the second season. [28] However, following a last-minute reprieve, Fox announced on July 24, 2000, its intention to order 13 additional episodes of Family Guy to form a third season. [25] The show returned November 8, 2001, once again in a tough time slot: Thursday nights at 8:00 pm ET . This slot brought it into competition with Survivor and Friends . (This situation was later referenced in Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story ). [29] During its second- and third-season runs, Fox frequently moved the show around to different days and time slots with little or no notice and, consequently, the show's ratings suffered. [30] Upon Fox's annual unveiling of its 2002 fall line-up on May 15, 2002, Family Guy was absent. [10] Fox announced that the show had been officially canceled shortly thereafter. [31] Cult success and revival Fox attempted to sell the rights for reruns of the show, but it was difficult to find networks that were interested; Cartoon Network eventually bought the rights, " Template:Interp basically for free", according to the president of 20th Century Fox Television . [32] Family Guy premiered in reruns on Adult Swim on April 20, 2003, and immediately became the block's top-rated program, dominating late night viewing in its time period versus cable and broadcast competition, and boosting viewership by 239 percent. [10] [33] The complete first and second seasons were released on DVD the same week as the show premiered on Adult Swim, and the show became a cult phenomenon, selling 400,000 copies within one month. [10] Sales of the DVD set reached 2.2 million copies, [34] becoming the best-selling television DVD of 2003 [35] and the second highest-selling television DVD ever, behind the first season of Comedy Central 's Chappelle's Show . [36] The third season DVD release also sold more than a million copies. [33] The show's popularity in DVD sales and reruns rekindled Fox's interest, [37] and, on May 20, 2004, Fox ordered 35 new episodes of Family Guy, marking the first revival of a television show based on DVD sales. [36] [38] " North by North Quahog ", which premiered May 1, 2005, was the first episode to be broadcast after the show's cancellation. It was written by MacFarlane and directed by Peter Shin . [39] MacFarlane believed the show's three-year hiatus was beneficial because animated shows do not normally have hiatuses, and towards the end of their seasons, "... you see a lot more sex jokes and (bodily function) jokes and signs of a fatigued staff that their brains are just fried". [40] With "North by North Quahog", the writing staff tried to keep the show "... exactly as it was" before its cancellation, and did not "... have the desire to make it any slicker" than it already was. [40] The episode was watched by 11.85 million viewers, [41] the show's highest ratings since the airing of the first season episode " Brian: Portrait of a Dog ". [42] Lawsuits In March 2007 comedian Carol Burnett filed a $6 million lawsuit against 20th Century Fox, claiming that her charwoman character had been portrayed on the show without her permission. She stated it was a trademark infringement, and that Fox violated her publicity rights. [43] [44] [45] On June 4, 2007, United States District Judge Dean D. Pregerson rejected the lawsuit, stating that the parody was protected under the First Amendment , citing Hustler Magazine v. Falwell as a precedent. [46] On October 3, 2007, Bourne Co. Music Publishers filed a lawsuit accusing the show of infringing its copyright on the song " When You Wish upon a Star ", through a parody song entitled "I Need a Jew" appearing in the episode " When You Wish Upon a Weinstein ". Bourne Co., the sole United States copyright owner of the song, alleged the parody pairs a "thinly veiled" copy of their music with antisemitic lyrics. Named in the suit were 20th Century Fox Film Corp. , Fox Broadcasting Co. , Cartoon Network , MacFarlane , and Murphy ; the suit sought to stop the program's distribution and asked for unspecified damages. [47] Bourne argued that "I Need a Jew" uses the copyrighted melody of "When You Wish Upon a Star" without commenting on that song, and that it was therefore not a First Amendment-protected parody per the ruling in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. [48] [49] On March 16, 2009, United States District Judge Deborah Batts held that Family Guy did not infringe on Bourne's copyright when it transformed the song for comical use in an episode. [50] In December 2007, Family Guy was again accused of copyright infringement when actor Art Metrano filed a lawsuit regarding a scene in Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story , in which Jesus performs Metrano's signature "magic" act involving absurd "faux" magical hand gestures while humming the distinctive tune " Fine and Dandy ". [51] 20th Century Fox, MacFarlane, Callaghan, and Borstein were all named in the suit. [52] In July 2009 a federal district court judge rejected Fox's motion to dismiss, saying that the first three fair use factors involved—"purpose and character of the use", "nature of the infringed work", and "amount and substantiality of the taking"—counted in Metrano's favor, while the fourth—"economic impact"—had to await more fact-finding. In denying the dismissal, the court held that the reference in the scene made light of Jesus and his followers—not Metrano or his act. [53] [54] The case was settled out of court in 2010 with undisclosed terms. [55] Voice cast Template:See Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin , Brian Griffin , and Stewie Griffin . [56] Since MacFarlane had a strong vision for these characters, he chose to voice them himself, believing it would be easier than for someone else to attempt it. [8] MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design. [57] Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison , [58] especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady . [59] MacFarlane uses his regular speaking voice when playing Brian. [8] MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time-only characters, most prominently those of the Griffins' neighbor Glenn Quagmire , news anchor Tom Tucker , and Lois' father, Carter Pewterschmidt . [60] Alex Borstein voices Peter's wife Lois Griffin , Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa , Loretta Brown , and Lois' mother, Barbara Pewterschmidt . [61] Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv. She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork, and said it was "really sight unseen". [62] At the time, Borstein was performing in a stage show in Los Angeles. She played a redheaded mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins. [61] [62] Episodes often feature guest voices from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, bands, musicians, and scientists. Many guest voices star as themselves. Leslie Uggams was the first to appear as herself, in the fourth episode of the first season, " Mind Over Murder ". [79] The episode " Not All Dogs Go to Heaven " guest starred the entire cast of Star Trek: The Next Generation , including Patrick Stewart , Jonathan Frakes , Brent Spiner , LeVar Burton , Gates McFadden , Michael Dorn , Wil Wheaton , Marina Sirtis , and even Denise Crosby (season 1 as Tasha Yar ), playing themselves; this is the episode with the most guest stars of the seventh season. [80] [81] Characters The show revolves around the adventures of the family of Peter Griffin , a bumbling blue-collar worker . Peter is an Irish-American Catholic with a prominent Rhode Island and Eastern Massachusetts accent . [82] He is married to Lois , a stay-at-home mother and piano teacher who, as member of the Pewterschmidt family of wealthy socialites, has a distinct New England accent . [83] Peter and Lois have three children: Meg , their teenage daughter, who is awkward and does not fit in at school, and is constantly ridiculed and ignored by the family; Chris , their teenage son, who is overweight, unintelligent and a younger version of his father in many respects; and Stewie , their diabolical infant son of ambiguous sexual orientation who has adult mannerisms and uses stereotypical archvillain phrases. Living with the family is Brian , the family dog, who is highly anthropomorphized , drinks martinis , and engages in human conversation, though he is still considered a pet in many respects. [84] Many recurring characters appear alongside the Griffin family. These include the family's neighbors: sex-crazed airline-pilot bachelor Glenn Quagmire , Cleveland Brown and his wife Loretta Brown , paraplegic police officer Joe Swanson , his wife Bonnie and their baby daughter Susie (Bonnie is pregnant with Susie from the show's beginning until the seventh episode of the seventh season ); neurotic Jewish pharmacist Mort Goldman , his wife Muriel , and their geeky and annoying son Neil ; and elderly ephebophile Herbert . TV news anchors Tom Tucker and Diane Simmons , Asian reporter Tricia Takanawa , and Blaccu-Weather meteorologist Ollie Williams also make frequent appearances. Actors Adam West and James Woods guest star as themselves in various episodes. Setting Template:Double image The primary setting of Family Guy is Quahog Template:IPAc-en , a fictional Rhode Island town . MacFarlane resided in Providence during his time as a student at Rhode Island School of Design, and the show contains distinct Rhode Island landmarks similar to real-world locations. [85] [86] MacFarlane often borrows the names of Rhode Island locations and icons such as Pawtucket and Buddy Cianci for use in the show. MacFarlane, in an interview with local WNAC Fox 64 News, stated that the town is modeled after Cranston, Rhode Island . [87] Hallmarks "Road to" episodes Template:Further2 The "Road to" episodes are a series of hallmark travel episodes. [88] [89] [90] They are a parody of the seven Road to... comedy films starring Bing Crosby , Bob Hope , and Dorothy Lamour , which were released between 1940 and 1962. [89] These episodes usually involve Stewie and Brian in some foreign, supernatural, or science fiction location not related to the show's normal location in Quahog. The first, entitled " Road to Rhode Island ", aired on May 30, 2000, during the second season . The episodes are known for featuring elaborate musical numbers , similar to the Road films. [91] The episodes contain several trademarks, including a special version of the opening sequence, custom musical cues and musical numbers, and parodies of science fiction and fantasy films. [92] The original idea for the "Road to" episodes came from MacFarlane, as he is a fan of the films of Crosby, Hope, and Lamour. The first episode was directed by Dan Povenmire , who would direct the rest of the "Road to" episodes until the episode " Road to Rupert ", at which point he had left the show to create Phineas and Ferb . [93] [94] Series regular Greg Colton then took over Povenmire's role as director of the "Road to" episodes. [95] Humor Family Guy uses the filmmaking technique of cutaways , which occur in the majority of Family Guy episodes. [96] Emphasis is often placed on gags which make reference to current events and/or modern cultural icons. Early episodes based much of their comedy on Stewie's "super villain" antics, such as his constant plans for total world domination, his evil experiments, plans and inventions to get rid of things he dislikes, and his constant attempts at matricide . As the series progressed, the writers and MacFarlane agreed that his personality and the jokes were starting to feel dated, so they began writing him with a different personality. [97] Family Guy often includes self-referential humor. The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting, and occasions where the characters break the fourth wall by addressing the audience. For example, in " North by North Quahog ", the first episode that aired after the show's revival, included Peter telling the family that they had been cancelled because Fox had to make room in their schedule for shows like Dark Angel , Titus , Undeclared , Action , That '80s Show , Wonderfalls , Fastlane , Andy Richter Controls the Universe , Skin , Girls Club , Cracking Up , The Pitts , Firefly , Get Real , Freakylinks , Wanda at Large , Costello, The Lone Gunmen , A Minute with Stan Hooper , Normal, Ohio , Pasadena , Harsh Realm , Keen Eddie , The $treet , The American Embassy , Cedric the Entertainer Presents , The Tick , Luis , and Greg the Bunny . Lois asks whether there is any hope, to which Peter replies that if all these shows are canceled they might have a chance; the shows were indeed canceled during Family Guy Template:'s hiatus. [98] [99] [100] The show uses catchphrases , and most of the primary and secondary characters have them. Notable expressions include Quagmire's "Giggity giggity goo", Peter's "Freakin' sweet", and Joe's "Bring it on!" [97] The use of many of these catchphrases declined in later seasons. The episode " Big Man on Hippocampus " mocks catchphrase-based humor: when Peter, who has forgotten everything about his life, is introduced to Meg, he exclaims " D'oh! ", to which Lois replies, "No, Peter, that's not your catchphrase." [101] Reception, legacy, and achievements Success Family Guy has received many positive reviews from critics. Catherine Seipp of the National Review Online described it as a "nasty but extremely funny" cartoon. [102] Caryn James of The New York Times called it a show with an "outrageously satirical family" that "includes plenty of comic possibilities and parodies." [103] The Sydney Morning Herald named Family Guy the "Show of the Week" on April 21, 2009, hailing it a "pop culture-heavy masterpiece". [104] Frazier Moore from The Seattle Times called it an "endless craving for humor about bodily emissions". He thought it was "breathtakingly smart" and said a "blend of the ingenious with the raw helps account for its much broader appeal". He summarized it as "rude, crude and deliciously wrong". [105] The series has attracted many celebrities, including Emily Blunt , who has stated that Family Guy is her favorite series; she has expressed strong interest in becoming a guest star on the show. [106] The New Yorker Template:'s Nancy Franklin said that Family Guy is becoming one of the best animated shows; she commented on its ribaldry and popularity, and said the show was of better quality than The Simpsons. [107] The show has become a hit on Hulu ; it is the second-highest viewed show after Saturday Night Live . [108] IGN called Family Guy a great show, and commented that it has gotten better since its revival. They stated that they cannot imagine another half-hour sitcom that provides as many laughs as Family Guy. [109] Empire praised the show and its writers for creating really hilarious moments with unlikely material. They commented that one of the reasons they love the show is because nothing is sacred—it makes jokes and gags of almost everything. [110] Robin Pierson of The TV Critic praised the series as "a different kind of animated comedy which clearly sets out to do jokes which other cartoons can't do." [111] Family Guy has proven popular in the United Kingdom, regularly obtaining between 700,000 and 1 million viewers for re-runs on BBC Three . [112] Many celebrities have admitted that they are fans of the show. Robert Downey, Jr. telephoned the show production staff and asked if he could produce or assist in an episode creation, as his son is a fan of the show, so the producers came up with a character for Downey. [113] Lauren Conrad met MacFarlane while recording a Laguna Beach clip for the episode " Prick Up Your Ears ", (season 5, 2006). [114] [115] She has watched Family Guy for years and considers Stewie her favorite character. [114] Commenting on his appearance in the episode "Big Man on Hippocampus", (season 8, 2010), actor Dwayne Johnson stated that he was a "big fan" of Family Guy. [116] Johnson befriended MacFarlane after he had a minor role in Johnson's 2010 film Tooth Fairy . [116] R&B singer Rihanna has admitted to being a fan of Family Guy, [117] as has pop singer Britney Spears ; she tries to imitate Stewie's English accent. [118] She offered to appear in a cameo to hit back at the similar animated show South Park , but MacFarlane declined, stating he did not want to start a feud with the series. [119] Awards Family Guy and its cast have been nominated for thirteen Emmy Awards , with four wins. MacFarlane won the Outstanding Voice-Over Performance award for his performance as Stewie; [120] Murphy and MacFarlane won the Outstanding Music and Lyrics award for the song "You Got a Lot to See" from the episode " Brian Wallows and Peter's Swallows "; [120] Steven Fonti won the Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation award for his storyboard work in the episode " No Chris Left Behind "; [121] and Greg Colton won the Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation award for his storyboard work in the episode " Road to the Multiverse ". [122] The show was nominated for eleven Annie Awards , and won three times, twice in 2006 and once in 2008. [123] [124] [125] In 2009 it was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series , becoming the first animated program to be nominated in this category since The Flintstones in 1961. [126] The Simpsons was almost nominated in 1993, but voters were hesitant to pit cartoons against live action programs. [127] [128] Family Guy has been nominated and has won various other awards, including the Teen Choice Awards and the People's Choice Awards . [129] [130] [131] In the 1,000th issue of Entertainment Weekly , Brian Griffin was selected as the dog for "The Perfect TV Family". [132] Wizard Magazine rated Stewie the 95th-greatest villain of all time. [133] British newspaper The Times rated Family Guy as the 45th-best American show in 2009. [134] IGN ranked Family Guy at number seven in the "Top 100 Animated Series" and number six in the "Top 25 Primetime Animated Series of All Time". [109] [135] Empire named it the twelfth-greatest TV show of all time. [110] In 2005 viewers of the UK television channel Channel 4 voted Family Guy at number 5 on their list of the 100 Greatest Cartoons. [136] Brian was awarded the 2009 Stoner of the Year award by High Times for the episode " 420 ", marking the first time an animated character received the honor. [137] In 2007 TV Guide ranked Family Guy number 15 in their list of top cult shows ever. [138] Family Guy has garnered six Golden Reel Awards nominations, winning three times. [139] Criticism and controversy Template:See also Family Guy has received a negative treatment from some critics. One of the initial critics to give the show negative reviews was Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly ; he called it "The Simpsons as conceived by a singularly sophomoric mind that lacks any reference point beyond other TV shows". [140] [141] The Parents Television Council (PTC), a conservative, a non-profit watchdog , has attacked the series since its premiere and has branded various episodes as "Worst TV Show of the Week". [142] [143] [144] In May 2000 the PTC launched a letter-writing campaign to the Fox network in an effort to persuade the network to cancel the show. [145] The PTC has placed the show on their annual lists of "Worst Prime-Time Shows for Family Viewing" in 2000, 2005, and 2006. [146] [147] [148] The Federal Communications Commission has received multiple petitions requesting that the show be blocked from broadcasting on indecency grounds. [149] Tucker and the PTC have both accused the show portraying religion negatively, and of being racist. [150] [151] Because of the PTC, some advertisers have canceled their contracts after reviewing the content of the episodes, claiming it to be unsuitable. [152] [153] Critics have compared the show's humor and characters with those of The Simpsons. [154] [155] Various episodes of the show have generated controversy. In " The Son Also Draws " ( season one , 1999) Peter jokes that "Canada sucks"; this caused controversy with Canadian viewers. [156] In "420" ( season seven , 2009) Brian decides to start a campaign to legalize cannabis in Quahog; the Venezuelan government reacted negatively to the episode and banned Family Guy from airing on their local networks, which generally syndicate American programming. Venezuelan justice minister Tareck El Aissami , citing the promotion of the use of cannabis, stated that any cable stations that did not stop airing the series would be fined; [157] the government showed a clip which featured Brian and Stewie singing the praises of marijuana as a demonstration of how the United States supports cannabis use. [158] In " Extra Large Medium " ( season eight , 2010) a character named Ellen (who has Down syndrome ) states that her mother is the former Governor of Alaska , which strongly implies that her mother is Sarah Palin , the only woman to have served in the office of governor in the state. Sarah Palin, the mother of a special-needs child, criticized the episode in an appearance on The O'Reilly Factor , calling those who made the show "cruel, cold-hearted people." [159]	Brian
What name is given to unsolicited or undesired electronic messages?	‘Family Guy’: Brian Griffin Dies — Season 12 Episode 6 Recap - Hollywood Life 8 Photos Spoiler alert: Stop reading if you don’t want to know who died on ‘Family Guy!’ Fox warned us that Family Guy would be killing off a member of the Griffin family on the show’s Nov. 24 episode, but even with advanced notice, nothing could have prepared fans for the loss of such a crucial character. Seriously, not since the death of legendary newswoman Diane Simmons have we been this speechless while discussing Family Guy. So who died, and why? Read on for the tragic truth. ‘Family Guy’: Brian Dies Yes, the Griffins’ beloved dog Brian (voiced by creator Seth MacFarlane ) ended up being the character killed off this week’s episode. We learned that Brian had been hit by a car, and unfortunately, Stewie (also voiced by Seth) was unable to go back in time to stop it, as he’d just disassembled his time machine. So, technically, there were two deaths this week: R.I.P., Brian… and R.I.P., Stewie’s time machine. Oh, and Brian was “replaced” by a new dog named Vinny, which is also super-ridiculous. ‘Family Guy’ EP Explains Why Brian Had To Die Like most fans, we’re sure you’re scratching your head, wondering why Family Guy would off such an important character. “This was an idea that got pitched in the writers room and it sort of caught fire, and we thought it could be a fun way to shake things up,” executive producer Steve Callaghan tells E! Online . “We started talking about what the next couple episodes could be and we got very excited about the way this change will affect the family dynamics and the characters.” Fans Protest Brian’s Death With Petition Steve explains that killing off a human member of the family would be “too traumatic,” so the writers settled on the dog. As for how Mila Kunis, Seth Green and the other stars reacted to the news, Steve says they were “surprised.” Also, they were “glad it wasn’t them.” HollywoodLifers, are you bummed that Brian is dead? What do you think about his replacement, Vinny? Drop a comment with your every emotion below. — Andy Swift	i don't know
In Arthurian legend for what was 'The Fisher King' responsible?	The Fisher King \| Robbins Library Digital Projects The Fisher King in Film The mysterious Fisher King is a character of the Arthurian tradition, and his story may sound familiar: suffering from wounds, the Fisher King depends for his healing on the successful completion of the hero's task. There are many different versions of the story of the Fisher King, and the character is not represented uniformly in every text. In the medieval period, Chrétien de Troyes' Percival makes him a completely ambiguous figure, while Wolfram von Eschenbach provides him an elaborate background in his Parzival. The Vulgate Cycle expands the Fisher King into multiple Maimed Kings, each suffering from some type of wound; yet Thomas Malory virtually ignores the Fisher King in his Morte Darthur. Modern texts treat the Fisher King less as a character and more as a motif: T. S. Eliot incorporates the motif of the Fisher King into the desolated modern city and its people in his poem, The Waste Land; in other modern texts, the Fisher King is embodied in a Vietnam War veteran, children in search of their fathers' identities, and the baseball coach of a team on a hopeless losing streak. The Fisher King also appears in various films, from Eric Rohmer's adaptation of Chrétien's Perceval to Terry Gilliam's buddy comedy, The Fisher King. In every version of the story, though, the Fisher King is completely helpless and depends on another to alleviate his suffering. Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval As a literary character, the Fisher King originates in Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval. The reader first encounters the Fisher King when Perceval meets a fisherman who offers Perceval lodging. In his castle, the fisherman reveals himself to be a king who is weak and bedridden, and yet has such an abundance of wealth that he can provide his guest a grand feast. During the feast, Perceval witnesses a Grail Procession but fails to ask his host any questions pertaining to what he sees. As a result, all the inhabitants of the castle disappear the next morning (Chrétien de Troyes 32-37). The fisherman is later said to be the rich Fisher King who "was wounded in a battle and completely crippled, so that he's helpless now, for he was struck by a javelin through both his thighs; and he still suffers from it so much that he can't mount a horse. But when he wants to engage in some pleasure and sport he has himself placed in a boat and goes fishing with a hook" (38). His healing depends on Perceval and his asking of the necessary Grail questions, such as "who does the Grail serve?" and "what is the meaning of the Bleeding Lance?" (38-39). This description, of a suffering king who depends for his healing on another person, becomes the prototype for all variations of the Fisher King in literature. In Chrétien's Perceval, there appears to be confusion between the Fisher King and his father, who may or may not be a Grail King: And I believe the rich Fisher King is the son of the king who is served from the grail . . . he's served with a single host which is brought to him in that grail. It comforts and sustains his life—the grail is such a holy thing. And he, who is so spiritual that he needs no more in his life than the host that comes in the grail, has lived there for twelve years without ever leaving the chamber which you saw the grail enter. (69) Chrétien does not include any specific references to the Fisher King as the keeper of the Grail; however, the Grail is kept in his castle, which is commonly referred to as the Grail Castle. The description of the father of the Fisher King, though, suggests that the mysteries of the Grail are directly linked to him: the Grail Procession enters and exits his room and he has been sustained by its host. Other than by describing him as a very spiritual man, Chrétien does not explain why the Fisher King's father has been served by the Grail. Is he also wounded? More importantly, what is his connection to his son, the Fisher King? 1 The role of Chrétien's Fisher King, suggested by his mystical and spiritual relationship with the Grail, is to assess the level of Perceval's spiritual purification. Only the worthiest knight, one who has moved away from worldly adventures to spiritual quests, can heal his suffering. Perceval's failure to ask the Grail Questions is a result of his moral immaturity. Before he may be deemed worthy, Perceval must first acknowledge and then cleanse the sin of the abandonment of his mother, the act which caused her to die from grief (68-9). The First Continuation of Perceval Chrétien de Troyes died before finishing Perceval, so other writers took on the task of completing his story. In The First Continuation, the Fisher King maintains his role in assessing the worthy knight; however, as different writers expand upon Chrétien's work, various changes, sometimes inconsistent, are made to the Fisher King: his appearance has sometimes been altered to suggest that he is not maimed (130), and new tasks, such as the mending of the Broken Sword, must be completed. In The First Continuation, Gawain's adventures encompass the entire story: his character functions as a foil to Perceval in his movement toward becoming a spiritual knight. Gawain takes lodging in the castle of the Fisher King and witnesses the Grail Procession, which now includes the Bier that contains an unknown body, and the Broken Sword, which lies upon the Bier. Unlike Perceval, Gawain does ask the Grail Questions; however, this act does not heal the Fisher King. Instead, the Fisher King requires Gawain, in order to prove himself to be the worthiest knight, to mend the Broken Sword before he may reveal the answers to his questions. 2 Gawain connects the broken pieces of the sword but the pieces come apart again, proving Gawain to be less than perfect. The Fisher King explains that Gawain has "not yet achieved enough as a knight to know the truth about these things" (113). Gawain wakes up the next morning not in the castle but at a marsh (111-13). Gawain then takes on the quest of a dead knight: he comes to the Grail Castle, with the Bleeding Lance, the Grail, and the Bier with the Broken Sword lying upon it; however, he is met by a very different figure from the Fisher King, a "tall and strong-limbed knight" 3 (130). He requires Gawain to complete his quest by mending the Broken Sword. Gawain fails to do so; however, his efforts have partially restored vitality to the kingdom (124-32). The task of mending the Broken Sword, like the asking of the necessary Grail questions, is a method to evaluate the worthy knight. Gawain's failure to perfectly mend the Broken Sword is similar to Perceval's failure to ask the Grail Questions: both knights possess flaws that prevent them from succeeding; however, Gawain's being charged with treason (52) and his attempt to seduce a damsel in a tower (62-3) suggest that he possesses spiritual flaws. Gawain's failure sets up further Continuations that concentrate on Perceval's growth as a knight. The Second Continuation of Perceval In The Second Continuation, the story shifts back to Perceval and his quest to learn about the Grail: Perceval is no longer prohibited from asking the Grail Questions, but, as with Gawain, this is not (or perhaps this is no longer) sufficient to heal the wounds of the Fisher King. After proving himself worthy as a worldly knight (163-73), Perceval returns to the Grail Castle and asks the Grail Questions, along with questions about a vision of a child that he witnessed during his journey (182-83). The Fisher King interprets this vision as an indication that Perceval is not yet proven as a spiritual knight, so, therefore, Perceval is not yet worthy to hear the secrets of the Grail (191-92). Perceval then inquires about the Broken Sword, but, like Gawain, he is required to mend the sword before he may learn of its history. Perceval mends all but a very small notch in the sword. The Fisher King interprets this as a sign that Perceval, although proven to be unmatched as a worldly knight, must now prove himself to God as a spiritual knight. Even so, the Fisher King, so convinced is he of Perceval's worthiness, willingly bestows everything he has upon the young knight (192-93). Gerbert de Montreuil's Continuation 4 In Gerbert de Montreuil's Continuation, the Fisher King requires Perceval to repair the notch in the sword before he may learn the secrets of the Grail and of the Bleeding Lance; yet, he acknowledges that Perceval is the only one who is worthy of learning these secrets. He reminds Perceval of his need to atone for the sin of abandoning his mother, and Perceval goes on a spiritual journey to cleanse his soul (194). Before he leaves, Perceval learns that his asking of the Grail Questions, although they had not led to either any answers or the healing of the wounded Fisher King, had restored vitality to the wastelands that surround the kingdom (198). During his quest for spiritual growth, Perceval comes upon King Mordrain, another wounded king—a Maimed King—and one who has close ties to the Fisher King: Mordrain had rescued Joseph of Arimathea 5 from imprisonment by the cruel King Crudel. As Mordrain had attempted to look at the Grail, which Joseph himself carried, an angel from heaven struck him down with a fiery sword, declaring that Mordrain was too stained with sin to be considered worthy enough to witness the Grail. Mordrain's wounds, like those of the Fisher King, would therefore never heal, nor would Mordrain ever die, until Perceval comes to cure him (256-57). The introduction of the story of Joseph of Arimathea and his connections with the Grail bring greater historical significance to the Grail itself. We have seen it as a sustainer of life in Chrétien (69) and as a beacon of light in the Second Continuation (160), but with the addition of the identification of the Grail as the cup that caught Christ's blood as he hung on the Cross, the spiritual importance of the Grail quest, as well as the mystical nature of the Fisher King, has greatly increased. After the trials that tested and cleansed Perceval's soul, making him holy and worthy before God, he returns to the castle of the Fisher King for the third time. He mends the notch in the Broken Sword and brings great joy to the Fisher King, who again grants lordship of all that he has to Perceval (269-70). 6 The Third Continuation of Perceval The story of Perceval is brought to an end again in The Third Continuation, as Perceval learns the secrets of the Grail, of the Bleeding Lance, of the Silver Trencher, and of the Broken Sword. The Fisher King reveals that he is descended from Joseph of Arimathea and is thus a Grail King. The Broken Sword came about as Partinial the Wild, disguised, tricked and killed King Gon of Sert, the brother of the Fisher King: it is Gon's body that lies on the Bier. The sword shattered from the fatal blow and could not be repaired by anyone other than Perceval. Grieving over the murder of his brother, the Fisher King stabbed himself with pieces of the Broken Sword, leaving him helpless and crippled (271-75). Perceval avenges the Fisher King by beheading Partinial; in doing so, he finally heals the wounds of the Fisher King. At the end of Perceval, the Fisher King learns of Perceval's name and of their familial bond; and after he dies, Perceval inherits his kingdom and becomes the new Grail King (297-302). With The Third Continuation, the wounding of the Fisher King has been changed from a javelin thrust to self-inflicted wounds by pieces of the Broken Sword. This change, to set up Perceval's quest to avenge the Fisher King, takes away from the mystical connection with the Grail. The need for revenge to heal the Fisher King is problematic in regards to maintaining a sense of unity between Chrétien's Perceval and the Continuations: since Perceval had been instructed to transcend such worldly values (284-85), the requirement to slay Partinial appears to be a drastic step back for his quest to become spiritually pure. Conclusion to Perceval There are other inconsistencies between Chrétien's text and the subsequent Continuations: in Chrétien's text, the Fisher King would have been healed if Perceval had asked the necessary Grail Questions (39), but in The Second Continuation, and even more so in The Third Continuation, the method used to heal him has changed, as the Broken Sword must now be mended and the Fisher King must be avenged. Perhaps this is an attempt to create cohesion between Perceval's and Gawain's adventures. At first glance, The Second and The Fourth Continuations appear to be two different attempts to link The First and The Third Continuations together; however, although they are structurally similar, there is consistency in Perceval's growth from a worldly to a spiritual knight. Familial relations play an essential role for the major characters of Perceval. The Fisher King is Perceval's uncle and, therefore, the Fisher King's father is Perceval's grandfather (69). Perceval's father, the brother-in-law to the Fisher King, suffers a similar wounding, through one of his legs (6). Other members of Perceval's family—his sister and his hermit uncle—are essential in helping Perceval in his quest to heal the Fisher King. In the Continuations, the importance of familial relations continues to permeate the texts as multiple wounded figures—Perceval's father, Mordrain, the Fisher King—connect to each other through their blood relations and through their importance to the Grail. In each case, the wounded figure depends upon a blood relative to cure him. The character of the Fisher King has undergone changes from Chrétien's text to the subsequent Continuations, but in each form, there remains the figure of a king who suffers from wounds that affect his lands and that can only be healed by a proven knight. This becomes the basis for further depictions of the Fisher King character in the Arthurian canon. Perlesvaus The Perlesvaus, a thirteenth century romance by an unknown author, can be looked upon as a loose reworking and continuation of Chrétien's Perceval 7 ; however, Perlesvaus radically departs from Perceval and its subsequent Continuations as the story takes a strange, violent turn from the Perceval legend: a bloody religious war between the Old Law and the New Law pervades the text, which depicts extreme acts of violence. Perceval departs from the chivalric growth associated with Chrétien's Perceval and becomes the Good Knight, a spiritual and chaste knight who is fated to restore peace to Britain. Perceval's characterization may suggest a connection with Galahad from the Vulgate Cycle; however, it is, at most, a small connection: his role as a "soldier of our Lord" (Evans 216), who slaughters those who do not convert to the New Law, differs greatly from Galahad's role as a peaceful guardian of the Grail. The Fisher King has an important, albeit small, role in Perlesvaus. He is described as: [lying] on a bed hung on cords whereof the stays were of ivory; and therein was a mattress of straw where he lay, and above a coverlid of sables whereof the cloth was right rich. And he had a cap of sables on his head covered with a red samite of silk, and a golden cross, and under his head was a pillow all smelling sweet of balm, and at the four corners of the pillow were four stones that gave out a right great brightness of light; and over against him was a pillar of copper whereon sate an eagle that held a cross of gold wherein was a piece of the true cross whereon God was set, as long as was the cross itself, the which the good man adored. (Evans 86) The Fisher King does not suffer from being wounded; rather, he falls into languishment because Perceval failed to ask him the Grail Question (24). Perceval's failure to ask the Grail Question has other consequences: Arthur becomes a feeble king (3-21), Britain's lands turn to waste (2), and its kingdoms, along with its knights, war against each other (24). Not knowing the identity of the knight who caused him his suffering, the Fisher King awaits the arrival of a worthy knight to heal him by asking the Grail Question. Two other knights attempt to cure him but fail: Gawain, mesmerized by the Grail Procession, fails to ask the Grail Question (88-90); Lancelot, because of his affair with Guinevere, is denied the opportunity to see the Grail (134-35). The Fisher King is part of a genealogy that begins with his uncle, Joseph of Arimathea. He has two brothers, King Pelles and the King of Castle Mortal, and a sister, Yglais. King Pelles renounces his kingdom and becomes a religious hermit after the murder of his wife by his son, Joseus (40). The King of Castle Mortal, described as wicked, wars upon the Fisher King over possession of the Grail (40). Yglais, the Widow Lady, is Perceval's mother and the widow of Alain li Gros. She waits for Perceval's return to save her castle from attacks by the Lord of the Moors (38). In contrast with his counterpart in other works, The Fisher King of the Perlesvaus is not healed but dies (185) before Perceval returns to conquer the Grail Castle (223-28). The body of the Fisher King lies in a richly decorated sepulcher, where "as soon as the body was placed in the coffin and [the priests and knights] were departed thence, they found on their return that it was covered by the tabernacle all dight as richly as it is now to be seen . . . and they say that every night was there a great brightness of light as of candles there, and they know not whence it should come save of God" (229). God's ceremonial decoration of the Fisher King's tomb suggests that his death had great spiritual significance: Josephus recounts the tale of Cain and Abel to illustrate that although the King of Castle Mortal comes from the good lineage of Joseph of Arimathea, it is possible for him to become evil; however, since the Fisher King, through his suffering, did not yield to his brother's evil, he became a spiritual model for others to follow (227-28). 8 Robert de Boron Although Gerbert de Montreuil's Continuation of Perceval introduces a connection between the Fisher King and Christianity, the Perlesvaus, Robert de Boron, and the Vulgate Cycle make the connection a central part of their works. Robert de Boron wrote his Arthurian cycle in the early thirteenth century, not long after Chrétien's Perceval was written. One can see Chrétien's influence on Robert de Boron, particularly in the Grail quest itself; however, in writing Joseph of Arimathea, Merlin, and Perceval, 9 Robert incorporates Christian Biblical history within the Arthurian legend and thus distinguishes his works from Chrétien's Perceval. Robert also moves away from the violent nature of the Perlesvaus, focusing not on religious war but on the characters themselves and the importance of genealogy. Joseph of Arimathea is closely associated with Jesus Christ, as he "had seen Him as a little child and in the temple where He had disputed with the elders . . . [and] he had seen Him crucified" (Robert de Boron 155). The Grail has become more significant, as it is identified as the cup that was used at the Last Supper (19). There is no mention of the Fisher King's father, which created confusion in Chrétien's Perceval as to who was the guardian of the Grail. Robert de Boron makes it clear that the Fisher King is its guardian (42). Robert de Boron provides the Fisher King with an identity and a history: his name is Bron, and he is the brother-in-law of Joseph of Arimathea (34), a soldier who converts to Christianity. After Christ's crucifixion, Joseph takes His body down from the Cross and then buries Him (18-19). Pilate gives Joseph the Grail, and Joseph uses it to collect Christ's blood as it falls from His body on the Cross (19). Bron earns the name of the rich Fisher King when God commands him to catch a fish to feed his followers (35). Bron does so and God's messenger calls him the rich Fisher King "because of the fish he caught" (42). Bron also becomes the guardian of the Grail and takes it to the West, where he "must await the coming of his son's son" (Alain li Gros and Perceval, respectively), (43) to whom he will then transfer the guardianship of the Grail. Instead of suffering from a wound, Robert de Boron's Fisher King suffers from a malady that can only be healed by Perceval, his grandson (113). Perceval's immaturity causes him to refrain from asking the Grail question that would have healed the Fisher King during his first visit to the Fisher King (141). After Perceval proves his worthiness, he returns to the Fisher King and heals his grandfather by asking the Grail Question. Bron passes on the guardianship of the Grail to Perceval and dies three days later, after which Perceval becomes known as the Fisher King. Thus, the Fisher King is not necessarily associated with Bron himself but with the Grail guardian, whoever he may be (154-55). The Vulgate Cycle The Vulgate Cycle builds on Robert de Boron's development of the Fisher King and his genealogy: there are multiple Fisher Kings, or Rich Fishermen. The Vulgate, though, focuses on ecclesiastical uses of its characters and the Grail Quest, as knights are morally instructed through their various adventures and visions. In addition to its moral purposes, the Vulgate also introduces multiple Maimed Kings that differ from the Rich Fishermen. The History of the Holy Grail closely follows Robert de Boron in some details: Joseph of Arimathea is given the Holy Grail after his services to Christ, and Jews imprison Joseph after Christ's resurrection, suspecting him of treachery. Joseph is imprisoned for forty-two years, rather than for a matter of days, as in Robert de Boron (Lacy 1: 11). Because Joseph was sustained by the Grail during his imprisonment, when he is finally released, he appears not to have aged at all (1: 13). The Vulgate Cycle establishes a timeline of approximately 400 years between the time of Joseph of Arimathea and the Grail Quest: Josephus' return to minister the Grail mass is described as occurring three hundred years after his time (4: 84); 400 years pass between the moment of Mordrain's blinding and his visit by Galahad (4: 29). Joseph and his son, Josephus, bring the Grail to other lands and they convert their inhabitants to Christianity. Josephus suffers from a wounding that is quite similar to that suffered by the Maimed King, as an angel strikes him with a lance through his left thigh when he tries to stop the killing of the inhabitants of a city who would not convert to Christianity. The tip of the lance breaks off and remains in Josephus' leg, causing him to walk with a limp and to have a wound that bleeds incessantly. Only after he baptizes an entire city is Josephus deemed cleansed of his sin, and an angel removes the tip of the lance from his leg (1: 49-51). Bron does not become known as the Fisher King in The Vulgate Cycle; rather, his son, Alan the Fat, earns the name. Alan, the keeper of the Grail after Josephus (1: 157), follows Jospehus' command to "go to the pond and get in the little boat; throw the net you will find there into the water and catch a fish" (1: 139). Alan catches a single fish that God multiplies to feed His followers. The followers, rejoicing in their great fortune, revere Alan: Because of the great plenty that they had had from the gift of the fish Alan had caught, they gave him a name that was never abandoned, for they called him the Rich Fisherman. Thereafter he was called more often by that name than by his right name. And in his honor and because of that day's grace, all those who were invested with the Holy Vessel were called Rich Fishermen (1: 140). 10 Alan brings the Grail west to a place called the Land Beyond and establishes the Grail castle of Corbenic. Joshua, Alan's brother, becomes its king and, after Alan dies, he becomes the guardian of the Grail, the Rich Fisherman (1: 158-59). After King Joshua, his son Aminadap rules and marries the daughter of the king of the Land Beyond. Aminadap fathers King Carcelois, who becomes known for his prowess as a great knight, as well for as his worthiness to God. After Carcelois, his son King Manuel rules, who then fathers King Lambor (1: 159). King Lambor, who was supremely devoted to God, warred with Varlan, his neighbor. During one battle, Varlan flees after all of his men are killed. He discovers Solomon's ship 11 and takes The Sword of the Strange Straps from it. Varlan finds Lambor and kills him with the sword. God avenges Lambor's murder by turning the kingdoms of the Land Beyond and Wales into the Waste Land. As Varlan returns the Sword of the Strange Straps to its scabbard, he falls dead (1: 159-60). In the History, Pellehan, Lambor's son and successor, suffers from a wounding in both of his thighs from a battle in Rome; thus the wound is not linked to the Grail story. Because of his wounding, Pellehan becomes known as the Maimed King, and his wound will not heal until Galahad comes to see him (1: 160). In the Quest, Pellehan discovers Solomon's ship and comes aboard it. He partially draws The Sword of the Strange Straps from its scabbard and a lance wounds Pellehan between his thighs because of his audacity (4: 66). These two wounds appear to be distinct from each other. From Pellehan descends Pelles, whose daughter couples with Lancelot to bring Galahad into being (1: 160). Along with multiple Rich Fishermen, multiple Maimed Kings, besides Pellehan, exist in the Vulgate Cycle. King Mordrain, because he wished to see the Grail, comes too close to it. God punishes him for ignoring the command not to approach the Grail by depleting his strength and by blinding him (4: 135). King Alphassan, who built Corbenic castle for Alan and Joshua, makes the mistake of sleeping in the Palace of Adventures, where the Grail is being kept, and is wounded by a lance through both his thighs (1: 159). Of all these Maimed Kings, Pellehan is the only one who is also a Rich Fisherman. Other figures in the Vulgate suffer from wounds that resemble those of the Maimed Kings: Nascien, although not a king, is struck by a sword through his shoulder in punishment for drawing The Sword of the Strange Straps from its scabbard (4: 66). Lancelot is struck by a fire and is unconscious for twenty-four days after he disobeys God and tries to come close to the Grail (4: 80), Josephus, as was already explained above, is wounded by a lance for disobeying God (1: 49-51). In the Quest, Galahad replaces Perceval as the successful Grail knight and the healer of the Maimed Kings. While in Chrétien's romance, Perceval undergoes a spiritual quest before being deemed worthy to heal the maimed Fisher King, the Vulgate's Galahad is a pure knight who is detached from worldly duty, has no feudal obligations, and is not concerned with corporeal pleasure. In speaking of Galahad's beauty, Lancelot says that he has "never seen anyone so perfectly formed" (4: 3). Jean Frappier comments that Galahad's perfection is "unreal; a saint untroubled by temptation, a foreordained Savior" (Loomis Arthurian Tradition in the Middle Ages: A Collaborative History 305). Galahad succeeds in trials at which other knights fail: he is able to sit in the Perilous Seat (4: 5-6); he easily removes a sword from a stone, which marks him as the world's best knight (4: 4-6); he is the only one worthy to wear the shield of Mordrain (4: 12-13). In the Vulgate, Galahad is named as the one who will heal the Maimed King: Joseph learns that a man (Pellehan) will be struck by the Holy Lance and will not be healed until the coming of Galahad (1: 51); God also promises Mordrain that Galahad will restore his health (4: 29). Before he goes to Corbenic, Galahad visits Mordrain. As Galahad comes near, Mordrain's eyesight returns to him and his health is restored. Feeling fulfilled by seeing the knight that he had long waited for, Mordrain embraces Galahad and dies in his arms (4: 82). Galahad then visits Corbenic, repairs the Broken Sword, and witnesses the Grail Procession. An unknown man, perhaps another Maimed King, tells Galahad that he had been waiting to see him. Now that he has seen him, he is ready to die. After the man dies, Josephus returns from Heaven and ministers the Holy Mass. Finally, Jesus appears and reveals the secrets of the Grail to Galahad. Galahad heals Pellehan by anointing his legs with the blood from the Holy Lance. After being healed, Pellehan, the last of the Rich Fishermen, joins a community of white monks and is heard from no more (82-85). Scholars do not agree on either the existence or the identity of the unknown Maimed King. In his essay, "The Vulgate Cycle," Jean Frappier refers to only one Maimed King in the Quest (Loomis Arthurian Tradition in the Middle Ages 303). In her book, Galahad in English Literature, Sister Mary Louis Morgan makes no distinction between the two Maimed Kings. Morgan and Frappier may have intentionally ignored the existence of two Maimed Kings to avoid the issue of trying to resolve the identity of the unknown Maimed King. Frederick W. Locke describes the existence of two separate figures as a fracturing of the Maimed King from the Fisher King; he argues that the presence of two figures provides dramatic intensification as Galahad heals one after the other (Locke 81-82). The Vulgate Cycle multiplies one Fisher King into a family of Rich Fishermen and also into multiple other Maimed Kings; various types of wounds occur throughout the text, mainly in regards to various types of moral instruction. As the Perceval legend branches out into Welsh literature, regional gods and beliefs replace Christian interpretations of the Fisher King. Peredur Son of Evrawg Peredur Son of Evrawg provides a Welsh interpretation of the Perceval legend, and there is much debate on how much of an influence Welsh literature had on Chrétien, and vice versa. In Arthurian Tradition and Chrétien de Troyes, R. S. Loomis examines the Welsh background of Chrétien's Perceval and sees similarities between the Fisher King and Bran, a Welsh sea-god. William A. Nitze agrees with Loomis, and in his essay, "The Fisher King and the Grail in Retrospect," he sees traces of the Irish characters Nuadu (Welsh, Nudd) and Tuatha Dé Danann in the Fisher King. Chrétien acknowledges that Perceval le Gallois is a Welshman—"le gallois" is French for "the Welsh man." In both stories, a young man, Peredur or Perceval, learns how to become a knight and goes on a quest to heal a wounded king. But the Lame King of Peredur has some major differences from the Fisher King of Perceval. In Peredur, there are two kings, who are brothers to each other and maternal uncles to Peredur. The kings are described as lame but not as invalids. One of the two kings is able to stand and walk to the castle. He does not lie in a bed but sits on a cushion (Gantz 224). The second king is seen sitting at a table (225). Neither of the kings is given the name of Fisher King; however, Peredur sees his first uncle sitting on a boat, while others in the boat are fishing (224). After Peredur proves his prowess at fighting with a cudgel and a shield, his first uncle teaches him manners and courtesy: "though what you see is strange, do not ask about it unless someone is courteous enough to tell you; any rebuke will fall on me rather than on you, as I am your teacher" (225). The uncle's advice to Peredur, similar to that in Perceval, indicates his awareness of Peredur's immaturity, and he may have thought that Perceval was not yet ready to know about the wonders that he will see at his second uncle's castle. Peredur rides from his first uncle's castle and meets his second uncle, who is sitting at a table. After sharing a feast, Peredur's uncle instructs him on how to use a sword by striking it against an iron column. As Peredur strikes the column with his sword, the column and the sword both break in two. Peredur's uncle tells him to rejoin the sword and the column, and then to strike the column again. Peredur does so again; when he strikes the column with his sword for a third time, Peredur is unable to rejoin either the sword or the column. Peredur's uncle tells him that this test indicates that he has developed two parts of his strength, with the remaining part yet to come (225-26). Peredur then witnesses a procession of a bleeding spear and a large salver that contains a bloody severed head. Peredur wishes to know the meaning of the things he has seen, but remembering his other uncle's advice, he chooses to wait until his uncle provides an explanation. Since his uncle does not provide an explanation to these wonders, Peredur remains quiet (226). Later, the Black Maiden (the equivalent of the Loathly Lady of Perceval) reproaches Peredur for not inquiring about the wonders he witnessed, for "had [he] asked, the king would have been made well and the kingdom made peaceful, but now there will be battles and killing, knights lost and women widowed and children orphaned" (249). Peredur then goes to search for his uncle's castle. When Peredur returns to the castle of the Lame King, he learns that the severed head belongs to his cousin, who was murdered by the hags of Gloucester. This is inconsistent with the story, however, since Peredur is told about these mysteries before he has had a chance to ask any questions. Fulfilling a prophecy, Peredur avenges his cousin and his uncle by slaying the hags. There is no indication that the Lame King, either as a result of Peredur's return to his castle or as a result of his vengeance against the hags, is restored to health (254-55). Parzival Although Peredur has some major differences from Chrétien's Perceval, Wolfram von Eschenbach completely reworks and reinterprets Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval in his work, Parzival. Although the basic storyline of Perceval is followed, Wolfram denies Chrétien's influence on his work; instead, he claims that Kyot, "who saw this adventure of Parzival written down from heathen tongue" (Wolfram von Eschenbach 134), originated the Perceval legend. Wolfram mentions Chrétien as having "done this tale an injustice" (264), and credits himself with finishing the "tale [that] has been kept locked away" (233), a reference to Chrétien's unfinished story; however, as Cyril Edwards states in the introduction to his translation of Parzival, scholars doubt the existence of Kyot and speculate that Wolfram invented Kyot to mask Chrétien's influence (xxii). In Wolfram's romance, Anfortas is the wounded Grail King of Munsalvaesche, a mysterious castle that cannot be easily found. An army of Grail knights defends the castle and its lands, the Terre de Salvaesche (91). Anfortas is so rich that he wears "such clothing that even if all lands served him, it could be no better" (72). As the Fisher King is Perceval's uncle in Chrétien's Perceval, so is Anfortas to Parzival, and his healing depends on Parzival's asking of the Grail Question, which in this case is: "Uncle, what troubles you?" (254). Distancing himself from Chrétien, Wolfram does not call Anfortas the Fisher King, but because fishing is an activity that soothes his pain, "a tale emerged that he is a fisherman. That tale he has to bear with" (157). Anfortas is a member of a Grail dynasty that begins with Titurel, the first Grail King of Munsalvaesche. Frimutel, his son, inherited Munsalvaesche after Titurel's death. Frimutel, a "noble warrior" (80) who died as a result of a joust over love, had five 12 children: Anfortas, who inherits Munsalvaesche and becomes Grail king after Frimutel; Trevrizent, who renounces his wealth and becomes a servant to God; Herzeloyde, mother to Parzival; Schoysiane, mother to Sigune; and Repanse de Schoye, the Grail-bearer (80). After Parzival heals Anfortas, he inherits Munsalvaesche and becomes the Grail King (254). Anfortas' wounding happened because of his desire for love and adventure: while in a joust, he was wounded in his genitals by a poisoned spear. Anfortas' attempt to heal himself with the Grail fails: he learns that his wounding is God's punishment for pursuing a love interest and thereby disobeying His requirement of chastity as the Grail King. Anfortas is condemned to suffer in a dual state of life and death for his arrogance (153-54). Anfortas' knights force him to repeatedly view the Grail to sustain his life. He pleads with his knights to stop showing him the Grail but the knights, following the Grail's prophecy of Parzival's return, persist in keeping Anfortas alive (251-52). Anfortas' suffering is unsparingly graphic in detail: his condition is so terrible that "he can neither lie nor walk . . . nor lie nor stand. He leans, not sitting, in a sigh-laden mood" (157). Any attempts to heal him fail (154-55). Anfortas' sensitivity is so great that frost provides such intense pain that the spear had to be placed inside Anfortas' wound to conduct the cold from his body (157). He takes "to blinking constantly, sometimes for four days at a time. Then he was carried to the Grail, whether he liked it or not, and the illness forced him to open his eyes" (251). The close link between Anfortas' suffering and God's will is symbolic of the biblical Fall of Man. Anfortas sins by loving himself more than God. H. G. Wilson sees Anfortas as representing "mankind in its fallen state, having broken the law of God" (Wilson 554). God's will is so great that Anfortas' Grail knights disobey his commands to stop showing him the Grail (Wolfram von Eschenbach 251). Wolfram alludes to Anfortas' disobedience through Trevrizent's recounting of Eve's decision to eat the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, as having "delivered us to hardship by ignoring her Creator's command and destroying our joy" (148). God punishes Anfortas' sin through the poison that slowly destroys his body, leaving him in a state of living decay. Anfortas' suffering serves as a reminder of the destructiveness of sin, which can only be healed through redemption. By cleansing himself of sin, Parzival actualizes man's potential for redemption: He is then able to ask the Grail Question, "What troubles you?" Wolfram describes Anfortas' healing as a rebirth: "He who for Saint Silvester's sake bade a bull walk away from death, and who bade Lazarus arise—He himself helped Anfortas to recover and regain full health" (254). Anfortas, reborn, restores his faith in God and declares that he will fight in service to the Grail (262). Through Anfortas' suffering, though, Wolfram adds horrific depth to the development of the Fisher King. Malory's Morte Darthur In England, during the fifteenth century, Thomas Malory uses several important Arthurian works and legends as sources for his story, including The Alliterative Morte Darthur, the Tristan and Isolde legend, and the Grail Quest. His focus, though, is on Arthur and his knights; so, many other characters, including the Fisher King, take on secondary positions. Thus, the Fisher King plays a minute and undeveloped role in the Morte Darthur. Malory's Fisher King lacks the importance of his counterpart in Perceval: he is rarely named by his title, save for a passing acknowledgement by Sir Lancelot, who "had sene toforetyme in kynge Pe[scheo]rs house" (Malory XIII.18.537.7). The Fisher King also lacks the substance of the Vulgate's Rich Fishermen and of Wolfram's Anfortas. Along with the Fisher King, multiple Maimed Kings appear, although they hardly have any bearing on the story. Most importantly, though, Malory creates confusion as to whether Pellam or Pelles is his Fisher King. In The Tale of King Arthur, King Pellam is identified as a Maimed King. Pellam is the brother to Garlon, a traitorous knight who becomes invisible after putting on his armor and then slays other unsuspecting knights. Sir Balin kills Garlon in retaliation for killing a knight under his protection. Angered, Pellam fights Balin and Pellam breaks Balin's sword. Weaponless, Balin runs from chamber to chamber, searching for a weapon. He discovers the Holy Lance and delivers the Dolorous Stroke to Pellam: "So when Balyn saw the spere he gate hit in hys honde and turned to kynge Pellam and felde hym and smote hym so passyngly sore with that spere, that kynge Pellam [felle] down in a sowghe. And therewith the castell brake roofe and wallis and felle downe to the erthe. And Balyn felle downe and myght not styrre hande nor foote, and for the moste party of that castell was dede throrow the dolorouse stroke." (II.15.53.38-43) 13 Malory may have originally intended Pellam to be the Fisher King of his Grail quest: Pellam survives but his wounds cannot heal until the coming of Galahad. Perhaps this alone hardly distinguishes Pellam from other Maimed Kings, but there is a curious hint of Malory's direction: the Holy Lance is housed within Pellam's castle (II.14-16.52-54). Pellam's role as host to the Lance suggests that he is the ruler of the Grail Castle; although Pelles is, in fact, its ruler, it appears that Malory had at one point considered making Pellam his Fisher King. Malory later identifies King Pelles as the Fisher King, calling him the "kynge Pe[scheo]r" (XIII.18.537.7). Pelles is the ruler of Corbenic, the Grail Castle, and is the father of Elaine; he helps to trick Lancelot into coupling with Elaine so that she can conceive Galahad (XI.2.479.27-32). In The Tale of the Sankgreall, Pelles is described as a Maimed King who was punished for drawing the Sword with the Strange Girdles while aboard Solomon's ship; a spear pierces through both of Pelles' thighs, producing wounds that cannot heal (XVII.5.583.18-30). Galahad eventually comes to Corbenic and heals Pelles by anointing his wounds with blood from the Holy Lance. Pelles then becomes a hermit and joins a religious order of monks (XVII.21.604.15-21). In The Tale of the Sankgreall, Malory does not mention Pellam, suggesting that Malory has replaced Pellam with Pelles: both Pellam (II.16.54.11) and Pelles (XI.2.479.10-11) share the same genealogy as descendants of Joseph of Arimathea. Both Pellam and Pelles are guardians of the Holy Lance; however, the most indicative piece of evidence of Malory's intentions is found when Galahad states that "Balyn gaff unto kynge Pelles [the Dolorous Stroke]" (XIII.5.520.12). This is clearly false, as Balin had struck not Pelles but Pellam. It should also be noted that Pelles' wounding was, at one point, described as having happened while aboard Solomon's ship; however, aside from these glaring inconsistencies, Malory's replacement of Pellam with Pelles provides the necessary link, although loose, between his Tale of the Sankgreall and his Tale of King Arthur. As Eugène Vinaver states, at first glance, "Malory's Tale of the Sankgreall is the least obviously original of his works" (758). He draws exclusively from the Vulgate, admitting so in the title: The Tale of the Sankgreall Briefly Drawn out of French Which is a Tale Chronicled for One of the Truest and One of the Holiest That is in This World. Not only does the Vulgate provide the source for the Dolorous Stroke and for Galahad's Grail Quest to heal the Maimed King, but the source of various other Maimed Kings can be found in the Vulgate: Nascien is wounded for using the Sword with the Strange Girdles (XVII.4.582.15-40;583.1-17). Mordrain is blinded for trying to see the Grail and is kept alive until he sees Galahad (XVII.18.600.22-35). A mysterious Maimed King, a "good man syke . . . [who] had a crowne of golde upon his hede" (XVII.19.602.26-27), appears along with the Fisher King during the liturgy scene at Corbenic. Each of these Maimed Kings is familiar to those who know the Vulgate, but they are not and pale in importance to the characters of Pellam and Pelles. Malory's use of the Vulgate does not incorporate its emphasis on religious edification; rather, he uses it as a template for his knights' adventures. Malory's Morte Darthur concentrates on the rise and fall of Arthur's kingdom and the idealistic chivalric code. To do so, Malory needed to remove his focus from the religious nature of the Grail story, which, as R.M. Lumiansky notes, is "primarily a theological treatise on salvation" (Lumiansky 186). Malory's work is not a salvation piece but a tragedy; therefore Malory had to treat the Grail story like any of his other knightly adventures. He weaves the tragic theme of his work through the Grail quest, particularly when Arthur predicts that the Grail adventures will spell disaster for the fellowship of the Round Table (XIII.5-6.520). Thus the Fisher King has no other importance to Malory than to help drive the action of his larger plot. Between Malory and Eliot Between Malory and T. S. Eliot, hardly any works were written which pertain to the Fisher King. For the most part, this void may be attributed to a lull in the production of Arthurian romance; however, the romantic nineteenth century works of Alfred Lord Tennyson and the Pre-Raphaelites brought about a rebirth of the Arthurian legend. In the Idylls of the King, Tennyson distances himself from the Grail myth and, thus, the character of the Fisher King. There is only one instance where Tennyson has an opportunity to incorporate the Fisher King in his Idylls: Balin, Pellam, and the Dolorous Stroke; however, Tennyson avoids having Balin deliver the Dolorous Stroke to Pellam. Instead, Balin escapes Pellam's castle with the Lance, which Pellam condemns Balin for having defiled "heavenly things with earthly uses" (Tennyson lines 415-16). Pellam is most likely Tennyson's Fisher King, yet Tennyson ignores the Fisher King altogether in the Grail quest of "The Holy Grail." Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival remained popular in German literature, and in the late nineteenth century, Richard Wagner worked the story into his opera, Parsifal. The premise of the story, Parsifal's healing of the wounded Amfortas, remains true to Wolfram, but Wagner places an emphasis on ritual and ceremony, such as the presence of scores of Grail knights, clergy, and maidens in the Grail Procession. William Wordsworth provides a curious allusion to the Fisher King in his poem, "Poems on the Naming of Places": as several aristocratic figures, while crossing a wasteland, come across a "tall and upright figure of a Man / Attired in peasant's garb, who stood alone . . . worn down / By sickness, gaunt and lean, with sunken cheeks / And wasted limbs, so long and lean (Wordsworth 110). Wordsworth seems to be alluding to the Fisher King with the image of the sickly man standing amongst a wasteland, but he does not provide any other clues. It is interesting to note, though, how Wordsworth uses deceptive imagery, as the man alluded to as the Fisher King is actually a peasant; this foreshadows T. S. Eliot's ironical use of the Fisher King not as a king but in other forms. Another British author, Ernest Rhys, treats the Fisher King in his poem "The Dolorous Stroke" and in his short dramatic piece The Masque of the Grail. "The Dolorous Stroke" recounts the episode in the Vulgate of the Dolorous Stroke given to King Lambor by King Hurlame. The focus of his short poem is how the Dolorous Stroke turns Logris into "the waste land of the earth" (Rhys "The Dolorous Stroke" 12). In The Masque of the Grail, Rhys combines the Perceval, Peredur, and Vulgate stories to create a narrative that concentrates on the Grail Quest. In his notes, Rhys states that he treats The Masque of the Grail "as to make the Quest the real cause of the breaking up of the charmed circle of Arthur's Knights at Camelot" (Rhys The Masque of the Grail 42): as a result of the disbandment of the knights from the Round Table in search of the Grail, Arthur suffers a premature death (Rhys The Masque of the Grail 37). Galahad is forced to make a choice between following other knights on a pilgrimage to Sarras or healing King Pelleas, the Fisher King. Galahad sacrifices the glory of Sarras, where the knights believe eternal youth and the Grail lie (Rhys The Masque of the Grail 34), because he hears "another fainter cry, that comes as it might be from under the earth. It comes from the chamber of the Sick Lord the sailors call Sir Fisherman" (Rhys The Masque of the Grail 36). By healing Pelleas, though, Galahad learns that he has, in fact, achieved the Grail: "[Galahad] has found his Sarras by an old man's bed" (Rhys The Masque of the Grail 39). It is unclear, though, what happens to Pelleas after he is healed. An American poet, Madison Cawein explores the mystical connection between the Fisher King and his lands in his poem, "Waste Land." Cawein describes his feeble Fisher King as a "lichen" (Cawein line 27), "moss" (26), a "weed" (32), and as "dust" (33); thus, Cawein's Fisher King is one with his lands. Eliot further develops this motif in "The Waste Land." In fact, there are such close similarities between Eliot and Cawein's poems that Robert Ian Scott suggests that they "can hardly be coincidental," particularly because Eliot would have probably read the January 1913 issue of Poetry, in which Cawein's poem appears, because Ezra Pound had a piece published in it (qtd. in Cawein). T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land T. S. Eliot's poem, The Waste Land, is one of the most important modernist poems. Eliot's poem critiques the direction in which society was heading and calls for a reassessment of values by looking to the past; thus, The Waste Land is filled with numerous allusions to both canonical and obscure texts, and forces the serious reader to search beyond the poem for its full meaning. The Waste Land, though, is a difficult poem to understand, and this difficulty is due in part to the Cubist structure of the poem, in which Eliot creates a single voice through the juxtaposition of disjunctive characters. 14 Daniel Tomlinson points out that, with this Cubist structure, "Eliot's poem simply circles round its subject, seeing it from many angles which are then intercut without transitions, the fragments being welded into a new conceptual unity in a complicated system of echoes, contrasts, parallels, allusions" (Tomlinson 64-65). Because of this Cubist approach, Eliot's allusions to the Fisher King create something that is less a character than a motif: there are many allusions to the Fisher King that do not embody one character but a multitude of characters, all of them suffering in their own ways but without being aware either of the nature of their suffering or even of their need for healing. Eliot's Fisher King is embodied not only in his characters, but also in the wasteland itself; this may be attributed to his interest in the anthropological studies of Sir James G. Frazer and of Jessie L. Weston, to whose works he was so deeply indebted that he stated in his notes that "anyone who is acquainted with these works will immediately recognize in the poem certain references to vegetation ceremonies" (Eliot The Waste Land and Other Poems 71). Frazer's work, The Golden Bough, is a comparative study of mythology and religion. Included in The Golden Bough are several accounts of vegetation gods—Osiris, Tammuz, Attis, and Adonis—who had power over the fertility of their lands. Rituals were performed to honor these gods, so that the lands would continue to produce sustenance (Frazer 325-27). Eliot may have had these vegetation gods and their rituals in mind as he attributes the barren landscape of The Waste Land to man's detachment from spiritual understanding. In reading The Golden Bough, Weston saw a connection between these vegetation rituals and the Grail legend. Weston argues in From Ritual to Romance that the antecedents of the Grail legend "might [actually be] the confused record of a ritual" (Weston 4). In her interpretation, the character of the Fisher King can be explained as a life symbol which dates back to ancient fertility cults: "we can affirm with certainty that the Fish is a Life symbol of immemorial antiquity, and that the title of Fisher has, from the earliest ages, been associated with Deities who were held to be specially connected with the origin and preservation of Life" (Weston 119). Although Weston's theory has been discredited over time, it is an important key to unlocking Eliot's use of the Fisher King in The Waste Land. Allusions to the Fisher King occur throughout the poem. In "The Burial of the Dead," without mentioning the Fisher King, the images of wasteland typography—snow "branches [that] grow out of stony rubbish," dead trees, rocks, and dust (Eliot The Waste Land lines 6-30)—imply that the lands are somehow connected to the suffering of the wounded king. Madame Sosostris pulls the "man with the three staves" (Eliot The Waste Land line 51) from her deck of tarot cards; in his notes, Eliot associates this card "quite arbitrarily with the Fisher King himself" (Eliot The Waste Land and Other Poems 71). A clue to the underlying presence of the Fisher King is found in lines 71-73 where the protagonist asks his friend if a corpse that he planted has, because of the spring, begun to sprout: this is an allusion to the myth of Adonis (Frazer 327), from which, Weston argues, the character of the Fisher King was developed (Weston 112-14). In "A Game of Chess," the theme of sexual dysfunction alludes to the sexual wounding of the Fisher King and suggests that the people themselves are closely connected to the suffering Fisher King; this is most evident when, as his lover complains about their dysfunctional sexual chemistry, the protagonist turns to the sterility of the land: "I think we are in rat's alley / Where the dead men lost their bones" (Eliot The Waste Land lines 115-16). In "The Fire Sermon," we see a character engaged in the act of fishing, "musing upon the king [his] brother's wreck / And on the king [his] father's death before him" (Eliot The Waste Land lines 191-92). This is an allusion to Shakespeare's The Tempest, where a weeping Ferdinand hears soothing music, allaying his worries (Shakespeare I.ii.390-98). In The Waste Land, though, only the ominous sounds of the rattling of bones by scurrying rats (Eliot The Waste Land lines 194-95) and the "sound of horns and motors" (Eliot The Waste Land line 197) are heard, implying the encompassing presence of Eliot's wasteland. Eliot further muddles the identity of the Fisher King as he alludes to him through "fishmen [in a public bar who] lounge at noon" (Eliot The Waste Land 263). The presence of the Fisher King not only in the lands but also in its inhabitants supports Eliot's use of the Fisher King as a motif, as the suffering nature of the Fisher King exists everywhere. Moreover, Eliot is connecting the suffering of the Fisher King to the condition of modern human being: his choice of the word "lounging" to describe their activity has connotations of wastefulness, indicating a lack of meaning and purpose. "What the Thunder Said" returns to the original wasteland typography of "The Burial of the Dead" and its images of rock, sterile land, and lack of water (Eliot The Waste Land lines 331-59). In this section, though, a kind of Grail Quest surfaces as a character moves through the barren landscape, perhaps in search of healing. The key to this healing comes not in a chalice, a Grail Question, or an act of compassion, but in pronouncements from godly thunder; however, there is no indication that these pronouncements have affected any change: the Fisher King character remains sitting "upon the shore / Fishing, with the arid plain behind [him]" (Eliot The Waste Land lines 423-24). With the lands still arid, Eliot makes it clear that its healing depends upon the individual, since the protagonist asks himself, "shall I at least set my lands in order?" (Eliot The Waste Land line 425). 15 This lack of recognition by the character creates ambiguity as to the possibility of regeneration, and so there is no immediate resolution to the suffering of the lands and its people, all embodied within the character of the Fisher King. Bernard Malamud's The Natural Taking T. S. Eliot's cue in The Waste Land, other twentieth century writers embody the character of the Fisher King in such modern forms as a manager of a baseball team, a buddy team of a bum and a disgraced former disc jockey, and a Vietnam War veteran. These embodiments are quite far from the kingly stature of the Fisher King in medieval Arthurian romance; however, the writers' decisions to incorporate essential characteristics of the Fisher King into their characters suggest that universal themes—in this case, a suffering person depending on another for his healing—remain fresh to contemporary audiences. Bernard Malamud makes Pop Fisher, a coach of his failing baseball team, The New York Knights, the Fisher King of his novel, The Natural. (The film made from this novel will be discussed below.) At the beginning of the novel, Fisher has been suffering from a long and terrible losing streak. His baseball players have lost their motivation for trying to win their games, so they pass their time by playing pranks on Fisher and each other. Fisher, who has lost control of his team for quite some time, has taken to berating them with vain reminders that they "now hold the record of the most consecutive games lost in the whole league history, the most strikeouts, the most errors" (Malamud 56). Fisher even suffers from wounds that allude to the Fisher King: his hands have contracted athlete's foot, which is quite a remarkable condition (46). If Pop Fisher and his Knights are the Fisher King and his knights of The Natural, then their playing field is their kingdom turned into a wasteland. Fisher acknowledges the deterioration of his field: "It's been a blasted dry season. No rains at all. The grass is worn scabby in the outfield and the infield is cracking" (45). As Fisher and his Knights overcome their losing streak later in the story, their playing field is restored to health: "Even the weather was better, more temperate after the insulting early heat, with just enough rain to keep the grass green and yet not pile up future double headers" (93). Roy Hobbs is the Perceval figure of The Natural. Hobbs is a "natural" both in his ability to play baseball and in his simple and naïve manner (Lupack 213). Reflecting Perceval's natural ability to be a knight, Hobbs has a natural gift for baseball: although he had no prior league experience, Hobbs joins the Knights and leads them out of a slump toward the pennant, the Holy Grail of The Natural. Like Perceval's single-minded desire to be a knight, Hobbs is single-minded about being a baseball player. Hobbs fantasizes that people will recognize him as "the best there ever was in the game" (33). The second meaning of "natural" as simple-minded is appropriate to Hobbs because he repeatedly falls in love with femme fatales, fights with various figures such as Max Weber, a sports journalist who attempts to unearth Hobbs' past, and Pop Fisher, who constantly argues with Hobbs over the need for him to use his homemade bat for every swing. For reasons such as Hobbs' age, his frustration with baseball politics, his deteriorating health, and his obsession over wanting to build a life with Memo Paris, who is Pop Fisher's niece, Hobbs accepts money from the Judge to become involved in a plot to thwart the Knights' chances of winning the pennant by striking out during the championship game. However, Hobbs' pride in himself and his need to satisfy Pop Fisher causes him to have second thoughts about throwing the game. Hobbs has a change of heart during the game and helps his Knights approach victory, and although Hobbs does strike out at the end of the game, there is ambiguity as to whether or not his strikeout was intentional; nevertheless, Hobbs' strikeout causes the Knights to lose the pennant. Hobbs receives money from the Judge but does not accept it; rather, he savagely beats the Judge and leaves the money with him. After Hobbs rejects the money, though, Memo reveals that she has double-crossed him, and she shoots a gun at him, grazing Hobbs' shoulder. Hobbs sees his mistake in getting involved with Memo; but his fortunes continue to slip as Max Weber discovers Hobbs' hidden past and accuses him, in a headline, of selling out. This accusation prompts the baseball commissioner to issue a statement that if these allegations prove to be true, Hobbs will be banned from baseball and his records will be "forever destroyed." Whether or not Hobbs intentionally struck out at the end of the championship game, his weeping of "bitter tears" to end the story implies that he is doomed to disgrace (202-37). The Natural is a study of the function of the hero in modern culture: Malamud places his hero in the context of baseball, a temporal and spatial form of entertainment that is so far removed from the business of everyday living as to breed hero worship. Iris Lemon, Hobbs' on and off-again lover and the mother of his child, comments on the importance of being a hero: "Without heroes, we're all plain people and don't know how far we can go" (154). With Hobbs' failure in his Grail Quest, though, Malamud troublingly suggests that the hero is an illusion in modern society. Hobbs fails in his quest and falls into disgrace at the end of the story, as he is doomed to become erased from baseball history (237). Pop Fisher retires without achieving his dream of winning the pennant, and so, the Fisher King of The Natural is not healed but continues to suffer. Jonathan Baumbach elaborates further on this theory, in that he sees Malamud as having encompassed both romance and realism into The Natural: "a romantic, Malamud writes of heroes; a realist, he writes of their defeats" (Baumbach 102). By combining these two styles, Malamud is able to explore the function of the hero in modern culture. Baumbach argues that although people in modern culture "demand" the presence of heroes, they typically discover that their heroes are "fallible," and "pillory" these heroes for having "failed" (Baumbach 102). Roy Hobbs' natural ability to play baseball makes him a hero to baseball fans, but his moral impurity prevents him from embodying the hero in a perfect sense; thus, Hobbs' failure to win the pennant causes his fans to become disenchanted with him, and it sets into motion his downfall and public disgrace. Baumbach sees Pop Fisher and Sam Simpson as father figures to Hobbs (104). Both Simpson and Pop hope that, with Hobbs's success, they will discover redemption and renewal for their "own failed career[s]" (Baumbach 109). Baumbach suggests a parallel fate between Pop Fisher and Sam Simpson: just as Hobbs did not provide success but death to Simpson, Baumbach argues that Hobbs, through his failure to win the pennant, "for all intents and purposes, kills the old man [Pop Fisher]" (109). Robert Ducharme agrees with Baumbach that Pop Fisher and Sam Simpson both serve as father figures to Hobbs, but he does not see Hobbs' failure to win the pennant as part of the inevitable failure of the hero in modern culture; rather, he argues that Hobbs' failure to win the pennant is due to a moral failure, Hobbs' failure to listen to the moral instruction of Pop Fisher: "though Pop wants desperately to win the pennant, he refuses to cooperate with Judge Goodwill Banner or Gus the Supreme Bookie in order to get it" (Ducharme 56). Hobbs' moral integrity is compromised by his "choice in women," of which leads towards Hobbs' "rejection of Pop's instruction and Hobbs' subsequent "betrayal" (56) of him. Sidney Richman attributes Hobbs' failure to win the grail-like pennant to his failure to successfully complete the process of becoming a hero. This process is a "mythic formula" of "Initiation, Separation, and Return" (Richman 30). Richman argues that Hobbs does not complete the Return because he fails to "react to" and "understand" his "own past" (Richman 30), that is, his being shot by the crazed femme fatale. Hobbs does not constructively react to the event by making an immediate comeback to baseball; instead, he disappears for many years before making another attempt. He also does not understand why he was shot and so he repeats the cycle of choosing the wrong woman, this time Memo Paris. Hobbs' failure to complete the process of integration into the hero prevents him from achieving the spiritual fulfillment needed to win the grail-like pennant for Pop Fisher. Earl R. Wasserman incorporates James Frazer and Jessie Weston's theories of the Grail myth being an interpretation of fertility and vegetation rituals into his analysis of The Natural. Wasserman sees Pop Fisher as embodying the fertility and vegetation gods of Weston's Fisher King, noting that Pop regrets not becoming a farmer and that Pop's heart "feels as dry as dirt" (Malamud 45). Hobbs, having "access to the sources of life" (Wasserman 48) through his ability to play baseball, restores vitality to Pop Fisher and his baseball field. Wasserman sees Hobbs as being in line with other fertility heroes of The Natural, Whammer and Bump, and does not see Hobbs' failure to win the pennant as having destroyed Pop Fisher and his lands: "in nature, quite independent of moral failure, life and strength are forever renewed" (Wasserman 50). Wasserman sees the aging Hobbs merely as being replaced by the "young pitcher" (Wasserman 50) who struck him out in the last game. This young pitcher, "whose yearning, like Pop Fisher's, is to be a farmer" (Wasserman 50), is next in line to replace Hobbs as a fertility hero. Although there are various interpretations of Roy Hobbs' failure to win the pennant and its impact on Pop Fisher, each of these interpretations makes connections between the Grail story and modern culture. In other modern stories, various characters and situations, which embody the Fisher King and the Grail legend, make different connections between the legend and modern culture. In Country and Park's Quest Two modern American novels, In Country and in Park's Quest, both associate the Fisher King with the Vietnam War, and with tensions within families. In both novels, young Perceval characters—Sam and Park—go on a Grail Quest to heal their respective Fisher Kings; however, both Sam and Park discover that this healing is much more complex than they originally thought, and that they too are in search of their own healings. In Bobbie Ann Mason's In Country, the Fisher King is embodied in Emmett, a Vietnam War veteran. Emmett, who lives with his niece, Sam, is in a state of suspension between his time spent in Vietnam and his attempts to reincorporate himself into the contemporary world: he remarks that he and others "[are] embarrassed that they [are] still alive" (Mason 67). Emmett is unemployed, rejecting menial jobs so that he can find a job "worth doing" (108). The loss of the war and its subsequent negative public reception shatters Emmett's ideological self-identification, and now he is without purpose. Years after his service, Emmett still carries his army jacket around with him. He has become a bird watcher and searches for egrets, a bird commonly found in the jungles of Vietnam (63). Emmett habitually watches MASH, a television show that is a space for Emmett to project his war experiences. Emmett likes watching Frank Burns because he reminds him of his commanding officer, who was a "real idiot." Such comments while watching MASH are, according to Sam, "about all Emmett would say about Vietnam these days" (25). Emmett was not physically wounded in battle while in Vietnam, but Sam strongly considers that he suffers from the effects of Agent Orange (85). Along with various psychological conditions, Emmett has constant pains in his head that make him "jerk and twitch his forehead." Sam describes these pains as not so much strong as they are persistent, "like having a hangnail" (41). Sam, the Perceval character, goes on a quest to heal her uncle and to learn about her own father. Throughout the story, she assesses her understanding of the war experience through MASH and through stories told by friends and family. Sam sees Emmett and other soldiers as victims of the war; their plight is that they are not "allowed to grow up . . . and become regular people" (140). Sam obsesses over healing these victimized veterans, so much that her mother worries that Sam is actually taking responsibility away from Emmett and the others for their own healing (167). Sam's ideological and one-dimensional understanding of the veterans becomes skewed after Sam reads her father's journal: Sam sees the war as a place not for the buddy experiences of MASH but as a place "with the rotting corpses, her father's shriveled feet, his dead buddy, those sickly-sweet banana leaves" (206). Her father's attitude to the war leads Sam to believe that he "loved" the war because it got "some notches on his machete" (222). Disgusted, Sam sees her father, Emmett, and anyone else involved in the war as savage killers; so she runs away to Cadwood's Pond, purportedly on a Grail Quest to find an egret, but actually to come to terms with the complexity of the war experience. She does so by imagining herself being in the jungles of Vietnam. Unsurprisingly, Sam fails in her quest to discover an egret; instead she gains a better understanding of her father, of Emmett, and of other soldiers who became engrossed in the war experience. Trapped within her imaginary war experience, Sam sees a figure, ostensibly a rapist, walking about in the distance. Sam cunningly devises a plan to hunt the figure down; however, the figure turns out to be Emmett, who had been searching for her. After a confrontation between the two, Emmett, while sobbing relentlessly, comes to terms with his psychological wounds by finally sharing with Sam his experiences in Vietnam (206-26). If the Grail was not to be found in an egret, Sam realizes that Emmett's Grail is, in actuality, found in the Vietnam Memorial: "It was as though Emmett had found that bird he wanted to see" (234). The Vietnam Memorial is a step towards "closure" (241) for veterans. For example, at the memorial, somebody has placed a handwritten note by a dead soldier's name, apologizing to him for abandoning him during a firefight (242). The names on the wall are, in a sense, alive, as Mamaw struggles to touch Dwayne's name (243) and two soldiers search for a name, and when they find it, they "both look abruptly away" (242) in shame, as though they see the eyes of that soldier. The loss of the Vietnam War produced a generation of physically and psychologically wounded Fisher Kings, veterans who are left without purpose. The Vietnam Memorial functions as a Grail because it provides, as a giant tombstone, an outlet for the grief of the involvement in and the loss from the Vietnam War. This is not to say that Mason is implying that the Memorial will completely heal Emmett and the other Fisher Kings of the Vietnam War, but rather, that the Memorial serves as an important, perhaps necessary, step in the healing process after the War. Katherine Paterson's children's novel, Park's Quest, draws from Chrétien's Perceval in its narrative of a young Perceval character in search of his lineage. Parkington Weddell Broughton V, or "Park," who is the Perceval character, learns about his high lineage, which consists of "generals and colonels and gentlemen Virginia farmers [who are traced] right back to the time of old George [Washington] himself" (Paterson 34). His father, Parkington Weddell Brougton IV, was killed while in service in Vietnam. Like Perceval's mother in Chrétien's Perceval, Randy, Park's mother, prevents Park, or "Pork," as she calls him, from learning about his father and about his father's family so as to prevent Park from following in their footsteps: " . . . you could pick a war, any war, and you'd have a Broughton in it. The Broughtons have always been crazy about war" (39); nevertheless, Park searches for his father's identity, finding his name on the Vietnam Memorial (31) and then going off to spend several weeks with his father's family. While staying with his father's family in Virginia, Park meets his grandfather, Parkington Weddell Broughton III, the Fisher King of Park's Quest. Park had thought of his grandfather as a "noble white-haired senior" (43), but he turns out to have recently suffered his second stroke, and as a result is now an invalid. The news of Park's visit upsets his grandfather (43), and so Park feels out of place in his father's family. This becomes even more evident as Park, who hears sobbing coming from behind his grandfather's bedroom door, sneaks a peek at the suffering old man. Taking a look at his grandfather, Park sees him "on his feet, his swaying body lumped over the metal frame of a walker" (94-5). After seeing Park, the old man lets out a wail, "haaaa" (95), and scares away Park, who comes to the conclusion that seeing Park has caused his grandfather to grieve over the loss of his son, Park IV (99); however, Park's uncle Frank later reveals to Park that his grandfather's grief is more complex, as his grandfather had suffered his first stroke as a result of Park's parents' divorce (105). His parents' divorce makes Park feel like he too is "divorced" (111) from his father's family, but Frank explains that divorce does not have such an effect. Divorce is a major theme of Park's Quest, and so it creates another kind of Fisher King: the family. In Park's Quest, divorce shatters the structure of the family, causing family members to feel deep shame. The suffering of Park's mother, Randy, has less to do with his father's involvement in Vietnam than it does with the affair that he had with a Vietnamese woman. Randy, who could not forgive him for the affair, divorced Park's father and severed ties with his father's family. As a result of the divorce, Park IV returned to Vietnam for another tour and to be with his lover. They produced a child, Thanh and soon after, Park IV died in combat. Perhaps to preserve the structure of the Broughton family, Frank married his brother's lover and brought her and Thanh to Virginia. Upon learning this, Park becomes the healer to his family by forcing his mother to break her silence over the divorce (142-44). Park also comforts his grandfather, who blames himself for his son's death (147-48), and Park comes to terms with his father's affair and accepts Thanh as his sister (135-37). The healing of the Fisher King of Park's Quest involves not only the need to forgive but also the need to redefine the structure of the family. The rich and proud lineage of the Broughton family, although affected by the divorce of Park's parents and Park IV's death, continues through the connection between the grandfather and the grandson. Although Thanh is a product of an affair and, as a Vietnamese-American, hardly fits in a traditional white Anglo-Saxon southern family, she is also accepted as a member of the Broughton family. By shifting the definition of the family to incorporate these new ideas, the healing of the Fisher King, the grandfather, and symbolically the family, is made possible. The Fisher King in Art There is not much art in the Arthurian canon that depicts the Fisher King. Just about all of these art pieces are found as manuscript or book illustrations for versions of Perceval, Parzival, and Le Morte Darthur. In the medieval Conte Del Graal, the illustrator depicts the Fisher King as standing by and greeting Perceval, handing over a sword to him (Loomis Arthurian Legends 264). 16 The Fisher King appears strong and healthy when he should be feeble and bed-ridden, and Roger Sherman Loomis notes that the illustrator of this manuscript must not have had "familiarity with the story" (Loomis Arthurian Legends 101). In a medieval manuscript of Parzival, the illustrator provides two images of the Fisher King: one of Anfortas sharing a meal with Parzival (Loomis Arthurian Legends 377), 17 and another of Anfortas lying in bed with Parzival sitting by him (Loomis Arthurian Legends 379). 18 In modern books, Jessie M. King illustrates Sebastian Evans' translation of The High History of the Holy Graal, and the illustration for her title page depicts the young knight Perceval kneeling before the Grail (Evans frontispiece ). Willy Pogany provides some interesting illustrations for T. W. Rolleston's adaptation of the Parsifal legend. Pogany's illustrations offer a strange blend of mysticism and sexuality: characters are often naked or half-naked and long, winding lines suggest natural elements such as vines or hair, which either surround or wrap around various characters such as Parsifal, Amfortas, and Kundry. 19 In his illustrations for Oliver Huckel's interpretation of Wagner's opera Parsifal, Franze Stassen weaves lines of musical notes into images of Monsalvat (Huckel facing 12) and of Parsifal healing Amfortas (Huckel 58). In Sidney Lanier's The Boy's King Arthur, Alfred Kappes illustrates the Dolorous Stroke from Malory's Morte Darthur: Balin strikes Pelles with the Holy Lance, and the walls of Pelles' castle crumble around them. In Sir James Knowles' The Legends of King Arthur and His Knights, Lancelot Speed has Balin leaping in the air as he delivers the Dolorous Stroke to Pelles . Both Balin and Pelles are arranged among pieces of the crumbling walls of the castle as though the impact of the Dolorous Stroke has created a vortex that is sucking everything into it (Knowles facing 71). In John Matthews' edition of Malory's Morte Darthur, Anna-Marie Ferguson provides two illustrations of the Fisher King. In the first a shirtless Balin stands over the fallen Pelles after having delivered the Dolorous Stroke. Pelles' crown has fallen from his head and Balin looks out the window to see Pelles' castle crumble to the ground (Matthews facing 54). 20 In the other illustration, King Evelake, "King Evelake," a shirtless, pale, and sickly Evelake lies in bed. Images of the Passion decorate Evelake's chamber, and Evelake loosely holds a figure of the crucified Christ (Matthews facing 61). 21 In addition to illustrations for manuscripts and books, several images of the Fisher King appear in wall paintings in King Ludwig II's Neuschwanstein Castle: in one painting, Parsifal's Encounter with the Fisher King, the young Parsifal meets the Fisher King who is sitting in a boat; and in another painting, Parsifal in Montsalvat, the Castle of the Holy Grail, Parsifal stands next to the wounded Fisher King as the Grail Procession makes its way around them. These and other wall paintings form a narrative thread of the Perceval legend in the Throne Room of Neuschwanstein Castle. 22 Unfortunately, there is not as much art depicting the Fisher King as there is depicting other Arthurian figures such as Lancelot and Galahad. There are no images of the Fisher King to be found in the works of the Pre-Raphaelites, who created many Arthurian art pieces. One would assume that the Fisher King's mysterious and intriguing nature would inspire more works. The absence of an abundance of Fisher King in art may be due to Malory's pervasive influence on the Arthurian canon, at least in England and America. Since the Fisher King is a very minor character in Malory, he is rarely depicted in modern Arthurian illustration. The Fisher King in Film Much like his lack of representation in art, the Fisher King does not have a significant presence in Arthurian film. The Fisher King appears to have functioned best as a motif for interpretations and adaptations of the Grail Quest. In most films, the Fisher King is a secondary character to the main character—Perceval, Arthur, Roy Hobbs; however, in Terry Gilliam and Richard LaGravenese's film and screenplay, The Fisher King, the Fisher King and Perceval are the central characters in the film, whose storyline specifically focuses on the Fisher King's healing. Released in 1978, Eric Rohmer's Perceval le Gallois closely follows Chrétien's text, as Perceval departs from his grieving mother to learn the ways of chivalry. Rohmer stylizes Perceval with more elements of the theater than those of film: Rohmer forsakes realism in setting and dialogue for abstract props such as wooden castles, painted scenery, a medieval chorus, and actors who speak their internal thoughts to the audience (Hoffman 46). Faithful to Chrétien's Perceval, the Fisher King is depicted as infirm and, though he does not lie in a bed, remains sitting; he moves through being carried by his subjects. The Fisher King's time in the film is quite short, and the character has little effect on the movement of the film. Donald L. Hoffman sees Rohmer's devices as somewhat reminiscent of Bertolt Brecht's aesthetic theory of theater, which is to jolt "the audience out of its easy emphasis with the characters, and thus force it to think rather than feel" (Hoffman 46). Whereas Brecht uses his theory for political applications, Rohmer focuses on spiritual matters. Therefore, Rohmer focuses on Perceval's growth as a Christian knight, and because of that, the Fisher King is absent from most of the film. The film moves towards Perceval understanding Christianity with a chorus singing about Christianity and with the Passion play at the end, which teaches Perceval about Christ. It should be noted that Rohmer adds the Passion play to the Perceval story. Still, to the audience, Perceval is a very undeveloped and two-dimensional character. In line with Brecht's theory, Rohmer's alienation of the audience from Perceval forces them to look at the structure or, as Hoffman puts it, the "framing" of Perceval's sins on his way to becoming a Christian knight. Rohmer follows Chrétien by abruptly stopping his film in the middle of the story; however, Rohmer's story stops after the Passion play, while Chrétien's story stops during one of Gawain's adventures. Because of this break Rohmer's Perceval does not contain Perceval's return to heal the Fisher King, who disappears quite early in the film. Excalibur conflates the major Arthurian stories—the rise and fall of King Arthur, Lancelot and Guinevere, the Grail Quest—to create a single coherent narrative. A unifying theme of Excalibur is that the king and the land are as one. The land is represented as a dragon, which is the symbol of King Arthur and Uther Pendragon. This idea is essential for the Grail quest, as King Arthur is presented as the Fisher King of Excalibur. In the story, Morgan le Fay seduces Arthur and, through this, Mordred is conceived. Along with this incestuous copulation, Arthur's discovery of Guinevere's affair with Lancelot sets into motion the downfall of Arthur's kingdom. During Mordred's birth, Arthur and his knights go to a chapel to pray; however, a bolt of lightning breaks through the stained glass window and wounds Arthur. Arthur's wound causes him to become feeble, and he spends years incapacitated by this wound. Because of his connections to the kingdom, Arthur's wound causes his kingdom to turn into a wasteland. Arthur's knights commit themselves to the Grail quest, but only Perceval succeeds. After facing many trials, Perceval realizes that Arthur is connected to the land and, as the Grail comes into view and the question, "Who does the Grail serve," is asked, Perceval refers to Arthur when he says, "You, my lord." This recognition of Arthur's connection to the land allows Perceval to heal Arthur. As Arthur is healed, the vitality of the kingdom is restored as well, with flowers blossoming as he rides by them. Barry Levinson's adaptation of Bernard Malamud's novel The Natural rewrites Roy Hobbs' career ending in disgrace with Hobbs winning the pennant for the Knights and retiring as a hero. Pop Fisher, the Fisher King of The Natural, is virtually similar in the novel and in the film: in both versions, Pop Fisher endures his baseball team's losing streak. When Roy Hobbs joins the Knights, Pop Fisher hesitates, due to Hobbs' age, to let him play; but when Hobbs hits the baseball with such intensity that not only does the leather tear itself from the ball, but lightning strikes over the stadium, Pop Fisher realizes that Hobbs is worthy and allows him to lead the team to the pennant. The connection between the baseball field and the wasteland is not so apparent in the film as it is in Malamud's text. While the Knights suffer from a losing streak, Fisher complains that the water from the stadium's water fountain is rank, and as Hobbs provides the Knights with their first win, rain falls onto the baseball field; yet, Fisher does not indicate, as he does in the book, that the field has been suffering from a dry summer, and no matter how the Knights are faring, the field itself does not show any changes in its vitality. Levinson's The Natural has a Hollywood feel: there is a happy ending where Hobbs' homerun causes the Knights to win the pennant. Hobbs' homerun smashes the stadium lights, and the shattering of the lights causes firework-like explosions to shower a rain of sparks on the field. Pop Fisher presumably retires with the satisfaction of knowing that his team has finally tasted success by winning the pennant. The ending of the film has Hobbs reuniting with Iris to be with their son, and after they return home to Iris' farm, Hobbs and his son play catch with each other. Levinson's decision to change Malamud's ending is most likely a result of the desire of the Hollywood film industry to provide happy endings; however, Levinson's decision to change Malamud's ending might also be a refutation of Malamud's skepticism by stating that the hero does have a place in modern culture by representing the possibility for dreams to become actualized. Steven Spielberg incorporates the Fisher King in his film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade within his story of the father and son relationship between Indiana and his father, Henry Jones. Early in the film, Indiana Jones discovers that his estranged father has been kidnapped, and Indiana goes on a quest to rescue him. Indiana has long held resentment against his father for not being a major presence in his childhood because of his father's devotion to his Grail research. While Indiana rescues his father from the Nazis, he learns that the myth of the Grail is indeed a reality and that his father has come very close to discovering the Holy Grail. As Indiana and Henry continue on the search for the Grail, they repair their relationship. When they reach the Canyon of the Crescent Moon, which contains the temple of the Grail, the Joneses are intercepted by the Nazis and Henry is shot. As a result of his bullet wound, Henry Jones becomes the Fisher King of the film and Indiana undergoes a perilous quest to save his father's life by obtaining the Holy Grail. Indiana succeeds and heals his father, and the film ends with the Jonses riding off together, reconciled and united as father and son, into the sunset. Therefore, Spielberg uses the Fisher King as a catalyst for the reconciliation of father and son. Terry Gilliam's film and Richard LaGravenese's screenplay, The Fisher King, brings the Perceval story to life in modern New York. Jack Lucas is a radio shock-jock whose brazen language and discourse with his call-in listeners leads him to disgrace after one of his callers, whom Jack berates on the air, goes into a rage, walks into a restaurant, and shoots down its guests. Jack falls into a major depression and becomes an alcoholic, walking around the streets of New York as a drunken Fisher King who is wounded by his shame. Because he is unable to recover from his shame, Jack attempts to commit suicide by jumping off a bridge. Several young men discover Jack and, thinking of him as a drunken bum, attack him for fun. As the young men attack Jack, they hear shouts from nearby and see a gang of knights, with armor made of garbage, that have come to rescue Jack. The leader of these knights is Parry, a bum who turns out to be the widower of one of the victims of the restaurant shooting. In his life before the loss of his wife, Parry was an Arthurian scholar, and specialized in the story of the Fisher King and the Grail. He relates his own version of the story of the Fisher King to Jack: It begins with the Fisher King as a boy having to spend the night alone in the forest to prove his courage so he can become king. And while he's spending the night alone, he's visited by a sacred vision: out of the fire appears the Holy Grail, the symbol of God's divine grace, and a voice said to the boy: "You shall be keeper of the Grail so that it may heal the hearts of men." But the boy was blinded by greater visions of a life filled with power and glory and beauty, and in this state of radical amazement, he felt, for a brief moment, not like a boy, but invincible, like God. So he reached in the fire to take the Grail and the Grail vanished, leaving him with his hand in the fire, to be terribly wounded. Now, as this boy grew older, his wound grew deeper, until one day, life for him lost its reason. He had no faith in any man, not even himself; he couldn't love or feel loved; he was sick with experience—he began to die. One day a fool wandered into the castle and found the king alone. Now, being a fool, he was simple-minded. He didn't see a king—he only saw a man alone and in pain. And he asked the king, "what ails you, friend?" The king replied, "I'm thirsty. I need some water to cool my throat." So the fool took a cup from beside his bed, filled it with water, and handed it to the king. As the king began to drink he realized that his wound was healed. He looked in his hands and there was the Holy Grail—that which he had sought all of his life. He turned to the fool and said with amazement, "How could you find that which my brightest and bravest could not?" The fool replied, "I don't know. I only knew that you were thirsty." Parry's story suggests that the healing of the Fisher King comes as a result of the recognition of and the subsequent response to the need for empathy to the suffering king, as in the Perceval legend. On one level, the Fisher King of Parry's story needs a drink of water, but on another level, he needs to find forgiveness for the brash and selfish decision to disobey God during his youth. Jack is in need of forgiveness for his role in the restaurant shooting, while Parry is in need to come to terms with the loss of his wife. Jack and Parry depend upon each other for discovering this forgiveness, so not only are Jack and Parry Fisher Kings, but they are the fools as well. As the fool, Parry heals Jack by giving him an opportunity, by finding Parry love, to find forgiveness; and as the fool, Jack heals Parry by taking the Grail, a cheap trophy, from a wealthy man's mansion. As the movie ends, both men achieve happiness, first through empathy, second, through uniting with their lovers, and third, through the strength of each other's friendship. This project was an Undergraduate Research Internship at the University of Rochester in the Fall of 2007 by Matthew Annis. Supervised and guided by Alan Lupack, director of the Robbins Library, he undertook this project to increase his knowledge of Arthurian legends as well as his experience with literary research and web page design. Additonal assistance for this project was provided by N. M. Heckel. Bibliography Adolf, Helen. "A Historical Background for Chrétien's Perceval." PMLA 58:3 (1943): 597-620. Baumbach, Jonathan. The Landscape of Nightmare. New York: New York University Press, 1965. Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn. "Looping the Loop through a Tale of Beginnings, Middles, and Ends: From Chrétien to Gerbert in the Perceval Continuations." Pour le soie amisté: Essays in Honor of Norris J. Lacy. Eds. Keith Busby and Catherine M. Jones. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi, 2000. 33-51. Carman, J. Neale. "The Symbolism of the Perlesvaus." PMLA 61:1 (1946): 42-83. ———. "Was Pelles the Fisher King?" Romance Philology 3 (1950): 272-275. Cawein, Madison. "Waste Land." The Camelot Project. Ed. Alan and Barbara Lupack. Chrétien de Troyes. Perceval: The Story of the Grail [with the Three Continuations]. Trans. Nigel Bryant. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1982. Ducharme, Robert. Art and Idea in the Novels of Bernard Malamud: Toward the Fixer. The Netherlands: The Hague, 1974. Eliot, T[homas] S[tearns]. The Waste Land: A Fascimile and Transcript of the Original Draft. Ed. Valerie Eliot. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1971. ———. "The Waste Land." The Waste Land and Other Poems. Ed.Frank Kermode. New York: Penguin Books, 1998. Evans, Sebastian, trans. The High History of the Holy Grail. Illus. Jessie M. King. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1910. Excalibur. Dir. John Boorman. Orion Pictures, 1981. The Fisher King. Dir. Terry Gilliam. Screenplay by Richard LaGravenese. Prod. Debra Hill and Lynda Obst. Music by George Fenton. Tri-Star Pictures, 1991. Frappier, Jean. Chrétien de Troyes: The Man and His Work. Trans. Raymond J. Cormier. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1982. ———. "The Vulgate Cycle." Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages: A Collaborative History. Ed. R[oger] S[herman] Loomis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959. Frazer. Sir James George. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1949. Gantz, Jeffery, Trans. The Mabinogion. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976. Goetinck, Glenys. Peredur: A Study of Welsh Tradition in the Grail Legends. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1975. Groos, Arthur and Norris J. Lacy. Perceval/Parzival: A Casebook. New York: Routledge, 2002. Hoffman, Donald L. "Re-Framing Perceval." Arthuriana. 10:4 (Winter 2000): 45-56. Huckel, Oliver. Parsifal: a Mystical Drama by Richard Wagner Retold in the Spirit of Bayreuth. Illus. Franz Stassen. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1903. Indiana Jones and the last Crusade. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Prod. George Lucas, Frank Marshall, Arthur F. Repola, and Robert Watts. Music by John Williams. Lucasfilm Ltd., 1989. Krappe, Alexander H. "The Fisher King." Modern Language Review 39 (1944): 18-23, 280. Lacy, Norris. Lancelot-Grail. The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation. Vols. I and IV. New York: Garland, 1993-96. LaGravenese, Richard. The Fisher King: A Book of the Film. Introd. Terry Gilliam. Applause Screenplay Series. New York: Applause Theatre Book Publishers, 1991. Lanier, Sidney. The Boy's King Arthur. Illus. Alfred Kappes. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1880. "Legends: Parzifal." Neuschwanstein Castle. 2003. Bayerische Schlösserverwaltung. 26 Mar. 2008. Locke, Frederick W. The Quest for the Holy Grail; a Literary Study of a Thirteenth Century Romance. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960. Loomis, R[oger] S[herman]. Arthurian Tradition and Chrétien de Troyes. New York: Columbia University Press, 1949. ———. Arthurian Legends in Medieval Art. London: Oxford University Press, 1938. ———, ed. Arthurian Tradition in the Middle Ages: A Collaborative History. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959. Lumiansky, R[obert] M[ayen]. "The Tale of the Sankgreall." Malory's Originality: A Critical Study of Le Morte Darthur. Ed. R[obert] M[ayen] Lumiansky. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1964: 184-204. Lupack, Alan, and Barbara Tepa Lupack. King Arthur in America. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1999. Malamud, Bernard. The Natural. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1952. Malory, Sir Thomas. Works. Ed. Eugène Vinaver. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971. ———. Le Morte Darthur. Ed. John Matthews. Illus. Anna-Marie Ferguson. London: Cassell & Co., 2000. Mason, Bobbie Ann. In Country. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1985. Morgan, Sister Mary Louis. Galahad in English Literature. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America, 1932. The Natural. Dir. Barry Levinson. Prod. Philip M. Breen and Roger Towne. Music by Randy Newman. Tri-Star Pictures, 1984. Nichols, Kathleen L. "Part IV: Healing the Fisher King." Arthurian Legends Illustrated. 2003. Pittsburg State University. 26 Mar. 2008. Nitze, William A. "How Did the Fisher King Get his Name?" Mediaeval Studies in Honor of Jeremiah Denis Matthias Ford. London: Oxford University Press, 1948: 177-181. ——— "The Fisher King and the Grail in Retrospect." Romance Philology. 6 (1952-53): 14-22. ——— "The Fisher King in the Grail Romances."PMLA. 24.3. (1909): 365-418. ——— "Who Was the Fisher King? A Note on Halieutics." Romanic Review 33 (1942): 97-104. Paterson, Katherine. Park's Quest. New York: Puffin Books, 1988. Perceval le Gallois. Dir. Eric Rohmer. Prod. Margaret Menegoz. Les Films du Losange, Barbet Schroeder, 1978. Rhys, Ernest. "The Dolorous Stroke." In Lays of the Round Table and Other Lyric Romances. London: J. M. Dent, 1905. P. 28. ——. The Masque of the Grail. London: Elkin Mathews, 1908. Richman, Sidney. Bernard Malamud. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc, 1966. Robert de Boron. Merlin and the Grail [Prose Adaptations of Robert de Boron's Original Verse]. Trans. Nigel Bryant. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2001. Rohmer, Eric, writer and director. Perceval le Gallois, film. Prod. Margaret Menegoz. Les Films du Losange, Barbet Schroeder, 1978. Rolleston, T[homas] W[illiam]. Parsifal, or, The Legend of the Holy Grail, Retold from Antient Sources with Acknowledgement to the "Parsifal" of Richard Wagner. Illus. Willy Pogany. New York: T. Y. Crowell and Co., 1912. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. In The Norton Shakespeare. Eds. Walter Cohen, Stephen Greenblatt, Jean E. Howard, and Katharine Eisaman Maus. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997. Tennyson, Alfred Lord. "Balin and Balan." Idylls of the King. Ed. J. M. Gray. London: Penguin Books, 2004: 125-41. Tomlinson, Daniel. "T. S. Eliot and the Cubists." Twentieth Century Literature. 26.1 (1980): 64-81. Wasserman, Earl R. "The Natural: World Ceres." Bernard Malamud and the Critics. Eds. Leslie A. and Joyce W. Field. New York: New York University Press, 1970. 45-66. West, Michael. Claire de Lune and Other Troubadour Romance. Illus. Evelyn Paul. London: G. G. Harrap & Co., Ltd., 1913. Weston. Jessie L. From Ritual to Romance. New York: Peter Smith, 1941. Wilson, H.B. "The Grail King in Wolfram's 'Parzival.'" Modern Language Review 55 (1960): 553-563. Wolfram von Eschenbach. Parzival. Trans. Cyril Edwards. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2004. Wordsworth, William. "Poems on the Naming of Places." The Poems of William Wordsworth. Ed. Walter Scott. Oxford: R. E. King, 1845: 109-10. Footnotes 1 Nitze, William A. "Who Was the Fisher King? A Note on Halieutics." Romanic Review 33 (1942): 103: Nitze sees in the father of the Fisher King a resemblance to the Greek god Cronos, who is referred to as a harvest god because of his association with the mythological Golden Age. Cronos overthrew Uranus, his father, by castrating him with a sickle, only to be later overthrown by his son, Zeus. Cronos was then imprisoned in Tartarus until Zeus released him and made him the ruler of the Underworld. 2 It is worth noting that the Fisher King does not declare that mending the Broken Sword will heal him of his wounds. Instead, as the text later reveals (192-93), the task proves one worthy enough to learn about the history of the Broken Sword. 3 Bryant connects the knight and the Fisher King in his table of contents: "Gawain . . . comes to . . . the Grail Castle; he again fails to mend the Broken Sword, and falls asleep as the Fisher King tells him the truth about the Bleeding Lance" (vi). 4 Gerbert de Montreuil's Continuation is also known as The Fourth Continuation. 5 The introduction of Joseph of Arimathea and of his connection to the Grail legend may have been influenced by Robert de Boron's Joseph of Arimathea. 6 Both The Second and The Fourth Continuations end in exactly the same way: "My good, dear friend, be lord of my house. I willingly bestow upon you everything I have, and henceforth will hold you dearer than any man alive." At that the boy who had brought the sword hurriedly returned, and took it and wrapped it in a silken cloth and carried it away; and Perceval felt greatly comforted (193, 270) This suggests that both Continuations might have been two versions of one story or that the repetition of these last lines serves some looping function. For an interesting discussion on the structure of these Continuations, see Matilda Tomaryn Bruckner's essay, "Looping the Loop through a Tale of Beginnings, Middles, and Ends: From Chrétien to Gerbert in the Perceval Continuations," where she argues for the existence of unity among these Continuations. 7 For a discussion on the influence of Chrétien's Perceval on the Perlesvaus, see Norris J. Lacy's essay, "Perlesvaus and the Perceval Palimpsest," in Groos and Lacy, where Lacy sees Perceval as a subtext for the author of the Perlesvaus to "systematically ['rewrite'] and ['reinterpret']" (Groos 98). 8 Carman, J. Neale. "The Symbolism of the Perlesvaus." PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association. 61:1 (1946): 42-83. Carman explores the use of Christian symbolism in Perlesvaus. He connects the Fisher King with Christ himself, noting his name, Messios, his function as a sufferer, and his death symbolizing the Crucifixion (47). 9 Robert de Boron's work exists in both Robert's original verse and later prose adaptations. Of the verse form, only Joseph of Arimathea and fragments of Merlin have survived. The prose adaptations of these two romances are complete and are followed by a Perceval; however, there is speculation about whether or not Robert de Boron actually wrote Perceval. Based on the Didot manuscript, the work is commonly referred to as the Didot-Perceval. For this essay, I have used the prose adaptations of Robert's work. 10 Here is a chronological list of the Rich Fishermen: Alan, Joshua, Aminadap, Carcelois, Manuel, Lambor, and Pellehan (Lacy 1: 159-60). 11 See Lacy 1: 78-85 for the background of Solomon's ship and, in particular, its connection to the Tree of Life. 12 On p. 80, Sigune erroneously counts four children from Frimutel. Trevrizent counts five children (152-53). 13 Lacy, Norris. Lancelot-Grail. The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation. Vol. IV. New York: Garland, 1995: 211-14: this episode in the Vulgate provides Malory's source of the story of the Dolorous Stroke. 14 See David Tomlinson's essay, "T. S. Eliot and the Cubists," in Twentieth Century Literature: A Scholarly Journal 26:1 (1980), for a thorough discussion on the influence of Cubism on Eliot and The Waste Land. 15 This line itself is an allusion to Isaiah 38:1: "Thus saith the Lord, Set thine house in order: for thou shalt die and not live." 16 Perceval at the Grail Castle. Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms. FR 12577. Conte Del Graal. c. 1330. 17 Heidelberg, Codex Palatinus Germanicus 339, f. 27. Parzival. 1440-1450. 18 Vienna, Nationalbibliothek 2914, f. 359. Parzival. 1440-1450. 19 See William Pogany in the Camelot Project. 20 Ferguson, Anna-Marie. The Dolorous Stroke. 21 Ferguson, Anna-Marie. King Evelake. 22 Parsifal's Encounter with the Fisher King and Parsifal in Montsalvat, the Castle of the Holy Grail can be seen on Arthurian Legends Illustrated, Part IV: Healing the Fisher King by Kathleen L. Nichols. In her captions, Nichols notes that Parsifal's Encounter with the Fisher King was painted by one of two artists—either August Spiess or Ferdinand Piloty (Nichols). Parsifal in Montsalvat is attributed definitively to Spiess by both Nichols and the creators of the Neuschwanstein Castle website . Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria. share this page	Holy Grail
Which theory of behavioural science states that 'Positive reinforcement and indirect suggestion to achieve non-forced compliance can be more effective than direct legislation'?	Literary Sources of Arthurian Legend (Part 2) – Award-Winning Author Nicole Evelina Posted on March 22, 2012 by Nicole Evelina Literary Sources of Arthurian Legend (Part 2) When last we met , Geoffrey of Monmouth had set many of our traditional ideas about King Arthur and his court in place, and Wace introduced us to the Round Table. But there were still plenty of changes in store to the legends. Without further ado, here’s a look at some of the later medieval sources that shaped Arthurian legend. Chertien de Troyes – Ah, yes, where would the great romance of Arthurian legend be without the French? Chertien was a 12th century poet who gave the legends a softer side that would have the ladies swooning for centuries by adding in the love affair between Guinevere and Lancelot. He also gave us the Grail Quest (what would Monty Python do without him?) and the stories of many of the knights’ adventures. Layamon – His Brut, based on the similarly named work by Wace (remember him from last week ?), introduced the Lady of the Lake, who was an elf named Argante. The Vulgate Cycle – This 13th century collection was written down by Cistercian monks. Given that, its likely not a surprise that it was in this cycle when Morgan falls from grace, going from the benevolent healer/priestess of earlier legend to Arthur’s evil, incestuous sister. These monks also gave us Lancelot’s life story and adventures, details of the Grail Quest, the characters of Nimue and/or Viviane (they are sometimes interchangeable, sometimes different people, depending on the author), and the theme of the maimed Fisher King and the Wasteland that must be restored. Thomas Malory – Come on, admit it – you’ve been waiting for me to cover him. Thanks to his 1470 work Le Morte D’Arthur (The Death of Arthur), we have a popular notion of King Arthur as the greatest Christian King to ever rule England. (How many of you had to read Le Mort in school? Raise your hand. Mine is raised.) Malory firmly cemented Arthur in the Middle Ages, which is one reason why a lot of people have a hard time thinking of him as a historical Celt. He is also responsible for popularizing Guinevere’s kidnapping by Maleagant, making Morgan a shape-shifter and….drumroll, please…giving us the hope that Arthur may come again when Britain most needs him. The musical Camelot, and frankly the rest of us who dabble in the legends, owe him and his forebears a lot. With Malory’s seminal work, the legends as we know them today were pretty much in place. Interest in them waned after the 1500s until Lord Alfred Tennyson wrote his famous Idylls of the King and The Lady of Shallot (among others) in the mid-1800s. These words rekindled an interest in Arthur and his court that lasts even to this day. So, having been through the historical and literary sources behind the legend, tell me your reaction. What have you learned? Personally, I find it fascinating to watch the legends evolve. Which parts do you like the best? Where do you think they’re going in the future?	i don't know
Who was the only English winner of the World Snooker championships in the 1990's?	Welcome to fcsnooker - Snooker Coaching with Frank Callan - 'Snooker World Champions - The Embassy Years' fcsnooker - Top Quality Snooker Coaching and Instruction in association with Mr Frank Callan - General Interest - "Snooker World Champions - The Embassy Years" The 'Embassy' World Championships - Year by Year 1976 - Winner Ray Reardon In 1976 the final of the first embassy world championships was played in Manchester at the Wythenshaw arena. Ray Reardon was up against self-professed, "peoples champion" Alex "Hurricane" Higgins. Reardon won easily after Higgins conceded the match in the penultimate session after missing an easy pink. With Higgins conceding the frame and match early, the last session was not played. 1977 - Winner John Spencer In this year the tournament moved to Sheffield and was to be played at the Crucible Theatre for the very first time. The final was contested between John Spencer and Canadian Cliff Thorburn, with Spencer winning 25 -21. 1978 - Winner Ray Reardon After dominating the game of snooker in the 1970's Ray Reardon won his sixth and last world title against left handed Perry Manns in 1978. This followed earlier wins in 1970, 73, 74, 75 and 1976. 1979 - Winner Terry Griffiths After a hard fought victory over Eddie Charlton in the semi-finals, Griffith's made the now famous quote "I'm in the final now". Facing him was Irishman Dennis Taylor, but after another close game Griffith's emerged triumphant to collect the ï¿½10,000 first prize. 1980 - Winner Cliff Thorburn Fondly remembered as the year of the grinder, this final was a classic mix of styles. Featuring Cliff Thorburn against Alex Higgins, the match combined Thorburn's tactical ability and safety play, with Higgin's natural potting and bravado. An excellent final, saw Thorburn keep his nerve to win 18 - 16. Many wondered if Higgins would ever be world champion again. 1981 - Winner Steve Davis The 1980's began an era of domination by Steve Davis. Over the course of the next 9 years, Davis would feature in eight finals, winning six. The Davis era began here, when Davis convincingly beat Doug Mountjoy, 18 -12. 1982 - Winner Alex Higgins In 1982 the final was contested between two of the most famous names in snooker history, and also two men playing in their last Embassy final, Ray Reardon and Alex Higgins. Higgins proved too strong for Reardon and a 135 clearance in the final frame meant he was champion again, a full ten years after his first win. This prompted the memorable scenes of Higgins calling for his wife and daughter in an emotional aftermath to victory. 1983 - Winner Steve Davis After his shock exit in 1982 to Tony Knowles, Steve Davis was determined to regain his place at the forefront of the game. In the final however, he was up against 1980 champion Cliff Thorburn still celebrating a 147 total clearance in an earlier round against Terry Griffiths. The first televised 147 in Crucible history. The final was somewhat of an anti-climax with Davis winning comfortably against a strangely subdued Thorburn. 1984 - Winner Steve Davis In 1984, Steve Davis went on to win his third title in four years against the magic of Jimmy "Whirlwind" White. Davis totally dominated the first session and the match looked as good as over. Jimmy, with a combination of skill and courage managed to bring himself back into the game, enjoying an excellent second day of the final. The lead proved too great, the match finished 18 - 16 and Steve Davis was again a worthy Champion. 1985 - Winner Dennis Taylor Perhaps the most famous match in snooker history. Played between reigning World Champion Steve Davis and 1979 loser Dennis Taylor the match had everything. As in the previous year Steve raced into a commanding lead in the first session, only for Dennis to counter attack brilliantly to close the gap. The race continued with both players neck and neck at 17 frames each. The last frame was a little scrappy, which was hardly surprising with all the tension and pressure. After a compelling battle on the final black in the final frame, 18.5 million viewers, a record for a televised sporting event, saw Dennis Taylor triumph 62 -66, after Davis missed a thin cut back, on the black. Taylor was a very popular winner, breaking Davis's stranglehold on the World Crown. 1986 - Winner Joe Johnson Joe's Year. Playing with the freedom of a man with nothing to lose, 150 - 1 shot Joe Johnson stunned the snooker world when he defeated Steve Davis18 - 12 in 1986. Ever the sportsman, Davis conceded that Johnson had played the best snooker and thoroughly deserved his win. 1987 - Winner Steve Davis This final was a repeat of the previous year when Davis met Johnson. There was to be no repeat result however, with Davis playing excellently to win his fourth world crown 18 - 14. 1988 - Winner Steve Davis The 1988 final had Davis playing 1979 champion Griffiths. Davis was seeking his fifth world title and never looked in danger during this match. A full nine years after winning the world title against Dennis Taylor, this would be Terry Griffith's last appearance in a crucible final. Although only victorious once at the Crucible, Griffith's overall record stands comparison with most others in the world championships. 1989 - Winner Steve Davis This final saw Steve Davis run out an easy 18 - 3 victor against John Parrot. Parrot struggled to find his best form and seemed to be completely in awe of both Davis and the occasion. Davis meanwhile was at his imperious best, equalling Ray Reardon's record of six world titles. 1990 - Winner Stephen Hendry The start of an era of dominance by the brilliant Stephen Hendry and the beginning of years of despair for Jimmy White, now known as the best player never to win the world title. After predicting in season 86/87 that he would win the title within five years, Hendry defeated White 18 - 12 to become the youngest ever player to win the world championship title. This was the first of five consecutive appearances in the final for Jimmy White 1991 - Winner John Parrot This final was contested between 1989 runner-up John Parrot and 1990 runner-up Jimmy White. After dominating the the first session 7 - 0, Parrot never looked back winning the match and World Championship title, 18 - 11. 1992 - Winner Stephen Hendry A repeat of the 1990 final saw Stephen Hendry again playing Jimmy White. The match appeared to be going White's way as he progressed into a 14 - 9 lead. At this stage however, Hendry demonstrated all the attributes that have made him arguably the greatest player ever. A ten frame winning run saw him take the title 18 - 14. 1993 - Winner Stephen Hendry Capturing his third title in four years Stephen Hendry completely dominated this final against Jimmy White. An opening frame break of 136 by Hendry set the tone for the rest of the match, with the final score finishing 18 - 5 1994 - Winner Stephen Hendry Perhaps Jimmy's best chance of winning the title came and went in the final frame of this tremendous match. With the match and title staring him in the face, Jimmy missed a relatively easy black off the spot, allowing Hendry the opportunity to get back to the table. Displaying his customary nerve Hendry completed a 58 clearance to win the title 18 - 17. For Jimmy's legion of fans this was perhaps the most upsetting of his defeats in the Embassy World Championship final. 1995 - Winner Stephen Hendry After three consecutive White v Hendry finals, this championship witnessed a White - Hendry semi-final. The outcome remained the same however, with Stephen Hendry victorious, a maximum clearance to go 8 - 4 up adding to his enjoyment during the match. This resulted in the 1995 title being fought out between Nigel Bond and a Stephen Hendry seeking his fourth consecutive victory and his fifth title in six seasons. With a century to finish the match in the final frame, Hendry waltzed home a convincing 18 - 9 victor. This was no disgrace to Bond who had enjoyed an excellent tournament. 1996 - Winner Stephen Hendry "C'mon. C'mon". This phrase had reverberated around the Crucible as Peter Ebdon fought his way into the final stages of the tournament and ultimately the final against, who else, but Stephen Hendry. For all his passion however, Ebdon was no match for ice cool Hendry. A wonderful display of consistent snooker would see Hendry comfortably see off the dogged Ebdon 18 - 12, equalling the record of both Ray Reardon and Steve Davis as six times World Champion. 1997 - Winner Ken Doherty Trying to win his sixth consecutive world title Stephen Hendry was this time drawn to play the brilliant Irishman, Ken Doherty, in the final of the world championship. Alas for Hendry it was not to be, with Doherty winning the match 18 - 12 1998 - Winner John Higgins 1998 saw a newcomer to the world final with John Higgins fighting his way through. Higgins had been earmarked for world title glory many years before as an outstanding junior and was now really beginning to make his talent show on the world stage. Facing him was Ken Doherty playing in his second consecutive world final. Doherty however, was unable to reproduce the form of the previous year enabling Higgins to push home his superiority for an 18 - 12 victory. 1999 - Winner Stephen Hendry Record breaking Scotsman Stephen Hendry did it again. A seventh world title made him the most successful player in world championship history. Up against first time finalist Mark Williams Hendry was rarely in danger, winning 18 - 11. Williams looked somewhat drained from his encounters in earlier rounds, but one thing was sure this talented Welshman would be back again 2000 - Winner Mark Williams The first all Welsh world championship final in snooker history, between beaten finalist from 1999, Mark Williams and the newcomer Matthew Stevens. Williams won 8- 9 to win his first world title in a match that failed to live up to expectations. 2001 - Winner Ronnie O'Sullivan Ronnie O'Sullivan celebrates with the trophy after the match - Snooker - Embassy World Championship - Crucible Theatre, Sheffield Tuesday May 8. A shell shocked John Higgins,the match finished 18 - 14 and O'Sullivan was a worthy Champion. 2002 - Winner Peter Ebdon New world champion Peter Ebdon admitted he felt he was on a "different planet" as he won a thrilling final at The Crucible. Ebdon held on in a tense deciding frame to beat Stephen Hendry and win a match that finished at past midnight. 2003 - Winner Mark Williams Mark Williams seals a dramatic 18-16 victory over Ken Doherty to clinch the World Snooker Championship. 2004 - Winner Ronnie Osullivan The 2004 Embassy World Snooker Championship took place between 17 April and 3 May 2004 at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield between Osullivan and Graeme Dott. Tthe final winner was Ronnie O'Sullivan, beating Graeme Dott by 18 frames to 8 (the fourth biggest margin in a final, equalled by O'Sullivan against Ali Carter in 2008) in the final, despite Dott having led 5–0. 2005 - Winner Shaun Murphy The 2005 Embassy World Snooker Championship professional ranking snooker tournament took place between 16 April and 2 May 2005 at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield, England. Ronnie O'Sullivan looked to defend his world title which he won in 2004, but the final winner was the relatively fresh faced Shaun Murphy, beating Matthew Stevens by 18 frames to 16 in the final. 2006 - Winner Graeme Dott The final was contested between Ebdon and Graeme Dott, and the victor was Dott by 18 frames to 14, earning him his first professional title in his 12-year career, and a £200,000 cheque. 2007 - Winner John Higgins The 2007 888.com World Snooker Championship professional ranking snooker tournament began on 21 April and ran until 7 May 2007 (with the final continuing into the early hours of 8 May) at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield. It was won by John Higgins, who defeated Mark Selby 18–13 in the final. 2008 - Winner Ronnie Osullivan The 2008 888.com World Snooker Championship professional ranking snooker tournament took place between 19 April and 5 May 2008 at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield. Ronnie O'Sullivan became the champion for the third time after beating Ali Carter 18–8. 2009 - Winner John Higgins The 2009 World Snooker Championship (also known as the 2009 Betfred.com World Snooker Championship for sponsorship purposes) professional ranking snooker tournament took place between 18 April and 4 May at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield. This was the first time that the World Snooker Championship had been sponsored by Betfred. John Higgins beat Shaun Murphy by 18–9, winning the third world title of his career 2010 - Winner Neil Robertson The 2010 Betfred.com World Snooker Championship snooker tournament took place between 17 April and 4 May 2010 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. John Higgins, who entered the tournament as the defending champion, lost in the second round 11–13 against Steve Davis. In the semi-finals, Neil Robertson defeated Ali Carter 17–12 and Graeme Dott beat Mark Selby 17–14. Robertson won the final 18–13, becoming the first Australian in the modern era to win the title. 2011 - Winner John Higgins The 2011 Betfred.com World Snooker Championship professional ranking snooker tournament took place between 16 April and 2 May 2011 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. It was the 74th edition of the event and was the last ranking event of the 2010/2011 snooker season. Neil Robertson was the defending champion, but lost 8–10 against Judd Trump in the first round. Trump and John Higgins reached the final by defeating Ding Junhui 17–15 and Mark Williams 17–14 respectively. John Higgins won his fourth World Championship title defeating Judd Trump by 18–15 in the final. 2012 - Winner Ronnie Osullivan The 2012 Betfred.com World Snooker Championship professional ranking snooker tournament took place between 21st April and 7 May 2012 at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield. Ronnie O'Sullivan became the champion for the forth time after beating Ali Carter 18–11. Frank Callan Suite - 282 Ribbleton Lane, Ribbleton, Preston, Lancashire, England - PR1 5EB - tel. + 44 (0) 1772 702211 - [email protected] Visit the links below for further information>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>	John Parrott
Which iconic symbol of American independence is found in Philadelphia?	Snooker: Clive Everton unhappy his BBC voice is being silenced \| Sport \| The Guardian Share on Messenger Close When the BBC's coverage of the Masters snooker begins there will be one notable gap in the commentary box. For the first time in 30 years Clive Everton will not be there, having been demoted as part of an overhaul in the way the corporation covers the sport. It is a decision that will not only make waves in snooker, where Everton has long been a thorn in the side of a governing body that has sought to silence him on several occasions, but will also reignite a long-running debate over the tone of the BBC's sports coverage. It is, feels Everton, an ignominious way to bring down the curtain on a career of such long standing. "I'm hurt and angry, because I find the reasons presented to me incomprehensible," he says. And it will be pounced on by critics as evidence that the BBC hierachy favours the star quality of former sportsmen over the expertise of long-serving commentators. But it is the manner of his demotion that has most vexed Everton. "A couple of hours before I was due to commentate at the Masters a year ago I was beckoned into a corridor by Graham Frey, head of production for IMG Media, who produce the BBC's snooker coverage," he recalls. "He told me that my BBC career would end 14 weeks hence at the World Championship and that this decision had come from the BBC. After 30 years' service, I thought this was a bit thick." The 71-year-old Everton, who has fought a running battle with the game's governing body World Snooker as it tried to silence the magazine he edits - Snooker Scene - with costly and unsuccessful libel actions, asked for a meeting with Philip Bernie, BBC Sport's head of programmes and planning. Everton says he was told his demotion was "nothing to do with your ability and nothing to do with your age" but that it was felt his style was "traditional" and something "more chatty and informal" was required. Following the meeting, he was given a temporary reprieve and engaged for the first two tournaments of this season - the Grand Prix and the UK Championship - but told that he would not be required for the Masters and only up until the quarter-final stage of the World Championship. Instead, it is believed Steve Davis and John Parrot will spend more time in the commentary box and the 1997 world champion Ken Doherty will be recruited for the studio alongside the anchor Hazel Irvine, effectively putting current or recently retired players in charge of the biggest matches. "This is no reflection on Clive at all. It is part of our plan to look at how we can bring snooker to a wider audience," a BBC spokeswoman said, adding that Everton will still be part of the team in a reduced role. She added that it was part of a plan to "refresh" the BBC's coverage. The sport enjoyed huge success in its 1980s heyday and into the 1990s but has since come to a crossroads. Dwindling sponsorship revenues and recent match-fixing allegations have not helped a sport that is reliant on the income from its BBC contract to survive in its current form. David Vine, who retired in 2000 after 40 years at the BBC, said Everton's fate is symptomatic of a wider malaise. "The loss of his contribution to the televised output would leave a large gap but, apparently, as we have seen in many other sports covered by the BBC, the trend is for celebrities, former players and star names to be invited to do the job of professional journalists and trained broadcasters." Everton's demotion will be held up by some as evidence that the BBC has become obsessed with celebrity at the expense of expertise. It is an emotive argument that has coalesced around often acrimonious disputes with the likes of Stuart Storey, Bill McLaren, Steve Rider, Jonathan Powell and Barry Davies. And it is one that is set to run and run. BBC executives argue that former athletes bring a different perspective and new audiences, pointing to the success of the likes of Steve Cram, Michael Johnson and Gary Lineker. "No sport can stand still and we recognise there has to be a balance," argued one senior source, who also pointed to the decision to hand Peter Alliss a new contract at the age of 77 as evidence that age is not an issue. Even so, there are many without vested interests who feel the pendulum has swung too far. Vine believes it has "led to a decline in standards, even though there have been a few instances of a successful change in career. Unfortunately, many others have been allowed a free rein to adopt a commentary style which consists of non-stop chatter, schoolboy humour and, at times, pure piffle." BBC insiders claim there is nothing sinister in the decision to move Everton aside and point out that it stood firm on previous occasions when pressure was exerted by the game's governing body over his dual position as Snooker Scene editor and BBC commentator. Everton, also the Guardian's snooker correspondent since 1976, still lives and breathes the sport. If he were to be stripped of his BBC position altogether he would, he calculates, lose 75% of his income. "Nothing has been said about next season but I would be available and keen to continue to work for the BBC," he says. Five veterans of the mic dumped by BBC Stuart Storey Former Olympic athlete who became commentator in 1973. Dropped after 2007 World Athletics Championships but BBC later came back to him with meeting-by-meeting contracts Bill McLaren The 'voice of rugby' and one of the BBC names who became synonymous with their sport. Retired in 2002, but some colleagues insisted he was pushed under the then director of sport, Peter Salmon Barry Davies Felt aggrieved that he was overlooked in favour of John Motson as audience polls showed he was at least as popular. Retired from football commentating in 2004 but still freelances Steve Rider After 20 years the former Grandstand host clashed with executives over their refusal to give him assurances about his long-term future, despite ITV's offer to present formula one coverage Jonathan Powell After 20 years as the BBC's on-course racing interviewer he was told he would not be doing the job any more. Powell threatened to sue and his case was settled confidentially	i don't know
The Malvern Hills are located in which three English counties?	Mere Lodge Holiday Cottage. Self catering accommodation Malvern Hills Worcestershire Welcome to Mere Lodge. Nr Malvern. Worcestershire. Two bed holiday self catering holiday accommodation to let with views of Malvern Hills in Worcestershire. Mere Lodge is a brand new two-bedroom, nicely appointed log cabin in a very quiet location on the outskirts of the village of Hanley Swan near Malvern in Worcestershire. The view from the lodge overlooks open countryside towards the beautiful Malvern Hills which themselves are situated on the border of three counties (Worcestershire, Herefordshire and Gloucestershire); they offer spectacular views over those counties and over to Wales. Just 2 Kms distant is the famous Three Counties Showground home to many famous events and exhibitions held throughout the year. The lodge is also ideally placed to discover the heart of England, the Cotswolds, Cheltenham, Stratford, Hereford and Worcester although the nearest town is Great Malvern - the famous Victorian spa town and home of Malvern Spring water. Malvern offers a variety of shops and restaurants, interesting history and buildings, also theatre and cinema, pool and health spa. The lodge is situated in the midst of a truly agricultural area, with many local places of interest close by, details of which are available in the lodge on your arrival. The area is famed for its walks both gentle and strenuous, in and around the hills, and for the world-famous Elgar route; it is said that Sir Edward Elgar found the inspiration for many of his musical themes in the area and the route follows some of these. We have one guest and no members online Copyright © 2013 www.MereLodge-Malvern.co.uk. All Rights Reserved. Web design & SEO by www.joomla-web-solutions.co.uk	worcestershire herefordshire and gloucestershire
What was the name of the British figure skater who was 1976 Olympic and World Champion?	Mere Lodge Holiday Cottage. Self catering accommodation Malvern Hills Worcestershire Welcome to Mere Lodge. Nr Malvern. Worcestershire. Two bed holiday self catering holiday accommodation to let with views of Malvern Hills in Worcestershire. Mere Lodge is a brand new two-bedroom, nicely appointed log cabin in a very quiet location on the outskirts of the village of Hanley Swan near Malvern in Worcestershire. The view from the lodge overlooks open countryside towards the beautiful Malvern Hills which themselves are situated on the border of three counties (Worcestershire, Herefordshire and Gloucestershire); they offer spectacular views over those counties and over to Wales. Just 2 Kms distant is the famous Three Counties Showground home to many famous events and exhibitions held throughout the year. The lodge is also ideally placed to discover the heart of England, the Cotswolds, Cheltenham, Stratford, Hereford and Worcester although the nearest town is Great Malvern - the famous Victorian spa town and home of Malvern Spring water. Malvern offers a variety of shops and restaurants, interesting history and buildings, also theatre and cinema, pool and health spa. The lodge is situated in the midst of a truly agricultural area, with many local places of interest close by, details of which are available in the lodge on your arrival. The area is famed for its walks both gentle and strenuous, in and around the hills, and for the world-famous Elgar route; it is said that Sir Edward Elgar found the inspiration for many of his musical themes in the area and the route follows some of these. We have one guest and no members online Copyright © 2013 www.MereLodge-Malvern.co.uk. All Rights Reserved. Web design & SEO by www.joomla-web-solutions.co.uk	i don't know
Which rock band had a hit with (Don't fear) The reaper?	(Don't Fear) The Reaper - Blue Öyster Cult (1976) - YouTube (Don't Fear) The Reaper - Blue Öyster Cult (1976) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 20, 2009 Category When autoplay is enabled, a suggested video will automatically play next. Up next Blue Oyster Cult - Don't Fear The Reaper (Live 2012) HD - Duration: 7:26. AB3348 630,974 views 7:26 Blue Oyster Cult - (Don't Fear) The Reaper 1976 [Studio Version]cowbell link in description - Duration: 5:10. DEATHEXISTFOREVER 23,983,686 views 5:10	Blue Öyster Cult
What is the name of G.K. Chesterton's detective priest?	Blue Oyster Cult Blue Oyster Cult Blue Oyster Cult - Columbia 1972. Echoey drums way off in the background, slithery but sleazy rock and roll wankoff guitar lines with a touch of menace, a bass player and a fuzzy-haired D&D player by the name of Eric Bloom put out this weird, wild record way back when I was just a load in my daddy's diaper. Let me start this whole thing over, in hopes that you haven't read this beginning section and will instead begin at the end of the review and read it backwards, like our friends in the Chinese Kingdom. All I know is what I hear, and what I hear is a bunch of hellishly cool guitar lines (basic straight-up hard rock, but darker!) and curiously bizarre song titles like "I'm On The Lamb But I Ain't No Sheep," "Before The Kiss, A Redcap" and the most fucked-up tune on here, "She's As Beautiful As A Foot." The record ends with a surprisingly normal C/W-type pretty tune, but the rest of it sounds exactly like what a band called "Blue Oyster Cult" SHOULD have sounded like in 1972. None of this stuff is as eerie as "Don't Fear The Reaper," but it all aspires to giving you the slight willies while making you shake your fist in the air as if unconcerned.	i don't know
The creation of the county of Cumbria saw the disappearance of which two former counties?	Around The House - ITV News 3 April 2014 at 7:00am Around The House Helen Ford presents our political programme from Westminster. Among the guests in April's edition were Copeland MP Jamie Reed, Berwick MP Sir Alan Beith and Lord Inglewood. Around The House: County of Cumbria 'may not reach 50' Forty years after the creation of Cumbria, Around The House considers how successful the new identity has become, and what the future holds. The county was formed by the amalgamation of Cumberland and Westmorland, along with portions of Lancashire and Yorkshire. The Copeland MP Jamie Reed was born in Cumberland shortly before the changes. Helen Ford asked whether he regards himself as a Cumbrian. Watch the interview here: Helen Ford presents the next edition of Around The House on Thursday 15th May. To mark the 40th anniversary of Cumbria's formation, Helen Ford spoke to the peer and former MEP Lord Inglewood. He explained how the county inspires loyalty in different ways. Watch the full interview here: The next edition of Around The House is on 15th May. Around The House: deciding how treatments are prescribed The new head of the NHS began his task with a visit to the north this week. Our political programme Around The House looked at one of the most sensitive subjects facing the health service: how to decide on the prescribing of treatments, while ensuring the best use of resources. Helen Ford and a panel of MPs discussed the proposed guidelines, which have just gone out to consultation: The next edition of Around The House is on Thursday 15th May. Around The House: what does 'full employment' mean? In this month's political programme, MPs discussed the Chancellor George Osborne's ambition of full employment. Helen Ford was joined by the Berwick Liberal Democrat Sir Alan Beith, alongside the Durham Labour MP Roberta Blackman-Woods and the Teesside Conservative James Wharton: Topical debate from Westminster Credit: ITV News Border In tonight's Around The House, we mark Cumbria's 40th anniversary. The county was formed in April 1974, with the twinning of Cumberland and Westmorland with parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire. Four decades on, we ask what Cumbria means to the local peer and former MEP Lord Inglewood, and the West Cumbrian MP Jamie Reed. We will also debate the Chancellor's pledge to work for full employment and explore the implications of radical changes to pensions. Join Helen Ford and her guests tonight at 11:40pm on ITV Border.	cumberland and westmorland
In the Christian Eucharist, which two items represent the body and blood of Jesus Christ?	Cumberland, England - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Cumberland, England Wikis Cumberland, England: Wikis Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics For other uses, see Cumberland (disambiguation) . Cumberland 969,490 acres (3,923.4 km2) [1] 1911 area 973,086 acres (3,937.94 km2) [2] 1961 area 973,146 acres (3,938.18 km2) [2] HQ Arms of Cumberland County Council Subdivisions Type Wards (ancient) Cumberland (pronounced /ˈkʌmbələnd/) was a historic county of North West England , on the border with Scotland , from the twelfth century to 1974. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1914) and now forms part of Cumbria . Contents 7 External links Early history and formation of county What was to become Cumberland had a complicated political history prior to the 12th century . The first record of the term "Cumberland" appears in 945, when the Anglo Saxon Chronicle recorded that the area was ceded to Malcolm I of Scotland by King Edmund of England . At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 most of the future county remained part of Scotland although some villages in the far south west, which were the possessions of the Earl of Northumbria , were included in the Yorkshire section with the Furness region. [3] In 1092 King William Rufus of England invaded the Carlisle district, settling it with colonists. He created an Earldom of Carlisle, and granted the territory to Ranulf Meschyn . In 1133 Carlisle was made the see of a new diocese , identical with the area of the earldom. [4] However, on the death of King Henry I in 1135, the area was regained by Scotland's King David I . He was able to consolidate his power and made Carlisle one of his chief seats of government, while England descended into a lengthy civil war . [3] In 1157 Henry II of England resumed possession of the area from Malcolm IV of Scotland , and formed two new counties from the former earldom: Westmorland and "Carliol". The silver-mining area of Alston , previously associated with the Liberty of Durham , was also added to the new county of Carliol for financial reasons. [4] By 1177 the county of Carliol was known as Cumberland. [5] The border between England and Scotland was made permanent by the Treaty of York in 1237. Boundaries and subdivisions The boundaries formed in the 12th century did not change substantially over the county's existence. It bordered four English counties and two Scottish counties. These were Northumberland and County Durham to the east; Westmorland to the south, the Furness part of Lancashire to the southwest; Dumfriesshire to the north and Roxburghshire to the northeast. To the east the county was bounded by the Solway Firth and the Irish Sea . The northern boundary was formed by the Solway Estuary and the border with Scotland running east to Scotch Knowe at Kershope Burn. The boundary ran south from Scotch Knowe along the Cheviot Hills , then followed a tributary of the River Irthing and crossed Denton Fell to the River Tees . From Tees Head the boundary crossed the Pennines to descend Crowdundale Beck, from where it followed the River Eden to the centre of Ullswater . The line then followed the Glencoin Beck to the top of the Helvellyn ridge, thence to Wrynose Pass and along the River Duddon to the sea near Millom . [5] The highest point of the county was Scafell Pike at 3,208 feet (978 m); it is the highest mountain in England. Carlisle was the county town . Advertisements Division into wards Map of Cumberland showing wards, 1824 The Earldom of Carlisle was divided into baronies, but on the creation of the county these were replaced by wards . These took the place of hundreds found in most other English counties, and originated in military subdivisions organised for the defence of the county from incursions by Scottish troops. [5] [6] Each ward was composed of a number of parishes, areas originally formed for ecclesiastical administration. In common with other counties of northern England, many parishes in Cumberland were very large, often consisting of a number of distinct townships and hamlets. These subdivisions were eventually to become civil parishes and form the lowest level of local government. The wards and their constituent parishes in 1821 were: [7] [8] Ward Included part of township of Calder & Beckermet or Calderbridge Beckermet St Bridget Included hamlet of Birker with Austhwaite, township of Ulpha Moresby Included townships of Great Clifton, Little Clifton, Stainburn, Winscales Allerdale below Derwent Including townships of Birkby & Canonby, Blennerhasset & Kirkland, Crosby, Maryport Crosthwaite (part) Including township of Blindcrake and Redmain Plumbland Included townships of Anthorn, Drumburg, Fingland Bromfield (part) Townships of Caldewgate Quarter, Cummersdale Quarter, Wreay Carlisle St Mary Within† Included township of Rickergate Quarter Carlisle St Cuthbert's Within† Included townships of Oulton Water, Waverton High & Low, Woodside Quarter Eskdale Included townships of Kingwater, Laversdale , Newby, Newtown Kingmoor (hamlet) Extra-parochial liberty belonging to the Corporation of Carlisle Kirkandrews upon Esk Included townships of Kirkandrews Moat, Kirkandrews Nether Quarter, Kirkandrews Upper Quarter, Nichol Forest Kirklinton Included townships of Askerton, Burtholme & Banks, Lineside Nether Denton Included townships of Hutton John , Hutton Roof, Hutton Soil , Thomas Close Kirkland † These parishes and townships constituted the City of Carlisle, and were largely outside the jurisdiction of Cumberland Ward. Local government from the nineteenth century During the nineteenth century a series of reforms reshaped the local government of the county, creating a system of district with directly-elected councils. Poor law and municipal reform Map of Cumberland in 1845 showing poor law unions and parliamentary divisions The first changes concerned the administration of the poor law , which was carried at parish level. The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 provided for the grouping of parishes into poor law unions , each with a central workhouse and an elected board of guardians . Cumberland was divided into nine unions: Alston with Garrigill, Bootle, Brampton, Carlisle, Cockermouth, Longtown, Penrith, Whitehaven and Wigton. [7] In the following year the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 was passed, reforming boroughs and cities in England and Wales as municipal boroughs with a uniform constitution. The corporation of the City of Carlisle was accordingly remodelled with a popularly elected council consisting of a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Local boards and sanitary districts Outside of municipal boroughs, there was no effective local government until the 1840s. In response to poor sanitary conditions and outbreaks of cholera , the Public Health Act 1848 and the Local Government Act 1858 allowed for the formation of local boards of health in populous areas. Local boards were responsible inter alia for water supply, drainage, sewerage, paving and cleansing. Eleven local boards were initially formed at Brampton, Cleator Moor, Cockermouth, Egremont, Holme Cultram, Keswick, Maryport, Millom, Penrith, Whitehaven, Wigton and Workington. [7] Further reform under the Public Health Act 1875 saw the creation of sanitary districts throughout England and Wales. The existing municipal boroughs and local boards became "urban sanitary districts", while "rural sanitary districts" were formed from the remaining areas of the poor law unions. Three more local boards were formed: Arlecdon and Frizington in 1882, Harrington in 1891 and Aspatria in 1892. In addition Whitehaven and Workington received charters of incorporation to become municipal boroughs in 1894 and 1883 respectively. Local government acts of 1888 and 1894 Main article: Cumberland County Council In 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888 , Cumberland County Council was created as the county council for Cumberland, taking over administrative functions from the Court of Quarter Sessions . The Local Government Act 1894 reconstituted the existing sanitary districts as urban districts and rural districts, each with an elected council. The 1888 Act also allowed any municipal borough with a population of 50,000 or more to become a " county borough ", independent of county council control. In 1914 Carlisle successfully applied for this status, ceasing to form part of the administrative county , although remaining within Cumberland for purposes such as Lieutenancy and shrievalty . [7] Reform in 1934 The Local Government Act 1929 imposed the duty on county councils of reviewing the districts within their administrative county so as to form more efficient units of local government. In general, this meant the merging of small or lightly-populated areas into larger units. A review was carried in Cumberland in 1934. The following table lists the urban and rural districts before and after the changes. [7] District 1894 - 1934 The distribution of population in 1971 was as follows: [9] District Wigton Rural District 21,830 In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972 , the administrative county and county borough were abolished and their former area was combined with Westmorland and parts of Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria . The area from Cumberland went on to form the districts of Carlisle , Allerdale , Copeland and part of Eden . [10] Legacy The name continues in use as a geographical and cultural term, and survives in Cumberland sausages , HMS Cumberland (F85) which is nicknamed 'The fighting sausage', Cumberland County Cricket Club , Cumberland Fell Runners Club, Cumberland Athletics Club and organisations and companies, such as the local newspapers The Cumberland News, and The West Cumberland Times and Star, and the Cumberland Building Society . In June 1994, during the 1990s UK local government reform , the Local Government Commission published draft recommendations, suggesting as one option a North Cumbria unitary authority (also including Appleby , the historic county town of Westmorland). It also suggested that Cumberland could be reinstated as an independent ceremonial county . The final recommendations, published in October 1994, did not include such recommendations, apparently due to lack of expression of support for the proposal to the commission. As part of a 2002 marketing campaign, the plant conservation charity Plantlife chose the Grass-of-Parnassus as the county flower . Parnassus flowers had been associated with the county since 1951, when they were included in the coat of arms granted to the Cumberland County Council. They subsequently featured in the arms granted to Cumbria County Council and Copeland Borough Council , in both cases to represent Cumberland. Bibliography Cumberland Heritage by Molly Lefebure (Chapters include Camden, Briathwaite, Millbeck, Fellwalkers, Carlisle Canal, Armboth, John Peel (Farmer) and The Blencathra ), with endpaper maps of old Cumberland. [11] References ^ a b c d Vision of Britain - Cumberland population ( density and area ) ^ a b Barrow, G W S (2006). The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Century, 2nd edition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748618031. ^ a b "Carlisle Diocese: History and Description" . Clergy of the Church of England Database. King's College, London . 2008. http://www.theclergydatabase.org.uk/reference/resources/dioceses/carlisle/dioc027-his.html . Retrieved 2009-06-19. ^ a b c Marr, J E (1910). Cambridge County Geographies: Cumberland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ^ W L Warren (1984). "The Myth of Norman Administrative Efficiency: The Prothero Lecture" . Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Ser., Vol. 34. Royal Historical Society. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%281984%295%3A34%3C113%3ATMONAE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-C . Retrieved 2009-06-19. ^ a b c d e Youngs, Frederic A, Jr. (1991). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.2: Northern England. London: Royal Historical Society . pp. 648–649. ISBN 0861931270. ^ Whillier, Thomas (1825). A General Directory to all the Counties, Hundreds, Ridings, Wapentakes, Divisions, Cities, Boroughs, Liberties, Parishes, Townships, Tythings, Hamlets, Precincts, Chapelries &c. &c. in England. London: Joseph Butterworth & Son. pp. 28–31. ^ 1971 Census; Small Area Statistics ^ Local government in England and Wales: A Guide to the New System. London: HMSO . 1974. ISBN 0117508470. ^ Detail taken from a copy of Cumberland Heritage published by Victor Gollancz London in 1970 with an ISBN of 0 575 00376 6 External links Counties of England (1889–1974) → 1974–1996 Counties of England (before 1889) → 1889–1974 Up to date as of January 14, 2010 (Redirected to Cumberland article) From LoveToKnow 1911 ="">See Cumberland (disambiguation) for articles sharing the title Cumberland. CUMBERLAND, the north-westernmost county of England , bounded N. by the Scottish counties of Dumfries and Roxburgh , E. by Northumberland , S. by Westmorland and Lancashire , and W. by the Irish Sea. Its area is 1520.4 sq. m. In the south the county includes about one-half of the celebrated Lake District , with the highest mountain in England , Scafell Pike (3210 ft.), and the majority of the principal lakes, among which are Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite, Buttermere and Crummock Water, Ennerdale, Wastwater, and, on the boundary with Westmorland , Ullswater. From this district valleys radiate north, west and south to a flat coastal belt , the widest part of which (about 8 m.) is found in the north in the Solway Plain, bordering Solway Firth , which here intervenes between England and Scotland . The valley of the Eden , opening upon this plain from the south-east, separates the mountainous Lake District from the straight westward face of a portion of the Pennine Chain , which, though little of it lies within this county, reaches its highest point within it in Cross Fell (2 9 30 ft.). A well-marked pass, called the Tyne Gap , at the water-parting between the rivers Irthing and South Tyne , traversed by the Newcastle & Carlisle railway , intervenes between these hills and their northward continuation in the hills of the Scottish border. Besides the waters of the Eden , Solway Firth receives those of the Esk, which enter Cumberland from Scotland . Liddel Water, joining this river from the north east from Liddisdale, forms a large part of the boundary with Scotland. The Eden receives the Irthing from the east, and from the Lake District the Caldew, rising beneath Skiddaw and joining the main river at Carlisle, and the Eamont, draining Ullswater and forming part of the boundary with Westmorland. The principal streams flowing east and south from the Lake District are the Derwent , from Borrowdale and Derwentwater , the Eden from Ennerdale, the Esk from Eskdale, and the Duddon, forming the greater part of the boundary with Lancashire . There are valuable salmon fisheries in the Eden, and trout are taken in many of the streams and lakes. Table of contents Geology The mountainous portion of Cumberland is built up of two different types of rock. The older, a sedimentary slaty series of Ordovician age, the Skiddaw slates, surrounds Bassenthwaite, Saddleback, Crummock Water, Keswick and Cockermouth and the western end of Ennerdale Water. The same formation is found in the northern flanks of Ullswater also north and east of Whitbeck. The other type of rock is volcanic; it gives a more rugged aspect to the scenery, as may be seen in comparing the rough outlines of Scafell and Honister Crags or Helvellyn with the smoother form of Saddleback or Skiddaw. These volcanic rocks, owing to much alteration, are often slaty; they have been called the "green slates and porphyries" or the Borrowdale Series. The Skiddaw slates are usually separated from the newer green slates above them by a plane of differential movement, for both have been thrust by earthpressures from south to north, but the former rocks have travelled farther than the latter which have lagged behind; hence Messrs Marr and Harker describe the plane of separation as a "lag- fault ." Much general faulting and folding have resulted from the movement; the thrusting took place in Devonian times. About the same period great masses of granitic rock were intruded into the slates in the form of laccolites, which often lie along the lag planes. Such rocks are the granophyre hills of Buttermere and Ennerdale, the microgranite patches on either side of the Vale of St John , and the great mass of Eskdale granite which reaches from Wastwater to the flanks of Black Combe . At Carrock Fell, N.E. of Skiddaw, is an extremely interesting complex of volcanic rocks, and in many other places are diabase and other forms, e.g. the well-known rock at Castle Head, Keswick . From Pooley Bridge, Ullswater, on the east, by Udale round to Egremont on the west, the mountainous region just described, is surrounded by the Carboniferous Limestone series, with a conglomerate at the base. Upon these rocks the coalfield of Whitehaven rests and extends as far as Maryport . The coal seams are worked for some distance beneath the sea. The vale of Eden between Penrith , Hornsby and Wreay is occupied by Permian sandstone , usually bright red in colour. Red Triassic rocks form a strip about 4 m. broad east of the Permian outcrop; a similar strip forms a coastal fringe from St Bees Head to Duddon Sands. The same formations are spread out round Carlisle, Brampton , Longtown, Wigton and Aspatria. East of Carlisle they are covered by an outlier of Lias . A great dislocation, the Pennine Fault , runs along the eastern side of the vale of Eden; it throws up the Lower Carboniferous limestones with their associated shales and sandstones to form the elevated ground in the north and north-east of the county. Several basic intrusions penetrate the limestone series, the best known being the Whin Sill , which may be traced for a number of miles northward from Crossfell. Evidences of glacial action are abundant; till with sands and gravel lie on the lower ground; striated rocks and roches moutonnees are common; perched blocks are found on the plateau by Sprinkling Tarn and elsewhere. Moraine mounds are quite numerous in the valleys, and have frequently been the cause of small lakes. Climate and Agriculture The climate is generally temperate, but in the higher parts bleak , snow sometimes lying fully six months of the year on Cross Fell and the mountains of the Lake District. As regards rainfall, the physical configuration makes for contrast. At Carlisle, on the Solway plain, the mean annual fall is 30.6 in. At Penrith , on the north-eastern flank of the Lake District, it is 31.67; on the western flank 42.3 in. are recorded at Ravenglass, close to the coast, and 51.78 at Cockermouth , some miles inland. In the heart of the district, however, the fall is as a rule much heavier, in fact, the heaviest recorded in the British Isles (see Lake District ). Somewhat less than three-fifths of the total area of the county is under cultivation, the proportion being higher than that of the neighbouring counties of Northumberland and Westmorland, but still much below the average of the English counties. Black peaty earth is the most prevalent soil in the mountainous districts; but dry loams occur in the lowlands, and are well adapted to green crops, grain and pasture. Wheat and barley are practically neglected, but large crops of oats are grown. Turnips and swedes form the bulk of the green crops. Hill pasture amounts to nearly 270,000 acres, and a good number of cattle are reared, but the principal resource of the farmer is sheep -breeding. The sheep on the lowland farms are generally of the Leicester class or cross-bred between the Leicester and Herdwick, with a few Southdowns. Throughout the mountainous districts the Herdwicks have taken the place of the smaller black-faced heath variety of sheep once so commonly met with on the sheep farms. They are peculiar to this part of England; the ewes and wethers and many of the rams are polled, the faces and legs are speckled, and the wool is finer and heavier in fleece than that of the heath breed. They originally came from the neighbourhood of Muncaster in the Duddon and Esk district, and tradition ascribes their origin variously to introduction by Scandinavian settlers, or to parents that escaped from a wrecked ship of the Spanish Armada . In general they belong to the proprietors of the sheepwalks, and have been farmed out with them from time immemorial, from which circumstance it is said they obtained the name of "Herdwicks." Long after the Norman Conquest Cumberland remained one of the most densely forested regions of England, and much of the low-lying land is still well wooded, the Lake District in particular displaying beautiful contrasts between bare mountain and tree -clad valley. The oak , ash and birch are the principal natural trees, while sycamores have been planted for shelter round many farmsteads. Plantations of larch are also numerous, and the holly , yew , thorn and juniper flourish locally. Landed property was formerly much divided in this county, and the smaller holdings were generally occupied by their owners, who were known as "statesmen," i.e. " estatesmen," a class of men long noted for their sturdy independence and attachment to routine husbandry. Most of these estates were held of the lords of manors under customary tenure , which subjected them to the payments of fines and heriots on alienation as well as on the death of the lord or tenant . According to the Agricultural Survey printed in 1794, about two-thirds of the county was held by this tenure , in parcels worth from X15 to X30 rental. On large estates, also, the farms were in general rather small, few then reaching £ 200 a year, held on verbal contracts, or very short leases, and burdened like the small estates with payments or services over and above a money rent . In modern times these conditions have changed, the "statesmen" gradually becoming extinct as a class, and many of the small holdings falling into the hands of the larger landed proprietors. Other Industries Carlisle is the seat of a variety of manufactures; there are also in the county cotton and woollen industries, pencil mills at Keswick, and iron shipbuilding yards at Whitehaven . But the mining industry is the most important, coal being raised principally in the district about Whitehaven, Workington and Maryport . Side by side with this industry much iron ore is raised, and there is a large output of pig -iron, and ore is also found in the south, in the neighbourhood of Millom . Gypsum , zinc and some lead are mined. Copper was formerly worked near Keswick, and there was a rich deposit of black lead at the head of Borrowdale. Granite and limestone are extensively quarried. Stone is very largely used even for housebuilding, a fine green slate being often employed. Shap and other granites are worked for building and roadstones. Communications The chief ports of Cumberland are Whitehaven, Workington , Maryport, Harrington and Silloth. The London & North-Western railway enters the county near Penrith, and terminates at Carlisle, which is also served by the Midland. The Caledonian, North British and Glasgow & SouthWestern lines further serve this city, which is thus an important junction in through communications between England and Scotland. The North-Eastern railway connects Carlisle with Newcastle . The Maryport & Carlisle, the Cockermouth, Keswick & Penrith, and the Cleator & Workington Junction lines serve the districts indicated by their names, while the Furness railway passes along the west coast from the district of Furness in Lancashire as far north as Whitehaven, also serving Cleator and Egremont . The Ravenglass & Eskdale light railway gives access from this system to Boot in Eskdale. Coaches and motor cars maintain passenger communications in the Lake District where the railways do not penetrate. Population and Administration The area of the ancient and the administrative county is 973,086 acres, with a population in 1891 of 266,549 and in 1901 of 266,933. The county contains five wards, divisions which in this and neighbouring counties correspond to hundreds, and also appear in Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire in Scotland. The municipal boroughs are Carlisle (P op. 45,4 80), a city and the county town, Whitehaven (19,324), and Workington (26,143). The other urban districts are Arlecdon and Frizington (5341), Aspatria (2885), Cleator Moor (8120), Cockermouth (5355), Egremont (5761), Harrington (3679), Holme Cultram (4275), Keswick (4451), Maryport (11,897), Millom (10,426), Penrith (9182), Wigton (3692). Of these all except Keswick, Millom and Penrith are in the industrial district of the west and north-west. The urban district of Holme Cultram includes the port of Silloth. Among lesser towns may be mentioned St Bees (1236), on the coast south of Whitehaven, vII. 40 until 1897 the seat of a Church of England theological college. The grammar school here, founded in 1533, is liberally endowed, with scholarships and exhibitions. Cumberland is in the northern circuit , and assizes are held at Carlisle. It has one court of quarter sessions and 12 petty sessional divisions. The city of Carlisle has a separate commission of the peace and court of quarter sessions . There are 213 civil parishes. Cumberland is in the diocese of Carlisle, with a small portion in that of Newcastle. There are 167 ecclesiastical parishes or districts within the county. There are four parliamentary divisions, the Northern or Eskdale, Mid or Penrith, Cockermouth and Western or Egremont, each returning one member; while the parliamentary boroughs of Carlisle and Whitehaven each return one member. History After the withdrawal of the Romans (of whose occupation there are various important relics in the county) little is known of the region which is now Cumberland, until the great battle of Ardderyd in 573 resulted in its consolidation with the kingdom of Strathclyde . About 670-680 the western district between the Solway and the Mersey was conquered by the Angles of Northumbria and remained an integral portion of that kingdom until the Danish invasion of the 9th century. In 875 the kingdom of the Cumbri is referred to, but without any indication of its extent, and the first mention of Cumberland to denote a geographical area occurs in 945 when it was ceded by Edmund to Malcolm of Scotland. At this date it included the territory north and south of the Solway from the Firth of Forth to the river Duddon. The Scottish supremacy was not uninterrupted, for the district at the time of its invasion by Ethelred in woo was once more a stronghold of the Danes, whose influence is clearly traceable in the nomenclature of the Lake District. At the time of the Norman invasion Cumberland was a dependency of the earldom of Northumbria , but its history :at this period is very obscure, and no notice of it occurs in the Domesday Survey of 1086; Kirksanton, Bootle and Whicham, however, are entered under the possessions of the earl of Northumbria in the West Riding of Yorkshire . The real Norman conquest of Cumberland took place in 1092, when William Rufus captured Carlisle, repaired the city, built the castle , and after sending a number of English husbandmen to till the land, placed the district under the lordship of Ranulf Meschines. The fief of Ranulf was called the Power or Honour of Carlisle, and a sheriff of Carlisle is mentioned in 1106. The district was again captured by the Scots in the reign of Stephen , and on its recovery in 1157 the boundaries were readjusted to include the great barony of Coupland. At this date the district was described as the county of Carlisle, and the designation county of Cumberland is not adopted in the sheriff's accounts until 1177. The five present wards existed as administrative areas in 1278, when they were termed bailiwicks, the designation ward not appearing until the 16th century, though the bailiwicks of the Forest of Cumberland are termed wards in the 14th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries each of the five wards was under the administration of a chief constable . Owing to its position on the Border Cumberland was the scene of constant warfare from the time of its foundation until the union of England and Scotland, and families like the Tilliols, the Lucies, the Greystokes, and the Dacres were famous for their exploits in checking or avenging the depredations of the Scots. During the War of Independence in the reign of Edward I . Carlisle was the headquarters of the English army. In the Wars of the Roses the prevailing sympathy was with the Lancastrian cause, which was actively supported by the representatives of the families of Egremont, Dacre and Greystoke. In 1542 the Scottish army under James V . suffered a disastrous defeat at Solway Moss . After the union of the crowns of England and Scotland in 1603, the countries hitherto known as "the Borders" were called "the Middle Shires," and a period of comparative peace ensued. On the outbreak of the Civil War of the 17th century the northern counties associated in raising forces for the king, and the families of Howard , Dalston, Dacre and Musgrave rendered valuable service to the royalist cause. In 1645 Carlisle was captured by the parliamentary forces, but in April 1648 it was retaken by Sir Philip Musgrave and Sir Thomas Glenham, and did not finally surrender until the autumn of 1648. Cumberland continued, however, to support the Stuarts; it was one of the first counties to welcome back Charles II .; in 1715 it was associated with the rising on behalf of the Pretender, and Carlisle was the chief seat of operations in the 1745 rebellion. In 685 Carlisle and the surrounding district was annexed by Ecgfrith king of Northumbria to the diocese of Lindisfarne, to which it continued subject, at least until the Danish invasion of the 9th century. In 1133 Henry I . created Carlisle (q.v.) a bishopric. The diocese included the whole of modern Cumberland (except the barony of Coupland and the parishes of Alston , Over- Denton and Kirkandrews), and also the barony of Appleby in Westmorland. The archdeaconry of Carlisle, co-extensive with the diocese, comprised four deaneries. Coupland was a deanery in the archdeaconry of Richmond and diocese of York until 1541, when it was annexed to the newly created diocese of Chester . In 1856 the area of the diocese of Carlisle was extended, so as to include the whole of Cumberland except the parish of Alston , the whole of Westmorland, and the Furness district of Lancashire. In 1858 the deaneries were made to number eighteen, and in 1870 were increased to twenty. The principal industries of Cumberland have been from earliest times connected with its valuable fisheries and abundant mineral wealth. The mines of Alston and the iron mines about Egremont were worked in the 12th century. The Keswick copper mines were worked in the reign of Henry III ., but the black-lead mine was not worked to any purpose until the 18th century. Coalmining is referred to in the 15th century, and after the revival of the mining industries in the 16th century, rose to great importance. The saltpans about the estuaries of the Esk and the Eden were a source of revenue in the 12th century. Cumberland returned three members for the county to the parliament of 1290, and in 1295 returned in addition two members for the city of Carlisle and two members each for the boroughs of Cockermouth and Egremont. The boroughs did not again return members until in 1640 Cockermouth regained representation. Under the Reform Act of 1832, Cumberland returned four members for two divisions, and Whitehaven returned one member. The county now returns six members to parliament; one each for the four divisions of the county, Egremont, Cockermouth, Eskdale and Penrith, one for the city of Carlisle and one for the borough of Whitehaven. Antiquities Very early crosses, having Celtic or Scandinavian characteristics, are seen at Gosforth, Bewcastle and elsewhere. In ecclesiastical architecture Cumberland is not rich as a whole, but it possesses Carlisle cathedral , with its beautiful choir , and certain monastic remains of importance. Among these are the fine remnants of Lanercost priory (see Brampton ). Calder Abbey , near Egremont, a Cistercian abbey founded in 1134, has ruins of the church and cloisters, of Norman and Early English character, and is very beautifully situated on the Calder . The parish Church of St Bees, with good Norman and Early English work, belonged to a Benedictine priory of 1120; but according to tradition the first religious house here was a nunnery founded c. 650 by St Bega, who became its abbess . Among the parish churches there are a few instances of towers strongly fortified for purposes of defence; that at Burgh -on-the-Sands, near Carlisle, being a good illustration. Castles, in some cases ruined, in others modernized, are fairly numerous, both near the Scottish border and elsewhere. Naworth Castle near Brampton is the finest example; others are at Bewcastle, Carlisle, Kirkoswald, Egremont, Cockermouth and Millom. Among many notable country seats, Rose Castle, the palace of the bishops of Carlisle; Greystoke Castle and Armathwaite Hall may be mentioned. See J. Nicolson and R. Burn, History and Antiquities of the Counties of Westmorland and Cumberland (London, 1 777); W. Hutchinson , History of Cumberland (Carlisle, 1 794); S. Jefferson, History and Antiquities of Cumberland (Carlisle, 1840-1842); S. Gilpin, Songs and Ballads of Cumberland (London, 1866); W. Dickinson, Glossary of Words and Phrases of Cumberland (London, English Dialect Society, 1878, with a supplement, 1881); Sir G. F. Duckett, Early Sheriffs of Cumberland (Kendal, 1879); J. Denton , "Account of Estates and Families in the County of Cumberland, 1066-1603," in Antiquarian Society's Transactions (1887); R. S. Ferguson, History of Cumberland (London, 1890); "Archaeological Survey of Cumberland," in Archaeologia, vol. liii. (London, 1893); W. Jackson , Papers and Pedigrees relating to Cumberland (2 vols., London , 1892); T. Ellwood, The Landnama Book of Iceland as it illustrates the Dialect and Antiquities of Cumberland (Kendal, 1894); Victoria County History, Cumberland; and Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society.	i don't know
Which Nobel prize winner was offered the presidency of Israel?	Albert Einstein - Biographical Albert Einstein The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 Albert Einstein Questions and Answers on Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree. During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton * . He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945. After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance. At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics. In the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology. After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics, taking the opposite approach, geometrisation, to the majority of physicists. Einstein's researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most important. Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920's he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East, and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935. Einstein's gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey. From Nobel Lectures , Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel . It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures . To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. * Albert Einstein was formally associated with the Institute for Advanced Study located in Princeton, New Jersey.	Albert Einstein
Which gunfight resulted in the deaths is Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton?	Albert Einstein - Biographical Albert Einstein The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 Albert Einstein Questions and Answers on Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree. During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton * . He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945. After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance. At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics. In the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology. After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics, taking the opposite approach, geometrisation, to the majority of physicists. Einstein's researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most important. Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920's he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East, and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935. Einstein's gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey. From Nobel Lectures , Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel . It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures . To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. * Albert Einstein was formally associated with the Institute for Advanced Study located in Princeton, New Jersey.	i don't know
The Ishihara test is used to test for which condition?	Ishihara Color Test – Color Blindness got to 3 and thats it bradley says: tried test only got test 2 admin says: June 11, 2009 at 8:16 am Hi Bradley, You should keep trying each ishihara test until the bottom, dont stop at the first test you can’t do:) Doing them all helps you understand the severity of your color blindness. Also try the color arrangement test to get a mathematical readout of your color blindness, and its severity! Charles July 9, 2009 at 8:17 am Hi, I found this website to be really helpful! I was told when I was small that I was color blind, and knew it had something to do with Red, Green and Brown. This website has helped me understand that I’m definately red/green color blind. 20 years after I was told, I now know for sure, thanks to this website. Great stuff. Excellent. admin says: July 9, 2009 at 2:05 pm Jim, Glad you found the ishihara test useful:) I trialled it on a friend of mine, he’s 40 and just found out he’s mildly color blind too. To some of us it barely makes a difference i guess! Charles 🙁 i applied for the air force on thursday, a medical was involved… including an isihara eye test…….. i failed it 3 times 🙁 not my job oportunities are extremely limited im 3CP color blind & a female… i never knew, still quite shocked!!!!!!! BERTIE says: September 2, 2009 at 9:20 pm Just looking at these tests makes me feel more at rest. I have moderate colour acuity due to long sightedness but not colour blind although eyesight does affect your colour vision, yet i can see 22 of the 24 plates. Do you think i would pass an RAF medical colour test? admin says: Hi Bertie, I redid your post without full capitals for you:) The Air Force is probably the strictest career path in the world when it comes to color blindness. Whether or not you are accepted depends on how well you do with your visual tests, and which position you are seek. Which plates did you get wrong? A couple of the plates are supposed to appear blank if you have normal vision:) You could also try my color arrangement test, it was designed by american military personel originally, though i doubt it is used in the UK. Charles September 24, 2009 at 11:03 pm Thanks Admin I can do the colour arrangement test and it reports I’m not colour blind because I complete it correctly. A couple of the plates above that I couldn’t see were 73 and 5. Must point out that some of these plates I have to really look at to get the numbers. I have done the Farnsworth 100 Hue Test and manage to do very well on it. I know my current perscription for glasses has been changed slightly and these glasses are heavily scratched. I find my glasses do affect my colour vision, making colours appear slightly darker then normal. Without the glasses I have very good colour acuity but at a restricted distance. Can I just ask how accurate are these tests? Are your plates a true representation or do you think the reproduction of your plates makes it harder to see the numbers. Thanks again, Bertie September 25, 2009 at 8:20 am Hi Bertie, The plates do get progressively harder to see, though my wife (who is not color blind) can easily see every plate correctly. Being color blind, i know that some are harder than others for me to see, but cannot really tell you how people with normal color vision see them:). What you hinted at is correct, these plates are as accurate as possible, but there is every risk that they aren’t exactly the same as a physical copy of the test plates. The images are very close to the same, but everything from the lighting in your room to the quality of your monitor, and its settings will adjust this. Try doing the test from someone elses computer and see how you go – you’d be amazed how different computer monitors show colors differently! My glasses are not scratched too badly, but if yours are as bad as you say, then i am sure they would manipulate the colors to some extent – much like cataracts? Cataracts dont directly modify your color vision, but the clouding does filter any light entering the eye. Hope this helps,	Color blindness
Trinity was the code name for the first testing of what?	Diagnosis — Colour Blind Awareness You are here: Home / Colour Blindness / Diagnosis Diagnosis Colour blindness can be difficult to detect, particularly in children with inherited colour vision deficiency as they may be unaware that they have any problems with their colour vision. A child with a severe condition such as deuteranopia may seemingly be able to accurately identify colours which they can’t see (e.g. red) because they have been taught the colour of objects from an early age and will know for example that grass is green and strawberries are red even if they have no concept of their true colours. If you have any eye test with an optometrist (a registered health professional who examines eyes, tests sight and dispenses glasses and contact lenses) they should test your colour vision as a matter of routine, but not all chains of opticians in the UK do this test routinely and with some you may have to request a colour vision test specifically and sometimes even pay for it as an extra. You can also see your GP if you have any problems seeing colours. Your GP will ask about your symptoms and examine you. He or she may also ask about your medical history. There are many tests available to measure colour vision defects but the most common is the Ishihara Plate test. This can test for red/green colour blindness but not blue colour blindness. This is the test most likely to be used for routine colour vision screening in schools or medicals. This test is the most widely used for testing for red-green colour vision deficiency and contains 38 plates of circles created by irregular coloured dots in two or more colours. The plates will be put in front of you and you will be asked what number you can see on the plate. Some plates contain information which people with normal colour vision can see whilst others contain information that only people with colour blindness can see. If you make a certain amount of errors you will be diagnosed with colour blindness. Special Plate tests have been devised to diagnose young children who are not old enough to identify numbers. An example of Ishihara plates is shown in these extracts from Colorblind World. To see the entire document go to www.neitzvision.com More sophisticated tests are also widely used to ascertain whether someone with a colour vision deficiency would be suitable for certain occupations. A Lantern test is one such test which is used to identify people not suitable to work as train drivers or in marine and aviation jobs or other occupations where the work requires the ability to accurately reading the colours of lights for safety reasons. At www.colorvisiontesting.com you can find an initial test for colour blindness on the screen. www.toledo-bend.com/colorblind/Ishihara.asp also shows some Ishihara plates tests for online testing. Please note that these tests are for initial testing only and will not give an accurate formal diagnosis. If you suspect that you or your child might be colour blind please seek professional help from an optician. If you are still unhappy and would like a more detailed diagnosis you can arrange to have a full colour vision test. Click here to follow the link to the Colour Vision Clinic at City University where professionals will be happy to carry out a full colour vision assessment for you. The assessment will cover 8 separate tests and you will be given a report summarising your condition which can be used to advise schools and employers. There is a modest charge (significantly reduced for children). Colour Blindness	i don't know
Soul Limbo is used as the theme tune for which radio programme?	h2g2 - BBC Sporting Theme Tunes - Edited Entry BBC Sporting Theme Tunes Content from the guide to life, the universe and everything BBC Sporting Theme Tunes 4 Conversations The BBC sporting themes, played over the opening credits of each programme, have become legendary with some becoming closely associated with the relevant sport. All of the themes have been released on various BBC compilation CDs, as well as by the original artist. The themes are also widely available as ringtones on mobile telephones . In a BBC Radio Five Live listener's poll, Test Match Special was voted the best sporting theme, winning 38% of the vote. Sports and Entertainment Shows Grandstand Generally the most well-known, the Grandstand theme has signalled the start of the BBC's Saturday afternoon sports coverage since it was first broadcast on 11 October, 1958. The brass and drums fanfare, which plays over images of the sports being broadcast that particular day, is famous for the two opening timpani 'boings'. Keith Mansfield composed the piece for the BBC and the drummer was called Brian Bennett. Mansfield also composed a vast collection of library music used on other television programmes such as The Sweeney, as well as other BBC themes. The theme has been revised over the years, but remains essentially the same. Sportsnight Sportsnight was a weekly sports show on the BBC between 1968 and 1997. Presenters included David Coleman, Frank Bough and Des Lynam. The theme for the show was called 'Sportsnight', and was composed by Tony Hatch. The piece opens with a morse code signature, giving the effect of speed. Hatch has composed many other TV themes including Crossroads, Emmerdale and Neighbours . Hatch also had huge success in the pop market, being particularly well known for his collaborations with Petula Clark. The pair's most famous song is the classic 'Downtown', released in 1964. Superstars While not a sport in itself, Superstars was a popular programme in the 1970s and 1980s in which sportsmen from different fields competed in various events. The show returned to viewer's screens in 2003. The theme, 'Heavy Action', was composed by Johnny Pearson. Pearson is also responsible for ITV's News at Ten theme, as well as the music for the Captain Pugwash television series. Pot Black Pot Black was a weekly televised snooker tournament shown between 1969 and 1984. The programme's theme, 'Black And White Rag', was a ragtime piano piece written by Tin Pan Alley composer George Botsford, and performed by the classically-trained Winifred Atwell. The show and its theme returned for a one-off special in 2005. Sports Programmes Match of the Day The theme to the BBC's flagship football programme, broadcasted since 22 August, 1964, is equally well-known. So well-known in fact, that it has become synonymous with football as a whole, rather than just the programme. The BBC commissioned Barry Stoller to write the theme, which was originally called 'Offside'. Words have been added to the theme by several people, including an Anglican minister called Reverend John Hartley to coincide with the 2002 World Cup . The theme plays over images relevant to the competition being covered, either highlights of The FA Premier League, The FA Cup or international matches. However, this was not the first theme used for Match of the Day. Until 1971 a march called 'Drum Majorette' was used. This piece was composed by Major Leslie Statham, who wrote under the name of Arnold Steck. Statham was the Director of Music of the Band of the Welsh Guards. Snooker 'Drag Racer', The guitar-based theme for BBC's snooker coverage was written and performed by the little-known Doug Wood Band in 1982. In 2002 the theme was given a 'big-beat' style remix, which was aired by Radio One's Chris Moyles. Ski Sunday Ski Sunday is introduced by another famous theme called 'Pop Looks Bach' by composer Sam Fonteyn. This tune has been used since the programme's first airing on 15 January, 1978. Golf 'Chaseside Shoot-up', by Brian Bennet is the theme for golf coverage. Bennett has also produced music for other television dramas, films and radio programmes. He is perhaps better known as the drummer for The Shadows. Cricket Released by soul group Booker T and The MGs in 1968, 'Soul Limbo' introduces BBC cricket coverage. The theme was used for television coverage until the BBC lost the rights in 1998, but it remains the theme tune for Test Match Special on Radio 4. With a distinctly Caribbean feel, the song features cowbells and steel drums. Since Channel 4 took over coverage 1 in 1998 they have used a number of themes, the most recent and memorable being Lou Bega's 'Mambo Number 5', which was used during England's 2005 triumph over Australia in The Ashes . Formula 1 The Formula 1 theme, which is called 'Motor Sport', was arranged by Roger Barsotti. The instantly recognisable bassline and guitar solo was taken from Fleetwood Mac's 'The Chain', from their seminal 1977 album Rumours. While it was used for motor sport in general, it is most closely associated with Formula 1. Despite the BBC losing the rights to show the sport in 1997, the theme remains closely associated with Formula 1, the opening bassline and guitar solo capturing the excitement of racing perfectly. ITV replaced the theme with several of its own commissioned works, including one by UK musician and racing enthusiast, Jamiroquai's Jay Kay. Wimbledon Another Keith Mansfield theme, 'Light and Tuneful' introduces coverage of the Wimbledon lawn tennis championship. The tune played over the closing title sequence is a military march called 'Sporting Occasion', composed by Arnold Steck. Equestrian The theme most commonly used for equestrian coverage is 'A Musical Joke', arranged by Waldo de los Rios. Rios adapted the piece from Mozart's Symphony No 40. Rios also adapted many other classical works, as well as scoring several Hollywood films. London Marathon Ron Goodwin wrote the theme for coverage of the London Marathon. Goodwin was a noted composer, having won three Ivor Novello awards . The theme is called 'The Trap', and was originally written for a 1966 film starring Oliver Reed. Goodwin scored major Hollywood films for nearly fifty years, including Where Eagles Dare and Battle of Britain, as well as composing music for popular artists. Other Programmes Other well-known BBC themes include Hubert Bath's march 'Out of the Blue' for the Sports Report, Charles Williams' 'The Challenge' for the BBC Sports Personality of the Year and 'Be My Boogie Woogie Baby' by Mr Walkie-Talkie and composed by Renate Vaplus for Kickstart. 1 Although they too are set to lose the rights to Sky Television from 2006.	Test Match Special
In the 1976 Olympics, who was the only competitor not to have a sex test?	Download Radio 4 Ringtones for Android - Appszoom The hourly Greenwich Time Signal, also known as 'the Pips' ~ The Bongs The chiming of Big Ben at Westminster broadcast on the hour, also known as 'the Bongs'. ~ Sailing By The traditional end theme for Radio 4, played last thing at night before the station closes. ~ The Archers theme (Barwick Green) The start and end theme music for long-running Radio 4 soap opera, originally a maypole dance known as 'Barwick Green'. ~ Theme from Test Match Special Excerpt from Soul Limbo by Booker T and The MGs, used as the theme music for Radio 4's test match coverage. ~ Desert Island Discs theme '(By the) Sleepy Lagoon' by Eric Coates has been used to introduce the programme since 1942. ~ Theme from Dr Finlay's Casebook Trevor Duncan's lively march 'A Little Suite', performed by the Light Music Society Orchestra. ~ Housewives' Choice theme "In A Party Mood" by Jack Strachey, used as the theme music for Housewives' Choice for many years. ~ Radio 4 UK Theme The start-up theme used to commence broadcasts on Radio 4 every morning from between 1978 and 2006. (Added by request) ~ Shipping Forecast Issued by the Met Office and broadcast four times daily on Radio 4. This one was a particularly stormy night! Tags: sailing by radio 4 ringtone , ringtone test match special , the archers ring tone , the archers ring tone bbc , the archers radio 4 ringtone , shipping forecast ringtone , sailing by ringtone , bbc radio 4 ringtones , test match speci ringtone Users review	i don't know
What is the name of the test given to newborn babies to determine their condition?	4 Procedures for Newborns in First Hours After Birth 4 Procedures for Newborns in First Hours After Birth Search the site 4 Procedures for Newborns in First Hours After Birth Moving Beyond the PKU Test By Robin Elise Weiss, PhD - Reviewed by a board-certified physician. Updated September 07, 2016 Your newborn baby has just arrived. This first, precious, golden hour is upon you. What happens now? Many practitioners will allow you to have the baby placed directly on your abdomen or chest. Warm towels or blankets will be placed over both of you to help keep your baby warm. This time for bonding in many hospitals and birth centers is limited to the first hour , though this can vary from place to place and by your request. Once you and your baby are ready, there are some standards tests that are done for nearly all babies, including those born at home. Newborn testing is an important thing to think about before labor. During pregnancy we focus so much on the actual birth preparation sometimes we don't devote enough time to other topics, including newborn testing. I am going to focus on the first few days of your baby's life and what tests are commonly done. Newborn Weight and Length Weight and length are also done routinely everywhere, although when these tests are done does vary from place to place. Some hospitals will immediately remove your baby from you and begin an initial assessment. Many professionals believe that this is a bad idea because the baby has a very short window of the quiet alert state in which to really connect with the parents before entering a deeper sleep state. Many parents are requesting in their birth plans that these procedures are delayed until after that first hour of life. If you are giving birth in a birth center or home, these procedures are more flexible. Talk to your doctor or midwife about the normal protocol and see how it fits with your ideas. Newborn Eye Drops Eye drops have changed recently in many states. In the past Silver Nitrate was used routinely and this burned a baby's eyes, while trying to prevent infection. Now, more commonly you will find erythromycin used. Make sure you ask. Again, this is something that you may wish to be delayed until after that first hour of life. While the newer medication doesn't burn your baby's eyes it will make it more difficult to see, and newborns can see. There are state laws that govern the application of eye drops . Most states have laws that say it is up to the practitioner to provide the eye drops, with no specific time indicated. Find out what your state law says. Vitamin K This is usually an injection given after the birth. Your baby isn't born with intact clotting factors. This started being common and become law when forceps deliveries were very common, to help prevent bleeding in the brain because of the extra trauma to the baby's head. Today we are still using this state law and giving babies vitamin K routinely, despite the fact that forceps deliveries have changed and occur less frequently because it still provides benefits to babies . Some countries have newer policies of when to provide vitamin K as opposed to doing it routinely. Some families are requesting that the vitamin K be given orally. While we aren't sure how well this works many pediatricians are agreeing to this alternative. Discuss the issues with your pediatrician. (More on Vitamin K shots .) Newborn Screening & PKU Newborn screening is the term we use to define the set of tests done to screen your baby for various diseases including Phenylketonuria, commonly called the PKU. While many moms may say they are having the PKU screening, they are really being tested for multiple disorders at one time. What exactly is being tested for varies by state. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder. It is routinely tested for during the first few days of life. In many states the test is required, and is frequently done in conjunction with several other tests, such as: Galactosemia, Thalasemia, etc. This test involves sticking the foot of the child for blood. It is only accurate when your baby has been receiving a diet containing phenylalanine, in both human milk and artificial formulas, for a period of 24 hours. For this reason, a breastfed baby should not be tested until at least one day after birth . If your hospital or doctor is trying to encourage a breastfeeding mom to take this test before then, the results will not be valid. Many places do the test before you leave the hospital and ask you to return in one week to have the test repeated. This is usually for their convenience to make sure you've at least had one test for their records, even though it is not valid. Talk to your pediatrician about having this done only once, though in about 10 states, it is required to be repeated. Your pediatrician will guide you or you can check the state by state listings. Hepatitis Vaccine This vaccine is now mandatory in most states. You have two choices for when to start the hepatitis vaccine , at birth or at the two month check up. If you choose to have this vaccine, I encourage you to assess your own risk of hepatitis before deciding when to have this vaccine done. Talk to your practitioner about the use and safety of this and any vaccine. APGAR The APGAR is your baby's first "test." In most places it is done without ever being noticed by the parents because it's simply an evaluation of the way your baby looks and sounds. A score is given for each sign at one minute and five minutes after the birth. If there are problems with the baby an additional score is given at 10 minutes. A score of 7-10 is considered normal, while 4-7 might require some resuscitation measures, and a baby with an APGAR Score of 3 and below requires immediate resuscitation. Despite what parents will tell you this doesn't correspond to your child's SAT scores later in life. In fact, in some circles this test is criticized for not being very useful. For example, a baby obviously in distress will not be left alone until the one-minute APGAR says that they need help. All in all this is a harmless test that many parents look forward to hearing their baby's score. APGAR Scoring Others There are many things that may be done either on a routine or not so routine basis, including a hearing test, blood sugar testing, ultrasound, etc. Make sure that you have all of the information necessary to make a well-informed decision about your baby's care—just as you did during pregnancy. Sources: Costich JF, Durst AL. The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Funding for Newborn Screening Services. Public Health Rep. 2016;131(1):160-6. Dekker R. Evidence for the Vitamin K Shot. Evidence Based Birth. 2014. http://evidencebasedbirth.com/evidence-for-the-vitamin-k-shot-in-newborns/ National Newborn Screening Status Report. National Newborn Screening and Global Resource Center. 2014. http://genes-r-us.uthscsa.edu/sites/genes-r-us/files/nbsdisorders.pdf Newborn Screening Tests for Your Baby. March of Dimes. March 2015. Continue Reading	Apgar score
And currently, at what age are taxis required to have an MOT certificate?	Newborn baby tests and checks - BabyCentre Newborn baby tests and checks What happens after the full examination? In the hours after he is born, your baby will have several tests and examinations to check that he is healthy and that all is well. Here's an outline of what your midwife and doctor will be looking for when they carry out the tests. What tests will my baby have? Your baby will have a few checks and examinations in the first hours of his life. The first is the Apgar score, which your midwife will record at one minute, then again at five minutes after your baby's born (Draper 2008, NCCWCH 2007). Your midwife can do this test by watching your baby's colour , breathing , behaviour, activity and posture. This will tell her whether your baby has any immediate problems that need medical support (NCCWCH 2007). Most babies are fine, or may just need to be watched for a while. If your baby does need some help, your midwife may give him oxygen or clear out his airways to help him to breathe (NCCWCH 2007). About an hour after the birth, after you've had a cuddle with your baby and, ideally, some skin-to-skin , your midwife will also: weigh your baby check his temperature measure the circumference of his head (NCCWCH 2007) These measurements will later be added to his developmental charts in his red book (personal child health record). Your health visitor will give you your baby's red book shortly before or after your baby is born. A full newborn examination is carried out within 72 hours of your baby's birth (NICE 2006). This gives your baby time to adjust to the outside world and allows for prompt medical attention in the unlikely event of any problems being found. Who does the full newborn examination? Your baby may be examined by a paediatrician, a midwife with extended training or, if you had a home birth , your midwife or GP. The examination will be carried out while you and your partner are present, so you'll be able to ask questions as it happens (NICE 2006). The examiner will probably ask you questions about your family's medical history. So now's the time to mention any childhood problems common to your family. What does the examination involve? The examination takes a head-to-toe look at your baby to check for any problems or conditions. Head The doctor or midwife will look at the shape of your baby's head. A squashed or moulded head is a very common feature in newborns. This is caused by your baby being squeezed on his journey through the birth canal, and should right itself within 48 hours. Your baby's head can mould in this way because of the soft spots, called the sutures and fontanelles, between the bones in his skull. These soft spots will be looked at by your midwife or paediatrician. If your baby's birth required assistance with ventouse or forceps , there's a small risk of bruises appearing on his head or skull bone (cephalhaematoma). But rest assured this will clear up by itself. Ears and eyes A midwife will have already looked at your baby's eyes to check for any obvious problems. During the full examination, the doctor or midwife will shine a light from an ophthalmoscope in your baby's eyes to look for a red reflex (Tidy 2013a). This is the same as the red-eye effect from flash photography. If a red reflex is shown, cataracts can be ruled out. Your baby may have a hearing test shortly after birth, either in hospital, a community clinic, or at home (NHS Choices 2013, UKNSC 2012). It's called an automated otoacoustic emission (AOAE) test. It only takes a few minutes and doesn't hurt your baby. For more information go to hearing.screening.nhs.uk . Mouth The doctor or midwife will put a finger in your baby's mouth to check that the roof of his mouth (palate) is complete and his sucking reflex is working (Tidy 2013a). A gap in the palate, called cleft palate , will need surgery and may make feeding difficult. They may also check your baby's tongue for tongue-tie . This happens when his tongue remains more anchored to the bottom of his mouth than it should be, restricting movement. It may only be checked for if your baby has persistent problems latching on to breastfeed (NICE 2006). Heart The doctor or midwife will listen to your baby's heart with a stethoscope to exclude extra sounds or heart murmurs (Tidy 2013a, UKNSC 2012). These are common in the first few days, as your baby's pattern of circulation undergoes a major change once he is born (UKNSC 2012). In your womb (uterus), the two sides of your baby's heart beat together. When your baby takes his first breath, the two sides begin to work separately. At this stage, your baby's heart is working hard and may be enlarged, though it will settle down over time. Heart murmurs may require a second opinion and further investigation, or will be checked at future examinations. Rest assured that heart murmurs often disappear on their own. A further test for a heart condition is to feel for a pulse in your baby's groin (the femoral pulse). Lungs The doctor or midwife will listen to your baby's breathing pattern and lung function with a stethoscope (Tidy 2013a). The aim is to hear clear, equal air entry into both of his lungs. Genitals Your baby's genitals may appear swollen and dark-coloured, because your baby was exposed to your hormones before birth. These hormones may also cause your baby to have engorged breasts, regardless of your baby's sex. Girls may have a clear, white, or slightly bloody vaginal discharge for the first few weeks due to these hormones. For boys, the scrotum is checked for undescended testes (UKNSC 2012). The penis will be checked to ensure the opening is at the tip of the penis, and not on the underside. The doctor or midwife will check your baby's bottom to ensure the opening to his back passage is normal. You will probably be asked if your baby has had a wee or passed a dark-coloured poo (meconium) (Tidy 2013a). Skin Your baby's skin will be checked for birthmarks (Tidy 2013a), including: stork marks (reddish or purple V-shaped marks on the back of his neck) Mongolian spots (a bluish patch of darker pigment, most commonly over the bottom) strawberry marks (raised red areas) Hands and feet The doctor or midwife will check your baby's arms, hands, legs and feet. His fingers and toes will be counted and checked for webbing. Your baby's palms will be checked to see if two creases, called palmar creases, run across them. Single palmar creases are less common. However, 10 per cent of the population have one palmar crease on one hand and five per cent have one palmar crease on both hands. Single palmar creases are sometimes associated with Down's syndrome (Tidy 2013a). But in the unlikely event of your baby having Down's syndrome, there would be other, clear physical signs (Tidy 2013b). The examiner will look at the resting position of your baby's feet and ankles. This is to check for talipes (clubfoot), where the front half of the foot turns in and down. If your baby has talipes, you may already know due to an ultrasound scan . Spine Your baby's spine will be assessed for straightness. It is quite common for babies to have a tiny dimple at the base of the spine, called a sacral dimple (Tidy 2013a). In most cases this will cause no problems. Occasionally, a deep sacral dimple may indicate a problem with the lower part of your baby's spinal cord. This could affect nerve function in this area. If your baby has a deep sacral dimple, he will be checked for other symptoms such as leg weakness, cold and blue feet, and incontinence. Hips Your baby's hips will be gently moved to check the stability of his hip joints (Tidy 2013a, UKNSC 2012). These movements include opening his legs wide, and then bending and unbending them. If the doctor or midwife detects any instability, or clicky hips , further investigations will be performed. Reflexes Your newborn baby has several reflexes such as sucking, rooting and grasping. The doctor or midwife will check these reflexes by watching your baby. But if they are concerned or can't see the reflex, they may encourage your baby to demonstrate it. The most commonly tested reflex during the examination is the Moro reflex. Your baby's head is allowed to gently and safely fall for a short distance. He'll then respond by flinging out both arms with his fingers spread and legs outstretched. He may also cry a little. Rest assured your baby will be fine, and his responses are simply showing that all is well. What happens after the full examination? Most babies pass their newborn examinations with flying colours. And when problems are found, they often resolve themselves in time and without any treatment at all (UKNSC 2012). If the doctor or midwife who examines your baby has any concerns, they may decide that further tests and investigations are needed. For the few babies who do have problems, there are many benefits to having these identified early on (UKNSC 20120). Though bear in mind that screening tests may not pick up every problem. Your doctor or midwife should give you information about the suspected problem and answer any questions you may have. You should also be offered advice about where to find more information and support. The next routine test your baby will have is a heel-prick test. This will be carried out around five days to eight days after the birth (NICE 2006). Your midwife will carry out this test. She'll take a tiny amount of blood from your baby's heel. This blood sample will be tested for: An enzyme deficiency, called phenylketonuria (PKU). Cystic fibrosis , which affects the lungs and digestive system. MCADD, a rare condition that affects the way the body converts fat into energy. Sickle cell disease , a genetic blood disorder. A thyroid deficiency (UKNSC 2012). Homocystinuria, a rare inherited metabolic disorder (PHE 2014). Maple syrup urine disease, glutaric aciduria type 1, and isovaleric acidaemia, which are all inherited disorders in which the body is unable to process certain protein building blocks (amino acids) (PHE 2014). Your baby may cry a little when the blood is taken, but he will recover very quickly. The next screening test you and your baby will have will be your postnatal check with your doctor. This will take place between six weeks and eight weeks . If you have any concerns about your baby before then, don't hesitate to call your midwife, health visitor or doctor. Your midwife will also give you information on signs and symptoms to look out for in your newborn and who to contact for help. Watch our video to learn more about the healthcare you'll be offered after the birth . Last reviewed: May 2014 References NCCWCH. 2007. Intrapartum care: care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. London: NICE. www.nice.org.uk [pdf file, accessed April 2014] NHS Choices. 2013. Hearing and vision tests for children. NHS Choices, Health A-Z. www.nhs.uk [Accessed April 2014] NICE. 2006. Routine postnatal care of women and their babies. National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence. NICE Clinical Guideline 37. London: NICE. www.nice.org.uk [Accessed April 2014] PHE. 2014. New screening will protect babies from death and disability. Public Health England. www.screening.nhs.uk [Accessed May 2014] Tidy C. 2013a. Neonatal examination. Patient UK. www.patient.co.uk [Accessed April 2014] UKNSC. 2012. Screening tests for your baby. London: UK National Screening Committee. www.screening.nhs.uk [pdf file, accessed April 2014]	i don't know
Which singer nicknamed The Boss' had a cameo in the 2000 film HighFidelity'	50 Greatest Movie Cameos \| GamesRadar+ 50 Greatest Movie Cameos The small roles with a huge impact Shares Terminator Salvation (2009) The Cameo: We witness the arrival of the original T-800. Aptly for a cyborg, Schwarzenegger's youthful face was digitally inserted. If The Character Had More Screen Time: The franchise could really go full circle by following Arnie back to 1984 and the start of The Terminator . Prev Next Wayne's World (1992) The Cameo: Wayne (Mike Myers) is pulled over by a traffic cop, only to realise it's the T-1000 (Robert Patrick) from Terminator 2: Judgement Day . If The Character Had More Screen Time: It'd be because Skynet had just found out that it's not John Connor who saves the future Earth, it's Garth (Dana Carvey). Prev Next 24 Hour Party People (2002) The Cameo: When unreliable narrator Tony Wilson (Steve Coogan) catches Magazine singer Howard Devoto (Martin Hancock) shagging his wife, the real-life Devoto turns up to declare that "I definitely don't remember this happening." If The Character Had More Screen Time: Hmm… Joy Division? Sure. Happy Mondays? Absolutely. But Magazine? Hardly the stuff of indie music legend. Prev Next Desperado (1995) The Cameo: The best of Quentin Tarantino's many cameos is a suitably wordy (and completely tangential) affair, as he tells a filthy joke before getting gunned down in a shootout. If The Character Had More Screen Time: The, shall we say, limitations of QT's acting ability would become even more apparent. Prev Next Fantastic Mr Fox (2009) The Cameo: Jarvis Cocker already had a Harry Potter cameo under his belt, but went one better by being turned into stop-motion as banjo-twanging farmer Petey. If The Character Had More Screen Time: He'd eventually start chronicling the sex lives of Mr and Mrs Fox and all of their animal friends. Prev Next Indiana Jones And The Temple Of Doom (1984) The Cameo: The airport scene at the end of the film's Shanghai sequence is a proper jolly boys' outing, featuring Steven Spielberg and George Lucas as extras, plus Dan Aykroyd as the guy who books Indy onto the worst possible flight out of town. If The Character Had More Screen Time: To be honest, we're still surprised Aykroyd doesn't rock up in India later in the film. Prev Next High Fidelity (2000) The Cameo: A film about one-upmanship in music taste stands and falls on the quality of its references, and the biggest coup is having The Boss himself, Bruce Springsteen, turn up as mentor to John Cusack's Rob Gordon. If The Character Had More Screen Time: He'd suffer a backlash at the hands of Rob's snobby record store employee Barry (Jack Black). Prev Next The League Of Gentlemen's Apocalypse (2005) The Cameo: Famously, the fourth member of the League, Jeremy Dyson, never appears on screen. So in a wry in-joke, they kill off 'Dyson' (played by Michael Sheen) before the opening credits. If The Character Had More Screen Time: The film is already way too meta. Any more actor/character confusion and our heads would probably explode. Prev Next Once Upon A Time In The West (1968) The Cameos: The looong opening sees the great Western character actors Woody Strode and Jack Elam (plus Leone regular Al Mulock) play three gunslingers waiting for - and then gunned down by - Charles Bronson's drifter. But it might have been even better - Leone originally intended for it to be Eastwood, Wallach and Van Cleef. If The Characters Had More Screen Time: That opening sequence would be even loooonger. Prev Next Spider-man 3 (2007) The Cameo: Sam Raimi cast his old Evil Dead mucker Bruce Campbell in all three Spider-man movies as, respectively, a ring announcer, a snooty usher, and the piece de resistance, this preening, pretentious maitre d'. If The Character Had More Screen Time: Maybe it's the same character - a secret superhero quietly stalking Peter Parker across the films. Prev Next Out Of Sight (1998) The Cameo: Steven Soderbergh joined the dots between two Elmore Leonard adaps by getting Michael Keaton to reprise his role as Ray Nicolette, first played in Tarantino's Jackie Brown . If The Character Had More Screen Time: It'd be fun watching screen Batmans Clooney and Keaton face off as love rivals for J. Lo's attentions. Prev Next The Blues Brothers (1980) The Cameo: In a film composed of loving tributes to R&B legends, the greatest is surely Ray Charles' appearance - firing a warning shot at the kid trying to rub him, before joining Jake and Elwood in a rendition of 'Shake A Tail Feather.' If The Character Had More Screen Time: It's hard to escape the conclusion that he'd somehow end up in the climactic car chase, navigating through hearing alone. Prev Next The Darjeeling Limited (2007) The Cameo: Wes Anderson nods to companion short Hotel Chevalier by including Natalie Portman's character in his end-of-film montage... but her appearance is completely baffling if you've only watch the main feature. If The Character Had More Screen Time: More romantic tensions with Jason Schwartzman, as per Hotel Chevalier . Prev Next Dodgeball (2004) The Cameo: Average Joe's has forfeited the Dodgeball final - but wait! The judges can overturn the decision, and the casting vote lies with none other than Chuck Norris. If The Character Had More Screen Time: He'd join the match, setting up the bloodiest game of Dodgeball in history. Prev Next Maverick (1994) The Cameo: No wonder card-sharp Maverick (Mel Gibson) looks confused. The bank robber holding him up looks exactly like Gibson's old Lethal Weapon partner, Danny Glover. If The Character Had More Screen Time: Riggs and Murtaugh, the cowboy years. Prev Next Being John Malkovich (1999) The Cameo: OK, so we've accepted that, on the seventh-and-a-half floor at LesterCorp, there's a portal that gives access to the inside of John Malkovich's mind. So why is it so hard to believe that Malkovich's best mate is Charlie Sheen? If The Character Had More Screen Time: It would be revealed that the portal business was part of the tiger-blood drinking Charlie's strategy for "winning." Prev Next Silent Movie (1976) The Cameo: Long before The Artist , Mel Brooks' pastiche of pre-talkie cinema broke the silence only for the world's most famous mime, Marcel Marceau, to deliver the film's only line: "Non!" If The Character Had More Screen Time: It would have been nice to have a genuine practitioner of mime to star in a film on the subject. Prev Next Iron Man (2008) The Cameo: The worst kept secret in superhero movies, although it's still an undeniable wow moment as Samuel L. Jackson's Nick Fury attempts to enlist Tony Stark (Robert Downey, Jr) into The Avengers . If The Character Had More Screen Time: Sadly, the increased Fury of Avengers -advertising was partly to blame for the disappointment of Iron Man 2 . Prev Next Young Frankenstein (1974) The Cameo: Great cameos often require a double-take, nowhere more so than in the realisation that the blind, bearded hermit whose clumsiness increasingly frustrates the Monster is none other than Gene Hackman. If The Character Had More Screen Time: He'd get to share a scene with fellow Gene (and Bonnie And Clyde co-star) Wilder. Prev Next Robin Hood: Prince Of Thieves (1991) The Cameo: Richard the Lionheart is back from the Crusades to attend Robin and Marian's wedding - and in a quadruple in-joke, the King Of England is played by Sean Connery: an ex-Robin, Kevin Costner's fellow Untouchable , a man who'd not long filmed The Last Crusade , and very, very Scottish. If The Character Had More Screen Time: Connery would have sorted out Alan Rickman in a heartbeat, leaving Costner with little to do but wash his mullet. Prev	Bruce Springsteen
Who plays Captain Jack Sparrow's father Edward Teague in the Pirates of the Caribbean films?	The 35 Best Movie Cameos of All Time - MTV mtv [caption id="attachment_181194" align="alignleft" width="300"] Columbia Pictures[/caption] Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg have assembled a Murderer's Row of comedy heavy-hitters to provide cameos as themselves — including Paul Rudd, Jason Segel, Emma Watson and Rihanna — in their new apocalyptic satire, "This is the End." That's a buncha muncha cruncha cameos, but how do they stack up among the greatest ever perpetrated? We're counting down 35 surprise appearances in movies that pleased and shocked us ... and left us wanting more. 35. Jim Parsons, 'The Muppets' (2011) [caption id="attachment_181193" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Disney[/caption] Walter (Peter Linz) has to decide if he's "Man or Muppet," but during this solemn ballad he sees his human form in the mirror courtesy of the "Big Bang Theory" star. Although it was tunesmith Bret McKenzie who wrote the song, we think that a small chunk of that Academy Award for Best Song should go to Parsons for embodying the most Muppet-y man in the world. Watch it here. 34. Matt Damon, 'EuroTrip' (2004) [caption id="attachment_181192" align="aligncenter" width="500"] DreamWorks[/caption] High schooler Scott Thomas (Scott Mechlowicz) doesn't realize his girlfriend Fiona (Kristin Kreuk) has been having an affair with the lead singer of a college band ... until he sees the skinhead Romeo at a grad party singing at length about the affair. Matt Damon goes hardcore with the monster ballad "Scotty Doesn't Know" by the band Lustra in "EuroTrip," which actually peaked at #75 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. Watch it here. 33. Mark Hamill, 'Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back' (2001) [caption id="attachment_181191" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Dimension[/caption] After all the "Star Wars" references scattered throughout the View Askewiverse, Kevin Smith finally landed Luke Skywalker himself as a super-villain named Cock-Knocker in "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back." The doobie duo of the title dabbles in a lightsaber duel … or is that a bongsaber? The Force will be with this cameo, always. Watch it here. 32. Madonna, 'Die Another Day' (2002) [caption id="attachment_181375" align="aligncenter" width="500"] MGM[/caption] Besides providing a supremely sexy music video and title track to Pierce Brosnan's swan song as James Bond, the Material Girl took up a sword as 007's fencing instructor in a scene pulsing with double entendre. "I see you handle your weapon well," she says. "I have been known to keep my tip up," quips Brosnon. Haha, they're talking about sex. Watch it here. 31. Leonard Nimoy, 'Star Trek' (2009) [caption id="attachment_181374" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Paramount[/caption] The greatest Vulcan of them all passes the torch to his young usurper Zachary Quinto in the most satisfying way possible for Trekkies ("Thrusters on full") and makes a dignified exit from the franchise in the process ( or does he? ), assuring the shiny new Spock will live long and prosper. Watch it here. 30. Bob Saget, 'Half Baked' (1998) [caption id="attachment_181373" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Universal[/caption] "I used to suck d*k for coke," says Bob Saget during a rehab scene in Dave Chappelle's stoner comedy , pretty much steamrolling over memories of the family-friendly actor of "Full House" and "America's Funniest Home Videos." Those who've seen his stand-up since then know that this was just the tip of the raunchy iceberg. Watch it here. 29. Michael Cera, 'This Is the End' (2013) [caption id="attachment_181372" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Columbia Pictures[/caption] The backlash against Michael Cera's dweeby on-screen persona hit full swing a few years ago, which is probably why he relished the chance to go, as his "Superbad" character would say, "full throttle 'Charlie's Angels 2'" with his extended cameo in "This is the End," bucking his milquetoast image by getting way drunk and high on "Scarface"-level amounts of blow. Before he's run through with a pole, he gets to reunite the "Superbad" trio of himself, Christopher Mintz-Plasse and Jonah Hill. 28. Alice Cooper, 'Wayne's World' (1992) [caption id="attachment_181371" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Paramount[/caption] We're not worthy to bask in the presence of a certified rock god, and neither are Wayne and Garth when they feed Cooper's Frankenstein (i.e., ego) by kissing the man's hand after a kick-ass show. Cooper has also made memorable cameos in "Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare" and "John Carpenter's Prince of Darkness." Watch it here. 27. Tom Cruise, Gwyneth Paltrow, Kevin Spacey and Danny DeVito, 'Austin Powers in Goldmember' (2002) [caption id="attachment_181370" align="aligncenter" width="500"] New Line[/caption] All the "Powers" movies are chock-a-block with surprise guests, but Mike Myers & Co. really went for broke parodying their own creation in "Goldmember" with the fake movie-within-a-movie "Austinpussy," featuring Cruise as Powers along with Spacey as Dr. Evil, DeVito as a surly Mini Me and Paltrow as Dixie Normous. The icing on the cake is Steven Spielberg as the director of this meta extravaganza. Watch it here. 26. Johnny Depp, '21 Jump Street' (2012) [caption id="attachment_181369" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Columbia Pictures[/caption] After playing undercover narc Tom Hanson on Fox series "21 Jump Street" for four soul-crushing seasons, Depp spent the early part of his career trying to burn his teen idoldom in effigy. When it came to making the movie , Depp agreed to return as Hanson on one condition: his old Jump Street compadre Peter DeLuise had to cameo alongside him as Officer Doug Penhall. Both of them got to wear goofy undercover biker outfits, die side-by-side and ... did Hanson say something about getting a tattoo on his junk? Watch it here. 25. Pamela Anderson, 'Borat' (2006) [caption id="attachment_181368" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Fox[/caption] The blonde bombshell becomes the guiding light during Borat 's eventful trip to America, but once he encounters her in real life at a book signing, the former "Baywatch" babe has to run for her life. It's a segment so well-played by both Anderson and Sacha Baron Cohen that many audiences questioned whether or not it was staged. Watch it here (in Italian!). 24. Charlie Sheen, 'Being John Malkovich' (1999) [caption id="attachment_181367" align="aligncenter" width="500"] USA Films[/caption] You know John Malkovich is in deep trouble when he's turning to Charlie Sheen for psychological/spiritual guidance, but that's exactly how it goes down in Spike Jonze's loopy take on fame and extreme voyeurism. A glimpse at a bald, elderly Sheen in a tacky Hawaiian shirt at the end lets us know that there's at least hope that Sheen will keep on "winning" well into his twilight years. Watch it here. 23. Gene Hackman, 'Young Frankenstein' (1974) [caption id="attachment_181366" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Fox[/caption] Hackman plays Harold, the poor old blind man who asks God for a friend and gets a monster instead in Mel Brooks' classic parody of the Boris Karloff "Frankenstein" pictures. After burning the beast's crotch with soup and inadvertently doing other humiliating things, Frankenstein's monster flees out the door with Hackman pleading, "Wait! Where are you going? I was gonna make espresso." Watch it here. 22. Will Ferrell, 'Wedding Crashers' (2005) [caption id="attachment_181365" align="aligncenter" width="500"] New Line[/caption] Any movie with more than four weddings needs at least one funeral, and that's where an uncredited Ferrell as Chaz Reinhold comes in. Owen Wilson may be good at taking advantage of euphoric women post-nuptials in "Wedding Crashers," but Ferrell is there to comfort the bereaved in true smooth-operator fashion. Of course, it turns out he's an ultra-pathetic dude who lives with his mom and watches cartoons all day when not bagging hearse honeys. Watch it here. 21. Bruce Campbell, all three 'Spider-Man' movies (2002-2007) [caption id="attachment_181364" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Sony[/caption] Campbell served director and childhood pal Sam Raimi well in three "Evil Dead" flicks, so it became a terrific running gag that the Big Chinned One would play a random role in all three blockbuster Spidey flicks . Bruce cropped up as a Wrestling Ring Announcer, a Snooty Usher and a Maître d', weaving a web of laughter. Watch his first "Spider-Man" cameo here. 20. Tim Robbins, Ben Stiller and Luke Wilson in 'Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy' (2004) [caption id="attachment_181363" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Paramount[/caption] This is the closest we'll ever get to an "Old School" sequel, with Will Ferrell, Vince Vaughn and Luke Wilson together again for a Ron Burgundy brawl . All the rival San Diego news teams flock to a back alley and begin tearing each other to shreds, including a Spanish-language news team led by a mustachioed Ben Stiller and the public news team headed by a pipe-smoking Tim Robbins. Channel 4 keeps its head on a swivel, and that's what you gotta do when you find yourself in a vicious cock fight. Watch it here. 19. Cate Blanchett, 'Hot Fuzz' (2007) [caption id="attachment_181362" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Universal[/caption] It took the brilliant minds behind "Shaun of the Dead" to get one of the most beautiful movie stars in the world and then hide her behind goggles and a safety mask in "Hot Fuzz." Blanchett plays Janine, the ex-girlfriend of tightly wound Sgt. Nicholas Angel (Simon Pegg), and their short quibble in the middle of a violent crime scene is extra-subversive once you're aware of the uncredited actress. Watch it here. 18. Christopher Walken, 'True Romance' (1993) [caption id="attachment_181361" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Warner Bros.[/caption] Yes, his cameo with "the watch" in "Pulp Fiction" was memorable, but Walken's other sojourn into Tarantino-ville in "True Romance" is downright electric. He's aided by another infamous screen legend, Dennis Hopper, who shares an insulting anecdote about the origin of Sicilians and winds up giving Vincenzo Coccotti (Walken) a piece of his mind ... splattered all over the wall. "I haven't killed anybody ... [BANG] since 1984." Watch it here. 17. Sylvester Stallone, 'Staying Alive' (1983) [caption id="attachment_181360" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Paramount[/caption] It's a neat bit of "now you see me, now you don't" cameo magic when John Travolta's strutting dancer Tony Manero bumps into Stallone on the street and they lock eyes for a split second. "Staying Alive" is the only flick Sly directed but did not star in, so he had to insert himself in there somehow. Watch it here. 16. Bruce Springsteen, 'High Fidelity' (2000) [caption id="attachment_181403" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Touchstone Pictures[/caption] In one of the greatest fantasy cameos since Woody Allen brought Marshall McLuhan into the movie line in "Annie Hall," John Cusack's music nerd Rob Gordon imagines The Boss giving him love advice while casually strumming a guitar in "High Fidelity." "That's what you're lookin' for. Getting' ready to start again, it'll be good for you. Give that big final good luck and goodbye to your all-time Top Five." Watch it here. 15. Bruce Willis and Julia Roberts, 'The Player' (1992) [caption id="attachment_181359" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Fine Line Features[/caption] After screenwriters pitch an Oscar-caliber movie entitled "Habeas Corpus" to slick n' sleazy studio exec Griffin Mill, insisting it not be toned down with a softball Hollywood happy ending, we cut to one year later — and that's exactly what happens. Willis saves Roberts from the gas chamber at the last minute, and love conquers all! Watch it here. 14. Samuel L. Jackson, 'Iron Man' (2008) [caption id="attachment_181358" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Marvel[/caption] Though the original Marvel Comics iteration of S.H.I.E.L.D. leader Nick Fury was a white dude with salt and pepper hair, the Ultimate universe reinvented Fury as a bald African American chap whose appearance was based on Sam 'The Man' Jackson. It seemed only appropriate that Jackson dropped in for a stinger at the end of "Iron Man," the first of several linking crossovers leading to "Marvel's The Avengers." Watch it here. 13. Eminem, 'Funny People' (2009) [caption id="attachment_181357" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Universal[/caption] The real Slim Shady sits down with stand-up comic George Simmons (Adam Sandler) after the sad-sack comedian beats a deathly illness and gives him the 411 on why he'd have been better off dead in Judd Apatow's underrated "Funny People." The peak moment arrives when Mr. Mathers spies Ray Romano staring at him and threatens, "I don't give a fk what show he's on. I'll fk this motherf*ker up, man!" Watch it here. 12. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, 'Airplane!' (1980) [caption id="attachment_181356" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Paramount[/caption] The star basketballer took his patented sky hook to flying the friendly skies masquerading as airline pilot "Roger Murdock," although little Joey (Ross Harris) figures out the ruse pretty quickly. When Joey brings up his father's insults, Kareem grabs the boy by his shirt and yells, "I'm out there busting my buns every night. Tell your old man to drag Walton and Lanier up and down the court for 48 minutes." Watch it here. 11. Huey Lewis, 'Back to the Future' (1985) [caption id="attachment_181355" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Universal[/caption] Huey Lewis and the News felt "The Power of Love" for this time-traveling classic , but did you know that's Huey lookin' all dweeby as the uptight administrator with a megaphone? He's so wound up, he thinks Marty McFly's band is just "too darn loud" to play the high school dance. That's some sad news, Huey. Watch it here. 10. Hugh Jackman and Rebecca Romijn, 'X-Men: First Class' (2011) [caption id="attachment_181354" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Fox[/caption] Jennifer Lawrence inherited her near-naked take on blue sex goddess Mystique from Rebecca Romijn in this prequel , but since her mutant powers involve shape-shifting, she proves to Magneto she can look any way she wants for him. The movie also earns its single F-bomb with Jackman as Wolvie as he's approached in a bar by Charles & Erik. Watch it here. 9. Billy Idol, 'The Wedding Singer' (1998) [caption id="attachment_181353" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Columbia Pictures[/caption] In a freak circumstance, Adam Sandler's character in "The Wedding Singer" winds up on a plane with the "White Wedding" singer, who helps him win the heart of Drew Barrymore and vanquish her d-bag boyfriend in the process. Nice! Watch it here. 8. Keith Richards, 'Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End' (2007) [caption id="attachment_181352" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Disney[/caption] Since Johnny Depp modeled the memorable mannerisms of his Captain Jack Sparrow on Richards, why not have this stone roll in for a day or two in full pirate drag as Sparrow's drunken papa? So far, his appearances in the last couple of "Pirates" adventures have been true highlights. Watch it here. 7. Bob Barker, 'Happy Gilmore' (1996) [caption id="attachment_181351" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Columbia Pictures[/caption] When unstable ex-hockey player turned golf pro Happy Gilmore (Adam Sandler) is teamed up with Barker during a celebrity tournament, he winds up falling to pieces in the face of some obnoxious heckling, which leads to an extended fistfight between Gilmore and the game show host. "The price is WRONG, bitch." Watch it here. 6. Brett Favre, 'There's Something About Mary' (1998) [caption id="attachment_181350" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Fox[/caption] After Ben Stiller's irresistible love interest Cameron Diaz nearly marries the former Green Bay Packer in this Farrelly Brothers classic , he decides she's better off with Favre, but a last-second switch-up has Diaz dumping the hero for the zero (that being Stiller). Adorable. Watch it here. 5. Stan Lee in every Marvel movie ... and 'Mallrats' (1995) [caption id="attachment_181349" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Gramercy Pictures[/caption] That's right, true believers, the co-creator of Marvel's mightiest heroes, from "Spider-Man" to "Iron Man," is always "The Man," a good luck charm in each of the comic book adaptations. Think of ol' Stan as the "Where's Waldo" of superheroics. He also inspired Jason Lee in longtime comic book aficionado Kevin Smith's sophomore effort "Mallrats." Excelsior! Watch it here. 4. Tom Cruise, 'Tropic Thunder' (2008) [caption id="attachment_181348" align="aligncenter" width="500"] DreamWorks[/caption] After his couch-jumping and Scientological antics led to public embarrassment and a tarnished image, Tom Terrific needed a comedy pronto to prove he didn't take himself so seriously. Enter his longtime pal Ben Stiller, who cast Cruise as Les Grossman in "Tropic Thunder," a hyperbolic, foul-mouthed chimney of expletives who may or may not have been modeled on real-life producer Scott Rudin. Thanks to some hairy arms and a bald noggin courtesy of makeup man Rick Baker, Cruise screamed and danced his way back into the public's good graces. Watch it here. 3. Neil Patrick Harris, 'Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle' (2004) [caption id="attachment_181347" align="aligncenter" width="500"] New Line[/caption] This is where the road has taken him. Harris started off as Doogie Howser but wound up a poon hound of epic proportions, popping pills and branding whores all across the country. Not magic mushrooms, getting shot in the back or even Jesus can stop NPH from being the untameable party animal he is. Watch it here. 2. Mike Tyson, 'The Hangover' (2009) [caption id="attachment_181346" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Warner Bros.[/caption] Iron Mike punched his way back into pop culture relevancy when he punched out Zach Galifianakis faster than you could say "Nintendo." Tyson's few brief scenes became a cornerstone of the marketing campaign for the bro-tastic comedy smash and earned him a prominent place in the sequel. Watch it here. 1. Bill Murray, 'Zombieland' (2009) [caption id="attachment_181345" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Columbia Pictures[/caption] Murray is in our estimation the greatest living actor, comedic or otherwise, so it's no duh that he takes the top spot for his movie-stealing appearance as himself, living la vida postapocalyptic in a zombiefied Hollywood . Reuniting with his old bowling buddy Woody Harrelson ("Kingpin") was cool, strapping on the ghostbustin' proton pack was better ... but badmouthing his involvement with the woeful "Garfield" movies? Priceless. Watch it here.	i don't know
Which Country and western singer played the character Whistler' in the Blade Films	Top 10 Country Stars Who Have Acted in Movies Top 10 Country Stars Who Have Acted in Movies REDDIT Mike Moore / Michael N. Todaro / Alberto E. Rodriguez, Getty Images In 1963, Buck Owens topped the country charts with ‘Act Naturally,’ which opened with the prophetic line, “They’re gonna put me in the movies.” But decades before that tune (later covered by the Beatles ) was a hit, country stars were already trading the concert stage for the sound stage. Experiencing varying degrees of box office success and critical acclaim (or disdain), country artists have been making the transition to the big (and small) screen since the movie business began. Just shortly after talking pictures took the country by storm, the Father of Country Music, Jimmie Rodgers, appeared in a short film called ‘The Singing Brakeman.’ Since that time, numerous singers have acted in everything from TV series and music videos to blockbuster films. The Boot focuses our lens on 10 country artists who’ve acted — naturally or otherwise — in the movies. Jason Kempin, Getty Images Though she has since starred in her own successful sitcom and also conquered Broadway, in 1990, McEntire was first bitten by the acting bug (well, more like an icky, overgrown worm) in the sci-fi comedy horror hit ‘Tremors.’ If not for scheduling conflicts, a gazillion people could have seen her by decade’s end, playing the unsinkable Molly Brown in a little film called ‘Titanic.’ And though she’s not seen, you can hear that unmistakable voice of hers in the animated films ‘Charlotte’s Web’ and ‘The Fox & the Hound 2.’ Frederick M. Brown, Getty Images 9 His distinctive voice and a return to country music tradition made Travis one of the most influential entertainers of the ’80s and ’90s. He soon turned his attention to TV roles and feature films, which have included ‘Fire Down Below,’ ‘Black Dog’ and ‘National Treasure: Book of Secrets.’ Most recently, the country icon was a by-the-book deputy director of the CIA in ‘Jerusalem Countdown.’ Although he’s bound to be best remembered as Robbie Ray Stewart, dad of Disney’s ‘Hannah Montana’ (played by real-life daughter Miley ), Cyrus earned some serious indie cred in 2001 for the role of Gene, the pool cleaner in David Lynch’s enigmatic thriller ‘Mulholland Drive.’ In 2010, he was in ‘The Spy Next Door’ with Jackie Chan. And let’s not forget the 2001 action flick ‘Radical Jack.’ On second thought … After making his inauspicious big-screen debut in 1987 as a member of the Bayou Band in the Rob Lowe-Winona Rider film ‘Square Dance,’ Adkins wasn’t seen again on film for 21 years. ‘Trailer Park of Terror’ didn’t make him a screen legend, but 2010’s ‘Lincoln Lawyer’ did have him sharing scenes with Matthew McConaughey. With ‘The Virginian,’ ‘Mom’s Night Out’ and other roles still to come, Adkins has carved out a pretty solid second career in films. It’s all too easy to forget that Presley made a few great films when he made so many truly terrible ones. ‘Harum Scarum’? The title alone is cringe-inducing. Still, early on in his film career, the charisma and charm of the young man who would be King shone through in such films as ‘Love Me Tender,’ ‘King Creole’ and the electrifying ‘Jailhouse Rock.’ Another standout was 1964’s ‘Viva Las Vegas,’ but it was all pretty much downhill from there. Making his silver-screen debut alongside Jane Fonda and Robert Redford in 1979’s ‘Electric Horseman,’ Nelson followed with film roles as eclectic and unexpected as his musical output, appearing in everything from ‘Honeysuckle Rose’ and ‘Barbarosa’ to ‘Wag the Dog’ and ‘Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me.’ He lent a bit (just a bit) of cred to the ‘Dukes of Hazzard’ remake, taking the role of Uncle Jessie. Being Nelson, he pretty much steals any scene he’s in. Alberto E. Rodriguez, Getty Images 4 Rarely playing anyone but a version of herself, Parton made her debut in ‘9 to 5,’ one of the most successful comedy films of all time. She spouted a plethora of quotable lines and more than held her own against screen vets Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin. Sure, ‘Rhinestone,’ which paired her with Sylvester Stallone, was hardly a glittering addition to her film resume, and subsequent efforts have paled in comparison to ‘9 to 5,’ but Parton returned to the big screen for ‘A Joyful Noise,’ which she starred in with Queen Latifah. Dolly being Dolly is always an enjoyable, larger-than-life experience. Were he to completely walk away from his music career (and we’re not suggesting he do that!), Yoakam would most certainly have the chops to be a full-time actor. He was, in fact, an actor even before becoming a musician. Since he began, he’s created some of the most vile, unforgettable on-screen villains in such films as ‘Sling Blade,’ ‘Bloodworth’ and ‘Panic Room,’ but there’s definitely more to him than those nasty characters suggests. We can’t wait to see what he does next. McGraw may be the most surprising singer-turned-actor that Music City has given Tinseltown. Although most of his roles thus far haven’t been substantial, leading-man material, he certainly has the range (and the star power) to pull off a name-above-the-title performance. He scared us in ‘Friday Night Lights,’ inspired us in ‘The Blind Side’ and had us conflicted in ‘Country Strong.’ (We don’t know what the hell he was doing in ‘Four Christmases’!) After his latest “dad” role in ‘Dirty Girl,’ he’s ready for something a little meatier — and so are we! The former Army captain and Rhodes scholar’s film career spans 40 years and more than 100 movie roles, with a Golden Globe award for Best Actor in 1976’s ‘A Star Is Born.’ Bringing the same “lived-in” feeling to his films as he has to the songs he’s written, Kristofferson has tackled nearly every genre imaginable, from sci-fi (the ‘Blade’ series) to comedy (‘He’s Just Not That Into You’) to family fare (‘Dreamer’ and the current box-office hit ‘Dolphin Tale’). On the heels of his starring role in the indie drama ‘Bloodworth,’ the singer/actor was honored by the Nashville Film Festival for his contributions to the silver screen. Who’s Your Favorite Country Star Who Has Acted? There are plenty of other country stars who have graced the silver screen. Did we miss one of your favorites here? Let us know in the comments section below! This list was compiled by Stephen L Betts, and revised by Sterling Whitaker.	Kris Kristofferson
Who appears as God in the 1999 film Dogma'?	Blade (1998) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A half-vampire, half-mortal man becomes a protector of the mortal race, while slaying evil vampires. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. a list of 30 titles created 04 Dec 2010 a list of 34 titles created 29 Jun 2012 a list of 48 titles created 06 Dec 2013 a list of 45 titles created 8 months ago a list of 40 titles created 8 months ago Search for " Blade " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 4 wins & 8 nominations. See more awards » Videos Blade forms an uneasy alliance with the vampire council in order to combat the Reapers, who are feeding on vampires. Director: Guillermo del Toro Blade, now a wanted man by the FBI, must join forces with the Nightstalkers to face his most challenging enemy yet: Dracula. Director: David S. Goyer A demon, raised from infancy after being conjured by and rescued from the Nazis, grows up to become a defender against the forces of darkness. Director: Guillermo del Toro The mythical world starts a rebellion against humanity in order to rule the Earth, so Hellboy and his team must save the world from the rebellious creatures. Director: Guillermo del Toro The notorious monster hunter is sent to Transylvania to stop Count Dracula who is using Dr. Frankenstein's research and a werewolf for some sinister purpose. Director: Stephen Sommers Selene, a vampire warrior, is entrenched in a conflict between vampires and werewolves, while falling in love with Michael, a human who is sought by werewolves for unknown reasons. Director: Len Wiseman An American serving in the French Foreign Legion on an archaeological dig at the ancient city of Hamunaptra accidentally awakens a mummy. Director: Stephen Sommers A special military unit fights a powerful, out-of-control supercomputer and hundreds of scientists who have mutated into flesh-eating creatures after a laboratory accident. Director: Paul W.S. Anderson The mummified body of Imhotep is shipped to a museum in London, where he once again wakes and begins his campaign of rage and terror. Director: Stephen Sommers Picking up directly from the previous film, vampire warrior Selene and the half werewolf Michael hunt for clues to reveal the history of their races and the war between them. Director: Len Wiseman 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.2/10 X Alice awakes in Raccoon City, only to find it has become infested with zombies and monsters. With the help of Jill Valentine and Carlos Olivera, Alice must find a way out of the city before it is destroyed by a nuclear missile. Director: Alexander Witt Survivors of the Raccoon City catastrophe travel across the Nevada desert, hoping to make it to Alaska. Alice joins the caravan and their fight against the evil Umbrella Corp. Director: Russell Mulcahy Edit Storyline In a world where vampires walk the earth, Blade has a goal. His goal is to rid the world of all vampire evil. When Blade witnesses a vampire bite Dr. Karen Jenson, he fights away the beast and takes Jenson back to his hideout. Here, alongside Abraham Whistler, Blade attempts to help heal Jenson. The vampire Quinn who was attacked by Blade, reports back to his master Deacon Frost, who is planning a huge surprise for the human population. Written by Film_Fan Have you given blood lately? See more » Genres: Rated R for strong, pervasive vampire violence and gore, language, and brief sexuality \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 21 August 1998 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Blade, the Vampire Slayer See more » Filming Locations: $17,073,856 (USA) (21 August 1998) Gross: Bruce Payne was considered for the role of Deacon Frost. See more » Goofs When Blade tussles with Krieger in the club kitchen, padding is clearly exposed from Krieger's sleeves throughout the scene. See more » Quotes Dr. Karen Jenson : You been listening in the whole time? Blade : Keeping radio contact. The opening and closing New Line Cinema logos are in red. See more » Connections Written by Elmar Schulte and Ruediger Gleisberg Performed by Solitaire A palatable offering of Snipes and dice 17 January 1999 \| by 1001 (B.C., Canada) – See all my reviews Blade is everything Spawn wanted to be and wasn't. While Spawn was a loud, obnoxious, incoherent mess that should have stayed in Hell with its erstwhile hero, Blade is a relatively subdued (it's nice to actually hear the soundtrack), stylish, well-directed movie that actually tries to build empathy and pathos into the characters. While both are adaptations from comic-books, only one is a page-turner. Blade, or Eric as his mom calls him, but which superhero would command respect with the name Eric, is half-man, half-vampire, made so by his mother, who survived a vampire attack long enough to give birth to him. This gives Blade a certain edge in his understandable grudge against vampires, "all of our strengths and none of our weaknesses" as his main vampire nemesis attests. The aforementioned nemesis is Deacon Frost (Stephen Dorff) who wants to unleash a vampire apocalypse on the world, decrying the Mafia-type approach that has served vampires so well up to this point - "humans are our food, not our allies," he explains. Blade is aided by his mentor/weapons specialist Whistler (Kris Kristofferson) and a female hematologist he rescued, Karen. Her expertise lends her to both create anti-vampire blood, and a possible cure for Blade that would make him fully human again. Although one gets the sense that Blade's fate isn't entirely tragic. He relishes kicking vampire butt. The movie Blade succeeds for two reasons. It's technically polished, with good acting, excellent directing and production design, and awesome special effects - the way the vampires turn to skeletons and blow away like dried parchment when they die is way cool. There are three accomplished action sequences, the opening party scene which Blade inconveniently crashes, a brush with death on a subway, and the final conflict, with some special effects I can say, as a movie seasoned veteran, I've never seen before. The second reason is that Blade understands the inherent pull of the vampire myth. Vampirism represents a life given to sin, essentially. They are sensual creatures, dependent on flesh and blood for survival, shirking the light, and yet eternal, like evil fleshly lusts the Bible warns about. Vampires are not tragic, like Interview with a Vampire would have you believe, but fun, cool, and sexy. That's their power. Is not sin sexy? why would it be tempting otherwise? Vampires are cool because they live in sin without paying its consequences - death. But for that reason, they are the enemy and must die. For sin is, in the final analysis, bad. This essential good/evil conflict must be there for this type of story to work. Spawn had neither this nor the technical excellence Blade has, which is why it sucks so bad. Blade reminded me of another good vampire movie, Bram Stoker's Dracula, by Francis Ford Coppola. They would make good companion pieces on video. 50 of 86 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know

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