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Which one word connects Elton John, Steptoe & Son and a Disney animated film? | Elton John - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Elton John
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Sir Elton Hercules [1] John, CBE [2] (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight on 25 March 1947 ) is an English pop / rock singer , composer and pianist . In a career spanning five decades, Elton John has sold over 250 million records [3] and has over 50 Top 40 hits, making him one of the most successful musicians of all time.
John was one of the dominant commercial forces in the rock world during the 1970s, with a string of seven consecutive #1 records on the U.S. album charts, 23 Top 40 singles, 16 Top 10 ones, and six #1 hits. His success had a profound impact on popular music , and contributed to the continued popularity of the piano in rock and roll . Key musical elements in John's success included his melodic gifts matched with the contributions of his lyricist partner Bernie Taupin , his rich tenor and gospel -chorded piano, aggressive string arrangements, and his flamboyant fashion sense and on-stage showmanship.
In the early 1990s, John publicly revealed the personal costs of his rock-star extravagance: his ongoing struggle with drug abuse , depression and bulimia .[ citation needed ] He continues to be a major public figure, and has been heavily involved in the fight against AIDS since the late 1980s . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 and was knighted in 1998, and has remained an enduringly successful artist.
Contents
Life and career
Early years (1947–1962)
Reginald Kenneth Dwight was born in Pinner , Middlesex , a London suburb. His father, Stanley Dwight, was an officer in the Royal Air Force and was frequently away. When the elder Dwight was home, he was demanding, disapproving, and difficult to please, a frightening countenance. Reggie's mother, the former Sheila Harris, was strict, but in contrast to her husband was Elton's true mentor, confidant, and confidence-booster. Years later, she said that her son grew up "a bundle of nerves." Reggie's childhood was marred by terrible arguments between his parents. But something happened in 1950 that would set his life on an immutable course; at age three, he started playing the piano by ear.
The home's general tunefulness encouraged Reggie's entry into music. Stanley Dwight had once played trumpet with an American-styled big band called Bob Miller and The Millermen. He and Sheila were avid record buyers, exposing Reggie to the music of pianists Winifred Atwell , Nat King Cole , and George Shearing , and to singers Rosemary Clooney , Frank Sinatra , Kay Starr , Johnny Ray , Guy Mitchell , Jo Stafford , and Frankie Laine . By the time he was four, his parents recognized Reggie's talent, and would often ask him to play at parties.
In 1956, Reggie discovered Elvis Presley . Soon his mother was buying him records by rock 'n' roll acts like Presley and Bill Haley and His Comets . By the time he started attending the Royal Academy of Music on a scholarship at age 11, Reggie's musical mind was firmly wedded to rock'n'roll.
Reggie preferred playing by ear. Subprofessor Helen Piena once said that upon the boy's entrance into the Academy, she'd played him a four-page piece by Handel , which he promptly played back for her like a "gramophone record." Reggie enjoyed playing Chopin and Bach and singing in the choir during his Saturday classes at the Academy, but was not otherwise a diligent classical student. As he remembered decades later, "I kind of resented going to the Academy. I was one of those children who could just about get away without practicing and still pass, scrape through the grades." Sometimes, he would play truant and ride around the tube. Yet Piena saw Reggie as a "model student."
A student at the Academy for five years, Reggie rounded out the little free time he had with a newspaper route and a job at a wine shop on Saturday afternoons after class. At Pinner Country Grammar School, he was more advanced musically than his peers, and had an aptitude for songwriting, dashing off good melodies for his composition assignments.
Reggie's record collection grew rapidly. He took sustenance in the early rock 'n' roll piano pioneers, annoying his father, who wanted him to concentrate on the classics, and frightening his mother with a fascination for music of the sexual, androgynous Little Richard . Reggie gained some notoriety by playing like Jerry Lee Lewis at Pinner County Grammar School functions, and even sang.
In 1962, Reggie's embattled parents finally divorced, in the wake of Sheila Dwight's friendship with a painter named Fred Farebrother. Later, Stanley married again and had four children.
Early career (1962–1969)
At age fifteen, with the help of caring father figure Farebrother, Reginald Dwight became a weekend pianist at the nearby Northwood Hills pub, playing on Friday, Saturday and Sunday nights. The crowd was often rough – sometimes an unruly patron would dump a pint of beer into Reggie's piano – and the youngster had to work hard to please them. He played everything from Jim Reeves country songs ("He'll Have to Go") to Irish folk numbers ("When Irish Eyes Are Smiling"), decades-old ditties ("Beer Barrel Polka"), hits of the day ("King of the Road"), and songs that he had written himself. He received a modest, steady income and substantial tips. "During that whole period, I don't think I ever missed a gig," he said later. A stint with a short-lived group called the Corvettes rounded out his time.
In 1964, Dwight and his friends formed a band called Bluesology. By day, he ran errands for a music publishing company; he divided his nights between solo gigs at a London hotel bar and working with Bluesology. By the mid-1960s, Bluesology was backing touring American soul and R&B musicians like The Isley Brothers , Major Lance , Doris Troy and Patti LaBelle and The Bluebelles . In 1966, the band became musician Long John Baldry 's supporting band and began touring cabarets in England.
After failing lead vocalist auditions for both King Crimson and Gentle Giant , Dwight answered an advertisement in the New Musical Express placed by Ray Williams , then the A&R manager for Liberty Records . At their first meeting, Williams gave Dwight a stack of lyrics written by Bernie Taupin , who had answered the same ad. Dwight wrote music for the lyrics, and then mailed it to Taupin, and thus began a partnership that continues to this day. In 1967, what would become the first Elton John/Bernie Taupin song, "Scarecrow", was recorded; when the two first met, six months later, Reginald Dwight had changed his name to Elton John, by deed poll , in homage to Bluesology saxophonist Elton Dean and Long John Baldry.
Empty Sky , Elton John's 1969 debut album , went largely unnoticed.
The team of John and Taupin joined Dick James 's DJM Records as staff songwriters in 1968, and over the next two years wrote material for various artists, like Roger Cook and Lulu . Taupin would write a batch of lyrics in under an hour and give it to John, who would write music for them in half an hour, disposing of the lyrics if he couldn't come up with anything quickly. For two years, they wrote easy-listening tunes for James to peddle to singers.
Their early output included an entry for British song for the Eurovision Song Contest in 1969 , called "Can't Go On (Living Without You)" It came sixth of six songs. [4]
On the advice of music publisher Steve Brown, John and Taupin started writing more complex songs for John to record for DJM. The first was the single "I've Been Loving You" (1968), produced by Caleb Quaye, former Bluesology guitarist. In 1969, with Quaye, drummer Roger Pope, and bassist Tony Murray, John recorded another single, " Lady Samantha ," and an album, Empty Sky . Despite good reviews, none of the records sold well.
1970s
John and Taupin now enlisted Gus Dudgeon to produce a follow-up with Paul Buckmaster as arranger. Elton John was released in the spring of 1970 on DJM Records / Pye Records in the UK and Uni Records in the USA, and established the formula for subsequent albums; gospel-chorded rockers and poignant ballads. After the first single " Your Song " made the US Top Ten , the album followed suit. John's first American concert took place at The Troubadour in Los Angeles, in August, backed by ex- Spencer Davis Group drummer Nigel Olsson and bassist Dee Murray . Kicking over his piano bench Jerry Lee Lewis -style and performing handstands on the keyboards, John left the critics raving, and drew praise from fellow artists such as Quincy Jones and Bob Dylan .
Elton John was followed quickly with the concept album Tumbleweed Connection in October 1970, which reached the Top Ten on the Billboard 200 . A frenetic pace of releasing two albums a year was now established.
The live album 11-17-70 ( 17-11-70 in the UK) showcased Elton's talent as a rock pianist and father of piano rock . Taped at a live show aired from A&R Studios on WABC-FM in New York City , and introduced by disc jockey Dave Herman , it featured extended versions of John/Taupin's early compositions that illustrate the gospel and boogie-woogie influences on John's piano playing. It also featured much interaction between John, bassist Dee Murray , and drummer Nigel Olsson . During the magnum opus 18:20 version of " Burn Down the Mission ", the band interpolates Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup 's "My Baby Left Me" and a full rendition of The Beatles ' " Get Back " before a rampaging conclusion.
John and Taupin then wrote the soundtrack to the obscure film Friends and then the album Madman Across the Water , the latter reaching the Top Ten and producing the hit " Levon ", while the soundtrack album produced the hit "Friends".
Elton John's fifth album, Madman Across the Water
In 1972, the final piece of what would become known as the Elton John Band fell into place, with the addition of Davey Johnstone (on guitar and backing vocals). Murray, Olsson, and Johnstone came together with John and Taupin's writing, John's flamboyant performance style, and producer Gus Dudgeon to create a hit-making chemistry for the next five Elton John albums. Known for their instrumental playing, the members of the band were also strong backing vocalists who worked out and recorded many of their vocal harmonies themselves, usually in Elton's absence.
The band released Honky Chateau , which became Elton's first American number 1 album, spending five weeks at the top of the charts and spawning the hit singles " Rocket Man (I Think It's Going To Be A Long, Long Time) " and " Honky Cat ".
The 1973 pop album Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player came out at the start of 1973, and produced the hits " Crocodile Rock " and " Daniel "; the former became his first US number one hit. (Ironically this, like his other famous 1970s solo hits, would be popular in his native land but never top the UK Singles Chart ; this achievement would have to wait two decades.) Both the album and "Crocodile Rock" were the first album and single, respectively on the consolidated MCA Records label in the USA, replacing MCA's other labels including Uni.
Goodbye Yellow Brick Road , a double album considered by many to be Elton John's best album, followed later in 1973 . It gained instant critical acclaim and topped the chart on both sides of the Atlantic. It also temporarily established Elton John as a glam rock star. It contained the Number 1 hit " Bennie and the Jets ", along with the popular and praised " Goodbye Yellow Brick Road ", " Candle in the Wind ", " Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting ", " Funeral For A Friend/Love Lies Bleeding " and "Grey Seal".
John then formed his own MCA-distributed label Rocket Records and signed acts to it — notably Neil Sedaka ("Bad Blood", on which he sang background vocals) and Kiki Dee — in which he took personal interest. Instead of releasing his own records on Rocket, he opted for $8 million offered by MCA. When the contract was signed in 1974, MCA reportedly took out a $25 million insurance policy on John's life.
In 1974 a collaboration with John Lennon took place, resulting in Elton John covering The Beatles ' " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " and Lennon's "One Day at a Time", and in return Elton John and band being featured on Lennon's "Whatever Gets You Thru The Night". In what would be Lennon's last live performance, the pair performed these two number 1 hits along with the Beatles classic " I Saw Her Standing There " at Madison Square Garden . Lennon made the rare stage appearance to keep the promise he made that he would appear onstage with Elton if "Whatever Gets You Thru The Night" became a number 1 single.
Elton John's cryptic personality was revealed with the autobiographical album Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy .
Caribou was released in 1974, and although it reached number 1, it was widely considered a lesser quality album. Reportedly recorded in a scant two weeks between live appearances, it featured "The Bitch Is Back" and John's versatility in orchestral songs with " Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me ". At the end of the year, the compilation album Elton John's Greatest Hits was released and reached number 1.
Pete Townshend of The Who asked John to play a character called the "Pinball Wizard" in the film of the rock opera Tommy , and to perform the song of the same name. Drawing on power chords , John's version was recorded and used for the movie release in 1975 and the single came out in 1976 (1975 in the US). The song charted at number 7 in England. Bally subsequently released a "Captain Fantastic" pinball machine featuring an illustration of Elton John in his movie guise.
In the 1975 autobiographical album Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy , Elton John revealed his previously ambiguous personality, with Taupin's lyrics describing their early days as struggling songwriters and musicians in London . The lyrics and accompanying photo booklet are infused with a specific sense of place and time that is otherwise rare in John's music. " Someone Saved My Life Tonight " was the hit single from this album and captured an early turning point in John's life.
The album's release signalled the end of the Elton John Band, as an unhappy and overworked John dismissed Olsson and Murray, two people who had contributed much of the band's signature sound and who had helped build his live following since the beginning. Johnstone and Ray Cooper were retained, Quaye and Roger Pope returned, and the new bassist was Kenny Passarelli; this rhythm section provided a heavier-sounding backbeat. James Newton-Howard joined to arrange in the studio and to play keyboards. John introduced the lineup before a crowd of 75,000 in London's Wembley Stadium .
Rock-oriented Rock of the Westies entered the US albums chart at number 1 like Captain Fantastic, a previously unattained feat. However, the material was almost universally regarded as not on a par with previous releases. The musical and vocal chemistry Olsson and Murray brought to Elton's previous releases was seen as lacking by some, both on the album and in the concerts that supported it.
Commercially, Elton owed much of his success during the mid-1970s to his concert performances. He filled arenas and stadiums worldwide, and was arguably the hottest act in the rock world. John was an unlikely rock idol to begin with, as he was short of stature at 5'7" (1.70 m), chubby, and gradually losing his hair. But he made up for it with impassioned performances and over-the-top fashion sense . Also known for his glasses (he started wearing them as a youth to copy his idol Buddy Holly ), his flamboyant stage wardrobe now included ostrich feathers, $5,000 spectacles that spelled his name in lights, and dressing up like the Statue of Liberty , Donald Duck , or Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart among others at his concerts made them a success and created interest for his music.
To celebrate five years of unparalleled success since he first appeared at the venue, in 1975 John played a two-night, four-show stand at The Troubadour . With seating limited to under 500 per show, the chance to purchase tickets was determined by a postcard lottery, with each winner allowed two tickets. Everyone who attended the performances received a hardbound "yearbook" of the band's history.
In 1976, Elton released the live album Here and There in May, then the downbeat Blue Moves in October, which contained the memorable but even gloomier hit " Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word ". His biggest success in 1976 was the "Don't Go Breaking My Heart", a peppy duet with Kiki Dee that topped both the American and British charts. Finally, in an interview with Rolling Stone that year entitled "Elton's Frank Talk", a stressed John stated that he was bisexual .
Besides being his most commercially successful period, 1970 - 1976 is also held in the most regard critically. Of the six Elton John albums to make Rolling Stone's 2003 The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list, all are from this period, with Goodbye Yellow Brick Road ranked highest at number 91; similarly, the three Elton John albums given five stars by All Music Guide are all from this period too (Tumbleweed Connection, Honky Château, and Captain Fantastic).
Elton's career took a hit after 1976. In November 1977 John announced he was retiring from performing; Taupin began collaborating with others. John secluded himself in any of his three mansions, appearing publicly only to cheer the Watford Football Club , an English football team that he later bought. Some speculated that John's retreat from stardom was prompted by adverse reactions to the Rolling Stone article.
Now only producing one album a year, John issued A Single Man in 1978, employing a new lyricist, Gary Osborne; the album featured no Top 20 singles. In 1979, accompanied by Ray Cooper , John became the first Western pop star to tour the Soviet Union (as well as one of the first in Israel , then mounted a two-man comeback tour of the US in small halls. John returned to the singles chart with "Mama Can't Buy You Love" (number 9, 1979), a song from an EP recorded in 1977 with Philadelphia soul producer Thom Bell . A disco -influenced album, Victim of Love , was poorly received.
1980s
In 1979, John and Taupin reunited. 21 at 33 , released the following year, was a significant career boost, aided by his biggest hit in four years, " Little Jeannie " (number 3 US), although the lyrics were written by Gary Osborne . (John also worked with lyricists Tom Robinson and Judie Tzuke during this period as well.) His 1981 follow-up, The Fox , was recorded in part during the same sessions and also included collaborations with both lyricists. On 13 September 1980 Elton John performed a free concert to an estimated 400,000 fans on The Great Lawn in Central Park in New York City , with Olsson and Murray back in the Elton John Band, and within hearing distance of his friend John Lennon 's apartment building . Three months later Lennon would be murdered in front of that same building. Elton mourned the loss in his 1982 hit "Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)", from his Jump Up! album, his second under a new US recording contract with Geffen Records . He performed the tribute at a sold-out Madison Square Garden show in August 1982 , joined on stage by Yoko Ono and Sean Ono Lennon , Elton's godchild.
With original band members Johnstone, Murray and Olsson together again, Elton was able to return to the charts with the 1983 hit album Too Low For Zero , which included "I'm Still Standing" and " I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues ", the latter of which featured Stevie Wonder on harmonica and reached number 4 in the US, giving Elton John his biggest hit there since "Little Jeannie." Indeed while he would never again match his 1970s success, he placed hits in the US Top Ten throughout the 1980s — " Little Jeannie " (number 3, 1980), "Sad Songs (Say So Much)" (number 5, 1984), "Nikita" (number 7, 1986), an orchestral version of " Candle in the Wind " (number 6, 1987), and "I Don't Wanna Go On With You Like That" (number 2, 1988). His highest-charting single was a collaboration with Dionne Warwick , Gladys Knight , and Stevie Wonder on " That's What Friends Are For " (number 1, 1985); credited as Dionne and Friends, the song raised funds for AIDS research. His albums continued to sell, but of the six released in the latter half of the 1980s , only Reg Strikes Back (number 16, 1988) placed in the Top 20 in the US.
The 1980s were years of personal upheaval for John. In 1984 he surprised many by marrying sound engineer Renate Blauel . While the marriage lasted four years, John later maintained that he had realised that he was gay before he married. In 1986 he lost his voice while touring Australia and shortly thereafter underwent throat surgery. John continued recording prolifically, but years of cocaine and alcohol abuse, initiated in earnest around the time of Rock of the Westies' 1976 release, were beginning to take their toll. In 1987 he won a libel case against The Sun who had written about his allegedly having underaged sex; afterwards he said, "You can call me a fat, balding, talentless old queen who can't sing — but you can't tell lies about me."
In 1988, he performed five sold-out shows at New York's Madison Square Garden, giving him 26 for his career, breaking the Grateful Dead 's house record. But that year also marked the end of an era. Netting over $20 million, 2,000 items of John's memorabilia were auctioned off at Sotheby's in London, as John bade symbolic farewell to his excessive theatrical persona. (Among the items withheld from the auction were the tens of thousands of records John had been carefully collecting and cataloguing throughout his life.) In later interviews, he deemed 1989 the worst period of his life, comparing his mental and physical deterioration to Elvis Presley 's last years.
1990s
Elton John was deeply affected by the plight of Ryan White , an Indiana teenager with AIDS . Along with Michael Jackson , John befriended and supported the boy and his family until White's death in 1990. Himself a mess and confronted by his then-lover, John checked into a Chicago hospital in 1990 to combat his drug abuse , alcoholism , and bulimia . In recovery, he lost weight and underwent hair replacement, and subsequently took up residence in Atlanta, Georgia . Also in 1990, John would finally achieve his first UK number one hit on his own, with " Sacrifice " (backed with "Healing Hands") from the previous year's album Sleeping with the Past ; it would stay at the top spot for six weeks.
The 1991 film documentary Two Rooms described the unusual writing style that John and Bernie Taupin use, which involves Taupin writing the lyrics on his own, and John then putting them to music, with the two never in the same room during the process. That same year, the Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin tribute album came out, featuring contributions from many top British and American rock and pop performers. Finally in 1991, John's "Basque" won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition , and his guest concert appearance on George Michael 's reverent treatment of "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" topped the singles charts in both the US and UK.
In 1992 he established the Elton John AIDS Foundation, intending to direct 90 percent of the funds it raised to direct care, and 10 percent to AIDS prevention education. He also announced his intention to donate all future royalties from sales of his singles in the US and UK to AIDS research. That year, he released the US number 8 album The One , his highest-charting release since 1976's Blue Moves, and John and Taupin signed a music publishing deal with Warner/Chappell Music for an estimated $39 million over 12 years, giving them the largest cash advance in music publishing history. John performed " Bohemian Rhapsody " and " The Show Must Go On " with Queen at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert , an AIDS charity event held at Wembley Stadium , London in honour of Queen's late front man Freddie Mercury . "Bohemian Rhapsody" featured a duet with Axl Rose , a reconciliatory gesture given Rose's previous homophobic reputation.
In September of the same year, he performed " November Rain " with Rose's band Guns N' Roses for the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards at the Pauley Pavilion in Los Angeles. The following year, he released Duets , a collaboration with 15 artists ranging from Tammy Wynette to RuPaul .
In 1994, along with Tim Rice , he wrote the songs for the Disney animated film The Lion King . (Rice was reportedly stunned by the rapidity with which John was able to set his words to music.) The Lion King went on to become the highest-grossing traditionally-animated feature of all time, with the songs playing a key part. Three of the five songs nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song that year were John and Rice songs from The Lion King , with " Can You Feel the Love Tonight " winning. (John acknowledged his domestic partner, Canadian filmmaker David Furnish , at the ceremonies.) In versions sung by John, both that and " Circle of Life " became big hits, while the other songs such as " Hakuna Matata " achieved popularity with all ages as well. "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" would also win John the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . After the release of the soundtrack, the album remained at the top of Billboard's charts for nine weeks. On November 10 , 1999 , the RIAA announced that the album The Lion King had sold 15 million copies and therefore was certified as a diamond record with room to spare.
Elton John was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 1994. He and Bernie Taupin had previously been inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1992. Elton John was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1995.
In 1995 John released Made in England (number 13, 1995), which featured the hit single "Believe" (number 13, 1995). Also, a compilation called Love Songs was released the following year.
The cover of the Princess Diana tribute, Candle In The Wind.
The year 1997 found extreme highs and lows for John. Early in the year, vestiges of the flamboyant Elton resurfaced as he threw a 50th birthday, costumed as Louis XIV , for 500 friends (the costume cost more than $80,000). But later that year he lost two close friends, designer Gianni Versace and Diana, Princess of Wales .
In September, Taupin altered the lyrics of "Candle in the Wind" for a special version mourning the death of Diana, and John performed it at her funeral in Westminster Abbey . A recorded version, " Candle in the Wind 1997 ", then became the fastest selling single of all time, eventually going on to sell over 30 million copies worldwide, with the proceeds of approximately £55 million going to the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund . John would later win the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for the single.
Elton John was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II on 24 February 1998 , granting him the title of "Sir". The honour was officially for his charitable work.
John closed out the decade by writing the score for The Muse in 1999. He also had a pacemaker installed to overcome a minor heart problem.
John even featured in a few episodes of South Park and performed "Wake Up Wendy" for Chef Aid: The South Park Album .
2000s
In the 2000s, John began frequently collaborating with other artists. In 2000, John and Tim Rice teamed again to create songs for DreamWorks ' animated film The Road To El Dorado . In the musical theatre world, addition to a 1998 adaptation of The Lion King for Broadway , John also composed music for a Disney production of Aida in 1999 with lyricist Tim Rice, for which they received the Tony Award for Best Original Score and the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album .
In 2001, he duetted with Eminem on the rapper's " Stan " at the Grammy Awards . This went a long way towards absolving Eminem of charges of homophobia and thus paving the way for Eminem's greater mainstream acceptance. That same year, his 1970s track " Tiny Dancer " was prominently featured in the film Almost Famous , and then his "The Heart of Every Girl" was the end title song from 2003's Mona Lisa Smile .
In 2001 he declared that Songs from the West Coast would be his final studio album, and that he would now concentrate on just live performances. In 2004, however, he released a new album, Peachtree Road which, despite some favourable reviews, was his least commercially successful album in every country it was released in.
"Are You Ready For Love" was pretty much ignored when it was first recorded during the late 1970s Thom Bell sessions, but it became something of a Balearic fixture and eventually got a re-release on Southern Fried Records in 2004 and proceeded to go straight to number 1 in the UK and on Billboard's Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart.
Previously, in 2003, British boyband Blue had released a version of "Sorry Seems to be the Hardest Word", which included John. It went to number 1 in the UK as well as many other European countries and he achieved yet another number 1 single in the UK in 2005, being featured on 2Pac 's posthumous song " Ghetto Gospel " from the rapper's album, Loyal to the Game . The song sampled "Indian Sunset" from John's 1971 album, Madman Across the Water . In May 2006 , Pet Shop Boys released their album Fundamental , the limited edition included "In Private", a new version of the Dusty Springfield single they had written in 1989 . The song, this time, had been recorded as a duet with John and was later released as bonus track on Pet Shop Boys' top 20 hit "Minimal".
Elton's concert projects in the decade have included:
In October 2003 Elton announced that he had signed an exclusive agreement to perform 75 shows over three years at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas . The show, entitled The Red Piano, is a multimedia concert featuring massive props and video montages created by David LaChapelle . Effectively, he and Celine Dion share performances at Caesar's Palace throughout the year - while one performs, one rests. The first of these shows took place on 13 February 2004 . [5]
A two year global tour sandwiched between commitments in Las Vegas, some of the venues of which are new to Elton.
Face-to-Face tours with fellow pianist Billy Joel have been a fan favourite throughout the world since the mid-1990s.
On 2 July 2005 , John performed at the Live 8 concert at Hyde Park in London . Here he sang " The Bitch is Back ", " Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting " and lastly, T. Rex 's " Children of the Revolution " with The Libertines and Babyshambles ' frontman, Pete Doherty . Another measure of fame came that July when Madame Tussauds made a statue of Elton John to his measurements; it took more than 1,000 hours to complete.
Returning again to musical theatre, John composed music for a West End production of Billy Elliot the Musical in 2005 with playwright Lee Hall . John's only theatrical project with Bernie Taupin so far is Lestat: The Musical , based on the Anne Rice vampire novels. However it was slammed by the critics and closed in May 2006 after 39 performances. [6]
In 2006 , Elton co-wrote the single " I Don't Feel Like Dancin' " with the Scissor Sisters , featuring Elton on piano. Recorded in Las Vegas, it is taken from the Scissor Sisters album Ta-Dah .
On September 19 , 2006, Elton and Bernie Taupin released a sequel to Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy , reflecting again on the phenomenal success, the sadnesses, the creativity and the optimism within their 40 year songwriting partnership; The Captain & The Kid features ten new songs, including the first single " The Bridge ", and for the first time ever, photographs of both Elton and Bernie Taupin are featured on the album front cover.
On October 9 , 2006, The Walt Disney Company named Elton a Disney Legend , the company's highest honor, for his numerous outstanding contributions to Disney's films and theatrical works [7] .
In interviews Elton has listed a number of other projects of his in various stages, including an adaptation of Romeo and Juliet . [8] He also told Rolling Stone magazine that he plans for his next record to be in the hip-hop genre. "I want to work with Pharrell {Williams} , Timbaland , Snoop {Dogg} , Kanye {West} , Eminem and just see what happens. It may be a disaster , it could be fantastic, but you don't know until you try." [9]
On November 11 , 2006, Elton told The Observer Music Monthly magazine that he would like to see all organised religion banned [10] . "From my point of view, I would ban religion completely, even though there are some wonderful things about it. I love the idea of the teachings of Jesus Christ and all of the beautiful stories about it, which I loved in Sunday school and I collected all the little stickers and put them in my book. But the reality is that organized religion doesn't seem to work. It turns people into hateful lemmings and it's not really compassionate." [11]
Personal life
Document of Civil Partnership
John has had a complicated personal history in both his sexual orientation , as well as personal battles with drugs and spending.
Sexual orientation and extended relationships
Elton John disclosed his bisexuality in 1976 in a Rolling Stone magazine interview. He married German recording engineer Renate Blauel on Valentine's Day , 1984, but they divorced four years later. John later renounced the bisexual claim and announced he was gay .
He met his partner David Furnish , a former advertising executive and now film maker, in 1993. On 21 December 2005 , they entered into a civil partnership . A low-key ceremony with only their parents in attendance was held at the Guildhall, Windsor , followed by a lavish party at their Berkshire mansion.
John does not have any children, but does have ten godchildren as of March 2006. Besides the aforementioned Sean Ono Lennon , these include Elizabeth Hurley 's son Damian Charles and David and Victoria Beckham 's son Brooklyn.
Within the music industry, Elton is sometimes known as "Sharon", a nickname originally given to him by good friend Rod Stewart . [12] In return, Elton calls Rod "Phyllis".
Drugs, alcohol and health
Throughout his career, John has battled addictions to alcohol and cocaine , along with the eating disorder bulimia [ citation needed ]. He is also rumored to have struggled with significant financial difficulties caused by his profligate spending. In the mid-late 1990s, John formed a friendship with pop singer Michael Jackson , who later dedicated his 1997 album Blood on the Dance Floor to him for the support John had given him during his struggle with addiction to prescription painkillers .
In 1987 he had an operation to remove polyps from his vocal cords. Physicians speculated that John's heavy use of marijuana may have contributed to the formation of the polyps. [13] .
After many years of struggling with drug and alcohol addiction, John finally checked himself into a rehabilitation clinic in 1990 . He has cited the highly-publicized case of Ryan White , who died that same year of complications from AIDS (and at whose funeral John performed), as a major motivating factor in his decision to enter rehab.
In July 1999 , he was fitted with a pacemaker due to an irregular heart beat.
Spending
Aside from his main home in Windsor, England, John splits his time in his various residences in Atlanta, Georgia ; Nice ; Holland Park in London ; and Venice . Elton John is a noted art collector , and is believed to have one of the largest private photography collections in the world.
During the 2000 court case, where John sued both his former manager John Reid, the CEO of Reid's company and accountants Price Waterhouse Coopers, he admitted spending £30 million in just under two years - an average of £1.5 million a month, the High Court in London heard. The singer's lavish lifestyle saw him spend more than £9.6m on property and £293,000 on flowers between January 1996 and September 1997. John accused the pair of being negligent, and PWC of failing in their duties. Mark Hapgood QC for defendants PWC suggested that John went "spending mad" following a £42m deal with recording company Polygram in February 1996. When quizzed by Mr Hapgood about the £293,000 spent on flowers, John said: Yes, I like flowers. John stated that the terms of the contract, whereby John paid Reid 20% of his gross earnings, were agreed in St Tropez in the summer of 1984 - but that he could not remember the exact occasion on which the deal was made. [14] After losing the case, he faced an £8 million bill for legal fees.
Elton John decided with his fleet manager John Newman to sell 20 of his collection of 28 cars at Christie's - including several Ferraris, Aston Martins, and six post-war Bentleys. His reason for selling them was stated as: I do not find enough time to drive them. The sale raised £2 million [15] The cars sold included:
1993 Jaguar XJ220 - the most expensive car in the collection, with a 213mph top speed and only 852 miles on the clock - sold for £234,750. The auction room was told how Sir Elton's chauffeur refused to drive the car after he "twitched it" on a flyover and was scared by its power.
1978 Aston Martin V8 Vantage Coupe - known as "The Beast" because of its roar went for £80,750. The car was painted in black, red and yellow; the colours of Sir Elton's favourite Watford Football Club.
Two Ferraris - a 1992 512 Testarossa and a 1987 Testarossa given to John by MCA Records on the occasion of his 40th birthday. Rod Stewart had been among a group of friends who had ridden in the car [16] .
1973 Rolls-Royce Phantom VI - Lawrence Cohen from Hertfordshire spent over twice as much on a car valued at £110,000. It was fitted with a 36-speaker stereo system which cost £28,000. It was so powerful that it once blew out the rear window, after which the glass in the car had to be reinforced.
1985 Bentley Continental Convertible - in Tudor Red, the car used in the video for Nikita . The car's body was specially crafted by coachbuilder Mulliner Park Ward of Harlesden , and a long list of special fitments include colour-coded radiator veins and parchment trim piped in red.
1969 Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud Mk3 - supplied new in Arizona, it was a purchase by John in Atlanta and named Daisy after the film Driving Miss Daisy which was filmed close to his Atlanta home. Flown to the UK in 1994 by KLM, it spent two years being restored at the cost of £100,000. It sold for £90,000.
In 2003, Elton John sold the contents of his Holland Park home in a bid to create more room for his collection of contemporary art. The auctioneer's Sotheby's catalogue had a list of more than 400 items, expected to fetch £800,000, including: Biedermeier furniture; early 16th and 17th century items including an Edward Bower estimated at £20,000-£30,000 and a portrait of Elizabeth Honeywood from the circle of William Larkin, which was estimated at £30,000-£40,000. John's bedroom featured a painting by 19th-century French artist Jacques-Noël-Marie Frémy, which was exhibited at the 1814 Paris Salon, and is estimated at £12,000-£18,000 [17] .
Sports and other interests
In 1976, Elton John became involved in Watford Football Club and fulfilled a childhood dream by becoming its chairman and director. He invested large sums of money and the club rose into the First Division after a number of key acquisitions. He sold the club to Jack Petchey in 1987, but remained their life-long president. In 1997 he re-purchased the club from Petchey and once again became chairman. He stepped down in 2002 when the club needed a full-time chairman although he continued as president of the club. Although no longer the majority shareholder, he stills holds a significant financial interest. In June 2005 he held a concert at Watford's Vicarage Road ground, donating the funds to the club.
He also supports the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (it's where he lived when married to Renata Blauel), and regularly checks on the website for news about them.
A longtime tennis enthusiast, Elton wrote the song "Philadelphia Freedom" in tribute to longtime friend Billie Jean King and her World Team Tennis franchise of the same name. John and King also co-host an annual pro-am event to benefit AIDS charities, most notably John's own Elton John AIDS Foundation , for which King is a chairperson.
John is a co-owner of the Sunset Strip restaurant “ Le Dome ” in Hollywood .
Charity
John has long been associated with AIDS charities after the deaths of his friends Ryan White and Freddie Mercury , raising large amounts of money and using his public profile to raise awareness of the disease. For example, in 1986 he joined with Dionne Warwick , Gladys Knight , and Stevie Wonder to record the single " That's What Friends Are For ", with all profits being donated to the American Foundation for AIDS Research . The song won Elton and the others the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal (as well as Song of the Year for its writers, Burt Bacharach and Carole Bayer Sager ). In April 1990, John performed " Skyline Pigeon " at the funeral of White, a teenage hemophiliac he had befriended.
John founded the Elton John AIDS Foundation in 1992 as a charity to fund programmes for HIV/AIDS prevention, for the elimination of prejudice and discrimination against HIV/AIDS-affected individuals, and for providing services to people living with or at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. This cause continues to be one of his personal passions. In early 2006, Elton donated the smaller of two bright-red Yamaha pianos from his Las Vegas show to auction on eBay to raise public awareness and funds for the foundation
Every year since 2004, he has opened a shop (this year in Manhattan, before in London and Atlanta), selling his second hand clothes. Called "Elton's Closet" the sale this year of 10,000 items was expected to raise $400,000 [18]
Musical style and voice
In the 1970s, Elton John's sound immediately set him apart from most others by being piano-based in a rock 'n' roll world dominated by guitars. Another early characteristic was a set of dynamic string arrangements by Paul Buckmaster . Coupled with Taupin's often opaque but emotionally resonant lyrics, the results were unique in the history of music. Songs in this style included "Sixty Years On", "Burn Down the Mission", " Take Me to the Pilot ", " Levon ", " Madman Across the Water ", and the best-known of these, " Tiny Dancer ".
" Your Song ", one of his earliest popular hits, incorporates some other features found in many of his songs:
It is in binary form , with the verse repeated before the chorus begins;
The piano accompaniment is prominent, though the song also features an orchestra ;
It uses a slowly building crescendo that brings the song to a tutti climax. Other songs that follow this pattern include " Don't Let the Sun Go Down On Me " and " Rocket Man ".
John also has a distinctive vocal style. In particular, his phrasing is often a bit metronomic and sometimes has a curiously off-kilter, "rushed" quality especially at the end of lines (example: the phrase "like a puppy child" in the song "Amoreena"). He also, at least in his classic period in the 1970s, would sometimes sweep up from his normal tenor into a Four Seasons -like falsetto.
Elton John underwent throat surgery to remove potentially cancerous nodules from his vocal cords in January 1987 while on tour, a necessity he originally said was due to an infection, but later said was the result of excessive drug abuse . [19]
The problems with his voice can clearly be heard in his raspy singing on the Live In Australia album (released 1987). He made a full recovery from the surgery, but he continued to indulge in illegal drugs until 1990. The surgery in 1987 also had an after-effect on John's voice, and he found that he could no longer sing in falsetto as well as he previously could, and that he now sang in a lower range. During an interview with James Lipton , John had claimed to embrace this new tone, feeling it gave a more "masculine" quality that contrasted with his earlier work.
The change in Elton John's voice has been largely played down, though Elton, commenting fifteen years after the surgery, stated that he was "singing better than ever." Studio effects were evidently added to his voice on his first UK number 1 hit "Sacrifice" (1990). The release of Songs From The West Coast , his 2001 album, showed very clearly how different his voice is to his prime.
Elton John continues to inspire musicians today, particularly the Scissor Sisters , Ben Folds , Adrian Evans , and Ryan Adams , however, more unlikely artists like Thom Yorke ( Radiohead ), Billie-Joe Armstrong ( Green Day ) and even Axl Rose ( Guns N' Roses ) are said to be fans. Final Fantasy music composer Nobuo Uematsu was also greatly influenced by him throughout his life, claiming "no one writes a melody like him."
Awards
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Which river flows through the Grand Canyon | eltonfan.net - Hercules International Elton John Fan Club
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ELTON JOHN NEWS ARCHIVE: May 2011
Elton John & Ray Cooper performed in Geneva on May 26, 2011
Friday, May 27 2011
Fan report by Sacha Wicki. Photo by Laurent Guiraud.
Finally ... Elton John came to Geneva! After two postponed dates (the first one because of logistical problems, and the second one because of a flu), the pop legend is here! And the last time he performed in the �Arena� was in 1998.
This was really an incredible show! My parents, a very good friend, and me, we attended the Geneva Arena Elton John & Ray Cooper gig on May 26, 2011 and we just couldn�t believe our eyes and specially our ears! We were on 7th row center, and we could really have a great view on the stage. Elton John arrived at exactly 8 pm, as announced on the tickets. And after the Aida �Orchestral Finale� � that I haven�t heard for a long time � he sat at his piano, wearing a superb black ensemble with diamonds on the back of his jacket and a beautiful magenta skirt. �The One� opened the solo part of the show. The first thing that we noticed immediately is his voice: absolutely clear and powerful, which is going to be the same for the whole concert!
�Good evening Geneva, it�s great to be here. Now I have a baby and I am fine!� says Elton laughing, just before announcing a song from the Elton John album: �Sixty Years On�. Then he performed without saying anything two more songs from the same disc, �The Greatest Discovery� (which I am sure he sang with emotional thoughts to his son) and �Border Song�.
The only song from �Songs from the West Coast� was �Ballad of the Boy in the Red Shoes� (too bad he dropped �The Emperor�s New Clothes�). �And now, a new song from the lastest album �The Union� that I did with my hero, Leon Russell� Elton introduced us to this beautiful moving dark ballad �When Love Is Dying�. I almost had tears, it was very emotional.
Three big classics: A very bluesy powerful version of �I Guess That�s Why They Call it the Blues�, a superb long version of �Rocket Man� and a big hit in Switzerland which gained a lot of applause as soon as he sang the first words, �Nikita�. Another new song, �Never Too Old (To Hold Somebody)�, again very moving, so was the next one, an all-time favourite, �Tiny Dancer�.
The next-to-last song of the first part was a surprise, it was a long time ago since I hard this great track solo in concert, �Philadelphia Freedom�, and to finish, after Elton thanked for his swiss fans� loyalty, �Your Song�.
The second part � with the genious of percussionist Ray Cooper � was tremendous! After the piano intro �Funeral for a Friend�, it was the �Blue Moves� song �Tonight�. We came back to �Captain Fantastic� with the dynamic �Better Off Dead� in which Ray Cooper did a fantastic job.
The first huge knock-out I had during the concert was with �Levon� ... that version was with no doubt the best he did for a long time ... what a powerful rendition! Back to emotion with probably the best �Union� song, �Gone To Shiloh�. Elton sang of course the three verses, and specially Neil Young�s high notes. Beautiful in every way! So was �Indian Sunset�, for me one of Elton�s most unknown treasures. And the funny �I Think I�m Going to Kill Myself�. Then, two seventies-ballads, �Daniel� � with a curious intro that made me think it was �Take me to the Pilot�! � and �Sorry Seems to be the Hardest Word�.
Now, Ladies and Gentlemen ... the pinnacle of the show! A 14-minute long version of �Take Me to the Pilot� ... yes, you read correctly: 14 minutes! A piano intro that went from jazz-style to R�n�B with some classic and rock parts ... it was my twenty-sixth Elton John show, it�s the first time I heard this from him! With no doubt, he was in a perfect and joyable mood. Many standing ovations after some songs, and long applauses, although the audience was kind of �cold� ... something that always bothers me � also the people who come to the show 15 or 20 minutes after it began!
�Don�t Let The Sun Go Down On Me� was dedidated to her friend Caroline, from Chopard. Then with �Bennie and the Jets� all the fans rushed in front of the stage and enjoyed with noise the next song too, �Crazy Water�. After a long autographs session, he finished this unbelievable show with �Candle in the Wind�.
Since 1992, I saw Elton in Paris, in Berlin, in Lausanne, in Verona, in Zurich ... twenty-six concerts! Tonight, I saw the best concert I ever attended! Nothing to say, a perfect performance in all ways ! Thank you Elton and Ray for giving us the best night you could give us!
Following is the complete set list of the Geneva show on May 26, 2011:
Elton John solo
Elton and David nominated for Premier Inn Celebrity Dad
Friday, May 27 2011
Elton John and David Furnish have become the first gay couple to be nominated as celebrity dads of the year. Vote now!
Elton John and David Furnish, who welcomed their tot Zachary Jackson Levon Furnish-John in December, are said to be �thrilled� by the news. They are up against football stars David Beckham, 36, Wayne Rooney, 25, and Frank Lampard, 32, plus Take That�s Gary Barlow, 40, cricket ace Kevin Pietersen, 30, and rocker Rod Stewart, 66.
Zachary was born in California to a surrogate mum, with some speculating that Elton, 64, was the tot�s true father. Elton had made no secret of his wish to become a parent but previously dismissed the idea because of his hectic schedule. However, he and David, 48, who have been together for nearly 20 years and were married in 2005, took the plunge last year and decided to have a child.
The shortlist of 15 for Premier Inn Celebrity Dad of the Year 2011 includes last year�s winner, singer Peter Andre, 38. He is in the running for the way he handled his split from Kate Price, 33, and for the obvious care he shows for their kids Junior, five, and Princess, three.
A Premier Inn spokesman said: �Peter Andre, the reigning champion, has once again made the shortlist so it will be interesting to see if he can become the first dad to win the title two years in a row.�
The public can vote now at facebook.com/premierinn with the winner announced in June 2011.
"The Lion King" to return to theaters in Digital 3D
Friday, May 27 2011
Set for a September 16, 2011 release, it is the latest classic library title to get the 3D treatment.
James Cameron�s Titanic is being remastered, and will be released in 3D on April 6, 2012 by Paramount, 20th Century Fox and Lightstorm Entertainment.
Released in 1994, "The Lion King" was a defining moment for Disney, ushering in an animation renaissance. It continues to be the highest-grossing hand drawn animation film of all time, earning $783.8 million at the worldwide box office.
Lievin show not meant to be
Wednesday, May 25 2011
The Elton John & Ray Cooper show in Lievin, France was cancelled at 3.50 pm on May 24, 2011 as Elton couldn't travel due to the ash cloud.
The show was originally scheduled for January 26, 2011 but had to be postponed to May 24, 2011 as Elton had become unwell and couldn't perform at the Stade Couvert de Lievin.
Hercules has learned that the show will not be re-scheduled!
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Catherine Britt back in central NSW
Wednesday, May 25 2011
One of the (many) glamours of Australian country music will be back in the central west mid-June promoting her new album.
Catherine Britt says she always knew she was going to make a career out of music, but there are some aspects to her musical journey that she never could have predicted. Having Elton John phone her management wanting to meet her and then encouraging numerous American record labels to sign her was one such experience.
She says Elton came across her album at a music store during an Australian tour. Over the years Elton has developed a reputation for giving young artists a leg-up. "I'd just left school and I was working at Dominos pizza and I got a phone call from my label saying 'Don't freak out, but Elton John's been mentioning you in all his interviews in Australia'," she said. "I didn't know if it was a joke at first but he's such a lovely guy with incredible power in the music industry."
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Puddle of Mudd reworks Rolling Stones, Elton John hits for covers album
Wednesday, May 25 2011
An abandoned attempt to make a followup to 2009's "Volume 4: Songs in the Key of Love & Hate" led Puddle of Mudd to opt instead for a covers set, "re:(disc)overed," which is due out August 2, 2011.
"Since we started we've been non-stop -- make a record, go on tour, then right into rehearsals and the next record, then back on tour...," guitarist Paul Phillip tells Billboard.com. "We were really burned out, and when we started trying to write again it just wasn't time yet. And we had been doing (AC/DC's) 'TNT' and (the Steve Miller Band 'The Joker' and had so much fun with those that one thing led to another and we decided to make a covers record. It was just something fun to do, and we had a blast."
"Re:(disc)overed" features 11 of the 15 songs Puddle of Mudd recorded with producer Bill Appleberry during January and February 2011 at the Bomb Shelter, a studio owned by Stone Temple Pilots drummer Eric Kretz in Los Angeles. The Rolling Stones' "Gimme Shelter" is the set's first single and will be serviced to radio in mid-June, and the album also includes versions of Free's "All Right Now," Bad Company's "Shooting Star," Neil Young's "Old Man," Led Zeppelin's "D'yer M'ker" and Elton John's "Rocket Man."
"We chose a lot of things that were challenging," Phillip explains. "People hear Puddle's gonna do a covers album and they think it'll be Nirvana and the Ramones and Metallica and stuff like that. And that's something we wanted to do, but we wanted to stretch our legs, and it was a very challenging thing to have songs that have piano and these big, crazy arrangements and stuff. I mean, doing an Elton John song with piano and backup singers and stuff is not easy. It's easier to record a Puddle of Mudd song, but to tackle an arrangement like that is a lot more difficult to do, and that's what we wanted."
Elton John organisers say the singer will play in a tent
Wednesday, May 25 2011
The promoters of the upcoming Isle of Man Elton John concert have suggested that the concert will go ahead as planned.
Earlier in May 2011 the gig was thrown into doubt when organisers Marshall Arts Ltd said there were "logistical issues" to resolve following the news that the Bay Festival had been cancelled. Elton John had been due to use the same infrastructure as the acts taking part in the Bay Festival on June 16, 2011.
This was publically announced by Bay Festival organisers as the Valhalla Tent. However Kayam the company who have supplied the structure for the last two festivals said no booking for the Valhalla structure, which only they supply, was ever booked.
Despite isleofman.com asking Mr Irving for clarification on this matter he chose not to respond. But he later told Granada Reports that he had booked a 66 by 104 metre big top tent from another company - Mobile Stadiums - which is called an MT66 but which Mr Irving said he feels he is "quite entitled to call the Valhalla". It now appears that Marshall Arts Ltd have taken over this booking.
In a statement from the company it said: "The promoters of the Elton John concert would like to dispel current rumours circulating on the Island regarding the status of the forthcoming Elton John concert in Nobles Park on June 16, 2011. The erection of the tent is booked to commence during the week of the TT races."
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Elton album designer wants artwork back
Wednesday, May 25 2011
Elton John�s fabled generosity � he has donated �26million of his �195million fortune to charity � is about to be put to the test.
The artist who designed the gatefold cover for his 1973 multi-million-selling "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" album wants his artwork back. Ian Beck was paid just �430 for the iconic design which portrayed Elton about to embark on a journey, much like Dorothy in The Wizard Of Oz. Of all Elton�s album covers it is by far the most famous and helped define him as a star.
Freelance illustrator Ian told the Daily Mail at an event at the Victoria and Albert Museum: �I did the cover for Elton�s label Rocket Records. Elton loved it and it was a very successful album. I remember taking the artwork into the Rocket offices, and the PR there took hold of one of the pictures on the back cover and said: �I love that, I�m having it.� But I think Elton kept the cover work. Two years later it became law that all original artwork reverted to the artist, but in 1973 whoever commissioned it owned it.
'So if you are listening, Elton, I would like the Yellow Brick Road back, please, because I created it.�
A spokesman for the singer says: �I have no idea whether Elton has it, but presumably if he does, he paid for it so it is his; �430 was a hell of a lot of money back then. A bit weird, isn�t it, to ask for something back 38 years later?�
Gnomeo and Juliet - A New Spin On A Classic Tale
Tuesday, May 24 2011
Written by Reggie Zippo.
From the sixteenth century to the present day, the story of Romeo and Juliet has been told, re-told, adapted, adopted and altered so many times that the mere thought of tackling Shakespeare�s classic love story yet once again may seem rather pointless. Unless, of course, you decide to add a few dozen garden gnomes, a green watering frog, a plastic pink flamingo, some cute little bunnies and a miming mushroom into the mix, then you most certainly will have something new and fresh for the masses to enjoy. That is exactly what Rocket Pictures (a Sir Elton John and David Furnish film company) and Disney Studios were counting on when they released Gnomeo and Juliet.
Gnomeo and Juliet is the love story of two ceramic gnomes, each existing in two adjoining backyard gardens owned by two opposing neighbors � Miss Montague (Gnomeo�s blue garden) and Mister Capulet (Juliet�s red garden). Gnomeo (voiced by James McAvoy) is the son of the blue gnome leader, Lady Bluebury (voiced by Maggie Smith), and Juliet (voiced by Emily Blunt) is the daughter of the red gnome leader, Lord Redbrick (voiced by Sir Michael Caine). The blues and the reds detest each other to the point of raging disgust, brought on no doubt by the apparent disdain that Miss Montague and Mister Capulet have for one another. However, the penchant for hatred immediately dissipates for the two young stars of this film when their round painted eyes meet for the very first time at night in a long forgotten garden across the alleyway. Ah, Amor. Love at first sight. A match made in Heaven. What can possibly harm a simple love such as theirs? The culprit is a vicious war of blue and red retaliations and shenanigans that horribly get in the way of the pair�s untimely happiness. Battles ensue and lovers briefly take sides, but after all the ruble is cleared away, love reigns supreme. Add to all of that the comic relief of Nanette, a green watering frog (voiced by Ashley Jensen), and Featherstone, a pink plastic lawn ornament (voiced by Jim Cummings), as well as Fawn, a brown nosed mumbling deer lawn ornament (voiced by Ozzy Osbourne) and you have a movie that is sure to please on just about every level. That is Gnomeo and Juliet in a nutshell.
The vocal talent on Gnomeo and Juliet, coupled with the amazingly detailed CG animation and the brilliant orchestration (provided by former Sir Elton John band member James Newton-Howard), is superb from beginning to end. James McAvoy and Emily Blunt are a great compliment to each other and the supporting cast did equally well in providing memorable characters. Veteran actor Patrick Stewart lent his talent as the voice of the Great Bard of Stratford upon Avon, William Shakespeare, although in this case Shakespeare is an outdoor Statue in a nearby park. The vibrant colors and the realistic textured appearance of each scene in the movie is quite captivating and will definitely grab your complete attention. The details are phenomenal.
For a G rated �Disney� film, however, the amount of violence, slight sexual innuendo and even a death scene does not seem quite appropriate for the target audience of little children who anticipate a happy movie. Overall, it�s roughly fifty percent happy and fifty percent sad, but it�s the sad part that may be disturbing for the young moviegoer. The gnome cuteness factor and the lively songs (provided by the award winning song writing team of Sir Elton John and Bernie Taupin) does a great job to distract from the underlining message of war and peace, but the story itself is clearly adult themed. Perhaps that is why Disney chose to release the movie under the Touchstone logo rather than under the widely recognizable Disney logo. There is no doubt that most of the adult content will be overlooked by the little tykes, but there may be a select few that want to know the meaning of �Junk in the trunk� and �Unleash the Gods of war!� while others may wonder why one of the red gnomes is wearing a one piece thong outfit that is very revealing.
With the USA release of the Blu-ray/DVD combo pack on May 24, 2011, Gnomeo and Juliet is sure to find its way into many homes across America and the rest of the world, despite the adult content with a G rating. It�s hard to get passed that mismatch. A PG rating would have been more suitable when the movie was first released in theaters. Although there are no interactive activities for children in this Blu-ray/DVD combo pack, there is an extensive bonus section on the Blu-ray disc that offers a plethora of deleted and alternate scenes, as well as outtakes and story/character development videos. The bonus section on the DVD disc offers a condensed version of the Blu-ray bonus material.
Overall, Gnomeo and Juliet is an action packed movie with funny tongue-in-cheek humor that keeps its pace and the viewer�s attention throughout. The time spent on detail and quality made this movie an outstanding contender for the classics. Sir William Shakespeare would have been proud.
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"Gnomeo & Juliet" DVD out today
Tuesday, May 24 2011
Don't miss the chance to bring home "Gnomeo & Juliet" - the hilarious twist on William Shakespeare's legendary tale Romeo & Juliet as you've never seen it before, perfect for the whole family.
Enter the secret world of garden gnomes and meet two adorable gnomes from completely different worlds who fight the odds to be together. From a director of Shrek 2, and featuring fun, all-new music by Elton John, the out- of-the-ordinary animated comedy "Gnomeo & Juliet" releases on Blu-rayTM, Blu-ray 3DTM, DVD, Movie Download and On-Demand - today, May 24, 2011.
Uniquely packaged with families' top of mind, "Gnomeo & Juliet" will be made available for purchase by Walt Disney Studios as either a 3-Disc Blu-ray Combo Pack (Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray 3D + DVD with Digital Copy), a 2-Disc Blu-ray Combo Pack (Blu-ray 2D + DVD) and/or a 1-Disc DVD. Disney Blu-ray Combo Packs provide families with an enhanced entertainment experience - with the value and flexibility to enjoy your favorite movies on a variety of platforms of choice.
And for those who enjoy to learn more about the making of the film, "Gnomeo & Juliet" discs come enclosed with never-before-seen bonus features including "Elton Builds A Garden," "Frog talk with Ashley Jensen,", "Crocodile Rock Music Video featuring Elton John and Nelly Furtado." And for those who purchase the Blu-ray Disc, it includes hours of extra exclusive bonus features including alternate endings, deleted scenes and more.
Bonus Clip- Alternate Ending Dance Routine
Related News
Sunday, May 22 2011
Elton's lyricist Bernie Taupin turns 61 today, May 22, 2011.
On behalf of the Hercules team and the Elton John fans all over the world, we would like to wish him a happy birthday!
Tommy Nutter: Rebel On The Row - Private View
Friday, May 20 2011
Suits worn by Elton John are displayed during the Private View for the Tommy Nutter 'Rebel On The Row' exhibition, displaying the work of British tailor Tommy Nutter, best known for his fashion success in the 1960s, at The Fashion and Textile Museum on May 19, 2011 in London, England.
Elton dedicates AIDS benefit to Liz Taylor
Friday, May 20 2011
Elton John has dedicated an AIDS benefit dinner to the late American actress Elizabeth Taylor, an early pioneer in the fight against the disease.
Elton has called Taylor a "force of nature" and pledged she'll remain the star-studded charity event's "guiding star." Taylor died in March 2011.
Celebrities from the film and fashion worlds, as well as the realm inhabited by solely by the extremely wealthy, flocked to the amfAR dinner and auction, held May 18, 2011 at the Hotel du Cap in the Cap d'Antibes.
A-listers included Sean Penn, Kanye West, Karl Lagerfeld, Kristen Dunst and Cannes Film Festival jury members Uma Thurman and jury president Robert De Niro. The star-studded event coincided with the prestigious French Riviera cinema showcase.
The international nonprofit organization amfAR is dedicated to the battle against AIDS.
Plan B releases single with Elton John and Paloma Faith
Friday, May 20 2011
Plan B has released a new version of his song 'Hard Times' featuring Elton John and Paloma Faith for charity.
The singer, real name Ben Drew, has just celebrated winning three Ivor Novello awards on May 18, 2011. He released the new track on iTunes immediately after picking up his gongs.
Proceeds from the single, which has been re-recorded to include new vocals parts from both Elton and Faith, will be donated to the relief effort for the recent floods in Pakistan and earthquake in Japan.
Elton John buys music of 'every new artist that comes out'
Thursday, May 19 2011
Elton John must have an enormous music collection. Glee star Matthew Morrison says that each week Elton buys up the music of every new artist.
Morrison, 32, who plays a hunky teacher in the hit TV programme, has just released his new album on which he collaborated with Elton, among others. "The only trouble with duetting with Elton John, Sting and Gwyneth Paltrow is like, where do I go from there?" Morrison told the hosts on the US morning show Regis and Kelly.
"It was quite a learning experience. Being in the studio with Elton, he's such a student of music, every Tuesday he buys every single new artist that comes out. He was playing me this guy, Plan B who just came out and... I learned so much from him."
Morrison, who shot to fame after being in the Broadway show Footloose, also denied rumours that he was leaving Glee. "Is it true that your character is going away from the show?" asked host Regis Philbin, 79. "No, that's not true, don't believe it guys," said Morrison who also gave an emotional performance of his new single, Still Got Tonight, on the US morning show.
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Lady Gaga tops Celebrity 100 list
Wednesday, May 18 2011
The Queen Monster's $90 million in earnings and mastery of social media pushed her past perennial winner Oprah Winfrey. Not that Oprah's doing badly. Elton comes in at No. 5.
The men and women on Forbes annual Celebrity 100 list--the most powerful people in the entertainment business this year--earned $4.5 billion over the last 12 months by starring in films, playing basketball, walking the catwalk and more. But they also rose to the top by garnering influence.
These days that means mastering social media. Lady Gaga topples Oprah Winfrey from her No.1 spot on the list, which she's given up for only the third time in seven years. Gaga is there not just because of the $90 million she earned with a monster tour, but also because of her 32 million Facebook fans and 10 million Twitter followers--aka Little Monsters--who helped move 1 million digital downloads of her recent single "Born This Way" in only five days. They're also happy to buy the MAC makeup, Monster headphones and Virgin Mobile phones she features in her videos.
The Celebrity 100, which includes film and television actors, TV personalities, models, athletes, authors, musicians and comedians, is a measure of entertainment-related earnings and media visibility (exposure in print, television, radio and online). Forbes also measures social media power by looking at each celebrity's presence on Facebook and Twitter. The earnings consist of pretax income between May 1, 2010, and May 1, 2011. Management, agent and attorney fees are not deducted. Forbes has been publishing the list annually since 1999.
Notable drop-offs include Britney Spears, who ranked sixth in 2010 but stumbled this year because she didn't tour. With the Harry Potter franchise coming to an end, Daniel Radcliffe (who ranked 82nd last year) also failed to make the cut.
Visit forbes.com to view the complete list.
Logistical issues for Elton gig
Wednesday, May 18 2011
The promoters of the Elton John concert say they're working to make sure it goes ahead as planned. Elton is due to appear in Noble's Park on June 16, 2011 in the Valhalla Tent, which was meant to be used for the Bay Festival over the following three days.
Organisers stress the Bay Festival was nothing to do with them but as they were due to share the same infrastructure, it does leave them with some 'logistical issues.' They say they'll be working with Douglas Corporation, the Manx Government and local companies to make sure the concert goes ahead.
Apparently, Elton says he's looking forward to performing on the Isle of Man for the first time. Tickets for the concert will be dispatched from next week. It's not yet known whether an alternative venue will be needed. It's also unclear whether the original Valhalla Tent had been booked for the Bay Festival, with suppliers claiming it hadn't.
Elton John holds Cameron meeting over Aids Sir
Tuesday, May 17 2011
Elton John has held Downing Street talks with Prime Minister David Cameron about the work of his Aids foundation.
He also spoke to International Development Secretary Andrew Mitchell. Since 1992, the Elton John Aids Foundation has raised more than �130m.
It runs prevention programmes and campaigns against stigma and discrimination surrounding the illness.
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Elton John showers 93-year-old Duluth woman with flowers
Tuesday, May 17 2011
A Duluth grandmother has a reminder of the Elton John concert she enjoyed recently - and it came directly from the Rocket Man's dressing room.
A huge flower arrangement was delivered to the home of 93-year-old Harriet Schwenk a day after Elton John's show at the Amsoil Arena last week. The arrangement stood half as tall as the 4-foot, 7-inch grandmother.
Schwenk and her granddaughter had an eighth-row seat at the concert thanks to a freelance concert promoter who used to live in Duluth. Schwenk was a baby sitter for promoter David Van Puffelen many years ago. Van Puffelen arranged a backstage tour for Schwenk before Elton arrived for the show.
Elton John's assistant allowed Van Puffelen to deliver the dressing room flowers to Schwenk the day after the concert. Schwenk tells the Duluth News Tribune she even took them to church to show off the arrangement.
Elton's swearing apology accepted
Tuesday, May 17 2011
U.K. watchdog officials have cleared Elton John of breaching radio rules after swearing during a live broadcast in January 2011.
Authorities at British media regulator Ofcom received a complaint after the singer muttered the phrase "f**king hell" during a morning interview on the BBC's Radio 2. Elton tried to make up for the slip-up by telling listeners, "I'm very, very sorry for that awful word that I said," while BBC bosses also issued a statement of apology.
Ofcom chiefs launched an investigation into the incident and have now accepted Elton's apology, branding the matter "resolved". A judgment from Ofcom reads, "Ofcom acknowledges that Sir Elton�s remarks appear to have been a 'spontaneous outburst' made with no intention to offend, and that any offence caused was mitigated by the apologies offered by (host) Chris Evans and Sir Elton both immediately after the incident... In view of the steps taken by both the broadcaster and Sir Elton John to remedy the error, Ofcom considers the matter resolved."
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Daniel Radcliff poses for Sir Elton John's coffee-table book
Friday, May 13 2011
The 'Harry Potter' star is lending his face to Elton John for a coffee-table book that will benefit the Elton John AIDS Foundation, thus becoming the youngest of 100 icons to be featured in "iCon".
Famed British photographer Andy Gotts recently shot Radcliffe in the Paramount Hotel's Couture Suite.
Among the 100 icons to be featured in "iCon" includes Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, Clint Eastwood, Sidney Poitier, Tony Curtis and Lauren Bacall, reports The New York Post.
Vote for Elton
Friday, May 13 2011
The Top Tens is voting for best rock & roll pianists. Take part and make sure Elton will win.
Place your vote at the-top-tens.com .
V features: Lady Gaga in Mugler interviewed by Elton John
Thursday, May 12 2011
'The Asian Issue' (71, Summer 2011) of V magazine features an Lady Gaga interviewed by Elton John.
Elton John tipped for the ARIAs
Wednesday, May 11 2011
Specualtion is mounting that the big blank next to Sydney in Elton John's tour schedule looks likely to be filled with a Very Important Performance - as host of the 25th ARIA Awards.
Elton's fans were most miffed when his November 2011 tour was announced minus a show at his favourite venue, the Sydney Entertainment Centre, where he holds the record of 41 concerts. But industry insiders cited Sydney's omission in his concert schedule as a sign Elton may be announced as the host of the 2011 awards, which are expected to be held in November 2011.
After last year's ARIA awards were labelled "shambolic" and "a train wreck," the pressure was on for producers to up the ante and recover from the dismal ratings. Held on the steps of the Sydney Opera House, last year's awards were a departure from the indoor, sit-down, single stage exercise, but the "party atmosphere" Ten tried to create with roving presenters, instead resulted in a mad scramble to find award winners in the milling crowd.
Under-prepared hosts such as Jessica Mauboy - whose famous "de-butt" gaffe made headlines - and Independent MP Bob Katter presenting Adelaide's Sia Furler with what he termed an "ARARIA" were just some of the problems with the broadcast.
Elton John was the master of ceremonies at the inaugural awards held at the Sheraton Wentworth Hotel in 1987 and was at the top of wishlist to play host in 2011. Back during his ARIA tenure, he famously warned the well-oiled industry crowd then to keep the ARIAs off television "if you want these awards to stay fun".
"The only reason I agreed to do this is because it's not on television. If, in future years, you keep it like that, I think it means something more because it's much more personal," he said at the time. Those words may have haunted awards organisers last year after the car-crash broadcast which resulted in a ratings disaster for the music industry's night of nights.
But for the 25th anniversary, ARIA will be determined to have a hit with viewers and are negotiating with some of the biggest names here and overseas. Promoter Michael Chugg hasn't ruled out adding a Sydney concert to the Hope Estate gig on December 3, 2011.
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Elton's Royal Party
Sunday, May 8 2011
A miffed Elton John hosted his own party at London�s Ritz hotel for some of those who had been left off the Royal Wedding reception guest list, the Daily Mail reports.
As 650 of those invited to the Westminster Abbey ceremony later tucked into champagne and 10,000 canapes at Buckingham Palace, Elton and David held their own soiree. It was dubbed the Not Flippin� Invited party, in reference to wedding guests who were not part of the celebrations at the Palace.
But despite the lavish surroundings at the Ritz and a supposedly �posh� guest of honour � a heavily pregnant Victoria Beckham, 37 � the party couldn�t outshine the festivities hosted nearby by the Prince of Wales. "Elton served up steak and chips. It was hardly a Royal affair," says a friend. "The Beckhams were among 12 other guests who made up the NFI list."
Victoria was said to be "gutted" to have missed out on the chance to mingle inside the Palace after flying 5,500 miles from Los Angeles for the one-hour service. "To add insult to injury, Victoria had to queue outside the Abbey for an hour beforehand and she didn�t even have an allocated seat, so she had to sit at the back and watch the couple make their vows on one of the TV screens," said the friend.
"The whole affair left a bitter taste because she�s used to being the biggest star in the room and she�s rarely left off a guest list for anything. Elton also wanted the lunch to be an unofficial baby shower for Victoria because she�s decided not to have her baby in Britain. She said this could be the last time she comes home before the baby is born in the summer.
"She will stay in LA with David until his contract expires with LA Galaxy on December 31, 2011, but they haven�t yet made a final decision on where to live after that."
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Elton and David talk about "The Normal Heart"
Sunday, May 8 2011
The Normal Heart, which received five Tony Award nominations earlier in May 2011, officially opened on Broadway April 27, 2011 at the Golden Theatre. Elton John and David Furnish recently visited the production, and here they discuss the relevance of the play written by Larry Kramer.
The play is described as �the story of a city in denial. "The Normal Heart� unfolds like a real-life political thriller � as a tight-knit group of friends refuses to let doctors, politicians and the press bury the truth of an unspoken epidemic behind a wall of silence. A quarter-century after it was written, this outrageous, unflinching, and totally unforgettable look at the sexual politics of New York during the AIDS crisis remains one of the theatre�s most powerful evenings ever.�
The cast features Ellen Barkin, Patrick Breen, Mark Harelik, John Benjamin Hickey, Joe Mantello, Luke Macfarlane, Lee Pace, Jim Parsons, Richard Topol and Wayne Alan Wilcox and will only play 96 performances. The limited engagement runs until July 10, 2011.
To hear what John and Furnish say about The Normal Heart, look below:
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Elton among celebs joining RFK Center, supporting human rights worldwide
Friday, May 6 2011
In May 2011, Lady Gaga, Elton John, Anderson Cooper, and Oprah have one thing in common: they are all taking part in the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice & Human Rights' fifth annual online auction to support human rights worldwide. You can, too.
If you'd like to tour the Air and Space Museum with astronaut -senator John Glenn; if you'd like to dance and sing with Michelle and President Obama at the Christmas in Washington Ball; if you'd like your kids to take a swing as a bat boy or girl for the New York Yankees, log on to www.RFKCenter.org.
Funds raised by the auction will help realize Robert Kennedy's dream of a more just and peaceful world. He said: "Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope, and crossing each other from a million different centers of energy and daring, those ripples build a current which can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance."
Elton has donated two tickets to the Party of the Year - Elton John AIDS Foundation's Academy Awards Viewing Party! The auction closes on May 16, 2011. Place your bids here.
Friday, May 6 2011
Davey Johnstone turns 60 on May 6, 2011.
On behalf of the visitors of eltonfan.net and all Elton fans around the world, we would like to wish him a Happy Birthday.
Davey can celebrate his birthday live on stage in Duluth, MN where he will be performing with Elton on May 6, 2011.
Piano men: The music of Elton and Billy
Thursday, May 5 2011
More than 50 musicians will take the stage at the Portland State Theatre on May 7, 2011 to showcase the tunes of 'Piano Men' Elton John and Billy Joel.
Working as a stagehand at the Cumberland County Civic Center over the years, Joseph Boucher had the privilege of helping to carry the pianos of both Billy Joel and Elton John into the arena. On May 7, 2011, Boucher will be trying to carry the music of Joel and John into a different arena -- the world of symphony orchestras.
Boucher is the creator of "Piano Men -- The Music of Elton and Billy," scheduled for the State Theatre in Portland on May 7, 2011. The show will feature 19 tunes played by the Southern Maine Symphony Orchestra and a four-piece rock band, including Boucher on piano and longtime Joel drummer Liberty DeVitto.
There will be more than 50 musicians on stage doing orchestral arrangements of tunes such as Joel's "Angry Young Man" and "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant" and John's "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" and "Levon." For Boucher, the show is the culmination of his musical past and present. In his current job as concert manager for the Portland Symphony Orchestra, he has witnessed pops concerts where orchestras play the music of the Beatles or Louis Armstrong.
And as a longtime piano player for rock bands -- including Maine's Frotus Caper a decade or so ago -- he's a big fan of both Joel and John. "These are songs that I've been inspired by since I was a tot," said Boucher, 42. "To me, these songs will be played 200 years from now, as the music of Mozart and Beethoven is played today."
Although Boucher works for the PSO, he's putting together this show as an independent project, and the PSO is not involved. The orchestral duties will be performed by the Southern Maine Symphony Orchestra, made up mostly of University of Southern Maine students and community musicians. Some of the money from ticket sales will go the USM music department.
Boucher landed DeVitto sort of by accident. DeVitto had been Joel's drummer from the mid-'70s until about 2005, and is a big name in the world of session musicians. His credits include everyone from Karen Carpenter to Mick Jones of the Clash. So the thought of recruiting him for the show didn't occur to Boucher. But when the local drummer Boucher had asked to do the show couldn't make the time commitment, Boucher started looking for replacements. By chance, he went to DeVitto's website, which said he was available for session work. There was also a message from DeVitto that said something like, "I might even play a gig with you."
"So I wrote to him and outlined what we're doing, and he wrote back and thought it was great," said Boucher. "He'll be able to revisit these songs in a whole new way." DeVitto, who lives in Brooklyn, N.Y., said by email that he looks forward to being part of the show.
Some of the other songs that will be performed on May 7, 2011 include "Your Song" and "Tiny Dancer" by John, and "The Ballad of Billy the Kid" and "Allentown" by Joel. Boucher has been part of a rock band/orchestra pops show before. Frotus Caper played a Beatles show with the Maine-based Atlantic Chamber Orchestra in 2001.
The songs for this concert have been arranged for an orchestra by Chris Eastburn, a Boston-area orchestrator and classical composer Boucher met when they were both writing music for theater productions in Portland about 20 years ago. Boucher said what Eastburn did in orchestrating these 19 songs is equal to "writing a two-hour symphony."
Boucher also wants people to know that this will not be a "tribute" show with people dressed as Joel and John. It will be simply a tribute to their music, with an orchestra and a rock band. "Just a solid rock band playing great songs with a 52-piece orchestra," he said.
The following article by David Furnished appeared in The Huffington Post on April 30, 2011.
'The Normal Heart' Movingly Captures the Fight Against AIDS, Then and Now
I recently had the great pleasure of seeing a preview of the new Broadway revival of Larry Kramer's challenging and controversial play, The Normal Heart, which opened to the public this week. The Normal Heart tells the harrowing and inspirational true story of a group of gay men in New York City who come together in the early 1980s to found the organization, Gay Men's Health Crisis, and fought largely unsympathetic political and media powers for funding and attention to address the burgeoning AIDS epidemic in America.
Back in 1985, Larry's extraordinary play tackled the difficult topic of AIDS when very few people were willing to speak out about an escalating public health crisis. Scientists were still searching for effective treatments, AIDS wards were full of dying people, and many politicians were more interested in blaming the sick for their illness than in finding solutions and funding preventions. The play helped to galvanize the gay community, inspiring many capable people to step forward and become a new generation of activists and community leaders.
So, what do we have to learn from a nearly 30-year-old play about the earliest days of the AIDS epidemic? Fortunately, by giving us a window back into those dark times, Larry's play shows us how far we have come in many aspects of addressing this now global epidemic. Thanks to artists like Larry, advocates like Sir Elton John, and the late Dame Elizabeth Taylor, and countless people in and out of power who chose to step forward and speak out, we have made great strides in terms of the public perception of HIV/AIDS. Scientific research has produced an arsenal of lifesaving treatments helping many people live longer, healthier lives despite their HIV infection. Organizations like the Elton John AIDS Foundation and its grantees are helping to bring the latest in HIV prevention methods, education, and treatments into under-served communities across the U.S. and the developing world.
However, while it is true that a great deal of progress has been made, it is nevertheless tremendously shocking just how much hasn't changed -- making The Normal Heart as timely today as it was in 1985. In fact, Larry Kramer was very much ahead of his time in artfully communicating the most insidious aspects of the epidemic. Many of the issues presented in the play remain hot button topics today. For instance, in addition to the AIDS crisis, the play also tackles the issues of same sex marriage and health care reform.
More importantly, even after more than 25 years of HIV prevention and public education efforts, stigma and prejudice against people living with HIV/AIDS still prevent progress in reducing the incidence of HIV infection. The Elton John AIDS Foundation and other organizations devoted to HIV prevention share a deep frustration over the mounting numbers of new infections -- around 56,000 in the U.S. every year -- especially when polls show that fewer and fewer Americans regard HIV/AIDS as a significant public health concern. Just like the early years of the epidemic, complacency and a lack of urgency about HIV/AIDS, both in the media and in the general public, are quietly and literally killing us.
It is vital that younger generations understand the history of the HIV/AIDS movement -- how dire things really were in the early 1980s, how progress was made, and what remains to be done. "The Normal Heart" dramatizes history in a way that creates a visceral connection to the early days of the AIDS epidemic in America. It is sure to inspire today's youth to get involved just as it did 25 years ago.
Aside from being a beautiful performance of a milestone play, this new production of The Normal Heart is a potent reminder of where we've been and where we need to go in the fight against AIDS. This is achieved with the help of a truly extraordinary cast. Ellen Barkin brings all of the magnetism, commitment, and courage she has displayed in her film roles to the Broadway stage. Joe Mantello gives a performance that transports the audience to another time and place. Under the co-direction of George C. Wolfe and Joel Grey, this production powerfully connects theatergoers to the boiling cauldron of issues that emerged at the onset of the AIDS crisis and that continue to challenge us today.
On behalf of all those who are deeply committed to reducing stigma and reversing the AIDS epidemic in the US and around the world, I am profoundly grateful to Larry Kramer and the producers of The Normal Heart for bringing this important work back to the stage. I encourage everyone to see and support this courageous play.
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Valentia Island is off the coast of which European country? | Shealane Country House Valentia Island Kerry Bed and Breakfast Ireland
Kerry,
Ireland
Mary and Jim welcome you to share the Island experience while staying in our 4**** rated Failte Ireland Registered bed and Breakfast, we are privilaged to be surrounded by stunning scenery from the Kerry Mountains to the wild Atlantic Ocean. Ideally located on beautiful Valentia Island off the South West Coast of County Kerry, on the scenic Skellig Ring adjacent to the Ring of Kerry, on an Island yet just a short walk across the Bridge to the picturesque fishing village of Portmagee on the mainland, enjoy the delights of the pubs, restuarants, and village life. Boat trips to the Skellig Rocks an U.N.E.S.C.O. heritage site arranged for our guests a must see. Facilities in each bright spacious room include en-suite, king size beds, tea/coffee, 22" tv with saor view channels, cd/clock radio, local information folder, complimentry toiletries, face cloths, bottle water, all rooms are individually decorated with sea, mountain and garden views. We have free off street private parking, free unlimited WIFI in all rooms. read more...
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How many points of the compass are there? | 1000+ images about Ireland/ Valentia Island,Aran Islands on Pinterest | Samuel beckett, Dublin ireland and Roman catholic
Learn more at travel.nationalgeographic.com
Top Ten Things to Do in Ireland and Northern Ireland
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In which group of British Islands would you find the port of Sullom Voe? | Sullom Voe Port Authority | The British Ports Association
The British Ports Association
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The port of Sullom Voe is a major deep water harbour and is owned and operated by Shetland Islands Council as Harbour Authority.
The Port Administration Building, from which all marine operations are monitored and controlled, is located on Sella Ness in position 60º26.8’N, 01º16.5’W.
Other ports in the group cover fishing, leisure and oil support vessels.
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Which is the largest country through which the equator passes? | NEWS | Onshore Shetland: BP's Sullom Voe Recruitment Drive | Rigzone
Onshore Shetland: BP's Sullom Voe Recruitment Drive
by Jon Mainwaring
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Rigzone talks to BP about its recruitment drive to find additional workers as it expands its Sullom Voe oil terminal, including an offshore solution to an onshore staffing problem.
One of the largest oil terminals in Europe, the BP plc-operated Sullom Voe site is located at the edge of Britain at the northern end of the largest of the Shetland Islands.
Built almost four decades ago, the Sullom Voe terminal covers approximately 1,000 acres. Its main purpose, according to BP, is to act as a buffer between the producing fields offshore and tankers waiting to ship oil to refineries worldwide. Currently, oil is imported to the terminal from more than two dozen oilfields in the east Shetland Basin, between Shetland and Norway, as well as from BP's west of Shetland Schiehallion field and the Clair oilfield (which came on stream in 2005). Gas is also imported from west of Shetland fields via a 20-inch pipeline.
Already established as a key component in BP's North Sea operations, Sullom Voe has a long future ahead according to the company. More than $25 billion will be invested in new developments west of Shetland by 2020, while the industry is looking at technical and commercial solutions to increasing recovery of resources east of Shetland.
In light of this, BP is investing up to $1.7 billion with its partners into the Sullom Voe terminal in order to enable the terminal to support the development of new fields and ensure the continuance of operations for existing fields. Part of this investment is the recruitment of an additional 100 personnel to work at the terminal .
BP's sales pitch to workers who might potentially move to Shetland in order to work at Sullom Voe includes Shetland's fantastic scenery and a welcoming local community in the islands, along with the fact that it takes just 50 minutes by plane to get there from Aberdeen . But the fact is that Shetland is one of the more remote places in the British Isles, lying some 110 miles north of mainland Scotland, so tempting workers there has had its difficulties according to Steve Cowie, BP Area Operations Manager at Sullom Voe.
"We started recruiting additional staff last year in the conventional manner – from the Shetland workforce – and we were finding it more and more difficult to get all the people we needed," Cowie told Rigzone.
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What is the capital city of the USA state Florida? | What is the Capital of Florida? - Capital-of.com
Dates of religious and Civil
holidays around the world.
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Capital of Florida
The Capital City of Florida is the city of Tallahassee. The population of Tallahassee was 181,412 (367,413 in the metropolitan area).
Florida is one of the states in the United States of America .
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Vaduz is the capital of which doubly land locked central European principality? | What is the Capital of Florida? - Capital-of.com
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Capital of Florida
The Capital City of Florida is the city of Tallahassee. The population of Tallahassee was 181,412 (367,413 in the metropolitan area).
Florida is one of the states in the United States of America .
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What is the capital city of Morocco? | What is the Capital of Morocco? - Capital-of.com
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holidays around the world.
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Capital of Morocco
The Capital City of Morocco (officially named Kingdom of Morocco) is the city of Rabat. The population of Rabat in the year 2008 was 31,352,000.
Morocco, formerly known as French Morocco, is an Arabic speaking country on the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Sea.
Additional Information
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The International border of China and one other country runs across the precise summit of Mount Everest. What is the capital city of the other country? | Where is Morocco? / Where is Morocco Located in The World? / Morocco Map - WorldAtlas.com
What is the capital of Morocco?
Located in the continent of Africa , Morocco covers 446,300 square kilometers of land and 250 square kilometers of water, making it the 58th largest nation in the world with a total area of 446,550 square kilometers.
Morocco became an independent state in 1666, after gaining its sovereignty from France. The population of Morocco is 32,309,239 (2012) and the nation has a density of 72 people per square kilometer.
The currency of Morocco is the Moroccan Dirham (MAD). As well, the people of Morocco are refered to as Moroccan.
The dialing code for the country is 212 and the top level internet domain for Moroccan sites is .ma.
Morocco shares land borders with 3 countries: Algeria , Spain , Western Sahara .
To learn more, visit our detailed Morocco section.
Quick facts
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Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, shares his better known title with which Southern Hemisphere capital city? | Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington: Wikis
Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles .
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the first and only President of London 's Oriental Club was the Duke of Wellington (pictured)?
the Duke of Wellington had not seen Kitty Pakenham for ten years when he proposed marriage to her in 1806?
Marshal Soult 's last offensive against the Duke of Wellington 's forces in the Peninsular War was lost before a single red coat could join the battle?
Sergeant James Graham was declared the "bravest man at Waterloo " for closing the North Gate at Hougoumont , an act which Wellington claimed saved the battle?
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14 November 1834 – 10 December 1834
Monarch
22 January 1828 – 16 November 1830
Monarch
Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order
Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG , KP , GCB , GCH , PC , FRS ( c. 29 April/1 May 1769 – 14 September 1852), was an Anglo-Irish [1] soldier and statesman , and one of the leading military and political figures of the nineteenth century.
Born in Ireland to a prominent Ascendancy family, he was commissioned an ensign in the British Army in 1787. Serving in Ireland as aide-de-camp to two successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland he was also elected as a Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons . A colonel by 1796, Wellesley saw action in the Netherlands and later India where he fought in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War at the Battle of Seringapatam . He was later appointed governor of Seringapatam and Mysore .
Wellesley rose to prominence as a general during the Peninsular campaign of the Napoleonic Wars , and was promoted to the rank of field marshal after leading the allied forces to victory against the French at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813. Following Napoleon's exile in 1814, he served as the ambassador to France and was granted a Dukedom . During the Hundred Days in 1815, he commanded the allied army which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo .
An opponent of parliamentary reform, he was given the epithet the "Iron Duke" because of the iron shutters he had fixed to his windows to stop the pro-reform mob from breaking them. He was twice Prime Minister under the Tory party and oversaw the passage of the Catholic Relief Act 1829 . He was Prime Minister from 1828–30 and served briefly in 1834. He was unable to prevent the passage of the Reform Act of 1832 and continued as one of the leading figures in the House of Lords until his retirement. He remained Commander-in-Chief of the British Army until his death in 1852.
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Early life
The earliest mention of the Wellesley family is in 1180. It places Wellington’s ancestry among the conquering elite of the Norman invasion in 1066: the family had been granted lands to the south of Wells around a settlement still known as Wellesley Farm. As well as Wellesley ancestors, "Wesley" was inherited from the childless wealthy husband of an aunt when, in 1728, Wellington's patrilineal grandfather Garret Colley, a landlord who lived at Rahin near Carbury , County Kildare , changed his surname to Wesley. [2] The Colleys had lived in that part of Kildare since the Norman Invasion of Ireland in 1169–72. In 1917 the Kildare historian Lord Walter FitzGerald, writing about the ruins of Carbury Castle, mentioned the: "... Elizabethan Castle which since 1588 has been in the possession of the family of Cowley or Colley, from whom the Dukes of Wellington are descended in the direct male line". [3]
Wellesley spent much of his early childhood at his family house in Dangan Castle, painting circa 1840
Wellington was born "The Honourable Arthur Wesley", the fourth son - third of five surviving sons - to Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of Mornington , and Anne, the eldest daughter of Arthur Hill, Viscount Dungannon . He was most likely born at their townhouse, 24 Upper Merrion Street, Dublin , now the upmarket "Merrion Hotel". [4] [5] His biographers mostly follow the contemporary newspaper evidence in saying he was born 1 May 1769, [6] the day he was baptised. [7] Other places have been put forward as the location of his birth: Mornington House, Dublin - as his father claimed; the house next door which is no longer there; the Dublin packet boat; and the family estate of Athy , as the Duke apparently put on his 1851 census return, which is now burnt. [8]
He spent most of his childhood at his family's two homes, the first a large house in Dublin and the second, Dangan Castle, 5 km north of Summerhill on the Trim road in County Meath , part of the Province of Leinster. [9] In 1781 Arthur's father died and his eldest brother Richard inherited his father's earldom. [10] Two of his other brothers were later raised to the peerage as Baron Maryborough and Baron Cowley .
Education
He went to the diocesan school in Trim when at Dangan, Mr. Whyte's Academy when in Dublin, and at Brown's School in Chelsea when in London. He then enrolled at Eton , where he studied from 1781 to 1784. [10] (His loneliness there caused him to hate it, and makes it highly unlikely that he actually said, "The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton."; moreover, Eton had no playing fields at the time.). A lack of success at Eton, combined with a shortage of family funds from his father's death, led to a move to Brussels in Belgium with his mother in 1785. [11] Until his early twenties, Arthur continued to show little sign of distinction and his mother grew increasingly concerned at his idleness, stating, "I don't know what I shall do with my awkward son Arthur." [11]
A year later, Arthur was enrolled in the French Royal Academy of Equitation in Angers , where he progressed significantly, becoming a good horseman and learning French , which was later to prove very useful. [12] Upon returning to England in late 1786, he astonished his mother with his improvement. [13]
Early career
Beginning in 1787, Wellesley worked at Dublin Castle (pictured) as aide-de-camp to two successive Lord Lieutenants of Ireland .
Despite his new promise he had yet to find a job and his family was still short of money, so upon the advice of his mother, his brother Richard asked his friend the Duke of Rutland (then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland ) to consider Arthur for a commission in the army. [13] Soon after, on 7 March 1787 he was gazetted ensign in the 73rd Regiment of Foot . [14] In October, with the assistance of his brother, he was assigned as aide-de-camp , on ten shillings a day (twice his pay as an ensign), to the new Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Lord Buckingham . [14] He was also transferred to the new 76th Regiment forming in Ireland and on Christmas Day, 1787, was promoted to Lieutenant . [14] During his time in Dublin his duties were mainly social; attending balls, entertaining guests and providing advice to Buckingham. While in Ireland, he over extended himself in borrowing due to his occasional gambling, but in his defence stated that "I have often known what it was to be in want of money, but I have never got helplessly into debt". [15]
Two years later, in June 1789, he transferred to the 12th Light Dragoons , still as a lieutenant and according to his biographer, Richard Holmes he also dipped a reluctant toe into politics. [15] Shortly before the general election of 1789, he went to the " rotten borough " of Trim to speak against the granting of the title " Freeman " of Dublin to the parliamentary leader of the Irish nationalist movement, Henry Grattan . [16] Succeeding, he was later nominated and duly elected as a Member of Parliament for Trim in the Irish House of Commons . [17] Because of the limited suffrage at the time, he sat in a parliament where at least two-thirds of the members owed their election to the landowners of fewer than a hundred boroughs. [17] Wellesley continued to serve at Dublin Castle , voting with the government in the Irish parliament over the next two years and in 1791 he became a Captain and was transferred to the 18th Light Dragoons . [17]
It was during this period that he grew increasingly attracted to Kitty Pakenham , the daughter of the Earl of Longford . [18] She was described as being full of 'gaiety and charm'. [19] Seeking permission to marry her in 1793 he was turned down by her brother, the new Earl of Longford who considered Wellesley to be a young man, in debt, with very poor prospects. [20] An aspiring amateur musician, Wellesley, devastated by the rejection, burnt his violins in anger, and resolved to pursue a military career in earnest. [21] Gaining further promotion (largely by purchasing his rank , which was common in the British Army at the time), he became a Major in the 33rd Regiment in 1793. [18] A few months later, in September, his brother lent him more money and with it he purchased a lieutenant colonelcy in the 33rd . [22]
Netherlands
Arthur Wellesley as Lieutenant colonel , aged 26, now in the 33rd Regiment
In 1793, the Duke of York was sent to Flanders in command of the British contingent of an allied force destined for the invasion of France . In 1794, the 33rd regiment was sent to join the force and Wellesley set sail from Cork for Flanders in June, destined for his first real battle experience. [22] During the campaign he rose to command a brigade and in September Wellesley's unit came under fire just east of Breda , just before the Battle of Boxtel . [23] For the latter part of the campaign, during the winter, his unit defended the line of the Waal River , during which time he became ill for a while, owing to the damp environment. [24] Though the campaign was to prove unsuccessful, with the Duke of York's force returning in 1795, Wellesley was to learn several valuable lessons, including the use of steady fire lines against advancing columns and of the merits of supporting sea-power. [23] He concluded that many of the campaign's blunders were due to the faults of the leaders and the poor organisation at Headquarters . [25] He remarked later of his time in the Netherlands that "At least I learned what not to do, and that is always a valuable lesson." [25]
Returning to England in March 1795, he was returned as a Member of Parliament for Trim for a second time. [26] He hoped to be given the position of secretary of war in the new Irish government but the new lord-lieutenant, Lord Camden , was only able to offer him the post of Surveyor-General of the Ordnance . [26] Declining the post, he returned to his regiment, now at Southampton preparing to set sail for the West Indies . After seven weeks at sea, a storm forced the fleet back to Poole , England . [26] The 33rd was given time to convalesce and a few months later, Whitehall decided to send the regiment to India. Wellesley was promoted full colonel by seniority a few weeks later and in 1796 set sail for Calcutta with his regiment. [27]
India
Further information: Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and Second Anglo-Maratha War
Arthur's brother, Richard Wellesley (pictured), served as Governor-General of India . Arthur was to serve under him as Governor of Seringapatam and Mysore in the late 1790s.
Arriving in Calcutta in February 1797 he spent several months there, before being sent on a brief expedition to the Philippines , where he established a list of new hygiene precautions for his men to deal with the unfamiliar climate. [28] Returning in November to India, he learnt that his elder brother Richard , now known as Lord Mornington, had been appointed as the new Governor-General of India . [29] As part of the campaign to extend the rule of the British East India Company , the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War broke out in 1798 against the Sultan of Mysore , Tippoo Sultan . [30] Arthur's brother Richard ordered that an armed force be sent to capture Seringapatam and defeat Tippoo. Under the command of General Harris , some 24,000 troops were dispatched to Madras (to join an equal force being sent from Bombay in the west). [31] Arthur and the 33rd sailed to join them in August. [32]
In 1798 he changed the spelling of his surname to "Wellesley" - up to this time he was still known as Wesley - which his oldest brother considered the ancient and proper spelling. [29] [33]
After extensive and careful logistic preparation (that would become one of Wellesley's main attributes) the 33rd left with the main force in December and travelled across 250 miles (400 km) of jungle from Madras to Mysore. [34] On account of his brother, during the journey, Wellesley was given an additional command, that of chief advisor to the Nizam of Hyderabad 's army (sent to accompany the British force). [31] This position was to cause friction amongst many of the senior officers (some of whom were senior to Wellesley). [35] Much of this friction was put to rest after the battle of Malavelly, some 20 miles (32 km) from Seringapatam, in which Harris's army attacked a large part of the sultan's army. During the battle, Wellesley led his men, in a line of battle of two ranks, against the enemy to a gentle ridge and gave the order to fire. [36] After an extensive repetition of volleys, followed by a bayonet charge, the 33rd, in conjunction with the rest of Harris's force, forced Tippoo's infantry to retreat. [36]
Srirangapatna and Mysore
Tippu Sultan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore fought the British during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and was killed in battle. Wellesley was the first officer on the scene and confirmed his death by checking his pulse. Wellesley subsequently ruled Mysore as British governor.
Immediately after their arrival at Seringapatam on 5 April, the Battle of Srirangapatna began and Wellesley was ordered to lead a night attack on the village of Sultanpettah, adjacent to the fortress to clear the way for the artillery. [37] Because of the enemy's strong defensive preparations, and the darkness, with the resulting confusion, the attack failed with 25 casualties. Wellesley suffered a minor injury to his knee from a spent musket-ball. [37] [38] Although they would reattack successfully the next day, after time to scout ahead the enemy's positions, the affair had an impact on Wellesley. [37] He resolved "never to attack an enemy who is preparing and strongly posted, and whose posts have not been reconnoitred by daylight". [37]
A few weeks later, after extensive artillery bombardment, a breach was opened in the main walls of the fortress of Seringapatam. [39] An attack led by Major-General Baird secured the fortress. Wellesley secured the rear of the advance, posting guards at the breach and then stationed his regiment at the main palace. [39] After hearing news of the death of the Tippoo Sultan , Wellesley was the first at the scene to confirm his death, checking his pulse. [39] Over the coming day, Wellesley grew increasingly concerned over the lack of discipline amongst his men, who drank and pillaged the fortress and city. [40] To restore order, several soldiers were flogged and four hanged . [37]
After battle and the resulting end of the war, the main force under General Harris left Seringapatam and Wellesley, aged 30, stayed behind to command the area as the new Governor of Seringapatam and Mysore. He took residence within the sultan's summer palace and reformed the tax and justice systems in his province to maintain order and prevent bribery. [41] He also hunted down the mercenary 'King' Dhoondiah Waugh, who had escaped from prison in Seringapatam during the battle. Wellesley, with command of four regiments, defeated Dhoondiah's larger rebel force, along with Dhoondiah himself who was killed in the battle. [42] He paid for the future upkeep of Dhoondia's orphaned son. [43]
Whilst in India, Wellesley was ill for a considerable time, first with severe diarrhea from the water and then with fever, followed by a serious skin infection caused by trichophyton . [44] He received good news when in September 1802 he learnt that he had been promoted to the rank of Major-General . [45] Wellesley had been gazetted Major-General on 29 April, but the news took several months to reach him by sea. He remained at Mysore until November when he was sent to command an army in the Second Anglo-Maratha War . [45]
Second Anglo-Maratha War
Wellesley decided that he must act boldly to defeat the numerically larger force of the Maratha Empire (as he concluded a long defensive war would ruin his army). [46] With the logistic assembly of his army complete (24,000 men in total) he gave the order to break camp and attack the nearest Maratha fort on 8 August 1803. [45] [46] The fort surrendered on 12 August after an infantry attack had exploited an artillery-made breach in the wall. With the fort now in British control Wellesley was able to extend control southwards to the river Godavari . [47]
Arthur Wellesley at the Battle of Assaye in a painting by J.C.Stadler. The battle was an important victory for Wellesley in his career and he later remarked that it was the greatest of his victories. [48]
Splitting his army into two forces, to pursue and locate the main Marathas army, (the second force, commanded by Colonel Stevenson was far smaller) Wellesley was preparing to rejoin his forces on 24 September. His intelligence, however, reported the location of the Marathas' main army, between two rivers near Assaye . [48] If he waited for the arrival of his second force, the Marathas would be able to mount a retreat, so Wellesley decided to launch an attack immediately. [48] On 23 September, Wellesley led his forces over a ford in the river Kaitna and the Battle of Assaye commenced. [48] After crossing the ford the infantry was reorganised into several lines and advanced against the Maratha infantry. Wellesley ordered his cavalry to exploit the flank of the Maratha army just near the village. [48] During the battle Wellesley himself was under fire; two of his horses were shot from under him and he had to mount a third. [48] At a crucial moment, Wellesley regrouped his forces and ordered Colonel Maxwell (later killed in the attack) to attack the eastern end of the Maratha position while Wellesley himself directed a renewed infantry attack against the centre. [48] An officer in the attack wrote of the importance of Wellesley's personal leadership: "The general was in the thick of the action the whole time.... Until our troops got the order to readvance, the fate of the day seemed doubtful." [49] With some 6,000 Marathas killed or wounded, the enemy was routed (though Wellesley's force was in no condition to pursue), at a cost of 1,584 British killed or wounded. [48] Wellesley was troubled by the loss of men and remarked that he hoped "I should not like to see again such loss as I sustained on the 23 September, even if attended by such gain". [48] Years later, however, he remarked that Assaye was the best battle he ever fought. [48]
Despite the damage done to the Maratha army, the battle did not end the war. [50] A few months later in November, Wellesley attacked a larger force near Argaum , leading his army to victory again, with an astonishing 5,000 enemy dead at the cost of only 361 British casualties. [50] A further successful attack at the fortress at Gawilghur , combined with the victory of General Lake at Delhi forced the Maratha to a peace settlement (not concluded until a year later). [51] His biographer Richard Holmes remarked that his experiences in India had an important influence on his personality and military tactics, teaching him much about military matters that would prove vital to his success in the Peninsular War . [52] These included a strong sense of discipline through drill and order, [52] the use of diplomacy to gain allies, and the vital necessity for a secure supply line. He also established a high regard for the acquisition of intelligence through scouts and spies. [52] His personal tastes also developed, including dressing himself in white trousers, a dark tunic, with Hessian boots and black cocked hat (that would later become synonymous as his style). [52]
Return to Britain
Recently knighted, Arthur was given permission to marry Kitty Pakenham in 1806. His early proposal was rejected in 1793 as his prospects were deemed poor.
Wellesley had grown tired of his time in India, remarking "I have served as long in India as any man ought who can serve anywhere else." [53] In June 1804 he applied for permission to return home and, as a reward for his service in India, in September he was made a Knight of the Bath . [53] Whilst in India, Wellesley had amassed a fortune of £42,000 (considerable at the time), consisting mainly of prize money from his campaign. [53] When his brother's term as Governor-General of India ended in March 1805, the brothers returned together to England on HMS Howe . Arthur, coincidentally, stopped on his voyage at the little island of Saint Helena and stayed in the same building to which Napoleon I of France would later be exiled. [54]
After returning home, the Wellesleys were forced to defend their extravagant and unauthorized deployment of British forces in India. Wellesley then served in the abortive Anglo-Russian expedition to north Germany in 1805, taking a brigade to Elbe . [55] Wellesley upon his return received good news, when, owing to his new title and status, he was given permission to marry Kitty Pakenham (from her family). He married her in Dublin on 10 April 1806. [56] The marriage would later prove to be unsatisfactory and the two would spend years apart while Wellesley was campaigning. [57] He then took a period of extended leave from the army and was elected Tory member of Parliament for Rye in January 1806. [57] A year later, he was elected MP for Newport on the Isle of Wight and was then appointed to serve as Chief Secretary for Ireland , under the Duke of Richmond (at the same he was made a privy counsellor . [57]
Wellesley was in Ireland, when in May 1807 he heard of the British expedition to Denmark . He decided to go, stepping down from his political appointments and was appointed to command an infantry brigade in the Second Battle of Copenhagen which took place in August. He fought at the Køge , during which the men under his command took 1,500 prisoners, with Wellesley later present during the surrender. [57] By 30 September he had returned to England and was raised to the rank of lieutenant general . [57] In June 1808 he accepted the command of an expedition of 9,000 men. Preparing to sail for an attack on the Spanish colonies in South America (to assist the Latin American patriot Francisco de Miranda ) his force was instead ordered to sail for Portugal , to take part in the Peninsular Campaign and rendezvous with 5,000 troops from Gibraltar . [58] [59]
Ready for battle, he left Cork on 12 July 1808 to participate in the war against French forces in Iberia , with his skills as a commander tested and developed. [58] According to the historian Robin Neillands "Wellesley had by now acquired the experience on which his later successes were founded. He knew about command from the ground up, about the importance of logistics, about campaigning in a hostile environment. He enjoyed political influence and realised the need to maintain support at home. Above all, he had gained a clear idea of how, by setting attainable objectives and relying on his own force and abilities, a campaign could be fought and won." [58]
Peninsular War
Main article: Peninsular War
Re-enacters of the 33rd Regiment of Foot Wellingtons Redcoats who fought in the Napoleonic Wars, 1812–1815, here showing the standard line 8th Company.
In this theatre of the Napoleonic wars Wellesley achieved military victories and enormous renown through caution, by the reverse slope defence and use of the line formation against the French columns.
Wellesley defeated the French at the Battle of Roliça and the Battle of Vimeiro in 1808 but he was superseded in command immediately after the latter battle. General Dalrymple then signed the controversial Convention of Sintra , which stipulated that the British Royal Navy transport the French army out of Lisbon with all their loot, and insisted on the association of the only available government minister, Wellesley. Dalrymple and Wellesley were recalled to Britain to face a Court of Enquiry. Wellesley had agreed to sign the preliminary armistice, but had not signed the convention, and was cleared. [60]
Meanwhile, Napoleon himself entered Spain with his veteran troops to put down the revolt; the new commander of the British forces in the Peninsula, Sir John Moore , died during the Battle of Corunna in January 1809.
Although overall the war with France was not going well from a British perspective, the Peninsula was the one theatre where they, with the Portuguese , had provided resistance against France and her allies. This contrasted with the disastrous Walcheren expedition , which was typical of the mismanaged British operations of the time. Wellesley submitted a memorandum to Lord Castlereagh on the defence of Portugal . He stressed its mountainous frontiers and advocated Lisbon as the main base because the Royal Navy could help to defend it. Castlereagh and the cabinet approved the memo, appointed him head of all British forces in Portugal and raised their number from 10,000 to 26,000 men.
Wellesley arrived in Lisbon on 22 April 1809 onboard HMS Surveillante, [61] after narrowly escaping shipwreck [62] . Reinforced, he took to the offensive. In the Second Battle of Porto he crossed the Douro river in a daylight coup de main , and routed Marshal Soult 's French troops in Porto . He then combined with a Spanish army under General Cuesta in operations against Madrid. The allies meant to isolate and attack Marshal Victor , but King Joseph Bonaparte reinforced the latter and blunted their offensive at the Battle of Talavera . For this narrow victory, Wellesley was ennobled as "Viscount Wellington of Talavera and of Wellington ". [63] Nevertheless, the strategic advantage lay with the French; with Wellington's logistical and medical arrangements breaking down, the allies were unable to manoeuvre as Marshal Soult approached from the north with 50,000 men and severed Wellesley's communications. [64] Gravely underestimating Soult's strength, Wellington marched to challenge the French—courting certain disaster—but Cuesta forwarded intelligence obtained by Spanish guerrillas, allowing the British to turn around in time. [65] Wellington was compelled to retreat to Portugal and Cuesta soon followed amid mutual recriminations, souring the Anglo-Spanish alliance.
In 1810 a newly-enlarged French army under Marshal André Masséna invaded Portugal. British opinion both at home and in the army was negative and there were suggestions that they must evacuate Portugal. Instead, Wellington first slowed the French down at Buçaco ; he then prevented them from taking the Lisbon Peninsula by his massive earthworks, the Lines of Torres Vedras , which had been assembled in complete secrecy and had flanks guarded by the Royal Navy. The baffled and starving French invasion forces retreated after six months. Wellington's pursuit was frustrated by a series of reverses inflicted by Marshal Ney in a much-lauded rear guard campaign. Ney worsted Wellington at Pombal and Redinha , allowing Masséna to evade Wellington and escape from Portugal.
In 1811 Masséna returned toward Portugal to relieve Almeida; Wellington narrowly defeated the French at the Battle of Fuentes de Onoro . Simultaneously, his subordinate, Viscount Beresford , fought Soult's 'Army of the South' to a bloody standstill at the Battle of Albuera . In May Wellington was promoted to general for his services. The French abandoned Almeida , but retained the twin Spanish fortresses of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz , the 'Keys' guarding the roads through the mountain passes into Portugal.
Portrait of the Duke of Wellington by Francisco Goya , 1812–14.
In 1812 Wellington finally captured Ciudad Rodrigo by a rapid movement as the French went into winter quarters, storming it before they could react. He then moved south quickly, besieged the fortress of Badajoz for a month and captured it during one bloody night. On viewing the aftermath of the Storming of Badajoz , Wellington lost his composure, broke down and cried at the sight of the carnage in the breaches. [66]
His army now was a British force reinforced in all divisions by units of the resurgent Portuguese army. Campaigning in Spain, he routed the French at the Battle of Salamanca , taking advantage of a minor French mispositioning. The victory liberated the Spanish capital of Madrid . As reward, he was created "Earl" and then "Marquess of Wellington" and given command of all Allied armies in Spain. [67] Wellington attempted to take the vital fortress of Burgos , which linked Madrid to France. He failed disastrously, forcing him into a headlong retreat with the loss of over 2,000 casualties. [68]
The French abandoned Andalusia and combined those troops with their other armies to put the British forces into a precarious position. Wellington withdrew his army and joined with the smaller corps commanded by Rowland Hill began to retreat to Portugal. Marshal Soult actually held a numerical advantage over Wellington in November, but hesitated to attack, so wary had he become of the British commander.[citation needed] Despite the retreat, the victory at Salamanca had forced the French to withdraw from southern Spain, and the temporary loss of Madrid irreparably damaged the prestige of the pro-French puppet government.[citation needed]
In 1813, Wellington led a new offensive, this time against the French line of communications. He struck through the hills north of Burgos, and switched his supply line from Portugal to Santander on Spain's north coast; this led to the French abandoning Madrid and Burgos. Continuing to outflank the French lines, Wellington caught up with and smashed the army of King Joseph Bonaparte in the Battle of Vitoria , for which he was promoted to field marshal . [69] He personally led a column against the French centre, while other columns were commanded by Sir Thomas Graham and Rowland Hill and looped around the French right and left (this battle became the subject of Beethoven 's opus 114, Wellington's Victory ). The British troops broke ranks to loot the abandoned French wagons instead of pursuing the beaten foe. This gross abandonment of discipline caused an enraged Wellington to write in a famous dispatch to Earl Bathurst , "We have in the service the scum of the earth as common soldiers", [70] a statement confirmed in San Sebastián , where the British troops rampaged throughout the town, looting, raping, killing and eventually burning it to the ground. [71] Notwithstanding this fact, he turned down the town representatives' demand for the English authorities to grant 2,000 starvation wages a day for the survivors most in need.
After taking the small fortresses of Pamplona , Wellington invested San Sebastián but was frustrated by the obstinate French garrison, losing 693 dead and 316 captured in a failed assault and suspending the siege at the end of July. Soult's relief attempt was blocked by the Spanish Army of Galicia at San Marcial , allowing the Allies to consolidate their position and tighten the ring around the city, which fell in September after a second spirited defence. Wellington then forced Soult's demoralised and battered army into a fighting retreat into France, puncuated by battles at the Pyrenees , Bidassoa and Nivelle . Wellington invaded southern France, winning at the Nive and Orthez . Wellington's final battle against his rival Soult occurred at Toulouse , where the Allied divisions were badly mauled trying to storm the French redoubts , losing some 4,600 men. Despite his momentary victory, Soult soon evacuated the city as news arrived of Napoleon's defeat and abdication.
Hailed as the conquering hero by the British, Wellington was created " Duke of Wellington ", a title still held by his descendants (as he did not return to England until the Peninsular War was over, he was awarded all his patents of nobility in a unique ceremony lasting a full day). Although Wellesley spent nearly six years driving the French Army from Spain and removing Joseph Bonaparte from the Spanish throne, he has received little recognition in Spain: history, as taught in Spanish schools, minimizes his contribution and those of the British and Portuguese soldiers that fought with him. He received some recognition during his lifetime (the title of "Duque de Ciudad Rodgrigo") and the Spanish King Ferdinand VII allowed him to keep part of the works of art from the Royal Collection which he had recovered from the French. His equestrian portrait features prominently in the Monument to the Battle of Vitoria, in present-day Vitoria-Gasteiz. [72]
He was appointed ambassador to France, then took Lord Castlereagh's place as first plenipotentiary to the Congress of Vienna , where he strongly advocated allowing France to keep its place in the European balance of power. On 2 January 1815 the title of his Knighthood of the Bath was converted to Knight Grand Cross upon the expansion of that order.
Battle of Waterloo
The Duke of Wellington, painted in 1814, several months before the Battle of Waterloo, by the artist Sir Thomas Lawrence .
Main article: Battle of Waterloo
On 26 February 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France. He regained control of the country by May and faced a renewed alliance against him. [73] Wellington left Vienna for what became known as the Waterloo Campaign . He arrived in Belgium to take command of the British-German army and their allied Dutch-Belgians, all stationed alongside the Prussian forces of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher . The French invaded Belgium, defeated the Prussians at Ligny , and fought an indecisive battle with Wellington at the Battle of Quatre Bras . These events compelled the Anglo-Allied army to retreat to a ridge on the Brussels road, just south of the small town of Waterloo . Two days later, on 18 June, the Battle of Waterloo was fought.
This was the first time Wellington had encountered Napoleon and he commanded an Anglo-German-Dutch army that consisted of only 25,000 troops trained to British standards—the rest were poorly trained soldiers taken from Dutch and Nassau forces, some of whom had fought for Napoleon before. Many of the best British troops had been sent to America, to fight in the War of 1812 .
Much historical discussion has been made about Napoleon's decision to send 33,000 troops under Marshal Grouchy to intercept the Prussians, but—having defeated Blücher at Ligny on 16 June and forced the Allies to retreat in divergent directions—Napoleon may have been strategically astute in a judgement that he would have been unable to beat the combined Allied forces on one battlefield.[citation needed] Wellington's comparable strategic gamble was to leave 17,000 troops and artillery at Hal, northwest of the Mont Saint Jean. The potential benefits of this decision were not only protection against Napoleon's attempt to turn his right flank, but to provide Wellington with a reserve with which to fight again the following day, should the action on 18 June prove inconclusive.
Napoleon's tactics have been criticised as lacking in the brilliance he had exhibited earlier in his career. Given the forces arrayed against him including the Russians and Austrians mobilised in the east, the choices that confronted him, and his responses to them, were brutally clear.[citation needed] After he had defeated the Prussians at Ligny on 16 June, and compelled Wellington's forces to retreat, Napoleon's aim was to keep the Prussians and the Allies from combining in the same battle, if he was to have any chance of victory and the possibility of a peace with Austria and Russia.
Arthur Wellesley, as depicted by the British painter Thomas Phillips .
Napoleon could not attack Wellington's right flank, partly because of the rearguard stationed at Hal, and ultimately because his wish was to divide Wellington and Blücher rather than drive them together. His plan was to pin Wellington's right with overwhelming cannon fire and an attack on Hougoumont , to draw reinforcements away from Wellington's centre-left position, then shatter this position with an all-out infantry assault in the column formation. This tactic had been successful with other opponents earlier in Napoleon's career.
But Hougoumont held out, only modestly reinforced by Wellington, and the infantry attack by the French was destroyed by Allied cavalry, in badly controlled charges which resulted in many losses to the Allies and Napoleon's Polish lancers. Napoleon's only option left was an all-out assault on the Allied centre, leaving no effective force to hold off the Prussians. Wellington's reorganisation of his line was taken as the prelude to retreat, and waves of French cavalry attacked the Allies, which drove them into scattered defensive groupings ('squares'). At this point, a combined attack by French infantry and artillery, firing point-blank into the squares, would probably have caused devastation amongst the allied forces.[citation needed]
Napoleon's tactical skills are deemed to have been inferior to his skills as a strategist according to historians - coordination of the various branches of the French army at Waterloo was haphazard throughout, and at this moment decisively lacking. The squares held, the spaces between them protected by remnants of the Allied cavalry, and gradually the French cavalry assault, obliged to charge uphill through muddy terrain crisscrossed by sunken roads, petered out. The Prussians had begun driving through Napoleon's outposts, and it was now clear that the Prussians had fought their way through to the battlefield.
Napoleon made a last attempt to smash Wellington's centre before his two enemies could achieve any kind of linkage. At about six in the evening, the farmhouse of La Haye Sainte, linchpin of the Allied front, was finally taken. Wellington redrew the remnants of his front and prepared for the final assault; he did not know that the dark uniforms visible in the distance were the forces of Blücher rather than those of Grouchy. Napoleon sent forward the Imperial Guard, held in reserve to provide the decisive blow, and it branched out in a two-pronged attack to finish off what Napoleon believed to be an Allied army on the verge of annihilation. But Wellington had prepared, in effect, a large-scale ambush for the possibly over-confident Guard; they ran into surprise counter-attacks and crossfire from British infantry, hidden behind slopes or in what was left of the crops on the battlefield. Unprepared, and perhaps demoralised, the Guard faltered, retreated and triggered a French panic.
Wellington ordered an advance of the Allied line just as the Prussians were overrunning the French positions to the east, and what remained of the French army abandoned the field in disorder. Wellington and Blücher met at the inn of La Belle Alliance, on the north–south road which bisected the battlefield, and it was agreed that the relatively rested Prussians should pursue the retreating French army back to France.
On 22 June, the French Emperor abdicated again, and was transported by the British to Saint Helena , an island in the Atlantic. Waterloo marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars and was canonised within a generation as one of " The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World ".
Wellington's army had held off the French attacks for several hours before Blücher's arrival, but there is still debate about whether the Allied victory would have been so crushing had it not been for the arrival of the Prussian Army. A third of Napoleon's army, under Marshal Grouchy, were engaged against the Prussians at Wavre some miles to the east. Considering these factors, and the fact that about a third of Wellington's army were German, one German historian in the 1990s went so far as to describe Waterloo as a "German Victory".
Many later attempts, some of them made to Wellington in person, also suggested that, by his own standards, Waterloo had been chaotic. But Wellington always maintained that his strategy had been clear from the beginning. He wanted to hold his position against everything Napoleon could bring against it, and to counter-attack the positions of the French at the right time, with the aim of ending the battle, a plan he had achieved. He had agreed to make a stand at Mont Saint Jean only on condition the Prussians would march west to link up with him, and he received only late in the day information that the Prussians were in fact making inroads on the French right.
Statesman
The Duke of Wellington in later life
Wellington entered politics again in 1819, when he was appointed Master-General of the Ordnance in the Tory government of Lord Liverpool . In 1827, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army .
Prime minister
Main article: Tory Government 1828-1830
Along with Robert Peel , Wellington became an increasingly influential member of the Tory party, and in 1828 he became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom .
During his first seven months as Prime Minister he chose not to live in the official residence at 10 Downing Street , finding it too small. He moved in only because his own home, Apsley House , required extensive renovations. During this time he was largely instrumental in the foundation of King's College London . [74]
As Prime Minister, Wellington was conservative, fearing the anarchy of the French Revolution would spread to England. The highlight of his term was Catholic Emancipation ; the granting of almost full civil rights to Catholics in the UK. The change was forced by the landslide by-election win of Daniel O'Connell , an Irish Catholic proponent of emancipation, who was elected despite not being legally allowed to sit in Parliament. The Earl of Winchilsea accused the Duke of having "treacherously plotted the destruction of the Protestant constitution". Wellington responded by immediately challenging Winchilsea to a duel . On 21 March 1829, Wellington and Winchilsea met on Battersea fields . When it came time to fire, the Duke took aim and Winchilsea kept his arm down. The Duke fired wide to the right. Accounts differ as to whether he missed on purpose; Wellington, noted for his poor aim, claimed he did, other reports more sympathetic to Winchilsea claimed he had aimed to kill. Winchilsea did not fire, a plan he and his second almost certainly decided upon before the duel. [75] Honour was saved and Winchilsea wrote Wellington an apology. [76] In the House of Lords , facing stiff opposition, Wellington spoke for Catholic emancipation, giving one of the best speeches of his career. [77] He had grown up in Ireland, and later governed it, so had some understanding of the grievances of the Catholic communities there. The Catholic Relief Act 1829 was passed with a majority of 105. Many Tories voted against the Act, and it passed only with the help of the Whigs .
The epithet "Iron Duke" originates from his period as Prime Minister, when he experienced an extremely high degree of personal and political unpopularity. His residence at Apsley House was a target of window-smashers and iron shutters were installed to mitigate the damage. It was this, rather than his resolute attitude, that earned him the nickname "The Iron Duke".
Wellington's government fell in 1830. In the summer and autumn of that year, a wave of riots, the Swing Riots , swept the country. The Whigs had been out of power for most years since the 1770s, and saw political reform in response to the unrest as the key to their return. Wellington stuck to the Tory policy of no reform and no expansion of suffrage , and as a result lost a vote of no confidence on 15 November 1830. He was replaced as Prime Minister by Earl Grey .
Wellington and the Reform Act
Main article: Reform Act 1832
The Whigs introduced the first Reform Bill whilst Wellington and the Tories worked to prevent its passage. The bill passed in the British House of Commons , but was defeated in the House of Lords . An election followed in direct response, and the Whigs were returned with an even larger majority. A second Reform Act was introduced, and defeated in the same way, and another wave of near insurrection swept the country. During this time, Wellington was greeted by a hostile reaction from the crowds at the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway . The Whig Government fell in 1832 and Wellington was unable to form a Tory Government partly because of a run on the Bank of England. This left King William IV no choice but to restore Earl Grey to the premiership. Eventually the bill passed the House of Lords after the King threatened to fill that House with newly created Whig peers if it were not. Wellington was never reconciled to the change; when Parliament first met after the first election under the widened franchise, Wellington is reported to have said "I never saw so many shocking bad hats in my life."
Caretaker Prime Minister and Member of Peel's Cabinet
Main articles: Conservative Provisional Government 1834 and Conservative Government 1834-1835
Wellington was gradually superseded as leader of the Tories by Robert Peel , whilst the party evolved into the Conservatives. When the Tories were returned to power in 1834, Wellington declined to become Prime Minister and Peel was selected instead. However, Peel was in Italy at that time and for three weeks in November and December 1834, Wellington acted as interim leader, taking the responsibilities of Prime Minister and most of the other ministries. In Peel's first cabinet (1834–1835), Wellington became Foreign Secretary , while in the second (1841–1846) he was a Minister without Portfolio and Leader of the House of Lords .
Retirement and death
The Duke's funeral procession passing through Trafalgar Square .
Daguerreotype of Duke of Wellington 1844 by Antoine Claudet
Wellington retired from political life in 1846, although he remained Commander-in-Chief of the Forces , and returned briefly to the spotlight in 1848 when he helped organise a military force to protect London during that year of European revolution. The Conservative Party had split over the Repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, with Wellington and most of the former Cabinet still supporting Robert Peel , but most of the MPs supporting the new leader Lord Derby. Early in 1852 Wellington gave Derby's first government its nickname by shouting "Who? Who?" as the list of inexperienced Cabinet Ministers was read out in the House of Lords.
Wellington died later in 1852 at Walmer Castle aged 83 (his honorary residence as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports , which he enjoyed and at which he hosted Queen Victoria ). Although in life he hated travelling by rail, his body was then taken by train to London , where he was given a state funeral —one of only a handful of British subjects to be honoured in that way (other examples are Lord Nelson and Winston Churchill )—and the last heraldic state funeral to be held in Britain [78] . At his funeral there was hardly any space to stand because of the number of people attending, and the effusive praise given him in Tennyson's "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington" attests to his stature at the time of his death. He was buried in a sarcophagus of luxulyanite in St Paul's Cathedral next to Lord Nelson.
Personality
Traits
As an adult, Wellington was a tireless worker.[citation needed] He rose early—he "couldn't bear to lie in" once awake—and usually slept for six hours or less. Even when he returned to civilian life after 1815, he slept in a camp bed, reflecting his lack of regard for creature comforts. General Miguel de Álava complained that Wellington said so often that the army would march "at daybreak" and dine on "cold meat", that he began to dread those two phrases. While on campaign, he seldom ate anything between breakfast and dinner. During the retreat to Portugal in 1811, he subsisted, to the despair of his staff who dined with him, on "cold meat and bread".[citation needed] He was however renowned for the quality of the wine he drank and served, often drinking a bottle with his dinner—not a great quantity by the standards of his day.
He took up high-technology and mechanical innovations and was one of the first British soldiers to employ shrapnel shells and congreve rockets ; he was disappointed with the latter, as they were wildly inaccurate. He employed a full time officer to decrypt intercepted French messages. Conversely, although well organised, his supply trains comprised pack mules and ox carts with ungreased axles, plus cargo boats, if rivers could be used.
He rarely showed emotion in public, and often appeared condescending to those less competent or less well-born than himself (which was nearly everyone). However, Álava was a witness to an incident just before the Battle of Salamanca . Wellington was eating a chicken leg while observing the manoeuvres of the French army though a spyglass . He spotted an overextension in the French left flank, and realised he could launch a successful attack there. He threw the drumstick in the air and shouted "Les français sont perdus!" ("The French are lost!"). Another time, after the Battle of Toulouse , when an aide brought him the news of Napoleon's abdication, he broke into an impromptu flamenco dance, spinning around on his heels and clicking his fingers. [79]
Despite his famous stern countenance and iron-handed discipline, Wellesley cared for his men; he refused to pursue the French after the battles of Porto and Salamanca, because of the inevitable cost to his army in pursuing a broken enemy through rough terrain. The only time he ever showed grief in public was over the lives of his men: after the disastrously costly storming of Badajoz, he cried at the sight of British dead in the breaches. In this context, his famous dispatch after the Battle of Vitoria calling them the 'scum of the earth' can be seen to be fuelled as much by disappointment at their breaking ranks as by anger.
Viva Montgomerie , niece to the third Duke of Wellington, relates an anecdote that Holman, valet to the duke, often recalled how his master never spoke to servants unless he was obliged to, prefering instead to write his orders on a note pad on his dressing-table. Holman incidently was said to greatly resemble Napoleon. [80]
As a soldier
Wellington has often been portrayed as a defensive general, even though many, perhaps most, of his battles were offensive (Argaum, Assaye , Oporto, Salamanca, Vitoria, Toulouse). But for most of the Peninsular War, where he earned his fame, his troops lacked either the numbers or the training for an attack.[citation needed] Also, the Iberian peninsula provided excellent defensive terrain and he was never slow to take advantage of it.
Much of Wellesley's tactics were dictated by politics, supply, or finance. Being merely a general in the field, he had to deal with the vagaries of an unstable government at home, the Portuguese government, various Spanish Juntas, guerrilleros, and warlords. Also, the problem of supply in the barren peninsula was a dire one. The French did not bother to deal with it, and simply looted whatever supplies they needed. Wellesley, needing the goodwill of the populace, was required to bring in his supplies from elsewhere (especially wheat from America) and transport them to his troops in the field. This supply line was his ever-present Achilles' heel, and often he was forced to either retreat or assume a defensive position when his line of supply was threatened.
In his defensive battles, he showed an understanding of defensive tactics almost unmatched. He, almost alone of the Napoleonic commanders[citation needed], realised the use of a reverse slope in a defensive battle, and made use of one whenever he could, to conceal his numbers and protect his men from artillery. Still, he rarely missed an opportunity to counter-attack, and many French columns found themselves cut up by musket volleys, then attacked with bayonets.
Wellesley could be very aggressive. His river crossing at Oporto was a gamble; and only the mistake of a subordinate officer allowed any of Soult's army to escape. On the attack also, he showed a clear understanding of tactics and terrain: at the Battle of Vitoria , he led a massive, well-coordinated attack in four columns from three directions, almost destroying the French army, forcing them to abandon all their baggage and supplies and all but one of their 138 guns.
Still, he had to be very cautious. Besieged at the Lines of Torres Vedras, when Masséna's army was threatening Lisbon, Wellesley often stood on a parapet, surveying the French army with a telescope, muttering: "I could whip them, but it would take 10,000 men, and as this is the only army England has, it behoves me to take care of it."
The total number of French troops in Spain always heavily outnumbered the available number of British and Portuguese, although most French soldiers were used for garrisoning the rebellious population. However, it was always possible for the French command to abandon some region, as they did after Salamanca , in order to concentrate a larger army than the British; Wellington was therefore always cautious during his incursions into Spain, with the great exception of 1813.
In the campaign leading up to the Battle of Vitoria, he was cut off from his supply line to Lisbon, so he re-established one on the north coast of Spain, throwing the French front-line troops back upon their reserves.
Wellington's sieges achieved mixed results, with the Siege of Burgos being probably his worst defeat. Most of his sieges were in India, against Indian armies of worse training, arms, and morale than the French; he may have been overconfident at Burgos. Wellington had to retake the frontier fortresses (like Almeida ) several times, because the French were equally successful in capturing them from the Allied garrisons. Also, he did not have the time for lengthy, Vauban -style sieges, because the French would have been able to gather up relieving forces. Hence, his brief and bloody, though successful, assaults on Ciudad Rodrigo and on Badajoz.
He disliked his cavalry commanders. He wrote a famous letter on 18 July 1812, accusing the cavalry of being unable to manoeuvre except on Wimbledon Common , and of always charging in a body, instead of forming in two lines—one to charge and one as a reserve. Of course, until 1815, he was denied the talents of the brilliant Henry Paget because of the family feud between them.
He acted as his own head of intelligence, and closely supervised both the supplying and the payment of his troops.
Much of his energy was diverted to political aims: shoring up his support in the British and Spanish governments, lobbying for his choice of officers, and cultivating the cooperation of the Portuguese and Spanish populations. While the French army alienated the latter by seizing their food and shooting anyone who resisted them, Wellington imported most of his food from abroad, paid cash for what he needed locally, and exercised strict discipline over his troops, regularly hanging men for looting, rape, murder, or desecration of religious sites. The locals repaid him with obedience, enlistment and information on French movements. In particular, the guerrilleros (partisans) operated in fairly close cooperation with British troops against the French, especially in their attacks on French couriers, and the passing of the captured French dispatches to Wellington.
Legacy and contemporaries
A bronze statue of Wellington by Carlo Marochetti in Woodhouse Moor , Leeds
As a general, Wellington is often compared to the 1st Duke of Marlborough , with whom he shared many characteristics, chiefly a transition to politics after a highly successful military career.
In September 1805, the then Major-General Wellesley, newly returned from his campaigns in India and not yet particularly well-known to the public, reported to the office of the Secretary for War to request a new assignment. In the waiting room, he met Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson , already a legendary figure after his victories at the Nile and Copenhagen, and who was briefly in England after months chasing the French Toulon fleet to the West Indies and back. Nelson began a conversation which Wellesley found "almost all on his side in a style so vain and silly as to surprise and almost disgust me". Nelson left the room to inquire who the young general was, and on his return switched to a very different tone, discussing the war and British policies as between equals. [81] This was the only time that the two men met; Nelson was killed at his great victory at Trafalgar just seven weeks later. [82] Some 30 years later, Wellington recalled the conversation and claimed "I don't know that I ever had a conversation that interested me more." [83]
Arms, titles, honours and styles
Main article: Arms, titles, honours and styles of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
Wellington received numerous awards and honours during and after his lifetime. These include a wide range of titles as well as buildings in his name, such as Wellington's Column , and the Wellington Monument in his native Dublin . Two of his former homes are now open to the public, including Apsley House in London and Stratfield Saye House . His name has also been applied to numerous buildings and places, including Wellington , the capital of New Zealand and HMS Iron Duke , a First World War battleship. In addition he is the only person to have had the honour of having not one but two Royal Air Force bombers named for him - the Vickers Wellesley and the Vickers Wellington , and at a time when the convention was for British bombers to be named after landlocked cities. The First Duke of Wellington died in 1852 and in the following year Queen Victoria, in recognition of the 33rd foot regiment's long ties to him, ordered that the 33rd foot regiment's title be changed to the 33rd (or The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment, now known as The 3rd Battalion Yorkshire Regiment (Duke of Wellington's), based in Wellesley Barracks Halifax.
A number of monuments have been erected to Wellington's name around Great Britain and Ireland:
Wellington Arch on Hyde Park Corner, London
Wellington College, Berkshire , in Crowthorne, Berkshire, the UK national monument to Wellington
Wellington's Column in Liverpool
a monument in his birthplace in Trim, County Meath , Ireland
Wellington Island in Kochi, Kerala, India: The island where the Cochin port is situated is named after him.
Wellington's tomb is in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral in London, near that of Sir Christopher Wren . The casket is decorated with banners which were made for his funeral procession. Originally, there was one for Prussia, which was removed during World War I and never reinstated. [84]
From 1971 until 1990, the Duke of Wellington's picture featured on the reverse of Series D £5 banknotes issued by the Bank of England , along with a scene from the Battle of Waterloo. [85]
Nicknames
He gave his name to " Wellington boots " and had several nicknames.
The "Iron Duke", possibly after an incident in 1830 in which he installed metal shutters to prevent rioters breaking windows at Apsley House
Officers under his command called him "The Beau", as he was a fine dresser, or "The Peer" after he was made a Viscount.
Regular soldiers under his command called him "Old Nosey" or "Old Hookey", on account of his prominent, aquiline nose.
Spanish and Portuguese troops called him "the Eagle" and "Douro" respectively.
"The Beef", a reference to the famous Beef Wellington dish. It is also his nickname in the board game, Risk .
"our Atty", short for Arthur, he was called thus at Waterloo by his Peninsular veterans
In fiction
The Duke appears in The Regency, Volume 13 of The Morland Dynasty , a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles . This volume is set against the backdrop of the Napoleonic Wars .
The Duke is portrayed in the final episode of the Blackadder the Third television series, where Stephen Fry played the Duke of Wellington in Duel and Duality . As the Blackadder series is a period, situation comedy, his traits are accentuated to match the slapstick nature of the programme.
The Duke makes numerous appearances and many mentions in the historical adventure Richard Sharpe novels written by Bernard Cornwell .
Wellington is a minor character in Susanna Clarke 's Jonathan Strange & Mr. Norrell , in which he is aided in the Peninsular War by the magician Jonathan Strange. The latter provides him a magical road for the soldiers to walk on, changes the topography of Spain to benefit the British army, and plagues the French army with illusions, among other things. He may also have cast a protective charm over Wellington, who suffered no wounds in twenty years of battle.
Wellington is one of the two main protagonists of Simon Scarrow 's Revolutionary Quartet books, the other being Napoleon. The books explore Wellington on the battlefield and also his personal life.
Wellington is a minor character in Georgette Heyer 's novel The Spanish Bride , based on the Peninsular Wars. The novel uses Duke of Wellington's correspondence and his known remarks substantially to recreate his character as close-to-real-life as possible.
Wellington is mentioned numerous times throughout the " Horatio Hornblower " series of books by C. S. Forester . He is the brother of the famous (and fictional) "Lady Barbara" and becomes brother in law to Hornblower when the latter marries Barbara.
He appears in the fifth Temeraire novel Victory of Eagles by Naomi Novik . In the novel's alternate history Wellesley bests an invasion of England by Napoleon in 1808, earning the title Wellington.
He appears in James Joyce 's novel Finnegans Wake , where he is associated with the military, aggressive side of the main character, HCE. [86]
The Duke of Wellington is mentioned in Which Witch? by Eva Ibbotson , where it is suggested that he had a tail and that a special hole was made in his saddle when he rode to Waterloo. [87]
References
^ "Withdrawn banknotes reference guide" . Bank of England. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/denom_guide/nonflash/5-SeriesD.htm . Retrieved 2008-10-17.
^ for example in the "Willingdone Museyroom" vignette, pp. 8–10
^ "Which Witch?" by Eva Ibbotson, page 13
Sources
Beatson, Alexander. A collection of the Duke’s letters. A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun. Bulmer and Co., 1800.
Brett-James, ed. Wellington at War 1794–1815, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1961.
Coates, Berwick, Wellington's Charge: A Portrait of the Duke's England, Robson Books Ltd, London, 2003
Gates, David (1986), The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War, Pimlico (published 2002), ISBN 0-7126-9730-6
Glover, Michael, The Peninsular War 1807–1814. London: Penguin Books, 2001 ISBN 0-141-39041-7 (first published 1974).
Guedalla, Phillip, The Duke. London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1931.
Hilbert, Charles. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, time and conflicts in India on behalf of the British East India Company and the British crown. Military Heritage , August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, pp. 34 to 41, ISSN 1524-8666.
Holmes, Richard . Wellington: The Iron Duke. London: Harper Collins Publishers, 2002 ISBN 0-00-713750-8.
Hutchinson, Lester. European Freebooters in Mogul India. New York: Asia Publishing House, 1964.
Longford, Elizabeth. Wellington: The Years of The Sword. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1969.
Montgomerie, Viva Seton (1955). My Scrapbook of Memories. Privately published. pp. 104.
Neillands, Robert. Wellington and Napoleon: Clash of Armies. Pen and Sword Publishing, 2004.
Mill, James. The History of British India. 6 vols. 5th ed. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1968.
Gurwood, John . The dispatches of Field Marshall the Duke of Wellington : during his various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France, from 1799 to 1818 . Volume X. London: J. Murray , 1838. Retrieved on 14 November 2007.
Roberts, Andrew (2001). Napoleon and Wellington. Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
Ward, S. G. P. (1957). Wellington's Headquarters: A Study of the Administrative Problems in the Peninsula 1809–1814. Oxford University Press.
External links
Sourced
It has been a damned nice thing — the nearest run thing you ever saw in your life.
The history of a battle, is not unlike the history of a ball. Some individuals may recollect all the little events of which the great result is the battle won or lost, but no individual can recollect the order in which, or the exact moment at which, they occurred, which makes all the difference as to their value or importance.
All the business of war, and indeed all the business of life, is to endeavour to find out what you don't know by what you do; that's what I called "guessing what was at the other side of the hill."
Publish and be damned.
This is attributed to Wellington as a statement to King Louis XVIII at a ball in the spring of 1814, as quoted in "Anecdotes of Wellington" at The Wellington Society of Madrid
Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington (1886)
Quotes of Wellington from Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington (1886) by Philip Henry Stanhope
I used to say of him that his presence on the field made the difference of forty thousand men.
On Napoleon Bonaparte , in notes for 2 November 1831; later, in the notes for 18 September 1836, he is quoted as saying:
It is very true that I have said that I considered Napoleon's presence in the field equal to forty thousand men in the balance. This is a very loose way of talking; but the idea is a very different one from that of his presence at a battle being equal to a reinforcement of forty thousand men.
The only thing I am afraid of is fear.
Notes for 3 November 1831
The French system of conscription brings together a fair sample of all classes; ours is composed of the scum of the earth — the mere scum of the earth. It is only wonderful that we should be able to make so much out of them afterwards.
Speaking about conscripts in the British Army, 4 November 1831
A French army is composed very differently from ours. The conscription calls out a share of every class — no matter whether your son or my son — all must march; but our friends — I may say it in this room — are the very scum of the earth. People talk of their enlisting from their fine military feeling — all stuff — no such thing. Some of our men enlist from having got bastard children — some for minor offences — many more for drink; but you can hardly conceive such a set brought together, and it really is wonderful that we should have made them the fine fellows they are.
Notes for 11 November 1831
My rule always was to do the business of the day in the day.
Notes for 2 November 1835
Circumstances over which I have no control.
Phrase said to have first been used by Wellington, as quoted in notes for 18 September 1836
I hope you will not think I am deficient in feeling toward you, or that I am wanting in desire to serve you, because the results of my attempts have failed, owing to circumstances over which I have no control.
As quoted in The Life and Letters of Lady Hester Stanhope (1914) edited by Catherine Lucy Wilhelmina Powlett, Duchess of Cleveland
They wanted this iron fist to command them.
Of troops sent to the Canadian frontier in the War of 1812 , in notes for 8 November 1840
Disputed
As Lord Chesterfield said of the generals of his day, "I only hope that when the enemy reads the list of their names, he trembles as I do."
I don't know what effect these men will have on the enemy, but by God, they terrify me.
Said to be his remarks on a draft of new troops sent to him in Spain (1809), as quoted in A New Dictionary of Quotations on Historical Principles from Ancient and Modern Sources (1942) by H. L. Mencken , this quote is disputed, and may be derived from a comment made to Colonel Robert Torrens about some of his generals in a despatch (29 August 1810): "As Lord Chesterfield said of the generals of his day, "I only hope that when the enemy reads the list of their names, he trembles as I do."
[I don't] care a twopenny damn what [becomes] of the ashes of Napoleon Bonaparte .
As quoted in The TImes [London] (9 October 1944); this attribution probably originates in a letter by Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay (6 March 1849), in which he states "How they settle the matter I care not, as the duke says, one twopenny damn."
Misattributed
If a gentleman happens to be born in a stable, it does not follow that he should be called a horse.
As quoted in Genetic Studies in Joyce (1995) by David Hayman and Sam Slote. Though such remarks have often been quoted as Wellington's response on being called Irish, the earliest published sources yet found for similar comments are those about him attributed to an Irish politician:
The poor old Duke! what shall I say of him? To be sure he was born in Ireland, but being born in a stable does not make a man a horse.
Daniel O'Connell , in a speech (16 October 1843), as quoted in Shaw's Authenticated Report of the Irish State Trials (1844), p. 93
No, he is not an Irishman. He was born in Ireland; but being born in a stable does not make a man a horse.
Daniel O'Connell during a speech (16 October 1843), as quoted in Reports of State Trials: New Series Volume V, 1843 to 1844 (1893) "The Queen Against O'Connell and Others", p. 206
Variants: If a man be born in a stable, that does not make him a horse.
Quoted as as an anonymous proverb in Dictionary of Quotations from Ancient and Modern English and Foreign Sources (1899), p. 171
Because a man is born in a stable that does not make him a horse.
Quoted as a dubious statement perhaps made early in his career in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs (1992) edited by John Simpson and Jennifer Speake, p. 162
The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton.
As quoted in The New York Times (26 December 1886), and in Words on Wellington (1889) by Sir William Fraser , this is almost certainly apocryphal. The first attributions of such a remark to Wellington were in De l'Avenir politique de l'Angleterre (1856) by Charles de Montalembert , Ch. 10, where it is stated that on returning to Eton in old age he had said: "C'est ici qu'a été gagnée la bataille de Waterloo." This was afterwards quoted in Self-Help (1859) by Samuel Smiles as "It was there that the Battle of Waterloo was won!" Later in Memoirs of Eminent Etonians (2nd Edition, 1876) by Sir Edward Creasy , he is quoted as saying as he passed groups playing cricket on the playing-fields: "There grows the stuff that won Waterloo."
Elizabeth Longford in Wellington — The Years of the Sword (1969) states he "probably never said or thought anything of the kind" and Gerald Wellesley, 7th Duke of Wellington in a letter published in The Times in 1972 is quoted as stating: "During his old age Wellington is recorded to have visited Eton on two occasions only and it is unlikely that he came more often. ... Wellington's career at Eton was short and inglorious and, unlike his elder brother, he had no particular affection for the place. ... Quite apart from the fact that the authority for attributing the words to Wellington is of the flimsiest description, to anyone who knows his turn of phrase they ring entirely false."
Quotes about Wellington
Summoning the Duke of Richmond, who was to have command of the reserve when formed, he asked for a map. The two withdrew to an adjoining room. Wellington closed the door, and said, with an oath, "Napoleon has humbugged me." He then explained that he had ordered his army to concentrate at Quatre Bras, adding, "But we shall not stop him there; and if so, I must fight him here," marking Waterloo with his thumb-nail on the map as he spoke. It was not until the next morning that he left for the front.
William Milligan Sloane , on Wellington prior to the Battle of Waterloo , in "the Eclipse of Napoleon's Glory" in The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine Vol. LII, New Series Vol. XXX (May - October 1896), p. 883
External links
The Honorable Arthur Wesley (birth–7 March 1787)
Ensign The Hon. Arthur Wesley (7 March 1787–25 December 1787)
Lieutenant The Hon. Arthur Wesley (25 December 1787–30 June 1791)
Captain The Hon. Arthur Wesley (30 June 1791–30 April 1793)
Major The Hon. Arthur Wesley (30 April 1793–30 September 1793)
Lieutenant-Colonel The Hon. Arthur Wesley (30 September 1793–3 May 1796)
Colonel The Hon. Arthur Wesley (3 May 1796–19 May 1798)
Colonel The Hon. Arthur Wellesley (19 May 1798–29 April 1802)
Major-General The Hon. Arthur Wellesley (29 April 1802–1 September 1804)
Major-General The Hon. Sir Arthur Wellesley, KB (1 September 1804–8 April 1807)
Major-General The Right Honourable Sir Arthur Wellesley, KB (8 April 1807–25 April 1808)
Lieutenant-General The Rt Hon. Sir Arthur Wellesley, KB (25 April 1808–4 September 1809)
Lieutenant-General The Rt Hon. The Viscount Wellington, KB, PC (4 September 1809–May 1811)
General The Rt Hon. The Viscount Wellington, KB, PC (May 1811–28 February 1812)
General The Rt Hon. The Earl of Wellington, KB, PC (28 February 1812–3 October 1812)
General The Most Honourable The Marquess of Wellington, KB, PC (3 October 1812–4 March 1813)
General The Most Hon. The Marquess of Wellington, KG, KB, PC (4 March 1813–21 June 1813)
Field Marshal The Most Hon. The Marquess of Wellington, KG, KB, PC (21 June 1813–11 May 1814)
Field Marshal His Grace The Duke of Wellington, KG, KB, PC (11 May 1814–2 January 1815)
Field Marshal His Grace The Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, PC (2 January 1815–14 September 1852)
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What is the current capital city of Turkey? | The Napoleonic Wars / Useful Notes - TV Tropes
The British destroy the Turkish fleet, but their attacks on Constantinople and Egypt fail.
The Russo-Swedish War for Finland (1808-1809)
In the end Finland becomes Russian and king Gustavus IV of Sweden is deposed in a coup. The Crowning Moment of Awesome was a Russian army marching across the frozen Baltic Sea from Finland to northern Sweden.
The Dano-Swedish War (1808-1809)
Denmark tries to take advantage of Sweden's preoccupation with the war against Russia by launching an invasion from Norway . Denmark's bid to regain Scania fails, but so does the Swedish attempt to conquer Norway. Napoleon at first offers to support Denmark with a French-Spanish-Dutch armynote The Spanish contingent mutinies and for the most part escapes to Spain in British ships after learning of the French invasion of Spain. led by Marshal Bernadotte, but then withdraws the offer, so Denmark-Norway has to fight the war alone.
The British blockade basically leaves Norway on its own. Norway had to cope without Danish help during the Swedish counter-invasion. The years after the Swedish campaign are remembered as the "years of need" in Norway, with people starving to death all over the country. The experience will bolster national sentiment come 1814.
The Spanish American Wars of Independence (1808-1829)
Largely a consequence of the Peninsular War, which weaken Spanish control over their American colonies even though the local independence movements now have to make do without British support.
The Anglo-Swedish War (1810-1812)
Following a French ultimatum, Sweden declares war on the United Kingdom, but on paper only.
The War of 1812 (sometimes called The Second War of American Independence or Mr. Madison 's War) (1812-1815)
America declares war on Great Britain and attempts to invade British Canada. Spins into a conflict involving the British Empire, the United States, and a number of Native American groups allied to either side. Ends with failed invasions of each other's territory by both sides—during which the Americans burned down Toronto note Then called York and at the time capital of Upper Canada and the British torched Washington, D.C. —and a military stalemate. The Treaty of Ghent restores the status quo. Perhaps one of the stupidest conflicts in history, seeing as the British had actually ended the policies which provoked before it broke out, but due to the slow pace of communications in those days, America didn't find out until after it had invaded Canada. (And similarly due to slow communications, the great American victory at the Battle of New Orleans, which launched the career of Andrew Jackson , was fought shortly after peace had been declared.)
The War for Norway (1813-1814)
France's ally Denmark is invaded by an Allied army (mostly Russian, Swedish and German forces) towards the end of 1813 in order to cash in the price for Sweden's participation in the anti-Napoleonic alliance. The treaty of Kiel, ratified in January 1814, dissolves the union between Denmark and Norway. Sweden (led by Crown Prince Karl Johan, formerly Marshal Bernadotte) is compensated for the loss of Finland by being awarded Norway.
A new Swedish campaign in Norway follows in 1814. Norwegians use the time they still have to draft their own constitution the same spring, which the Swedes grudgingly acknowledge in autumn. This constitution becomes a constant take that from Norway to Sweden the next 90 years or so. For a more detailed narration on this, see the Norwegian Constituent Assembly .
The Italian Wars of 1815
After Napoleon returns from Elba to France, king Joachim Murat of Naples, who has grown increasingly uneasy because king Ferdinand IV loudly demands his removal and the negotiations at the Congress of Vienna apparently are taking a disadvantageous turn, decides to throw in his lot with his brother-in-law, starting an offensive against Austrian-occupied Northern Italy. However, this comes at a most inopportune moment for Napoleon, who is trying to project a kinder, more peace-loving image, and so Joachim I is left on his own. His army is easily dispersed by the Austrians, Murat has to flee to Corsica, and Ferdinand (who now calls himself King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) is reinstalled in Naples.
Later in the year Murat lands on the Neapolitan coast with a handful of supporters in a bid to regain his throne through a popular rising. He fails abysmally and ends up being shot by firing-squad.
These wars contain tropes such as:
Abnormal Ammo : In 1809 Tyrolean insurgents used rifled air-guns for sniping (which in peacetime were used mainly for poaching). Napoleon ordered that anyone caught with such a gun should be immediately shot.
Also Henry Shrapnel's top-secret invention, the "spherical case" ammunition.
The Spanish guerilleros had all sorts of weird projectiles, including coins that were flattened, dented and marked with a cross . General Marbot (then a captain) found himself with one lodged in his spine, inches away from his heart and equally close to severing his spinal cord, and his Mémoires contain a very vivid account of how much it hurt.
Aerith and Bob : Sometimes commented upon in the case of the Bonaparte siblings: Joseph, Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline, Jérôme... and Napoleon. There is of course a mundane explanation for this: they were all born with Italian names, and Napoleon's happened to be the only one with no French equivalent.
A Father to His Men : Many. Napoleon himself was one, at least to his Old Guard , while the line troops often had to fend for themselves because Napoleon never succeeded in set up a supply system proportionate to the size of his army. The trope also applies to Nelson and Wellington (in his own way). Special props must go to the beloved General Rowland Hill, whose adoring troops called him "Daddy Hill". When one of his officers was injured, Hill sent him a lunch hamper during his convalescence. When a serjeant delivered him a dispatch, he gave the man a pound, a hot meal, and a bed for the night for his trouble.
Blücher was referred to as "Papa Blücher" or "Vater Blücher" by many of his men and in return would often call them his children.
A Pupil of Mine Until He Turned to Evil : Napoleon felt this way about Marshal Marmont, his former aide and longtime friend who turned against him in 1814, if his words in Saint-Helena are any indication : "I was betrayed by Marmont, whom I saw as my son, my child, my creation..."
General Malet, leader of an abortive coup in October 1812 responding to the tribunal's question who his accomplices were:
All of France, and you yourself, if I had succeeded.
Also The Duke of Wellington 's made a while after the Battle of Waterloo, and referring to Napoleon's beloved column formation:
Napoleon came on in the same old way, we fought him in the same old way, and we beat him in the same old way.
Napoleon, in addition the many he made himself, made one on behalf of Sir Sidney Smith, who was vital to the Turkish defence of Acre:
That man made me miss my destiny!
In the same occasion he made one on behalf of Antoine Le Picard de Phélippeaux, his archenemy and eternal superior since military academy who, being a monarchist, fought against the French Republic and directed the defence of Acre (including rebuilding the city walls so they could resist to Napoleon's artillery):
"Without him, I would have had taken the Key to the Orient, I would have marched on Constantinople, I would have rebuilt the throne of the Orient."
He also had this one when France has to face invasion of the sixth coalition in 1814:
The cannonball that will kill me has not been molded yet!
The Viscount Pierre Cambronne
, one of the commanders of Napoleon's Old Guard in their heroic Last Stand at the battle of Waterloo, is quoted as saying:
The Guard dies, but does not surrender!
or:
Merde !note Literally, "Shit!", but more idiomatically, "Fuck that!"
Somewhat subverted in that he survived the carnage and surrendered anyway. "The Guard dies, but does not surrender" was first quoted in a newspaper article written a few days after Waterloo in Paris by the royalist Michel de Rougemont, when it was still believed that Cambronne had died in the battle. "Merde" gained currency ca. 1830 and was enshrined by Victor Hugo in 1862 in Les Mis�rables . The debate about what Cambronne "really" said rages to this day, but there are good reasons to believe that Rougemont had made the whole thing up, not least the fact that Cambronne - who lived until 1842 - never confirmed either version, while a number of persons who knew him report that he denied saying either the phrase or the one-word response. That being said, "Merde!" is sometimes called "le mot de Cambronne" ("Cambronne's word") to this day.
The story certainly did not lose anything in retelling, some versions having the British unbelievably calling on Cambronne's square to surrender no less than four times so that Cambronne gets to say both versions.
Marshal Lefebvre, one of Napoleon's senior generals. One of his dinner guests supposedly expressed envy of his wealth. Lefebvre's response was to offer to take him outside and take twenty shots at him from thirty paces; if the guest survived it would all be his. Unsurprisingly, he declined.
I had a thousand bullets fired at me from much closer range before I got this.
The same Marshal is also quoted as saying, to a noble who was priding himself on having many famous ancestors (although this reply is also attributed to General Junot and Marshal Augereau depending on the biographer) :
You are only a descendant; I am an ancestor.
Admiral Nelson after the Battle of the Nile, where he destroyed a French fleet and stranded Napoleon in Egypt :
Victory is not a name strong enough for such a scene.
Badass Bookworm : Marshal Davout looked like one, having grown bald at a young age and having to wear glasses, but he was arguably Napoleon's best lieutenant and not called the "Iron Marshal" for nothing. At Auerstedt his corps single-handedly threw back the main Prussian army.
Badass Bureaucrat : The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars saw a major shift from the professional armies of the ancien régime to mass armies raised by conscription, which also introduced tactics using larger permanent formations like divisions, army corps and massed batteries. The reorganization of some of the major armies was often accomplished by generals famed less for their service in the field than for their organizational capabilities:
Lazare Carnot, "the organizer of victory", basically built the army that Napoleon and other generals could use. Though he was a committed republican, a member of Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety, and as such was disappointed when Napoleon turned Emperor and retired from political life taking only minor positions until Napoleon's defeat led to France being threatened again. He was banished from France because he voted for Louis XVI's death and went into exile in Prussia, where he settled in the city of Madgeburg and taught maths in retirement. His son Sadi Carnot in the meantime discovered the Laws of Thermodynamics and a later descendant became Prime Minister.
Marshal Alexandre Berthier is often credited with reforming the general staff into an efficient machine that made sure Napoleon's orders would be perfectly executed. It didn't hurt that despite not being a tactical genius himself, he could understand Napoleon's plans perfectly and transmit them exactly like the Emperor wanted it. Others saw Berthier as an at best mediocre general who gradually declined into a glorified clerk and executor of his Emperor's orders, with a general staff that on the whole fell behind e. g. the reformed Prussian general staff.
Prince Frederick, the Duke of York (a.k.a. the "Grand Old Duke of York"), the second son of George III, was a career officer who instituted many necessary reforms of the British army.
Archduke Charles, who doubled as a Warrior Prince , rebuilt the Austrian army so it was able to take on Napoleon at the height of his power in 1809 on its own.
Gerhard von Scharnhorst reorganized the Prussian army after its disastrous defeat in 1806/07 and laid the foundations for its expansion from a nominal strength of 42,000 to more than a quarter of a million within half a year in 1813.
Badass Grandpa : Generalissimo Suvorov was 70 years old when he led a Russian army across the Alps to smash the Revolutionary French army at the Trebbia and Novi in 1799. Field Marshal Blücher was 72 when he led the Prussian army to victory at La Belle Alliance - two days after they had to pull him from beneath a dead horse. French Marshal Moncey was sixty when he made his last stand at Clichy, near Paris, against the Russian army; he resisted during twenty-four hours despite being vastly outnumbered (at literally one against ten).
Badass Longcoat : Napoleon himself, in his iconic redingote grise (grey overcoat).
As a lot of the fighting occurred during bad weather, a lot of people appeared this way, for instance Marshal Ney and other French commanders wearing fur-lined coats during the retreat from Moscow, or Blücher in the rainy campaigns of 1813 and 1815 and the winter campaign in France in 1814. On campaign, Napoleon's Old Guard infantry and foot artillery wore distinctive blue greatcoats (other French footsoldiers wore brown or grey ones).
Badass Mustache : Blücher and French general Lasalle, both hussars (having a mustache was actually a requirement in some hussar regiments). Also Napoleon's Old Guard, who he actually nicknamed his "Old Mustaches".
Balance of Power : The Congress of Vienna was the Trope Codifier and its legacy was controversial then and even now, years later. Still, it led to one of the longest periods of (relative) peace in Europe, and only in the 1850s, after the establishment of another French Empire ruled by a Bonaparte, would there be another war in which two or more of the five major powers were on opposing sides.
Critics argued that it unfairly favored conservative feudal rule and tried to not only restore territory but in many cases undo all the good administrative changes and reforms Napoleon had brought to Europe. Viscount Castelreagh was especially criticized for going along with Metternich's vision for counter-revolution. In general this tends to ignore that in the order established in Vienna it was in principle left to individual states and their rulers what to do and that e. g. the Act establishing the new German Federation in principle obliged all states to establish some sort of popular representation. That more was not done was in some cases due less to Austria and Prussia as to the resistance of former Napoleonic vassals like Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg. In many cases, the changes instituted by Napoleon, his relatives etc. were kept in place (after Prussia annexed the Rhineland in 1815, the French Code Civil remained in force there until a new German civil law was enacted in 1900). The more reactionary phase of Metternich's domination only really began in 1819, and even then system established in 1815 was flexible enough to accommodate some revolutionary changes, such as the French and Belgian revolutions of 1830 and 1831 without it leading to a European war.
For the British, the Congress was entirely in their interests because a balance of power in Europe allowed them to maintain and expand their colonial possessions with no major power to oppose it - which in part was due to the fact that Prussia and Austria had no colonial ambitions at all and Russia's ambitions outside of Europe were confined to Asia. On the other hand, British colonial hegemony greatly benefited the American colonies that declared themselves independent from Spain and Portugal then and in the decades that followed, and France began to build a new colonial empire in Africa, starting with the conquest of Algeria ca. 1830.
A lot of criticism of the Vienna settlement came from the nationalist movements that had arisen during the Napoleonic Wars, e. g. over Poland being once again divided among Russia, Prussia and Austria, or the dismemberment of northern Italy (most of it had been ruled by Napoleon either as King of Italy or as Emperor of France), or the re-established French-German border. In that way Congress of Vienna still belonged to an earlier era. From this nationalist perspective many see the following decades of Metternich's dominance as leading to the rise of the Revolutions Of 1848 , the rise of Otto von Bismarck and sowing the seeds for World War I .
Talleyrand won his legend and fame for his skill in getting France off far more lightly than it should have otherwise. However, Napoleon's return stopped this , this in turn led to not only losing some of the concessions granted in 1814, but France having to pay a high war indemnity, having to give back (most of) the works of art stolen all over Europe, and being occupied for five years (the longest until World War II ). Which in turn led to the second restoration becoming less liberal and accommodating to Napoleon's former supporters than the first.
Band of Brothers : One of the earliest examples of the trope by name: the famous Nelsonic Band of Brothers, consisting of those captains who had fought with him at the Battle of the Nile.
My brave officers; for my noble-minded friends and comrades. Such a gallant set of fellows! Such a band of brothers! My heart swells at the thought of them!
In a similar way, around Napoleon at the time there was a circle of young generals whom he had met and befriended in Italy or earlier; he promoted most of them to Marshals in 1804. Of course, the presence of this coterie did not endear Napoleon to the veterans of the Rhine, who felt that he unjustly favoured his friends and many of them, in their hearts at least, remembered the Revolutionary ideals which Napoleon had certainly compromised and diluted within his personality.
Batman Gambit : A strategy frequently used by Napoleon, most famously against the Russian and Austrian armies at Austerlitz. He knew the Coalition couldn't resist the chance of attacking his weakened flank, thus weakening their hold on the heights in the center of their line.
Some liked and still like to see the 1812 campaign as this, with the Russians luring the Grande Armée further and further into Russia, eventually making the Russian winter a huge weapon of mass destruction. In fact the Russians wanted to fight, but their numerical inferiority was such that they had no choice but to retreat (and the Grande Armée actually sustained much greater losses on the way to Moscow due to the heat and various diseases).
Battle in the Rain : Several, most notable three in August 1813 as a bad weather front hit Germany. In all three the rain was so bad that a huge proportion of the muzzle-loading flintlock muskets malfunctioned, completely changing the dynamic of fighting:
The battle of Großbeeren (23 August) stopped the French advance on Berlin. In it, the Prussian Landwehr (militia) soldiers, who had only received a rather sketchy training with the bayonet, turned their muskets around and used them as clubs at close quarters.
The battle of the Katzbach (26 August): The French Army of the Bober was surprisingly counter-attacked by Blücher's Russo-Prussian Army of Silesia. In the course of the battle part of the French army was driven into the Wütende Neisse, a small river transformed into a raging torrent by the preceding downpours.
The battle of Dresden (August 26-27): Napoleon manages to defeat the main Allied army. The muddy ground severly hampers the mobility of horsemen, leading e. g. to incidents where infantry battalions of the French Young Guard successfully charged against Allied cavalry. In another incident, an Austrian infantry square was stuck in the mud surrounded by French cavalry, which called on them: "Surrender, you can't fire your muskets!" The Austrians replied: "No matter, the ground is too deep, you can't charge us." But then the French brought up a battery of artillery, which forced the Austrians to surrender.
Blessed with Suck : Napoleon's brothers, Joseph and Louis, didn't seem too happy about being made kings of Naples (and later Spain) and Holland.
That said, Louis made the best of it and got himself actually well-liked by the people of Holland. Due to his actions, he was known then (and now) as Louis the Good. Napoleon actually had him deposed because Louis started favoring Dutch interests above French ones.
Bling of War : The armies of the Napoleonic Wars had the fanciest, most colorful and elaborate uniforms in history with those of hussars (light cavalry), being the most ornate. However, this had some use due to the exorbitant amounts of smoke quickly covering the battlefield from black powder
being used in muskets since smokeless powder
had yet to be invented - the bright uniforms helped soldiers to see their comrades and thus aided morale.
The Napoleonic Wars also saw the institution of the Legion of Honour and the Iron Cross and were the first major war to be commemorated by campaign medals issued to all participants.
Blood Knight : Sir Thomas Cochrane spent the early years of the war fighting French for the Royal Navy. After the war ended, bored, he spent his time fighting in the independence struggles of various Spanish and Portuguese possessions - he helped lead Chile to freedom (to this day, there is a ship of the Chilean Navy named the Almirante Cochrane), captured the most powerful Spanish warship in the Pacific, directly leading to Peru's freedom, he helped the Brazilians defeat the Portugese, became Marquess of Maranhao, then burned the Brazilian merchant fleet and raided their treasury when they didn't pay him his prize money, and he fought for the Greeks against the Turks. He then took command of the North American Squadron, and was almost given a command in the Crimean War, but Parliament was worried he would do something suicidally brave and lose his entire command. He also drafted the "Secret War Plan", which was so brutal that Parliament had it locked away, to be used if and only if the mainland UK was threatened. It apparently involved rockets and poison gas .
To be specific, his plan involved de-masting old wooden ships, dragging them inland, laying them on their sides at an angle and packing them full of explosives, noxious chemicals and incendiaries. When lit, these ships would be propelled by the weight of explosives inside them and go careening across the land, leaving massive firestorms and plumes of toxic gas in their wake. It was estimated that a single ship used in this manner could render a square kilometer of terrain uninhabitable. Fortunately, saner (and less awesome) minds than Cochrane deemed the plan unusable due to the damage it would do to international relations.
Brave Scot : See Blood Knight above.
The French Marshalate had a half-Scot, Jacques-Etienne Macdonald, the son of a Jacobite. He was not lacking bravery on the battlefield, but his courage went beyond that: he did not hesitate to stand up to Emperors and Kings telling them exactly what was on his mind, so Louis XVIII nicknamed him 'His Outspokenness'. Although he was truly French at heart, Napoleon once jokingly said that he never sent him to fight the English because he couldn't trust a Macdonald around bagpipes.
Brave Scots could turn up in other armies as well, as e. g. some Scottish families had settled on the Baltic coast in the 18th century. Thus in the 1807 campaign in Eastern Prussia the Russian army had General Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly and the Prussian Colonel Ernst Wilhelm von Hamilton.
Bribing Your Way to Victory : By far the most effective unit in the Wars was the Golden Cavalry of St. George - the slang term given to the cash subsidies the British paid to most of Europe's crowned heads in order to either A: keep them fighting the French, or B: stop them fighting the British. When it came to foreign policy, Napoleon was hopelessly outplayed, largely because the British had what is known in foreign policy circles as "shit-tons of money" whilst he had very little because he was being blockaded.note By which we mean Britain had a modern-ish financial system and financed her war effort through a combination of loans and creating/printing money. The relatively primitive financial institutions of France, on the other hand, meant she could only borrow a fraction of the money Britain could and at much higher interest rates. While both Britain and France ran their economies into the ground, Britain did so in a way that normal people weren't aware that the government was to blame for (inflation) whereas France did so in a way that was painfully obvious (greater taxes).
Napoleon actually had quite a bit of money himself as he tended to impose huge indemnities on the countries he defeatednote It is said that up until he got bogged down in the Spanish quagmire he was able to finance his campaigns on the profits gained during the preceding one., but that did have a tendency to make the governments of these countries think it was a good idea to accept British subsidies to regain their losses in territory and population in another war.
Brick Joke : When Sweden, short a king, offered the throne to French Marshal Bernadotte, Napoleon thought the whole thing was absurd and didn't take it seriously. This brick later returned to hit Napoleon in the head , as a rather miffed Bernadotte took the job offer anyway and eventually joined Sweden with the coalition against Napoleon. Swedish troops participated in several critical battles against the French, with Bernadotte personally leading them.
Brits with Battleships : Especially the battleships. The Royal Navy's finest hour - it won a string of crushing victories against numerically superior fleets and kept up a blockade of Europe for almost twenty years. In its spare time, it made serious inroads into ending the slave trade.
Napoleon: "Everywhere wood can swim, I find this flag of England!"
Ironically the Royal Navy was surprisingly inefficient on its own against Napoleon himself. In 1798 it failed to prevent him, his fleet and his army from breaking through the British blockade, taking Malta en route and conquering Egypt; Nelson only destroyed the fleet after Napoleon had disembarked and marched inland. In 1799 it failed to prevent Napoleon and his staff from escaping from Egypt to France, which enabled him to take power in the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire. And in 1814 it failed to prevent him from sailing from Elba to France and reinstall himself as emperor. No wonder that when Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena he was guarded not just by the Royal Navy, but also by soldiers onshore!
Butt Monkey : Denmark. In 1801 it tried to remain neutral, but the British attacked them anyway and defeated the Danish fleet off Copenhagen. By 1807, they had one of the last major fleets in Europe, it was only a matter of time before someone invaded to take it off them. Napoleon made a decent head start, agreeing with the Czar at Tilsit that he could snatch the Danish fleet, and so the Crown Prince of Denmark deployed the Army to the South of the country...which meant it could do nothing when the British invaded from the North and bombarded the city for three nights
. The Danes gave up their fleet, which was taken to Britain and inducted into the Royal Navy. Subsequently Denmark continued a small-scale war against the British, losing the North Sea island of Heligoland in the process. Then, when Sweden, which had just lost Finland to Russia, entered into an alliance with Russian and Britain in 1812, asked for and was promised Norway, which then belonged to Denmark, as its price. For this reason Denmark did not switch sides in the spring of 1813, returned to its alliance with France, and thus found itself on the losing side once again at the end of that year. In January 1814, Sweden made a strong statement for making Denmark even more of a Butt Monkey when they invaded Denmark and hauled through Jutland for a week, meeting small resistance, if any. After that, Denmark gave in and accepted the Treaty of Kiel, handing over Norway.
Norway. Blockaded by the British Navy for years and nearly starved to death in the process, and later handed over to Sweden after the Treaty of Kiel (January 1814). Denmark was forced to give the country away after its main army could not stop the Allied Army of the North, which was commanded by the Swedish crown prince, from invading then-Danish Schleswig-Holstein in December 1813. The Norwegians subverted the trope by drafting their own constitution in 1814, which Sweden accepted with a grudge. During the constitutional assembly, Norwegians optimistically hoped Britain would turn on its ally Sweden, but this did not happen. The British House of Commons debated this issue for three days straight at the very end of April 1814. Dispatches reached Norway at the beginning of May, and the assembly hurried up to get their draft ready before the Swedes invaded. They made it in a fortnight, and that is why Norway has its national day on May 17.
The Captain : Many, many captains - Sir Edward Pellew, Sir Israel Pellew, Nelson when he held the rank, Thomas Hardy (not that one), Eliab Harvey, and possibly the daddy of them all, Sir Thomas Cochrane, whose life served as inspiration for both "Lucky" Jack Aubrey and Horatio Hornblower .
Casting Couch : Manuel Godoy became Spain's political and military top guy until 1808 because he was Queen Maria Luisa 's lover. King Charles IV was oblivious and considered the "Prince of Peace" his trusted friend .
Category Traitor : Despite being a nobleman by birth, Louis-Nicolas Davout was a fervent partisan of the Revolutionary ideals and was seen as this by the nobles who returned from exile after Napoleon's defeat, hence why he spent his last years of life completely shunned by his former peers.
The Cavalry : Desaix' division at Marengo, the Prussians at Eylau and Waterloo.
Murat's cavalry charge at the Battle of Eylau is notably epic. Imagine a frontal assault on a crumbling line by eleven thousand horsemen.
Although many French accounts focus on this charge and for all practical intents treat it as if it decided the battle, it actually only happened at 11:30 a.m. and the battle continued throughout the afternoon and into the night. As far as the French army was concerned, the part of this trope was actually played by Davout's and later Ney's corps.
The Chessmaster : Metternich, Talleyrand, Canning.
Child Soldiers : The "Marie-Louises" of the 1814 campaign in France. British Midshipmen often served from age 12, joining active service ships at 14.
In the pre-1806 Prussian army officers also could start early. Carl von Clausewitz, the author of On War, first served actively as a 13-year-old ensign at the siege of Mainz in 1793.
In general during the era the typical soldier was between 16 and 40.
Chronic Backstabbing Disorder : Even allowing for the general frequency of about-faces and switches of alliance , some examples were considered beyond the pale at the time.
Saxony switched sides a few months into the war of 1806, after the double defeat of Jena and Auerstedt. The elector became a king by the grace of Napoleon and in the peace of Tilsit in 1807 he gained some territories at the expense of his erstwhile ally Prussia. The Prussians were naturally miffed at this, especially as the king of Saxony refused to join the anti-Napoleonic alliance in the spring of 1813, and subsequently Prussia tried not just to regain the territories it had lost to Saxony in 1807, but also to annex as much of Saxony as it could. In the meantime the Saxons fell out of favour with their French allies, because a Saxon brigade - against the king's orders - deserted the French Army in the middle of the battle of Leipzig (October 16-19, 1813). Even though the brigade was too small to make a real difference and even though it did not actively fight on the Allied side at Leipzig, Napoleon used them as scapegoats for his defeat and even coined the word "saxonner" for deserting allies under fire. At the Congress of Vienna, Prussia succeeded in gaining nearly half the territory of Saxony, but when Blücher ordered the Saxon contingent of his army to be divided up in accordance with the new borders, these troops mutinied, which led to the Saxons being sent back to Germany and not participating in the Waterloo campaign. Modern historians tend to look more friendly at the way the Saxon soldiers reacted to unusual circumstances and conflicts of loyalty.
For his enemies (and former friends) Napoleon was a king of this trope. For Corsican nationalists and their leader Paoli he was a traitor to the cause. In the coup of 18 Brumaire, he betrayed his erstwhile allies in the Directoire. After Austerlitz he entered into an alliance with Prussia, handing them over the electorate of Hanover as the price for declaring war on Britain; shortly after he secretly offered Hanover back to the British. When the Prussians found out, they hastily declared war on him, only to suffer total defeat. Also in 1806, Napoleon goaded Turkey to declare war on Russia to open a second front, but in 1807 he made peace with Russia, but a peace that did not include Turkey, which had to continue its war until 1812. And in 1808 he betrayed Spain and the Spanish royal family, some of his most faithful allies, in order to install his brother Joseph as its king.
For Napoleon's supporters, Talleyrand and Fouché suffered from this, but special rancour was reserved for Marshal Marmont, who acquired this reputation after he abandoned Napoleon in 1814: sixteen years later, when he proved unable to contain the insurrection in Paris in July 1830, the Duke of Angoulême asked: "Will you betray us, as you betrayed him?" Actually Marmont only switched sides once in his career (in 1814); in 1830 as in 1815 he remained loyal to the Bourbons and accompanied them into exile, which is more than most generals of the time can say. Unless you want to count his involvement in Napoleon's 1799 coup as a betrayal of the French Republic.
Citadel City : A few. Cadiz became one as it ended up the last free city in Spain, whilst the Spanish cities of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz proved formidable obstacles to the British Army (though not formidable enough, as the inhabitants of Badajoz found out to their cost).
Colour Coded Armies : Austrians dressed in white, British in red, French in dark blue, Hanoverians in red (conveniently, since they had same ruler as the British ), Italians and Neapolitans in white, Portuguese in brown, Prussians in dark blue, Russians in dark green, Spanish in white, then dark blue. Note that these are only the colours for line infantry, other arms of service could have different colours and there were countless subversions for special units. This could lead to confusion, for instance in one battle in the Peninsula, a Swiss regiment in French service, which wore red uniforms, got uncomfortably close to the British redcoats before they were recognized, shot upon and driven back. On their retreat they were then fired upon by the French who mistook them for attacking British infantry.
The Consigliere : In most armies the position of a commander's chief of staff was very much his subordinate and his tasks could be described as ancillary - thus some historians have described the position of Marshal Berthier, Napoleon's chief of the general staff, as that of "a glorified clerk". In contrast in Prussia the position of the chief of staff was continually strengthened, especially after the disasters of 1806, because General Scharnhorst saw this as a way of structurally strengthening army command, so that a competent chief of staff could complement a not so great commanding general or could carry on when he was incapacitated on campaign. This new system would typify Prussian army command for the next structure especially as it worked so well with Blücher and his two chiefs of staff Scharnhorst and Gneisenau.
The Conspiracy : The Napoleonic era was filled with intrigue, conspiracies and conspiracy theories , although it of course depends on your point of view which conspiracies you considered evil. Thus the United Irishmen, Royalist activists like Georges Cadoudal or the leaders of armed insurrections in Germany in 1809 would be seen as plucky patriots by one side and rebel scum by the other. Among the more well-known actual conspiracies of the era:
Both Gustavus III (assassinated in 1792) and Gustavus IV of Sweden (deposed in a coup when his war against Britain and Russia ended badly) fell victim to conspiracies.
Napoleon coming to power in the coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November, 1799), prepared by a conspiracy of high-placed officers and politicians.
In 1800, the royalist Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (a.k.a. the Infernal Machine Plot) attempted to kill the then First Consul by exploding a cartload of powder barrels when his coach passed by on the way to the opera. Napoleon was unharmed, but many innocent bystanders were killed or badly injured.
In 1801 Paul I of Russia being deprived of his throne and life by a conspiracy of high-ranking officers, including some of his most trusted ones.
The Malet conspiracy of 1812, in which a group of officers tried to bring the Imperial régime in France to an end and to reinstate the French Republic by spreading the false rumour that Napoleon had been killed in action near Moscow.
Courtroom Antics : The Laws and Customs of War as interpreted then had an elaborate code for Prize Law. At one time an American privateer brought suit in a British court for the ransom he had been promised for a capture during the War of 1812 (which was a subtheater of this war). He was granted it.
Well we always knew lawyers were Pirates .
Covered with Scars : Certainly a lot of veterans soldiers, but the most famous example had to be Marshal Nicolas Oudinot, who was wounded 34 times over the course of his career. Another general who met him later in his long life (he still lived until the age of eighty) compared him to a colander. General Junot's record was not bad either, he bore many visible scars from his twenty-seven battle wounds, including one that ran from his left temple to the bottom of his cheek.
Dan Browned : Even to this day and in modern works , major misconceptions exist among English speakers about Napoleonic tactics due to a long-standing, complex linguistic miscommunication. Writing after the war, British generals wrote in their memoirs about defeating French columns, which holds a number of different meanings: a column, to a military writer, would not only have meant the military formation, but could also mean the unit itself. Nearly all French units marched in column formation when approaching the enemy, so "French column" became British military shorthand for an enemy unit of a particular size. Unfortunately, this meant later historians would misinterpret French military tactics to an absurd degree: reading "the French columns attacked", a historian would infer that the French attacked in column formation, which only an idiot would do intentionally. To be sure, this did in fact occur in battle on multiple occasions, but this was usually due to necessity (the column couldn't reform its formation in time), command incompetence (like at Waterloo), or because the column was ambushed, and was never the preferred method. The French emphatically did not conquer Europe by smashing human battering rams into the opposing side's lines .
Deadpan Snarker : Talleyrand, feared for his wit. After the execution of the Duke of Enghien, he famously quipped that it was "worse than a crime, a mistake." (Although this particular line has also been ascribed to Fouché).
The Duke of Wellington too.
Marshal Masséna had his moments. At one point during the Spanish campaign, he asked Marshal Bessières to lend him soldiers from his cavalry reserve. Bessières only sent a few of them but came leading them personally, to which Masséna retorted : "I would have preferred more men and less Bessières."
A snarky remark from Field Marshal Blücher: During the campaign in France in 1814, the Allied high command, led by Field Marshal Prince Schwarzenberg, was still steeped in 18th-century military theories that put much more stock in occupying "strategically important" points than in doing actual damage to the enemy forces. They thus attached supreme importance to capturing the plateau of Langres, which happens to be part of the European Watershed, which they believed would compel Napoleon to retreat and lose the war. Blücher mocked these theories saying the only advantage of occupying the plateau of Langres was that if you urinated there, half of it would flow into the Atlantic and half into the Mediterranean.
In Austria the Prince de Ligne, well remembered for saying of the the Congress of Vienna: "The congress does not progress, it dances."
Defeat Equals Explosion : The French flagship at the Battle of the Nile, L'Orient, catastrophically exploded just as the battle drew to a close and the French fleet fell into British hands, curtailing Napoleon's Egyptian ambitions. Admiral Louis de Casabianca's son, Giocante, was aboard at the time, which gave rise to Felicia Dorothy Hemans' infamous poem " Casabianca ". Spike Milligan "updated" it:
The boy stood on the burning deck,
Whence all but he had fled —
Twit.
When "free coloured person" colonel Louis Delgrès led a revolt on the French island of Guadeloupe in May 1802 against the reimposition of slavery on the orders of Consul Bonaparte, he ultimately had no chance against the 4000 seasoned troops Bonaparte had sent over from France. When he and his 300 last supporters were trapped in their last retreat at Matouba, they blew themselves up following the Revolutionary tenet of Vivre libre ou mourir ("Live free or die"). Delgrès' body was never found , but he is honoured by a commemorative plaque in the Panthéon in Paris.
The British expected the fortress of Almeida in Portugal to hold out for at least a week. Unfortunately, due to an extremely unlucky turn of eventsnote A gunpowder barrel with a hole in it was rolled from the city's magazine, leaving a powder trail which was later ignited. a French shell detonated its magazine, devastating the city, the garrison, and causing one of the largest explosions of the pre-nuclear age. The British, with no men, no walls, and no ammo, surrendered.
Defeat Means Friendship : Napoleon often invoked this, in imitation of Julius Caesar. He often gave what he claimed were generous terms to people he defeated, forgave several slights and attempted treachery by Talleyrand or Fouché. Years later, on Saint Helena, he reflected on how his enemies spat on his friendship and mercy and accused him of sole responsibility for the wars and he was finally treated as a criminal belligerent rather than a sovereign:
Napoleon:"I may have been called 'a modern Attila' and 'a Robespierre on horseback' by the other sovereigns; but if they would search their hearts, they would know better. Had I really been that, I would perhaps be reigning still. But one thing is certain: had I been such, they all would long since have ceased to reign ."
Defector from Decadence : The Marshals who deserted Napoleon in 1814 and pushed him to abdicate saw themselves as this. As Marmont put it : "As long as he said 'Everything for France', I served him with enthusiasm. When he started saying 'France and me', I served him with zeal. When he started saying 'Me and France', I served him with devotion. It is only when he said 'Me without France' that I distanced myself from him."
Determinator : Lieutenant-Colonel William Inglis of the 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot is the Trope Namer for term 'die hard'. At the battle of Albuera in Spain he was wounded by canister shot. Despite his injuries, Inglis refused to retire from the battle but remained with the regimental colours, encouraging his men with the words "Die hard 57th, die hard!" as they came under intense pressure from a French attack. The 'Die Hards' subsequently became the West Middlesex�s regimental nickname.
Sir John Moore at La Corunna. After Britain's first disastrous campaign in Spain, he led his battered army through an uncharacteristically harsh winter, managed to keep it mostly intact, and, as he fought a delaying action to allow his men to embark for England, was hit by a cannonball which turned him into a real-life Two-Face . He stayed awake and directed the battle, finally dying when the last of his men were embarked. Marshal Soult was so impressed, he raised a monument to him in the town of Corunna
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, which stands to this day.
During the Russian debacle, Marshal François-Joseph Lefebvre marched 300 km with his troops, using his musket as a walking stick and never ceasing to encourage those who remained behind and fiercely pushing back the Cossacks' attacks, by -25°C and with little food available. Many survivors of the retreat had to live through similar hardships, but Lefebvre was pushing sixty and suffered from gout and badly-treated wounds.
Draft Dodging : At the time, draftees in France could hire a substitute if they had enough money. In many other countries a lot of the middle and upper class was legally exempt anyway.
Duel to the Death : Duelling was still very much prevalent in the officer corps of the time, and quite often they would result in the deaths of participants. One famous series of duels between two French hussar officers (possibly Generals Dupont and Fournier) was turned into a short story by Joseph Conrad and later the movie The Duellists . In 1809, after the failure of the Walcheren expedition, two members of the British cabinet fought a duel, Lord Castlereagh (war) wounding George Canning (foreign office); afterwards both had to resign from office.
Both in France and in Britain it is popular to see the entire Napoleonic Wars as a duel to the death between Napoleon and Britain.
Dying Moment of Awesome : Nelson expired from a sniper's bullet just after winning the Battle of Trafalgar with his last words being "Thank God I have done my duty" .
Later, Marshal Michel Ney asked for, and received, permission to direct his own firing squad with his last words being "Soldiers of France! This is the last order I shall give you. Ready, Aim, Fire!". Minutes before that, as he was about to be blindfolded, he exclaimed : "Don't you know that I have been looking face to face at bullets and cannonballs for twenty-five years?"
Marshal Murat had a slightly funnier one: "Soldiers! Do your duty! Straight to the heart ( Beat ) but spare the face. Fire!"
Scottish General Sir John Moore was hit by a cannonball at Corunna, which apparently laid waste to near his entire left side. Moore however stayed awake and composed for the next several hours until the battle ended, all the while still giving orders before finally dying.
Firing squads were not always up to their jobs, thus in 1809, when eleven officers who had participated in Schill's rebellion, were shot, one of them, Albert von Wedell, was left standing. He responded by tearing open his shirt with the words: "Can't you hit better, here is the German heart!" before being shot dead in the second attempt. Similarly, Tyrolean leader Andreas Hofer is said to have said "My God, you're bad shots" when the firing squad executing him botched their first attempt.
The Emperor : Napoleon, obviously.
Franz I of Austria also proclaimed himself emperor of Austria when it became forseeable that Napoleon could force him to abdicate as Franz II of the Holy Roman Empire .
And there of course was the Czar of All Russias, which is why the battle of Austerlitz is known as the Battle of the Three Emperors.
Epic Fail : Napoleon's Russian campaign. Let the numbers speak for themselves: his forces at the start of the campaign: 600 000. His forces at the end of the campaign, that is, half a year later: 6 000. What a Senseless Waste of Human Life .
Everything's Better with Princesses : Queen Louise of Prussia (1776-1810). When she died, she was even called the Queen of Hearts by August Wilhelm von Schlegel.
Evil Overlord : Napoleon, to his opponents.
Napoleon for his part regarded the British Empire as this, claiming that they refused all overtures of peace, kept bribing other states to go into coalitions against him, and in 1815, in his eyes, treated him as a criminal belligerent rather than sovereign by sending him to Saint Helena, while conveniently ignoring or sweetening their own responsibility. Which rather ignored that all European governments - in the shape of the Congress of Vienna - declared Napoleon an outlaw after his return from Elba and all agreed to send him to St. Helena, not just the British.
Evil Plan : Admiral Lord Thomas Cochrane's "Secret War Plan" was considered by the British government to be so evil it was shared with only a handful of men (even Wellington didn't know its contents) and not revealed until 1908. Cochrane himself was sworn to secrecy. The plan involved the creation of "sulphur vessels" - converted frigates loaded with sulphur and charcoal, and "temporary mortars", whereby a small vessel would be filled with gunpowder, shrapnel, animal carcasses, and musket balls, heeled onto its side with ballast, and then detonated, propelling the contents like a mortar. Based on tests conducted in the Med, Cochrane reckoned that just 3 such ships could devastate a square half-mile - in essence, the "Secret War Plan" involved gas attacks and carpet bombing, years ahead of WWII. Cochrane proposed it again during the Crimean War, and was turned down because the British government felt it would make any postwar reconciliation with Russia impossible.
Eyepatch of Power : Nelson, of course (despite not wearing an actual eyepatch- he probably had a detached retina, meaning the afflicted eye looked normal on the outside). And Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov, supreme commander of the Russian army in 1812/13, who was held in awe by his army for having survived two bullets in the head (on separate occasions).
Fiery Redhead : Michel Ney was known as "le Rougeaud" ("the Red One") because of his hair. Napoleon described him as le brave des braves ("the bravest of the brave"), but would later use him as a scapegoat for his defeat at Waterloo. Another example would be Andoche Junot, sometimes called "la Tempête" and whose suicidal bravery eventually cost him his sanity.
Fighting for a Homeland : The Poles did a variety of it, and were among the most loyal of Napoleonic troops. Also to an extent peoples of the conquered territories. Ironically Napoleon's Polish as often as not found themselves fighting not so much for Poland as against other people fighting for their homelands, most tragically in Haiti and in Spain.
When the French army occupied Hanover in 1803, a large part of the Hanoverian army left for England, where they formed the King's German Legion, which became some of the best troops in the British army. After Waterloo they were repatriated and largely integrated into the new Hanoverian army.
Fighting Irish : A third of the British Army of Portugal was composed of Irishmen. Notable regiments include the 6th Inniskilling Dragoons (today part of the Royal Dragoon Guards), the 18th Foot (Royal Irish Regiment), and the 88th Foot (Connaught Rangers).
A similar, if not greater, proportion of the Royal Navy was ethnically-Irish as well - not to mention Arthur Wellesley, one of Britain's greatest generals of this period.
On the other hand plenty of Irish fought against the British, whether as rebels in Ireland itself (especially in 1798) or directly in French service - the Légion irlandaise was one of the few groups of foreign soldiers in the French military to whom Napoleon ever gave an eagle.
The Fighting Narcissist : Joachim Murat was a noted dandy and possible homosexual, who was known for his extravagant clothes and whose last words were an entreaty for the firing squad to leave a good-looking corpse. He was also a fine cavalry commander and badass.
For Want of a Nail : A literal example. When cavalry overran enemy cannon, they typically hammered a spike into the firing hole of the cannon (called "spiking" the cannon). During the battle of Waterloo, Marshal Ney's cavalry overran the forward British artillery batteries, which could have had a disastrous effect on the battle as the British would lose almost all artillery support, possibly forcing a withdrawal. However, somebody forgot to bring the spikes . Marshal Ney was seen beating his sword against a British cannon in furious frustration, and before long the French cavalry were forced to retreat, leaving the cannon to be reoccupied by their British gunners.
Four Eyes, Zero Soul : Louis-Nicolas Davout had this reputation, due to his very cold and strict personality which his critics interpreted as full-blown heartlessness and cruelty. Of course, Napoleon also used his poor eyesight to mock him on occasion : when Davout sent him a report of his fighting against the main Prussian army at Auerstadt, Napoleon, who had just routed one corps at Jena thinking it was the main army told the messenger: "Today, your general who usually sees nothing has seen double !"
Four-Star Badass : Marshal Michel Ney, one of Napoleon's most trusted marshals. While simple, bull-headed, and tended into Leeroy Jenkins territory on occasion (particularly Waterloo), nobody doubted his courage. He was often seen in the thick of the action, was supposedly the last Frenchman to leave Russia, and was given the sobriquet "Bravest of the Brave" by Napoleon himself, not least because Ney thought nothing about standing up to him. He even gave the order to fire to his own firing squad. With no blindfold.
From Nobody to Nightmare : Napoleon. He went from being the son of a Corsican minor nobleman to overlord of most of Europe.
From the French perspective, the Duke of Wellington. After Napoleon has defeated all of Britain's top generals, forcing Craddock into a shrinking perimeter around Lisbon, killing Sir John Moore, Nelson is dead, this young officer fresh out of India returns to Europe after destroying the Maharatha Empire. "Ah," observed Napoleon, "but reputations made in India rarely stand up to a musket volley in Europe". He changed his tune before the end.
Marshal Massena was a cabin boy from Nice, the son of a shopkeeper, who enlisted in the French Army as a private, and who climbed all the way to the top.
Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte. Started as the son of a small lawyer from Pau, ended up king of Sweden and Norway. His dynasty still rules.
The Revolution in general, filling the gaps created by the emigration of many noble officers, made fearsome generals out of people who might never have joined the army without the nation-wide call to arms in 1792. Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr was one such general: a starving painter and sometimes comedian, he enlisted for the first time at 28 on the 1st of September 1792. Almost exactly two years later, he became a divisional general and went on to be regarded as one of the best defenders in the French army (he was often working with another rising star, Louis Desaix, prompting their soldiers to say : "With Desaix, we are assured of winning battles; with Saint-Cyr, we are certain that we won't be defeated.")
Frontline General : Too many to count, especially among those who had risen from the ranks. In general (no pun intended), high-ranking officers were frequently found at the head of their troops in order to encourage them, while at the same time having to direct the battle on a larger scale. (Some were better at this than others: for instance, Napoleon once complained, speaking of Marshal Ney, that "he tended to forget the troops which were not under his eyes").
General Failure : The Prussian Field Marshal Moellendorf, who had made his name in the Seven Years' War as a young man and who had performed well in Poland and Bavaria and as a peacetime organizer, turned out not to be the man to face Napoleon's new "big war" strategy. Prior to the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, he had turned down every proposal by von Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and the Military Society for reform with a sigh and "This is altogether over my head", with disastrous results. That said, he didn't lack for physical courage; at the age of eighty-two he advanced, alone, towards the French Army at Jena through a storm of their fire. Napoleon was so impressed, he gave him a Légion d'honneur.
Naturally, memoir writers often described their rivals as this. For instance, Thiébault , speaking of Marshal Marmont, said that he was brilliant when it came to talking about war, but everything he attempted was an absolute disaster in practice.
Germans Love David Hasselhoff : Much of Europe hates Napoleon. The Poles? They mostly vary between hero worship and "we love him, but...".
Give a Man a Fish... : It is often said that Napoleon's marshals were, by and large, talented military officers in their own right, but being around Napoleon, an unmatched master of warfare, caused a number of them to forget how to be generals (i.e. fighting a battle of your own design) as opposed to being simply tools of Napoleon's master plans. Over time, this caused Napoleon's marshals to become overly dependent on him for tactical and strategic guidance, and often floundered when Napoleon was not around (particularly ones who had been around Napoleon since the beginning, such as Soult and Ney). This got to the point where even the Allies noticed, and made it their strategy to engage Napoleon's marshals and avoid Napoleon himself wherever possible.
Actually Napoleon expected his subordinates to follow his orders unquestioningly positively discouraged them from thinking for themselves, even if e. g. those fighting in the Peninsular War were left to fend for themselves after 1808 and thus should have kept their edge even under this theory (Soult is in fact considered one of Wellington's most competent opponents). Also, the Trachenberg plan described above (which made sense as long as one assumed that the marshals were not quite as good as tactitians and as inspiring to their soldiers as "peerless" Napoleon) was only really duringt the two months leading up to the battle of Leipzig, and even during that time the Allied high command deviated from it in the battle of Dresden.
Going Native : Prince Louis Bonaparte was made King of Holland by his Big Brother Bully who saw him as a family embarassment. He comes to Holland and unlike French prefects in most other nations, he makes an effort to learn the language, even joking about his poor accent, he also changes his name to Lodewijk Bonaparte and has all official conversation and notes written in Holland and has his staff renounce French citizenship. Napoleon is pretty baffled by this. The Dutch love their new king and King Lodewijk personally intervenes during a major flood and gunpowder disaster and refuses to have Holland's economy feed Napoleon's wars. Napoleon later manipulated his own brother out of the throne in Holland and annexed Holland outright to France, years later, Lodewijk returned to Holland and the people on finding out who he was greeted him in delight.
Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte never learned to speak Swedish, but from the moment he was elected as Crown Prince by the Swedes, he took Swedish interests to heart (even if it meant allying with Russia, declaring war on Napoleon and entering his former homeland as a foreign prince) and is overall remembered fondly by his country of adoption.
The Great Wall : The Lines of Torres Vedras.
A series of linked forts, steepened hills, flooded valleys and British garrisons between Marshal Massena's army and the Portuguese capital, stretching all the way across the Portuguese region of Estremadura (more specifically, the northern side). It was a steal at £100,000, and a Russian squadron in Lisbon harbor kindly "donated" all their cannons to arm it. The British also, thoughtfully, took all the food in Portugal behind them and poisoned all the rivers and wells they could find. They were built in total secrecy, and the British government was as surprised as Marshal Massena when Wellington announced he had retreated behind them.
Grey and Grey Morality : The whole conflict.
The structures Napoleon put in place in many of his territories were far more benign and enlightened than those which had already existed - for instance, he pioneered Jewish emancipation on the Continent, and tried to help out the Poles against their oppressors, the Russians, Austrians and Prussians. On the other hand, he was an unrepentant imperialist, reintroduced slavery (abolished by Robespierre and co.) in the French colonies, and his conscripts were surprisingly poorly disciplined off the battlefield (some say deliberately so), with Rape, Pillage, and Burn being their pastime of choice when they entered new territories and their method of choice for dealing with guerillas (especially in Spain and Germany).
The British for their part were the first to break the Treaty of Amiens (though Napoleon had been making plans to prepare his troops) after refusing to honor Napoleon's terms of moving their fleet out of Malta. They also used their diplomatic circle to fund Napoleon's enemies to keep him constantly on the war-footing. Recent research shows that they also funded assassination attempts on Napoleon. The conflict and the later Balance of Powers was intended to suppress the European continent and liberal sentiments in general, so that the British Empire and colonialism could continue without any rival. Their exile of Napoleon to Saint Helena was also denounced, then and now, as "unduly punitive" by Napoleon and his admirers. That said the British navy did start their celebrated campaign to end the slave trade during this time (though they had themselves allied themselves with French slaveholders via the Whitehall Accords during the Revolutionary Wars).
Guile Hero : Sir Richard Keats, captain of HMS Superb, at the Battle of Algeciras Bay, pulled an Indy Ploy that would make The Joker proud. In the dead of night, he sailed his 74-gun ship past the massive Spanish 112-gun ships of the line San Hermengildo and Real Carlos, firing on both. The San Hermengildo, believing she was under attack, began a furious gun duel with the burning Real Carlos. Determined to take advantage of the situation, the Hermengildo's captain raked the Real Carlos, slaughtering her gun crews and spreading the fire out of control. Determined not to let "the enemy" get away, the San Hermengildo then tried to board the burning Real Carlos, which promptly exploded, destroying both ships.
The Gump : Don Miguel Ricardo de Álava y Esquivel KCB MVO holds the honour of being the only man to have fought at both Trafalgar and Waterloo (for opposite sides). He served as a naval aide-de-camp to Admiral Alava (his father) at Trafalgar, and was captured along with the Admiral when the British took the Santa Ana midway through. When the French invaded his homeland he became Spanish military attache to The Duke of Wellington , serving with him right up until Waterloo.
Gunman with two names : John Bellingham, who murdered prime minister Spencer Perceval in the lobby of the House of Commons on May 11, 1812. His motive? He wanted to be financially recompensed for being wrongfully imprisoned in Russia, which the British government refused on the ground that it had broken off diplomatic relations with Russia at the time.
Another lone assassin was 17-year-old Friedrich Staps (Stapß), who tried to kill Napoleon in 1809. His intended victim at first thought that the attempt on his life was the result of a conspiracy in Berlin or Weimar, but the subsequent investigation came to the conclusion that Staps had acted on his own.
Gunboat Diplomacy : Both sides made heavy use of this, but one particularly illustrative example can be seen in the little known case of the Second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807. After Nelson's crushing victory at Trafalgar, the remaining French and Spanish warships fled back to port. Napoleon's planned invasion of Great Britain was nipped in the bud. However, Denmark possessed one of the most powerful remaining navies in Europe. It was also small and conveniently easy to invade. Both sides, therefore, scrambled to gain the Danish fleet. Napoleon set the ball rolling by bullying the Tsar into revoking his objection to a French seizure of Denmark's navy as part of the Treaties of Tilsit. The British offered the Danish Regent (Crown Prince and future King Frederick VI) a whopping great sum of money in return for the ships...but also let him know that a large fleet was gathering at the Nore. Napoleon then moved his army to the Danish border in preparation for offering the Danes a fair deal on the issue. Unfortunately, this backfired on him - the Danish Crown Prince deployed the Danish army to Holstein in Southern Denmark so as to resist the French... and so Denmark was powerless to stop the British invasion fleet laying siege to Copenhagen and then burning much of it to the ground. Stunned, the Danes meekly gave up their Navy to Britain.
Half the Man He Used to Be : General Sainte-Croix (who, according to Napoleon, had all the qualities he expected of a Marshal) was cut in two by a cannonball in Portugal in 1810.
Handicapped Badass : One-armed, one-eyed Lord Nelson, one-eyed Field Marshall Kutuzov and one-legged General Daumesnil come to mind; the latter replied to a summons of surrender: "I'll give you Vincennes if you give me back my leg." Also very remarkable was the Archduke Charles, who was the Austrian Army's best general and became the first to inflict a defeat in the field on Napoleon despite suffering from recurrent epileptic fits. Marshall Masséna of France lost one of his eyes to Napoleon in a hunting accident (sound familiar, Dick Cheney?).
Marshal Marmont, during the 1814 campaign, fought on the frontlines with his right arm in a sling note It was shattered by a shell at the battle of Salamanca and Marmont very nearly underwent amputation and two fingers of his left hand missing since the Battle of Leipzig.
Hazy Feel Turn : Napoleon's Marshals defecting to the returning Bourbons in 1814 (and for some of them, going back on Napoleon's side next year).
Heel�Face Turn : Almost every state in Europe seems to do this at least once, except Britain, which was consistently anti-France the whole time.
This is to some extent an artifact created by the tendency to reduce the complex multipolar politics in which five major and several minor powers pursuing their own interests to a bipolar struggle between France and Great Britain, especially among French and British authors . It should also be noted that a number of powers had to choose or switch sides because they were forced to. For instance neutral Denmark became France's ally in 1807 after two unprovoked attacks by Great Britain, and Spain had been allied to France for a good twelve years (since the second half of the War of the First Coalition) when Napoleon launched his surprise attack in 1808.
In the eyes of the nascent independence movements in South America Great Britain did a heel-face turn in 1808 when it discontinued its financial, material and military support to them in order to ally itself with Spain at the beginning of the Peninsular War.
Heel�Face Revolving Door : A book published in 1815 in France gave "girouettes" (weathercocks) to the main figures of the Empire, depending on the number of times they changed sides. Talleyrand and Fouché got twelve each.
Heroic B.S.O.D. / Villainous Breakdown : Several. You can decide who was a hero and who was a villain yourself (See Grey and Grey Morality above)
Marshal Massena apparently had an epic one of these when he saw the Lines of Torres Vedras
, Britain's secret defenses which blocked the routes into the Portugese capital, behind which all of the British Army and the Portugese population had retreated, taking all the food. Allegedly he simply stood, slack-jawed, for several minutes, before throwing a huge screaming fit at his intelligence staff. He spent the next few months desperately trying to find a crack, whilst scraping Portugal bare for forage, a feat of logistics which Wellington was very impressed by.
Wellington had a little one after the retreat from Burgos castle, the siege of which was his only decisive defeat. He also reportedly wept seeing the British casualties after the nasty Siege of Badajoz.
Nelson was incredibly upset by the loss of his arm, telling the King that "a one-armed Admiral shall never be useful". The King, in a rare moment of lucidity, told him to man the fuck up and get back out there. He did.
Napoleon being taken to exile in St Helena. Apparently he found it very difficult to deal with.
Earlier on, in 1813, he was so affected by the successive deaths of Bessières and Duroc - two men who had served him loyally for years and whom he considered as friends - that it was arguably a cause of the apathy he displayed during the remainder of the campaign.
Many of Napoleon's Old Guard when they heard the news of his death - on its return to France, his coffin was followed by all the remainder of them, wearing the threadbare uniforms they had been ordered to burn by their new Royalist masters.
Marshal Marmont, on 5 April 1814, when he learned that General Souham had surrendered his VI Corps to the Allies. note Marmont had arranged the surrender with Prince Schwarzenberg, the Austrian generalissimo, in order to disarm Napoleon should he refuse to negotiate. But on 4 April, Napoleon sent Marshals Ney and Macdonald as well as General Caulaincourt as plenipotentiaries to discuss the conditions of his abdication. Marmont joined them to tell Schwarzenberg that the deal was off, leaving Souham in command of VI Corps. But soon after he left, Souham received a dispatch from Marshal Berthier summoning Marmont to Fontainebleau. It was only a routine matter, but Souham panicked, believing that Napoleon knew everything and would have them all arrested, and carried out the defection which Marmont had planned. According to two eyewitnesses (Macdonald and Caulaincourt), he turned pale and remained speechless for several minutes.
Heterosexual Lifepartners : Alexander I of Russia and Frederick William III of Prussia, especially during the 1813/14 campaigns and at the Congress of Vienna. The two monarchs had long been close on a personal level, and these feelings were intensified during the negotiations in Tilsit in 1807 where Alexander's stand beside his junior ally saved Frederick William from losing more than "merely" half of Prussia's territory and population.
His Own Worst Enemy : Napoleon can be said to have been this on a number of occasions, but it was especially noticeable during the final stages of the wars, when his utter inability to make a lasting peace came to the fore. In 1813 he took an All or Nothing approach to negotiations, refusing to make any territorial concessions at all, which not only made peace with Russia and Prussia impossible unless he defeated them, but which also led to Austria joining the alliance against him. Still, even after the battle of Leipzig at least Austrians and Russians seriously considered making a peace with the French border reaching the left bank of the Rhine and Napeoleon on his throne, but Napoleon's stance forced them to cross the Rhine and invade France proper. During the 1814 campaign in France Metternich did not want France become weakened too much in order to create a European balance of power after the war, and thus saw to it that the Austrian army dragged its feet. However, Napoleon's intransigence and surprising military successes (which were in part made possible by the slowing down of Allied operations) finally forced the Allies to unite once more and conclude that peace was only possible if they took Paris and saw to it that Napoleon was replaced by the Bourbons - only then could they start settling the differences they had amongst themselves. One of the reasons for Napoleon's self-defeating inflexibility was that he feared that he concluded peace at the cost of any or too many territorial concessions the French would eventually depose him .
The Homeward Journey : In May 1808, the Spanish division commanded by the Marquès de la Romana was stationed in Denmark to help defend that country against British attacks. Despite French attempts to keep them in the dark about what had happened, they learned of Napoleon's attack on his ally Spain, managed to contact the British blockading fleet and to organize sea transport to return home to rejoin the other Spanish forces on the Iberian peninsula.
Ho Yay : The Victorians taught their students that Nelson, Britain's greatest admiral and secular war-god, had said as his last words "Thank God I have done my duty" in a conscious effort to avert this trope. Nelson almost certainly intended for "Thank God I have done my duty" to be his "line for the ages", but left out was his exchange with his flag-captain, Thomas Hardy: "Kiss me, Hardy", an innocent - nay, tear-jerking - expression of friendship and platonic love at the time, but in the age of Victorian severity, it was thought unacceptably homoerotic to be teaching the future commanders of Empire.
General Junot's personal devotion to Napoleon was likened by his own wife to romantic love (of course, Mrs Junot is not known for her moderation ) and at any rate seemed to go well beyond even the fanatical zeal the Emperor inspired to many of his subordinates.
Istanbul Not Constantinople : A lot of the various wars had and still have different names in different countries (see the section listing them at the top). The same applies to a number of battles:
Nelson's victory against the French fleet in the night of 1st to 2nd August, 1798, usually called the Battle of the Nile in Britain and the Battle of Aboukir in France (to be balanced by the Napoleon Bonaparte's land victory of Aboukir against a Turkish army).
The battle of Salamanca (1812), won by British and Portuguese forces under the Duke of Wellington, is known as la bataille des Arapiles (named after a group of hills) in France.
The battle of Aspern (21/22 May, 1809) was so named by the victorious Austrians. Napoleon preferred to call it the battle of Essling.
Napoleon's official name for the battle of Borodino (1812) was the Battle of the Moskva (named after the river) and for a few years was known as the battle of Mozhaisk in continental Europe.
Napoleon named his Pyrrhic Victory of May 2, 1813, after the town of Lützen (several miles from the battlefield), deliberately invoking the battle of 1632 . His Prussian and Russian opponents call it the battle of Großgörschen.
Another 1813 battle, Dennewitz, where a French offensive towards Berlin was thwarted, is known as the battle of Juterbock (correct spelling: Jüterbog) in France.
The battle on June 18, 1815, was named the battle of Waterloo because the Duke of Wellington wrote is victory dispatch in his headquarters there. His colleague Prince Blücher preferred the name Belle-Alliance, after an inn on the battlefield where he and Wellington are supposed to have met at the end of the battle. Thus in Prussia the name "La Belle Alliance" continued to be used, while othter German nations, in particular those represented in Wellington's army, preferred "Waterloo". By the way, the original French name for the battle was Mont-Saint-Jean, after a farm and a village situated about a mile behind Wellington's position.
The Juggernaut : France was so ludicrously powerful relative to its neighbors by this point in history that it simply bulled apart entire continent-wide coalitions on five different occasions. Only after about 20 years of uninterrupted war and a campaign in Russia, (also qualified as a Juggernaut) was it finally brought down.
Kangaroo Court : Marshal's Ney trial was somewhat rushed under the influence of Ultra-royalists who wanted to punish him for his part in Napoleon's return to the throne. Ney probably was in a no-win situation anyway - he refused to be court-martialed on the ground of his (Royalist) title of a Peer of France because he feared that his fellow marshals would condemn him out of old personal animosities. He thus was tried before the Chamber of Peers, which had a huge royalist majority. Of course, this led to a backlash in large parts of the public and the Bonapartists made Ney a martyr-like figure. Not that it stopped them or Napoleon for making Ney one of the prime scapegoats for the defeat in the Waterloo campaign.
Arguably things were actually worse during Napoleon's reign. For instane, in 1804 - the year of the judicial murder of the Duke of Enghien - he had General Jean-Victor Moreau court-martialed as an "accomplice" in the (alleged?) Cadoudal-Pichegru plot and for wanting to set himself up as dictator of France. (Moreau actually had been offered the job of becoming dictator in 1799 by the people who then turned to General Bonaparte after Moreau refused). However, when the military tribunal acquitted Moreau, Napoleon had his trusted enforcer General Savary (who had already overseen the trial of the Duke of Enghien) lean on the judges until they changed their verdict to two years imprisonment, which Napoleon in a show of "leniency" then converted into a sentence of exile from France.
Kick the Dog : In 1802 the Haitian revolutionary leader Toussaint Louverture was captured by trickery during the French expedition force to subdue the colony. Napoleon had him sent as a prisoner to Fort Joux in the French Jura mountains. When Toussaint Louverture complained about the conditions of his cell in the icy cold winter and the consequent deterioration of his health, Napoleon responded by — halving the amount of firewood set aside to heat his quarters. Unsurprisingly, Toussaint Louverture died on April 7, 1803.
Love It or Hate It : Napoleon Bonaparte himself.
Ludicrous Gibs : Common for people hit by cannonfire or by canister shot. A rather nasty naval example comes from the explosion of L'Orient at the Battle of the Nile - which supposedly caused it to rain limbs and bodies for several minutes afterwards.
Made of Iron : Several soldiers managed to survive wounds that would have seemed fatal to anyone else, but Marshal Lannes' case is particularly impressive. In 1796, he was shot twice (in the chest and leg) at Bassano and yet, a few days later, he jumped on a horse and rushed to Bonaparte's help during the assault on the bridge at Arcola. There he was shot twice more in the chest and evacuated, but rode back into the fray as soon as he regained consciousness ; a third bullet finally knocked him out for the rest of the battle. During the Siege of Acre, he was shot in the throat, was left for dead on the battlefield for hours before being dragged back to safety, and all of this had no lasting consequences besides a mild stiffness of the neck. At Aboukir, he was shot point-blank in the leg, and his bones weren't even fractured, cementing the bizarre theory that his skeleton was literally harder than iron.
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov survived being shot in the head on two occasions; he did lose his right eye, though.
Magnetic Hero : Nelson, Napoleon. Napoleon got the most magnetic during his 100 Days, when the army sent to capture him, swore fealty to him instead. Wellington too, pulled this off, despite being infamously cold.
Magnificent Bastard : Napoleon, Talleyrand, Several of the Marshals had their moments, but the best example is Bernadotte.
Major Injury Underreaction : See Sir John Moore's Dying Momentof Awesome above.
Also Wellington and Uxbridge at Waterloo:
Uxbridge: By God, sir! I've lost my leg!
Wellington: By God, sir! So you have!
Marshal Jean Lannes tried to pull this off when a cannonball shattered both his legs at Essling, but his aides-de-camp weren't fooled.
Make an Example of Them : Britain's way of showing Europe its continued resolve to fight Napoleon was to invade Denmark, steal its navy, and sack Copenhagen. Oderint dum metuant indeed.
After almost being killed in a Royalist assassination attempt using a cart-load of gunpowder, Napoleon first used this as a pretext to persecute his left-wing (Neo-Jacobin) opposition. However, since Royalist conspiracies continued, he turned his attention to them and sent a cavalry troop to neutral Baden to capture a prominent Bourbon prince, the Duke of Enghien, who was then summarily tried and shot in the moat of Vincennes castle on 21 March, 1804, as a warning to Royalists in general. Unfortunately it became immediately apparent that the Duke was innocent of involvement in any conspiracy against Napoleon's life, which meant the show trial and execution sent a different message than the intended one to the governments and public of Europe. Which caused either Talleyrand or Fouché to comment that the execution was "worse than a crime, a mistake."
In 1806, Napoleon in the course of his war against Prussia invaded and occupied the neutral country of Hesse-Kassel, deposed its ruler and then gave it - along with some other territories to his brother Jerôme as the spanking-new Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807 to show that who wasn't for Napoleon was liable to be treated as an enemy .
Also in 1806, Napoleon had the publisher Johann Philipp Palm of Nuremberg shot by firing squad for publishing a pamphlet entitled "Germany in Its Deep Humiliation" (and refusing to divulge the name of its author) to show what people who believed in freedom of expression and the press could expect from him.
Mama Bear : Agustina de Aragón, The Maid of Zaragoza. During the First Siege of Zaragoza, Agustina, the wife of a fallen Spanish artilleryman, took his place at the gun at a moment where several Spanish soldiers were running away, loaded the gun and fired it, killing several Frenchmen at point blank range. This is sort of a badass version of Molly Pitcher.
Meaningless Villain Victory : Napoleon tried to invoke this after the Spanish victory at Bailén (Baylen), which for a time forced the French command in Spain to retreat over the Ebro. Napoleon then decided to go to Spain personally, and the resulting blitzkrieg turned the Spanish Army that had humiliated the Empire at Bailén into the Spanish Army that ran away after being scared by their own gunfire at Talavera. However, from the Spanish point of view Bailén as one of their finest hours since it was one of the few occasions where a Spanish army defeated a French one without Anglo-Portuguese support and as it also led to the lifting of the first siege of Zaragoza.
Mighty Whitey : Napoleon in Egypt:
On his arrival in Egypt, he stated that he would promote a cultural exchange with Egyptians and urged French soldiers to respect local customs. He also had the Quran translated into French and promoted a French-Arabic dictionary to translate his bulletins to the local readers. The locals however found the translations from French into Arabic hilariously bad, and poorly researched. They also resented the French occupation especially since Napoleon subjected them to pay large indemnities and the French Army started living off the land.
Napoleon for his part started dressing in Egyptian clothing, promoted Revolutionary festivals where he put his name beside the Prophet . His facade of respecting local traditions did not stop him from ordering a brutal artillery attack on the Al-Azhar mosque to suppress a revolt against his occupation.
Napoleon's invasion of Egypt did much to invent the Adventure Archaeologist trope as pointed out by Edward W. Said in his Orientalism — in that the expedition promoted the preservation, translation and understanding of an Ancient Culture but did so by under the assumption that they were bringing progress and civilizing the Egyptians while sweetening or denying their exploitation. The French expedition of Egypt incidentally was a failure, they even lost the Rosetta Stone to the English and Napoleon ended up abandoning Egypt and returned to France on hearing news of the instability of the Directory government, leaving a good portion of his soldiers behind to face the English, the Ottomans and the locals. But once he became First Consul, he promoted it as a propaganda victory and an attempt to bring the Englightenment to the locals .
Mother Russia Makes You Strong : But only Russians. Invaders freeze to death.
More Dakka : According to some British military historians, this was a factor in Britain's success against numerically superior French armies. The French would attack in a large column, which marched straight at the enemy. This had the advantage of being intimidating, but also meant that only the men on the front and flanks of the column could fire. The British adopted a "thin red line", which meant every single soldier could bring his musket to bear. Add the fact that, whilst the French had to beg, borrow, and steal enough saltpetre to make gunpowder, the British got all of theirs from India, which was rolling in the stuff, and whose export Britain controlled. This meant that most French soldiers' first experience of live-firing was on the battlefield, whilst the British practiced with live ammo every day. As Richard Sharpe said, three rounds a minute in any weather was not to be trifled with.
However, it should be noted that unwieldy large columns only started to be used by French armies fairly late, and that the way the French armies used batallion-sized columns, which could easily deploy into line or square as the situation demanded, enabled them to be much more mobile on the battlefield and defeat other armies which used linear tactics, such as those of Austria and Prussia (Prussian infantry pre 1806 was capable of firing up to six shots a minute, the only problem was that this fire was entirely unaimed). It is also worth noting that in some cases where Wellington wasn't in command British forces did not do so well, such as in the Netherlands in 1793/94 and in the Walcheren expedition of 1809. At Albuera (1811), where the British, Portuguese and Spanish forces outnumbered the French by roughly 3 to 2, the result was a bloody stalemate.
Moving the Goalposts : The outcome of many battles being contentious, and since a tactical defeat can still be an operational or strategic victory, there is a lot of debate among historians on how to assess the outcome of various battles, which can lead to them applying different criteria for different battles in order to declare "their" side victorious. By creatively doing this for instance a French historian entitled his 2013 book about the Battle of Leipzig (1813) "Napoleon's first defeat", in effect declaring that Napoleon's previous defeats at the siege of Acre (1799) and in the battle of Aspernnote Napoleon and many of his admirers say that he was defeated by nature here — his army's pontoon bridge across the Danube broke as the river rose — not to the generalship of Archduke Charles or the fighting qualities of the Austrian army. (1809) did not count. Admirers of Napoleon also like to list the battle of La Rothière or Brienne (1 February 1814) among his victories, either because the French inflicted higher losses on the Allies or because the Allies, while left in possession of the battlefield, afterwards did not prevent the French from retreating to Troyes. If one applied the same criteria to some of Napoleon's victories — especially Borodino, Lützen (Großgörschen), Bautzen and Ligny — one would have even more cause to consider them defeats.
My Sister Is Off-Limits! : One French soldier suspected that one reason for German hatred of French in some quarters was that it had been common for peasant girls to be seduced (willingly or otherwise) by billeting French soldiers in the presence of their families without them being able to retaliate. Such an insult demanded a Roaring Rampage of Revenge as soon as the failed invassion of Russia made that feasible. At the least it is doubtful that Frenchmen were always thought to be pleasant company.
The Napoleon : Averted with the real Napoleon. His legendary short stature, from which the trope name and the related term "Napoleon Complex" come from, was just that - a legend. He was 1.70m tall, which was just above average for France at the time. A combination of his unusually short legs and British propaganda gave the impression that he was tiny. Also, the Old Guard consisted of tall soldiers and he looked short by comparison in their presence. He did, allegedly, get shorter towards the end of his life - even before his probable arsenic poisoning, he did not agree with the miserable climate of St Helena, and the years of boredom at Longwood House took a terrible toll on him.
Played completely straight by Nelson, though - 5'4" and hardly over 100lbs- but unlike most examples of this trope, he was proud of it (as well as the fact that he was one-handed, half-blind, very emotional and got terribly seasick- he considered that all this emphasised his courage in getting his job done anyway)
Napoleon Bonaparte : Had a minor role.
Noble Fugitive : Whoever got run out of their country by Napoleon's last conquest. Then, it was the most prominent Bonapartists' turn after the Bourbons came back.
Not in the Face! : When Joachim Murat (one of Napoleon Bonaparte's generals, as well as his brother-in-law) was executed by firing squad for sedition against the Kingdom of Naples, he specifically said "Aim for the heart, but avoid the face". Although Murat was considered something of a vain dandy, this was more an example of him being flippant in the face of death to cap off a long life of general badassery. He also faced the firing squad unblindfolded.
Noxious In-Laws : During the Wars of Liberation, Napoleon was up against his father-in-law, Emperor Franz I of Austria.
Joachim Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law deserted Napoleon in 1813 on the advice of his wife Caroline - Napoleon's youngest sister. During the Hundred Days he chose an inopportune moment - just when Napoleon was trying to convince everybody that he wanted peace - to rally to his cause and start an ill-fated war in Italy.
Napoleon's brother Louis was also a kind of son-in-law to him, having married Hortense de Beauharnais, Josephine's daugther from her first marriage (mother of Napoleon III). Napoleon installed Louis as king of Holland, but since Louis adopted his new subjects' views and sabotaged Napoleon's efforts to impose a trade embargo against Britain, Louis was deposed and Holland annexed to France in 1810.
No Party Like a Donner Party : On the retreat from Russia, some French soldiers are reported to have resorted to this.
Nothing Is the Same Anymore : The Napoleonic Wars permanently changed Europe. Feudalism across Napoleon's conquered regions was done away with and the administrative principles of meritocracy and efficiency spread across these regions. The French Army's conscription and professionalism forced their opponents to innovate on similar lines and change in reaction. The Congress of Vienna's "Balance of Powers" tried to contain some of these changes but while they had short-term success, they couldn't stop it for long.
The innovations instituted by the French and in reaction to their successes often had a negative reverse side. For instance, the greater efficiency of Napoleonic administration was among other things was imitated because of the greater efficiency in policing the population and muzzling the media by a super-efficient system of government censorship. Feudalism did not entirely disappear, e. g. in the Kingdom of Westphalia, which Napoleon instituted for his youngest brother, feudal dues were cemented in the legal fiction that they were connected to the piece of land, not the farmer working on it, so that Napoleon could reward officers by giving them lucrative fiefs in Westphalia. Another legacy of the Napoleonic Wars was the rise of intense nationalism all over Europe, which sowed the seeds for many national conflicts in the 19th and 20th century but also enabled the eventual appearance and spread of nation-state democracy.
Occupiers out of Our Country : A big factor in a number of popular risings, guerilla wars etc. during this period, notably in Ireland, Haiti, partitioned Poland, Tyrol, Spain and Russia. Also the rationale for many volunteers to foreign armies such as in the ranks of the Polish and Irish Legions of the French army, the King's German Legion and the Free Corps of the Duke of Brunswick in British pay, and the Russo-German Legion.
Off with His Head! : The thing everyone remembers Robespierre for.
During the Napoleonic Wars the preferred methods were the "dry guillotine", i. e. deportation to French Guyana, and the firing squad. Notable people shot that way were the Duke of Enghien, the book-seller Palm, who refused to divulge the name of the author of a pamphlet, Tyrolean resistance leader Andreas Hofer, General Malet, and Marshals Murat and Ney.
Prussian rebel leader Ferdinand von Schill was decapitated after being killed fighting in the streets of Stralsund in 1809. The head was preserved in a jar at Leyden university until it was returned to Germany many years later for burial.
Officer and a Gentleman : The Duke of Wellington. In his army, Rape, Pillage, and Burn was punished by the Gallows. It didn't make him immediately popular with his men, but it was necessary in securing the cooperation of his Spanish and Portuguese allies. This policy slipped at the Sieges of Badajoz and San Sebastian, where his army, who had taken the city, took advantage of his confusion as to whether the very nasty battle had been won (smoke obscured the battlefield, and the French flag hadn't been taken down) to steal anything not bolted down, rape anything alive and anything that was dead if it was still fresh, and burn everything they couldn't nick or rape. Indeed, the two instances remain the worst war crimes ever perpetrated by the British Army. Wellington eventually restored order by erecting a gallows in the main square, and finding some particularly nasty looters to hang.
Not that Wellington was necessarily seen that way by all of his contemporaries. In Spain he was often perceived as haughty and arrogant , and his threats to enforce rigid discipline against looters and pillagers were not always taken seriously by his own men. As British grenadier William Lawrence claimed in his memoirs, after the orgy of pillage and rape after the storming of Badajoz, "Lord Wellington punished the culprits by suspending the distribution of grog".
On the French side, Marshal Suchet severely disciplined his troops and did everything he could to make his occupation of Catalunia acceptable to the locals, to the point that he is often credited with being the only senior officer who maintained and even increased his reputation during his time in Spain. After his death in 1826, several major Spanish cities held requiem masses for his soul.
Pet the Dog : A famous anecdote about the Iron Duke could be a textbook example of this trope: Wellington was taking a country stroll, alone, when he happened upon a young boy weeping bitterly over a pet toad. Wellington asked the boy what the matter was, and scolded him for behavior unbecoming of a young gentleman. The boy replied that he was going away to school tomorrow, and he was worried that his pet toad would starve without him. Wellington dried the young man's eyes and told him that he would undertake to look after the toad in the boy's stead. The boy had been at school a few days when his spirits were cheered by the following message from the Duke:
Missive: Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington begs to inform William Harris that his toad is alive and well.
Pirates : The Napoleonic Wars were the last major conflict in which privateers played a larger role. The most famous one was Robert Surcouf of Saint-Malo, who operated mainly in the Indian Ocean and captured or sank 47 ships. By the standards of the day he started out as an actual pirate since he did not have a letter of marque when he took his first four British ships.
Plunder : What every hardy British seaman wants.
Also, as George Bernard Shaw put it, the French soldiers' motivation was "not because every soldier carries a field marshal's baton in his knapsack, but because he hopes to carry at least half a dozen silver forks there next day." Some French Marshals such as Masséna were particularly infamous for encouraging this.
Praetorian Guard : the original duty of the Napoleonic Guard. Also the British Guards regiments.
Pyrrhic Victory : Quite a few. For Napoleon himself that would be Eylau in 1807 (unless you consider that a draw), Borodino in 1812, Lützen (Großgörschen) and Bautzen in the spring of 1813 (afterwards Napoleon was glad to negotiate an armistice), and Craonne in 1814. The Crossing of the Berezina can also be seen as one, as the remnants of the Grande Armée managed to evade being caught between the three armies of General Kutuzov, General Wittgenstein and Admiral Chichagov, which Napoleon and historians friendly to him count as a (strategic) victory. On the tactical level, with regards to the numbers of French combattants and stragglers that were lost and the Russians being left in possession of the field, it was a French defeat.
Realpolitik : The guiding philosophy behind Britain's bombing of Copenhagen. They simply could not allow their naval superiority over France to be threatened, so they beat up the Danes hard enough so that they gave their fleet to the British instead because Napoleon was eyeing it to supplement the navy Nelson had crushed at Trafalgar.
Reassigned to Antarctica : Napoleon had a habit of sending his most unpredictable friends on diplomatic missions to remote countries. Most notably, Jean Lannes and Andoche Junot were made Ambassadors in Lisbon, the former in 1801 because he had recently been involved in a financial scandal and was a bit too much of a revolutionary man for Napoleon's tastes ; the latter in 1805 because he had allegedly become the lover of Caroline, the Emperor's youngest sister, and was already showing signs of his declining sanity.
Napoleon also sent troops and officers whom he mistrusted to far-flung assignments. For instance, during the brief peace in Europe 1802/1803 he sent off a large part of the Army of the Rhine, which had been commanded by his rival General Victor Moreau and where the republican spirit of the French Revolution was more alive than in the armies that had been led by Napoleon Bonaparte, to Saint-Domingue (Haiti). Due to yellow fever and a losing war against the former French slaves there, few of them returned. General Decaen, one of the leaders of the Army of the Rhine, was reassigned to the command of Isle-de-France (Mauritius) and Réunion in the Indian Ocean. Napoleon also tried to get rid of Bernadotte by sending him as an ambassador to the United States, but Bernadotte managed to delay his departure until war was declared with Austria in 1805, at which point he was put at the head of an army corps.
Napoleon eventually did get rid of Bernadotte, by having him installed as the crown prince of Sweden, to succeed its childless king. It became an example of a major Reassignment Backfire as Bernadotte, as the Swedish leader, not only turned against Napoleon but held together the Sixth Coalition that formed against France in the aftermath of the failed invasion of Russia.
La R�sistance : Spanish guerillas and Russian partisans. Also Tyroleans (1809) and sometimes Vendéans.
Red Baron : Napoleon Bonaparte, also called the God of War or the Corsican Ogre, depending on your sympathies.
Duke Frederick William of Brunswick, better known as the Black Duke because of the black uniform he wore since leading his free corps into the field against Napoleon in 1809.
Spanish guerilla leader Juan Martín Díez, better known as El Empecinado ("the Undaunted"). He even got the privilege that he and his descendants could use "Empecinado" as an official part of their name.
Louis-Nicolas Davout, the "Iron Marshal".
With the Revolution's many references to Classical times, it is no surprise that many French officers were compared to mythical heroes; Jean Lannes, for instances, was known as the Ajax or the Achilles of the French army.
Red Oni, Blue Oni : Nelson's red to Wellington's blue. Similarly, Napoleon's red to Bernadotte's blue. However, Napoleon was in turn the blue to Marshals Ney, Lannes and Murat's red.
The first one is rather ironic given the uniform of the British Army was red, and the uniform of the Royal Navy was blue.
Reluctant Warrior : Frederick William III of Prussia. His reluctance to go to war was e. g. an important reason to refuse to intervene in the War of the Third Coalition before the battle of Austerlitz (at a time when Prussia's intervention would probably have made the difference between victory and defeat for Napoleon) or in the 1809 campaign. After the Napoleonic Wars this tendency increased almost to Technical Pacifist territory. In the 1820s he refused to intervene in Northern Italy and brokered the Russo-Turkish peace of 1829, and in 1830 and 1831 he prevented the interventions Russia and Austria called for against the revolutions in France and Belgium.
Replacement Goldfish : Sweden saw Norway as this after losing Finland to Russia.
After Marshal Lannes died in 1809, Napoleon created three new Marshals; given that none of the three were anywhere near Lannes's level, the soldiers started to say that he was trying to get the "small change" for a comrade he could not replace.
Rousing Speech : Damn you, Napoleon...
"Soldats, songez que du haut de ces monuments, quarante siècles vous contemplent"note Keep in mind that forty centuries are beholding you from the top of those monuments. Right before ordering the attack, at the Great Pyramid battle in Egypt.
After the battle of Austerlitz, his speech ends this way: " [...] il vous suffira de dire: 'J'étais à la bataille d'Austerlitz' pour que l'on vous réponde: 'Voilà un brave' ". note "you'll just need to say 'I was in Austerlitz' and people will answer 'this is a brave man"
On the opposite side, Lord Nelson gave a rousing signal before the Battle of Trafalgar: 'England expects every man to do his duty.'
Blücher had a talent for extemporizing speeches too. One example is of him rousing his army when it had to march east after the Battle of Großgörschen or Lützen: "Morning chilren! This time it went well. The French saw whom they're up against. The king thanks you. But we're out of powder and will have to go back behind the Elbe... But who now says that we're retreating is a scoundrel and a bad'un. Good morning, children!"
He also did a lot to rouse his army after the defeat at Ligny in 1815, enabling it to intervene victoriously at Waterloo. During the march on 18 June he repeatedly exhorted his soldiers: "I promised my brother Wellington to help him - you don't want me to break my word, do you?"
Frederick William III got in on the action too, with his 'An Mein Volk' speech.
Secret Weapon : Britain had two famous ones, the Shrapnel case shot and the Congreve rocket (based on those that Indian states had used against the British Army). Of how much use the Congreve rockets actually were is still a matter of debate - Wellington with typical acerbity commented that they were only useful to burn down cities (e.g. in the bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807), which he was not really planning to do.
Austria had its "Repetierwindbuechse" air rifles, which were just about the only guns at the time that could fire multiple shots at a time.
Napoleon on the other hand wasn't a fan of such things, being famously contemptuous of both the rifle and the steam engine. On the latter, he said to Robert Fulton (who had invented the first practical steam ship and was offering to sell France a few):
You would make a ship sail against the winds and currents by lighting a bonfire under her deck? I have no time for such nonsense .
Self-Made Man : Napoleon himself. He rose from the son of nigh-impoverished nobility, vilified for being a Corsican when France had only recently conquered it, to become Emperor of France. Primarily through a mixture of luck, good public relations and, oh yes, being very, very good at winning battles. However, he mounted the first steps of his career as a child of privilege as he owed his education to a special fund set aside by the royal French crown to support the families of Corsican aristocratic families who, like the Buonapartes, could not afford to give their children a proper education. The aim was to better integrate Corsicans into the nobility of France . And at later points his rise was facilitated by personal connections, such as to Robespierre's younger brother and to Paul Barras, de facto head of the Directorate.
Among his Marshals, Bernadotte also stands out: the son of a lawyer from Southern France, he became a General at 31 and the King of Sweden at 55, with little to no support from Napoleon.
Marshal Andre Massena probably has Bernadotte beat: he began life as a poor cabin boy who joined the French Army to avoid a life at sea...and rose to be Marshal, Duke of Rivoli, and Prince of Essling.
Averted by Sir Arthur Wellesley, later the Duke of Wellington, who made full use of the privileges afforded by coming from a well-connected and rich noble family. He entered the army as an ensign in 1787 and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in six years by the then-current system of purchasing commissions, and all this before his first service in the field.
Two examples from the Prussian army: Gerhard Scharnhorst was the son of a Hanoverian peasant who wanted to become an officer, teaching himself French and mathematics from books because such education was not to be had in his village. Later, when his father inherited an estate, he could afford to go to a military academy in the region, and during the War of the First Coalition managed to rise from the command of a battery to chief of staff of the Hanoverian army. Having reached the glass ceiling for officers not from noble families, Scharnhorst responded favourably to ouvertures from Prussia to enter into its service, and after the defeat of 1806/07 rose to the de facto position of minister of war and chief of general staff. He was mortally wounded in the first major battle in 1813 while serving as Blücher's chief of staff as a lieutenant-general. Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Reyher, the son of a cantor, first was a simple foot soldier, served as a sergeant in Ferdinand von Schill's ill-fated rebellion in 1809, passed his officer's exam in 1810 and rose to the rank of major after the battle of Waterloo. He eventually became chief of the general staff and a full general.
Shaggy Dog Story : One reason why Napoleon had a lot of appeal among romantics and later historians, is that Napoleon was born in an out-of-the-way Island cut off from any opportunities for advancement and ended up dying in an out-of-the-way Island cut from any opportunities for advancement. His middle life had a spectacular rise and epic fall which defined the 19th Century and formed a part of his legend, which Napoleon needless to say was highly conscious of:
"After me, the Revolution — or, rather the ideas which formed it — will resume their course. It will be like a book from which the marker is removed, and one starts to read again at the page where one left off."
— Napoleon Bonaparte, After his Defeat at Leipzig in 1813.
Sibling Rivalry : Between Napoleon and pretty much all of his siblings, to varying degree :
Lucien, Napoleon's junior by 6 years, is the best example. Lucien (then President of the Conseil des Cinq-Cents) played a key role during the coup d'état of Brumaire. Napoleon named him Minister of the Interior. He made the mistake of being right too early, suggesting making Napoleon an Emperor as early as 1802, frightening Republicans, which brought Napoleon's wrath on him. Lucien resigned and cut off all links with his brother for 13 years. They reconciled during the Cent-Jours but Lucien was never an heir to the throne.
Louis (Napoleon's junior by 9 years) when he was made King of Holland by his brother, who expected Louis to be a mere figure-head, actually tried to rule it as an independent country. Napoleon finally had enough and annexed Holland to France. The two brothers never reconciled, even though Louis was probably Napoleon's favorite brother initially.
Caroline, married to Napoleon's friend Murat and therefore queen of Naples pushed her husband towards betraying her brother in 1814.
Almost all the other siblings tried to assert themselves one way or another, without much success but never without tension. The only real exception was Pauline, Napoleon's favorite sibling (and probably the only Bonaparte with the completely likable personnality).
The Siege : Several, obviously, the most well-known ones being the defense of Kolberg in 1807 and the two sieges of Saragossa in 1808/1809.
Napoleon Bonaparte won his first laurels at the siege of Toulon during the War of the First Coalition, while in that of the Second Coalition his campaign into Syria failed because his army could not take Acre.
Small Reference Pools : Fiction and non-fiction treatments of the Napoleonic Wars tend to cluster on a few battles and theatres of operation; aside from the usual tendency of writers to be interested in their own country's actions and sufferings there is also that to focus on the campaigns involving Napoleon or Nelson to the exclusion of others. Thus the campaigns in the Germany theatre of operations 1793-1800 - the main theatre of the Wars of the First and Second Coalition - are all but forgotten even in France, and you probably can easily find a dozens of scholarly studies and fictional depictions for Marengo, Austerlitz or Waterloo for every single one of Zurich, Hohenlinden or the Trebbia.
Snow Means Death : The Retreat from Moscow.
Also the horrific battle of Eylau, 8 February, 1807.
Spinoff : The War of 1812
And a few others, see above.
The Starscream : Napoleon himself was one to the Directory (as Dragon-in-Chief ), and he was to get two of his own: Bernadotte and Talleyrand.
Stiff Upper Lip (Wellington): Because he is the most Quintessential British Gentleman of them all. In fact, given that there was a lot of Britain in the Napoleonic Wars, there was a lot of this, such as Lord Uxbridge at the Battle of Waterloo:
Uxbridge: By God sir! I've lost my leg!
Wellington: By God sir! So you have.
Nelson, after being fatally wounded at Trafalgar, gave a masterclass in this trope:
Nelson: Hardy, I do believe they have done it at last� my backbone is shot through. Take care of poor Lady Hamilton for me.
He then had the men carrying him below stop so he could correct a young midshipman's handling of Victory's tiller.
The Strategist : Napoleon was one of the all-time great strategists.
Surrounded by Idiots : Both Napoleon and Wellington loved to invoke this trope to explain their reverses.
Sweet Polly Oliver : Several documented instances, 22 alone for the Prussian army. Examples:
Eleonore Prohaska (1785-1813), who served as private August Renz in the Lützow Free Corps and only revealed her real identity when she was mortally wounded in the battle of the Goehrde (1813).
Louise Grafemus (1786-1852, born Esther Manuel), a converted Jewish mother of two served as a Landwehr (militia) uhlan during the Wars of Liberation, searching for her husband who, as it turned out, was serving in a Russian unit and was killed before the war ended. Grafemus lost her right hand, was promoted to Wachtmeister (sergeant-major) and was decorated with an Iron Cross.
Friederike Krüger (1789-1848) alias August Lübeck served in the Kolberg Infantry Regiment from 1813 to 1815, rose to Unteroffizier (sergeant), and was awarded an Iron Cross and a (Russian) Cross of St. George after being wounded and discovered to be a woman at the battle of Dennewitz in 1813. After the 1815 campaign she retired from the military, married another Unteroffizier, and had four children.
Maria Werder, the wife of a landed gentleman, served as a hussar to be with her husband in the campaigns of 1806/7 and 1813. She was promoted to Wachtmeister in the 2nd Silesian Hussars and and revealed her real identity only when she left the army after her husband was killed in the battle of Leipzig.
Thérèse Figueur, the original Madame Sans-Gêne before Victorien Sardou reused this nickname for Catherine Lefebvre, served from 1792 to 1815 as a cavalry trooper and was wounded and captured a few times.
(1783-1866), the Cavalry Maiden, first served in 1806 as "Aleksandr Sokolov", and as a lieutenant in the Mariupol Hussars became the first Russian female officer. She wrote memoirs of a quality that impressed Aleksandr Pushkin .
During the French Revolution farmer's daughter Renée Bordereau
(1770-1824) lost several relatives to the Terror and and saw her father killed before her eyes . Dressed as a man (not that hard, apparently, as she was described as very ugly) she fought in the wars in the Vendée on the royalist side under the nom-de-guerre Langevin (i. e. "the Angevin" or "man from Anjou") and was wounded several times. Since the forces of the Republic and Empire kept looking for a man, she managed to evade capture after the Vendéans' defeat until 1809. At one point she was accused of raping a girl, but was able to prove her innocence by revealing her gender, but not her real name. Imprisoned on the Mont-Saint-Michel, she was liberated after Napoleon's abdication, following which she dictaded her memoirs before taking to the field once more in the war of 1815.
After the Battle of Trafalgar a naked woman was found floating in the wreckage by sailors of HMS Pickle. They chivalrously gave her some clothes and listened to her story. She was sailing with her husband in disguise aboard the French ship Achille. When her ship caught on fire she removed her clothes and jumped overboard. She swam toward some shipwrecked clinging to a spar. When they kicked her off she floated in the water until she was picked up by the British.
In a distinct subversion, Marshal Masséna spent his whole time in Portugal with his mistress disguised as a aide-de-camp at his side, one of the many things that earned him Ney's contempt during this campaign.
Lose then Retake a Level in Badass : The Prussian Army.
One Russian observer said "They are Frederick's Prussians again".
Tear Jerker : The death of Marshal Lannes was a literal one for the Old Guard, and even for Napoleon himself. Marbot, one of Lannes' aides, reported that the usually impassible Emperor "embraced the Marshal's body and covered him in tears, and several times he exclaimed: What a tragic loss for France and for me !..."
Another famous one was Napoleon's farewell to his Old Guard on his abdication in 1814 (les Adieux de Fontainebleau).
For the Prussian royal family and Prussians in general, the death of Queen Louise at age 34.
Underestimating Badassery : Happened on both sides:
Although after a while his enemies tended to be overawed by Napoleon, sometimes they underestimated him. A famous case was during the run-up to Austerlitz, when a number of the younger members of Czar Alexander's military entourage thought that even though Napoleon and his army had just trounced the Austrians, it would not be too hard for the Russian army to defeat him. Napoleon exploited this and deliberately gave the impression that he was scared of a battle, then pounced at Austerlitz. Later on, during the French campaign of 1814, the Allied leadership was so confident that after the Retreat from Moscow and the defeat at Leipzig Napoleon was finished, and so concentrated more on making plans for the post-war order in Europe than on winning the war against Napoleon. They were in for a rude surprise.
Napoleon himself tended to underestimate Blücher and the Prussian army, which cost him dearly on the first day of the battle of Leipzig (October 16, 1813) and in the Waterloo campaign, where he could not believe that the Prussians would be able to come to the aid of Wellington's army two days after their defeat at Ligny. Blücher also tended to be dismissed as a mere bruiser who won mostly by dumb luck by quite a few people, including Lord Byron, who could not forgive him for defeating his hero Napoleon despite being too uncouth for his taste: "With the voice and manners of a recruiting Sergeant, he pretended to the honours of a hero; just as if a stone could be worshipped because a man stumbled over it."
During his last campaign, Napoleon was warned not to underestimate Wellington by some of his marshals and generals who had fought against him in the Peninsular War. His response was: " Just because he defeated you, you think he's a good general." And throughout the 19th century there continued to be French officers and military historians who seriously proposed that the Waterloo campaign showed Napoleon still to be the greatest general in the world (if not for incompetent lieutenants and/or traitors, he would have won) and Wellington and Blücher covered in shame because of the incompetence they displayed in 1815. Although it's not completely unjustified. He was sick, mentally ay his lowest, heavily outnumbered and still nearly won.
War for Fun and Profit : The Napoleonic Wars did introduce a host of reforms in the conquered European states, introduced administrative efficiency, secularization, emancipation of Jews and meritocracy, remnants of Napoleon's youthful Revolutionary enthusiasm. What they also did was force "new republics" and states to pay high exorbitant indemnities to France, making them colonies in all but name, with many cultural treasures stolen and taken to the Louvre as propaganda coup of Napoleonic victory.
Indeed, historians note that the Napoleonic Wars was the fall-out of the disastrous Haitian expedition. Haiti was France's wealthiest and most prosperous colony and a successful slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture ended that. Towards the late 1800s, Napoleon wanted to recover Haiti, reinstall slavery by sending emancipated labourers back to plantations and sent Charles Leclerc, his brother-in-law, to capture L'Ouverture and bring him to France in chains. Leclerc succeeded in that, but the expedition was a disaster with 50,000 dead(more than the Reign of Terror ) and France lost Haiti for ever. After that Napoleon cut his losses, sold Louisiana to America in the New World and turned his attention to Europe.
In 1815 it was very noticeable that the army was much more keen on Napoleon becoming Emperor again than the general population, and the younger officers more than the older ones. Part of the reason was that the older officers had already become rich and famous during the preceding wars, while many of the younger ones still were hungry for promotions, glory and riches. And the discontent of the army was partly due to the fact that because of its reduction to a peacetime footing - aggravated by the return of Royalist officers and prisoners of war to France - many Napoleonic officers found themselves without employment. And since even paying half-wages (demi-solde) to the inactive officers caused a huge dent in France's national budget, it would have been very difficult to maintain his support within the army while actually fulfilling the peaceful policy he proclaimed during the Hundred Days.
Warrior Prince : Quite a few of the traditional kind, i. e. members of imperial, royal and ducal houses, and some of the other kind, i. e. former noblemen and commoners who got a royal or princely rank conferred on them by a certain former member of the minor nobility of Corsica.
We Have Reserves : France already was the most populous nation in Europe and the mass Conscription (levée en masse) introduced during the War of the First Coalition enabled its army, despite at time huge numbers of deserters, to take on several major military powers at once. In the process of the wars France grew considerably by annexing Belgium, parts of Germany and Italy, and Holland etc., which increased the numerical superiority of its army. The other nations eventually followed suit, which first became noticeable in the war of 1809 when Austria, despite having lost a considerable part of its territory, to pretty much single-handedly fight the French and their Allies for a few months. Napoleon eventually used up his reserves, but despite the loss of his army in Russia and the continuing losses to "the Spanish ulcer", he was able to put an army into the field that in the spring of 1813 outnumbered the combined Russian and Prussian armies. However he increasingly had to "mortgage his future" by calling up recruits ahead of time - 16-year-olds in 1814 - and so after The Battle of the Nations at Leipzig his reserves were used up. This also explains the quick end to the 1815 campaign, where the war was decided after Napoleon lost one major battle before the majority of the Allied armies (about a third of the Prussian field army, the entire Austrian and Russian armies plus the armies of several smaller German and European nations) even got into action. It speaks volumes that military historians still debate how decisive the effect was of Napoleon having to detach a mere three divisions to quell the 1815 rising in the Vendée.
Will They or Won't They? : The alliance between Russia and Sweden, two ancient enemies. This drove the British mad, until Napoleon decided the matter for them.
Why Don't You Just Shoot Him? : Napoleon actually said he should have done this with Talleyrand long after it was too late. After learning of Marshal Soult's extortions in Spain, he also said: "I should have made an example and shot Soult, the worst plunderer of them all." Instead, he just let him pull a Karma Houdini and Soult died a very rich man.
According to some accounts, when Wellington sat for a portrait for Francisco de Goya in Madrid in 1812, he behaved so arrogantly and made remarks so insulting to the Spaniards that Goya went for his pair of pistols and had to be restrained by his son from trying to shoot him.
The Woobie : Denmark. First tried to be neutral and was attacked twice by the British, who at the second go set fire to Copenhagen using saturation bombardment. Driven into an alliance with Napoleon, it then lost Norway to Sweden in 1814.
You Have Failed Me : Possibly Admiral Villeneuve, disastrous French commander at Trafalgar, who "committed suicide". His method seems rather suspect. According to the official verdict, he first stabbed himself in the heart, then stabbed himself in the left lung six times.
You Have Outlived Your Usefulness : Britain and Austria gradually displayed such an attitude towards Russia, Prussia and Sweden in 1814, wanting to establish a balance of power in Europe. At the Congress of Vienna Talleyrand was able to exploit this and at one point the conflict over the fate of Saxony escalated to such an extent that a war between Austria, Britain and France against Russia and Prussia seemed possible in early 1815.
You Killed My Father : Exiled Duke Frederick William of Brunswick raised a free corps which was uniformed all in black in memory of his father, who had been killed in 1806 while in command of the Prussian Army. The "Black Duke" and his corps fought on the Austrian side in 1809, then, after the Austrians sued for peace, fought its way from Bohemia to the North Sea, to be shipped to the Iberian Peninsula to continue fighting there. In 1813/14 the Black Duke returned to Brunswick, but was killed at Quatre Bras on 16 June, 1815, once again fighting the French.
In fiction:
That Hamilton Woman by Alexander Korda is a British Wartime Romance based on the real-life relationship between Admiral Nelson ( Laurence Olivier ) and Emma Hamilton ( Vivien Leigh ). It ends on the Battle of Trafalgar.
Hussar Ballad is a Russian romantic comedy in which a young woman dresses up as a man and fights in the army against Napoleon.
Stendhal 's The Charterhouse of Parma shows its hero as an unwitting observer of the battle of Waterloo in 1815, a device that Tolstoy later copied. Stendhal was an unabashed Napoleon loyalist, who served in his army to Moscow and remained loyal during the Hundred Days. He refused to return to France until 1821, spending most of his time in Italy.
Lord Byron's Don Juan contains references to the Russian siege of Izmail (1790). His Childe Harold also contains a famous poetic version of the Duchess of Richmond's ball on the eve of the Waterloo campaign.
The Polish national epic Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz is set in Lithuania before and during Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
Napoleon and the Napoleonic Wars turn up all over the place in the work of Heinrich Heine . Best known is his poem "The Grenadiers", which was set to music by Robert Schumann (using the German original) and Richard Wagner (using a French translation - he wrote this when he lived in Paris).
Waterloo oder Die hundert Tage ("Waterloo or The Hundred Days") by German playwright Christian Dietrich Grabbe (1801-1836). A huge unwieldy play that had to wait until 1895 for its first performance. Grabbe also left the fragment of a drama called Kosciuszko about the Polish national hero.
Tolstoy's novel War and Peace , which includes not just a famous account of the battle of Borodino, but big chunks of both the 1805 and 1812 campaigns. Also turned into several movies and television series, as well as an opera (by Prokofiev).
Les Mis�rables - contains an account of Waterloo in which Victor Hugo declares the French, and in particular Count Cambronne, the moral victors. He also wrote an epic poem that was highly influential on the popular image of that battle in France.
Theodor Fontane's first novel, Before the Storm, is set in Prussia in the winter of 1812/13. Schach von Wuthenow presents the country as ossified on the eve of the war of 1806.
The Conscript of 1813 and Waterloo by Erckmann and Chatrian. One of the most realistic 19th century novelizations of the last years of the wars from the perspective of an unassuming Alsatian recruit.
The Tales of Ensign St�l : A collection of poems about the Finnish war.
Honor Harrington started out as the Napoleonic Wars In Space! Though the Napoleon expy actually fails and sends things Off the Rails .
Lauren Willig's Pink Carnation series follows on from The Scarlet Pimpernel and tracks the adventures of similarly-named spies in Britain, Ireland, France and India during the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon himself appears in the first book.
Un Ballo in Maschera by Giuseppe Verdi is an operatic dramatization of the assassination of king Gustavus III of Sweden, only due to the censors' constraint the story had to be transposed to ... Massachusetts.
Tosca , the opera by Giacomo Puccini , is tangentially related: the war affects it, though it hardly affects the war.
The same goes for Heinrich von Kleist's novella The Marquise of O; it was adapted into a film by French director Eric Rohmer that won the Grand Prix Spécial at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival.
Only at the very end of The Pit and the Pendulum by Edgar Allan Poe it becomes apparent that the story is set during the Peninsular War.
Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen wrote an epic poem based on stories from the British blockade of Norway. The poem, Terje Vigen, is arguably Ibsen´s greatest tear jerker , relating the story of a fisherman trying to breach the blockade by rowing to Denmark for supplies for his family. The Brits intervene, of course, and the antagonist spends the rest of the war in prison, only to find his family dead when returning home. The rest of the poem tells of his resentment and eventual revenge on the British lord who made him miserable. They all figure it out in the end, though. English translation: http://www.sitater.com/home/ibsen/vigen/idx_eng.htm
Billy Budd takes place in the summer of 1797, with the Nore mutiny casting a shadow over the plot.
Over the last decade, there have been a great number of French graphic novels centred on Napoleon. Some stick to reality and attempt to give a colourful account of Napoleon's life... others (like Double Masque) go on a completely fictional tangent.
Of special interest is Malet, the 2005 graphic novel by Nicolas Juncker about the conspiracy and abortive coup of 1812. In the appendix Juncker explains how difficult it was to make sense of the various conflicting historical accounts and self-serving memoirs that chronicle the event .
Thomas Flanagan's The Year of the French deals with events in County Mayo during the 1798 Rebellion in Ireland. It was adapted into an Irish-British-French television series in 1982 with music by The Chieftains.
The novella Liberty or Death by David Cook also deals with the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
Art and Architecture
Napoleon Crossing the Alps by Jacques-Louis David (produced in five versions, 1801-1805) shows an idealized Napoleon on a rearing charger. In 1850 Paul Delaroche produced a painting showing the same subject as it really happened: Napoleon riding on a mule led by a guide.
Francisco de Goya 's paintings of the Second and Third of May 1808 in Madrid, the first showing the Madrilenes fighting Napoleon's Mameluks of the Guard in the streets, the latter the shooting by French firing squad of a group of Spanish rebels. Also Goya's sometimes spine-chilling series of prints, Los desastres de la guerra.
The Napoleonic Wars were commemorated in a number of monuments all over Europe, notably the Column of the Grande Armée (on the place Vendôme), the Arc de Triomphe and the smaller Arc de Triomphe du Carroussel in Paris, Nelson's Column on Trafalgar Square in London, the cast-iron Kreuzbergdenkmal in Berlin, the Lion of Waterloo (which commemorates the wounding of the Prince of Orange, later King William II of the Netherlands), and the Völkerschlachtsdenkmal (1913) in Leipzig.
Music
Beethoven originally wanted to dedicate his Third Symphony to Napoleon Bonaparte, but changed his mind when he learned that he was making himself an emperor. In 1809 he wrote a march for the Austrian Landwehr (militia), which was picked up in 1813 by the Prussians, which is why it is now best known as the Marsch des Yorckschen Korps. He also wrote his "battle symphony" (originally scored for a musical automat) to commemorate Wellington's 1813 victory at Vitoria.
Tchaikovsky's 1812 Ouverture, scored for a full orchestra, church bells and real cannons, written partially to commemorate the Battle of Borodino.
Non-Fiction
Lots of participants wrote memoirs and histories afterwards. Thanks to the advances of public education, these included several junior officers and even some NCOs and privates. Of course, unrealiable narrators abound.
More books have been written about Napoleon than about anyone else in history, with the possible exceptions of Abraham Lincoln and Jesus .
Two generals who fought in the Napoleonic Wars had a huge influence on military theory in the subsequent centuries, Antoine de Jomini and Carl von Clausewitz, the latter the author of On War. To this day the Napoleonic Wars tend to be among the wars that are studied the most at military academies. Among the West Point graduates who tried to emulate the Napoleonic operations and strategies in their campaigns can be found Robert E. Lee and Norman Schwarzkopf (who is said to have been inspired to his plan for Operation Desert Storm by Napoleon's 1805 campaign).
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Amsterdam is the capital city of the Netherlands, but where is the Dutch Seat of Government based? | The Hague, Capital of The Netherlands - Imgflip
The Hague, Capital of The Netherlands
1,237 views, 1 upvote
CometHunter
1 up, 1 reply
The Hague is the seat of government in the Netherlands, and the capital city of the province of South Holland. Amsterdam is the capital city and most populous city of the KINGDOM of the Netherlands. Its status as the Dutch capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands
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Thank you, but I'm Dutch myself! ;)
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CometHunter
1 up, 1 reply
So, why did you say Amsterdam is a country? Please, I'm not being a troll...I'm genuinely curious ..... It wasn't until recently that I could finally explain the differences between England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom! LOL
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Bartacus
1 up, 1 reply
Haha, the reason I say this because a lot of people (especially Americans) really think Amsterdam is a country. I thought it would be a funny meme, that's all! lol
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| The Hague |
In which country does the beer Singha originate? | The Hague | national seat of government, Netherlands | Britannica.com
national seat of government, Netherlands
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Alternative Titles: Den Haag, La Haye, ’s-Gravenhage
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Learn about the seat of the court
The Hague, Dutch ’s-Gravenhage or Den Haag, French La Haye, seat of government of the Netherlands . It is situated on a coastal plain, with the city centre just inland from the North Sea . The Hague is the administrative capital of the country and the home of the court and government, though Amsterdam is the official capital.
The Hague, Neth.
Andrew Ward—Life File/Getty Images
The city’s name recalls the hunting lodge of the counts of Holland, which was located in a woodland area called Haghe, or “hedge” (whence ’s-Gravenhage, “the counts’ private enclosure”). Count William II built a castle there in 1248, around which several buildings—including the Knights’ Hall (1280)—came to be clustered, and these became the principal residence of the counts of Holland. These buildings now form the Binnenhof (“Inner Courtyard”) in the old quarter of the city. About 1350 an artificial lake, the Hofvijver, was dug just to the north of the Binnenhof and still forms one of the many attractions of the city.
A commercial district grew up around the Binnenhof in the 13th and 14th centuries. In the 16th century Holland became the chief centre of Dutch resistance to Spanish Habsburg rule, and in 1559 William I , stadtholder of the Netherlands, made The Hague his capital. About 1585 the States-General, along with other bodies of the Dutch Republic’s central government, established themselves in the Binnenhof. William’s son, Prince Maurice of Orange, soon took up residence in The Hague, and at his initiative in 1616 a web of canals was constructed around the city that continued to define its borders to the mid-19th century.
In the 17th century, when the Dutch Republic played a leading role in Europe, The Hague became a centre of diplomatic negotiation. From 1795 to 1808 The Hague served as the capital of the French-controlled republic of Holland, and with liberation from the French the city alternated with Brussels as the meeting place of the States-General of the enlarged Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1815 to 1830. After 1850, when the revenues from the Dutch East Indies started to pour in, the city prospered. As a result of the international conferences ( Hague Convention ) held there in 1899 and 1907, The Hague became a permanent centre of international law. After a long sojourn in Amsterdam, the Dutch central government returned to The Hague in 1913. The city grew rapidly in the 20th century, and new districts linked it with the popular sea resort of Scheveningen, Rijswijk , Voorburg, and other adjoining municipalities.
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William II
There is little heavy industry in The Hague, which is basically a centre of government and corporate administration. The States-General (Parliament) meets in the Knights’ Hall, and government departments and foreign embassies occupy other buildings in the old quarter of the city. Most of the city’s business firms are engaged in trade, banking, insurance, or other services. Several large oil companies also have their international headquarters in the city. The Hague is also a leading centre for international conferences. The city’s industries include printing and publishing, electronics, food processing, and the production of ceramics, furniture, glass, and various luxury consumer items.
European Patent Office in The Hague.
Metatron
The Binnenhof is surrounded by buildings dating from the 15th to the 18th century. Among these historical landmarks are the Great Church of St. Jacob (Jacobskerk; 1399), which has the largest carillon in the Netherlands; the Protestant New Church (1654); the royal palace on the Noordeinde (16th century); the royal palace known as the House in the Wood (Huis ten Bosch; 1645–47); and the old Renaissance-style town hall (1564), which was subsequently enlarged several times. To the north, the United Nations’ International Court of Justice is housed in the Peace Palace, an imposing building that was completed in 1913 with an endowment from the American industrialist Andrew Carnegie . Among the city’s more striking modern buildings are the headquarters of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group (1941), the KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines) building (1949), the United States Embassy (1959), and Dr. Anton Philips Hall (1987), a concert venue .
House in the Wood, The Hague; designed by Pieter Post and Jacob van Campen.
Erik Baas
’s-Hertogenbosch
The numerous museums in the city comprise a wide range of collections. The Royal Picture Gallery, housed in the famous building known as the Mauritshuis (1633–44), has a remarkable collection of the works of the Dutch masters: Rembrandt, Johannes Vermeer , Jan Steen , and others. The Bredius Museum also has a fine collection of old paintings. Other notable museums are the Mesdag Museum, the Mesdag Panorama, the Municipal Museum , and the Museum for Communication. The Royal Library has the most important collection of old books and manuscripts in the country. There are several art academies, and musical life is dominated by The Hague Philharmonic orchestra. The city also has some notable parks and recreation areas (see also Scheveningen ). It has excellent road and rail connections with Rotterdam , Amsterdam, and Utrecht . Pop. (2010 est.) city, 488,553; urban agglom., 1,017,113.
Mauritshuis, The Hague; designed by Jacob van Campen.
Ellywa
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Hallertau, Tettnanger, Spalt, and Saaz all all varieties of what plant? | Hallertau Hops | Where legends are made
Hallertau Hops
Origin and Description
Think Hallertau Hops and think Bavarian beers styles. The Hallertau variety once dominated the region from which it was named before being replaced by a Hersbrucker and other hallertau varieties which or more tolerant of wilt.
Hallertau Hops has a very long history in German Lagers and its aromatic and flavor properties help to describe generations of beers from the area. Hallertau is an aromatic hops with an alpha acid rating at 3.5%-5.5%. This variety is considered a noble hops. This designation fits Tettnanger , Spalt , and Saaz as well, and refers to their high amounts of humulene, and low amounts of alpha acids. Also these varieties have high aromatic qualities. Hallertau itself has tempered yet spicy aroma. It is useful any time during the brewing process from kettle additions, but is more favorable for late additions or during dry hop.
As mentioned Hallertau has susceptibility to German Wilt. This along with its low producing yields are some of the reasons that it does not flourish as it once did. However the Hallertau mark has been made on brewing and is not going to go away as it is still prided as Bavarian Style. There are many other Hallertau variations, not so much from this specific strain, but more from breeding programs in and around Germany. Some of these other varieties include Hallertaur Aroma , Hallertaur Magnum , Hallertaur Mittelfrüh , Hallertaur Taurus , Hallertaur Tradition , Pacific Hallertaur , and U.S. Hallertaur Hops. Wow, find a good lager recipe and start brewing.
Hallertau Hops Usage
| Hops |
In Canada, the Molson family owns which NHL Team? | Fall Hops Maintenance
Fall Hops Maintenance
on hops , hop maintenance , homegrown hops , container hops
I’m a little late in getting this post up, but it’s always good to get the information out there, right? You'll probably want to do these steps at the beginning of Fall, not in the middle. Without further ado, here’s Fall care and maintenance for your hops.
Fall is here and now is a great time to start or perform maintenance on your hop garden. What? You think Spring is the right time for this? Wrong. Spring is the time many commercial hop yards perform maintenance on their hops producing many leftover rhizomes. This is what ends up in homebrew stores and why you are lead to believe Spring is the best time to plant. When is it recommended to transplant just about every other plant out there? Fall! It allows your rhizome or crown time to establish roots before the winter. You don’t have to worry about the weather getting too hot so as to damage your new plantings. In other words, the perfect conditions for you to have your hop garden ready to go for the next growing season.
From here on out, I’m going to be talking about how I grow hops, which is in a large container. This does not reflect how profession hop yards do it or how you should necessarily do it in your garden. This is what I’ve found to work over the years and allowed me to successfully grow in containers over several growing seasons.
For New Hop Plants
The first thing you’ll need to do is decide what hops to grow. Not all hops will grow well in your area or grow well using the container method. From personal experience, I wouldn’t bother with most of the noble varieties. Hallertau, Tettnanger, Spalt hops have all grown, but never gave good yields. Willamette has also been a bomb. Things that have done well are Cascade, Magnum, Crystal, and surprisingly, Saaz. I know that last one is a bit of a surprise, but it seems to have been the best and most vigorous grower. I’m currently testing out Neo1 and Southern Brewer for the next grow season, so we’ll see how that goes. When shopping around, make sure you find something that indicates they’ll do well in short trellis or high density hop yards. Instead of taking random rhizomes (which are root cuttings) of variable quality and viability, I’d strongly suggest you shop around for hop crowns. While I’m sure you can find several places that will sell you a hop crown, I recommend Great Lakes Hops . Every crown I have gotten from them has grown and been disease free. They have a great variety and they ship year round.
Once you have that down, you’ll need a pot. I see the 5 gal. bucket at Home Depot recommended time and time again. This is a huge mistake. Hops have a voracious root system that can penetrate up to 15’ deep and have been known to take over whole gardens if left unchecked. How anyone can think it would thrive in the confines of a 5 gal. bucket is beyond me. It might be ok to use such a bucket to propagate a rhizome, but it’ll need to be transplanted to a bigger container the following year. I would recommend a container at least 24” in diameter and equally as deep. The container must have some form of drainage. If it doesn’t, you’ll need to drill in drainage holes. Fill the container with potting mix soil to about ¾ of the way full. Plant your crown or rhizome in the middle of the container and top off with 2” of manure. Manure is a good way to fertilize your hops and it also can help keep downy mildew in check. Water the container thoroughly until you see about 1” of standing water. Stop watering and see how long it takes for the water to vanish. If it takes longer than a minute, you don’t have adequate drainage. You’ll either need to drill more holes in the bottom of your container or amend your soil with perlite. It’s also not a bad idea to use a soil acidifier to bring the soil in the 7.0 to 6.0 range. Most varieties of hops like a bit of acid and it helps inhibit mildew.
For Established Hop Plants
Although it may be too late for this season, make sure when you’re harvesting your hops, you cut the bine just below the first bunch of cones. This should leave 1 - 2 feet of leafy plant. This is important because the additional energy this plant takes in from harvest till first frost will go into building up the root system. This gives you a healthier and more robust plant. Take time to examine your leaves. If you suspect you have a problem with mildew, now is the time to take care of it. First off, if your leaves are discolored, you need to determine if your leaves are discolored from lack of nutrients, mildew, or pests. More often than not, discoloration is a sign that the plant is lacking nutrients or, if it’s late in the season, that’s it’s preparing to enter a dormant phase. If you have discoloration AND your leaves are cupping down AND you notice some black spots on the underside of the leaf , you have downy mildew. If you have the above but instead you notice a white wispy matter , you have powdery mildew. If you have the above symptoms, but you see or did see bugs on your plants, you have a pest problem. Everything else is a nutrient deficiency, which will be the main issue you face while growing in a container. We’re going to take some steps to mitigate that risk in a second. First, I want you to dig a 4” perimeter out from around the outside of the pot as shown:
You will remove all dirt and rhizomes in this zone. You can replant them in another container, give them to friends, or throw them away. The idea here is that you’re ensuring that the plant doesn’t get so big that it gets root bound and it’ll have some space to grow for next season. This also allows for some aeration of the soil, which will help thwart mildew. Examine the roots you can see in the core part of the plant. Make sure they look healthy and show no signs of disease or rot. If they do, you’ll have to decide to trim those roots out or treat them. If you’re going to treat, I’d suggest using a copper based fungicide as directed. If cutting, try to leave as much root material as possible.
Now, fill the trench you’ve made with a 50/50 mix of potting soil and manure. Once filled, take your fingers and lightly sift the top layer of the core planting down to your second knuckle. Try not to disturb or destroy any roots, you just want to get an idea of root density and health. As with the new plantings, you might want to add a touch of soil acidifier to the top as long as your soil reads more than 6 on a pH meter. The hops will like it and the sulfur will be another layer of protection against mildew invasion. Now cover the top with at least 1” of manure. Perform the same drainage test outlined in the new planting section.
If you’re using a drip irrigation system (and you should be using a drip irrigation system) now is the time to do maintenance on it. Flush the system and make sure there’s no sediment obstructions in your emitters or leaks in the line. Perform any necessary repairs, test it to confirm operation, then drain the line. The last thing you want is to have a line freeze and burst without your knowledge in the middle of winter.
There! Your hops are all ready for Winter and will hopefully need very little attention until it’s time to start training them up lines in the Spring.
| i don't know |
What is the first name of Mr. Guinness, of stout beer fame? | Guinness Brewing | Guinness Storehouse ®
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A tribute to the traditional Irish pub with hospitality to match, Arthur’s Bar is a perfect place to soak up a little atmosphere, sample the many Guinness variants and savour breath-taking views of our fair city.
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Book in at our luxurious private Connoisseur Bar for a tasting experience like no other. Our expert staff will be your personal guides on a journey leading right to the heart of the black stuff.
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Hite, Max and Cass are all brewed in which country? | Dark Beer Styles: Stout vs Porter
Browse > Home / Beer Styles / Dark Beer Styles: Stout vs Porter
Dark Beer Styles: Stout vs Porter
What is the difference between the two darkest beer styles? Just by looking at them it is practically impossible to tell them apart.
Porter? Stout? Who came first?…
The history between the two names begins in the 18th century in England with the term Porter, a name that was given to dark brown beers by the local street workers(porters). Another term also used around the same time period to distinguish the darker and stronger porters was stout. As the years past and roasted barley broke onto the scene the stout/porter relationship began to separate. Stouts began to take on their own style with the help of Arthur Guinness, continuing to use more roasted barley then dark malts.
Porter
Porters are basically described to be dark in color, have medium body and have a good balance of malty sweetness to hop bitterness. Porters have three unique sub-styles; a brown porter, robust porter and a Baltic porter. Porters are usually known for using crystal, black, and dark malts. They generally are medium to high in hop bitterness. Baltic porters are brewed imperial and are usually around 8% ABV, they are malty up front with characters of dark fruit, raisins, toffee coming through. Check out the latest BJCP guidelines to grab more specific details on the different porter sub-styles.
Stout
Stouts are basically described to have a roasted barley character, to be dark in color and have medium to low hop bitterness. Stouts come in six unique sub-styles; a dry stout, sweet/cream stout, oatmeal stout, foreign stout, American stout and imperial stout. The most common being the dry Irish stout ( recipe) , which was made famous by Guinness and is from Ireland. Generally most stouts are brewed using a pale malt to make up about 80-90% of the grist and a roasted barley to make up about 10% of the grist. This roasted barley usually attributes to a coffee like taste. There bitterness forms with the hop additions made mostly at the start of the boil. Most stouts are full in body and flavor making them a great winter beer. Check out the latest BJCP guidelines to grab more specific details on the different stout sub-styles.
a dry Irish stout beside a German hefe
Conclusions
Stout – Generally dark and full in body with a roasted barley taste.
Porter – Generally dark and medium in body with a good balance of malty sweetness to hop bitterness.
Having said that, the bad news is that both styles have examples of using characteristics of the others. There are full bodied porters and medium bodied stouts out there. Cross over between the two styles exist especially by the micro brewers of today. Regardless these two dark beer styles do have distinct characteristics and I hope I helped alleviate any confusion you may have had. Here is a direct comparison between two of the most popular dark beer styles.
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Who is quoted as saying Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy? | Did Ben Franklin Say 'Beer Is Proof That God Loves Us'?
By David Emery
Updated March 31, 2016.
A tip of the glass to Dick Stevens, owner of the Elevator Brewery & Draught Haus in Columbus, Ohio, who announced the recall of a batch of promotional t-shirts featuring a witticism frequently — but erroneously — attributed to founding father Benjamin Franklin.
It was reported as follows by Aria Munro of eNewsChannels.com on Sep. 15, 2008:
Beer-themed web sites, brewing organizations and even "beer writers" are fond of quoting Franklin and his supposed love of beer — "Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy." But after recently hearing a lecture by Chicago-based brewing historian, Bob Skilnik, that convincingly asserts that Franklin was writing about rain, its nourishment of grapes, and ultimately, its conversion into wine, Stevens decided to do his part in correcting this historical inaccuracy.
"I hope that we can set the record straight about this little white lie that has been repeated for years," Stevens said in a press release.
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"I have no doubt that ole Ben enjoyed a tankard or two of beer with friends and associates, but this beer quote, while well-meaning, is inaccurate."
The aforementioned Skilnik, author of Beer & Food - An American History , has issued a challenge to promulgators of the quote to come forward with proof, reported my colleague (and fellow beer drinker) Bryce Eddings in 2007. There have been no takers so far.
For the record, here, in a letter addressed to André Morellet in 1779, is what Benjamin Franklin actually did say:
We hear of the conversion of water into wine at the marriage in Cana as of a miracle. But this conversion is, through the goodness of God, made every day before our eyes. Behold the rain which descends from heaven upon our vineyards; there it enters the roots of the vines, to be changed into wine; a constant proof that God loves us, and loves to see us happy. The miracle in question was only performed to hasten the operation, under circumstances of present necessity, which required it.
(Source: Isaacson, Walter. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003. p.374.)
When Franklin did speak of beer, it wasn't in the most glowing of terms. "My Companion at the Press," he wrote in his autobiography, "drank every day a Pint before Breakfast, a Pint at Breakfast with his Bread and Cheese; a Pint between Breakfast and Dinner; a Pint at Dinner; a Pint in the Afternoon about Six o’Clock, and another when he had done his Day’s-Work. I thought it a detestable Custom."
"Small beer" (made with cheaper ingredients and with a lower alcohol content) was very popular in Franklin's time. Apparently, George Washington even had his own recipe .
| Benjamin Franklin |
Name the late 1970's cult TV programme, which was based on the 16th century Chinese novel, journey to the west? | Beer Quotes - BrewWiki
Beer Quotes
Below is a list of some famous beer quotes from around the world:
The problem with the world is that everyone is a few drinks behind
- Humphrey Bogart
Always do sober what you said you would do drunk. That will teach you to keep your mouth shut.
- Earnest Hemingway
Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy.
- Benjamin Franklin
He is a wise man who invented beer.
- Plato
I feel sorry for people who don't drink. When they wake up in the morning, that's as good as they're going to feel all day.
- Frank Sinatra
Give me a woman who loves beer and I will conquer the world.
- Kaiser Wilhelm
I would kill everyone in this room for a drop of sweet beer.
- Homer Simpson
Without question, the greatest invention in the history of mankind is beer. Oh, I grant you the wheel was also a fine invention, but the wheel does not go nearly as well with pizza.
- Dave Berry
24 hours in a day, 24 beers in a case. Coincidence?
- Stephen Wright
Everybody has to believe in something.....I believe I'll have another drink.
- W.C. Fields
May your glass be ever full. May the roof over your head be always strong. And may you be in heaven half an hour before the devil knows you're dead.
- Irish Toast
You can't be a real country unless you have a beer and an airline - it helps if you have some kind of a football team, or some nuclear weapons, but at the very least you need a beer.
- Frank Zappa
I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be depended upon to meet any national crisis. The great point is to bring them the real facts, and beer.
- Abraham Lincoln
An intelligent man is sometimes forced to be drunk to spend time with his fools.
- Earnest Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls
Always remember that I have taken more out of alcohol than alcohol has taken out of me.
- Winston Churchill
Ah, beer. The cause of and the solution to all of life’s problems.
- Homer Simpson
Beer makes you feel the way you ought to feel without beer.
- Henry Lawson
I would give all my fame for a pot of ale and safety.
- Shakespeare, Henry V
God made yeast, as well as dough, and loves fermentation just as dearly as he loves vegetation.
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
Drunkenness does not create vice; it merely brings it into view.
- Seneca
The good Lord has changed water into wine, so how can drinking beer be a sin?
- Sign near a Belgian Monastary
A man can hide all things, excepting twain - That he is drunk, and that he is in love.
- Antiphanes
I work until beer o’clock.
- Stephen King
He that drinketh strong beer and goes to bed right mellow, lives as he ought to live and dies a hearty fellow.
- Anonymous
Tis hard to tell which is best: music, food, beer or rest.
- Anonymous
Beer... Now there's a temporary solution.
- Homer Simpson
Work is the curse of the drinking classes.
- Oscar Wilde
Beauty lies in the hands of the beerholder.
- Anonymous
Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day. Teach him how to fish, and he will sit in a boat and drink beer all day.
- Anonymous
There are more old drunks than old doctors.
- Anonymous
A good local pub has much in common with a church, except that a pub is warmer, and there's more conversation.
- Anonymous
They who drink beer will think beer.
- Washington Irving
All right, brain, I don't like you and you don't like me - so let's just do this and I'll get back to killing you with beer.
- Homer Simpson
When I heated my home with oil, I used an average of 800 gallons a year. I have found that I can keep comfortably warm for an entire winter with slightly over half that quantity of beer.
- Dave Barry
The nations of the West also have their own intoxicant, made from grain soaked in water...Alas, what wonderful ingenuity vice possesses! A method has actually been discovered for making even water intoxicated.
- Pliny the Elder, describing the barbarians' strange imitation wine
Well ya see, Norm, it’s like this… A herd of buffalo can only move as fast as the slowest buffalo. And when the herd is hunted, it is the slowest and weakest ones at the back that are killed first. This natural selection is good for the herd as a whole, because the general speed and health of the whole group keeps improving by the regular killing of the weakest members. In much the same way, the human brain can only operate as fast as the slowest brain cells. Excessive intake of alcohol, as we know, kills brain cells. But naturally, it attacks the slowest and weakest brain cells first. In this way, regular consumption of beer eliminates the weaker brain cells, making the brain a faster and more efficient machine. That’s why you always feel smarter after a few beers.
- Cliff Clavin, of Cheers
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Who is first in line to the British Throne? | Royal baby - who's next in line? Guide to the new line of succession to the British throne | Daily Mail Online
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| Charles, Prince of Wales |
Which Peter Benchley novel was made into a film in 1975 by Steven Spielberg? | Factbox: Line of succession to the British throne | Reuters
Mon Jul 22, 2013 | 3:19 PM EDT
Factbox: Line of succession to the British throne
LONDON The baby born to Britain's Prince William and his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, will be third in line to the British throne, regardless of gender, following a change in the rules of royal succession.
The heir apparent is the queen's son, Prince Charles, and the second in line is his eldest son, Prince William. The new member of the royal family will push Prince Harry, William's younger brother, into fourth place, with Prince Andrew, Charles's younger brother, ranked fifth.
Here is a look at the five people in line to follow Queen Elizabeth, who has been Britain's monarch for 61 years:
1. PRINCE CHARLES, the Prince of Wales: The eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Born on November 14, 1948, he became heir to the throne on the accession of his mother in 1952 and is the longest serving heir apparent in British history.
Charles, educated at the private Gordonstoun school and Trinity College, Cambridge, served with the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976.
He married Lady Diana Spencer in 1981 and the couple had two sons - William in 1982 and Harry in 1984. They divorced in 1996 after highly publicized marital problems and affairs. Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris in 1997.
In 2005, Charles, now 64, married divorcee Camilla Parker Bowles, now 66. She took the title Duchess of Cornwall and has gradually won public favor, helping to repair Prince Charles's popularity, which suffered after Diana's death.
Since the 1980s, Prince Charles has been a champion of the environment, converting his country estate Highgrove to organic farming and in 2010 writing a book, "Harmony: A Vision for Our Future", about changing the course of environmental destruction.
2. PRINCE WILLIAM, the Duke of Cambridge: The eldest son of Prince Charles and the late Diana, Princess of Wales. Born on June 21, 1982, at St. Mary's Hospital, London, he was educated at Eton College and the University of St Andrews in Scotland, where he met his wife-to-be, Kate Middleton.
William, 31, followed family tradition and entered the military, first joining the army and then transferring to the Royal Air Force, where he trained as a search and rescue helicopter pilot. He is based at Anglesey in north Wales.
He plays polo and is involved with a list of charities. Describing himself as no party animal, and free of any public scandals, he began dating Kate Middleton in 2003 and the pair became engaged in November 2010. They married on April 29, 2011, in a sumptuous televised ceremony that was watched by about 2 billion people around the world, and are officially known as the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.
3. ROYAL BABY: The first child of Prince William and Kate will be known as Prince or Princess of Cambridge.
4. PRINCE HARRY, formally Henry, Prince of Wales: The second son of Charles and Diana, he was born on September 15, 1984, also at St. Mary's Hospital, London. Educated at Eton College, he joined the army and has served in Afghanistan, where he was a gunner in Apache attack helicopters.
Despite indiscretions, the fun-loving prince has become a popular member of the royal family. He was once blasted by the press for wearing a Nazi Swastika armband to a fancy dress party, and has been linked with a number of women in Britain's tabloid press. Last August he was photographed frolicking naked with a nude woman during a private holiday to Las Vegas.
The prince, who has often spoken of his disdain for the intrusive British press, said he had let himself and his family down, but added the incident should have remained private. The issue of privacy is close to his heart and that of his brother because their mother, pursued relentlessly by the media, died in a car crash in Paris while being chased by paparazzi.
5. PRINCE ANDREW, Duke of York: Second son and third child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip. Born on February 19, 1960, Prince Andrew was educated at Gordonstoun before joining the Royal Navy in 1979, seeing active service in 1982 during the war with Argentina over the Falkland Islands. He retired from active duty in 2001.
From 2001 until 2011 he worked with the government body UK Trade & Investment, promoting Britain and British firms at trade fairs and conferences around the world. Some of the relationships he built have since proved controversial.
In 1986 he married Sarah Ferguson and they were given the titles Duke and Duchess of York. The couple had two daughters - Beatrice, born in 1988, and Eugenie, born in 1990 - who are sixth and seventh in line to the throne. The couple separated in 1992 and divorced in 1996.
(Reporting by David Cutler, London Editorial Reference Unit, and Belinda Goldsmith; Editing by Kevin Liffey)
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Which song title connects Huey Lewis and the news, Jennifer Rush and Frankie goes to Hollywood? | The power of love Jennifer Rush
The power of love Jennifer Rush
The power of love Jennifer Rush
The power of love Jennifer Rush
Song Title: The power of love
Artist: Jennifer Rush
Date of release: December 1984
Description: ” The power of love ” is by Jennifer Rush ( Heidi Stern ), the American pop singer. The song was written by Jennifer Rush, Gunther Mende, Candy DeRouge and Mary Susan Applegate.
Production for the single was by Gunther Mende and Candy DeRouge. Gunther Mende is a German record producer who has worked with artists including Céline Dion, Falco and Tina Turner. Candy DeRouge ( Wolfgang Detmann ) is another German record producer, he has also worked with Céline Dion and Falco. Other artists Candy DeRouge has produced for include Bonnie Bianco, Laura Branigan, Thomas Anders, Chris Norman, Helen Schneider, Sally Oldfield.
Also credited as co-writer, along with Gunther Mende and Candy DeRouge, is Mary Susan Applegate. Mary is an American poet who also co-wrote No Mercy’s song ” Please don’t go “, a 1997 top ten hit in the UK.
The song was released in December 1984 by record label CBS and taken as the fifth and last single from Jennifer’s debut Album ” Jennifer Rush “.
The power ballad was to be the only Million selling single of 1985 in the UK, it outsold its nearest rival, Julie covington’s ” Don’t cry for me Argentina ” which sold 980,000 copies and in doing so ” The power of love ” became a record breaker. The song was the biggest selling single ever by a female artist in the United Kingdom, until 1992 when Whitney Houston broke the record with ” I will always love you “. Whitney then held the record until that was broken by Cher’s ” Believe “, released in 1998.
Jennifer also set another record at the time, the song took an incredible 16 weeks to reach Number One in the UK. It first charted at number 65 on the 29th of June and during its chart week had moved up to number 42, staying in the 40’s for some nine consecutive weeks. A week later the song made the all important top forty at number 36 which meant considerable airplay across the UK’s radio stations.
With the increase in airplay the song finally climbed to reach Number One in the UK and stayed there for 5 weeks.
Jennifer’s ” The power of love ” was the second song with the title to reach Number One in the UK, 10 months earlier Frankie Goes To Hollywood reached the top spot in the UK with their song of the same name.
A third song of 1985 sharing the same title was by Huey Lewis And The News, they took ” The power of love ” to Number One in the US but only managed to make number 11 in the UK.
Along with a top spot on the UK chart, Jennifer also reached Number One in Australia, Austria, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway and Spain.
In the United States she only managed to reach number 57 with her version. However cover versions by other artists performed better in the US. Laura Branigan released her version for her Album ” Touch ” in 1987. Laura enjoyed chart success in the US reaching number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100.
The most successful version, even more than the original by Jennifer, was Canadian singer Celine Dion. Her cover of the song from her 1993 Album “The Colour of My Love ” reached Number One on the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks.
The song was also covered by Air Supply, the soft rock duo reversed the lyrics to reflect that fact it was a man singing. They enjoyed moderate success with their version reaching the top forty in both Canada and New Zealand. In the US they reached a peak of number 68.
BillBoard Highest Chart Position: 57
UK Highest Chart Position: 1
Other Countries Highest Chart Positions: Australia (KMR) 1, Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 1, Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 3, Canada (RPM) 1, France (SNEP) 32, Germany (Official German Charts) 9, Ireland (IRMA) 1, Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 7, New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 1, Norway (VG-lista) 1, Spain (PROMUSICAE) 1, Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 3, Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 3
| The Power of Love |
What was the name of the nuclear reactor that caused worldwide concern after the earthquake in Japan, 2011? | Jennifer Rush - "The Power Of Love" - ORIGINAL VIDEO - '84 - YouTube
Jennifer Rush - "The Power Of Love" - ORIGINAL VIDEO - '84
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Uploaded on Nov 23, 2009
For the classic video WITH AUDIO, pause THIS - then hit https://vimeo.com/86026287 - and hit the "play" button at the bottom left of THAT screen (no "subscription" nonsense - promise!)
Footnote: It's curious how, within the space of a few months, THREE completely UNRELATED songs with this title ALL hit the charts. For those who were not THERE in the Eighties - the other two came from Frankie Goes To Hollywood and Huey Lewis And The News.
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In April 2010, a drilling rig run by BP suffered an explosion in the Gulf of Mexico. Name that rig. | Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010 | oil spill, Gulf of Mexico | Britannica.com
Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010
oil spill, Gulf of Mexico
Written By:
Gulf of Mexico
Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010, also called Gulf of Mexico oil spill of 2010, largest marine oil spill in history, caused by an April 20, 2010, explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig—located in the Gulf of Mexico , approximately 41 miles (66 km) off the coast of Louisiana —and its subsequent sinking on April 22.
Debris and oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil rig after it sank on April 22, 2010.
U.S. Coast Guard
The explosion
The Deepwater Horizon rig, owned and operated by offshore-oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by oil company BP , was situated in the Macondo oil prospect in the Mississippi Canyon, a valley in the continental shelf. The oil well over which it was positioned was located on the seabed 4,993 feet (1,522 metres) below the surface and extended approximately 18,000 feet (5,486 metres) into the rock. On the night of April 20 a surge of natural gas blasted through a concrete core recently installed by contractor Halliburton in order to seal the well for later use. It later emerged through documents released by Wikileaks that a similar incident had occurred on a BP-owned rig in the Caspian Sea in September 2008. Both cores were likely too weak to withstand the pressure because they were composed of a concrete mixture that used nitrogen gas to accelerate curing.
Fireboat response crews battling the blazing remnants of the offshore oil rig Deepwater Horizon in …
Video courtesy of the U.S. Department of Energy
Once released by the fracture of the core, the natural gas traveled up the Deepwater rig’s riser to the platform, where it ignited, killing 11 workers and injuring 17. The rig capsized and sank on the morning of April 22, rupturing the riser, through which drilling mud had been injected in order to counteract the upward pressure of oil and natural gas. Without any opposing force, oil began to discharge into the gulf. The volume of oil escaping the damaged well—originally estimated by BP to be about 1,000 barrels per day—was thought by U.S. government officials to have peaked at more than 60,000 barrels per day.
Leaking oil
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Although BP attempted to activate the rig’s blowout preventer (BOP), a fail-safe mechanism designed to close the channel through which oil was drawn, the device malfunctioned. Forensic analysis of the BOP completed the following year determined that a set of massive blades known as blind shear rams—designed to slice through the pipe carrying oil—had malfunctioned because the pipe had bent under the pressure of the rising gas and oil. (A 2014 report by the U.S. Chemical Safety Board claimed that the blind shear rams had activated sooner than previously thought and may have actually punctured the pipe.)
Map depicting the effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, caused by the explosion of an oil rig …
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Efforts in May to place a containment dome over the largest leak in the broken riser were thwarted by the buoyant action of gas hydrates —gas molecules in an ice matrix—formed by the reaction of natural gas and cold water. When an attempt to employ a “ top kill,” whereby drilling mud was pumped into the well to stanch the flow of oil, also failed, BP in early June turned to an apparatus called the Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP) cap. With the damaged riser shorn from the LMRP—the top segment of the BOP—the cap was lowered into place. Though fitted loosely over the BOP and allowing some oil to escape, the cap enabled BP to siphon approximately 15,000 barrels of oil per day to a tanker. The addition of an ancillary collection system comprising several devices, also tapped into the BOP, increased the collection rate to approximately 25,000 barrels of oil a day.
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In early July the LMRP cap was removed for several days so that a more permanent seal could be installed; this capping stack was in place by July 12. Though the leak had slowed, it was estimated by a government-commissioned panel of scientists that 4,900,000 barrels of oil had already leaked into the gulf. Only about 800,000 barrels had been captured. On August 3 BP conducted a “ static kill,” a procedure in which drilling mud was pumped into the well through the BOP. Though similar to the failed top kill, mud could be injected at much lower pressures during the static kill because of the stabilizing influence of the capping stack. The defective BOP and the capping stack were removed in early September and replaced by a functioning BOP.
Disasters of Historic Proportion
The success of these procedures cleared the way for a “ bottom kill,” considered to be the most likely means of permanently sealing the leak. This entailed pumping cement through a channel—known as a relief well—that paralleled and eventually intersected the original well. Construction of two such wells had begun in May. On September 17 the bottom kill maneuver was successfully executed through the first relief well. The second had been intended to serve as a backup and was not completed. Two days later, following a series of pressure tests, it was announced that the well was completely sealed.
Claims by several research groups that subsurface plumes of dispersed hydrocarbons had been detected in May were initially dismissed by BP and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). However, it was verified in June that the plumes were in fact from the Deepwater spill. The effect of the microscopic oil droplets on the ecosystem was unknown, though their presence, along with that of a layer of oil several inches thick discovered on portions of the seafloor in September, cast doubt on earlier predictions about the speed with which the discharged oil would dissipate. Bacteria that had adapted to consuming naturally occurring gas and oil seeping from the seabed were thought to have consumed a portion of it.
Cleanup efforts
The petroleum that had leaked from the well before it was sealed formed a slick extending over thousands of square miles of the Gulf of Mexico. To clean oil from the open water, 1.8 million gallons of dispersants —substances that emulsified the oil, thus allowing for easier metabolism by bacteria—were pumped directly into the leak and applied aerially to the slick. Booms to corral portions of the slick were deployed, and the contained oil was then siphoned off or burned. As oil began to contaminate Louisiana beaches in May, it was manually removed; more difficult to clean were the state’s marshes and estuaries , where the topography was knit together by delicate plant life. By June, oil and tar balls had made landfall on the beaches of Mississippi , Alabama , and Florida . In all, an estimated 1,100 miles (1,770 km) of shoreline were polluted.
Controlled burn of oil spilled in the Deepwater Horizon disaster, Gulf of Mexico, May 6, 2010. The …
EPA
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The various cleanup efforts were coordinated by the National Response Team, a group of government agencies headed by the U.S. Coast Guard and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). BP, Transocean, and several other companies were held liable for the billions of dollars in costs accrued. Coast Guard cleanup patrols ultimately drew to a close in Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi in June 2013 and in Louisiana in April 2014.
Aftermath and impact
Economic prospects in the Gulf Coast states were dire, as the spill affected many of the industries upon which residents depended. More than a third of federal waters in the gulf were closed to fishing at the peak of the spill, due to fears of contamination . A moratorium on offshore drilling, enacted by U.S. Pres. Barack Obama ’s administration despite a district court reversal, left an estimated 8,000–12,000 temporarily unemployed. Few travelers were willing to face the prospect of petroleum-sullied beaches, leaving those dependent on tourism struggling to supplement their incomes. Following demands by Obama, BP created a $20 billion compensation fund for those affected by the spill. A year later nearly a third of the fund had been paid out, though lack of oversight allowed government entities to submit wildly inflated claims, some unrelated to the spill. By 2013 the fund was largely depleted.
Workers contracted by BP cleaning up oil on a beach in Port Fourchon, La., May 23, 2010.
PO3 Patrick Kelley/U.S. Department of Defense
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Recovery was incremental. As oil dispersed, portions of the gulf began reopening to fishing in July, and by October the majority of the closed areas were judged safe. State governments struggled to draw attention to unsoiled or newly scrubbed beaches with advertising campaigns, often drawing on funds from BP. Oil continued to wash ashore in many areas, and much of it could not be removed, either because of logistical reasons—mats of submerged oil and organic matter collected in tidal zones that were difficult to reach—or because cleaning it up would inflict greater harm on the ecosystem. The drilling moratorium, initially set to expire in November 2010, was lifted in mid-October, though new drilling permits were not issued until February of the subsequent year following mounting government and industry pressure to increase domestic oil production.
The emergence of BP chief executive Tony Hayward as the public face of the oil giant further inflamed public sentiment against the embattled company. The Englishman—who at one point remarked, “I’d like my life back”—was derided for his alternately flippant and obfuscating responses in media interviews and while testifying before the U.S. Congress . He was replaced in October. By the next year, the company had lost almost a quarter of its market value and had hemorrhaged over $40 billion in costs associated with cleanup and recovery.
The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, formed by Obama in May 2010, faulted the Obama administration’s response to the spill in a report issued in October. The commission’s final report, issued in January 2011, attributed the spill to a lack of regulatory oversight by the government and negligence and time-saving measures on the part of BP and its partners.
A report released in September by the Joint Investigation Team of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) and the U.S. Coast Guard emphasized BP’s ultimate responsibility for the disaster. (BOEMRE had supplanted the Minerals Management Agency, which had regulated drilling before the spill, in June 2010.) The report noted that, although the defective concrete cap had been installed by Halliburton, decisions about the installation process made by BP had been the cause of the failure. The investigation further found that BP and Transocean employees aboard the rig had—while engaged in testing procedures—ignored early indications of a problem and thus missed opportunities to prevent a full-scale blowout. Though representatives of BP conceded that the company was responsible for some of the factors contributing to the spill, they stressed that their partner companies were also to blame. Halliburton and Transocean similarly pointed to failures on the part of the other parties involved.
Legal action
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Charges, settlements, and penalties
A formal civil and criminal investigation into the spill was initiated in June 2010 by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). In August 2010 Louisiana district court judge Carl Barbier was appointed to oversee the consolidated proceedings relating to the spill, which had prompted numerous lawsuits and precipitated a morass of complex legal entanglements, private and public. The DOJ sued BP, Transocean, and Anadarko, a minority owner of the well, in New Orleans civil court in December 2010 for violating the Clean Water Act and Oil Pollution Act.
In early March 2012 BP agreed to settle claims made by the plaintiffs’ steering committee, the consolidated representative body for many of the individual victims of the spill, for at least $7.8 billion. (The move followed the postponement of a trial scheduled in late February in Louisiana district court.) The monies were to be drawn from the compensation fund mandated by the Obama administration. Previously managed by lawyer Kenneth Feinberg—who had also overseen the compensation fund for victims of the September 11 attacks —the fund was transferred to court control as part of the accord. In addition to covering economic losses sustained in the wake of the spill, the settlement mandated the payment of medical claims (which had previously been denied by the fund) and provided for 21 years of further medical monitoring and care, allowing for the delayed onset of symptoms and illnesses. BP remained liable for substantial additional claims by local and state entities as well as by the federal government. An effort by the company to appeal the agreement, which received final approval in December 2012, was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court in December 2014.
In November 2012 BP reached an agreement with the DOJ to plead guilty to 14 criminal charges, among them 11 counts of felony manslaughter, and violations of the Clean Water and Migratory Bird Treaty acts. The agreement carried penalties and fines amounting to more than $4.5 billion, of which nearly $1.26 billion would go to a discretionary fund overseen by the DOJ, some $2.4 billion to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF), and $350 million to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). BP also agreed to pay more than half a billion dollars to the Securities and Exchange Commission for misleading its shareholders about the magnitude of the oil spill. The deal was approved in January 2013.
Later in November 2012, the EPA suspended BP from entering into any new federal contracts. That suspension, initially thought to be temporary, was reinforced in January 2013. In February the EPA also issued a separate suspension to the BP subsidiary that had operated the well, the Dallas-based BP Exploration & Production Inc., citing a violation of the Clean Water Act. In August 2013 the company filed suit against the EPA in Texas federal court, asking that the ban be lifted. It was not lifted until March 2014; the company successfully bid on 24 federal contracts later that month.
In January 2013 Transocean agreed to a $1 billion civil penalty under the Clean Water Act. Approximately $800 million of that amount was earmarked for restoration projects in the gulf, and the remainder was paid to the federal government. The company also pled guilty to criminal violations of the Clean Water Act, resulting in a $400 million criminal penalty. Of that money, $300 million was evenly divided between restoration projects administered by the NFWF and an offshore oil safety research endowment administered by the NAS. The remainder funded a liability trust to be drawn upon in the event of later spills. In May 2015 Transocean resolved claims made by the plaintiffs’ steering committee for some $211.7 million.
In July 2013 Halliburton agreed to pay a $200,000 penalty after pleading guilty to criminal charges that its employees had destroyed evidence related to the spill. It settled claims with the plaintiffs’ steering committee for some $1.1 billion in September 2014. In November 2015 Anadarko was judged liable for some $159.5 million in civil penalties for its role in the disaster.
Charges against individuals
In April 2012 the first criminal charges to come out of the disaster were filed against a former senior drilling engineer for BP. Kurt Mix, who had worked for BP until January 2012, was charged in federal court with obstructing justice for deleting hundreds of text messages concerning the flow rate of oil despite having received legal notification to preserve the correspondence. Some of the messages were forensically recovered; one contained a flow rate estimate three times higher than what BP had publicly attested to at the time. He was convicted in December 2013.
In November 2012 two senior officers on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, Robert Kaluza and Donald Vidrine, were charged with manslaughter. David Rainey, the former vice president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, was charged with obstructing Congress and making false statements to law enforcement concerning the rate at which oil was leaking from the rig. The Supreme Court refused to hear a 2015 appeal by the latter official to dismiss the obstruction charge.
To the dismay of many observers, none of the individuals who were charged with criminal offenses related to the spill ultimately received prison sentences. Rainey was acquitted in June 2015. Mix was granted a retrial owing to juror misconduct and instead pled guilty to misdemeanor computer fraud charges. He was sentenced to probation and community service in November 2015. The manslaughter charges against Kaluza and Vidrine were dropped in December 2015 at the request of the prosecution. Vidrine pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge of pollution under the Clean Water Act and in April 2016 was sentenced to probation, community service, and the payment of a fine. Kaluza pled not guilty to the same charge and was cleared in February 2016.
The civil trial
The civil trial of BP, Halliburton, and Transocean began in late February 2013 in New Orleans. The federal government, as well as individual states and entities, was among the plaintiffs. The trial was intended to determine liability under the Clean Water Act and Natural Resource Damage Assessments under the Oil Pollution Act, addressing charges not covered by previous settlement agreements. The proceedings were arranged in three phases. The first, which ended in April, was to assess the degrees to which the three companies were culpable. Of particular import was the distinction between “gross negligence” and “negligence”; the former designation would result in fines approximately four times higher than those assessed for the latter. The second phase of the trial, which began in late September, was intended to establish the volume of oil released by the spill and whether the preparedness and damage-control efforts of the involved parties were adequate. It ended in late October. The third phase, in which damages would be determined, finished in February 2015.
The ruling on the first phase, announced in September 2014, found BP to be 67 percent culpable for the spill and thus grossly negligent. Transocean was held 30 percent liable and Halliburton 3 percent liable; both companies were deemed negligent. The ruling on the second phase, announced in January 2015, set the legal amount of oil for which the involved parties would be liable at 3.19 million barrels. BP had claimed that approximately 2.45 million barrels had leaked, while the U.S. government contended that 4.19 million barrels had spewed into the gulf. In July 2015, in the wake of a rejected Supreme Court appeal regarding the maximum fines for the disaster, a tentative settlement was reached between BP, the federal government, and the five states affected by the spill, with BP estimating that it would cost the company $18.7 billion. A finalized settlement of $20.8 billion was announced in October 2015, bringing the third phase to a close. It was the largest financial penalty ever leveled by the U.S. government against a single company. However, some observers noted that a substantial portion of the settlement could be written off on the company’s taxes as a business expense and consequently questioned the severity of the punishment. The settlement was formally approved in April 2016.
Environmental costs
Thousands of birds , mammals , and sea turtles were plastered with leaked oil. There was speculation that a spike in cetacean strandings and deaths that was recorded by NOAA beginning in February 2010 was further exacerbated by the spill. Typical causes of such widespread fatalities, including morbillivirus and toxins from red tides , were ruled out, and there was an unusual incidence of Brucella infection in stranded dolphins, leading researchers to suspect that contaminants from the spill had made cetaceans more vulnerable to other environmental dangers. A December 2013 study of living dolphins in Barataria Bay , Louisiana, found that roughly half were extremely sick; many suffered from lung and adrenal disorders known to be linked to oil exposure. Some 1,400 whales and dolphins had been found stranded by the end of 2015, a figure representing only a tiny percentage of the animals affected. Though the number of dead animals had begun to taper off, substantial decreases in dolphin fertility persisted. It was thought that the strandings represented the largest mortality event to occur in the Gulf of Mexico.
A dead bird covered in oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, East Grand …
Charlie Riedel/AP
Birds were particularly vulnerable to the oil’s effects, and many perished—from ingesting oil as they tried to clean themselves or because the substance interfered with their ability to regulate their body temperatures. The brown pelican , recently delisted as an endangered species, was among the species most affected. A 2014 study projected that perhaps 12 percent of the brown pelicans and more than 30 percent of the laughing gulls in the area hit by the spill had been wiped out. According to another 2014 study, up to 800,000 birds were thought to have died. Even individuals not directly contaminated by oil were affected. A 2012 study determined that white pelicans that had migrated from the gulf to Minnesota to breed were producing eggs that contained discernible amounts of compounds that were traceable to the BP spill. Eggs containing traces of contaminants were found in Iowa and Illinois as well.
Animals that were found alive in the wake of the spill were transported to rehabilitation centres and, after being cleaned and medically evaluated, were released into oil-free areas. Concerns about the offspring of sea turtles that nested on the gulf coasts of Alabama and Florida led wildlife officials to dig up thousands of eggs and hatch them in a warehouse for later release on the Atlantic coast. By late 2012 some 1,700 turtles had been found dead. A long-term satellite tracking study released in May 2013 showed that the endangered Kemp’s ridley sea turtle was likely severely affected, as its preferred foraging territory was within the area damaged by the spill. It was estimated that up to 65,000 imperiled turtles had died during 2010 alone, mostly as a result of oil contamination. It was also estimated that some 300,000 turtles, some of which were originally from breeding populations in other parts of the world, were in the region of the spill when it occurred, leading scientists to point out the global impacts of the disaster.
The impacts on smaller species were more difficult to determine. Numerous species of fish and invertebrates spawned in the gulf, and it was thought likely that some would succumb to the toxic effects of the oil. A 2014 study showed that the larvae of commercially important fish species, including tuna, likely developed heart defects after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the oil. Areas of the seabed that had been coated by by-products of bacteria were essentially dead zones; many sedentary organisms had suffocated or been sickened by the material, and most mobile organisms had fled.
Reefs outside a 12-mile (19-km) radius from the Deepwater well appeared largely unaffected, but those within were heavily stressed. Laboratory studies suggested that oil and dispersants made coral reproduction more difficult. Coral larvae, which are initially mobile, attached to mature corals at much-reduced rates following exposure to the substances. Tests also determined that oil and dispersants were fatal to rotifers, microorganisms crucial to the gulf food web. A modeling study released in February 2016 suggested that the activity of oil-eating microbes was negatively affected by blooms of other species of microbes that preferred to feed on the dispersants. An April 2014 mission conducted by the research group Ecosystem Impacts of Oil and Gas Inputs to the Gulf (ECOGIG) aboard the submersible Alvin —which had famously been involved in investigating the wreckage of the Titanic —noted some ecological recovery of oiled areas of the seafloor, though detectable oil levels in sediment cores remained the same as they had been four years earlier.
It was hoped that extensive revisions to offshore-drilling regulations, prompted by the spill and issued in April 2016, would mitigate the likelihood of future disasters.
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in pictures
Images of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010
Fireboat response crews attempting to extinguish the blaze aboard the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, set off the previous day by an eruption of natural gas.
The U.S. Coast Guard collecting oil with a skimming boom off the coast of Mobile, Ala.
Sand covered with oil on Pensacola Beach, Fla.
Heavily oiled brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) captured at Grand Isle, La., waiting to be cleaned.
U.S. Pres. Barack Obama inspecting a tar ball from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on the beach in Port Fourchon, La.
| Deepwater Horizon |
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Drilling fluid, Drilling rig, Natural gas 633 Words | 2 Pages
Oil Spills
Oil Spills: Their Environmental Impact on Our Oceans How do we prevent oil spills? (The last part)... Oil spills are the most devastating environmental disasters. On the surface, oil spills directly pollute oceans, kill sea life, and damage the environment we live in. Furthermore, oil spills hurt the nation’s health, environment, tourist and the fishing business. Therefore, oil spills impact the entire economy and our standard of living. How do we prevent future oil spills and protect our oceans...
Alternative energy, Energy development, Mediterranean Sea 662 Words | 3 Pages
Oil Spills
Questions: What are the environmental implications of oil spills? What legislative policies have been instituted to mitigate the... possibility of future oil spills? How are oil spills cleaned up and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? What type of research and innovation surrounding oil spills has been done to prevent their occurrence? In order to foster an environment for emerging technologies and higher standards of living, the United States, Canada and many other nations...
Bioremediation, Environmentalism, Exxon Valdez oil spill 1899 Words | 5 Pages
The Legal Issues and Ethical Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and British Petroleum Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico 2010
BP Gulf Oil Spill 1 Running Head: BP GULF OIL SPILL The Legal... Issues and Ethical Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and British Petroleum Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico 2010 Terry D. Bollman Park University BP Gulf Oil Spill 2 British Petroleum’s Roll in the Gulf Oil Spill This paper will explain some of the effects of three legal issues and three ethical issues surrounding the London-based British Petroleum Company’s involvement in the explosion of the offshore oil...
BP, Exxon Valdez oil spill, Ixtoc I 1526 Words | 5 Pages
Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
FROM: Juuso Nisula 240721 – Communication Director Diep Nguyen 288592 – Corporate Communication Manager DATE: 25.5.2010 SUBJECT: Communication... strategy regarding the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill This memo summarizes the communication strategy that the Board of Director can apply to deal with the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill. The strategy is built upon three groups of stakeholders: employees, shareholders and the public. 1. Employees - Team meeting The crisis may arouse the fear of dismissal...
Board of directors, Corporate governance, Corporate title 385 Words | 2 Pages
Bp Oil Spill Response
The 2010 BP Oil Spill allowed about 5 million barrels of oil to flow into the Gulf of... Mexico before the gush was capped. Unfortunately, the explosion killed 11 people and injured several others (Benoit, 2011). To claim its ultimate negligence and reduce the pollution of the spill, BP created a multi-page website entitled “Gulf of Mexico Restoration” to communicate its message to the public. BP’s “Gulf of Mexico Restoration” website uses these three strategies to repair its reputation: displaying...
Exxon Valdez oil spill, Galveston, Texas, Gulf Coast of the United States 973 Words | 3 Pages
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Professor Quazi Seraj English 112 11 October 2012 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill The... Deepwater Horizon oil spill was a devastating event that lasted several months. It occurred on April 20 through July 15, 2010 offshore Louisiana, Gulf of Mexico, USA. Deepwater Horizon is owned and operated by British Petroleum (BP). The spill was caused by an oil gusher on the ocean floor. The Deepwater Horizon rig started drilling a well at a water depth of 5,000ft...
Exxon Valdez oil spill, Gulf War, Oil gusher 812 Words | 5 Pages
Effects of Mexico Oil spill as the result of ocean current movement
Effects of Mexico Oil spill as the result of ocean current movement The Gulf of Mexico... oil spill is recognized as the worst oil spill in U.S. history. On or about April 20, 2010, the mobile offshore drilling unit Deep-water Horizon, which was being used to drill a well for BP Exploration and Production, in the Macondo prospect, experienced an explosion, leading to a fire and its subsequent sinking in the Gulf of Mexico. This incident resulted in discharges of oil and other substances from the...
Gulf Stream, Marine debris, Mexico 1969 Words | 7 Pages
Bp Oil Spill
BP Oil Spill Chait, J, (2010). Dear Leader. New Republic, 241(10), 2-2. Retrieve June 21, 2010, from Academic Search Premier.... This article discusses the present oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The president’s has not changed the Minerals Management Service. In reality, the federal government has no agency tasked with capping undersea oil leaks. All the necessary equipment, along with the expertise for operating it, resides with the private sector. BP will likely bear the full cost of the spill;...
BP, Chevron Corporation, Gulf of Mexico 1188 Words | 4 Pages
Bp Oil Spills
Oil is a product used by everyone, but sometimes oil is a problem. An oil spill is a leakage from an... oceangoing tanker, pipelines, or other oil sources. Oil spills occur very frequently, and cause enormous ecological harm. About eight million barrels of oil are spilled each year. Tankers usually carry about five hundred million barrels of oil. Many oil spills, large in land or ocean coverage, have had major impacts on the earth and it’s inhabitants. Many animals die and some are injured in some way...
Bird, Exxon Valdez oil spill, Offshore drilling 880 Words | 3 Pages
Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Deepwater Horizon oil spill July... 5, 2010 Word count: Background: BP plc is a British-based global energy company which is the third largest energy company and it is the United Kingdom’s largest corporation the fourth largest company in the world (BP, Wikipedia). Its name is initials of the company’s former legal names British Petroleum. British Petroleum merged with Amoco...
BP, Exxon Valdez oil spill, Ixtoc I 1167 Words | 4 Pages
BP oil spill
Deepwater Horizon Assignment On April 20th 2010 a BP licenses oil rig 50 miles off the coast of Louisiana exploded, killing 11 people. ... For three months millions of barrels of oil poured into the Gulf of Mexico killing sea life, altering the eco-system and affecting towns situated around the Gulf’s livelihood and quality of life. The Deepwater Horizon rig is responsible for the worst offshore oil spill in history. The corporation lost billions of dollars due to the disaster stemming for systematic...
Chevron Corporation, Crisis, Gulf of Mexico 1197 Words | 4 Pages
Bp’s Deep Horizon Oil Spill
On April 20, 2010 BP’s Deep Horizon oil rig exploded, spilling more than 200 gallons of crude oil into the Gulf of... Mexico and killing 11 workers (“11 Facts about the BP Oil Spill”, 2013). BP’s manual and emergency prevention efforts failed, allowing oil to spill into the Gulf for 87 days, resulting in the largest U.S. oil spill in history (Brown, 2013). The spill hurt the company’s reputation and caused a company crisis that involved BP’s stock price to decrease from $57.45 before the disaster...
BP, Exxon Valdez oil spill, Mexico 1309 Words | 3 Pages
Bp Oil Spill
occurs today is oil spills. The first major oil spill happened during World War II on the East Coast... of the United States and spilled about 590,000 tons of oil. The most recent oil spill happened last year in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico and about 190,120,055 gallons of oil leaked into the Gulf. Oil spills have affected our marine life, seafood industry, houses, health, and fossil fuels. Our world will never be the same after these horrifying spills that are destroying our environment. Oil is a source...
Earth, Exxon Valdez oil spill, Marine biology 1835 Words | 5 Pages
Bp Oil Spill and Economic Effects
123 The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the Gulf of... Mexico oil spill, the BP oil disaster, or the Macondo blowout) is an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico which flowed for three months in 2010. It is the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. The spill stemmed from a sea-floor oil gusher that resulted from the April 20, 2010, explosion of Deepwater Horizon, which drilled on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect. The explosion killed...
Exxon Valdez oil spill, Mexico, Oil spill 795 Words | 3 Pages
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Damage April 20, 2010 began as a day of celebration, a day that marked 7 years without injury on... the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, and ended with 11 people dead, 78 days of oil flow, and 1,074 miles of the Gulf of Mexico contaminated. Three years after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill the beaches may appear clean but we have yet to see the final effects. BP, the company behind this tragedy, is still trying to clean up the mess they have created. This is a lot more complicated...
Environment, Exxon Valdez oil spill, Gulf Oil 1275 Words | 4 Pages
BP Oil Spill
BP OIL SPILL IN 2010 April 20th was a tragic day for BP and the crew of the Transocean’s Deepwater... Horizon. “Floating fifty-two miles off the coast of Louisiana in 5,000 feet of water was an oil rig drilling in the Gulf of Mexico.” (Hoffman, 2010) What unfolded next will go down in history as the worst accidental oil spill in the world. “The oil well a mile below the surface of the Gulf blew up from high-pressure methane gas expanding into the drill. As a result of...
Alabama, Class action, Drilling rig 2171 Words | 6 Pages
Bp Oil Spill
The BP Oil Spill “Thank God men cannot fly and lay waste to sky, as well as the earth,” said Henry David Thoreau on... environmental damage. The BP, or British Petroleum, Gulf oil spill has been widely referred to as the biggest environmental disaster that the United States has ever faced, with over four million gallons of oil pouring into the waters off the Mexican Gulf Coast. The BP oil spill occurred in April of 2010. It was, and still is, the biggest oil spill in all of U.S. history. The massive...
Galveston, Texas, Gulf Coast of the United States, Gulf of Mexico 2831 Words | 7 Pages
Economic Effects of Oil Spills
Effects of Oil Spills & Fluctuating Gas Prices in the United States of America Strayer University Spring Semester 2010... “Every area in the country is subject to some kind of disaster - flood, hurricane, earthquake, to name a few. Even man-made disasters - oil spill, civil unrest, fire - can devastate the surrounding neighborhood and economy. Even though an area has never been damaged before, there is no guarantee that it will not happen tomorrow.” ~Carol Chastang Oil spills not only affect...
Cost, Economics, Economy of the United States 1504 Words | 5 Pages
Bp Oil Spill Globalization
The 20th of April 2010 will be marked as the worst day in British Petroleum PLC’s history, the day that there was an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon... drilling rig whilst drilling in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 11 people and causing devastation to all the surrounding areas. The events of this day affected the global markets and relationships between countries substantially. ¹Daniels et al. (2009) states that globalisation is “The broadening set of interdependence relationships among people from...
BP, Gulf of Mexico, International trade 1062 Words | 3 Pages
bp oil spill
Company Summary Beyond Petroleum (BP) is a British oil company that was founded over a century ago by an affluent business man, William... D’Arcy. D’Arcy put all of his money into searching for oil in the Middle East; a decision that nearly bankrupted him, because it took six years before any oil could be tapped. It is important to note that locating the oil was not the only problem BP, or Anglo-Persian Oil Company at that time, faced; moving the oils was just of a difficult task to maneuver. They...
BP, Ethics, Exxon Valdez oil spill 1567 Words | 6 Pages
Bp Oil Spill
BP oil spill is ranked as the largest environmental disaster in the world history. As the oil from BP... spill washes ashore, people on Gulf Coast are suffering huge damages they have never met before. The U.S. government estimates that up to 60,000 barrels of oil a day are spewing out from the damaged BP drilling rig to Gulf of Mexico. It has ruined the shoreline, killed animal and sea life, threaten the ecosystem and harmed the tourism and fishing in Louisiana. After the spilling happened, US government...
Drilling rig, Federal government of the United States, Oil platform 1509 Words | 4 Pages
Current Ethical Issues on Oil Spill
their domestic consumptions of oil have led to increased prices of gasoline whereby alternative forms of energy production are sought. With... this in mind, offshore drilling can be a viable option for satiating the need of oil and also to boost the economy of the nation. In this report, I am going to discuss how the current Deepwater Horizon rig explosion has led to disastrous oil spill into the Gulf of Mexico causing environmental problems and also discuss how the oil spill if resolved and with safe and...
BP, Hydrocarbon, Natural gas 1476 Words | 4 Pages
BP Oil Spill
The 2010 BP oil spill that took place on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect claimed 11 lives, and is considered to be the... largest marine oil spill in the petroleum industry’s history. The spill flowed continuously for 87 days until it was declared to have been contained on 15th July 2010 and finally sealed on 19th September of the same year (BP, 2013). However, unconfirmed reports indicate that some of the well sites continue to leak (Pulham, Hilaire & Fenn, 2010). The spill took a physical and...
Better, Galveston, Texas, Gulf Coast of the United States 798 Words | 3 Pages
Ethical Dilemma with the Bp Oil Spill
The BP oil spill, more famously referred to as the Deepwater Horizon Spill, occurred in 2010 in the... Gulf of Mexico and flowed unmitigated for as long as 3 months. The BP oil spill has fared as the largest marine oil spill ever confronted in the history of the petroleum industry. The oil spill on the 20th of April 2010 was primarily the result of a gas release followed by an explosion in the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, in the Gulf of Mexico, established on the Mocando exploration well designed for...
Blowout preventer, Drilling rig, Exxon Valdez oil spill 1115 Words | 3 Pages
The Economic Impact of the BP Oil Spill
The Economic Impact of the BP Oil Spill In April of 2010, a British Petroleum operated oil drilling rig off... the Gulf of Mexico, the Deepwater Horizon, exploded suddenly after high pressure methane gas from the oil well rose to the drilling rig, causing it to ignite and then sink to the bottom of the ocean floor. The explosion caused a sea-floor level oil blowout, and crude oil was leaked into the surrounding water for three months before a solution was found. After eighty-seven long days, the...
Drilling rig, Exxon Valdez oil spill, Oil platform 2342 Words | 6 Pages
Oil Spills and Prevention
After the tragic BP oil spill in 2010, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal was quoted saying “the day that we’ve been fearing is upon... us.” It is obvious that oil spills are a major concern throughout the world and pose a menacing threat to our environment and our public health. When hearing the phrase “oil spill,” many immediately think about death, destruction and disaster. Unfortunately, a majority of people only acknowledge the devastating and highly publicized oil spills, but what they don’t see...
Exxon Valdez, Exxon Valdez oil spill, ExxonMobil 1564 Words | 4 Pages
Bp Oil Spill
British global energy company which is the third largest energy company and the fourth largest company in the world. As a multinational oil... company, BP is the UK's largest corporation, with its headquarters in London. BP's headquarters is in Houston, Texas. The company is among the largest private sector energy corporations in the world, and one of the six private sector oil exploration, natural gas, and petroleum product marketing companies. Tony Hayward took over as the Chief Executive officer in May...
BP, Exxon Valdez oil spill, ExxonMobil 862 Words | 3 Pages
Environmental Ethics Issue on Oil Spills
Environmental Ethics Issue on Oil Spills Environmental Ethics Issue on Oil Spills The... environmental ethics issue that I chose to examine in this paper is the petroleum industry and its long history of oil spills which damage the ocean’s ecology, runes beaches, kills animals, and threatens the fishing and shrimping industries. Even though the United States and many other countries depend on the oil carried by ships or drilled for on off shore drilling rigs, the damage done by this industry...
Exxon Valdez oil spill, Gulf War, Ixtoc I 2520 Words | 7 Pages
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Essay 1 The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was an oil spill in the Gulf of... Mexico which flowed for three months in 2010. This spill had a catastrophic on the environment causing extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats as well as killing 11 workers and injuring 17 others. This spill is the “worst environmental disaster the US has faced”, according to White House energy adviser Carol Browner. Why did this occur? The staff of the BP Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore drilling Commission...
Chevron Corporation, Cost, Costs 1102 Words | 4 Pages
Effects of Bp Oil Spills in Gulf of Mexico
Effects of BP Oil Spills in Gulf of Mexico The BP oil spill... was one of the most detrimental oil spills in the world. Considered the biggest fortuitous marine oil spill in petroleum industry, the deepwater horizon accident claimed 11 workers lives and injured 17 others. 5 million barrels of crude poured into the sea, the oil spill covered most of the Gulf of Mexico a seafloor oil gusher for 87 days. The accident caused a lot of damage to the marine and wildlife habitats, human health,...
Exxon Valdez oil spill, Gulf Coast of the United States, Gulf of Mexico 918 Words | 2 Pages
Ethics in the Workplace - Bp Oil Spill
Ethics in the Workplace Case Study: BP Oil Spill On April 20, 2010 off the Gulf of Mexico, there... was a blowout of the Macondo well which is owned by British Petroleum also known as BP. When the blowout took place it got immediate media attention because aspects of the event were known over the world. Within events transpiring it was discovered how limited the resources and reaction to the disaster was going to be. This paper will detail aspects of the event from symptoms of the problem, the root...
BP, Business ethics, Ethics 1720 Words | 5 Pages
Bp and the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
Business Communications BP and the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill 04-71-100-05 Dr. R. Kobe Meshal... Mustafa January 31th, 2013 An explosion took place on the Deep Water Horizon on April 20th, 2013. I will be discussing the main communication problem that BP faced. First I will discuss the causes of the problem, second I will talk about the symptoms. Thirdly, I will discuss the key stakeholder groups and the issues they are concerned about. Lastly, I will discuss how BP can use the communication model...
Audience, BP, Communication 617 Words | 2 Pages
Bp and the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
of how much oil had leaked, how long until the leak is stopped, and what is happening. Everyone knows how bad the incident is, BP didn’t tell... what people really want to know. The symptoms of BP’s communication problems are reflected by great losses of its reputation, trust, credibility, and share price. Key stakeholder group one, the U.S. government. Its concerns are what steps BP is going to take to stem the flow, what commitments BP is prepared to make to compensate for the spill. Key stakeholder...
American films, BP, Communication 555 Words | 2 Pages
BP Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
For the exclusive use of J. JENSEN S w W11366 BP AND THE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL1 Michael Roberto... wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The author does not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The author may have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality. Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation prohibits any form of reproduction, storage or transmission without...
BP, Drilling fluid, Drilling rig 10903 Words | 50 Pages
gulf oil spill
Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Amy Burkett... Environmental Science April 20, of 2010 a BP’s oil rig Deep water Horizon had blown up out in the Gulf of Mexico. It had killed 11 people and let more the 200 million gallon of oil into the ocean water. The oil spill had damaged over 1,000 miles of the shore lines. A study was done by the Center for Biological diversity and it had shown that over...
Biodiversity, Ecology, Life 465 Words | 4 Pages
Enviromental Damage from Oil Spill
Running head: Environmental damage from the BP oil spill Topic: Ethics and Leadership Analysis and... Application Solns. to Org. Challenges: A Capstone Exp. in Integration and Strategy June 2, 2012 Environmental damage from the BP oil spill Oil spills of any form always results in gradual and long-term environmental damage. Some environmental damages caused by oil spillages can last for years and even decades after it occur. In 2010 the world woke...
BP, Crisis, Environmental disasters 1170 Words | 3 Pages
History of Bp Oil Spill
Management Crisis The Frontline report, “The Spill”, which focused on British Petroleum's problematic management culture and its catastrophic... effects, aired on October 26, 2010. Around then, the oil giant BP had suffered a crisis with its latest off-shore oil rig, the Deepwater Horizon. However, this was just the latest in accidents concerning its oil operations. In the years before the Deepwater Horizon accident, BP had also suffered major accidents in its oil production fields in Texas and Alaska. Its...
BP, Drilling rig, Exxon Valdez oil spill 2343 Words | 6 Pages
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: the Bp Disaster
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: The BP Disaster The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the... Gulf of Mexico was one of the most infamous industrial environmental disasters ever. On April 20, 2010, a marine oil-drilling dig called the Deepwater Horizon exploded, releasing hundreds of millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. This explosion resulted in the loss of human life, massive environmental damage, and widespread damage to the livelihood of people living along the Gulf Coast. The organization...
Blowout preventer, Drilling fluid, Drilling rig 2305 Words | 7 Pages
the effects of oil spill in the marine ecosystem
animal or contaminate its tissues. A thick film of oil on the sea surface may reduce sunlight penetration and reduce photosynthesis. Small... particles and emulsions may be ingested or block the feeding mechanisms of invertebrates such as oysters, starfish, sponges and corals. These particles also may have toxic components, so the effects can be physical, chemical or both. The most dramatic impact of oil spills is the coating of larger animals with oil. Animals that breathe at the surface like dolphins...
Exxon Valdez oil spill, Mediterranean Sea, Oil spill 1369 Words | 4 Pages
BP Oil Spill
accountable for all economic retribution financially and environmentally. The oil rig was under contract by BP and according to the... Oil Pollution Act of 1990 it stipulated that those parties responsible for the rig or facility which oil is being discharged from—is the responsible party held liable for cleanup costs. The conflict revolves around the fact that BP failed to clean-up the oil after seven days of trying to cap three oil leaks in the well. The Federal Government also received criticism for not...
Barack Obama, BP, Conflict 1229 Words | 4 Pages
Bp Oil Spill
decide what qualifies as an environmental issue. The BP Oil Spill has been a huge environmental issue; it was the worst... oil disaster in US history. The government estimated up to 2.6 million gallons per day with a total of 205.8 million got into the gulf. Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida all had miles on miles of surface oil problems. BP put nearly 2 million gallons of chemical “dispersants” into the ocean, which actually make the oil more toxic to ocean life. It’s considered and environmental...
Clean Water Act, Environmentalism, Gulf of Mexico 1713 Words | 5 Pages
Is hair effective for cleaning an oil spill
A Research Study On Natural Science – Biology “Is Hair Effective in Cleaning Oil Spill?” Presented by: Sistual,... Sese Mamaril, Jen Introduction Why Human Hair? Is it really effective in cleaning oil spill? The goal of this paper is to show whether or not Human hair is an effective material in cleaning an oil spill. We will try answering it by gathering data, facts, videos or any available material that could help us in our study. Human hair as we know...
Cleanliness, Exxon Valdez, Exxon Valdez oil spill 1320 Words | 5 Pages
Oil Spills
Oil Spills Pollution in the ocean is a major problem that is affecting the ocean and the rest of the Earth. Pollution is the... ocean directly affects ocean organisms and indirectly affects human heath and resources. Oil spills is one of the harmful materials that are a major source of pollution in the ocean. “Oil spills stem from accidents involving tankers, barges, pipelines, refineries, and storage facilities, often while the oil is being transported to its users.” (NOAA 2012) Based on information...
Exxon Valdez oil spill, Hydrocarbon, Intertidal zone 1017 Words | 3 Pages
Oil Spills
An oil spill can be defined as an accidental or deliberate dumping of oil or petroleum products into the ocean and... its coastal waters, bays, and harbors, or onto land, or into rivers or lakes (Holum 1977). Between one and ten million metric tons (one metric ton is 1000 kilograms) of oil are put into the oceans every year. The oil is released, most often, in small yet consistent doses from tankers, industry, or on shore waste disposal (Boesh, Hersher, et al. 1974). Tanker spills cost the United...
Exxon Valdez oil spill, Marine biology, Ocean 2467 Words | 7 Pages
Oil Spill
quality Oils consist of a complex mixture of hydrogen and carbon which is used for fuel, lubrication, plastics manufacturing, and many other... purposes. These petroleum products get into water mainly by means of accidental spills from ships, tanker trucks, pipelines, and leaky underground storage tanks Petroleum products affect surface water, impairing water quality with hydrocarbons, salts, nutrients, a host of organic compounds, and various heavy metals. Immediately after a spill, Oil slicks on...
Benzene, Exxon Valdez oil spill, Gasoline 2066 Words | 6 Pages
Bp and Oil Spill
floating around Amsterdam on a sightseeing tour during the Orange Business Live 2010 conference*, I had the opportunity to ask the CIO of a major... oil corporation (not BP) a question that has been bothering me for a while: "Why haven't the other oil companies offered more help during the clean-up efforts related to the Deepwater Horizon accident in the Gulf of Mexico?" The ensuing conversation was quite interesting. The first part of his response related to the technical support that has been offered...
Climate, Climate change, Global warming 1005 Words | 3 Pages
The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Cover Page Introduction ………………………………………………….pg 2 The Exxon Valdez oil spill……………………………………pg 2 Short term... effects……………………………………………pg 3 Long term effects……………………………………………pg 3 Canges after the spill………………………………………..pg 4 Legal settlement……………………………………………..pg 4 Reference…………………………………………………….pg 4 Introduction On March 24, 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez, en route from Valdez, Alaska to Los Angeles, California, ran aground...
Alaska, Bligh Reef, Exxon Valdez 1327 Words | 5 Pages
Bp Oil Spill
BP COMMUNICATION FAILure DURING GULF OIL SPILL CRISIS An important component of crisis management is... response. Response can include several actions such as communication with stakeholders, the public and the government. Appropriate and effective communication can minimize the distribution of incomplete and inaccurate information, reduce speculation and prevent or quell rumors. In fact, studies suggest that the message itself can affect the public’s evaluation of the company and perhaps...
Communication, Crisis, Exxon Valdez 2159 Words | 7 Pages
Ethical Issues Surrounding the Bp Oil Spill
Ethical Issues surrounding the BP Oil Spill By: Angela Higgins December 16, 2010 The BP Oil... Spill which happened on April 20, 2010, was the largest offshore oil spill in U.S. history releasing approximately 185 million gallons of crude oil into the gulf. This event was the result of a wellhead on the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling platform blowing out in the Gulf of Mexico approximately 40 miles southeast offs the Louisiana coastline. Eleven men working on the oil rig platform were killed and...
Drilling rig, Ethics, Exxon Valdez oil spill 1236 Words | 4 Pages
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL Relevant Facts On March 24, 1989, there were several ruptured tanks of the Exxon Valdez that... allowed approximately 11 million gallons of crude oil to pour into the Gulf of Alaska. As soon as this happened, it started what would be described as one of the most dreadful environmental disasters in the history of oil drilling. A few months after, there were enormous surges of wind and waves that caused the oil to spread further out into the shorelines of Prince...
Alaska, Exxon Valdez, Exxon Valdez oil spill 705 Words | 3 Pages
| i don't know |
The famous Chilean miners saved in 2010 were originally mining for what two substances? | Hope for trapped Chilean miners as man's wife gives birth to baby Esperanza | Daily Mail Online
Latest twist could be added to movie about accident which has begun filming
He had promised his wife that he would attend the birth of their first child.
However, Ariel Ticona had more than a good excuse for not being present when Elizabeth Segovia went into hospital yesterday afternoon.
Ticona is one of the 33 men who have been trapped underground for the past 40 days after a mine in northern Chile collapsed.
Hope: Elizabeth Segovia gave birth to Esperanza Ticona yesterday while the baby's father is trapped
But yesterday brought a rare piece of good news, when Esperanza Ticona was born, weighing nearly 7lbs and measuring almost 19ins long.
The news of the birth will add further drama to a planned film about the miners which already has a title, The 33, a running time - one hour 33 minutes - and a planned release date in 2012.
Director Rodrigo Ortuzar, who has cameras at the mine filming relatives, said: 'We're filming at the camp as a way of observing what goes on there so we can recreate it later.'
Ticona and his wife had planned to name the child Carolina but each decided to change the name to Esperanza - Spanish for Hope - when the miners were found alive 17 days after the main shaft of the San Jose copper and gold mine collapsed on August 5.
Many of the miners' families have held vigil at the mine since then, sleeping in tents in the cold Atacama desert nights.
But Ticona didn't want that for his wife. In a recorded video chat made possible thanks to a fiber-optic cable that rescuers dropped through a narrow bore hole, Ticona urged a relative to tell his wife to stay home and take it easy before the birth.
Bundle of joy: A mid-wife holds Esperanza Ticona at the Copiapo Clinic, Copiapo, 70km from the San Jose mine
Esperanza is watched by her cousin Vinka Montalvan Ticona at the Copiapo Clinic, Copiapo
New father: Ariel Ticona is one of 33 miners who have been trapped underground for 40 days
'Tell her to change the name of our daughter... and give her a long-distance kiss!' Ticona said as the other miners shouted: 'We're going to name her Hope!'
Segovia told Chile's Canal 13 network that she had exactly the same thought about her name.
'He thought of it there and I thought of it here in the house.
'She was going to be named Carolina Elizabeth, but now her name will be Esperanza Elizabeth.'
'I'm very nervous,' Segovia said as she entered the Copiapo Clinic, Copiapo, some 70km from the San Jose mine, northern Chile.
It comes as an artist's impression has been released of the capsule which will be used to pull the miners to safety.
The men will be drawn 2,300ft to the surface through a rescue tunnel when it is completed, protected by the 'rescue pod'.
Currently being built by the Chilean Navy, it will contain systems for communication and ventilation.
It will also include an escape hatch to counter any problems while it ascends.
The news of the design will prove heartening to relatives waiting at the surface since the collapse after days of bad news about the drilling of three separate rescue tunnels.
Yesterday, the 'Plan A' drill had reached a depth of 750ft but will stop soon when it reaches 820ft for maintenance.
Enclosed: The claustrophobic escape pod currently being built by the Chilean Navy to bring the 33 trapped miners to the surface
'Plan B', a higher-velocity drill that will carve out a narrower escape tunnel, has been silenced since last week, when it struck an iron support beam for the mine and its drill bit shattered into small pieces.
A third drill, 'Plan C', is still days away from starting its work.
Rescuers have already tried three times to use magnets to remove pieces of the shattered second drill and iron beam from the hole.
If a fourth effort also fails, Mining Minister Laurence Golborne said on Monday, then the second drill will have to be moved and start digging an entirely new hole.
The setback has caused anxiety among the trapped men, who had been cheered by the sound of the constant hammering of the second drill as it bored through solid rock.
In talks with their families over a fibre optic line rescuers dropped through one of the narrow bore-holes, they demanded explanations from authorities, who have struggled to strike a balance between can-do optimism and the reality that the miners may remain stuck half-a-mile below ground for months.
Effort: Rescuers with the 'Plan B' drill which broke, leaving shattered metal in the shaft deep below the surface
'We told them that we're thinking about staging a protest or some other pressure tactic if they don't show us more progress,' said Maria Segovia, whose brother is trapped down below.
With frustration growing, so is pressure for alternative solutions. But the rescue team on Monday quickly rejected a 'Plan D' proposed by Miguel Fort, the mining engineer who led the rescue effort immediately after the mine collapse.
Fort sent an e-mail to Golborne asking for authorisation to descend to the point where the main shaft collapsed and analyse its stability.
If the conditions are right, he suggested, dynamite might be used to blast a passage open.
Help me: A trapped miner makes a victory gesture to a fibre optic cable in the sheltered area where the men are trapped
'As a rescuer, I have to look for quicker options,' Fort said.
But his idea was rejected in part because large areas of the mine are thought to be so unstable that they could collapse again at any moment.
Engineer Rene Aguilar, who is now co-ordinating the effort, called it an unworkable option because the rock falls were so extensive that there no longer is any way to reach the area that would have to be blasted.
'The mine rescue alternative is not viable,' Aguilar said. 'There is an enormous block of 700,000 tons which is very unstable, so ... entering the mine (through the main entrance) implies a danger for the lives of the people who want to carry out that operation.'
About 25 families are still holding vigil in a tent camp outside the mine in the Atacama desert, and many more are anxiously following every development in the rescue effort.
| copper and gold |
The Titanic had three anchors. What was their combined weight (in tons)? | Hope for trapped Chilean miners as man's wife gives birth to baby Esperanza | Daily Mail Online
Latest twist could be added to movie about accident which has begun filming
He had promised his wife that he would attend the birth of their first child.
However, Ariel Ticona had more than a good excuse for not being present when Elizabeth Segovia went into hospital yesterday afternoon.
Ticona is one of the 33 men who have been trapped underground for the past 40 days after a mine in northern Chile collapsed.
Hope: Elizabeth Segovia gave birth to Esperanza Ticona yesterday while the baby's father is trapped
But yesterday brought a rare piece of good news, when Esperanza Ticona was born, weighing nearly 7lbs and measuring almost 19ins long.
The news of the birth will add further drama to a planned film about the miners which already has a title, The 33, a running time - one hour 33 minutes - and a planned release date in 2012.
Director Rodrigo Ortuzar, who has cameras at the mine filming relatives, said: 'We're filming at the camp as a way of observing what goes on there so we can recreate it later.'
Ticona and his wife had planned to name the child Carolina but each decided to change the name to Esperanza - Spanish for Hope - when the miners were found alive 17 days after the main shaft of the San Jose copper and gold mine collapsed on August 5.
Many of the miners' families have held vigil at the mine since then, sleeping in tents in the cold Atacama desert nights.
But Ticona didn't want that for his wife. In a recorded video chat made possible thanks to a fiber-optic cable that rescuers dropped through a narrow bore hole, Ticona urged a relative to tell his wife to stay home and take it easy before the birth.
Bundle of joy: A mid-wife holds Esperanza Ticona at the Copiapo Clinic, Copiapo, 70km from the San Jose mine
Esperanza is watched by her cousin Vinka Montalvan Ticona at the Copiapo Clinic, Copiapo
New father: Ariel Ticona is one of 33 miners who have been trapped underground for 40 days
'Tell her to change the name of our daughter... and give her a long-distance kiss!' Ticona said as the other miners shouted: 'We're going to name her Hope!'
Segovia told Chile's Canal 13 network that she had exactly the same thought about her name.
'He thought of it there and I thought of it here in the house.
'She was going to be named Carolina Elizabeth, but now her name will be Esperanza Elizabeth.'
'I'm very nervous,' Segovia said as she entered the Copiapo Clinic, Copiapo, some 70km from the San Jose mine, northern Chile.
It comes as an artist's impression has been released of the capsule which will be used to pull the miners to safety.
The men will be drawn 2,300ft to the surface through a rescue tunnel when it is completed, protected by the 'rescue pod'.
Currently being built by the Chilean Navy, it will contain systems for communication and ventilation.
It will also include an escape hatch to counter any problems while it ascends.
The news of the design will prove heartening to relatives waiting at the surface since the collapse after days of bad news about the drilling of three separate rescue tunnels.
Yesterday, the 'Plan A' drill had reached a depth of 750ft but will stop soon when it reaches 820ft for maintenance.
Enclosed: The claustrophobic escape pod currently being built by the Chilean Navy to bring the 33 trapped miners to the surface
'Plan B', a higher-velocity drill that will carve out a narrower escape tunnel, has been silenced since last week, when it struck an iron support beam for the mine and its drill bit shattered into small pieces.
A third drill, 'Plan C', is still days away from starting its work.
Rescuers have already tried three times to use magnets to remove pieces of the shattered second drill and iron beam from the hole.
If a fourth effort also fails, Mining Minister Laurence Golborne said on Monday, then the second drill will have to be moved and start digging an entirely new hole.
The setback has caused anxiety among the trapped men, who had been cheered by the sound of the constant hammering of the second drill as it bored through solid rock.
In talks with their families over a fibre optic line rescuers dropped through one of the narrow bore-holes, they demanded explanations from authorities, who have struggled to strike a balance between can-do optimism and the reality that the miners may remain stuck half-a-mile below ground for months.
Effort: Rescuers with the 'Plan B' drill which broke, leaving shattered metal in the shaft deep below the surface
'We told them that we're thinking about staging a protest or some other pressure tactic if they don't show us more progress,' said Maria Segovia, whose brother is trapped down below.
With frustration growing, so is pressure for alternative solutions. But the rescue team on Monday quickly rejected a 'Plan D' proposed by Miguel Fort, the mining engineer who led the rescue effort immediately after the mine collapse.
Fort sent an e-mail to Golborne asking for authorisation to descend to the point where the main shaft collapsed and analyse its stability.
If the conditions are right, he suggested, dynamite might be used to blast a passage open.
Help me: A trapped miner makes a victory gesture to a fibre optic cable in the sheltered area where the men are trapped
'As a rescuer, I have to look for quicker options,' Fort said.
But his idea was rejected in part because large areas of the mine are thought to be so unstable that they could collapse again at any moment.
Engineer Rene Aguilar, who is now co-ordinating the effort, called it an unworkable option because the rock falls were so extensive that there no longer is any way to reach the area that would have to be blasted.
'The mine rescue alternative is not viable,' Aguilar said. 'There is an enormous block of 700,000 tons which is very unstable, so ... entering the mine (through the main entrance) implies a danger for the lives of the people who want to carry out that operation.'
About 25 families are still holding vigil in a tent camp outside the mine in the Atacama desert, and many more are anxiously following every development in the rescue effort.
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Which bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on 9 August, 1945 | Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki - Aug 09, 1945 - HISTORY.com
Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki
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On this day in 1945, a second atom bomb is dropped on Japan by the United States, at Nagasaki, resulting finally in Japan’s unconditional surrender.
The devastation wrought at Hiroshima was not sufficient to convince the Japanese War Council to accept the Potsdam Conference’s demand for unconditional surrender. The United States had already planned to drop their second atom bomb, nicknamed “Fat Man,” on August 11 in the event of such recalcitrance, but bad weather expected for that day pushed the date up to August 9th. So at 1:56 a.m., a specially adapted B-29 bomber, called “Bock’s Car,” after its usual commander, Frederick Bock, took off from Tinian Island under the command of Maj. Charles W. Sweeney. Nagasaki was a shipbuilding center, the very industry intended for destruction. The bomb was dropped at 11:02 a.m., 1,650 feet above the city. The explosion unleashed the equivalent force of 22,000 tons of TNT. The hills that surrounded the city did a better job of containing the destructive force, but the number killed is estimated at anywhere between 60,000 and 80,000 (exact figures are impossible, the blast having obliterated bodies and disintegrated records).
General Leslie R. Groves, the man responsible for organizing the Manhattan Project, which solved the problem of producing and delivering the nuclear explosion, estimated that another atom bomb would be ready to use against Japan by August 17 or 18—but it was not necessary. Even though the War Council still remained divided (“It is far too early to say that the war is lost,” opined the Minister of War), Emperor Hirohito, by request of two War Council members eager to end the war, met with the Council and declared that “continuing the war can only result in the annihilation of the Japanese people…” The Emperor of Japan gave his permission for unconditional surrender.
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| Fat Man |
Which musical group had the single New York Mining Disaster, 1941 | Manhattan Project: The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki, August 9, 1945
THE ATOMIC BOMBING OF NAGASAKI
(Nagasaki, Japan, August 9, 1945)
The Manhattan Project and the Second World War, 1939-1945
The next break in the weather over Japan was due to appear just three days after the attack on Hiroshima, to be followed by at least five more days of prohibitive weather. The plutonium implosion bomb, nicknamed "Fat Man," was rushed into readiness to take advantage of this window. No further orders were required for the attack. Truman's order of July 25th had authorized the dropping of additional bombs as soon as they were ready. At 3:47 a.m. on August 9, 1945, a B-29 named Bock's Car lifted off from Tinian and headed toward the primary target: Kokura Arsenal, a massive collection of war industries adjacent to the city of Kokura.
From this point on, few things went according to plan. The aircraft commander, Major Charles W. Sweeney, ordered the arming of the bomb only ten minutes after take-off so that the aircraft could be pressurized and climb above the lightning and squalls that menaced the flight all the way to Japan. (A journalist, William L. Laurence of the New York Times, on an escorting aircraft saw some "St. Elmo's fire" glowing on the edges of the aircraft and worried that the static electricity might detonate the bomb.) Sweeney then discovered that due to a minor malfunction he would not be able to access his reserve fuel. The aircraft next had to orbit over Yaku-shima off the south coast of Japan for almost an hour in order to rendezvous with its two escort B-29s, one of which never did arrive. The weather had been reported satisfactory earlier in the day over Kokura Arsenal, but by the time the B-29 finally arrived there, the target was obscured by smoke and haze. Two more passes over the target still produced no sightings of the aiming point. As an aircraft crewman, Jacob Beser, later recalled, Japanese fighters and bursts of antiaircraft fire were by this time starting to make things "a little hairy." Kokura no longer appeared to be an option, and there was only enough fuel on board to return to the secondary airfield on Okinawa, making one hurried pass as they went over their secondary target, the city of Nagasaki. As Beser later put it, "there was no sense dragging the bomb home or dropping it in the ocean."
As it turned out, cloud cover obscured Nagasaki as well. Sweeney reluctantly approved a much less accurate radar approach on the target. At the last moment the bombardier, Captain Kermit K. Beahan, caught a brief glimpse of the city's stadium through the clouds and dropped the bomb. At 11:02 a.m., at an altitude of 1,650 feet, Fat Man (right) exploded over Nagasaki. The yield of the explosion was later estimated at 21 kilotons, 40 percent greater than that of the Hiroshima bomb.
Nagasaki was an industrial center and major port on the western coast of Kyushu. As had happened at Hiroshima, the "all-clear" from an early morning air raid alert had long been given by the time the B-29 had begun its bombing run. A small conventional raid on Nagasaki on August 1st had resulted in a partial evacuation of the city, especially of school children. There were still almost 200,000 people in the city below the bomb when it exploded. The hurriedly-targeted weapon ended up detonating almost exactly between two of the principal targets in the city, the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works to the south, and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Torpedo Works (left) to the north. Had the bomb exploded farther south the residential and commercial heart of the city would have suffered much greater damage.
In general, though Fat Man exploded with greater force than Little Boy, the damage at Nagasaki was not as great as it had been at Hiroshima. The hills of Nagasaki, its geographic layout, and the bomb's detonation over an industrial area all helped shield portions of the city from the weapon's blast, heat, and radiation effects. The explosion affected a total area of approximately 43 square miles. About 8.5 of those square miles were water, and 33 more square miles were only partially settled. Many roads and rail lines escaped major damage. In some areas electricity was not knocked out, and fire breaks created over the last several months helped to prevent the spread of fires to the south.
Although the destruction at Nagasaki has generally received less worldwide attention than that at Hiroshima, it was extensive nonetheless. Almost everything up to half a mile from ground zero was completely destroyed, including even the earthquake-hardened concrete structures that had sometimes survived at comparable distances at Hiroshima. According to a Nagasaki Prefectural report "men and animals died almost instantly" within 1 kilometer (0.62 miles) of the point of detonation. Almost all homes within a mile and a half were destroyed, and dry, combustible materials such as paper instantly burst into flames as far away as 10,000 feet from ground zero. Of the 52,000 homes in Nagasaki, 14,000 were destroyed and 5,400 more seriously damaged. Only 12 percent of the homes escaped unscathed. The official Manhattan Engineer District report on the attack termed the damage to the two Mitsubishi plants "spectacular." Despite the absence of a firestorm, numerous secondary fires erupted throughout the city. Fire-fighting efforts were hampered by water line breaks, and six weeks later the city was still suffering from a shortage of water. A U.S. Navy officer who visited the city in mid-September reported that, even over a month after the attack, "a smell of death and corruption pervades the place." As at Hiroshima, the psychological effects of the attack were undoubtedly considerable.
As with the estimates of deaths at Hiroshima, it will never be known for certain how many people died as a result of the atomic attack on Nagasaki. The best estimate is 40,000 people died initially, with 60,000 more injured. By January 1946, the number of deaths probably approached 70,000, with perhaps ultimately twice that number dead total within five years. For those areas of Nagasaki affected by the explosion, the death rate was comparable to that at Hiroshima.
The day after the attack on Nagasaki, the emperor of Japan overruled the military leaders of Japan and forced them to offer to surrender (almost) unconditionally.
Sources and notes for this page .
Portions of the text for this page were adapted from, and portions were taken directly from the Office of History and Heritage Resources publication: F. G. Gosling, The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb (DOE/MA-0001; Washington: History Division, Department of Energy, January 1999) , 53-54. Also used was the report on "The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" in the official Manhattan District History, produced by the War Department in 1947 at the direction of Leslie Groves, especially pages 1-19; the "Atomic Bombings" document is available in the University Publications of America (UPA) microfilm collection, Manhattan Project: Official History and Documents (Washington: 1977), reel #1/12; the report itself is a government document. For an account of the mission, see the "Eye Witness Account: Atomic Bomb Mission Over Nagasaki" press release, written by William L. Laurence of the New York Times and released on September 9, 1945; this is also available on reel #1/12 of the UPA Manhattan Project microfilm collection. Summaries of Hiroshima and Nagasaki casualty rates and damage estimates appear in Leslie R. Groves, Now It Can Be Told (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), 319, 329-330, 346, and Vincent C. Jones, Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb, United States Army in World War II (Washington: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1988), 545-548. For a description of Kokura Arsenal and interesting reflections on its postwar fate, see "Chapter 4: Kokura" of Paul Saffo's essay "The Road from Trinity: Reflections on the Atom Bomb"; this is available on Paul Saffo's web site at http://www.saffo.com/essays/the-road-from-trinity-reflections-on-the-atom-bomb/ . The map showing the flight paths for the Hiroshima and Nagasaki missions is reproduced from Gosling, Making the Atomic Bomb, 52. The photographs of Fat Man and of the general devastation at Nagasaki are courtesy the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (via the National Archives (NARA) ). The photograph of the destruction at the Mitsubishi facility north of ground zero is courtesy the Los Alamos National Laboratory ; the photograph was taken by Robert Serber and is reprinted in Rachel Fermi and Esther Samra, Picturing the Bomb: Photographs from the Secret World of the Manhattan Project (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1995), 190. The photograph of the mother and child is courtesy the Department of Energy (via NARA). The photograph of the bodies in the trench is reprinted from Vincent C. Jones, Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb, United States Army in World War II (Washington: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1988), 548.
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Samantha Bond starred as Miss Moneypenny in four James Bond films between 1995 and 2002. She also plays the recurring character of Auntie Angela in which BBC semi-improvised comedy series? | Samantha Bond biography, Early life, Personal life, Career
Samantha Bond : biography
27 November 1961 -
Samantha Bond (born 27 November 1961) is an English actress best known for her roles as Miss Moneypenny in the James Bond films during the Pierce Brosnan years, as Auntie Angela in the BBC comedy Outnumbered and as Lady Rosamund Painswick in Downton Abbey.
Early life
Samantha Bond is the daughter of actor Philip Bond and TV producer Pat Sandys, and is the sister of the actress Abigail Bond and the journalist Matthew Bond. She attended the Godolphin and Latymer School, and trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School and is a resident of St Margarets, London.
Personal life
She is married to Alexander Hanson and has two children, Molly and Tom.Philby, Charlotte.The Independent, 13 December 2008Wolf, Matt. broadway.com, January 5, 2011
Career
She has appeared in many television series, notably the 1997 adaptation of Emma starring Kate Beckinsale. She is a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and starred opposite Dame Judi Dench in David Hare's award-winning play Amy's View at the Royal National Theatre.
In 1983, she appeared in the original Southampton production of Daisy Pulls It Off before it moved to the West End., Telegraph, 25 April 2002. Also in 1983 she appeared in Mansfield Park and in the fourth series of Rumpole of the Bailey, where she played Rumpole's pupil 'Mizz' Liz Probert. In 1985, she appeared in the BBC's adaptation of A Murder is Announced, a Miss Marple novel by Agatha Christie.
In 1989, she starred in the television adaptation of Oswald Wynd's novel The Ginger Tree. She played Mary MacKenzie, a young Scottish woman who finds disillusionment, love and heartbreak, in turn of the century Japan. It spans the time from 1903 to the outbreak of the Second World War. She also had a featured role in Erik the Viking, starring Tim Robbins, Eartha Kitt and Mickey Rooney.
In 1990, she appeared in the Agatha Christie's Poirot television series episode "The Adventure of the Cheap Flat". In 1992, she also appeared in the "Inspector Morse" television series - 6th, episode 1 ("Dead on time" as Helen Marriat). In 2004, she starred opposite Peter Davison in the ITV drama-comedy Distant Shores. In 2006, she returned to the stage in a new production of Michael Frayn's Donkey's Years at the Comedy Theatre. On 1 January 2007, Bond appeared as the villain Mrs Wormwood in the pilot episode of the BBC children's drama series The Sarah Jane Adventures, a spin-off from the popular science fiction series Doctor Who. She later reprised this role for "Enemy of the Bane", the two-part finale of the show's second series. She has also starred in the popular English drama Midsomer Murders in the episodes "Destroying Angel" (2001) and "Shot at Dawn" (2008), and again in Neil Dudgeon's 2011 debut as lead character, in the episode "Death in the Slow Lane". In the West End she starred in David Leveaux's production of Tom Stoppard's Arcadia at the Duke of York's Theatre (2009).
From 2007-2011, Bond has appeared as the recurring character of Sue's sister, Auntie Angela in the BBC semi-improvised comedy Outnumbered, alongside Hugh Dennis, Claire Skinner and David Ryall. In series one (2007) she appeared in the episodes; 'The Special Bowl', 'The City Farm', 'The Quiet Night In', 'The Mystery Illness' and 'The Dinner Party'. In series two (2008), Bond only appeared in the first episode 'The Wedding'. In series three (2010), Bond appeared in the episode 'The Restaurant'. Bond also starred in series four (2011) for the final two episodes 'The Cold Caller' and 'The Exchange Student'.
In 2009, she took part in the BBC Wales programme Coming Home, about her Welsh family history.
In 2009, she portrayed Queen Elizabeth II in part of a series of television programmes for Channel 4 charting particular periods of the monarch's reign.
She starred as Mrs. Cheveley in a new production of An Ideal Husband at the Vaudeville Theatre in November 2010. In 2011 she narrated a documentary on Operation Crossbow and one on the science of colour on BBC's Horizon series.
She has made several guest appearances as Lady Rosamund Painswick, sister of Lord Grantham, in the ITV costume drama Downton Abbey.
James Bond franchise
Samantha Bond starred in four James Bond films as Miss Moneypenny. She was preceded by Caroline Bliss and Lois Maxwell. In a BBC Four interview, she remarked that she would retire from her role with the departure of Pierce Brosnan as James Bond.
She appeared as Miss Moneypenny in:
GoldenEye (1995)
The World Is Not Enough (1999)
Die Another Day (2002)
The role of Miss Moneypenny was not cast in the following Bond films, Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. The character eventually returned in the 2012 film, Skyfall, under the alias 'Eve'.
In a commercial for London's 2012 Olympic bid, Bond once again suited up as Miss Moneypenny. She appeared alongside Roger Moore, who played 007 between 1973-1985.
| Outnumbered |
Flemish, English Cross and Garden Wall are all bonds used in what? | Samantha Bond - WOW.com
Samantha Bond
Alexander Hanson (1989–present); 2 children
Children
Tom [1]
Samantha Bond (born 27 November 1961) is an English actress, best known for her role as Miss Moneypenny in the James Bond films during the Pierce Brosnan years. She is also known for her role as meddlesome wealthy Lady Rosamund Painswick in Downton Abbey , [2] spanning from 2010–15, who appeared in a number of episodes including the final episode of the final series. Bond has also grown prominent from her role as the unreliable Auntie Angela in the BBC comedy Outnumbered , Bond appeared in the whole show performing in each of the series from 2007–14. Bond also receives notable mention as the original Ms. Liz Probert in Rumpole of the Bailey in 1987. Bond has appeared in the ITV Series Home Fires in which she reappears as the inspirationally intelligent Frances Barden, the leader of Cheshire WI during the Second World War . Bond has had a career featuring on both ITV and BBC shows as she appeared on Agatha Christie's Poirot and Miss Marple in two different roles, her most prominent appearance on BBC being in the role of the heartless alien Mrs. Wormwood in The Sarah Jane Adventures . Bond also appeared on the high rating TV movie Emma as Mrs. Weston.
Contents
7 External links
Early life
Samantha Bond is the daughter of actor Philip Bond and TV producer Pat Sandys, and is the sister of the actress Abigail Bond and the journalist Matthew Bond. [3] She was brought up in London, in homes in Barnes and St Margarets . [4] She attended the Godolphin and Latymer School , and trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School .
Career
Career beginnings
Bond has appeared in many television series. Her first was as Maria Rushworth, née Bertram, in the 1983 BBC mini-series adaptation of Jane Austen's Mansfield Park . A later notable role, in which she returned to the world of Jane Austen, was as the titular heroine's close friend (and former governess) Miss Taylor in the 1996 adaptation of Emma starring Kate Beckinsale . She is a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and starred opposite Dame Judi Dench in David Hare 's award-winning play Amy's View at the Royal National Theatre .
In 1983, she appeared in the original Southampton production of Daisy Pulls It Off before it moved to the West End . [5] Also in 1983 she appeared in Mansfield Park and in the fourth series of Rumpole of the Bailey , where she played Rumpole's pupil 'Mizz' Liz Probert. In 1985, she appeared in the BBC's adaptation of A Murder is Announced ',' a Miss Marple mystery by Agatha Christie .
1989–2006 : Television and theatre
In 1989, she starred in the television adaptation of Oswald Wynd 's novel The Ginger Tree . She played Mary MacKenzie, a young Scottish woman who finds disillusionment, love and heartbreak, in turn of the century Japan. It spans the time from 1903 to the outbreak of the Second World War. She also had a featured role in Erik the Viking , which starred Tim Robbins , Eartha Kitt and Mickey Rooney . In 1990, she appeared in the Agatha Christie's Poirot television series episode "The Adventure of the Cheap Flat." In 1992, she also appeared in the " Inspector Morse " television series – 6th, episode 1 ("Dead on time" as Helen Marriat). In 2004, she starred opposite Peter Davison in the ITV drama-comedy Distant Shores . In 2006, she returned to the stage in a new production of Michael Frayn 's Donkey's Years at the Comedy Theatre .
2007–09 : BBC and ITV television
On 1 January 2007, Bond appeared as the villain Mrs. Wormwood in the pilot episode of the BBC children's drama series The Sarah Jane Adventures , a spin-off from the popular science fiction series Doctor Who . [6] She later reprised this role for " Enemy of the Bane ," the two-part finale of the show's second series. She guest starred in Midsomer Murders in three episodes: "Destroying Angel" (2001) and "Shot at Dawn" (2008) and again in Neil Dudgeon 's 2011 debut as lead character, in the episode "Death in the Slow Lane." In the West End she starred in David Leveaux's production of Tom Stoppard 's Arcadia at the Duke of York's Theatre (2009).
2007–14 : Outnumbered and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels
From 2007–14, Bond has appeared as the recurring character of Sue's sister, Auntie Angela in the BBC semi-improvised comedy Outnumbered , alongside Hugh Dennis , Claire Skinner and David Ryall . In series one (2007) she appeared in the episodes "The Special Bowl," "The City Farm," "The Quiet Night In," "The Mystery Illness" and "The Dinner Party." In series two (2008), Bond only appeared in the first episode "The Wedding." In series three (2010), Bond appeared in the episode "The Restaurant." Bond also starred in series four (2011) for the final two episodes "The Cold Caller" and "The Exchange Student" and returned in series five for the final episode of the show which aired on 5 March 2014. Angela is a self-centred new age woman who has no job and no real life apart from helping herself, she tries to help her dad but leaves when things get hard. Following Outnumbered Bond gained a role in the West End production of Dirty Rotten Scoundrels , Bond became a main role in the musical production with the character of "Muriel". The production began on 2 April 2014 and ended on 7 March. During the show Bond performed numerous songs "What Was a Woman To Do", "Like Zis/Like Zat" and the Finale. Bond met with a favourable review from Radio Times as the critic called her "stage royalty". [7]
2010–15 : Downton Abbey
Bond appeared as Lady Rosamund Painswick in the worldwide television series of Downton Abbey , Rosamund was the sister of Robert the Earl of Grantham. Bond's character Painswick was close with Robert's middle daughter Edith who was portrayed by Laura Carmichael . Bond appeared in all of the series and overall in 18 episodes; Bond also appeared in the finale episode of the whole series. Bond first made an appearance to the show during Series 1 2010 making her premiere appearance during the finale of the series, Episode 7. Bond then came back in Series 2 during 2011 in Episode 2 and Episode 3, Bond also appeared in the first Downton Abbey Christmas Special
2015–Onwards : Home Fires
Bond featured in the ITV show of Home Fires as the clever and kind Frances Barden. The show centres around the life and troubles faced by the women on the Home Front; however despite the men being away Frances and her allies rally the small village to fight for the men by growing produce, making food and funding servics like ambulances. Following successful ratings from Series 1 Home Fires was renewed for a second series due to air in April 2016.
James Bond (1994–2005)
Samantha Bond starred as Miss Moneypenny all throughout Pierce Brosnan 's tenure as James Bond 007 which began in 1994 and ended in 2005. She was preceded by Caroline Bliss and Lois Maxwell . She was Miss Moneypenny to Pierce Brosnan's James Bond for his four 007 films which were GoldenEye , Tomorrow Never Dies , The World Is Not Enough and Die Another Day . In a BBC interview, she remarked that she would retire from the role should Pierce Brosnan step down as the lead. [8]
In an advert for London's 2012 Olympic bid , Bond once again appeared as Miss Moneypenny. She appeared alongside Roger Moore , who played agent 007 between 1973 and 1985.
The role of Miss Moneypenny was not cast in the following Bond films, Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace . The character eventually returned in Skyfall under the alias 'Eve', played by Naomie Harris .
Filmography
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What colour is Bond Street on a standard Monopoly board? | Bond Street | Monopoly Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Houses cost £160 each
Hotel, £160 plus 4 Houses
If a player owns ALL the lots of any Color-Group, the rent is Doubled on Unimproved Lots in that group.
Bond Street is a green property featured in the UK version of the classic Monopoly boardgame.
It is named for a fashionable shopping street in London, England.
Other Properties in set
| Green |
OK, a James Bond question: how many actors have played James Bond in the official' movies? | Monopoly Street Colours
MONOPOLY STREET COLOURS
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strategic relationships & market knowledge
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Since 1923 the phrase My Name is My Bond' (dictum meum pactum in Latin) has been the motto of which City institution, where deals are made with no written pledges and no exchange of documents? | The Imprint Magazine Biz, Career & Tech Issue by Aspire Online Media LLC - issuu
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theiMPRiNT E nha ncing Yo ur Knowled ge . R e f i n i n g Yo u r L i f e s t y l e .
Volume 2┊Issue 3
Young & Relentless! Meet 4 Inspiring Young Professionals Chris Cooper ▪ Amy Cooper
Anoop Desai ▪ Chris Golden
The Great Progression: Keeping Your Mind Right In Challenging Times
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NOW AVAILABLE IN DIGITAL! $10 for 6 issues. theimprintmag.com
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Enhancing Your Knowledge. Refining Your Lifestyle.
EDITORIAL N. Renee Webb Executive Editor Avis Foley Associate Editor Jay Young Director, Photography & Video Britt Hutchinson ● Photojournalist Channessa Roundtree ● Assistant Photographer Bobby Quinn ● Assistant Photographer Nahdej Williams ● Assistant Photographer Cydney Nunn ● Staff Writer Jack McCallion ● Staff Writer London Whitson ● Staff Writer Sherrell Dorsey ● Contributing Writer Paula McCollum ● Contributing Writer Sylvia “Secret” Mikell ● Contributing Writer Karissa J. Parker ● Creative Assistant LaDetra Robinson ● Creative Assistant Gabrielle Thomas ● Administrative Assistant
BRAND MARKETING Rachel McDonald ● Promotions Assistant
OPERATIONS & DISTRIBUTION Eric Webb ● Manager
CONTACT Office ● 1.877.574.3844 Career Opportunities ● [email protected] Letters To The Editor ● [email protected] Advertise ● [email protected] by Jay Young Gallery. during Brandi D.’sby Single Release Party & Itʼs My Hair! Magazine Launch at*Photo Jennifer Schwartz Photos Nahdej Williams. Birthday Bash @ Vanquish Lounge.
The HIGH UP.com A blog by Aspire Online Media
STYLE.
P. 37
// Features biz SAVVY
EXCLUSIVE! Young & Relentless: 4 Professionals Who Are Making It Happen Cool Businesses To Invest 5 Powerful Ways To Advertise Your Website Standing The Heat Of The Entrepreneurial Fire
career HUB
10 New Resume Rules The Planning Game Work/Life Balance For College Students & Career Professionals Is Your Image Holding You Back?
tech DECK
Talking Technology Quiz: Are You A Tech Junkie? Avoiding A Tech Fall
fashion BRIEF
Haute Looks To Flaunt For Fall
health WISE
The Great Progression: Keeping Your Mind Right In Challenging Times
money MOVES
What Does A Luxury Vehicle Really Cost?
legal FACTOR The Gift Of Life: Legacy Planning
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Win a Swag Bag featuring some of your favorite brands! See page 42!
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Bag & Swag It Books, Movies & Music Cuisine Quest
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TWEET TALK We want to know your favorite article in the issue! Tweet us @TheImprintMag.
UP NEXT! October 2012
Refining Young Lifestyles
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College, Community & Political Issue! Visit us online at Aspire Online Media.com for what’s haute in fashion, business and entertainment (and everything in between)! Oh, and don’t forget to keep it plugged each week to win cool stuff during Modish Mondays!
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FROM RAGS TO RICHES ═ ═ POSITIONING YOURSELF FOR GREATNESS
One of the most standout things for me was selecting and interviewing the Young & Relentless. Now, I had to search high and low for the most aspiring of young professionals out here. While on my quest, I couldn’t help but to be reminded of my own story. You’ve heard the rags to riches tales about people starting out in the mailroom and then eventually running the company, right? Well, that was me except I wasn’t vying for the President’s leather, high back executive seat. I just wanted to progress. So, I started out all gong ho after accepting a position as a mailroom clerk at a Fortune 500 banking institution. My co-workers would often tease me about “dressing up” everyday only to be decorated in dust and paper particles before lunchtime. (NOTE: If anyone ever tells you that they have worked in a mailroom, please trust that they are dedicated, determined and dependable.) Throughout the suffering of paper cuts, piles of bank statements and 30 lb courier bags, I still showed up everyday dressed in Ann Taylor with my head held high knowing that someday I would have my own office, and in it, I would spend hours designing marketing materials and campaigns for the bank. Well, guess what?? It took me less than two years to work my way into that dream position. Not to mention that I was actually laid off from the bank for 6 months during this time period. I bet you’re wondering the secret to my success. Well, each day while I was preparing for work, I would stare at my reflection in the bathroom mirror and say boldly “I AM SUCCESSFUL”. I even said it whenever the workload would start to stress me out. I literally conditioned myself to believe that the mailroom was my office and that I was already in my desired position. I went to work everyday with a positive attitude and motivated everyone around me. To top it all off, I mustered up the guts to request a hefty pay increase and it was actually honored (to my surprise) due to my proven talent and tenacious spirit.
As an entrepreneur, it is never easy to step out on what I like to call “crazy faith” to pursue your dreams. There’s so much sacrifice that goes into manifesting a vision. This issue is dedicated to all the college students, entrepreneurs and career professionals out there who eat, sleep and bleed success. I have never considered myself average. Instead, I have chosen to believe that if I can think it, it will manifest through my actions and then I can encourage others to be great. As I close this out, I would like to share something very important with you. I was recently moved to tears by one of the Executives of Bronner Brothers, Inc. during a press conference in Atlanta. Nathaniel Bronner, Jr. said so many things that were encouraging to myself. He explained the importance of maintaining a good spirit through good times and tough times as well as taking care of our health and households. As an entrepreneur, it is never easy to step out on what I like to call “crazy faith” to pursue your dreams. There’s so much sacrifice that goes into manifesting a vision. It is something deep down that makes me feel that through all the adversity, speed bumps and road blocks, everything that I am doing is worth it. The younger generations of Bronner Brothers have continued a legacy by carrying out their father’s and uncle’s dream birthed 65 years ago at an Atlanta YMCA. To date, the extravagant hair show is known worldwide while the company continues to produce everything from a print publication to hair products to movies. Amazing! I hope you enjoy the features in the issue and continue to be inspired by awesome people who are proving everyday that somewhere, after the storm and over the rainbow, dreams really do come true! -
FROM THE EDITOR
The production of this issue was super fun from the creative pow wows with my editorial team to researching featured topics to the uplifting interviews. So why the combination of business, career and technology? Well, to me it is obvious that they go hand in hand - you can’t have one without all three - typically. I’m not quite sure how I could successfully run my company without my computer and phone. Hmmmm...I guess that’s where my creativity would have to kick in overdrive. :-)
N.Renee Webb
s
&
The Imprint Magazine is honored to introduce you to 4 of America’s most driven young professionals in various industries. They don’t fear failure, obstacles or rejection. They consistently press forward to manifest their dreams. Their accomplishments will undoubtedly encourage and inspire you to step outside of your comfort zone to become the person you were always meant to be. By N. Renee
Chris Cooper -Author & Motivational Speaker
His Occupa*on: Chris is Founder of Execute Your Passion, a full service coaching, training and speaking firm, and The Cooper InternaTonal Group, a telecom and energy business. His Alma Maters: Morehouse College, The Georgia InsTtute of Technology and New York University His Hobbies: “I enjoy spending Tme with my family, traveling, personal development, reading and surrounding myself with good people. I’ve recently goZen into this daredevil spirit. I’ve walked on fire, run with the bulls in Spain and now I want to go skydiving!” How He Stays Mo*vated: “I pray o\en. My relaTonship with God is paramount. I also rely on my awesome coaches and mentors who push and inspire me.” His New Book Get Sh*t Done!: “I prayed about what it is that I do best. I’ve been blessed in many areas but I realized that when something needed to get done, people could always call on me. Releasing the book with such a provocaTve Ttle took guts. Through my research on human behavior, I’ve learned that the Western culture is filled with professional quiZers. We come up with a ton of excuses and never follow through. I don’t quit. I won’t stop no maZer what the circumstance. So with the book, I wanted something impac`ul. I wanted to create the “WOW” factor to drive people to acTon.” What He Feels It Takes To Be An Entrepreneur: “You must possess vision and be tenacious. You have to understand that entrepreneurship is the hardest thing you will ever do. You have to have the guts, the grit, the grind and the hustle. And excellent communicaTon and interpersonal skills are extremely important.” His Role Models: “I admire President Barack Obama because of his leadership and charisma and my great Aunt Mary. She went back to college when she was 60 and finished with a 3.9 GPA!” Something He Can’t Leave Home Without: “My iPad and iPhone. They stay aZached to me.” What Makes Him Relentless: “My desire to change the world and wanTng my sons (ages 2 and 6) to not have to look past the front door for a role model makes me relentless.” His Advice To Young Adults: “There are three things that are important to me: learning, growing and being challenged consistently. If you experience these in your career, spirituality, relaTonships and business, you will grow as an individual and create incremental and exponenTal change across the world. I’ve learned that progress is the only thing that equals happiness.” ‐ @CJCoop
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Anoop Desai -Entertainer
His Occupa*on: Anoop is currently an independent musical arTst whose claim to fame was Season 8 of American Idol. His Alma Mater: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill His Pursuit of Music As An Independent Ar*st: “I am able to have ownership of everything I do. From the creaTve to the financial aspects I am responsible for everything. It’s all a learning experience while coming away each day as a beZer writer and musician. I also get first‐hand knowledge of the business side of things along with what goes into wriTng and producing. I’m glad to be a part of the whole process...I’m really enjoying my success.” How He Stays Mo*vated: “The entertainment industry isn’t instantly graTfying, so I have to be extremely diligent about maintaining a posiTve state of mind.” His Current Single OooWee!: “I wrote the song close to two years ago. It’s actually featured on my last record. It’s a fun, pop dance song.” His New Album With DJ ADHD: “I’ve been working with him for about a year now. The sound we have together is electronic and really fun. It’s all about being young forever. The sound is different from what I’ve done in the past. I’m really excited about it and can’t wait unTl people hear it!” His Upcoming College Tour With PHIVE: “We’ll be hihng the college campuses in September and performing a lot of new stuff. It’s high energy so look out!” What Makes Him Relentless: “My work ethic. I treat everything that I’m doing like it’s class work or a job even though it’s creaTve. I pay aZenTon to detail and paZern myself behind the people who’ve come before me.” ‐ FOLLOW ANOOP! @AnoopDoggDesai www.anoopdesai.com
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Amy Cooper aka “Lady C”
-Couture Designer
Her Occupa*on: Amy is Founder and CreaTve Director of a chic and affordable custom handbag line called Ms Lady Couture. Not only does she design these fabulous staples for the most fashionable of women, but she’s recently ventured into men’s custom bags and MAN, are they haute! Amy’s company is only a year young and she’s already managed to snag over 21,000 followers on TwiZer. WOW. The die‐hard entrepreneur holds five degrees to her name to include fashion, paralegal, business, poliTcal science and IT project management. Why so many? Because she prefers to be in the know. All this knowledge has garnered her the ability to start and run a successful business while being a wife and mother of two. This young woman is awesome...to say the least. She’s pictured here with her Lady Jessica Bag priced at $160. Photo by Max Eremine
Her Faves: “Well, I must admit that I have a handbag and shoe feTsh. I love dancing, pizza, playing with my kids and spending Tme with my friends. Aside from that, I’m a workaholic!” Her Pet Peeves: “I don’t like when people don’t follow through. They would rather spend all this Tme talking about what they’re going to do and they never actually do it.” When She Decided To Go Into Business For Herself: “It was literally a year ago. There was this ValenTno bag that I really wanted and I have kids so I didn’t feel right spending that kind of money on a bag. I have a huge shoe and handbag collecTon and I was sick of spending so much money on them because it was never quite what I wanted. So one day I started drawing out some designs and called on a few of my contacts in the industry. I secured a distributor and manufacturer and then decided to just do it! I didn’t sleep for two weeks but I made it happen.” A Highlight of Her Career: “The moment that a celebrity reached out to me expressing how much they liked my product. That person was Mya (the singer) via TwiZer. It was like the most random thing. Hours later I was in the hotel room with her and her stylist. It was confirmaTon that I was really meant to be a designer. Mya is someone who I’ve admired since she first started. I read an arTcle about her designing her own clothes and I thought it was so amazing ‐ and then to think she’s now wearing my designs. It’s so cool! What Makes Her Relentless: “I think it’s in my DNA. I am programmed to be determined and ambiTous. My parents pushed me when I was younger. I had to do 30 hours a week of dance and go to school while maintaining good grades. I was in compeTTons and always in extracurricular acTviTes. My parents encouraged me to succeed at whatever I set my mind to. Something She Can’t Leave Home Without: “My iPad, iPhone and lipgloss! I’m a tech freak so when I’m in between meeTngs I’m always walking and TweeTng or Facebooking. It’s crazy!” Her Advice To Young Adults: “Work hard and don’t turn down good opportuniTes. Go to school and conTnue your educaTon unTl you figure out what it is that you really want to do. I’m an example of this. If you desire to have your own business, make sure you have the security of a job and a back up plan. Follow your passion. You hear it so many Tmes, but if you’re doing something you’re extremely passionate about, no maZer how much money you make, you’re going to be happy.” ‐ @MsLadyCouture
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Chris Golden
-Social Media Strategist & Visionary
His Occupa*on: Chris is currently an associate at Trippi and Associates, a full‐service media firm based in Washington D.C. He manages non‐profit, corporate and poliTcal clients, developing creaTve messages and expanding communicaTon strategies into new media in order to effecTvely communicate with supporters and customers. He is also ExecuTve Director and Co‐Founder of myImpact.org, a TwiZer‐based applicaTon for engaged ciTzens to track their civic acTviTes online. myImpact.org was built on the premise of a “Millennial Model of Engagement,” emphasizing the contribuTons of individuals over Tme and pioneering an approach that is simple, scalable and social.
His Alma Mater: American University His Hobbies: “I am a poliTcal and news junkie though I don't read enough non ficTon and rarely read any ficTon. I also love traveling. I love learning new things ‐ especially when it answers the quesTon "how does this work?". His Role Models: “People who have given a voice to those who’ve needed it and whom understood that every person has the capacity to give back and help others. Former Pennsylvania Senator Harris Wofford, a former advisor to MarTn Luther King Jr., is an excellent example.” Something He Can’t Leave Home Without: “My iPad ‐ it’s definitely a game changer!” What Makes Him Relentless: “The Tmes we live in are so exciTng, but also very serious. The moment that I become complacent, or think that I’ve figured it out, somebody else is doing it beZer or gehng ahead. Not that everything has to be a compeTTon, but when we're talking about solving the most pressing problems our country and our generaTon face, there's really no Tme to lose. This is the challenge but also the promise of our Tme. I am eager to see how our world will evolve.” His Advice To Young Adults: “When somebody tells you “no” or “you can't”, don't consider it to be the end, but rather the beginning of the next step. Don't dwell on mistakes. We all make them, but where people usually make the worst mistakes is when they dwell on something that doesn't work out. It's just not worth it. If it can be fixed, fix it. If it can't, find out what else you can do. But don't stop. Don't commiserate. There's just not enough Tme.” ‐ @ChrisGolden
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BIZ SAVVY
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Have you been thinking about starting a business but don’t want to tackle it solo? Well
COOL
Businesses To Invest By Brent Gordon
you just might want to consider a joint venture. Joint ventures are defined as “business agreements in which parties agree to develop, for a finite time, a new entity and new assets by contributing equity. They exercise control over the enterprise and consequently share revenues, expenses and assets.” One of the major factors in considering a joint venture is ensuring that all parties involved are trustworthy and willing to put in 200% whether it’s marketing and sales expertise or management. To get things going, look into new and successful franchise opportunities. If you’d rather try running a business on your own, consider common services like personal assistance, event planning and social media marketing. You’d be surprised who’s looking to contract someone with your savvy!
5
To Advertise your Website By Charlotte Howard
1 Directory Linking
GiGisCupcakesUSA.com
Create a directory of web sites on a specific topic. Give people the option of adding the directory to their web site by linking to it. Put your business advertisement at the top of the director’s home page. This technique will get lots of people to link to your web site and give you free advertising.
HealthyYouVending.com
2 Bonus Advertising
UniquelyCoordinated.com
Do you have a product or service that doesn’t sell good? Offer it as a free bonus for someone else’s product or service. Get free advertising by placing your web site or business ad on the product or in the product package.
3 Auto-Responder Trade
Trade auto-responder ads with other businesses. If both of you send out information with autoresponders just exchange a small classified ad to put at the bottom or top of each other’s auto-responder message.
KumonFranchise.com
4
Tip Line
Start a free tip line. Offer a free daily, weekly, or monthly tip recorded on your voice mail. The tips should be related to your business. Include your ad for your web site or business at the beginning or end of your message.
5 Content Swap
Exchange content with other web sites and e-zines. You could trade articles, top ten lists, etc. Both parties could include a resource box at the end of the content.
*Find more business *ps by CharloSe at WorkHomeWithMe.com.
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BIZ SAVVY
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STANDING THE HEAT OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRE By Sherrell Dorsey If you want a complicated life, become an entrepreneur. There’s no dream more complex and unpredictable as choosing your own path and seeing your plan through. Not everyone is up for the challenge, so once you begin this journey, you're already ahead of the rest. I made my journey from the plows of the tradiTonal 9 to 5 when my fashion markeTng job turned awry and my spirit could no longer be enamored with meeTngs, complaining bosses and a culture that suppressed creaTvity and rewarded complacency. Suffice it to say, I was forced into designing the career that I wanted while forsaking the tried‐and‐true path of employment, medical benefits and that over‐rated “job security”. In a tough economy, it was a gamble to strike out on my own. There were nights I didn’t sleep as the pile of bills became too many to count. Clients became a nuisance who wanted the best but paid as though they wanted the bargain basement service. My family wasn’t sure where I was headed and o\en no help in providing moTvaTon for those days of depression when seeing the light in my path was near impossible. As an entrepreneur, you'll face your fair share of challenges and stresses. Deny defeat and shuffle along this arduous but worthwhile journey with the following ways to deal with the inevitable obstacles you will encounter:
1. Don’t Partner Without A Plan. You’re ready to get going. You have a million dollar idea in the works and you have a close friend/family
member/ significant other that wants to help you bring your dream to fruiTon. Pause immediately. Many entrepreneurs can face false starts especially when there has been no strategic planning around choosing the right partner. I made the mistake years ago of going into business with a partner that not only didn’t know how to execute, but also devalued my contribuTon to the business. We spent more Tme fighTng and arguing than making smart business decisions. Avoid the avalanche before it begins to rumble by creaTng a plan for your partnership. Make sure that you and your partner (or partners) are on the same path, bring something unique to the table and have a mutual vision for where you want to take your business. Without a plan, you could potenTally be sehng up your business for failure.
2. No Cash Flow? It May Be Time To Change Your Lifestyle. Not everyone has thousands of dollars to invest in their dream. SomeTmes
all we have as entrepreneurs is a whole lot of ambiTon and a dream. Author Chris Guillebeau travels the world showing people how to reinvent the way they make a living with just $100 in startup money and a goal to live on their own terms while doing what they love. The point is, be ready to make sacrifices for your dream. You may not be able to live a lavish lifestyle, nor enjoy the pleasures of good wine and fancy steaks each night, but these are small sacrifices for pursuing your passions. OperaTng on no cash can be a blessing, pulling out of you what you didn’t realize was there. This is called being “hungry”. When you’re hungry to make your business profitable, you find the money, learn how to negoTate and use your skills and talents to get what you want. I was hungry but I was also stupid. I financed my enTre first business on a credit card (bad move) without thinking about what I would do if my plans didn’t pan out. The lesson here is to start your journey with a plan about how you will survive, provide for yourself and sustain the needs for your business. Will debt be an opTon? Will you borrow? Will you save and then launch? These criTcal quesTons are essenTal for avoiding some of the same mistakes I made and conTnue to pay for.
3. Redefine Failure And Move On. When my first business could no longer sustain itself in a lagging economy where businesses were
slashing their outside spending budgets, I had to re‐think my business strategy in order to survive. My business was no longer selling what people wanted to buy. It was Tme to let it go and move on to something else, discover my new passions and use what I learned to build a pla`orm to a new enTty. It was unseZling. It was uncomfortable. It was great. Many of us want to hold on to our businesses Tghtly, not seeing that they are sinking in their own mess. A\er all, they are our babies. We’ve worked hard to raise them, watch them grow and prayed that they would become successful. But to let go or re‐think your strategy does not mean that you are failing. Don’t waste your Tme when your business shows signs of failing. It’s going to be ok. In fact, knowing that you are failing is probably the best news you ever want to hear. Failing means that you have to develop a new plan. Failure makes you step back and learn from your mistakes. Failure makes you go back to��the creaTve space and re‐energize your spirit. Failure allows you to start from scratch a\er you’ve been knocked down. Every entrepreneur must embrace failure to reach their true potenTal as a visionary, business person and leader. ‐
Sherrell Dorsey, a native of Seattle, Washington, is Founder of Organic Beauty Vixen Media. Visit her websites at sherrelldorsey.com and organicbeautyvixen.com.
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BIZ SAVVY
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10 New Resume Rules JOB SEARCH STRATEGIES CHANGE OVER TIME. WHAT WAS AN ACCEPTABLE RESUME IN THE 90′S IS NO LONGER CONSIDERED VIABLE TODAY. SO … WHAT EXACTLY ARE THESE CHANGES AND WHAT SHOULD YOU ADJUST ON YOUR RESUME TO MAKE YOUR 2012 JOB SEARCH MORE PRODUCTIVE? HERE ARE SOME CHANGES YOU SHOULD CONSIDER: 1. Put your contact informa*on at the top of the resume. If you are looking for a new opportunity, you want hiring managers to be able to reach you. How they reach you is your choice, but you also want to make it easy for them to reach you. Voice mail should be listed as precisely that, and cell numbers should also be likewise idenTfied. If you can take calls at work, make sure you idenTfy that it is your work number, just in case someone else should pick up your line. 2. Social media addresses should be noted. If you want to be contacted through social media or if you are highlighTng your social media skills, list your social media addresses on the top of your resume. However, if you are listed on LinkedIn, for example, and do not check your LinkedIn mailbox daily, do not list it. In fact, if you do not check your listed sites daily, you should opt out of being contacted through those sites. Answering someone’s on‐site inquiry weeks later only shows your disinterest in the job and in social media in general. 3. Objec*ves are passe. The objecTve of a resume is to find a new posiTon, so there is no need to state that you are looking for an opportunity in a parTcular field. This field is now considered a waste of space. 4. Objec*ves are out, selling is in. Instead of an “ObjecTve,” use this space to “sell” yourself. This is your wriZen elevator speech, i.e, what you can offer the hiring company. 5. Keywords win. Search engine opTmizaTon rules the job search world. Long descripTons lose and keywords win. Keywords will pull your resume out of the pile and into the hands of the hiring
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CAREER HUB
manager. Make sure to use the same keywords you see in the parTcular job posTng you’re responding to. 6. Show your job progression. If you have had a few posiTons at one employer, show them. Don’t lump them all together. Job progression shows that you were able to provide many skills and adapt to new situaTons ‐‐ a big selling point for a new employer. 7. Online profiles and resumes. Employers do go online to check out potenTal candidates. Make sure the same informaTon on your resume is also online. We live in a Tme when it’s very easy to check out candidate backgrounds, so don’t have two different ones out there. 8. Your resume is not a job descrip*on. No longer do resumes list your job duTes. Resumes explain what you do/did. A good resume shows a potenTal employer the value you bring to the table. That value is not how many newsleZers you write, for example. 9. Awards are not equal. If you won a Pulitzer, tell the world upfront. If you won in‐house and/or associate awards, list them on an addendum page. Awards are important, but they are not all equal in an employer’s mind. Don’t cluZer your resume with them, unless you know they will be meaningful to a parTcular reader. 10. References provided on request. If a potenTal employer wants references, they will ask for them. If you don’t provide them, you won’t be considered for the posiTon. There is no need to put this statement on your resume. New styles and new preferences make the marketplace interesTng. They also provide a reason to review your resume with a criTcal 2012 eye! ‐ Source: CommPro.Biz
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THE PLANNING GAME: What’s Your Position? By Jay Young
W
e push ourselves day in and day out to reach our goals. A degree, another degree, a career, a promotion and a relationship are just the short list we typically work through. At some point, whether intentional or not, family creeps (or leaps) into the picture. We’re not talking parents and siblings… oh no! We’re talking children and spouses. With all that goes on in the early career of a young professional, family is often in the far reaches of the mind. The Imprint Magazine has determined that there are four types of young professionals among us. Take a look at the list to see where you fall. Whether children are involved or not, family development is the most serious project you’ll ever take on – EVER. Mix in your career and you’re on the eternal quest for Life/Work Balance. In the end, you can be guaranteed one constant – IF YOU FAIL TO PLAN, YOU PLAN TO FAIL!
THE LONE RANGER // This is the young, single male/female that plans, evaluates, modifies and plans (again) EVERY aspect of their personal life. Great consideration is given to: • who the partner will be • how much they should have saved before planning for kids • when the kid(s) will be born • how many kids they’ll have • what schools the kid(s) will attend • what university the kid(s) will attend Sometimes too much “consideration” leaves the Lone Ranger partnerless. But, on the brighter side, they have a ton of money saved up!
THE DYNAMIC DUO // This is the young couple that is equally successful in their career and has started a family, only to find they have to constantly remain flexible. They generally plan ahead, but have to give special consideration to: • where they should live in the best interest of both career and family • travel for both work and leisure • childcare options for two working parents • healthcare options for family (i.e. ER, braces, etc.) • make last minute plans for when the spouse is sick, working late, etc.
THE DUO // This is the young couple that plans for children and performs continuous research related to the topic. They sometimes delay conception by trying to plan the “perfect” child: Great consideration is given to: • where they should live • private school or public school • where in the career should they have the kid(s) • who’s career MAY take the “back seat” to raise the kid(s) The Duo enjoys their private time and spontaneous vacations so much to the point that having a baby sort of fades into the background. One day, their biological clock alarm goes off and suddenly they jump into panic mode…
THE GAMBLER // This is the single male/female or couple that doesn’t plan for much of anything. He/She/ has unprotected sex, which may result in unplanned pregnancies. He/She doesn’t consider long-term relationships in their partners. He/She “lives for the moment”, “lives life to the fullest” and by a dozen more clichés. The Gamblers typically find themselves behind the eight ball instead of moving forward in life due to a severe lack of planning and preparation. Maybe they just need a new set of friends…or a reality check.
The Dynamic Duo can seem a little high strung at times - they are always on 3000 watts of energy with two kids and Benji (the dog) in tow…
DID YOU KNOW? Family planning is a serious matter. How serious? There is a Federal Administration for Children & Families whose sole purpose is to provide research and programs for the promotion of the economic social well being of families, individuals and communities. This includes an entire initiative to promote healthy marriages. In fact, The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 provides funding of $150 million each year for healthy marriage promotion and fatherhood. For more information, go to www.acf.hhs.gov. -
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CAREER HUB
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Work/Life Balance & The College Student By Cydney Nunn ■ ■ potenTally their whole lives. This can be a very daunTng and overwhelming undertaking. So stress is everywhere in college and even a\er graduaTon. But fortunately, there are things that can be done to alleviate some of the overwhelming feelings many college students have.
S
urprisingly enough, for college students, stress cannot always be pinpointed to one thing. There are so many factors that influence college students that it is very easy to get overwhelmed. As I enter my senior year of college, I feel like I have seen, heard, and experienced it all. From academics, to social life, to finances, and not to menTon unexpected mishaps ‐ stress is always looming overhead. It is important to know how to deal so you can be successful in college, and later a\er graduaTon. The first thing I learned when I got to college was that things were drasTcally different from high school. There wasn’t a daily reminder of due dates for projects and papers, no abundance of assignments to help you out where you fell short—I was on my own; I had to handle my own business because no one was going to do it for me. That adjustment alone is enough to stress you out, not to menTon all the other things that come with college life. I’ve personally always been a social person, so the thought of leaving all my friends and family back home and making new friends at school didn’t seem too frightening. But when you actually get out on
“Don’t be too hard on yourself. Sometimes you can be your own worst enemy.” your own, it’s a hard realizaTon that your new friends barely know you, so you have to look out for yourself. Then factor in all the things that come with living independently from your family, and living with a stranger in a dorm, it’s easy to get overwhelmed. I’d say one of the biggest stresses in college is finances and poor money management. This was probably one of the greatest stress factors in my early years of college because I was very unaware of what I needed to do in order to make my money last. I also had a very skewed idea of what kinds of things I’d need to buy. AddiTonally, I had to fund my social life, which was far more expensive than I had ever anTcipated. People experience similar stresses when beginning a new job, or looking for a job a\er graduaTon. Just the idea of figuring out what to do a\er you graduate can be enough to make you exhausted. Students turned professionals have to make that transiTon from the freedom and structure free schedules of college to the 9‐5 mindset. SomeTmes gehng on a real schedule is hard to adjust to. Young entrepreneurs struggle in the beginning of their careers have the hard task of trying to create something that will have longevity for
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CAREER HUB
Many people talk about the importance of Tme management to help relieve stress levels. This is absolutely key. ProcrasTnaTon is a killer when it comes to feeling overwhelmed, but when you really take the Tme to put yourself on a schedule and get things completed in a Tmely manner, everything else around you goes so much more smoothly. Don’t bog yourself down with too many ac*vi*es and commitments. Life is like a teacup. There’s only so much “stuff” that will fit into it. If you fill your cup with the wrong things and the wrong people, you won’t have Tme for the right things and the right people. The wrong things and people bring unnecessary stress. Choose wisely as to who and what deserves your Tme and aZenTon. Give yourself a budget. Calculate what money you’re going to receive bi‐ weekly or monthly. Decide what things are most important for you to spend your money on. (I know, it’s a hard decision between groceries and concert Tckets, but learn your prioriTes.) Once you make a budget, sTck to it! It’s important to make a commitment to yourself and keep it! Keep your health in mind. Stress can really affect you in ways more than how you feel emoTonally but also physically. EaTng habits in college can be more than strange because of late night snacking and buffet style dinners but gehng some physical acTvity can really help relieve extra stress. Many people say while exercising they actually feel beZer because of the increased blood flow and endorphins released to the brain. Don't be too hard on yourself. SomeTmes you can be your own worst enemy. Even when things may be going awry, acknowledge the small victories and the large ones will surely follow. Live in the moment, not dwelling on the mistakes of the past. You can only learn from your acTons and move forward, otherwise you will drive yourself crazy thinking of every "shoulda, coulda, woulda". Give yourself *me to rest! You need sleep! You will never be able to perform at your best if you exhausted. Separate your work space from your sleeping / relaxing space. When the two are combined something is sure to be slighted. Naps are cool, but giving yourself real sleep at night is important for your body to recharge. (Yes, this is next to impossible around exam Tme, but your efforts won't be in vain!) Most importantly, enjoy each and every day! Laughter is the best medicine and personally, I don't let a day go by that I don't at least crack a smile. Have fun with your friends, in your classes, and your organizaTons. Don't take things too seriously, because even when today seems absolutely hopeless, tomorrow gives you a fresh start. ‐
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The Career Professional By Paula McCollum ■ ■
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oday’s fast paced world is driven by technology that is available at our fingertips. So how challenging is it for career professionals to maintain a work/ life balance? It’s very challenging, but not hopeless. Expectations are very high for career professionals in the workplace with staff reduction trends being at an all time high. Although career professionals tend to pack their day with a variety of activities, there are ways to de-stress and retain harmony in your life.
• Set realistic goals and clear parameters at work and at home. • Perform at your maximum level at work, but switch gears once you are off the clock. • Improve your time management skills, delegate some tasks to others when appropriate and prioritize your day without over obligating yourself. • Give attention to what really matters. Let your employer know that your personal days and vacations are off-limits for work. Time is our greatest asset and once time has expired you cannot get it back. It’s very important to avoid fatigue, burnout or lost time. • Make an effort to find employers, who encourage job sharing, telecommuting or flexibility with your work hours. Many employers are reducing the cost of operations and office rental costs by encouraging employees to work from home more frequently. Inquire about worker expectations and benefits to find the job that’s right for you. And don’t forget to schedule free time for yourself each day. You’ll be happier and healthier! -
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Is Your Image Holding You Back From
Success?
By Sylvia “Secret” Mikell
Believe it or not, your image is a crucial component of whether you are successful in business. While it may seem that some people are naturals at "working the room" or have "the gift of gab", everyone has an equal opportunity to make a great impression in business. Here are four questions to consider when it comes to improving your business image. How do I look? ❮ Whether you like it or not, first impressions are formed within the first 7 seconds of meeTng someone; whether negaTve or posiTve and 57% of that impression is based on how you look. Be authenTc; your style should be fresh and modern, yet age appropriate. You should own your look and be very comfortable in your skin. If you are not, it will be painfully obvious, thus making your prospect or partner uncomfortable as well. Now, while makeup is a great beauty enhancer; it's all about looking great for your age. Too much makeup may give the impression that you are trying to hide something, while wearing too liZle makeup will seem as if you haven't invested much Tme into your looks. It's all about balance. Your apparel should be in alignment with the occasion. It's totally understandable if you want to stand out from the crowd with your own signature style, just be sure that you dress for your shape and body type; remember, size doesn't maZer, shape does. Is it *me for an upgrade? ❮ At Tmes, it is criTcal to the lifeline of your business to upgrade. Growth is imperaTve for successful businesses. Going to the next level isn't always easy, so remember, you can only grow when you are uncomfortable. SomeTmes you just outgrow old habits and when you do, its Tme to expand your mindset. Do some brainstorming with a mastermind group and think outside of the box, and you'll open yourself up to a whole new world. You may need to upgrade your circle of associates to move to the next level. Be sure to do this next step before you branch out, you'll feel a lot more comfortable and confident when you do. Upgrade your image, if you've been wearing the same hairstyle, makeup and clothes for the past five years or more; It's Tme for a makeover. This can be drasTc; however it doesn't have to be. It's just Tme to change up the energy. Last but not least, you may need to shi\ your environment. Are you happy with where you spend the majority of your Tme or do you love the atmosphere you're in? If not, start making some changes and I guarantee you'll get some new results. Am I minding my manners? ❮ ETqueZe will take you a long way in business. I know that showing up should be a given; however you wouldn't believe how many "professionals" and "business owners" fall short in this area from Tme to Tme. Being organized will help you to be on Tme and prepared when you do meet with your client or prospect. If you are not going to make it to a meeTng or if you are running behind schedule, always be courteous and call ahead of Tme to inform the other party; however, habitual behavior will send signs of disrespect for the other person's Tme and may be held against you in the future. How well do I communicate? ❮ Be posiTve and upbeat, no one wants to do business with a Debbie Downer. Leave the sarcasm at home, many prospects are turned off by it and may not consider you a good fit. Always make really good eye contact, smile and be mindful of the unspoken language your body is speaking, a firm (not crushing) handshake is very important regardless of the other parTes posiTon, trust me, this speaks volumes. Listen and probe. You can only be a resource to your prospects if you are aware of their problems; thus you must probe and be interested in providing a soluTon to their challenges. What's your follow up strategy? Always leave the lines of communicaTon open by taking the iniTaTve to follow up with a phone call or an email. Secret is an Eco-Chic Image Strategist who equips women with the branding solutions they need to create a highly marketable and polished personal and professional presence. Unlike other image consultants who solely focus on "sprucing up" the outside, Secret provides a complete step- by- step proprietary system designed to inspire clients to be bold and beautiful from the inside out. Through her signature program, The Elite Lady Journey, Secret focuses on strategic image solutions that empower women in business with the tools and techniques necessary to maximize their visibility to their target audience.
TALKING TECHNOLOGY
Compiled By Avis Foley //
As technology con*nues to evolve quicker than we can say “smart phone”, it’s important to stay abreast on emerging innovaTons and how they impact our lives. Have you been looking for a technology home to keep you up to date on everything newly released and newly improved? Well, don’t make it technical! Here are 5 of our favorite go‐to blogs for all the latest news in technology...
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Website: www.redmondpie.com Founder: Taimur Asad (2008) Features: Highlights the latest technology news with a focus on product/service reviews from Microso\, Apple, Google, Windows, Macs, Xbox, Windows Live, iPhone, Android and more! Specialty: Developing and reviewing mobile based so\ware
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Website: www.gizmodo.com Founder: Gawker Media (2002) Features: Highlights latest consumer electronics and gadgets Specialty: Gadget news and digital culture
Traffic: 20 million page Traffic: 10 million page views per month/ views per month 100,000+ subscribers
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Features: Highlights digital innovaTon and the change it creates around the world.
Features: Highlights leading technology, products, and websites
Specialty: Digital culture, social media, and technology Traffic: 20 million page views per month
Specialty: Profiling startup companies Traffic: 37 million page views per month
5 Website: www.gigaom.com Founder: Om Malik (2006) Features: Highlights emerging technology and the disrupTon of media Specialty: DefiniTve coverage of cloud, mobile, cleantech, consumer web and media
Are You A Tech Junkie?
Take the quiz!
Traffic: 5.5 million page views per month
1. Do you check your Facebook and Twitter feeds before you get out of bed in the mornings? (15 pts) 2. Do you Tweet or post Facebook updates while you’re in a meeting? (20 pts) 3. Do you Tweet or post Facebook updates during your favorite shows? (5 pts) 4. Do you share good news via Facebook and Twitter (i.e. new job, pregnancy, wedding announcement) before you pick up the phone and call your parent or best friend? (15 pts) 5. Whenever a new app comes out, are you one of the first to try it? (5 pts)
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6. Do your family and friends call on you before they purchase a new product? (10 pts) 7. Do you feel like you’re on vacation while browsing your favorite technology store and tend to lose all track of time? (10 pts). 8. When you introduce yourself, do you automatically let the other person know where they can find you on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter? (20 pts) If you scored more than 75 points, you are officially a TECH JUNKIE!! :-)
TECH DECK
My Fall From Tech Grace: Careless Antics
That Nearly Ruined My Entire Life (In 1 Week) ❯ A fictitious depiction by Avis Foley.
To say that I am highly disappointed in myself would be an understatement. As a professional, I can
appreciate the change and convenience that technology and social media have brought to my life. What I don’t appreciate is my lack of ability to control how much and when I uTlize it. It’s something that I’ve been struggling with for some Tme now. Hello readers. My name is Todd Techie and I have been a vicTm of a tech‐fall. What’s a tech‐fall you ask? The Imprint Magazine defines a tech‐fall as the misuse of technology and social media that may result in compromising situa*ons, unpleasant outcomes, and COSTLY END RESULTS. Recovery from a tech‐fall? Indefinite. A\er an adverse week of a series of unfortunate technology related events, I decided that I was in need of a tech‐check and sat down to re‐evaluate the way I use web and mobile based technologies. In order to prevent you from making the same mistakes, I wish to share with you a synopsis of my tech‐fall week (but this must stay between us). Pay close aZenTon...because even if you happen to be a recent vicTm of a tech‐fall, this arTcle will enlighten you on what NOT to do the next Tme!
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
Now I know why I hate Mondays. After waking up 45 minutes late for work, I realized that I was too lazy to put gas in my car on Sunday night & would now have to stop before heading to school. Why me??? I finally arrived to find that I have missed a parent teacher conference and then to make matters worse, my boss gives me the look of death when I make it to my classroom already filled with 18 rowdy kids. While checking my email I came across a hilarious forward that I thought my co-workers would find humorous. Although considered Not Safe For Work, I went against my better judgment and sent it to a few colleagues on my distribution list. As the day went on, I had several of them tell me they found it to be very amusing. As I sat in the mandatory faculty meeting at the end of the day, the principal referred the staff back to the faculty guidelines and pointed out why inappropriate emails are really not safe for work. After the meeting I was summoned to his office and reprimanded accordingly. Only in my world...
I made it through yet another day in the classroom. Today was extremely frustrating as I spent most of it yelling and not teaching. I am glad that I am finally able to get a little time to update my FaceBook page advertising my web and graphics design services. I even posted a video of some of my clients and their testimonials. It’s only been up for a month and I’m pretty glad to say that my business is growing….or was. A week ago FaceBook Web administration contacted me and stated that the only way to advertise would be to produce a fan page. I ignored it only today to find that as I try to log in, I am shocked to see that my page has been dissolved. Why do I suddenly feel sick? All that work for nothing!!
Hump day has FINALLY arrived and all I could think about was my date with Karla. We hadn’t talked on the phone much but still, I was excited about the possibility of us becoming exclusive (fingers crossed). I rushed home from work to prepare her a tasty italian dinner. I often bragged about my cooking skills and wanted to know her thoughts. As we ate, I had to practically beg her for conversation. I know first dates are awkward but this was ridiculous. To save myself from dying of boredom, I casually picked up my phone and tweeted “First dates suck” #life. And then I continued to Tweet for about 20 more minutes between the lackluster conversation. I thought it was no big deal, but Karla certainly did. She told me that I was immature and maybe the date would have gone smoother if I would’ve stopped tweeting and warmed up to her like normal human beings do on first dates. #And then it was over as quickly as it started. (sigh) #life
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FRIDAY
SATURDAY
This has got to be the worst day ever. For the past few months I have been applying to editorial internships only to be denied over and over again. I decided to take a more pro-active approach and show up at one of the businesses during my lunch hour. When I arrived, the hiring manager had just gone into a meeting so the receptionist took my information. I actually received a call back and of course my good luck allowed me to miss the phone call - but the hiring manager kindly left a message. I returned the call and left a message stating how much I was looking forward to the opportunity and wanted to schedule an interview. After hanging up, I then called my friend, pressed # to bypass the greeting and began ranting on his voicemail about how I got a call back though I really wasn’t too thrilled about the position. Two hours later the hiring manager returned my call. He stated that he was ready to set up an interview time until he heard the second voicemail. OMG! I’m so mad at myself!!! How could I have been so careless? I’m taking off from work tomorrow. I deserve it after the week I’ve had.
Everything is ALL GOOD!!! I successfully called in sick and planned on relaxing all day. And that’s exactly what I did. I felt so good that I updated my Facebook status to “Sick days = Fun, fun, & more fun”. After catching up on my favorite movies, spending hours on the Internet, and taking several power naps, I made plans with the fellas to hang out at our favorite hot spot known to host one of the best bars in town. Good times were definitely in store! During the ride home and after having one too many drinks, my friends decided it would be funny to take pictures of me passed out in the backseat drooling with alcohol in my hand. But before all this took place, I sent a text message to my ex saying how much i missed her and how I often dream of kissing her soft lips again. My mom replied with ten question marks. GREAT. All in all we had an awesome time, though I don’t remember much. Enjoying my 3 day weekend already!
Not only did I wake up with a hangover, but I missed yet another phone call from an intern prospect. It went something like this: Mr. Todd, this is Angela Dixon with Worthy Editorials Social Media Company. After reviewing your resume we’ve determined that you are highly qualified for the position but have decided to decline your application based on questionable pictures posted to one of your social media accounts. Thanks for your interest in our company and good luck on your job search! I was devastated!
SUNDAY For years one of my worst fears has been being acknowledged by the pastor during church service for being late. After driving around for what seemed like months to find a parking space, I finally made my way in and was ushered all the way down to the front row. The preacher and I made eye contact and I quickly lowered my head as I took my seat. I found it ironic that today’s message was “ChoicesThinking Before Doing”. HE WAS TALKING ABOUT ME AND THE CRAZY WEEK I’VE HAD! As the congregation gave a moment of silence in honor of an ailing church member, my phone rang blaring a ringtone of what I’ll just say was TOTALLY inappropriate for this venue. The pastor stared at me as I fumbled to shut it off. Then he went on to say, “He made a choice to not shut his phone off before entering the Lord’s house.” Absolutely mortified, I made my way to the restroom then out the door. Definitely not looking forward to Monday...
Public Service Announcement:
I AM GOING TO CHOKE MY FRIENDS!!!!
A tech‐fall is the misuse of technology and social media that may result in compromising situa*ons, unpleasant outcomes, and COSTLY END RESULTS.
I know, all this seems unreal, doesn’t it? How could one person have such bad luck? It is this very week that has forced me to rouTnely tech‐check myself before fleeing to any form of technology and social media for immediate self‐expression. I suggest you do the same. Just in case you need a reminder, check out these Tps on how to avoid a tech‐fall: • WATCH YOUR WORDS ‐ When uTlizing technology and social media, it’s important to think about what you say before you say it. Your words are a representaTon of who you are and first impressions are lasTng impressions. • SHARE WITH CARE ‐ While everyone loves to upload photos, you have to be mindful that there is someone always out there watching you. Never post photos that have the potenTal to have detrimental effects on your personal and professional life. • LEARN FROM OTHER’S MISTAKES ‐ In recent months, numerous illustraTons of tech‐falls have been placed in the media for the world to see. PoliTcal leaders, athletes, and musical arTsts are just a few who have had to suffer consequences as a result of their careless technology related acts. Avoid these same calamiTes to ensure that you bypass a terrible tech‐fall. ‐
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TECK DECK
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THE LOOKS! This Page: Andrew Nunez (Ruckage Design Co.) Next Page Clockwise: Willow (Jacket - ANAM Clothing Co., Pants - Belasse Women’s Wear Collection) Aneesah Hanan (Belasse) Eli Kharlamini (Suit - ANAM Clothing Co.) Ruta Degutyte (Belasse) Sidney B. (Future Pop Artist Wearing Ruckage Design Co.) Images By Jay Young
HIP APPEAL HAUTE LOOKS TO FLAUNT FOR FALL Though s*ll quite warm outside, the fall and winter seasons are definitely upon us. Most people are just catching up on the plethora of summer trends and now it’s already Tme to switch gears. In this issue, we’re featuring some of the hautest looks from runways across the globe to get you in “fashion mode” for the cooler temperatures ahead. Leather jackets and vests fused with the militant look (like the one featured here) will be seen from red carpet premieres to rock concerts to a\er‐parTes. Other fall must‐haves include hats, furs, patchwork, sheath dresses, mulT colors, whites and dark reds. Check out our mini selecTon to get an idea of what you might want to add to your line‐up this season.
CHIC
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Karmella Daniel As Real As She Gets... Interview By N. Renee
recently had the pleasure of talking with one of music’s rising stars about her new single The World Is Yours featuring B.O.B. and life itself. Karmella Daniel is an outspoken young woman who is true to what she believes while blessing the world with her beauTful voice. Hailing most recently from Washington D.C., the Italian born songstress has resided across the states from Detroit to Nashville. She came to Atlanta to work alongside some of the best talent in the industry. As a child, Karmella dreamed of becoming one of the first women to play professional basketball but never strayed away from her love for music. InteresTngly enough, when I asked her what her favorite things are, she excitedly stated french fries, The Velvet Rope CD by Janet Jackson and the movies Grumpy Old Men and Grumpier Old Men. Too funny! What I didn’t expect to learn is that her favorite colors are inspired by her music. She explained that it’s even kind of weird to her, though currently she’s working on a song where she sees a collage of purple, pink and blue. Karmella’s spirit is equally as colorful as she opens up about what moTvates her, what sets her apart and why young people should never give up on their dreams.
I
The Imprint Magazine: What moTvates you? Karmella: I like to keep it spiritual. I feel that work done in the spiritual realm translates to the physical. I try to make sure I meditate and then pray. Every now and then I’ll throw in a fast. I read and listen to things that enlighten me. And then I am about acTon. Gehng up and doing what I need to do to get myself right. The spiritual element ignites the flame to get things going.
Karmella: Most people don’t know that I like to crack my thumbs. Not sure what that’s all about!
TIM: What are some of your pet peeves? Karmella: I can’t tolerate liars and people who are afraid to be themselves and don’t allow others to be themselves. I find this very frustraTng.
TIM: Describe your fashion sense. Karmella: I have a stylist, Olori Swank, who takes care of my look though my sense of fashion is whatever looks good on me. If it’s funky and it makes me feel awesome, then I’m going to rock it.
TIM: What is something that most people don’t know about you?
TIM: Who are your role models?
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ON THE BRINK
TIM: Describe your music style. Karmella: My music is described as rhythmic. It’s a fusion of jazz, pop and R&B. I have a degree in jazz but it’s something about dance music right now. I am crazy about it!
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Karmella: Well, I would have to say Oprah because she is a giver. I would love to be in the posiTon to give so much love, inspiraTon and knowledge to other people. Second would be my mom because she’s always been a very strong person while taking care of me and my younger sister. Third would be my Aunt Evelyn because she has always been a forward thinker in my family. We call her space cadet because she’s extremely smart and is always researching things that the average person wouldn’t care to know. This is how I am as well. I can call on her to discuss quesTons I have about anything. TIM: What would you say sets you apart? Karmella: I think that I am uniquely made. I truly feel that I am a special person as we all are. We each have something about us that makes us our own individual. Through my music I want to express myself. I don’t care about what Beyonce or Rihanna are doing. I love their music and I think they’re hot but they already have their musical element covered. I do what I enjoy. TIM: What inspired your new single The World Is Yours with B.o.B? Karmella: The World Is Yours is more of a reflecTve piece. It was a co‐write for me. Someone else had the idea and I thought it was great. When we think back to our childhoods, we remember our mothers having the ability to see our potenTal before we could. The first person to recognize that is typically your mother. I feel that it’s incredibly relatable. Mothers should encourage their children to
TIM: What social issue concerns you most? Karmella: Obesity. I don’t think we realize how serious this is. We talk about it but I don’t think we really get it. Every other commercial is promoTng some weight loss product but then a commercial is thrown in with the new bacon sundae at Burger King. Seriously? Who would want something faZening like that if you’re really conscious about your health? In college, I used to live in a low income neighborhood and one of the things I noTced was that there was a fried chicken spot and liquor store on every corner. All the grocery stores sold food that was low in quality. I also noTced in this same neighborhood that there was extreme obesity. I really think it’s important that we make a lifestyle change because we are killing ourselves with food. First Lady Michelle Obama’s iniTaTve is very important. I think it’s Tme we all took an acTve role in the issue. TIM: What is something that you can’t leave home without? Karmella: My MacBook! But I really need something smaller so I think I’m going to get an iPad real soon. TIM: What are some of your upcoming projects? Karmella: Right now I’m in the studio recording. I think this is the Tme. I’ve brought in a couple of songwriters and producTon ears and we’re creaTng really good stuff. I’m allowing my music to dictate how the rest of this year and 2013 will look. All I can say is that it’s about to be electric!
“I’m allowing my music to dictate how the rest of this year and 2013 will look. All I can say is that it’s about to be electric!” do great things ‐ hence, the world is yours. President Barack Obama would not be who he is had his mother not moTvated him to become something special. TIM: What was it like working with B.O.B.? Karmella: B.O.B. is a big supporter of fresh talent. He really liked me and what I was doing. I appreciate someone of his stature and arTst pedigree wanTng to support me. TIM: What do you love most about your musical career? Karmella: I get to do what I love every single day. I don’t have to go to a crazy job and deal with crazy people. I can get up, shower, head to the studio and make some bomb music! Also, I get to be around a lot of people all the Tme. I love people and good conversaTon. People are actually willing to listen to what I have to say! Lastly, if I do this right, I get to go anywhere in the whole wide world which has always been a dream of mine. TIM: What challenges have you faced? Karmella: Just gehng into the industry is challenging. I’m sTll what the industry considers “new”. Another challenge is being myself. In the beginning I was told what to do, how I should look and how I should dress. Or that I couldn’t leave the house without wearing acrylic nails. Honestly, I have never been the type of girl to care about that type of stuff. It’s not me. I’ll throw on a liZle make‐up and something fly and I’m out. So I had to figure out the balance of what the industry says I should be versus who I actually am. I feel that no one will buy into my image if I can’t even buy into it. I think everyone goes through that at some point in their life. You just have to be okay with who you are.
theiMPRiNT● theimprintmag.com
TIM: What advice would you like to leave with our readers? Karmella: Understand that paTence is a virtue. Don’t get caught up in the “you goZa be a millionaire by the Tme you’re 30” hype. Because most o\en, it won’t happen within that Tme frame, though it can. If it happens ‐ great. If it doesn’t ‐ great. Just conTnue to do what you love and understand that your journey and path is uniquely designed for you. Whatever it is that you desire to do, go a\er it. No one else’s journey has to do with the success or failure of your own. If you do fail at something, take it as a learning experience and conTnue to move forward. I pracTce this with my own life. ‐
FOLLOW KARMELLA Karmella Daniel @KarmellaDaniel www.karmelladaniel.com
ON THE BRINK
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: n io s s e r g o r P t The Grea RIGHT UR MIND KEEPING YO ING TIMES G N E L L A H C IN By Avis Foley
I’m sihng at the park reading a book by one of my favorite authors. I’m admiring the beauTful sun peeking through the trees as birds chirp in sort of an o}eat melody. A family is having a picnic nearby while their toddler is squealing from being pushed too high on the swings. I’m thinking to myself, “life is good”. The average person wouldn’t know that I got laid off seven months ago and had to move back in with my parents. While I am acTvely seeking a new job, the media has made me quite aware of the infinite number of unfortunate situaTons that people are finding themselves in from job loss to foreclosures to repossessions and low credit scores. I am not alone. Yes, I can admit that I get down someTmes, but gehng out of the house and away from my rigorous job search has helped to keep me sane.
SO
Most of us know of a family member or friend who is currently weathering the economic storm with nothing more than hope for a brighter tomorrow. With all this being said, it’s not surprising that a staggering 1 in 10 adults in the United States have been diagnosed with depression. According to WebMD, that is an esTmated 15 million people! Surely happiness is always within reach, but someTmes life’s adversiTes creates dilemma’s that are seemingly unmanageable. When not handled with the proper care, these quandaries may lead one to travel down the weary road of isolaTon. Stress, herediTes, hormonal changes, afflicTons, emoTonal hindrances, and even gender can someTmes contribute to depression. It is a disease that requires one to obtain proper treatment to begin the healing process. This life experience is a disTncTve process for each individual and detecTng the signs early will ensure a more producTve life. Are you suffering from depression? Take a look at the symptoms below to see if you (or someone you know) may idenTfy: EXTREME SADNESS // Do you find yourself in a down mood all the time? Does it seem as if nothing will lift your spirits? Is there a feeling of emptiness? DEPLETED AN EXCESSIVE REPOSE // Do your thoughts overwhelm you so much that you can’t sleep? Do you find comfort in going to sleep for lengthy periods of time? ABSTINENCE FROM LEISURE ACTIVITIES // Have you given up on your hobbies? Do you still take the time to do the things you love to do (i.e. sports, sewing, dance, music etc.)? INABILITY TO DECIDE // Do you have difficulty thinking or making decisions? Does it always lead to frustration? NEGATIVE THOUGHTS // Do you have thoughts of harming yourself? Have you devised a plan to do so? RASH BEHAVIOR // Do you currently abuse drugs or alcohol to mask your pain?
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What you must realize is that you possess the ability to counter this distressing disease. HEALTH WISE
》
theiMPRiNT● theimprintmag.com
A\er idenTfying symptoms that may exist, it’s also important to understand the various types of depression. Honing in on what specific type of depression you have will aid in recognizing what steps to take to gain control of your life. Always consult a health professional for proper diagnosis. WebMD lists the following as the most common forms of depression: MAJOR
SEASONAL
A depression that evokes a constant sense of hopelessness and despair.
A type of depression that affects a person during the same season each year.
A mental illness in which intense mood swings occur with remissions and reoccurrences.
A depression that occurs when one’s sadness lasts a long time and symptoms subside only to resurface again.
PSYCHOTIC
SECONDARY
MASKED
A depression that occurs when a severe depressive illness has a co-existing form of psychosis (i.e. hallucinations, delusions).
A depression that occurs in the first few months after childbirth.
A depression that develops after one is diagnosed with a medical condition.
A depression that is hidden behind physical pain for which no organic cause can be found.
While depression can someTmes enervate the sufferer, the good news is that there are ways to gain your resilience back! Some forms of severe depression require medicaTon and others can be cured through therapy and lifestyle changes. What you must realize is that you possess the ability to counter this distressing disease. Try these suggesTons to combat early signs of depression: •
SET GOALS Continuing to aim for what you want in life will allow you to adjust your current focus. This will help boost your selfesteem and give you the confidence to succeed.
•
EAT HEALTHY/EXERCISE Believe it or not certain foods will increase your energy level and exercising will serve as a stress reliever. When the right endorphins are released your mood level will become more balanced.
•
LIVE OUT LOUD Do things that you wouldn’t normally do and learn from the experience! Try picnics in the park, learn how to play an instrument, go skydiving, rock climbing, etc. Experiencing new things in life will transform you from afraid to FEARLESS!
•
ASSOCIATE YOURSELF WITH POSITIVE PEOPLE We all know that negativity can easily result in one’s demise. Surround yourself with positive and motivating people that serve as an influence in your life.
•
CREATE A HOPE KIT Keep a box filled with your favorite inspirational songs, books, and movies. Whenever you are feeling down grab your hope kit and get back to being hopeful!
•
ENCOURAGE YOURSELF AND EXERCISE PATIENCE While preparing for your day, look in the mirror and say “I have purpose.” Each moment you begin to feel defeated, state it yourself. We all have the ability to condition ourselves to think only positive thoughts. Add a little patience to the mix, and soon you will begin to see things unfold for the better.
At the end of the day, TAKE CONTROL! If you think you may be suffering from depression, know that you are not alone. Contact a professional to guarantee the proper diagnosis. The sooner you begin to idenTfy symptoms, the sooner they can be combaZed. You decide which road to take to acquire and maintain your peace of mind. Live life! ‐
Need to talk with someone? Try these support groups to help provide the proper support for your blues.
Postpartum Depression: Support Group: 1-800-PPD-MOMS NDMDA Depression Hotline – Support Group: 1-800-826-3632 Depression and Bipolar-Support Group: 1-800-273-8255 Crisis Help Line-For Any Kind of Crisis: 1-800-233-4357
HEALTH WISE
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The Price You Pay: Dream Car Realities By Jay Young ■ ■
rian Martin purchased a brand new Mercedes Benz S400 once he landed a job as a Senior Pharmacist with Walgreens earlier this year. The adventurous 29 year old loved everything about it - the plush interior, sound system, Bluetooth, satellite controlled navigation system and more. In fact, Brian likes NICE things in general! He drove it everywhere and had already taken two road trips within a month’s time. On his most recent trip back home, a service light came on – indicating a service interval, such as an oil change. No big deal. Or so he thought. What Brian didn't expect was a $1,300 maintenance bill that nearly wiped out his emergency budget. Ouch.
B
Here’s the thing…Brian makes a high five-digit salary, but he also spends cash quicker than the Kardashians. Remember, he likes nice things! When not working, he keeps his debit card on 'swipe' due to his immense urges to dress in the latest fashion trends, flaunt the latest technology and dine at the finest of eateries. We won’t even go in on the ever present student loans. His total expenses, including his pricey high rise loft in the city, utilities, miscellaneous living expenses, peak at over $5,000 a month. Brian purchased his dream car knowing how much his monthly note would be, but failed to research how much it might actually cost him to maintenance a luxury vehicle. You see, Brian's story is like many. You fall in love with the car. Crunch a few numbers. Determine that you can handle the payment. Drive off the lot. And then that's when the real fun starts. Everyone desires to own a luxury automobile and many of us have our “dream car” selected well before we can afford it. We will often work tirelessly to obtain either the capital or position to acquire our dream vehicle; however, once the purchase is made, is that all there is to automobile ownership? Not even close. The Imprint Magazine took a look at the REAL cost of ownership after you’ve purchased that “dream car”. See our chart on the next page.
”While all of the selected fine automobiles are unique in their own way, the one factor that does not change is that each is a depreciating asset...” 34 ║
MONEY MOVES
MSRP $88,200 Depreciation Taxes & Fees Financing Fuel Insurance Maintenance Repairs
Year 1 $23,847 $7,541 $3,695 $3,352 $1,319 $0 $0
Year 2 $12,267 $846 $2,944 $3,452 $1,365 $0 $0
Year 3 $10,792 $699 $2,158 $3,556 $1,413 $0 $0
Year 4 $9,565 $570 $1,338 $3,662 $1,462 $3,610 $955
Year 5 $8,586 $455 $480 $3,772 $1,514 $1,148 $1,462
5 Yr Total $65,057 $10,111 $10,615 $17,794 $7,073 $4,758 $2,417
MSRP $67,630 Depreciation Taxes & Fees Financing Fuel Insurance Maintenance Repairs
Year 1 $16,200 $5,204 $2,935 $2,998 $1,421 $427 $0
Year 2 $8,985 $719 $2,339 $3,088 $1,471 $927 $0
Year 3 $7,904 $611 $1,715 $3,181 $1,522 $952 $0
Year 4 $7,008 $516 $1,063 $3,276 $1,575 $1,502 $348
Year 5 $6,287 $432 $381 $3,375 $1,631 $2,312 $531
5 Yr Total $46,384 $7,482 $8,433 $15,918 $7,620 $6,120 $879
MSRP $79,425 Depreciation Taxes & Fees Financing Fuel Insurance Maintenance Repairs
Year 1 $19,884 $6,067 $3,425 $4,070 $1,557 $424 $0
Year 2 $10,382 $824 $2,729 $4,192 $1,611 $820 $0
Year 3 $9,135 $699 $2,002 $4,318 $1,668 $774 $0
Year 4 $8,098 $590 $1,240 $4,447 $1,726 $3,060 $1,600
Year 5 $7,271 $492 $445 $4,581 $1,787 $1,348 $2,448
5 Yr Total $54,770 $8,672 $9,841 $21,608 $8,349 $6,426 $4,048
MSRP $94,500 Depreciation 2012 Mercedes S550 Taxes & Fees Financing Fuel Insurance Maintenance Repairs
Year 1 $19,772 $6,786 $3,834 $2,713 $1,398 $240 $0
Year 2 $13,873 $949 $3,054 $2,795 $1,447 $621 $0
Year 3 $12,208 $783 $2,240 $2,878 $1,498 $554 $0
Year 4 $10,825 $637 $1,388 $2,965 $1,550 $3,614 $878
Year 5 $9,712 $507 $498 $3,054 $1,604 $2,447 $1,345
5 Yr Total $66,390 $9,662 $11,014 $14,405 $7,497 $7,476 $2,223
MSRP $63,170 Depreciation Taxes & Fees Financing Fuel Insurance Maintenance Repairs
Year 1 $14,705 $4,301 $2,422 $3,564 $1,486 $43 $0
Year 2 $6,807 $581 $1,930 $3,671 $1,538 $354 $0
Year 3 $5,990 $499 $1,416 $3,781 $1,592 $119 $0
Year 4 $5,312 $427 $877 $3,895 $1,648 $2,248 $624
Year 5 $4,766 $363 $314 $4,012 $1,705 $887 $956
5 Yr Total $37,580 $6,171 $6,959 $18,923 $7,969 $3,651 $1,580
2012 BMW 750Li
& Other
Stuff
THE IMPRINT MAGAZINE ASKED 5 GUYS IF THEY KEEP THEIR PARTNERS LAUGHING WHEN OUT ON A DATE. 3 OUT OF 5 SAID THEIR LADIES HAVE ALREADY FALLEN FOR THEM BECAUSE OF THEIR COMEDIC PERSONALITIES. :-)
Keep The Conversation Stimulating! For a few people, going out on a first date can be pretty threatening. Just the thought of going out with somebody new for the first time joined with the phobia of rejection can be enough to leave a lot of individuals dumb or at a total loss for words. To stop such forbidding eventualities, you need to have some very interesting first date questions to help you break that icy silence that may ruin the chance of finding a long-lasting relationship. So, what makes a good first question on a date? Well, anything that will keep the conversation rolling can be considered as such. However, it could be better to ask questions that will not only keep her inquisitive about you, but give you some crucial information regarding her personality, her dislikes and likes, and her dreams and desires as well. Rather than asking her about the weather, why don't you try these instead:
• Ask her if she’s willing to try some exotic delicacies – be it frogs, snails, crocodile meat or anything else that might be in the menu. Unless she’s allergic to such foods, her reply will definitely give you a more in-depth look into her personality. Her reaction to your proposal can tell you if she’s daring enough to try a new tack and how she deals with things that might be way out of her comfort zone. • Ask her what she would do if she suddenly finds herself with a million bucks – does this sound childish? Well, it could be but her answer can tell you a lot about her? Including what her interests and priorities are. • Ask her about the most scary and most daring things she had ever done. Just like the earlier question, this will come across as a fun topic and will put her at ease. By throwing this query at her, you’ll start to know whether she’s an outdoorsy person or not and just how venturesome she is. Without a doubt, these first date questions can help you gauge whether you would like to know your date slightly better or if this first date will serve as the last. And if you decide that it’s worth a second, a third, and even a fourth date, these excellent conversation starters will interest your date enough to make her go out with you again. By Billy Baker LoveCoachOnline.com
36 ║
theiMPRiNT● theimprintmag.com
The Gift Of Life: Legacy Planning By Dana Adams
Like most of us, if you are working a full *me job, paying taxes and no longer living with your parents,
then you know that insurance is a preZy serious maZer. When you purchase a home, you’re required to have homeowner’s insurance. When you rent from a landlord, many of them require that you have renter’s insurance. If you own and operate a vehicle, you are required to have car insurance. But there’s one parTcular form of insurance that people (especially young people) tend to push to the back of their minds and goes without noTce unTl we experience a close brush with the a\erlife. Are you ready??? LIFE INSURANCE. Why do we purchase every other type of insurance in the world besides this one? Because we don’t want to think about our futures being cut short. So let’s talk about the reasons you should have insurance ‐ period. First, having the proper coverage for your home, business, health and automobile, gives you a piece of mind. Isn’t it nice knowing that if anything happens to your assets or health that there’s protecTon in place? Believe it or not, YOU AND YOUR FAMILY are precious assets. Your life cannot be replaced once it’s gone, but you do have the opTon of leaving a monetary gi\ to your family to ease the pain of them no longer having you there to share in the good Tmes. Second, if you purchase more than what you need outside of burial expenses, your beneficiaries may use the remaining cash to pay off debt, donate it to your favorite charity, create a scholarship in your honor, or place it in an emergency savings account. Just take a few minutes and sit. Think about your family’s emoTonal reacTon to your unTmely death. Then think about how you would want to be celebrated. During your life you were a role model, were known to be the life of everyone’s party and you gave as much as you could to those less fortunate than yourself. Instead of having your family stress over burial costs, a $10,000 life insurance policy will leave them free to plan the homegoing service that you deserve. Below we list two different types of life insurance for you to consider:
“Please don’t think that wills are only for the rich, famous and elderly.”
5 Year And 10 Year Term Policies ◀
These types of life insurance policies maintain a level death benefit for 5 or 10 years...depending on which policy you choose. These policies are also used to take care of fairly short‐term life insurance needs. You will find these level premiums to be quite inexpensive. Whole Life, Universal Life, Variable Universal Life And Variable Life Policies ◀ The premiums for these types of policies are much higher than those of the term policies...but they can fulfill an important need. If you have a desire to accumulate some cash through your life insurance policy these are the policies designed for that. You can use the whole life policy and the universal life policies as vehicles through which you can save money. The returns are not very high on these types of life insurance policies though you have a beZer chance gehng a high return on your money if you invested in a variable universal life insurance policy or a variable life policy. These types of life insurance policies are sold by prospectus only and your insurance agent needs a NASD license before he can discus them with you. Let Your Will Be Done A\er you’ve purchased life insurance, consider creaTng a last will and testament generally referred to as a “will”. This is the formal instrucTon of your distribuTon of assets. Please don’t think that wills are only for the rich, famous and elderly. You may only be 27 years old and currently have a 32 piece art collecTon that you’d like to divide among your siblings in the event of your death. You might even have $8,000 in a 401k that you’d like to leave to your best friend. And of course if you have a ton of friends and family, you would certainly want to make it easy for everyone by staTng what gets divided amongst each of them in your will. The document does not have to be dra\ed by an aZorney, but it does have to be duly witnessed by a non‐beneficiary or notarized, to be considered legally binding. While we all want to enjoy a full life, we must keep in mind that we will not live forever. Time is of the essence, therefore preparing now to leave your legacy is probably one of the most graTfying things you will ever do. ‐ *Insurance Types Source: LifeInsuranceHub.net | Last Wills & Testament Source: eHow.com
theiMPRiNT● theimprintmag.com
║ 37
Say Word?? By Avis Foley
WORD IS BOND…or at least it should be. After sitting down to analyze this insightful idiom, it became evident that one’s word serves as a medium through which we develop and sustain relationships. Derived from the Latin phrase Dictum Meum Pactum meaning “My Word is My Bond”, this expression embodies an important role of trust and professionalism. In 1923 the slogan became the coat of arms motto for the London Stock Exchange since bargains were made with no document exchanges or written pledges. Whether you realize it or not, part of establishing your brand rests upon your ability to keep your word. Let’s be frank: It speaks volumes about your character, morals, and integrity. These tools are vital to your brand survival and when damaged, can disempower you. Your words serve as a contract and the foundation to lasting relationships (personal/professional) and favorable opportunities. Let me go deeper. Think about how you feel when you disappoint yourself. Is it easier to overlook the significance of your word then? Just as keeping our promises to ourselves will enable us to transform and grow, it will influence others to do the same. Check out the tips below on how to effectively keep your word.
WHEN KEEPING YOUR WORD POSES A CHALLENGE . . . BE CAUTIOUS TO COMMIT: Know that it’s okay to say no. The truth is that someTmes you will find yourself unwilling or unable to commit. Backing out on your word may bring unwanted strife. Get behind your decision to keep your word or walk the other way. BE PREPARED: If you do make a commitment, deliver on your word exceedingly. Plan ahead to avoid any mishaps that may interfere with you carrying out any promises. ELIMINATE EXCUSES & LIES: Don’t jusTfy breaking your word because circumstances change. Covering up why you couldn’t deliver with fabricated stories will create a downward spiral of unfortunate outcomes and will eventually put a strain on your relaTonships. Honesty remains the best policy. UTILIZE MANAGEMENT TOOLS: Admit it, the world moves at a face pace and someTmes it’s challenging to remember when specific commitments are made. Keep track of what you intend to do by wriTng your obligaTons down (think Post It Notes) and /or syncing them to electronic calendars. BE ACCOUNTABLE: SomeTmes life will bring challenges that will force us to have to break commitments. If this is the case, inform the person immediately and apologize. True leaders understand the importance of being trustworthy and reliable.
ONE’S CREDIBILITY IS ESTABLISHED THROUGH ACTIONS AND WORDS. THE EFFORT OF MAKING GOOD ON WHAT YOU INTEND TO DO IS PRICELESS. KEEPING YOUR WORD SHOULD BE A MOTTO YOU CHOOSE TO LIVE BY. BESIDES, THERE MAY COME A TIME WHEN YOUR WORD IS THE ONLY THING OF VALUE THAT YOU’LL POSSESS. WORD UP!
38 ║
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Social Media For Customer Service Summit New Yorker Hotel New York, NY October 23rd - 24th
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ASGA Student Government Training Conference Mt. Saint Maryʼs College/Chalon Los Angeles, California November 17th
• Pricing: Super Early Bird $149 (Members) $249 (Non-Members) • Overview: Network with fellow college and university SG leaders and advisors. You'll strategize with peers, interact with respected speakers, and learn how to maximize the productivity of your organization. • Highlights: How to improve voter turnout in your SG elections and how to make your meetings more effective. • asgaonline.org
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Books, Movies & Mu sic
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Cafe La Boheme | cafelaboheme.us Located in West Hollywood, this 20 year old cafe is adorned with fireplaces and chandeliers to create the perfect backdrop for anniversary parties, birthday dinners and holiday galas. The menu boasts an impressive selection to include braised short ribs with red wine sauce, grilled berkshire pork chops and vanilla bean creme brulee. Prices range from $4 to $26.
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Enhancing Your Knowledge. Refining Your Lifestyle.
EDITORIAL N. Renee Webb Executive Editor Avis Foley Associate Editor Jay Young Director, Photography & Video Britt Hutchinson ● Photojournalist Channessa Roundtree ● Assistant Photographer Bobby Quinn ● Assistant Photographer Nahdej Williams ● Assistant Photographer Cydney Nunn ● Staff Writer Jack McCallion ● Staff Writer London Whitson ● Staff Writer Sherrell Dorsey ● Contributing Writer Paula McCollum ● Contributing Writer Sylvia “Secret” Mikell ● Contributing Writer Karissa J. Parker ● Creative Assistant LaDetra Robinson ● Creative Assistant Gabrielle Thomas ● Administrative Assistant
BRAND MARKETING Rachel McDonald ● Promotions Assistant
OPERATIONS & DISTRIBUTION Eric Webb ● Manager
CONTACT Office ● 1.877.574.3844 Career Opportunities ● [email protected] Letters To The Editor ● [email protected] Advertise ● [email protected] by Jay Young Gallery. during Brandi D.’sby Single Release Party & Itʼs My Hair! Magazine Launch at*Photo Jennifer Schwartz Photos Nahdej Williams. Birthday Bash @ Vanquish Lounge.
The HIGH UP.com A blog by Aspire Online Media
STYLE.
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// Features biz SAVVY
EXCLUSIVE! Young & Relentless: 4 Professionals Who Are Making It Happen Cool Businesses To Invest 5 Powerful Ways To Advertise Your Website Standing The Heat Of The Entrepreneurial Fire
career HUB
10 New Resume Rules The Planning Game Work/Life Balance For College Students & Career Professionals Is Your Image Holding You Back?
tech DECK
Talking Technology Quiz: Are You A Tech Junkie? Avoiding A Tech Fall
fashion BRIEF
Haute Looks To Flaunt For Fall
health WISE
The Great Progression: Keeping Your Mind Right In Challenging Times
money MOVES
What Does A Luxury Vehicle Really Cost?
legal FACTOR The Gift Of Life: Legacy Planning
LOOK!
Win a Swag Bag featuring some of your favorite brands! See page 42!
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Bag & Swag It Books, Movies & Music Cuisine Quest
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TWEET TALK We want to know your favorite article in the issue! Tweet us @TheImprintMag.
UP NEXT! October 2012
Refining Young Lifestyles
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College, Community & Political Issue! Visit us online at Aspire Online Media.com for what’s haute in fashion, business and entertainment (and everything in between)! Oh, and don’t forget to keep it plugged each week to win cool stuff during Modish Mondays!
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FROM RAGS TO RICHES ═ ═ POSITIONING YOURSELF FOR GREATNESS
One of the most standout things for me was selecting and interviewing the Young & Relentless. Now, I had to search high and low for the most aspiring of young professionals out here. While on my quest, I couldn’t help but to be reminded of my own story. You’ve heard the rags to riches tales about people starting out in the mailroom and then eventually running the company, right? Well, that was me except I wasn’t vying for the President’s leather, high back executive seat. I just wanted to progress. So, I started out all gong ho after accepting a position as a mailroom clerk at a Fortune 500 banking institution. My co-workers would often tease me about “dressing up” everyday only to be decorated in dust and paper particles before lunchtime. (NOTE: If anyone ever tells you that they have worked in a mailroom, please trust that they are dedicated, determined and dependable.) Throughout the suffering of paper cuts, piles of bank statements and 30 lb courier bags, I still showed up everyday dressed in Ann Taylor with my head held high knowing that someday I would have my own office, and in it, I would spend hours designing marketing materials and campaigns for the bank. Well, guess what?? It took me less than two years to work my way into that dream position. Not to mention that I was actually laid off from the bank for 6 months during this time period. I bet you’re wondering the secret to my success. Well, each day while I was preparing for work, I would stare at my reflection in the bathroom mirror and say boldly “I AM SUCCESSFUL”. I even said it whenever the workload would start to stress me out. I literally conditioned myself to believe that the mailroom was my office and that I was already in my desired position. I went to work everyday with a positive attitude and motivated everyone around me. To top it all off, I mustered up the guts to request a hefty pay increase and it was actually honored (to my surprise) due to my proven talent and tenacious spirit.
As an entrepreneur, it is never easy to step out on what I like to call “crazy faith” to pursue your dreams. There’s so much sacrifice that goes into manifesting a vision. This issue is dedicated to all the college students, entrepreneurs and career professionals out there who eat, sleep and bleed success. I have never considered myself average. Instead, I have chosen to believe that if I can think it, it will manifest through my actions and then I can encourage others to be great. As I close this out, I would like to share something very important with you. I was recently moved to tears by one of the Executives of Bronner Brothers, Inc. during a press conference in Atlanta. Nathaniel Bronner, Jr. said so many things that were encouraging to myself. He explained the importance of maintaining a good spirit through good times and tough times as well as taking care of our health and households. As an entrepreneur, it is never easy to step out on what I like to call “crazy faith” to pursue your dreams. There’s so much sacrifice that goes into manifesting a vision. It is something deep down that makes me feel that through all the adversity, speed bumps and road blocks, everything that I am doing is worth it. The younger generations of Bronner Brothers have continued a legacy by carrying out their father’s and uncle’s dream birthed 65 years ago at an Atlanta YMCA. To date, the extravagant hair show is known worldwide while the company continues to produce everything from a print publication to hair products to movies. Amazing! I hope you enjoy the features in the issue and continue to be inspired by awesome people who are proving everyday that somewhere, after the storm and over the rainbow, dreams really do come true! -
FROM THE EDITOR
The production of this issue was super fun from the creative pow wows with my editorial team to researching featured topics to the uplifting interviews. So why the combination of business, career and technology? Well, to me it is obvious that they go hand in hand - you can’t have one without all three - typically. I’m not quite sure how I could successfully run my company without my computer and phone. Hmmmm...I guess that’s where my creativity would have to kick in overdrive. :-)
N.Renee Webb
s
&
The Imprint Magazine is honored to introduce you to 4 of America’s most driven young professionals in various industries. They don’t fear failure, obstacles or rejection. They consistently press forward to manifest their dreams. Their accomplishments will undoubtedly encourage and inspire you to step outside of your comfort zone to become the person you were always meant to be. By N. Renee
Chris Cooper -Author & Motivational Speaker
His Occupa*on: Chris is Founder of Execute Your Passion, a full service coaching, training and speaking firm, and The Cooper InternaTonal Group, a telecom and energy business. His Alma Maters: Morehouse College, The Georgia InsTtute of Technology and New York University His Hobbies: “I enjoy spending Tme with my family, traveling, personal development, reading and surrounding myself with good people. I’ve recently goZen into this daredevil spirit. I’ve walked on fire, run with the bulls in Spain and now I want to go skydiving!” How He Stays Mo*vated: “I pray o\en. My relaTonship with God is paramount. I also rely on my awesome coaches and mentors who push and inspire me.” His New Book Get Sh*t Done!: “I prayed about what it is that I do best. I’ve been blessed in many areas but I realized that when something needed to get done, people could always call on me. Releasing the book with such a provocaTve Ttle took guts. Through my research on human behavior, I’ve learned that the Western culture is filled with professional quiZers. We come up with a ton of excuses and never follow through. I don’t quit. I won’t stop no maZer what the circumstance. So with the book, I wanted something impac`ul. I wanted to create the “WOW” factor to drive people to acTon.” What He Feels It Takes To Be An Entrepreneur: “You must possess vision and be tenacious. You have to understand that entrepreneurship is the hardest thing you will ever do. You have to have the guts, the grit, the grind and the hustle. And excellent communicaTon and interpersonal skills are extremely important.” His Role Models: “I admire President Barack Obama because of his leadership and charisma and my great Aunt Mary. She went back to college when she was 60 and finished with a 3.9 GPA!” Something He Can’t Leave Home Without: “My iPad and iPhone. They stay aZached to me.” What Makes Him Relentless: “My desire to change the world and wanTng my sons (ages 2 and 6) to not have to look past the front door for a role model makes me relentless.” His Advice To Young Adults: “There are three things that are important to me: learning, growing and being challenged consistently. If you experience these in your career, spirituality, relaTonships and business, you will grow as an individual and create incremental and exponenTal change across the world. I’ve learned that progress is the only thing that equals happiness.” ‐ @CJCoop
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Anoop Desai -Entertainer
His Occupa*on: Anoop is currently an independent musical arTst whose claim to fame was Season 8 of American Idol. His Alma Mater: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill His Pursuit of Music As An Independent Ar*st: “I am able to have ownership of everything I do. From the creaTve to the financial aspects I am responsible for everything. It’s all a learning experience while coming away each day as a beZer writer and musician. I also get first‐hand knowledge of the business side of things along with what goes into wriTng and producing. I’m glad to be a part of the whole process...I’m really enjoying my success.” How He Stays Mo*vated: “The entertainment industry isn’t instantly graTfying, so I have to be extremely diligent about maintaining a posiTve state of mind.” His Current Single OooWee!: “I wrote the song close to two years ago. It’s actually featured on my last record. It’s a fun, pop dance song.” His New Album With DJ ADHD: “I’ve been working with him for about a year now. The sound we have together is electronic and really fun. It’s all about being young forever. The sound is different from what I’ve done in the past. I’m really excited about it and can’t wait unTl people hear it!” His Upcoming College Tour With PHIVE: “We’ll be hihng the college campuses in September and performing a lot of new stuff. It’s high energy so look out!” What Makes Him Relentless: “My work ethic. I treat everything that I’m doing like it’s class work or a job even though it’s creaTve. I pay aZenTon to detail and paZern myself behind the people who’ve come before me.” ‐ FOLLOW ANOOP! @AnoopDoggDesai www.anoopdesai.com
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Amy Cooper aka “Lady C”
-Couture Designer
Her Occupa*on: Amy is Founder and CreaTve Director of a chic and affordable custom handbag line called Ms Lady Couture. Not only does she design these fabulous staples for the most fashionable of women, but she’s recently ventured into men’s custom bags and MAN, are they haute! Amy’s company is only a year young and she’s already managed to snag over 21,000 followers on TwiZer. WOW. The die‐hard entrepreneur holds five degrees to her name to include fashion, paralegal, business, poliTcal science and IT project management. Why so many? Because she prefers to be in the know. All this knowledge has garnered her the ability to start and run a successful business while being a wife and mother of two. This young woman is awesome...to say the least. She’s pictured here with her Lady Jessica Bag priced at $160. Photo by Max Eremine
Her Faves: “Well, I must admit that I have a handbag and shoe feTsh. I love dancing, pizza, playing with my kids and spending Tme with my friends. Aside from that, I’m a workaholic!” Her Pet Peeves: “I don’t like when people don’t follow through. They would rather spend all this Tme talking about what they’re going to do and they never actually do it.” When She Decided To Go Into Business For Herself: “It was literally a year ago. There was this ValenTno bag that I really wanted and I have kids so I didn’t feel right spending that kind of money on a bag. I have a huge shoe and handbag collecTon and I was sick of spending so much money on them because it was never quite what I wanted. So one day I started drawing out some designs and called on a few of my contacts in the industry. I secured a distributor and manufacturer and then decided to just do it! I didn’t sleep for two weeks but I made it happen.” A Highlight of Her Career: “The moment that a celebrity reached out to me expressing how much they liked my product. That person was Mya (the singer) via TwiZer. It was like the most random thing. Hours later I was in the hotel room with her and her stylist. It was confirmaTon that I was really meant to be a designer. Mya is someone who I’ve admired since she first started. I read an arTcle about her designing her own clothes and I thought it was so amazing ‐ and then to think she’s now wearing my designs. It’s so cool! What Makes Her Relentless: “I think it’s in my DNA. I am programmed to be determined and ambiTous. My parents pushed me when I was younger. I had to do 30 hours a week of dance and go to school while maintaining good grades. I was in compeTTons and always in extracurricular acTviTes. My parents encouraged me to succeed at whatever I set my mind to. Something She Can’t Leave Home Without: “My iPad, iPhone and lipgloss! I’m a tech freak so when I’m in between meeTngs I’m always walking and TweeTng or Facebooking. It’s crazy!” Her Advice To Young Adults: “Work hard and don’t turn down good opportuniTes. Go to school and conTnue your educaTon unTl you figure out what it is that you really want to do. I’m an example of this. If you desire to have your own business, make sure you have the security of a job and a back up plan. Follow your passion. You hear it so many Tmes, but if you’re doing something you’re extremely passionate about, no maZer how much money you make, you’re going to be happy.” ‐ @MsLadyCouture
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Chris Golden
-Social Media Strategist & Visionary
His Occupa*on: Chris is currently an associate at Trippi and Associates, a full‐service media firm based in Washington D.C. He manages non‐profit, corporate and poliTcal clients, developing creaTve messages and expanding communicaTon strategies into new media in order to effecTvely communicate with supporters and customers. He is also ExecuTve Director and Co‐Founder of myImpact.org, a TwiZer‐based applicaTon for engaged ciTzens to track their civic acTviTes online. myImpact.org was built on the premise of a “Millennial Model of Engagement,” emphasizing the contribuTons of individuals over Tme and pioneering an approach that is simple, scalable and social.
His Alma Mater: American University His Hobbies: “I am a poliTcal and news junkie though I don't read enough non ficTon and rarely read any ficTon. I also love traveling. I love learning new things ‐ especially when it answers the quesTon "how does this work?". His Role Models: “People who have given a voice to those who’ve needed it and whom understood that every person has the capacity to give back and help others. Former Pennsylvania Senator Harris Wofford, a former advisor to MarTn Luther King Jr., is an excellent example.” Something He Can’t Leave Home Without: “My iPad ‐ it’s definitely a game changer!” What Makes Him Relentless: “The Tmes we live in are so exciTng, but also very serious. The moment that I become complacent, or think that I’ve figured it out, somebody else is doing it beZer or gehng ahead. Not that everything has to be a compeTTon, but when we're talking about solving the most pressing problems our country and our generaTon face, there's really no Tme to lose. This is the challenge but also the promise of our Tme. I am eager to see how our world will evolve.” His Advice To Young Adults: “When somebody tells you “no” or “you can't”, don't consider it to be the end, but rather the beginning of the next step. Don't dwell on mistakes. We all make them, but where people usually make the worst mistakes is when they dwell on something that doesn't work out. It's just not worth it. If it can be fixed, fix it. If it can't, find out what else you can do. But don't stop. Don't commiserate. There's just not enough Tme.” ‐ @ChrisGolden
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Have you been thinking about starting a business but don’t want to tackle it solo? Well
COOL
Businesses To Invest By Brent Gordon
you just might want to consider a joint venture. Joint ventures are defined as “business agreements in which parties agree to develop, for a finite time, a new entity and new assets by contributing equity. They exercise control over the enterprise and consequently share revenues, expenses and assets.” One of the major factors in considering a joint venture is ensuring that all parties involved are trustworthy and willing to put in 200% whether it’s marketing and sales expertise or management. To get things going, look into new and successful franchise opportunities. If you’d rather try running a business on your own, consider common services like personal assistance, event planning and social media marketing. You’d be surprised who’s looking to contract someone with your savvy!
5
To Advertise your Website By Charlotte Howard
1 Directory Linking
GiGisCupcakesUSA.com
Create a directory of web sites on a specific topic. Give people the option of adding the directory to their web site by linking to it. Put your business advertisement at the top of the director’s home page. This technique will get lots of people to link to your web site and give you free advertising.
HealthyYouVending.com
2 Bonus Advertising
UniquelyCoordinated.com
Do you have a product or service that doesn’t sell good? Offer it as a free bonus for someone else’s product or service. Get free advertising by placing your web site or business ad on the product or in the product package.
3 Auto-Responder Trade
Trade auto-responder ads with other businesses. If both of you send out information with autoresponders just exchange a small classified ad to put at the bottom or top of each other’s auto-responder message.
KumonFranchise.com
4
Tip Line
Start a free tip line. Offer a free daily, weekly, or monthly tip recorded on your voice mail. The tips should be related to your business. Include your ad for your web site or business at the beginning or end of your message.
5 Content Swap
Exchange content with other web sites and e-zines. You could trade articles, top ten lists, etc. Both parties could include a resource box at the end of the content.
*Find more business *ps by CharloSe at WorkHomeWithMe.com.
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STANDING THE HEAT OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRE By Sherrell Dorsey If you want a complicated life, become an entrepreneur. There’s no dream more complex and unpredictable as choosing your own path and seeing your plan through. Not everyone is up for the challenge, so once you begin this journey, you're already ahead of the rest. I made my journey from the plows of the tradiTonal 9 to 5 when my fashion markeTng job turned awry and my spirit could no longer be enamored with meeTngs, complaining bosses and a culture that suppressed creaTvity and rewarded complacency. Suffice it to say, I was forced into designing the career that I wanted while forsaking the tried‐and‐true path of employment, medical benefits and that over‐rated “job security”. In a tough economy, it was a gamble to strike out on my own. There were nights I didn’t sleep as the pile of bills became too many to count. Clients became a nuisance who wanted the best but paid as though they wanted the bargain basement service. My family wasn’t sure where I was headed and o\en no help in providing moTvaTon for those days of depression when seeing the light in my path was near impossible. As an entrepreneur, you'll face your fair share of challenges and stresses. Deny defeat and shuffle along this arduous but worthwhile journey with the following ways to deal with the inevitable obstacles you will encounter:
1. Don’t Partner Without A Plan. You’re ready to get going. You have a million dollar idea in the works and you have a close friend/family
member/ significant other that wants to help you bring your dream to fruiTon. Pause immediately. Many entrepreneurs can face false starts especially when there has been no strategic planning around choosing the right partner. I made the mistake years ago of going into business with a partner that not only didn’t know how to execute, but also devalued my contribuTon to the business. We spent more Tme fighTng and arguing than making smart business decisions. Avoid the avalanche before it begins to rumble by creaTng a plan for your partnership. Make sure that you and your partner (or partners) are on the same path, bring something unique to the table and have a mutual vision for where you want to take your business. Without a plan, you could potenTally be sehng up your business for failure.
2. No Cash Flow? It May Be Time To Change Your Lifestyle. Not everyone has thousands of dollars to invest in their dream. SomeTmes
all we have as entrepreneurs is a whole lot of ambiTon and a dream. Author Chris Guillebeau travels the world showing people how to reinvent the way they make a living with just $100 in startup money and a goal to live on their own terms while doing what they love. The point is, be ready to make sacrifices for your dream. You may not be able to live a lavish lifestyle, nor enjoy the pleasures of good wine and fancy steaks each night, but these are small sacrifices for pursuing your passions. OperaTng on no cash can be a blessing, pulling out of you what you didn’t realize was there. This is called being “hungry”. When you’re hungry to make your business profitable, you find the money, learn how to negoTate and use your skills and talents to get what you want. I was hungry but I was also stupid. I financed my enTre first business on a credit card (bad move) without thinking about what I would do if my plans didn’t pan out. The lesson here is to start your journey with a plan about how you will survive, provide for yourself and sustain the needs for your business. Will debt be an opTon? Will you borrow? Will you save and then launch? These criTcal quesTons are essenTal for avoiding some of the same mistakes I made and conTnue to pay for.
3. Redefine Failure And Move On. When my first business could no longer sustain itself in a lagging economy where businesses were
slashing their outside spending budgets, I had to re‐think my business strategy in order to survive. My business was no longer selling what people wanted to buy. It was Tme to let it go and move on to something else, discover my new passions and use what I learned to build a pla`orm to a new enTty. It was unseZling. It was uncomfortable. It was great. Many of us want to hold on to our businesses Tghtly, not seeing that they are sinking in their own mess. A\er all, they are our babies. We’ve worked hard to raise them, watch them grow and prayed that they would become successful. But to let go or re‐think your strategy does not mean that you are failing. Don’t waste your Tme when your business shows signs of failing. It’s going to be ok. In fact, knowing that you are failing is probably the best news you ever want to hear. Failing means that you have to develop a new plan. Failure makes you step back and learn from your mistakes. Failure makes you go back to��the creaTve space and re‐energize your spirit. Failure allows you to start from scratch a\er you’ve been knocked down. Every entrepreneur must embrace failure to reach their true potenTal as a visionary, business person and leader. ‐
Sherrell Dorsey, a native of Seattle, Washington, is Founder of Organic Beauty Vixen Media. Visit her websites at sherrelldorsey.com and organicbeautyvixen.com.
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10 New Resume Rules JOB SEARCH STRATEGIES CHANGE OVER TIME. WHAT WAS AN ACCEPTABLE RESUME IN THE 90′S IS NO LONGER CONSIDERED VIABLE TODAY. SO … WHAT EXACTLY ARE THESE CHANGES AND WHAT SHOULD YOU ADJUST ON YOUR RESUME TO MAKE YOUR 2012 JOB SEARCH MORE PRODUCTIVE? HERE ARE SOME CHANGES YOU SHOULD CONSIDER: 1. Put your contact informa*on at the top of the resume. If you are looking for a new opportunity, you want hiring managers to be able to reach you. How they reach you is your choice, but you also want to make it easy for them to reach you. Voice mail should be listed as precisely that, and cell numbers should also be likewise idenTfied. If you can take calls at work, make sure you idenTfy that it is your work number, just in case someone else should pick up your line. 2. Social media addresses should be noted. If you want to be contacted through social media or if you are highlighTng your social media skills, list your social media addresses on the top of your resume. However, if you are listed on LinkedIn, for example, and do not check your LinkedIn mailbox daily, do not list it. In fact, if you do not check your listed sites daily, you should opt out of being contacted through those sites. Answering someone’s on‐site inquiry weeks later only shows your disinterest in the job and in social media in general. 3. Objec*ves are passe. The objecTve of a resume is to find a new posiTon, so there is no need to state that you are looking for an opportunity in a parTcular field. This field is now considered a waste of space. 4. Objec*ves are out, selling is in. Instead of an “ObjecTve,” use this space to “sell” yourself. This is your wriZen elevator speech, i.e, what you can offer the hiring company. 5. Keywords win. Search engine opTmizaTon rules the job search world. Long descripTons lose and keywords win. Keywords will pull your resume out of the pile and into the hands of the hiring
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CAREER HUB
manager. Make sure to use the same keywords you see in the parTcular job posTng you’re responding to. 6. Show your job progression. If you have had a few posiTons at one employer, show them. Don’t lump them all together. Job progression shows that you were able to provide many skills and adapt to new situaTons ‐‐ a big selling point for a new employer. 7. Online profiles and resumes. Employers do go online to check out potenTal candidates. Make sure the same informaTon on your resume is also online. We live in a Tme when it’s very easy to check out candidate backgrounds, so don’t have two different ones out there. 8. Your resume is not a job descrip*on. No longer do resumes list your job duTes. Resumes explain what you do/did. A good resume shows a potenTal employer the value you bring to the table. That value is not how many newsleZers you write, for example. 9. Awards are not equal. If you won a Pulitzer, tell the world upfront. If you won in‐house and/or associate awards, list them on an addendum page. Awards are important, but they are not all equal in an employer’s mind. Don’t cluZer your resume with them, unless you know they will be meaningful to a parTcular reader. 10. References provided on request. If a potenTal employer wants references, they will ask for them. If you don’t provide them, you won’t be considered for the posiTon. There is no need to put this statement on your resume. New styles and new preferences make the marketplace interesTng. They also provide a reason to review your resume with a criTcal 2012 eye! ‐ Source: CommPro.Biz
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THE PLANNING GAME: What’s Your Position? By Jay Young
W
e push ourselves day in and day out to reach our goals. A degree, another degree, a career, a promotion and a relationship are just the short list we typically work through. At some point, whether intentional or not, family creeps (or leaps) into the picture. We’re not talking parents and siblings… oh no! We’re talking children and spouses. With all that goes on in the early career of a young professional, family is often in the far reaches of the mind. The Imprint Magazine has determined that there are four types of young professionals among us. Take a look at the list to see where you fall. Whether children are involved or not, family development is the most serious project you’ll ever take on – EVER. Mix in your career and you’re on the eternal quest for Life/Work Balance. In the end, you can be guaranteed one constant – IF YOU FAIL TO PLAN, YOU PLAN TO FAIL!
THE LONE RANGER // This is the young, single male/female that plans, evaluates, modifies and plans (again) EVERY aspect of their personal life. Great consideration is given to: • who the partner will be • how much they should have saved before planning for kids • when the kid(s) will be born • how many kids they’ll have • what schools the kid(s) will attend • what university the kid(s) will attend Sometimes too much “consideration” leaves the Lone Ranger partnerless. But, on the brighter side, they have a ton of money saved up!
THE DYNAMIC DUO // This is the young couple that is equally successful in their career and has started a family, only to find they have to constantly remain flexible. They generally plan ahead, but have to give special consideration to: • where they should live in the best interest of both career and family • travel for both work and leisure • childcare options for two working parents • healthcare options for family (i.e. ER, braces, etc.) • make last minute plans for when the spouse is sick, working late, etc.
THE DUO // This is the young couple that plans for children and performs continuous research related to the topic. They sometimes delay conception by trying to plan the “perfect” child: Great consideration is given to: • where they should live • private school or public school • where in the career should they have the kid(s) • who’s career MAY take the “back seat” to raise the kid(s) The Duo enjoys their private time and spontaneous vacations so much to the point that having a baby sort of fades into the background. One day, their biological clock alarm goes off and suddenly they jump into panic mode…
THE GAMBLER // This is the single male/female or couple that doesn’t plan for much of anything. He/She/ has unprotected sex, which may result in unplanned pregnancies. He/She doesn’t consider long-term relationships in their partners. He/She “lives for the moment”, “lives life to the fullest” and by a dozen more clichés. The Gamblers typically find themselves behind the eight ball instead of moving forward in life due to a severe lack of planning and preparation. Maybe they just need a new set of friends…or a reality check.
The Dynamic Duo can seem a little high strung at times - they are always on 3000 watts of energy with two kids and Benji (the dog) in tow…
DID YOU KNOW? Family planning is a serious matter. How serious? There is a Federal Administration for Children & Families whose sole purpose is to provide research and programs for the promotion of the economic social well being of families, individuals and communities. This includes an entire initiative to promote healthy marriages. In fact, The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 provides funding of $150 million each year for healthy marriage promotion and fatherhood. For more information, go to www.acf.hhs.gov. -
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Work/Life Balance & The College Student By Cydney Nunn ■ ■ potenTally their whole lives. This can be a very daunTng and overwhelming undertaking. So stress is everywhere in college and even a\er graduaTon. But fortunately, there are things that can be done to alleviate some of the overwhelming feelings many college students have.
S
urprisingly enough, for college students, stress cannot always be pinpointed to one thing. There are so many factors that influence college students that it is very easy to get overwhelmed. As I enter my senior year of college, I feel like I have seen, heard, and experienced it all. From academics, to social life, to finances, and not to menTon unexpected mishaps ‐ stress is always looming overhead. It is important to know how to deal so you can be successful in college, and later a\er graduaTon. The first thing I learned when I got to college was that things were drasTcally different from high school. There wasn’t a daily reminder of due dates for projects and papers, no abundance of assignments to help you out where you fell short—I was on my own; I had to handle my own business because no one was going to do it for me. That adjustment alone is enough to stress you out, not to menTon all the other things that come with college life. I’ve personally always been a social person, so the thought of leaving all my friends and family back home and making new friends at school didn’t seem too frightening. But when you actually get out on
“Don’t be too hard on yourself. Sometimes you can be your own worst enemy.” your own, it’s a hard realizaTon that your new friends barely know you, so you have to look out for yourself. Then factor in all the things that come with living independently from your family, and living with a stranger in a dorm, it’s easy to get overwhelmed. I’d say one of the biggest stresses in college is finances and poor money management. This was probably one of the greatest stress factors in my early years of college because I was very unaware of what I needed to do in order to make my money last. I also had a very skewed idea of what kinds of things I’d need to buy. AddiTonally, I had to fund my social life, which was far more expensive than I had ever anTcipated. People experience similar stresses when beginning a new job, or looking for a job a\er graduaTon. Just the idea of figuring out what to do a\er you graduate can be enough to make you exhausted. Students turned professionals have to make that transiTon from the freedom and structure free schedules of college to the 9‐5 mindset. SomeTmes gehng on a real schedule is hard to adjust to. Young entrepreneurs struggle in the beginning of their careers have the hard task of trying to create something that will have longevity for
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CAREER HUB
Many people talk about the importance of Tme management to help relieve stress levels. This is absolutely key. ProcrasTnaTon is a killer when it comes to feeling overwhelmed, but when you really take the Tme to put yourself on a schedule and get things completed in a Tmely manner, everything else around you goes so much more smoothly. Don’t bog yourself down with too many ac*vi*es and commitments. Life is like a teacup. There’s only so much “stuff” that will fit into it. If you fill your cup with the wrong things and the wrong people, you won’t have Tme for the right things and the right people. The wrong things and people bring unnecessary stress. Choose wisely as to who and what deserves your Tme and aZenTon. Give yourself a budget. Calculate what money you’re going to receive bi‐ weekly or monthly. Decide what things are most important for you to spend your money on. (I know, it’s a hard decision between groceries and concert Tckets, but learn your prioriTes.) Once you make a budget, sTck to it! It’s important to make a commitment to yourself and keep it! Keep your health in mind. Stress can really affect you in ways more than how you feel emoTonally but also physically. EaTng habits in college can be more than strange because of late night snacking and buffet style dinners but gehng some physical acTvity can really help relieve extra stress. Many people say while exercising they actually feel beZer because of the increased blood flow and endorphins released to the brain. Don't be too hard on yourself. SomeTmes you can be your own worst enemy. Even when things may be going awry, acknowledge the small victories and the large ones will surely follow. Live in the moment, not dwelling on the mistakes of the past. You can only learn from your acTons and move forward, otherwise you will drive yourself crazy thinking of every "shoulda, coulda, woulda". Give yourself *me to rest! You need sleep! You will never be able to perform at your best if you exhausted. Separate your work space from your sleeping / relaxing space. When the two are combined something is sure to be slighted. Naps are cool, but giving yourself real sleep at night is important for your body to recharge. (Yes, this is next to impossible around exam Tme, but your efforts won't be in vain!) Most importantly, enjoy each and every day! Laughter is the best medicine and personally, I don't let a day go by that I don't at least crack a smile. Have fun with your friends, in your classes, and your organizaTons. Don't take things too seriously, because even when today seems absolutely hopeless, tomorrow gives you a fresh start. ‐
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The Career Professional By Paula McCollum ■ ■
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oday’s fast paced world is driven by technology that is available at our fingertips. So how challenging is it for career professionals to maintain a work/ life balance? It’s very challenging, but not hopeless. Expectations are very high for career professionals in the workplace with staff reduction trends being at an all time high. Although career professionals tend to pack their day with a variety of activities, there are ways to de-stress and retain harmony in your life.
• Set realistic goals and clear parameters at work and at home. • Perform at your maximum level at work, but switch gears once you are off the clock. • Improve your time management skills, delegate some tasks to others when appropriate and prioritize your day without over obligating yourself. • Give attention to what really matters. Let your employer know that your personal days and vacations are off-limits for work. Time is our greatest asset and once time has expired you cannot get it back. It’s very important to avoid fatigue, burnout or lost time. • Make an effort to find employers, who encourage job sharing, telecommuting or flexibility with your work hours. Many employers are reducing the cost of operations and office rental costs by encouraging employees to work from home more frequently. Inquire about worker expectations and benefits to find the job that’s right for you. And don’t forget to schedule free time for yourself each day. You’ll be happier and healthier! -
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Is Your Image Holding You Back From
Success?
By Sylvia “Secret” Mikell
Believe it or not, your image is a crucial component of whether you are successful in business. While it may seem that some people are naturals at "working the room" or have "the gift of gab", everyone has an equal opportunity to make a great impression in business. Here are four questions to consider when it comes to improving your business image. How do I look? ❮ Whether you like it or not, first impressions are formed within the first 7 seconds of meeTng someone; whether negaTve or posiTve and 57% of that impression is based on how you look. Be authenTc; your style should be fresh and modern, yet age appropriate. You should own your look and be very comfortable in your skin. If you are not, it will be painfully obvious, thus making your prospect or partner uncomfortable as well. Now, while makeup is a great beauty enhancer; it's all about looking great for your age. Too much makeup may give the impression that you are trying to hide something, while wearing too liZle makeup will seem as if you haven't invested much Tme into your looks. It's all about balance. Your apparel should be in alignment with the occasion. It's totally understandable if you want to stand out from the crowd with your own signature style, just be sure that you dress for your shape and body type; remember, size doesn't maZer, shape does. Is it *me for an upgrade? ❮ At Tmes, it is criTcal to the lifeline of your business to upgrade. Growth is imperaTve for successful businesses. Going to the next level isn't always easy, so remember, you can only grow when you are uncomfortable. SomeTmes you just outgrow old habits and when you do, its Tme to expand your mindset. Do some brainstorming with a mastermind group and think outside of the box, and you'll open yourself up to a whole new world. You may need to upgrade your circle of associates to move to the next level. Be sure to do this next step before you branch out, you'll feel a lot more comfortable and confident when you do. Upgrade your image, if you've been wearing the same hairstyle, makeup and clothes for the past five years or more; It's Tme for a makeover. This can be drasTc; however it doesn't have to be. It's just Tme to change up the energy. Last but not least, you may need to shi\ your environment. Are you happy with where you spend the majority of your Tme or do you love the atmosphere you're in? If not, start making some changes and I guarantee you'll get some new results. Am I minding my manners? ❮ ETqueZe will take you a long way in business. I know that showing up should be a given; however you wouldn't believe how many "professionals" and "business owners" fall short in this area from Tme to Tme. Being organized will help you to be on Tme and prepared when you do meet with your client or prospect. If you are not going to make it to a meeTng or if you are running behind schedule, always be courteous and call ahead of Tme to inform the other party; however, habitual behavior will send signs of disrespect for the other person's Tme and may be held against you in the future. How well do I communicate? ❮ Be posiTve and upbeat, no one wants to do business with a Debbie Downer. Leave the sarcasm at home, many prospects are turned off by it and may not consider you a good fit. Always make really good eye contact, smile and be mindful of the unspoken language your body is speaking, a firm (not crushing) handshake is very important regardless of the other parTes posiTon, trust me, this speaks volumes. Listen and probe. You can only be a resource to your prospects if you are aware of their problems; thus you must probe and be interested in providing a soluTon to their challenges. What's your follow up strategy? Always leave the lines of communicaTon open by taking the iniTaTve to follow up with a phone call or an email. Secret is an Eco-Chic Image Strategist who equips women with the branding solutions they need to create a highly marketable and polished personal and professional presence. Unlike other image consultants who solely focus on "sprucing up" the outside, Secret provides a complete step- by- step proprietary system designed to inspire clients to be bold and beautiful from the inside out. Through her signature program, The Elite Lady Journey, Secret focuses on strategic image solutions that empower women in business with the tools and techniques necessary to maximize their visibility to their target audience.
TALKING TECHNOLOGY
Compiled By Avis Foley //
As technology con*nues to evolve quicker than we can say “smart phone”, it’s important to stay abreast on emerging innovaTons and how they impact our lives. Have you been looking for a technology home to keep you up to date on everything newly released and newly improved? Well, don’t make it technical! Here are 5 of our favorite go‐to blogs for all the latest news in technology...
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Website: www.redmondpie.com Founder: Taimur Asad (2008) Features: Highlights the latest technology news with a focus on product/service reviews from Microso\, Apple, Google, Windows, Macs, Xbox, Windows Live, iPhone, Android and more! Specialty: Developing and reviewing mobile based so\ware
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Website: www.gizmodo.com Founder: Gawker Media (2002) Features: Highlights latest consumer electronics and gadgets Specialty: Gadget news and digital culture
Traffic: 20 million page Traffic: 10 million page views per month/ views per month 100,000+ subscribers
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Features: Highlights digital innovaTon and the change it creates around the world.
Features: Highlights leading technology, products, and websites
Specialty: Digital culture, social media, and technology Traffic: 20 million page views per month
Specialty: Profiling startup companies Traffic: 37 million page views per month
5 Website: www.gigaom.com Founder: Om Malik (2006) Features: Highlights emerging technology and the disrupTon of media Specialty: DefiniTve coverage of cloud, mobile, cleantech, consumer web and media
Are You A Tech Junkie?
Take the quiz!
Traffic: 5.5 million page views per month
1. Do you check your Facebook and Twitter feeds before you get out of bed in the mornings? (15 pts) 2. Do you Tweet or post Facebook updates while you’re in a meeting? (20 pts) 3. Do you Tweet or post Facebook updates during your favorite shows? (5 pts) 4. Do you share good news via Facebook and Twitter (i.e. new job, pregnancy, wedding announcement) before you pick up the phone and call your parent or best friend? (15 pts) 5. Whenever a new app comes out, are you one of the first to try it? (5 pts)
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6. Do your family and friends call on you before they purchase a new product? (10 pts) 7. Do you feel like you’re on vacation while browsing your favorite technology store and tend to lose all track of time? (10 pts). 8. When you introduce yourself, do you automatically let the other person know where they can find you on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter? (20 pts) If you scored more than 75 points, you are officially a TECH JUNKIE!! :-)
TECH DECK
My Fall From Tech Grace: Careless Antics
That Nearly Ruined My Entire Life (In 1 Week) ❯ A fictitious depiction by Avis Foley.
To say that I am highly disappointed in myself would be an understatement. As a professional, I can
appreciate the change and convenience that technology and social media have brought to my life. What I don’t appreciate is my lack of ability to control how much and when I uTlize it. It’s something that I’ve been struggling with for some Tme now. Hello readers. My name is Todd Techie and I have been a vicTm of a tech‐fall. What’s a tech‐fall you ask? The Imprint Magazine defines a tech‐fall as the misuse of technology and social media that may result in compromising situa*ons, unpleasant outcomes, and COSTLY END RESULTS. Recovery from a tech‐fall? Indefinite. A\er an adverse week of a series of unfortunate technology related events, I decided that I was in need of a tech‐check and sat down to re‐evaluate the way I use web and mobile based technologies. In order to prevent you from making the same mistakes, I wish to share with you a synopsis of my tech‐fall week (but this must stay between us). Pay close aZenTon...because even if you happen to be a recent vicTm of a tech‐fall, this arTcle will enlighten you on what NOT to do the next Tme!
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
Now I know why I hate Mondays. After waking up 45 minutes late for work, I realized that I was too lazy to put gas in my car on Sunday night & would now have to stop before heading to school. Why me??? I finally arrived to find that I have missed a parent teacher conference and then to make matters worse, my boss gives me the look of death when I make it to my classroom already filled with 18 rowdy kids. While checking my email I came across a hilarious forward that I thought my co-workers would find humorous. Although considered Not Safe For Work, I went against my better judgment and sent it to a few colleagues on my distribution list. As the day went on, I had several of them tell me they found it to be very amusing. As I sat in the mandatory faculty meeting at the end of the day, the principal referred the staff back to the faculty guidelines and pointed out why inappropriate emails are really not safe for work. After the meeting I was summoned to his office and reprimanded accordingly. Only in my world...
I made it through yet another day in the classroom. Today was extremely frustrating as I spent most of it yelling and not teaching. I am glad that I am finally able to get a little time to update my FaceBook page advertising my web and graphics design services. I even posted a video of some of my clients and their testimonials. It’s only been up for a month and I’m pretty glad to say that my business is growing….or was. A week ago FaceBook Web administration contacted me and stated that the only way to advertise would be to produce a fan page. I ignored it only today to find that as I try to log in, I am shocked to see that my page has been dissolved. Why do I suddenly feel sick? All that work for nothing!!
Hump day has FINALLY arrived and all I could think about was my date with Karla. We hadn’t talked on the phone much but still, I was excited about the possibility of us becoming exclusive (fingers crossed). I rushed home from work to prepare her a tasty italian dinner. I often bragged about my cooking skills and wanted to know her thoughts. As we ate, I had to practically beg her for conversation. I know first dates are awkward but this was ridiculous. To save myself from dying of boredom, I casually picked up my phone and tweeted “First dates suck” #life. And then I continued to Tweet for about 20 more minutes between the lackluster conversation. I thought it was no big deal, but Karla certainly did. She told me that I was immature and maybe the date would have gone smoother if I would’ve stopped tweeting and warmed up to her like normal human beings do on first dates. #And then it was over as quickly as it started. (sigh) #life
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FRIDAY
SATURDAY
This has got to be the worst day ever. For the past few months I have been applying to editorial internships only to be denied over and over again. I decided to take a more pro-active approach and show up at one of the businesses during my lunch hour. When I arrived, the hiring manager had just gone into a meeting so the receptionist took my information. I actually received a call back and of course my good luck allowed me to miss the phone call - but the hiring manager kindly left a message. I returned the call and left a message stating how much I was looking forward to the opportunity and wanted to schedule an interview. After hanging up, I then called my friend, pressed # to bypass the greeting and began ranting on his voicemail about how I got a call back though I really wasn’t too thrilled about the position. Two hours later the hiring manager returned my call. He stated that he was ready to set up an interview time until he heard the second voicemail. OMG! I’m so mad at myself!!! How could I have been so careless? I’m taking off from work tomorrow. I deserve it after the week I’ve had.
Everything is ALL GOOD!!! I successfully called in sick and planned on relaxing all day. And that’s exactly what I did. I felt so good that I updated my Facebook status to “Sick days = Fun, fun, & more fun”. After catching up on my favorite movies, spending hours on the Internet, and taking several power naps, I made plans with the fellas to hang out at our favorite hot spot known to host one of the best bars in town. Good times were definitely in store! During the ride home and after having one too many drinks, my friends decided it would be funny to take pictures of me passed out in the backseat drooling with alcohol in my hand. But before all this took place, I sent a text message to my ex saying how much i missed her and how I often dream of kissing her soft lips again. My mom replied with ten question marks. GREAT. All in all we had an awesome time, though I don’t remember much. Enjoying my 3 day weekend already!
Not only did I wake up with a hangover, but I missed yet another phone call from an intern prospect. It went something like this: Mr. Todd, this is Angela Dixon with Worthy Editorials Social Media Company. After reviewing your resume we’ve determined that you are highly qualified for the position but have decided to decline your application based on questionable pictures posted to one of your social media accounts. Thanks for your interest in our company and good luck on your job search! I was devastated!
SUNDAY For years one of my worst fears has been being acknowledged by the pastor during church service for being late. After driving around for what seemed like months to find a parking space, I finally made my way in and was ushered all the way down to the front row. The preacher and I made eye contact and I quickly lowered my head as I took my seat. I found it ironic that today’s message was “ChoicesThinking Before Doing”. HE WAS TALKING ABOUT ME AND THE CRAZY WEEK I’VE HAD! As the congregation gave a moment of silence in honor of an ailing church member, my phone rang blaring a ringtone of what I’ll just say was TOTALLY inappropriate for this venue. The pastor stared at me as I fumbled to shut it off. Then he went on to say, “He made a choice to not shut his phone off before entering the Lord’s house.” Absolutely mortified, I made my way to the restroom then out the door. Definitely not looking forward to Monday...
Public Service Announcement:
I AM GOING TO CHOKE MY FRIENDS!!!!
A tech‐fall is the misuse of technology and social media that may result in compromising situa*ons, unpleasant outcomes, and COSTLY END RESULTS.
I know, all this seems unreal, doesn’t it? How could one person have such bad luck? It is this very week that has forced me to rouTnely tech‐check myself before fleeing to any form of technology and social media for immediate self‐expression. I suggest you do the same. Just in case you need a reminder, check out these Tps on how to avoid a tech‐fall: • WATCH YOUR WORDS ‐ When uTlizing technology and social media, it’s important to think about what you say before you say it. Your words are a representaTon of who you are and first impressions are lasTng impressions. • SHARE WITH CARE ‐ While everyone loves to upload photos, you have to be mindful that there is someone always out there watching you. Never post photos that have the potenTal to have detrimental effects on your personal and professional life. • LEARN FROM OTHER’S MISTAKES ‐ In recent months, numerous illustraTons of tech‐falls have been placed in the media for the world to see. PoliTcal leaders, athletes, and musical arTsts are just a few who have had to suffer consequences as a result of their careless technology related acts. Avoid these same calamiTes to ensure that you bypass a terrible tech‐fall. ‐
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TECK DECK
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THE LOOKS! This Page: Andrew Nunez (Ruckage Design Co.) Next Page Clockwise: Willow (Jacket - ANAM Clothing Co., Pants - Belasse Women’s Wear Collection) Aneesah Hanan (Belasse) Eli Kharlamini (Suit - ANAM Clothing Co.) Ruta Degutyte (Belasse) Sidney B. (Future Pop Artist Wearing Ruckage Design Co.) Images By Jay Young
HIP APPEAL HAUTE LOOKS TO FLAUNT FOR FALL Though s*ll quite warm outside, the fall and winter seasons are definitely upon us. Most people are just catching up on the plethora of summer trends and now it’s already Tme to switch gears. In this issue, we’re featuring some of the hautest looks from runways across the globe to get you in “fashion mode” for the cooler temperatures ahead. Leather jackets and vests fused with the militant look (like the one featured here) will be seen from red carpet premieres to rock concerts to a\er‐parTes. Other fall must‐haves include hats, furs, patchwork, sheath dresses, mulT colors, whites and dark reds. Check out our mini selecTon to get an idea of what you might want to add to your line‐up this season.
CHIC
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Karmella Daniel As Real As She Gets... Interview By N. Renee
recently had the pleasure of talking with one of music’s rising stars about her new single The World Is Yours featuring B.O.B. and life itself. Karmella Daniel is an outspoken young woman who is true to what she believes while blessing the world with her beauTful voice. Hailing most recently from Washington D.C., the Italian born songstress has resided across the states from Detroit to Nashville. She came to Atlanta to work alongside some of the best talent in the industry. As a child, Karmella dreamed of becoming one of the first women to play professional basketball but never strayed away from her love for music. InteresTngly enough, when I asked her what her favorite things are, she excitedly stated french fries, The Velvet Rope CD by Janet Jackson and the movies Grumpy Old Men and Grumpier Old Men. Too funny! What I didn’t expect to learn is that her favorite colors are inspired by her music. She explained that it’s even kind of weird to her, though currently she’s working on a song where she sees a collage of purple, pink and blue. Karmella’s spirit is equally as colorful as she opens up about what moTvates her, what sets her apart and why young people should never give up on their dreams.
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The Imprint Magazine: What moTvates you? Karmella: I like to keep it spiritual. I feel that work done in the spiritual realm translates to the physical. I try to make sure I meditate and then pray. Every now and then I’ll throw in a fast. I read and listen to things that enlighten me. And then I am about acTon. Gehng up and doing what I need to do to get myself right. The spiritual element ignites the flame to get things going.
Karmella: Most people don’t know that I like to crack my thumbs. Not sure what that’s all about!
TIM: What are some of your pet peeves? Karmella: I can’t tolerate liars and people who are afraid to be themselves and don’t allow others to be themselves. I find this very frustraTng.
TIM: Describe your fashion sense. Karmella: I have a stylist, Olori Swank, who takes care of my look though my sense of fashion is whatever looks good on me. If it’s funky and it makes me feel awesome, then I’m going to rock it.
TIM: What is something that most people don’t know about you?
TIM: Who are your role models?
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ON THE BRINK
TIM: Describe your music style. Karmella: My music is described as rhythmic. It’s a fusion of jazz, pop and R&B. I have a degree in jazz but it’s something about dance music right now. I am crazy about it!
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Karmella: Well, I would have to say Oprah because she is a giver. I would love to be in the posiTon to give so much love, inspiraTon and knowledge to other people. Second would be my mom because she’s always been a very strong person while taking care of me and my younger sister. Third would be my Aunt Evelyn because she has always been a forward thinker in my family. We call her space cadet because she’s extremely smart and is always researching things that the average person wouldn’t care to know. This is how I am as well. I can call on her to discuss quesTons I have about anything. TIM: What would you say sets you apart? Karmella: I think that I am uniquely made. I truly feel that I am a special person as we all are. We each have something about us that makes us our own individual. Through my music I want to express myself. I don’t care about what Beyonce or Rihanna are doing. I love their music and I think they’re hot but they already have their musical element covered. I do what I enjoy. TIM: What inspired your new single The World Is Yours with B.o.B? Karmella: The World Is Yours is more of a reflecTve piece. It was a co‐write for me. Someone else had the idea and I thought it was great. When we think back to our childhoods, we remember our mothers having the ability to see our potenTal before we could. The first person to recognize that is typically your mother. I feel that it’s incredibly relatable. Mothers should encourage their children to
TIM: What social issue concerns you most? Karmella: Obesity. I don’t think we realize how serious this is. We talk about it but I don’t think we really get it. Every other commercial is promoTng some weight loss product but then a commercial is thrown in with the new bacon sundae at Burger King. Seriously? Who would want something faZening like that if you’re really conscious about your health? In college, I used to live in a low income neighborhood and one of the things I noTced was that there was a fried chicken spot and liquor store on every corner. All the grocery stores sold food that was low in quality. I also noTced in this same neighborhood that there was extreme obesity. I really think it’s important that we make a lifestyle change because we are killing ourselves with food. First Lady Michelle Obama’s iniTaTve is very important. I think it’s Tme we all took an acTve role in the issue. TIM: What is something that you can’t leave home without? Karmella: My MacBook! But I really need something smaller so I think I’m going to get an iPad real soon. TIM: What are some of your upcoming projects? Karmella: Right now I’m in the studio recording. I think this is the Tme. I’ve brought in a couple of songwriters and producTon ears and we’re creaTng really good stuff. I’m allowing my music to dictate how the rest of this year and 2013 will look. All I can say is that it’s about to be electric!
“I’m allowing my music to dictate how the rest of this year and 2013 will look. All I can say is that it’s about to be electric!” do great things ‐ hence, the world is yours. President Barack Obama would not be who he is had his mother not moTvated him to become something special. TIM: What was it like working with B.O.B.? Karmella: B.O.B. is a big supporter of fresh talent. He really liked me and what I was doing. I appreciate someone of his stature and arTst pedigree wanTng to support me. TIM: What do you love most about your musical career? Karmella: I get to do what I love every single day. I don’t have to go to a crazy job and deal with crazy people. I can get up, shower, head to the studio and make some bomb music! Also, I get to be around a lot of people all the Tme. I love people and good conversaTon. People are actually willing to listen to what I have to say! Lastly, if I do this right, I get to go anywhere in the whole wide world which has always been a dream of mine. TIM: What challenges have you faced? Karmella: Just gehng into the industry is challenging. I’m sTll what the industry considers “new”. Another challenge is being myself. In the beginning I was told what to do, how I should look and how I should dress. Or that I couldn’t leave the house without wearing acrylic nails. Honestly, I have never been the type of girl to care about that type of stuff. It’s not me. I’ll throw on a liZle make‐up and something fly and I’m out. So I had to figure out the balance of what the industry says I should be versus who I actually am. I feel that no one will buy into my image if I can’t even buy into it. I think everyone goes through that at some point in their life. You just have to be okay with who you are.
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TIM: What advice would you like to leave with our readers? Karmella: Understand that paTence is a virtue. Don’t get caught up in the “you goZa be a millionaire by the Tme you’re 30” hype. Because most o\en, it won’t happen within that Tme frame, though it can. If it happens ‐ great. If it doesn’t ‐ great. Just conTnue to do what you love and understand that your journey and path is uniquely designed for you. Whatever it is that you desire to do, go a\er it. No one else’s journey has to do with the success or failure of your own. If you do fail at something, take it as a learning experience and conTnue to move forward. I pracTce this with my own life. ‐
FOLLOW KARMELLA Karmella Daniel @KarmellaDaniel www.karmelladaniel.com
ON THE BRINK
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: n io s s e r g o r P t The Grea RIGHT UR MIND KEEPING YO ING TIMES G N E L L A H C IN By Avis Foley
I’m sihng at the park reading a book by one of my favorite authors. I’m admiring the beauTful sun peeking through the trees as birds chirp in sort of an o}eat melody. A family is having a picnic nearby while their toddler is squealing from being pushed too high on the swings. I’m thinking to myself, “life is good”. The average person wouldn’t know that I got laid off seven months ago and had to move back in with my parents. While I am acTvely seeking a new job, the media has made me quite aware of the infinite number of unfortunate situaTons that people are finding themselves in from job loss to foreclosures to repossessions and low credit scores. I am not alone. Yes, I can admit that I get down someTmes, but gehng out of the house and away from my rigorous job search has helped to keep me sane.
SO
Most of us know of a family member or friend who is currently weathering the economic storm with nothing more than hope for a brighter tomorrow. With all this being said, it’s not surprising that a staggering 1 in 10 adults in the United States have been diagnosed with depression. According to WebMD, that is an esTmated 15 million people! Surely happiness is always within reach, but someTmes life’s adversiTes creates dilemma’s that are seemingly unmanageable. When not handled with the proper care, these quandaries may lead one to travel down the weary road of isolaTon. Stress, herediTes, hormonal changes, afflicTons, emoTonal hindrances, and even gender can someTmes contribute to depression. It is a disease that requires one to obtain proper treatment to begin the healing process. This life experience is a disTncTve process for each individual and detecTng the signs early will ensure a more producTve life. Are you suffering from depression? Take a look at the symptoms below to see if you (or someone you know) may idenTfy: EXTREME SADNESS // Do you find yourself in a down mood all the time? Does it seem as if nothing will lift your spirits? Is there a feeling of emptiness? DEPLETED AN EXCESSIVE REPOSE // Do your thoughts overwhelm you so much that you can’t sleep? Do you find comfort in going to sleep for lengthy periods of time? ABSTINENCE FROM LEISURE ACTIVITIES // Have you given up on your hobbies? Do you still take the time to do the things you love to do (i.e. sports, sewing, dance, music etc.)? INABILITY TO DECIDE // Do you have difficulty thinking or making decisions? Does it always lead to frustration? NEGATIVE THOUGHTS // Do you have thoughts of harming yourself? Have you devised a plan to do so? RASH BEHAVIOR // Do you currently abuse drugs or alcohol to mask your pain?
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What you must realize is that you possess the ability to counter this distressing disease. HEALTH WISE
》
theiMPRiNT● theimprintmag.com
A\er idenTfying symptoms that may exist, it’s also important to understand the various types of depression. Honing in on what specific type of depression you have will aid in recognizing what steps to take to gain control of your life. Always consult a health professional for proper diagnosis. WebMD lists the following as the most common forms of depression: MAJOR
SEASONAL
A depression that evokes a constant sense of hopelessness and despair.
A type of depression that affects a person during the same season each year.
A mental illness in which intense mood swings occur with remissions and reoccurrences.
A depression that occurs when one’s sadness lasts a long time and symptoms subside only to resurface again.
PSYCHOTIC
SECONDARY
MASKED
A depression that occurs when a severe depressive illness has a co-existing form of psychosis (i.e. hallucinations, delusions).
A depression that occurs in the first few months after childbirth.
A depression that develops after one is diagnosed with a medical condition.
A depression that is hidden behind physical pain for which no organic cause can be found.
While depression can someTmes enervate the sufferer, the good news is that there are ways to gain your resilience back! Some forms of severe depression require medicaTon and others can be cured through therapy and lifestyle changes. What you must realize is that you possess the ability to counter this distressing disease. Try these suggesTons to combat early signs of depression: •
SET GOALS Continuing to aim for what you want in life will allow you to adjust your current focus. This will help boost your selfesteem and give you the confidence to succeed.
•
EAT HEALTHY/EXERCISE Believe it or not certain foods will increase your energy level and exercising will serve as a stress reliever. When the right endorphins are released your mood level will become more balanced.
•
LIVE OUT LOUD Do things that you wouldn’t normally do and learn from the experience! Try picnics in the park, learn how to play an instrument, go skydiving, rock climbing, etc. Experiencing new things in life will transform you from afraid to FEARLESS!
•
ASSOCIATE YOURSELF WITH POSITIVE PEOPLE We all know that negativity can easily result in one’s demise. Surround yourself with positive and motivating people that serve as an influence in your life.
•
CREATE A HOPE KIT Keep a box filled with your favorite inspirational songs, books, and movies. Whenever you are feeling down grab your hope kit and get back to being hopeful!
•
ENCOURAGE YOURSELF AND EXERCISE PATIENCE While preparing for your day, look in the mirror and say “I have purpose.” Each moment you begin to feel defeated, state it yourself. We all have the ability to condition ourselves to think only positive thoughts. Add a little patience to the mix, and soon you will begin to see things unfold for the better.
At the end of the day, TAKE CONTROL! If you think you may be suffering from depression, know that you are not alone. Contact a professional to guarantee the proper diagnosis. The sooner you begin to idenTfy symptoms, the sooner they can be combaZed. You decide which road to take to acquire and maintain your peace of mind. Live life! ‐
Need to talk with someone? Try these support groups to help provide the proper support for your blues.
Postpartum Depression: Support Group: 1-800-PPD-MOMS NDMDA Depression Hotline – Support Group: 1-800-826-3632 Depression and Bipolar-Support Group: 1-800-273-8255 Crisis Help Line-For Any Kind of Crisis: 1-800-233-4357
HEALTH WISE
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The Price You Pay: Dream Car Realities By Jay Young ■ ■
rian Martin purchased a brand new Mercedes Benz S400 once he landed a job as a Senior Pharmacist with Walgreens earlier this year. The adventurous 29 year old loved everything about it - the plush interior, sound system, Bluetooth, satellite controlled navigation system and more. In fact, Brian likes NICE things in general! He drove it everywhere and had already taken two road trips within a month’s time. On his most recent trip back home, a service light came on – indicating a service interval, such as an oil change. No big deal. Or so he thought. What Brian didn't expect was a $1,300 maintenance bill that nearly wiped out his emergency budget. Ouch.
B
Here’s the thing…Brian makes a high five-digit salary, but he also spends cash quicker than the Kardashians. Remember, he likes nice things! When not working, he keeps his debit card on 'swipe' due to his immense urges to dress in the latest fashion trends, flaunt the latest technology and dine at the finest of eateries. We won’t even go in on the ever present student loans. His total expenses, including his pricey high rise loft in the city, utilities, miscellaneous living expenses, peak at over $5,000 a month. Brian purchased his dream car knowing how much his monthly note would be, but failed to research how much it might actually cost him to maintenance a luxury vehicle. You see, Brian's story is like many. You fall in love with the car. Crunch a few numbers. Determine that you can handle the payment. Drive off the lot. And then that's when the real fun starts. Everyone desires to own a luxury automobile and many of us have our “dream car” selected well before we can afford it. We will often work tirelessly to obtain either the capital or position to acquire our dream vehicle; however, once the purchase is made, is that all there is to automobile ownership? Not even close. The Imprint Magazine took a look at the REAL cost of ownership after you’ve purchased that “dream car”. See our chart on the next page.
”While all of the selected fine automobiles are unique in their own way, the one factor that does not change is that each is a depreciating asset...” 34 ║
MONEY MOVES
MSRP $88,200 Depreciation Taxes & Fees Financing Fuel Insurance Maintenance Repairs
Year 1 $23,847 $7,541 $3,695 $3,352 $1,319 $0 $0
Year 2 $12,267 $846 $2,944 $3,452 $1,365 $0 $0
Year 3 $10,792 $699 $2,158 $3,556 $1,413 $0 $0
Year 4 $9,565 $570 $1,338 $3,662 $1,462 $3,610 $955
Year 5 $8,586 $455 $480 $3,772 $1,514 $1,148 $1,462
5 Yr Total $65,057 $10,111 $10,615 $17,794 $7,073 $4,758 $2,417
MSRP $67,630 Depreciation Taxes & Fees Financing Fuel Insurance Maintenance Repairs
Year 1 $16,200 $5,204 $2,935 $2,998 $1,421 $427 $0
Year 2 $8,985 $719 $2,339 $3,088 $1,471 $927 $0
Year 3 $7,904 $611 $1,715 $3,181 $1,522 $952 $0
Year 4 $7,008 $516 $1,063 $3,276 $1,575 $1,502 $348
Year 5 $6,287 $432 $381 $3,375 $1,631 $2,312 $531
5 Yr Total $46,384 $7,482 $8,433 $15,918 $7,620 $6,120 $879
MSRP $79,425 Depreciation Taxes & Fees Financing Fuel Insurance Maintenance Repairs
Year 1 $19,884 $6,067 $3,425 $4,070 $1,557 $424 $0
Year 2 $10,382 $824 $2,729 $4,192 $1,611 $820 $0
Year 3 $9,135 $699 $2,002 $4,318 $1,668 $774 $0
Year 4 $8,098 $590 $1,240 $4,447 $1,726 $3,060 $1,600
Year 5 $7,271 $492 $445 $4,581 $1,787 $1,348 $2,448
5 Yr Total $54,770 $8,672 $9,841 $21,608 $8,349 $6,426 $4,048
MSRP $94,500 Depreciation 2012 Mercedes S550 Taxes & Fees Financing Fuel Insurance Maintenance Repairs
Year 1 $19,772 $6,786 $3,834 $2,713 $1,398 $240 $0
Year 2 $13,873 $949 $3,054 $2,795 $1,447 $621 $0
Year 3 $12,208 $783 $2,240 $2,878 $1,498 $554 $0
Year 4 $10,825 $637 $1,388 $2,965 $1,550 $3,614 $878
Year 5 $9,712 $507 $498 $3,054 $1,604 $2,447 $1,345
5 Yr Total $66,390 $9,662 $11,014 $14,405 $7,497 $7,476 $2,223
MSRP $63,170 Depreciation Taxes & Fees Financing Fuel Insurance Maintenance Repairs
Year 1 $14,705 $4,301 $2,422 $3,564 $1,486 $43 $0
Year 2 $6,807 $581 $1,930 $3,671 $1,538 $354 $0
Year 3 $5,990 $499 $1,416 $3,781 $1,592 $119 $0
Year 4 $5,312 $427 $877 $3,895 $1,648 $2,248 $624
Year 5 $4,766 $363 $314 $4,012 $1,705 $887 $956
5 Yr Total $37,580 $6,171 $6,959 $18,923 $7,969 $3,651 $1,580
2012 BMW 750Li
& Other
Stuff
THE IMPRINT MAGAZINE ASKED 5 GUYS IF THEY KEEP THEIR PARTNERS LAUGHING WHEN OUT ON A DATE. 3 OUT OF 5 SAID THEIR LADIES HAVE ALREADY FALLEN FOR THEM BECAUSE OF THEIR COMEDIC PERSONALITIES. :-)
Keep The Conversation Stimulating! For a few people, going out on a first date can be pretty threatening. Just the thought of going out with somebody new for the first time joined with the phobia of rejection can be enough to leave a lot of individuals dumb or at a total loss for words. To stop such forbidding eventualities, you need to have some very interesting first date questions to help you break that icy silence that may ruin the chance of finding a long-lasting relationship. So, what makes a good first question on a date? Well, anything that will keep the conversation rolling can be considered as such. However, it could be better to ask questions that will not only keep her inquisitive about you, but give you some crucial information regarding her personality, her dislikes and likes, and her dreams and desires as well. Rather than asking her about the weather, why don't you try these instead:
• Ask her if she’s willing to try some exotic delicacies – be it frogs, snails, crocodile meat or anything else that might be in the menu. Unless she’s allergic to such foods, her reply will definitely give you a more in-depth look into her personality. Her reaction to your proposal can tell you if she’s daring enough to try a new tack and how she deals with things that might be way out of her comfort zone. • Ask her what she would do if she suddenly finds herself with a million bucks – does this sound childish? Well, it could be but her answer can tell you a lot about her? Including what her interests and priorities are. • Ask her about the most scary and most daring things she had ever done. Just like the earlier question, this will come across as a fun topic and will put her at ease. By throwing this query at her, you’ll start to know whether she’s an outdoorsy person or not and just how venturesome she is. Without a doubt, these first date questions can help you gauge whether you would like to know your date slightly better or if this first date will serve as the last. And if you decide that it’s worth a second, a third, and even a fourth date, these excellent conversation starters will interest your date enough to make her go out with you again. By Billy Baker LoveCoachOnline.com
36 ║
theiMPRiNT● theimprintmag.com
The Gift Of Life: Legacy Planning By Dana Adams
Like most of us, if you are working a full *me job, paying taxes and no longer living with your parents,
then you know that insurance is a preZy serious maZer. When you purchase a home, you’re required to have homeowner’s insurance. When you rent from a landlord, many of them require that you have renter’s insurance. If you own and operate a vehicle, you are required to have car insurance. But there’s one parTcular form of insurance that people (especially young people) tend to push to the back of their minds and goes without noTce unTl we experience a close brush with the a\erlife. Are you ready??? LIFE INSURANCE. Why do we purchase every other type of insurance in the world besides this one? Because we don’t want to think about our futures being cut short. So let’s talk about the reasons you should have insurance ‐ period. First, having the proper coverage for your home, business, health and automobile, gives you a piece of mind. Isn’t it nice knowing that if anything happens to your assets or health that there’s protecTon in place? Believe it or not, YOU AND YOUR FAMILY are precious assets. Your life cannot be replaced once it’s gone, but you do have the opTon of leaving a monetary gi\ to your family to ease the pain of them no longer having you there to share in the good Tmes. Second, if you purchase more than what you need outside of burial expenses, your beneficiaries may use the remaining cash to pay off debt, donate it to your favorite charity, create a scholarship in your honor, or place it in an emergency savings account. Just take a few minutes and sit. Think about your family’s emoTonal reacTon to your unTmely death. Then think about how you would want to be celebrated. During your life you were a role model, were known to be the life of everyone’s party and you gave as much as you could to those less fortunate than yourself. Instead of having your family stress over burial costs, a $10,000 life insurance policy will leave them free to plan the homegoing service that you deserve. Below we list two different types of life insurance for you to consider:
“Please don’t think that wills are only for the rich, famous and elderly.”
5 Year And 10 Year Term Policies ◀
These types of life insurance policies maintain a level death benefit for 5 or 10 years...depending on which policy you choose. These policies are also used to take care of fairly short‐term life insurance needs. You will find these level premiums to be quite inexpensive. Whole Life, Universal Life, Variable Universal Life And Variable Life Policies ◀ The premiums for these types of policies are much higher than those of the term policies...but they can fulfill an important need. If you have a desire to accumulate some cash through your life insurance policy these are the policies designed for that. You can use the whole life policy and the universal life policies as vehicles through which you can save money. The returns are not very high on these types of life insurance policies though you have a beZer chance gehng a high return on your money if you invested in a variable universal life insurance policy or a variable life policy. These types of life insurance policies are sold by prospectus only and your insurance agent needs a NASD license before he can discus them with you. Let Your Will Be Done A\er you’ve purchased life insurance, consider creaTng a last will and testament generally referred to as a “will”. This is the formal instrucTon of your distribuTon of assets. Please don’t think that wills are only for the rich, famous and elderly. You may only be 27 years old and currently have a 32 piece art collecTon that you’d like to divide among your siblings in the event of your death. You might even have $8,000 in a 401k that you’d like to leave to your best friend. And of course if you have a ton of friends and family, you would certainly want to make it easy for everyone by staTng what gets divided amongst each of them in your will. The document does not have to be dra\ed by an aZorney, but it does have to be duly witnessed by a non‐beneficiary or notarized, to be considered legally binding. While we all want to enjoy a full life, we must keep in mind that we will not live forever. Time is of the essence, therefore preparing now to leave your legacy is probably one of the most graTfying things you will ever do. ‐ *Insurance Types Source: LifeInsuranceHub.net | Last Wills & Testament Source: eHow.com
theiMPRiNT● theimprintmag.com
║ 37
Say Word?? By Avis Foley
WORD IS BOND…or at least it should be. After sitting down to analyze this insightful idiom, it became evident that one’s word serves as a medium through which we develop and sustain relationships. Derived from the Latin phrase Dictum Meum Pactum meaning “My Word is My Bond”, this expression embodies an important role of trust and professionalism. In 1923 the slogan became the coat of arms motto for the London Stock Exchange since bargains were made with no document exchanges or written pledges. Whether you realize it or not, part of establishing your brand rests upon your ability to keep your word. Let’s be frank: It speaks volumes about your character, morals, and integrity. These tools are vital to your brand survival and when damaged, can disempower you. Your words serve as a contract and the foundation to lasting relationships (personal/professional) and favorable opportunities. Let me go deeper. Think about how you feel when you disappoint yourself. Is it easier to overlook the significance of your word then? Just as keeping our promises to ourselves will enable us to transform and grow, it will influence others to do the same. Check out the tips below on how to effectively keep your word.
WHEN KEEPING YOUR WORD POSES A CHALLENGE . . . BE CAUTIOUS TO COMMIT: Know that it’s okay to say no. The truth is that someTmes you will find yourself unwilling or unable to commit. Backing out on your word may bring unwanted strife. Get behind your decision to keep your word or walk the other way. BE PREPARED: If you do make a commitment, deliver on your word exceedingly. Plan ahead to avoid any mishaps that may interfere with you carrying out any promises. ELIMINATE EXCUSES & LIES: Don’t jusTfy breaking your word because circumstances change. Covering up why you couldn’t deliver with fabricated stories will create a downward spiral of unfortunate outcomes and will eventually put a strain on your relaTonships. Honesty remains the best policy. UTILIZE MANAGEMENT TOOLS: Admit it, the world moves at a face pace and someTmes it’s challenging to remember when specific commitments are made. Keep track of what you intend to do by wriTng your obligaTons down (think Post It Notes) and /or syncing them to electronic calendars. BE ACCOUNTABLE: SomeTmes life will bring challenges that will force us to have to break commitments. If this is the case, inform the person immediately and apologize. True leaders understand the importance of being trustworthy and reliable.
ONE’S CREDIBILITY IS ESTABLISHED THROUGH ACTIONS AND WORDS. THE EFFORT OF MAKING GOOD ON WHAT YOU INTEND TO DO IS PRICELESS. KEEPING YOUR WORD SHOULD BE A MOTTO YOU CHOOSE TO LIVE BY. BESIDES, THERE MAY COME A TIME WHEN YOUR WORD IS THE ONLY THING OF VALUE THAT YOU’LL POSSESS. WORD UP!
38 ║
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| i don't know |
what was Sir Francis Drake'sship during his global circumnavigation between 1577 & 1580. | THE FAMOUS VOYAGE THE CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE WORLD 1577-1580: Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography by Hans P. Kraus (Rare Book and Special Collections Reading Room, Library of Congress)
Bibliography
The Famous Voyage: The Circumnavigation of the World, 1577-1580
Drake was noted in his life for one daring feat after another; his greatest was his circumnavigation of the earth, the first after Magellan's. He sailed from Plymouth on Dec. 13, 1577. The squadron consisted of five vessels, the two larger ships being the Pelican, Drake's own ship, renamed Golden Hind on the voyage, on August 20, 1578; and the Elizabeth, commanded by John Winter. Three smaller vessels were the Marigold, Swan, and Benedict. Only one ship, the Golden Hind, made the complete voyage, returning on Sept. 26, 1580, "very richly fraught with gold, silver, pearls and precious stones" (Stow, Annales , p. 807).
The expedition was financed as a joint venture, the investors being such high officials as Privy Councilors Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester; Sir Francis Walsingham; the Earl of Lincoln, Lord High Admiral of England; also, Sir Christopher Hatton; Sir William Winter, Surveyor and Master of Ordnance of the Navy; and John Hawkins, Drake's former commander. Queen Elizabeth herself may have been an investor, though this is not quite certain; what is certain is that she appropriated the lion's share of the proceeds of the voyage. Drake himself participated to the tune of £1000, a good sum for that time.
These joint venture companies, partnerships, or associations were a common method of organizing and financing commercial voyages, military expeditions, and colonizing activities, from the Middle Ages onwards. They are explained by J. H. Parry ( The Age of Reconnaissance , pp. 49-50) as "Partnerships for conducting commercial enterprises...usually not corporations but rather ad hoc devices for uniting a number of capitalists...or a number of partners...or active participants in an enterprise...All these types of associations under various names--commenda, societas, compagnia, and so forth--were employed in seaborne trade". Parry mentions also "associations of individuals formed to undertake particular enterprises--military expeditions for example--on behalf of the State". The examples cited by Parry are Italian, but he remarks that "the Dutch and English were to emerge as the Italians' aptest pupils in this respect". For another example of such a company or partnership, see the financial papers of the Drake-Norris expedition of 1589 (pp. 162-164).
The little fleet proceeded to the Cape Verde Islands, where, on January 30, 1578, the Portuguese pilot Nunho da Silva was captured (see his narrative, pp. 106-109). Thence they sailed across the Atlantic to the coasts of South America near the River Plate, and went southwards to Port St. Julian, where Magellan had anchored 58 years previously; they arrived there on June 18, 1578.
The Doughty affair was a crisis in Drake's life; on its outcome depended the success of the circumnavigation, and hence, probably, the defeat of the Invincible Armada. The tragedy was this: Thomas Doughty (d. 1578), a friend of Drake, and one well acquainted with many prominent Englishmen, was an officer on Drake's circumnavigation voyage. He was accused by Drake of treachery and incitement to mutiny. He was put on trial at Port St. Julian, where Magellan had suppressed a conspiracy of some of his high ranking officers, including Captain Juan de Cartagena, and hanged some of them. Doughty was found guilty and given the choice of being abandoned on that desolate coast; of being returned to England for retrial; or of execution on the spot. He chose death, which was by beheading in accordance with his gentlemanly status.
Before the execution he and Drake dined together as old friends, and both received communion from Chaplain Fletcher. After embracing Drake and praying for the Queen and the realm, Doughty quietly put his neck on the block and received the stroke of the sword.
The mystery lies in the question as to what Doughty's role really was. Who were his principals in England, if any? Was he a secret agent planted by Lord Burghley to prevent Drake from plundering Spanish ships and ports in America, so that war with Spain could be avoided? Were personal motives involved? It is known that Doughty had intrigued to cause ill-feeling between the Earl of Leicester, Queen Elizabeth's favorite, and Walter Devereux, the first Earl of Essex.
The execution of Thomas Doughty from pp. 32-33 of The World Encompassed , 1628, never mentioning the name of the unhappy officer. [42]
Drake's action was judged very differently by different contemporaries. The accounts in The World Encompassed , and by Hakluyt, defend Drake; but other authorities, like Camden, virtually accuse him of murdering Doughty, either from jealousy of his superior abilities, or at the behest of Leicester. As Drake's conduct was never officially questioned, it must be assumed that the justice and legality of Doughty's execution were admitted.
About a month after Doughty's execution another crisis arose; in its solution Drake showed himself at his best. The long wintering in Port St. Julian before attempting the passage of the Strait of Magellan had had a demoralizing effect. There was quarreling and hatred between the gentlemen and mariners, and the long cold winter nights had made the situation even worse. Drake had to act to prevent a mutiny. At a religious service Drake preached the sermon in place of Fletcher. In this famous discourse he laid down new rules of conduct: sailors and gentlemen, he declared, were to work together as equals, apart from those who were officers. From this time on, everyone was subject to Drake's sole command, and it can now be seen that the success of the voyage hinged on this. According to J. A. Williamson, the leading authority on Tudor naval history, "that day saw the beginning of a new tradition in English leadership" ( The Age of Drake , p. 181). Drake's speech was reported by a witness, John Cooke (Harl. ms. 540). See p. 72 for Hakluyt's report of the Port St. Julian episode.
On August 20, 1578, the ships began to traverse the Strait of Magellan, passing through in 16 days. Violent storms were encountered after they entered the Pacific; the last of the three small boats was lost and the Elizabeth , under the command of John Winter, became separated from Drake, repassed the Strait, and returned to England, arriving there on June 2, 1579. From that time on Drake was entirely alone, with no reserve vessel to fall back on. In the storms, Drake was driven to the south of Tierra del Fuego, and he came to the correct conclusion that the Terra Australis , a hypothetical southern continent, did not reach to that area, as had been supposed. A few contemporary maps were altered to remove the error, but most of them continued to show it until Cape Horn was rounded by Le Maire and Schouten a few years later.
In the Pacific, the Spaniards were physically and psychologically unprepared to resist attack; those shores had been exclusively in their hands for two generations, during which time they had spent little on defense. They were thrown into confusion and Drake seized immense treasure without much resistance.
Drake sailed slowly along the coast of Chile, raiding the harbor of Valparaiso and seizing stores and gold there. On February 15, 1579, he arrived at Callao, the harbor of Lima, the Peruvian capital. This portion of the Spanish Empire was almost defenseless and the arrival of Drake caused panic and consternation. Here he obtained news of a treasure ship which had sailed 12 days previously for Panama. Drake set out in hot pursuit and overtook the ship on March 1. It was the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción , variously nicknamed the Cacafuego or Cacaplata . Her captain did not expect an enemy in those waters and mistook the Golden Hind for a friendly Spanish vessel. To his great dismay, he soon was Drake's prisoner; his ship proved to be Drake's richest plunder.
The next episode of the circumnavigation was the discovery of the coast of Upper California, which was named New Albion. "Albion" was the classical name for England, so called from the white ("alba") cliffs of Dover. After stopping at Huatulco in Central America for two days, Drake sailed northwards, perhaps as far as Vancouver Island, probably searching for the elusive Northwest Passage. If so, he quickly gave up the quest and went south again to the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, where he remained for over a month (June-July, 1579), overhauling his ship and making friendly contact with the Indians.
On July 23, 1579, the Golden Hind began her voyage across the Pacific; on October 16, Drake sighted land in the Philippines, and on Nov. 3 arrived at Ternate in the East Indies. Here he made a trade treaty with the Sultan, and bought a cargo of cloves. On January 9, 1580, the Golden Hind struck a reef, but fortunately was able to slip off the next day, and to sail onward, first to Java, then across the Indian Ocean, around the Cape of Good Hope, and back to Plymouth (Sept. 26, 1580). In order not to antagonize King Philip, there was no public celebration of Drake's return. The enormous treasure he brought back was put under safeguard in Plymouth. Drake quietly informed the Queen and the investors of the amount of profit which had been earned by the voyage--this has been stated to be 4600 percent (£47 for each £1 invested). On April 4, 1581, Elizabeth had Drake knighted, on the occasion of a visit to the Golden Hind . (See his coat of arms, reproduced in the upper right corner of the Hondius portrait, frontispiece). He certainly deserved this honor. According to the economist J. M. Keynes, the English foreign debt was paid off from the Queen's share of the proceeds, and there was enough left over (£42,000) for her to capitalize a new venture, the Levant Company, a firm which played an important part in the development of British foreign trade (see Keynes, Treatise on Money ).
The earliest published narrative of Drake's circumnavigation in Hakluyt's The Principall Navigations , 1589, supplementary leaves between pp. 643 and 644. [27]
Page 8 - Page 9 - Page 10 - Page 11
Le Voyage Curieux , a French version of Hakluyt's narrative of Drake's circumnavigation, with chapter heading on California (Nova Albion), 1641. [44]
The Hakluyt narrative was translated into several languages, but the best of these versions was the one in French. Below are the title and beginning of the California narrative from the third edition; it had previously appeared in 1613 and 1627.
Eight years before the Hakluyt account appeared, in January, 1581, the writer Nicholas Breton celebrated Drake's return with a little book, containing "a reioysing of his happy aduentures," written in euphuistic prose. For many years the title of this work had been known from an entry in the Stationers' Register, but the author's name had not been mentioned there, and there could be only conjecture about its possible contents.
Nicholas Breton's Discourse on Drake's "happy adventures," 1581; the only copy known. [17]
The present copy appears to be unique; we reproduce only the title page.
The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake , 1628, is the first detailed account of the "famous voyage"; it adds very much to the Hakluyt report. It is a compilation from several sources, the most important of which is the journal of Francis Fletcher, the chaplain on board the Golden Hind . Fletcher was not very friendly to Drake--he had been severely disciplined by him ("excommunicated") while the voyagers were in the East Indies. His account has been heavily edited in places, especially in the passages concerning Drake's execution of his friend Thomas Doughty. Part of Fletcher's version is still extant (BM Sloane ms. 61).
Title page of The World Encompassed , 1628. [42]
The engraved world map in
The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake , 1628. [42]
Gerard Mercator's Speculation About Drake's Circumnavigation
How difficult it was to keep Drake's famous voyage secret is shown by a letter [2a] written only ten weeks after his arrival at Plymouth by the outstanding map-maker Gerard Mercator (1512-1594) to the equally great cartographer Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598). Ortelius was also a brilliant publisher of maps, many of which Drake probably used during his voyage. Mercator's grandson Michael (1565/1570-1614) was, nine years later, to produce the great Silver Map of the circumnavigation [57] ; and Gerard here mentions his youngest son, Rumold Mercator (1546/8-1599).
Gerard Mercator had himself urged on the English geographer Dr. John Dee the feasibility of voyaging from England to the Pacific by a North East Passage, as far back as 1577, when Drake had left England. His letter is based upon the fact that his idea had been taken up in the instructions given to Arthur Pett, to whom Mercator here refers. Pett sailed in an expedition sent out by the English Muscovy Company to discover the North East Passage in June 1580. The voyage is extensively documented in the 1589 edition of Hakluyt [27] , who had belatedly approached Gerard Mercator through Rumold with further questions about the expedition.
When he answered Hakluyt in July, Mercator forecast that off Siberia Pett would be obstructed by polar ice; eventually, Pett returned to England for that very reason late in December 1580. However, contrary to Mercator's theory, he had done nothing to help Drake, who arrived back in England first. Also, Drake, of course, returned by the obvious route around the Cape of Good Hope, and not by the North East Passage; and his treasure was indeed the result of plunder, not of the new discovery that Mercator imagined. This letter shows that the true story of Drake's voyage was a matter of lively concern to contemporary cartographers, and that rumors were circulated which concealed the truth from these scholars on the continent of Europe. Perhaps Mercator was a little annoyed to find the English so eager for his advice on Pett's voyage, while unwilling to tell him anything about Drake's.
Drake's own journal, with its narrative and paintings, was immediately placed by him in the hands of the Queen, who seems to have lost it irretrievably. The long silence from then until Hakluyt published his "Famous Voyage" account was hardly broken except by Breton, with his poem [17] . Drake was bidden to keep silence about his voyage because of the diplomatic danger if his armed intrusion into King Philip's dominions were admitted. He swore his men to secrecy--the only means by which they could hope to keep their booty. The late date at which any reliable, let alone detailed, account of Drake's circumnavigation became public reflects the early dearth of information, from which even professional geographers suffered.
This significant letter may be considered one of the crowning pieces of this collection on Sir Francis Drake. Though acquired only at a late stage, it cannot be ignored and so has been inserted here specially.
Gerard Mercator's autograph letter to Abraham Ortelius, 1580, relating to Drake's famous voyage. [2a]
TRANSLATION OF THE RELEVANT PARTS OF MERCATOR'S LETTER IN LATIN REPRODUCED ON THE RIGHT
Greetings to Master Ortelius, the best of friends.
Your letter afforded me great pleasure, first because you have obtained what you have wanted for a long time about China, secondly because of the dispatch about the new English voyage, on which you had previously sent me a report through Rumold [Mercator]. I am persuaded that there can be no reason for so carefully concealing the course followed during this voyage, nor for putting out differing accounts of the route taken and the areas visited, other than that they must have found very wealthy regions never yet discovered by Europeans, not even by those who have sailed the Ocean on the Indies voyages. That huge treasure in silver and precious stones which they pretend they secured through plunder is, in any case, an argument for me to suspect this, and then again, there is what I am now to set down: that in April this year I was informed from England that the merchants who trade with the Muscovites [i.e., the Russia Company] and have a post to trade with them on the gulf of the Amalchian or Northern sea [i.e., Archangel, on the White Sea] had decided last May to send out secretly a certain very experienced mariner, Arthur Pitt [sic; otherwise Pett or Pet] by name, and to give him orders to survey all the coasts of northern Asia, even beyond the promontory of Tabin, in a fast ship furnished with all the victuals necessary for two years. For this reason I suspect, rather, that he was sent out to search for the fleet [i.e., Drake's] which, by passing through the Strait of Magellan, reached Peru, the Moluccas and Java on its return thence, and to escort it home.
Moreover, in any case, I think that that fleet cannot have returned by any route except one via the north and west of Asia, for that strait which encloses the northern parts of America to within only a few degrees on a great circle westward from Greenland, which Frobisher explored, is obstructed by many rocks. So it does not seem likely that Drake would have tried it, especially if he came back from Asia so loaded down with treasure. For his return westwards would be much shorter--indeed, [the route] has for some time since been known to be [only] about half [the distance]--if he were in
fact to come back by the island of Vaigatz and Nova Zemlya, and thence reach England. This voyage by Arthur [Pett] was reported to me in confidence, so keep secret the fact that you know anything about it. However, in the meantime, you might well fish for the truth of the matter among all your friends; for if one meets with many and inquires of them, they cannot all lie so splendidly that the truth will not out [this observation is a conscious echo of Horace, Odes, 3: 11,35] ...[The following 17� lines are here omitted]
Farewell, most distinguished and beloved of men: from Duisburg, 12 December 1580
Ever yours
Gerard Mercator.
[Addressed]
To Master Abraham Ortelius, Cosmographer Royal, a man most distinguished in scholarship and humanity, at Antwerp.
Description of the California (Albion) region on page 80 of The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake , 1628. [42]
Drake's contemporaries correctly assessed his "famous voyage" as one of the great feats of the age, and reports of it appeared in various European languages. In 1596 the publisher De Bry of Frankfurt included a somewhat abridged version of the Hakluyt narrative in Part VIII of his famous collection of voyages, in Latin, and in 1599 it appeared in German. In both editions a fine engraved map on the title shows the track of the voyage as a dotted line. These are later derivatives of the Whitehall map of Drake's voyage, not now extant (for an account of which see the van Sype map, pp. 102-103).
Title page of Part VIII of De Bry's Grands Voyages , (Latin edition), 1599. [31] The map shows the track of Drake's famous voyage as a dotted line.
The passage on California (Nova Albion) in Pan VIII of De Bry's Grands Voyages (Latin edition). 1599. [31]
Another German version of Drake's voyage is in Part VI of the series of voyages published by Levinus Hulsius. We reproduce here, from the 1626 edition, the title, text relating to New Albion (California) and the engraving of the battle with the ship Nuestra Señora de la Concepción , the rich treasure ship taken by Drake. The engraving wrongly depicts one ship as the Caca Fogo and the other as Caca Plata ; in fact both these names (meaning "emit gunfire" and "emit silver") were nicknames jokingly designating the Spanish ship. Note also that H. R. Wagner ( Sir Francis Drake's Voyage , p. 117) wrongly identifies this engraving as from De Bry.
Section title to De Bry's Grands Voyages , (German edition), 1600. [32] The map shows the track of Drake's famous voyage as a dotted line.
The passage on California (Nova Albion) in the supplement to Part VIII of De Bry's Grands Voyages , (German edition), 1600, pp. 15-16. [32]
An engraving of the battle between Drake's Golden Hind and the Spanish ship called "Caca Fogo," from Levinus Hulsius, 1626. [41]
Title page of Part VI of Levinus Hulsius' collection of voyages, in German, 1626. The medallion portraits of circumnavigators in the engraving show Magellan, Drake, Olivier Noort, the first Dutch circumnavigator, and Magellan's subordinate, Sebastiano del Cano, who assumed command of the expedition when Magellan was killed in the Philippine Islands. [41]
The passage on Drake's stay in California (Nova Albion) in Hulsius, 1626. [41]
The southern hemisphere of the Hulsius map of 1602, showing the "Francis Drake Islands." [52]
One of the two geographical discoveries of the first importance in the Drake circumnavigation was that of the insular nature of Tierra del Fuego (the other being his discovery of Upper California). This is depicted on a map of two sheets, present in this collection both folded in the Hulsius Part VI, and separately, on unfolded sheets, in original size with untrimmed edges. Very few maps have survived from this period in such fine condition. The map shows, below the meridian number 300 the "Francisci Draco Ins[ulae]." They are generally not so designated, as the largest of the three islands had been named after Queen Elizabeth, and it is her name which is usually found there. It is clear that Hulsius failed to appreciate the significance of Drake's discovery, as his map continues to show Tierra del Fuego as a quasi-continental land mass, its shores petering out vaguely southwards in the margins of the map. It is not at all certain what islands Drake reached southwards of the Magellan Strait. H. R. Wagner considered them to be Henderson, Morton, and Sanderson Islands. It seems certain that he did not reach Cape Horn.
A Spanish account of the Drake voyage is in Argensola's Conquistas de las Islas Malucas , 1609, pp. 105-108. The discovery of New Albion (Upper California) is mentioned on p. 106, Argensola evidently considering it to be an island. English names are in the phonetic spellings encountered in Spanish sources, Drake being Draque; Hawkins, Aquines; Plymouth, Plemua; Thomas Doughty, Tomas Auter (!).
Passage on Drake's discovery of California (Nueva Albion) in Argensola's Conquista de las Islas Malucas , 1609. [33]
A briefer Spanish account of the voyage is in Cabrera de Cordova's Filipe Segundo , 1619, p. 1071. Evidently the author did not wish to elaborate on this embarrassing affair in his laudatory biography of King Philip.
An Italian version of the circumnavigation is in Giuseppe Rosaccio's Discorso...della Terra , (c. 1610). Reproduced below is the text describing the voyage (C2 verso) and, on the next page, the planisphere map.
Account of Drake's voyage in Cabrera de Cordova's Filipe Segundo , 1619. [37]
Account of Drake's voyage in Rosaccio's Discorso , c. 1610. [34]
Thomas Blundeville, a contemporary of Drake, describes the circumnavigation and how the routes of Drake and Cavendish (the third circumnavigator) were marked on the terrestrial globe constructed by Emery Molyneux in 1592. From Blundeville's work ( Thomas Blundeville His Exercises, 1613) we reproduce the section title on Drake and part of his narrative.
The planisphere map engraved by Luigi Rosaccio, c. 1610. The author has placed the letters of the name of his Medici patron, Cosimo, on the six balls of the Medici arms with representation of the Arctic (with a presumed northern continent), the Antarctic, and the four continents then known. Below is the Ptolemaic world map. [34]
Title for the section on Drake in Blundeville's Exercises , 1613. [36]
The account of California (Nova Albion) in Blundeville's Exercises , 1613. [36]
One of the greatest cartographic treasures of the Elizabethan era is a map bearing the legend "Carte veuee et corige par le dict sieur Drack" ("A map seen and corrected by the aforesaid Sir Drake"). This is the Nicola van Sype engraved map of the circumnavigation, entitled "La Herdike Enterprinse Faict Par Le Signeur Draeck D'Avoir Cirquit Toute La Terre". Mr. F. P. Sprent, late Superintendent of the Map Room of the British Museum, remarked of this map: "There is good reason for believing this to be the earliest of the maps which show Drake's route round the world". Mr. Sprent believed the map may have appeared as early as 1581.
The van Sype map is clearly derived from the Whitehall map which was presented to Queen Elizabeth, according to Samuel Purchas, Hakluyt's successor as the leading English naval historian. The donor must have been Drake himself. An inscription quoted by Purchas is present (in French) on the van Sype map, and the English arms, crown and garter are in the place on the map (Elizabeth Island, near Cape Horn) stated by Purchas ( Purchas His Pilgrimes , III, iii, p. 461, reproduced below).
It should be noted that the medallion portrait on the map mentions Drake's age as 42 years. No other engraved portrait is known which carries so early an age; both the Hondius portrait (frontispiece) and others all give his age as 43. A portrait miniature by Hilliard of Drake at age 42 is known (see Hind, Engraving in England, I, 159).
Another indication of early dating for this map is the absence of any mention of Virginia, which was named in 1584.
The passage relating to the Whitehall map, which Drake had presented to Queen Elizabeth, in Purchas his Pilgrimes , 1625. [40]
The van Sype showing the Drake circumnavigation as a dotted line, c. 1518. [48]
The unique example of the Silver Map, showing the track of Drake's famous voyage as a dotted line, with the name of Mercator and the date 1589. [58]
Another such early map is found on a silver medal, commemorating Drake's circumnavigation, the famous Silver Map. Only one of the few surviving examples (see above) mentions in a cartouche the date 1589 and Mercator's name. None of the other copies bears either the date or the engraver's name. It had been previously known, through a statement recorded by Samuel Purchas, that Michael Mercator, grandson of Gerard Mercator, was the cartographer and engraver.
Purchas also records that this Silver Map is directly derived from the Whitehall map previously mentioned, and it is thus closely related to the van Sype map, as is clear, furthermore, from a comparison of the geographical features.
The known examples of the Silver Map vary considerably in weight, from a low of 260 grains (one of the British Museum copies) to a high of 424 grains. The present one, 383 grains, is the third heaviest recorded; it is certainly unsurpassed in its close to pristine condition, with every detail sharp and clear. The second example of the Silver Map in this collection (without Mercator's name, or the date, see next page) is the second heaviest known, weighing 410 grains.
The passage relating to the Silver Map in Purchas his Pilgrimes , 1625. [40]
An important event of Drake's circumnavigation was the capture of Nunho da Silva, a Portuguese merchant and pilot, who was able to pilot Drake across the South Atlantic and along the coast of Brazil. Silva was captured by Drake on January 30, 1578, with his little merchant ship off Santiago in the Cape Verde Islands. His vessel was confiscated by Drake, and his own services were commandeered. He remained with the circumnavigators until April 13, 1579, when he was released at Huatulco in Central America.
Silva had been seen on board the Golden Hind by several Spanish prisoners of Drake who had been previously released, and who had reported that he seemed to be a member of Drake's crew. He was, therefore, strictly questioned by the Mexican civil authorities, and the Inquisition also intervened, to discover whether he had willingly attended any of the Protestant religious services which were held on board every day. Silva therefore had to make a full statement to the Inquisition also.
The Silver Map, showing the track of Drake's famous voyage as a dotted line, undated, without Mercator's name. [58a]
The narrative reproduced on the following pages gives the beginning of Silva's statement to the Viceroy of Mexico, made on May 20, 1579. It covers events of the voyage from the Cape Verde Islands to the Strait of Magellan. Note that the "cosario yngles" ("English pirate") of the caption title is supplemented by a marginal note, "Llama se Francisco Drac este cossario" ("The pirate is named Francis Drake").
In his statement to the Inquisition, which is somewhat fuller than the present one, Silva refers to color drawings which Drake was making of the localities he visited; he says (trans.): "He is an adept at painting and has with him a boy, a relative of his [his cousin, John Drake] who is a great painter. When they both shut themselves up in his cabin they were always painting". From other captives of Drake who made depositions, we know that he was fond of music, and that he had on board trumpets and violins ("they brought four viols, and made lamentations and sang together"--trans.).
The manuscript Relacion of Nunho da Silva, Drake's Portuguese pilot, to the Viceroy of Mexico, 1579. [1]
The first English version of Nunho da Silva's Relacion in the third volume of Hakluyt's Principal Navigations , 1600. [30]
| Golden Hind |
Which ship gained notoriety when it spilt oil all over Prince William Sound in Alaska in 1989. | Francis Drake
Francis Drake
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Francis Drake, eldest of twelve children, was born in Crowndale, near Taverstock , in about 1540. His father, Edmund Drake (1518–1585), was a passionate supporter of Martin Luther and during the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1548 , he was forced to flee with his family to Chatham in Kent .
Drake was apprenticed to a captain trading between the Thames and the Channel ports. In 1563 he joined his cousin, John Hawkins , on a voyage to Africa . The two men started capturing people in Sierra Leone and selling them as slaves to Spanish settlers in the Caribbean . As it was illegal for the settlers to buy from foreigners, Hawkins and Drake soon came into conflict with the Spanish authorities.
His first command was in 1567 when he took part in a successful attack on Spanish ships in the port of San Juan de Ulua . He returned to Plymouth with gold and silver worth over £40,000. Drake, a committed Protestant, saw himself as an instrument of God in his crusade against Philip II and the Spanish Empire. This was followed by voyages to the West Indies and in 1572 he seized gold and silver in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean .
Drake was introduced to Sir Francis Walsingham , and this association led to a plan for Drake to take a fleet into the Pacific and raid Spanish settlements there. Investors included Walsingham, Elizabeth I , Christopher Hatton , John Wynter and John Hawkins . Drake's ship was the 150 ton Pelican, double-planked, lead-sheathed, and armed with 18 guns. Wynter contributed his own 80 ton Elizabeth, which carried 11 guns. Another 12 guns were distributed among the 50 ton Marigold, the 30 ton Swan, and the 15 ton Benedict.
The journey began in November 1577. By the end of the following month six Spanish and Portuguese ships were taken, then looted and eventually set free. Drake also abandoned the Benedict and took one of the Spanish vessels, which was renamed Christopher. The following month they captured a Portuguese merchant vessel, Santa Maria. The commander was Nuño de Silva, who knew the coast of South America. Drake took Silva to serve as pilot of his own fleet.
In June 1578 the fleet arrived at Puerto San Julián , on the southern coast of Argentina , where Drake put Thomas Doughty on trial for mutiny. He was beheaded on 2nd July 1578. Drake feared that others would rebel and so he called the captains and crew together, then announced that all the officers, who held their appointments from the owners of the ships, were relieved of command. He then reappointed them or most of them as officers responsible only to him.
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When Drake finally led his fleet through the strait and into the Pacific Ocean , Captain John Wynter took advantage of a storm to leave Drake and took his ship back to England. The Marigold, commanded by Doughty's friend John Thomas, also disappeared, and the Mary was abandoned at Puerto San Julián . Drake, who was left with only the Pelican, renamed it The Golden Hind. Drake now sailed up the Pacific coast. At Valparaíso he took a ship carrying 200,000 pesos in gold, then went ashore and raided the church and the warehouses.
On 5th February 1579 he arrived at Arica on the north coast of Chile and captured a merchant ship carrying thirty or forty bars of silver. As a result of deaths in battles and sickness, Drake's crew to little more than seventy men. Only thirty of them were fit to fight, but that was enough, since the merchant ships Drake took were unarmed. On 1st March he captured the richest ship of all, Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, carrying valuable cargo and 362,000 pesos in silver and gold.
Sailing along the coast of Mexico , Drake took a few more ships and raided several more ports. However, The Golden Hinde was leaking badly and needed to be careened. On 17th June 1579 Drake landed in a bay on the the coast of California . According to Drake's biographer, Harry Kelsey : "Sixteenth-century accounts and maps can be interpreted to show that he stopped anywhere between the southern tip of Baja California and latitude 48° N." Most historians believe that Drake had stopped in a bay on the Point Reyes peninsula (now known as Drake's Bay ).
Father Francis Fletcher , the chaplin to the expedition, later wrote in The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake (1628): "Drake's ship entered a convenient and fit harbour." Drake has been reported as saying: "By God's Will we hath been sent into this fair and good bay. Let us all, with one consent, both high and low, magnify and praise our most gracious and merciful God for his infinite and unspeakable goodness toward us. By God's faith hath we endured such great storms and such hardships as we have seen in these uncharted seas. To be delivered here of His safekeeping, I protest we are not worthy of such mercy."
Francis Drake's cousin, John Drake, argued that "Drake... landed and built huts and remained a month and a half, caulking his vessel. The victuals they found were mussels and sea-lions." A local group of Miwok brought him a present of a bunch of feathers and tobacco leaves in a basket. John Sugden , the author of Sir Francis Drake (1990) has argued: "It appeared to the English that the Indians regarded them as gods; they were impervious to English attempts to explain who they were, but at least they remained friendly, and when they had received clothing and other gifts the natives returned happily and noisily to their village." John Drake claims that when they "saw the Englishmen they wept and scratched their faces with their nails until they drew blood, as though this was an act of homage or adoration."
Francis Fletcher suggests that the local people "dispersed themselves into the country, to make known the news." On 26th June a large group of Miwok arrived at Drake's camp. The chief, wearing a head-dress and a skin cape, was followed by painted warriors, each one of whom bore a gift. At the rear of the cavalcade were women and children. A man holding a sceptre of black wood and wearing a chain of clam shells, stepped forward and made a thirty minute speech. While this was going on the women indulged in a strange ritual of self-mutilation that included scratching their faces until the blood flowed. Robert F. Heizer has argued in Elizabethan California (1974) that self-mutilation is associated with mourning and that the Miwok probably thought the British sailors were spirits returning from the dead. However, Drake took the view that they were proclaiming him king of the Miwok tribe.
John Drake pointed out in a statement he made in 1582: "During that time (June, 1579) many Indians came there and when they saw the Englishmen they wept and scratched their faces with their nails until they drew blood, as though this was an act of homage or adoration. By signs Captain Francis Drake told them not to do that, for the Englishmen were not God. These people were peaceful and did no harm to the English, but gave them no food. They are of the colour of the Indians here (peru) and are comely. They carry bows and arrows and go naked. The climate is temperate, more cold than hot. To all appearance it is a very good country."
Drake now claimed the land for Queen Elizabeth . He named it Nova Albion "in respect of the white banks and cliffs, which lie towards the sea". Apparently, the cliffs of Point Reyes reminded Drake of the coast at Dover . Drake had a post set up with a plate bearing his name and the date of arriving in California.
When the The Golden Hinde left on 23rd July, the Miwok exhibited great distress and ran to the hill-tops to keep the ship in sight for as long as possible. Drake later wrote that during his time in California, "not withstanding it was the height of summer, we were continually visited with nipping cold, neither could we at any time within a fourteen day period find the air so clear as to be able to take height the sun or stars."
Drake then sailed along the California coast but failed to see the Golden Gate and San Francisco bay beyond. This is probably because the area is often shrouded in fog during the summer. The heat in the California Central Valley causes the air there to rise. This can create strong winds which pull cool moist air in from over the ocean through the break in the hills, causing a stream of dense fog to enter the bay.
At Java Drake and his crew loaded plenty of food they sailed through the Indian Ocean , and around the Cape of Good Hope . The provisions lasted until 20 July 1580 when they reached Sierra Leone on the African coast. When Drake arrived in Plymouth on 26th September 1580, he became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world. Drake return to England as a very wealthy man and he was able to purchase the Buckland Abbey estate. In 1581 Queen Elizabeth knighted Drake and later that year he was elected to the House of Commons .
Sir Francis Drake by Marcus Gheeraerts (1591)
Drake carried out a successful raid of the Spanish Caribbean (1584-85) and managed to rescue the remaining English colonists in Virginia and returned to Portsmouth in 1586. He also led the expedition which wrecked the Spanish fleet at Cadiz in 1587.
In July 1588 131 ships in the Spanish Armada left for England. The large Spanish galleons were filled with 17,000 well-armed soldiers and 180 Catholic priests. The plan was to sail to Dunkirk in France where the Armada would pick up another 16,000 Spanish soldiers that were under the command of Alessandro Farnese , the Duke of Parma.
On hearing the news Charles Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, held a council-of-war. Lord Howard decided to divide the fleet into squadrons. Francis Drake, John Hawkins and Martin Frobisher were chosen as the three other commanders of the fleet. Howard went in his flagship, the Ark Royal (800 tons and a crew of 250). Frobisher was given command of the largest ship in the fleet, the Triumph (1,110 tons and a crew of 500 men) whereas Drake was the captain of the Revenge (500 tons and a crew of 250) and Hawkins was aboard the Victory (800 tons and a crew of 250).
Lord Howard decided that the Spanish Armada should be attacked at both ends of the crescent. The Ark Royal attacked the right wing and the Revenge and the Triumph attacked Juan Martinez, de Recalde , commander of the Biscayan squadron on the left. Recalde on board the San Juan de Portugal decided to come out and fight the English ships. He was followed by Gran Grin and the two ships soon got into trouble and had to be rescued by the Duke of Medina Sidonia on board the San Martin.
At the end of the first day's fighting, only one ship was sunk. This was Spain's San Salvador when a tremendous explosion tore out its stern castle and killed 200 members of the crew. It was later discovered that a gunner's carelessness resulted in a spark reaching the gunpowder in the rear hold. The following morning Francis Drake and the crew of Revenge captured the crippled Rosario. This included Admiral Pedro de Valdes and all his crew. Drake also found 55,000 gold ducats on board.
That afternoon Medina Sidonia announced that if any Spanish ship broke formation the captain would be hanged immediately. He also told his captains that they must maintain a tight formation in order to prevent further attacks from the English ships. This decision meant that they could only move towards Dunkirk at the speed of the slowest ship.
Constantly harassed by the English ships the slow moving Spanish Armada eventually reached Calais without further loss. The English fleet now dropped anchor half a mile away. Soon afterwards they were joined by Lord Henry Seymour and his squadron of ships that had been controlling the seas off Dunkirk. This increased the English fleet by a third and was now similar in size to that of the Spanish fleet. Drake wrote to Seymour: "The fleet of Spaniards is somewhat above a hundred sails, many great ships... as far as we perceive they are determined to sell their lives with blows."
The Duke of Medina Sidonia now sent a message to the Duke of Parma in Dunkirk: "I am anchored here two leagues from Calais with the enemy's fleet on my flank. They can cannonade me whenever they like, and I shall be unable to do them much harm in return." He asked Parma to send fifty ships to help him break out of Calais. Parma was unable to help as he had less than twenty ships and most of those were not yet ready to sail.
That night Medina Sidonia sent out a warning to his captains that he expected a fire-ship attack. This tactic had been successfully used by Francis Drake in Cadiz in 1587 and the fresh breeze blowing steadily from the English fleet towards Calais, meant the conditions were ideal for such an attack. He warned his captains not to panic and not to head out to the open sea. Medina Sidonia confidently told them that his patrol boats would be able to protect them from any fire-ship attack that took place.
Medina Sidonia had rightly calculated what would happen. Francis Drake and Charles Howard were already organizing the fire-ship attack. It was decided to use eight fairly large ships for the operation. All the masts and rigging were tarred and all the guns were left on board and were primed to go off of their own accord when the fire reached them. John Young, one of Drake's men, was put in charge of the fire-ships.
Soon after midnight the eight ships were set fire to and sent on their way. The Spaniards were shocked by the size of the vessels. Nor had they expected the English to use as many as eight ships. The Spanish patrol ships were unable to act fast enough to deal with the problem. The Spanish captains also began to panic when the guns began exploding. They believed that the English were using hell-burners (ships crammed with gunpowder). This tactic had been used against the Spanish in 1585 during the siege of Antwerp when over a thousand men had been killed by exploding ships.
The fire-ships did not in fact cause any material damage to the Spanish ships at all. They drifted until they reached the beach where they continued to burn until the fire reached the water line. Medina Sidonia, on board the San Martin, had remained near his original anchorage. However, only a few captains had followed his orders and the vast majority had broken formation and sailed into the open sea.
At first light Medina Sidonia and his six remaining ships left Calais and attempted to catch up with the 130 ships strung out eastwards towards the Dunkirk sandbanks. Some Spanish ships had already been reached by the English fleet and were under heavy attack. San Lorenzo, a ship carrying 312 oarsmen, 134 sailors and 235 soldiers, was stranded on the beach and was about to be taken by the English.
With their formation broken, the Spanish ships were easy targets for the English ships loaded with guns that could fire very large cannon balls. The Spanish captains tried to get their ships in close so that their soldiers could board the English vessels. However, the English ships were quicker than the Spanish galleons and were able to keep their distance.
The battle of Gravelines continued all day. One of the most exciting contests was between Francis Drake in the Revenge and Duke of Medina Sidonia in the San Martin. Drake's ship was hit several times before being replaced by Thomas Fenner in the Nonpareil and Edmund Sheffield in the White Bear, who continued the fight without success.
All over the area of sea between Gravelines and Dunkirk fights took place between English and Spanish ships. By late afternoon most ships were out of gunpowder. The Duke of Medina Sidonia was now forced to head north with what was left of the Spanish Armada . The English ships did not follow as Charles Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, was convinced that most Spanish ships were so badly damaged they would probably sink before they reached a safe port. That evening Francis Drake wrote to a friend: "God hath given us so good a day in forcing the enemy so far to leeward, as I hope in God the Duke of Parma and the Duke of Sidonia shall not shake hands this few days".
After the Armada rounded Scotland it headed south for home. However, a strong gale drove many of the ships onto the Irish rocks. Thousands of Spaniards drowned and even those who reached land were often killed by English soldiers and settlers. Of the 25,000 men that had set out in the Armada, less than 10,000 arrived home safely.
Drake led a disastrous attack on Portugal in 1589. He returned to England and became mayor of Plymouth in 1593. He went on another exhibition to the Caribbean in 1595 and the following year died of dysentery at Porto Bello on 27th January 1596.
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What was the worlds first nuclear powered aircraft carrier, still in commission with the US Navy | USS Enterprise gives anchor to USS Lincoln - CNN.com
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The aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) (Ike) transits through the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea on June 13, 2016. Ike, the flagship of the Eisenhower Carrier Strike Group, is conducting naval operations in the U.S. 6th Fleet area of operations. It could be used to support operations against ISIS in the Mideast.
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A rainbow forms over the bow of the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis as the ship steams in the Pacific Ocean on February 3, 2015.
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A MV-22B Osprey, from Marine Operational Test and Evaluation Squadron 1, lifts off from the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70) on June 12, 2016. The V-22 Osprey is being tested, evaluated and is slated to be planned replacement for the C-2Q Greyhound as the singular logistics platform on an aircraft carrier for at-sea delivery of personnel and equipment. Click through the gallery to see other U.S. aircraft carriers.
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Tug boats maneuver the aircraft carrier Pre-Commissioning Unit Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78) into the James River during the ship's turn ship evolution on June 11, 2016. This is a major milestone that brings the country's newest aircraft carrier another step closer to delivery and commissioning later this year.
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U.S. aircraft carrier classes – U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter (left) and Philippine Secretary of National Defense Voltaire Gazmin shake hands on a Marine Corps V-22 Osprey as they depart the the aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74) after touring the aircraft carrier as it sailed in the South China Sea on April 15, 2016.
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A photo illustration of the U.S. Navy's Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79). The ship's keel laying ceremony was celebrated Saturday, August 22, 2015, in Newport News, Virginia. The ship is expected to replace the USS Nimitz (CVN-68), scheduled for inactivation in 2025, in the Navy fleet. The newest Kennedy will be the second carrier of that name. The first John F. Kennedy (CVA-67) was the last conventionally powered carrier. It was decommissioned in 2007.
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The aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75) passes under the Friendship Bridge while transiting the Suez Canal on Dec. 14, 2015. The ship is conducting operations in the Persian Gulf, where Iran claims to have taken footage of the carrier using a drone. Click through the gallery for more images of U.S. Navy aircraft carriers.
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Aviation Structural Mechanic Airman V. Sek, assigned to the "Jolly Rogers" of Strike Fighter Squadron (VFA) 103, applies a Christmas decal to an F/A-18F Super Hornet in the hangar bay of the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman in December 2015.
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The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George Washington (CVN 73) is seen from inside its sister ship, the USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76), on August 7 off the coast of California as the two ships prepare for a "hull swap." Over 10 days in San Diego, much of the crew of each ship will transfer to the other. When completed, the Reagan will head to forward deployment in Japan, where the Washington had been. The Washington will head to Newport News, Virginia, for an overhaul.
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Sailors spell out #USA with the American flag on the flight deck of the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt in the Persian Gulf in late June 2015. When the Roosevelt leaves the Gulf sometime in October, the U.S. Navy will be without a carrier in the important region for two months.
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Three Nimitz-class aircraft carriers USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70), top, USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76), center, and USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74) are pierside at Naval Air Station North Island near San Diego on June 12, 2015. The Vinson has just recently returned from a 10-month deployment. The Reagan is preparing for a move to Japan later this year and the Stennis was making a port call after steaming from its homeport of Bremerton, Washington.
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Sailors test the countermeasure washdown system on the flight deck of the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) during sea trials prior to returning to its homeport at Naval Station Norfolk in late August 2015.
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The aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt departs Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, on Wednesday, March 11, for a scheduled deployment. The Nimitz-class carrier's departure was delayed for two days after marine growth clogged sea water intakes. Divers went into the 36-degree water to clean out the intakes and allow the ship to get under way. The cold water created a fog that made it seem the ship was in a cloud.
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The USS Abraham Lincoln, a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier, is seen near the coast of Indonesia in 2005. The carrier recently received a new anchor from the decommissioned USS Enterprise.
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Lightning strikes over the flight deck of the USS John C. Stennis, another Nimitz-class aircraft carrier, as the ship moves through the Persian Gulf in 2007. All of the Navy's 10 active aircraft carriers are from the Nimitz class, which started in 1975 with the commission of the USS Nimitz.
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The USS Ranger (CV-61) arrives at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in 1993. The Forrestal-class carrier, which featured in the movie "Top Gun," is to be scrapped this year.
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In this photo released by the U.S. Navy, a tugboat works alongside the decommissioned aircraft carrier USS Saratoga on Thursday, August 21, in Newport, Rhode Island. The Navy has paid a Texas recycling company a penny to dispose of the Saratoga, part of the Forrestal-class of "supercarrier" vessels built for the Atomic Age. The carrier was decommissioned 20 years ago.
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Aircrew members are lifted from the flight deck of the USS John F. Kennedy during an exercise in 2002. The ship, which was decommissioned in 2007, was the only member of its class.
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An F/A-18 Hornet launches from the USS Enterprise in 2007. The Enterprise, the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, was decommissioned in 2012. Like the John F. Kennedy, it was the only ship built in its class.
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The Kitty Hawk class was named for the USS Kitty Hawk, seen here departing Yokosuka, Japan, in 2008. At that time, the Kitty Hawk was the oldest carrier in the U.S. Navy and the only conventional-power aircraft carrier still in commission. It was decommissioned in 2009.
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The USS Independence, a member of the Forrestal class that preceded the Kitty Hawk class, heads up the East River in New York in 1959.
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Helicopters sit on the flight deck of the USS Saipan during the mid-1950s. The ship was one of two members of the Saipan class.
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The USS Midway, namesake of the Midway class of aircraft carriers, floats off the coast of North Vietnam in 1972. It was named after the Battle of Midway, when U.S. forces held back a Japanese attempt to take the Pacific atoll in 1942.
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The USS Princeton, part of the Independence class, moves off the coast of Seattle in 1944.
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The Essex-class USS Franklin burns after being hit by a Japanese dive bomber in 1945. The ship was named after Benjamin Franklin and nicknamed "Big Ben."
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The USS Wasp burns in the Coral Sea after being struck by three torpedoes from a Japanese submarine in 1942. The ship, the only one of its class, would ultimately sink because of the damage.
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B-25 bombers sit on the deck of the USS Hornet in the Pacific Ocean in 1942. The Hornet, one of three carriers in the Yorktown class, was the ship that launched the bombers flown by Air Force Lt. Col. James Doolittle and his pilots during an air raid in Tokyo four months after the attack on Pearl Harbor. It also was involved in the Battle of Midway.
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Navy personnel work on board the USS Ranger circa 1942. The Ranger was the first ship to be designed and built specifically as an aircraft carrier. It was the only ship in its class.
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There have actually been two aircraft carriers named after the Revolutionary War's Battle of Saratoga. The first USS Saratoga, seen here moving toward San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge in 1945, was one of two members of the Lexington class of aircraft carriers.
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The USS Langley, the Navy's first aircraft carrier and sole member of its class, steams off the coast of Baltimore in 1924.
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Name of one of the most famous warships of WWII named after a German Chancellor - ordered to be sunk by Churchill. | Costly ‘technological marvel’: US Navy christens new class $13bn aircraft carrier — RT America
Tags Military , USA , Navy
The ship is the Navy's first carrier designed in more than 40 years. The Ford-class aircraft carriers will replace current Nimitz class that was launched in 1972. The Ford is projected to stay in service until 2057.
The ship, named after US President Gerald Ford, was christened at the ceremony at Huntington Ingalls Newport News Shipbuilding in Newport News, Va. on Saturday. The new aircraft carrier is planned to replace the USS Enterprise (CVN-65).
The former president’s daughter, Susan Ford Bales, who was also the ship's sponsor, performed the ceremonial breaking of a bottle of champagne on the ship's bow in front of more than 20,000 sailors, shipbuilders and civilians.
The ceremony comes after more than 12 years of planning and construction .
"The carrier is our Navy's most adaptable platform," Adm. Jonathan Greenert, chief of naval operations, said, calling the Ford a “technological marvel”. "Ford will herald a new era of our carrier fleet," he added.
Stretching 330 m (1,092 feet) long, the ship will feature a new nuclear power plant, a redesigned island, electromagnetic catapults and improved weapons movement.
The carrier will be able to carry more warplanes and launch 25 per cent more air missions per day than the current carriers. The US Navy required the carrier to support up to a maximum of 220 sorties a day in times of crisis and intense air warfare activity.
The new craft will accommodate almost 4,500 crew members, compared to the average 5,500 people operating a Nimitz class carrier, and up to 90 aircrafts along with unmanned combat air vehicles (UAVs).
The USS Gerald Ford will be equipped with two newly-designed reactors and will have 250 percent more electrical capacity than previous carriers. This will also support a cruising speed over 30 knots.
Super-expensive super-carrier
Requiring 1,000 fewer crew members and 30 per cent less maintenance over its 50-year lifespan, the Ford is said to let the US Navy save $4 billion.
While the Navy praises this as another significant advantage, critics say, the cost of building the ship has already skyrocketed. With the carrier now 70 per cent complete, construction costs are about 22 per cent over the over the scheduled budget.
The high price still will not guarantee that after it is commissioned in 2016 the carrier will not face “significant reliability shortfalls”, as the Government Accountability Office, an investigative arm of Congress, said in September.
This may limit the ship's mission effectiveness and increase the government’s costs even more.
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Worlds first nuclear powered sub & first to complete a submerged transit across North Pole. | The World's First Nuclear Submarine Was Launched 60 Years Ago
The World's First Nuclear Submarine Was Launched 60 Years Ago
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Launched 60 years ago today, the USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the world's first nuclear-powered submarine. Its atomic fuel source gave for the U.S Navy a dramatic increase in both range and operational flexibility. A few years later, the USS Nautilus achieved another historical first: she was the first vessel to complete a submerged transit to the North Pole, on 3 August 1958.
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Our commemorative photo collection offers a glimpse into the first years of the USS Nautilus, to the life on board and under the sea.
Jan. 21, 1954: spectators gather around the nuclear-powered submarine USS Nautilus during a christening ceremony.
Photo and caption: U.S. Navy
First lady Mamie Eisenhower christens the USS Nautilus.
Photo and caption: U.S. Navy
The Nautilus slips into the Thames River.
Photo and caption: U.S. Navy
The USS Nautilus in the Thames River shortly after a christening ceremony.
Photo and caption: U.S. Navy
The Nautilus sets out to sea on a trial run.
Photo and caption: Keystone/Getty Images
On sea trials.
Official board the USS Nautilus at the electric boat division of the General Dynamics Corp. on Aug. 30, 1954, for the commissioning ceremony placing the world's first atomic-powered submarine in the service of the U.S. Navy.
Photo and caption: AP
A windowless warehouse in the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho, where scientists tested the prototype of the atomic engine of the USS Nautilus.
Photo and caption: Keystone/Getty Images
Submarine Thermal Reactor No. 45 was the prototype power plant for the nation’s first nuclear submarine.
Photo and caption: Idaho National Laboratory
Navy personnel stationed in Idaho Falls, Idaho, in the mid 1950s learn how to operate the Nautilus S1W, the prototype of the Navy's first nuclear-powered submarine.
Photo and caption: Idaho National Laboratory/energy.gov
C1955: Eugene Wilkinson, commander of the world's first nuclear powered vessel, points out the dates and battle actions of the ships that previously bore the name Nautilus.
Photo and caption: Evans/Three Lions/Getty Images
C1955: Admiral Robert B Carney puts a nickel into the jukebox on board the USS Nautilus. The money went toward the submarine's recreation fund.
Photo and caption: Evans/Three Lions/Getty Images
1956: Lieutenant Commander John H. Ebersole, Medical Corps, uses chemical separation of radioactive isotopes, determines source of radiation in the nucleonics laboratory aboard USS Nautilus. Ebersole was responsible for the radiation hygiene and safety of its officers and crew.
| USS Nautilus |
Raft used by Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl named after Inca Sun God. | History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571)
History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571)
Current OIC Biography
Construction of NAUTILUS was made possible by the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of scientists and engineers at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Atomic Energy Commission, under the leadership of Captain Hyman G. Rickover, USN.
In July of 1951, Congress authorized construction of the world's first nuclear powered submarine. On December 12th of that year, the Navy Department announced that she would be the sixth ship of the fleet to bear the name NAUTILUS. Her keel was laid by President Harry S. Truman at the Electric Boat Shipyard in Groton, Connecticut on June 14, 1952.
After nearly 18 months of construction, NAUTILUS was launched on January 21, 1954 with First Lady Mamie Eisenhower breaking the traditional bottle of champagne across NAUTILUS' bow as she slid down the ways into the Thames River. Eight months later, on September 30, 1954, NAUTILUS became the first commissioned nuclear powered ship in the United States Navy.
On the morning of January 17, 1955, at 11 am EST, NAUTILUS' first Commanding Officer, Commander Eugene P. Wilkinson, ordered all lines cast off and signaled the memorable and historic message, "Underway On Nuclear Power." Over the next several years, NAUTILUS shattered all submerged speed and distance records.
On July 23, 1958, NAUTILUS departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii under top secret orders to conduct "Operation Sunshine", the first crossing of the North Pole by a ship. At 11:15 pm on August 3, 1958, NAUTILUS' second Commanding Officer, Commander William R. Anderson, announced to his crew, "For the world, our country, and the Navy - the North Pole." With 116 men aboard, NAUTILUS had accomplished the "impossible", reaching the geographic North Pole - 90 degrees North.
In May 1959, NAUTILUS entered Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine for her first complete overhaul - the first of any nuclear powered ship - and the replacement of her second fuel core. Upon completion of her overhaul in August 1960, NAUTILUS departed for a period of refresher training, then deployed to the Mediterranean Sea to become the first nuclear powered submarine assigned to the U.S. Sixth Fleet.
Over the next six years, NAUTILUS participated in several fleet exercises while steaming over 200,000 miles. In the spring of 1966, she again entered the record books when she logged her 300,000th mile underway. During the following 12 years, NAUTILUS was involved in a variety of developmental testing programs while continuing to serve alongside many of the more modern nuclear powered submarines she had preceded.
In the spring of 1979, NAUTILUS set out from Groton, Connecticut on her final voyage. She reached Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California on May 26, 1979 - her last day underway. She was decommissioned on March 3, 1980 after a career spanning 25 years and over half a million miles steamed.
In recognition of her pioneering role in the practical use of nuclear power, NAUTILUS was designated a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior on May 20, 1982. Following an extensive historic ship conversion at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, NAUTILUS was towed to Groton, Connecticut arriving on July 6, 1985.
On April 11, 1986, eighty-six years to the day after the birth of the Submarine Force, Historic Ship NAUTILUS, joined by the Submarine Force Museum, opened to the public as the first and finest exhibit of its kind in the world, providing an exciting, visible link between yesterday's Submarine Force and the Submarine Force of tomorrow.
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Launched in 1906 & became a generic term for modern battleships and the name of a class of battleships in the Royal Navy. | Dreadnought battleship | WarWiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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The sixth HMS Dreadnought of the Royal Navy was a revolutionary battleship which entered service in 1906. So advanced was Dreadnought that her name became a generic term for modern battleships, whilst the ships she made obsolete became known as "pre-dreadnoughts". Her introduction helped spark off a major naval arms race as navies around the world rushed to match her, particularly the German navy in the build up to the First World War.[1] Dreadnought was the first battleship of her era to have a uniform main battery, rather than having a few large guns complemented by a heavy secondary battery of somewhat smaller guns. She was also the first major warship to be powered by steam turbines, making her the fastest battleship in the world at the time of her completion.
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The concept was simple, and had been a consideration among naval planners for a few years. Dreadnought would use steam turbines in place of the older triple-expansion engines that had powered almost all previous ships, giving her a design speed of a steady 21 knots (39 km/h). This would allow her to outrun any existing battleship with comparable firepower, while she could outgun any faster vessel in keeping with Forrest's axiom . Submarines were largely ignored. Thus protected from smaller ships, lighter guns that would normally be placed along the sides of the ship to deal with them could be omitted. This left considerably more room for the largest guns, which were placed in turrets on the main deck.
Dreadnought mounted five two-gun turrets. Three turrets were located conventionally along the centreline of the ship, with one fore (A turret) and two aft (X & Y turret), the latter pair separated by the torpedo control tower located on a dwarf tripod mast. Two further (wing) turrets (P & Q turrets) were located either side of the bridge superstructure, each able to fire only towards its side. Arrangement of all the turrets along the ship's centreline was rejected in order to minimise the risk of blast damage to the closely-packed turrets, although this precaution was later found to be unnecessary. Dreadnought could deliver a broadside of eight guns, and fire eight guns abaft or six ahead, in each case only in a narrow range of angles; she could never fire all her ten 12 inch (30 cm) guns at one target. At the time of her design end-on fire was regarded, at the instigation of Jackie Fisher, as being of paramount importance over and above broadside fire. This design concept was perpetuated in the succeeding classes, and in the earlier battlecruiser classes.
Later British battleships, starting with the Superdreadnoughts of the Orion class , used a superimposed arrangement, with turrets arrayed in a stair-step arrangement on the centreline. Additional light guns were included for close-in defence but were not intended as offensive weapons.
The vessels which Dreadnought was expected to engage could only bring to bear four guns of similar size, plus shorter-range guns; Dreadnought would endeavour to engage within the range of her guns, but stay out of the range of smaller guns. giving her far more effective firepower than earlier battleships.
The use of a uniform main battery greatly simplified the task of adjusting fire in action. As all guns had the same ballistic characteristics the shells fell in a cluster whose size was determined by random variations and whose centre was subject to errors in aiming and other deterministic effects such as wind. If the shells were seen to splash beyond the target, the range was shortened, and viceversa; if the target was bracketed, the next volley used the same settings, adjusted for ship speeds and course changes. For a given powder load, range adjustments were made by small adjustments to elevation. This simplicity was not available if the guns are of different types and observers did not know which guns created which splashes.
Dreadnought was one of the first vessels of the Royal Navy to be fitted with instruments for electronically transmitting range, order and deflection information to the turrets, removing the reliance on voice-pipes which had been shown to be ineffective in combat [4] . The fire-control equipment, consisting of the transmitting equipment and Vickers range clocks (a variable speed clock that predicted the changing range between two vessels), were located in the Transmitting Station (T/S in navy parlance) in the heart of the ship for protection [5] .
The transmitting station was connected to the spotting top by a large diameter armoured voice-pipe where a dumaresq, a rate of change device, placed with a rangefinder - the initial range, spotting corrections and deflection being called down to the transmitting station. After she returned from her shakedown cruise Dreadnought was fitted with electrical means of transmitting information from the spotting top to the transmitting station. Her rangefinders by Barr and Stroud were of a new type, having a 9 foot base length as opposed to the standard 4½ foot base on almost every other naval vessel. This allowed for greater accuracy of determining the range at distance.
The director, a device invented by Admiral Percy Scott in conjunction with the armament firm of Vickers for transmitting the range and deflection to all turrets and then firing them simultaneously, was first installed on Dreadnought in 1909 but removed before being tested. It was not until the First World War that she would be fitted with the device again.
Another major innovation was the elimination of longitudinal passageways between compartments below the main deck level. While doors connecting compartments were always closed during combat, connected compartments had been found to be a cause of weakness following a collision during fleet exercises which resulted in the sinking of a battle cruiser.
Sailing ships were controlled from the aft part of the ship, and officers were customarily housed aft. Steam ships were controlled from the bridge, high and in the first quarter or third of the ship; Dreadnought reversed the old arrangement, housing officers in the forward part of the ship and enlisted men aft, so that both officers, and stokers and enginemen, were closer to their action stations.
This page uses content from Wikipedia . The original article was at HMS_Dreadnought_(1906) . The list of authors can be seen in the page history . As with WarWiki , the text of Wikipedia is available under CC-BY-SA.
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| HMS Dreadnought |
The satirical comedy Airplane! was released in what year? | HMS Dreadnought - Dreadnought Battleship - Specifications, History and Images
Length: 527 ft (160.63 m)
Beam (Width): 82 ft (24.99 m)
Draught (Height): 26 ft (7.92 m)
Displacement (Weight): 18,420 tons
Complement (Crew): 773
Propulsion: 18 x Babcock & Wilcox 3-drum water-tube boilers with Parsons single-reduction geared steam turbines developing 22,500 horsepower to 4 x Shafts.
Surface Speed: 21 kts (24 mph)
Range: 10,654 nm (12,260 miles, 19,731 km)
Installed Armament:
10 x BL 12" (304.8mm) Mk X guns in
5 x Twin B Mk.VIII turrets (1 forward, 2 midship, 2 aft, 1 port and 1 starboard).
27 x 12-pdr 18 cwt L/50 Mk.I guns in single mountings.
5 x 18" (457mm) submerged torpedo tubes
JR Potts, AUS 173d AB (Updated: 6/8/2016): When she was commissioned in 1906, HMS Dreadnought was the dominant battleship class of her era. Dreadnought was anointed the revolutionary ship of the age even when, in World War 1, she did not sink another battleship in combat or even participate in the famous Battle of Jutland. The reason was based simply on her revolutionary armament scheme, an electronic range-finding weapons system and increased speed technology which were brought together in a modern design for the first time.
For some time, many warship engineers were planning a new type of battleship. In 1903 Vittorio Cuniberti, an Italian naval engineer, wrote of the concept of an "all-big-gun" ship design. British Admiral Jackie Fisher also formulated a like-concept around 1900. However, while others pondered, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) began construction of the first all-big-gun ship to become the IJN Satsuma of 1904. Laid down five months before Dreadnought, she was intended to have mounted 12 of the Armstrong 12-inch (30cm) main guns and displace 19,700 tons. Conversely only 4 of the 12 big guns ordered were shipped to Japan due to the stock on hand at the Armstrong British factory and 10 inch guns were therefore substituted. As such, the British design took center stage and therefore all like-warships appearing soon after would take on the generic name of "Dreadnought" as their type. Conversely, all previous steel battleships of the same era became known as "Pre-Dreadnought" battleships.
The armament improvements on HMS Dreadnought focused on change of the current design discipline which utilized many calibers guns for offense and defense across the armament scheme. Dreadnought was outfitted with 5 x 12-inch twin-gun turrets each having a range out to 14.2 miles (25,000 yards). Three turrets were located conventionally along the centerline of the ship for weight stabilization with one turret forward and two aft. The torpedo control tower, located on a small tripod mast, was mounted between the aft turrets. This blocked any aft centerline fire from the aft turret closest to the superstructure. Two other 12-inch turrets were located on both sides of the bridge superstructure, each able to fire forward and to port or starboard based on which side the turret was mounted on. In all, Dreadnought could deliver a full broadside of eight guns and fire eight guns aft or six ahead - in most cases only within a narrow range. At the time, the acting Lord of the Admiralty - Jackie Fisher - insisted that "end on fire" was more important than broadside fire though, in future battles, this concept was proven to be less effective. Dreadnought had 24 x 12 pounders (76mm) guns with ten mounted on the tops of the 12-inch turrets and 14 placed on the sides of the superstructure, each having a range of 5.3 miles (9,300 yards). The 76mm was used as defense against torpedo boats and was a poor choice as they did not have the range while utilizing a light projectile. Casements on pre-dreadnought battleships of the era also used 12-pounders with a 3-inch shell and were side-mounted to mostly fire port or starboard and did not have full movement forward and aft. The casements required holes in the sides of the ship below the main deck that allowed water to enter during heavy seas - however the scheme was not used on Dreadnought.
Having superior firepower was useless without enhanced gunnery range, aiming and fire control systems. Dreadnought was one of the first Royal Navy capital ships to be fitted with improved electronic range transmitting equipment. The old standard fire control system was the use of a voice pipe system where changes in range and deflection were yelled into a brass pipe from fire control to the awaiting gunnery crew in the turrets. This ultimately proved ineffective in combat situations when operational noise levels affected the spoken order. Also, in the transmitting station found in the bowels of the ship, there was installed a Vickers variable range/speed clock that estimated and projected the changing range between the target vessel and the attacking ship. For greater accuracy of determining the distance, Dreadnought was outfitted with a new type of electrical rangefinder developed by Barr and Stroud. ©www.MilitaryFactory.com
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MiniBus, NintendoJet, ScareBus, Chainsaw, Deathjet are all nicknames for which model of aircraft? | Aircraft Nicknames
Aircraft Nicknames
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Great collection of pet names for your aircraft. Can't help noticing that the number of names is inversely proportional to the types popularity / infamy!
BAe 146: 28 names
Metroliner: 15 names
A320: 12 names
If you have any more names send them in to me to add to the list.
All of the information, photographs & schematics from this website and much more is now available in a 374 page printed book or in electronic format .
*** Updated 17 Jan 2017 ***
A318: Nanobus, Baby Bus
A319: Microbus, Shorty, Short Bus (Derogatory American phrase)
A320: MiniBus, NintendoJet, ScareBus, Chainsaw, Deathjet, Freddie Kruegers wet dream, Toulouse Grasscutter, The Strimmer, Fifi, Die-by-Wire, the French Bitch, Sully's Ark
(What's the difference between an A320 and a beaver? 4000 trees per hour.)
A320 is known as 'The John Wayne' Because they 'Chop down trees, move mountains and kill Indians!!'
A330: Slippy, The Aircraft in Plastic
A340: Four-person Hair Dryer, LowRider (takes so long to get off the ground)
A350: The Racoon
A380: Double Decker Bus, Megabus, Whalejet, the Wannabe Queen
Alouette: Chicken chaser
Avro Shackleton: Shacklecaster, flying Cow, Old Grey Lady, 10 Thousand rivets flying in loose formation
Avro Vulcan: Tin-triangle, Flat-iron, Mechanical Hang Glider
AW62 Argosy: Whistling Wheelbarrow, Whistling Tit
BAC 111:Pocket rocket, Bone Vibrator.
BAe146: Viscount 900, Smurfjet with 5 APU's, The Gas Chamber, Bumble-et, Baby Jumbo, Bring Another Engine, 1-4-Sick, submarine- low slow and out of sight, Airborne Auschwitz, Tonka Toy, 4 oil leaks connected by an electrical fault, The Quadra-Puff, Lead Sled, Mini Galaxy, Sky Dozer, Fisher Price 747, "1 aeroplane, 4 engines, needs 6", The Slug, Toxic Terror, Muffler (Because all the noise is on the inside), Fruit Bat, Flying cockroach, Dungbeetle, Jump Jet, The SUV of RJs, Jumbolino, Aluminum Buffalo, four hairdryers in close formation.
BAe ATP: Advanced/Another Technical Problem, The Parrot (cos it's just a big Budgie), Ancient Technology Perpetuated, Bat Pee, Skoda, 80p, Wigwam (A TeePee).
BAe Harrier: Leaping Heap
BAe Jetstream: Junkstream, Wetdream, Soda-stream, Sweatstream, Jetscream, AreWeThereYet?stream, J-Ball.
BAe Nimrod: Never Intended for Maritime Reconnaissance Or Development.
Bristol Beaufighter: Whispering Death
Bristol Freighter: Whispering Death, 10,000 rivets in close formation
Beech 18: Flying snag, Bugsmasher
Beech 99: 99-Liner
Beech Bonanza: Doctor killer (its reputation as such is ubiquitous)
Beech 200: Super K
Beech 1900: Flipper, Dolphin, Stonefish, Mini Guppy, Stretch King Air, Bitch 1900
Beech T-34: Radial Interceptor
Bell 206: Deathranger, Hydraulic palmtree
Bell UH-1: Huey, Hog, Dustoff
Beverly: Flying Longhouse
Bristol Britannia: The Whispering Giant (Was this the original WG?), Freighter version: The Whispering Warehouse
Bristol Freighter: Freightener
Boeing Stratocruiser: Stratoboozer (a reference to the bar these aircraft had on board), "The Best Three Engined Plane Crossing the Atlantic"
Boeing E4B: Doomsday Plane, The Ark, Double Humper
Boeing T43: Gator (for Navigator)
Boeing 707: Slush bucket, Water wagon
Boeing 727: 3 holer, Tri-jet, Trisaurus, Triple crome-plated stovepipe, Jurassic Jet, Ear Blaster
Boeing 737: Tin mouse, Maggot, Pocket Rocket Socket, FLUF (Fat Little Ugly F**cker), Light Twin, Baby Boeing, Fat Freddy, Guppy, Thunder Guppy (series 1/200), Yuppy Guppy, Super Guppy (series 3/4/500), Pig, Bobby (BOeing BaBY), Rudder Rotor, Fat Albert, Dung Beatle.
Boeing 737NG: Super FLUF (Fat Little Ugly F**cker).
Boeing 747: Jumbo Jet, Whale, The Valiant, Upstairs and Downstairs, Lump, Humpback, Queen of the Skies (used for many aircraft but probably mostly the 747).
Boeing 747SP: Short Plane, Stupid Purchase.
Boeing 757: Stick Insect, AtariFerrari, Slippery Snake, Flying Pencil, Long Tall Sally (long legs and two great big…engines.), Greased Bullet
Boeing 757-300: Long misery, Subway Train.
Boeing 767: Dumpster, Slug, Stumpy
Boeing 777: B737 on steroids, Cripple Seven (I.F.E. Problems??), Bigfoot (from the landing gear), Sasquatch, T7, Seventh Wonder, Trouble Seven, Grouper (the front end does look like one of those fish)
Boeing 787 Dreamliner: Tupperjet (plastic tupperware), Firebird (since several early on-board fires), Seven-Late-Seven, Bad Dream Liner, Flatliner, Sparky the Game Changer, Binliner, The microwave (cooks batteries).
B24: The Crystal Shithouse
B52: BUMF (Big Ugly Mother f***er) or BUFF. (Big Ugly Fat F****er), BFiftyTwoManyWheels
BN 2 Islander: 225 - 2 wings, 2 engines(?) 5 Wheels, Slander, Bongo, Noise inducting sound machine, with a slow flying by-product
BN 2A Trislander: Try Harder, Bloody Nice Aircraft (!), Clockwork TriStar, Poor Man's 727
Bombardier Q400: Mega-Whacker
Bombardier CRJ: BarbieJet, Canuckjet, Canuckiejet, Ken&Barbie Dreamjet, Reset Jet, Replacement Jet, Climb Restricted Jet
Buccaneer: Buccanana (due to its banana like shape)
CA-15 Winjeel: The Ginwheel
CAC Wirraway: The "Flying Chaff-cutter" (due to its clattering engine noise)
Canberra T17: Warthog (due to its warty nose)
Casa: Christ A Sh***y Aeroplane
Cessna 150: One Filthy, the buck and a half, Cesspit.
Cessna A150 Aerobat: Aerosplat
Cessna 172 Cutlass: Strutless, Gutless, Flying Chevette (due to its lack of performance and Cessna’s efforts to make their aircraft similar to the cars of the era - that 1970’s upholstery!).
Cessna 177 Cardinal: The Pontif
Cessna 185: Buck eighty-five
Cessna 207: Crowdkiller, Slug, Moneymaker
Cessna 210 Centurian: Coffin, 2-Ton
Cessna 337 Sky Master: SkyDisaster, Sky Maggot, Push-me-Pull-you, Mix Master, Bug Smasher, Push-me-Pull-me, Blow-me-Suck-me, suck & blow job.
Cessna 402 Utiliner: Undyliner.
Cessna Citation: Levitation, Crustacean, Mutation, Slowtation, Nearjet, Bugjet, Twin Hoover
Cessna T-37: Tweet, Tweety or Tweety Bird (because of its high, shrill engine sound)
CF100: The Lead Sled, Clunk
CH-47 Chinook: Two palm trees fucking a dumpster, Hooker, Shithook, RPG Magnet
Concorde: Great White, The Rocket, Rockership, Pocket Rocket, Paraffin Pencil
Convair B36: Aluminium overcast
Convair F102 Delta Dagger: The Deuce
Convair 580: Mountain Master, Vomit Comet
Convair 990: Coronado, Smoky Joe
CRJ: Canadair Rookie Jet
CRJ200: Shortdart, Lawndart, barbiejet
CRJ900: Longdart
CT-4A: (which was painted bright yellow and green in Oz Air Farce service) - the Plastic Parrot
DC 2: Deuce.
DC 3: Dak, Dakotasaurus Rex, Gooney Bird, Draggin' Wagon, Douglas Racer (compliments of late BC/A columnist Torch Lewis and the airplane's leisurely 140 KIAS cruise speed), Dakleton (South African built Daks as replacement for AVRO Shackletons), Dizzy Three, Dowager Dutchess, Duck
DC 6: Douglasaurus Rex
DC 7: Douglas Seven Seas (From DC-7C)
DC 8: DC Late, Old Smokey, Greasy8, Death Cruiser, Whiney Bird, Cigarette Jets (Long skinny fuselages and long thin engines that smoked), Santa Monica Anteater (for Douglas' HQ city and the airplane's loooong nose)
DC 9-10/15: Pocket Rocket, Mini-Me, Baby Nine
DC 9: Greasy 9, Diesel 9, DC3-GT
DC 10: Diesel 10, Death Contraption 10, Death Cruiser 10, Daily Crash 10, Donald's Disaster, Crowd Killer
MD 11: The Diva, More Death 2, I also like 'Scud' for the MD-11, once you launched it, you were not sure were it was going to land.
DH 82 Tiger Moth: Terror Moth.
DH Comet: Vomit
DH Vampire: The whistling pisscan.
DHC 1 Chipmonk: Chippie, Chukmonk.
DHC 3 Otter: Swine, Steam Otter.
DHC 4 Caribou: The Gravel Truck ("The only aircraft known to man that could suffer a birdstrike from behind".)
DHC 5 Buffalo: Barfalo
DHC 6 Twin Otter: Tin Otter, Twin Rotter, Twotter, Stoneboat, Twottercopter, noise powered aeroplane, Double Udder
DHC 7 Dash Seven: Quad Otter
DHC 8 Dash Eight: Dash Late, Crashbait, DashTrash, Trash8, Crash8, Trauma Tube, Dashidy Trashidy Boom, The Sausage
DO 17: Flying Pencil
Douglas A1D Skyraider: The Spad
Douglas A4 Skyhawk: Bantam Bomber
Douglas AC47 (DC3 Gunship): Spooky, Puff the Magic Dragon, Fantasma, Dragon Dak
Douglas C54 Skymaster: Buscuit Bomber (from Berlin Airlift days)
Douglas C124 Globemaster: Shakey Bird, "Old Shaky" due to its tendency to do a lot of that in flight, and "the Aluminium Cloud" because it was, with four props and a double high fuselage basically built on DC-6 / C-118 wings, the hugest return on anyone's radar
Douglas Skywarrior: 'All Three Dead' a mixture of its awful early safety record, three crew, and its US Navy designation of A-3D
EMB110 Bandierante: Bandit, Randy Banty
EMB120 Brasillia: Garbage Can, Brakillya, The Bro, Mexican King Air
EMB135: Scopebuster
EMB145: Jungle Jet, Barbie Jet, The Windows 98 Plane (seems like you spend more time rebooting the aircraft than actually flying it), Bendy Jet, Emb180 (taxi to the runway, then 180 for taxi back to ramp), WiSCOD (Whistling Shitcan of Death)
EMB ERJ: Brazillian Tube of Death, Jungle Jet, Brasilia Jet (Really p***es off the pilots...)
Ercoupe: Scarecoupe, Air Scoop
Fokker 27: The Dutch Dog Whistle, Whistle Pig, The Converter - (ie, it converted fuel into noise).
Fokker 28: WhisperJet, She Who's Afraid of Snow
Fokker 50: F**kin' Fifty, Little Fokker, Pinocchio
Fokker 100: The Scud Because they point them at Europe and they don't come back!, Dutch Oven (lousy air conditioning), Runway Hog, The Mother Fokker (as it is the largest Fokker, but also because it sucks like a bitch)
FA 18: Bug, Rhino
Fairey Gannet: Converter of Kerosene to Noise
Fairey Swordfish: Stringbag
F-4 Phantom: Grey Geese, Double Ugly, Rhino, "Luftwaffen-Diesel" (due to the noticeable smoke trails), Fliegender Ziegelstein ("Flying Brick"), Luftverteidigungsdiesel ("Air Defense Diesel")
F-100 Hun
F-102 Deuce
F-104 Starfighter Flying coffin, Widowmaker, Manned missile, Zipper, The Pregnant Hatpin, Erdnagel (literally "earth nail"), from the military term for "tent peg"
F-105 The Thud
Fouga: Dog-whistle, Converter, Whistling Turtle
HS121 Trident: Rodent, Ground Gripper
HS125: Pocket rocket
HS748: Paraffin Budgie, the Draggie, The Twenty Ton Dog Whistle.
GAF Nomad: Go-mad, Gonad
Gloster Javellin: Flying Trowel, Harmonious drag master, Flat Iron
Gloster Meteor: Meatbox
Handley Page Hampden: Flying Suitcase
Hawker Hunter: Haunter
IAI Westwind: Lead Sled, Jew Canoe, Heebjet, Bagel Bomber, Yom Kippur Clipper
Jaguar: Septic Cat
Jet Provost: JP, The variable noise machine
Katana DA20: Flying sperm
Lake Amphibian: Doctor Killer
LearJet: FearJet, Noisemaker
Lockheed Constellation: Connie, Cancellation, “the best tri-motor ever” so good that sometimes the 4th engine works!
Lockheed C-5 Galaxy: Cumulus Aluminus, FRED (F*cking Ridiculous Economic Disaster)
Lockheed C130 Hercules: Fat Albert, Trash hauler, Herkybird, Cessna 130
Lockheed Jetstar: Lawn Dart
Lockheed 1011 TriStar: Bistar (Had so many RB211-22B failures), El-10-Elemon, FrightStar, Tritanic, Swamp Eater, Swamp Buggy
Lockheed SR71: Blackbird, was also often called "Habu" because of its frequent deployment to Okinawa (where the habu is a nasty pit viper).
Lockheed T-33: T Bird
Lockheed YF12: The Thing!
MD 11: Mad Dog, Mega Dog, Mechanical Disaster 11, More Death 11, MD-911, She Who Won't Land, She Who Won't Sell
MD 80: Mad Dog 80, Stupid 80 (They call them Super 80's), Minimum Delay 80 (Minutes), Super Tube, Super Slug, Douglas Death Tube, Long Beach Sewer Pipe, Lead sled (becuase it was underpowered)
MD 95: John Holmes condom
MD Demon: Screamin Demon
Mitsubishi Zero: type one lighter ( due to its ability to readily catch fire when attacked!)
Mitsubishi MU-2: Widow Maker, Hiroshima Screamer, Rice Rocket, Kill You - 2
Mohawk 298/Nord 262: Pteradactyl
OH-58D Kiowa: Remote-Controlled Upside-Down Lawnmower, Kenny (the sight system looks like the South Park character)
Partenavia: Part-of-Mafia, Partial Aviator, Part Banana
PA-20 Pacer: The sled
PA-22 Tri Pacer: Pie Chaser, Fly Paper, Milk stool
PA-23 Aztec: Az-Truck, Azwreck, Flying Potato
PA-28 Arrow: Sparrow
PA-28 Cherokee: Cherry Tree, Chickopee
PA-28 Warrior: Worrier
PA-31 Navajo: Never-go, Have-a-go, The Ho
PA-38 Tomahawk: Traumahawk, Terrahawk, SpinMaster, Ratshit Hatchet
PA-44 Seminole: Semenhole
PBY 5 Catalina: Pigboat, Dumbo.
Republic Thunderchief: Thud
RJ70/100: Real Jet
Robinson R22: The Happy Hopping Easter Egg (they're cute and colorful...and look like toys.)
SA 227 Metroliner: San-Antonio sewerpipe, Texas Sewer Pipe, Death pencil, The Screamin Weenie, Texas Lawn Dart, Swetro (It got very hot in the summer), Baltimore Whore (no visible means of support, skinny lil 'ol wings), Terror Tube, "That noisy fucking thing", Widow maker, Kerosene Crowbar, Fear tube, Necroliner, Buzzbomb, Metrowhiner, Death Tube.
SAAB: Slaab, Swedes Aren't Airplane Builders, S.O.B
SAAB 35 Draken: Flying Trowel
SAAB J29: Flying Barrel
S3 Viking: Hoover
Shorts Belfast: Belslug, Belslow (because it was so slow), in the early days they were called 'Dragmasters' because they were so slow and after Shorts fixed them with the strakes either side of the rear ramp they were called 'Fastbacks'
Shorts Sandringham: The Triple Decker Bus
Shorts Skyvan: The Whispering Nissan Hut
Shorts 330: The Two Tailed Shed, Horse Float, Milk Carton, Winnebago, Box Car, Short Van
Shorts 360: Box, Shoe Box, Barn, Shed, Long Short, The box that the Skyvan came in, Winnabego with Wings, The Irish Concorde
Sikorsky S61N: "Miss Piggy", (fat and ugly)
Socata Rallye: "tin parachute" for its near vertical descent into short fields, "tin parasol"-- for their reluctance to stall (with leading edge slats)--they just descend almost vertically
Sopwith Triplane: Tripehound
Strikemaster: Constant speed - variable noise machine.
Supermarine Scimitar: The Beast.
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In August 2009, the band Train released what hit, that made it to #3 on the American Billboard charts? | Yemeni Plane Crash - Page 2 - Hangar Chat - The AVSIM Community - Page 2
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683 posts
Posted 06 July 2009 - 08:16 PM
I have to agree with Tim on this one, it's the internet, just relax... If you take stuff like that hard, well there are certain places on the internet to avoid... such as fourms, IRC, IM....
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Posted 06 July 2009 - 08:46 PM
I'm sorry, it's hard to catch inflection on forums like this. When Tim said what he said, it felt as though he may have been so grossly offended by my own humour, grey as it may be, that in his own grey humour he tried to fire back in a thinly-veiled way. I read it wrong and I was a smart-&@($* back to him. It's easy for me to read black and white...it's the grey that's hard to sift through. When I saw the word 'excuse', it reflexed that reaction from me. My apologies to Tim on this.
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999 posts
Posted 06 July 2009 - 09:49 PM
No apologies necessary. We're all friends here, and, as I said, I should have known something like that would not have translated well. The human condition is such that we're all going to die, most of us in unpleasant ways at times not of our choosing. The fact that anyone can find a kind of humor connected to this is uniquely human and, in my eyes, has a grim nobility. Also, in certain professions it is a necessary psychological safety valve. The medical profession has given us the term "donorcycle" which comments on a societal risk without making fun of dead teenagers. I have a case with a horrible office nickname that I won't repeat here since I use my real name. No disrespect is intended, but professionals in certain fields have to maintain a psychological distance in order to do their jobs and live their lives.I sent your logo to another death penalty colleague of mine, but unfortunately he is not an aviation enthusiast, so I got a "what the heck is this?" email back.
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7,212 posts
Posted 07 July 2009 - 04:25 PM
There's a guy in the UK with a popular aircraft nicknames website ; the nicks that got my attention were for the Airbus A320, because there were so many nicknames, such as the MiniBus, NintendoJet, ScareBus, Chainsaw, Deathjet, Freddie Kruegers Wet Dream, Toulouse Grasscutter and The Strimmer.
They missed off a few of my personal favourites:F-104 Starfighter: The Aluminium Death Tube - There was a joke in Germany at the time the Luftwaffe were crashing F-104 Starfighters with depressing regularly which went: How do you get a Luftwaffe Starfighter for free? - Buy a field in Germany and wait.MD-11: The Scud - Apparently because you never know where it's going to land.The Airco DH-2: The Spinning Incinerator - It was apparently fairly tricky to get out of a spin for novice pilots, as well as being notorious for catching fire if shot at with incendiary rounds.While we're on the subject of nicknames and the Airbus, 50 points for the first person who can tell me which famous Boeing aircraft was marketed as the 'Super Airbus' and actually had that painted on the side?Al
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7,212 posts
Posted 08 July 2009 - 01:28 AM
Correct, you get 50 points! these points can be redeemed at my house in the form of a free cup of either tea or coffee LOLFor the curious, the aircraft Plainplane pictured a model of (which is what the the real thing looked like) was in fact the very first Boeing 747 (N7470), which Boeing painted up as the demonstrator for the then new SR (short range high density seating variant). When painted up as that, N7470 wore the registration N1352B. The actual production SR models were certified for 52,000 cycles, as opposed to the normal 747s which were certified for 24,600 cycles, since the short range versions were obviously going to make more take offs and landings when flying shorter trips.Al
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What make of car was used as the platform for the time machine in the Back to the Future franchise? | These Are The Absurdly Great Cars Of The Back To The Future Trilogy
These Are The Absurdly Great Cars Of The Back To The Future Trilogy
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Last weekend, the weather in the District of Columbia was rainy, gross and cold, as it often is this time of year. So I did what any freedom-loving American man would do: I stayed inside and watched the Back to the Future trilogy. And right after Marty wandered into the 1955 version Hill Valley for the first time, this realization dawned on me: Damn, there are some seriously great cars in these movies.
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Honestly, I don’t know how it took me this long to figure that out. I’ve been watching these movies since I was a kid. I think I’ve seen each entry in the trilogy more times than I’ve seen any other movie.
That early exposure to Back to the Future is one of the many reasons I'm a car guy. The filmmakers could have made Doc Brown’s time machine out of anything, but they made it out of a car. And not just any car, a very cool-looking sportscar with a stick shift. What’s not to love?
But the DeLorean isn’t just the only awesome car running around the various eras of Hill Valley. If you look closely, you’ll see that there are tons of great rides in the trilogy (mainly the first two, for obvious reasons.)
These are all the ones I could come up with. Feel free to add your own, I’m sure I missed some. Now why don’t you make like a tree and check out these awesome cars?
1981 DeLorean DMC-12
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Here’s the obvious pick. You can’t talk about Back to the Future without talking about John Z.’s failed masterpiece.
Doc Brown says he picked the DeLorean for his time machine to “do it with some style,” and because the stainless steel body helped with flux dispersal or some such science-y nonsense. I’m just glad he picked one without the slushbox, because the stick makes it that much cooler. (Did you still have to shift gears when it was flying?)
A few folks on the Internet have claimed that the DeLoreans used in Part 2 and Part 3 had some kind of Porsche motor swapped in to replace the anemic PRV V6, possibly the V8 from the 928. I haven’t seen any confirmation of that. Anyone have any leads? I do love the fact that it ends up with whitewall tires in the third movie.
Keep in mind that when the first movie came out in 1985, the DeLorean had been out of production for two years, and the car’s demise was tied to a huge scandal , so using it as the time machine was kind of a joke. Instead, the trilogy made the car into an icon, and it’s probably the main reason anyone remembers it today.
Still, I love the DeLorean and I always have, even if it was unable to outrun a Volkswagen Bus in a parking lot without resorting to time travel. It had character, and character means a lot.
Biff Tannen’s 1946 Ford Super De Luxe
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Biff may have been one of the biggest assholes in cinematic history, but he had great taste in cars. His ‘46 Ford is a real looker, at least until it gets trashed by manure twice in a matter of days in 1955. He absolutely had it coming though. (One of the main plot elements of all three movies was Biff and his family getting their much-deserved comeuppance throughout history.) It must have had a tricky clutch or something, since only Biff and Old Biff from the future could start it.
Biff’s car also gives us a great line from Doc in the second film, when Marty suggests the flying DeLorean land on it so they can seize the almanac. "Marty," Doc says, "He's in a '46 Ford. We're in a DeLorean. He'd rip through us like we were tin foil." Classic.
Doc Brown’s 1948 Packard Custom Eight Victoria
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Of course the Doc had a Packard! He’s all about style, man, no matter what era he’s in. It shows up in a couple scenes in the films, including when Marty borrows it to take his mother to the “Enchantment Under the Sea” dance. Then he comes close to making out with her, which is probably the most unpleasant experience anyone could ever have in a car.
Marty’s 1985 Toyota Xtra Cab 4x4
After Marty changes the past, his family in 1985 doesn’t suck anymore. By teaching his father to stick up for himself and go for his dreams, they all seem much better off than before. Marty even opens the garage to find his own, brand-new Toyota pickup truck, perfect for taking either of the actresses who plays his girlfriend up to the lake for the weekend.
This truck is also tied pretty closely to Marty’s own fate, as it’s the truck he wrecked in a drag race against
Flea from the Red Hot Chili Peppers
some dude named Needles. That crash ruins his music career and relegates him to a lame middle-management job he gets fired from in 2015. Fortunately, he’s able to avoid that in the climax of the third movie .
Marty lucked out with this one. That’s a nice-looking truck, and probably tough as hell too. Also, the truck that was used in the third film is getting restored , which is awesome.
I have some hot news for all the Back to the Future fans out there! Which should be all of you,… Read more Read more
George McFly’s 1984 BMW 733i
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Before Marty changes his family’s future, George McFly was a loser who drives a crappy old Chevy Nova that Biff promptly wrecks in the first movie. Not anymore! Imbued with self-confidence, the new George is a successful author who rolls around in a freaking E23 7-Series, one of the baddest (and most expensive) German luxobarges of its era.
George is now so awesome that he has Biff detail his Bimmer at the end of the first movie, even though he has to threaten Biff with another 1955-style ass-beating to make sure there’s two coats of wax on it. Well done, McFly!
Griff Tannen’s BMW 633 CSi
In the future, we will all drive horribly modified BMWs! I could never figure out if Griff’s car was supposed to be what a BMW would look like in 2015, or if it was an old car he bought and then put a bunch of crap on. I’m guessing the latter, because the tail end is primered, making it look like a work in progress. At any rate, what’s a guy like Griff — who’s even angrier and stupider than his grandfather — doing driving a classy car like a BMW? (Side note: a few years ago, Matt wrote about a guy who was restoring one of these movie cars . I wonder how that went.)
The cars of the “future” are kind of hilarious when you figure out what they really are. A couple are 1980s concept cars, one is a very gussied-up Ford Probe, and one is a Citröen DS. I’ve seen those pop up in a few movies as a “futuristic” car, which is a true testament to the timelessness of the DS’ design. Oh, and in Back to the Future II's version of 2015, Pontiac dealerships are still around . Ha!
Like all children of the Back To The Future generation, we can vividly remember the moment Marty… Read more Read more
Just about any car from 1955
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One of the first signs that Marty is truly in a different time in the first film is all of the classic cars driving around. Generally, they're all awesome. The city is filled with a fantastic collection of old Plymouths, Mercurys, DeSotos, Buicks, and other marques from the 1940s and 50s. It’s a great salute to the best era of American style.
Jennifer’s Dad’s 1984 AMC Eagle 4WD Wagon
We only see him briefly in one scene, but the father of Marty's girlfriend Jennifer drives an awesomely American car, so it's totally worth mentioning here. The old 4x4 AMC wagon is one of the granddaddies of the modern crossover SUV. Whoever Jennifer's dad was, he had good taste in wagons.
The Libyan Terrorists' Volkswagen Bus (Type 2)
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Doc Brown's time machine needs plutonium to operate (until it gets Mr. Fusion, anyway!), so he acquires some in the safest and most ramification-free method he can think of: cheating it out of some pissed-off terrorists from Libya. Shockingly, the Libyans aren't too happy that the Doc ripped them off, so they come after him and Marty in a Volkswagen bus.
This leads us to a great Bus vs. DeLorean chase scene, even if it's a bit unrealistic. The DeLorean hit 90 mph in a parking lot, but it still couldn't outrun an ancient Type 2? Okay, sure. That PRV V6 wasn't good for much anyway. The chase ends with Marty back in 1955 and the VW crashing into a Fox Photo stand (remember those?) No word on whether the terrorists survived the wreck, but who cares? They're terrorists, and that makes them bad people.
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The high speed network of bullet trains in Japan is known as what? | In Back to the Future 2, Biff goes back to 1955 to give himself the Sports Almanac. When he returns, why does he return to an unchanged 2015? - Quora
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Movies
In Back to the Future 2, Biff goes back to 1955 to give himself the Sports Almanac. When he returns, why does he return to an unchanged 2015?
As opposed to an alternate 2015 which took place 30 years after the dystopian 1985 in which Biff is rich and George is dead.
Written May 9, 2011
There are two possible explanations:
Biff needed to return the time machine to Doc & Marty for the plot to work; it doesn't make logical sense
Characters get a 'grace period' to act before time paradoxes resolve themselves
Biff (2015 original) returns to 2015 from 1955 because he has to get the time machine back to Doc and Marty. It's a moment for suspended disbelief because without his return of the time machine, our protagonists couldn't fix the problem & the movie would be over. The bigger problem isn't that Biff (2015 original) went back to an unchanged 2015, it's that the 2015 version of Biff still existed at all! Once he gave the almanac to his younger self, he changed his own life path. The sad, hobbled man who had been waxing George McFly's car all those years ceased to be, as Biff (1955) became a gambling millionaire.
An alternate explanation that fits with the way the trilogy dealt with time paradoxes is that Biff returned to his own unchanged reality because time hadn't resolved itself yet. In Back to the Future, Marty's brother and sister fade out of the family photo, then Marty himself begins to fade away as it appears that his mother and father might not share their first dance together. In the same way, a deleted scene from Back to the Future II showed Biff (2015) stumble out of the Delorean & fade away behind some trash cans when he returns to 2015 (unchanged)[1]. This implies that there's some 'grace period' during which time paradoxes resolve themselves. That window is what gave Doc & Marty time to collect the time machine and return home. However, the director's decision to cut that fade-out scene from the film calls into question whether he really wanted it to be part of the BTTF universe.
Updated Dec 4, 2011
While the other answers here are very good, a logical explanation (but probably far too complicated to be the actual rationale) is that if Biff doesn't return the time machine to 2015 so that Doc and Marty can get back to the newly created version of 1985, there would be an unresolvable paradox of a different sort than the trilogy's other time loops.
1955 Biff's acquisition of the Sports Almanac causes a divergence in the timeline which makes Biff rich, kills George McFly, and (most importantly) puts Doc Brown in an insane asylum. If Doc is institutionalized, he doesn't invent the time machine. If the time machine hasn't been invented, Marty and Doc can't go to 2015, and Old Biff can't steal the time machine to go back and give his younger self the Almanac, which means that none of this mess gets started in the first place, which means Doc isn't institutionalized and is free to invent the time machine, etc.
None of the other "paradoxes" we see of this type are allowed to occur, the main one being the threat to Marty's existence in the first movie. If Marty keeps his parents from getting together, he won't be born to keep his parents from getting together, etc.
From here we can posit (or rationalize) an explanation or three, two of which were suggested in other answers.
The universe abhors an infinite loop paradox. Changes to timelines that would result in this kind of paradox are unstable, and the universe naturally manages to negate them (by having Marty browbeat his father into being a badass, or by giving Doc and Marty an opportunity to get the Almanac back from Biff). If this is the case, the DeLorean returns to the only 2015 that is possible; because Biff's 1985 has no time machine, it negates itself and can't continue into the future.
Temporal inertia. An alternate, simpler explanation, is that the act of time travel either provides time travellers with some kind of temporary resistance to changes in the timeline, or that changes take "time" to propagate down the timeline. This would explain why Marty doesn't pop out of existence the instant he interferes with his parents' meet cute, why Old Biff and the DeLorean last long enough to get back to the original 2015, and why Jennifer, sleeping on the porch in 1985, doesn't just pop out of existence with Biff's dystopian 1985 and get replaced with a new everything-is-swell 1985 version, like everyone else there is (we know this because she retains her memories of 2015, although she mistakes them for a dream). The fact that the DeLorean never disappears, despite the fact that most of Back to the Future II takes place in a universe in which it was never invented, lends credence to this theory.
It's a movie. And a big budget family movie, at that. Screenwriters generally are just trying to create something that doesn't have any gaping plot holes, and aren't working to accomodate the weirdos like us who sit around overthinking the consequences of time travel in films, decades after they were released.
Written May 9, 2011
The simple answer is that there was no way for Doc and Marty to have an adventure if Biff could not have returned to his original timeline. So the writers 'fudged' this little detail.
According to the established in-world rules, Biff should not have been able to return the DeLorean to Doc and Marty in 2015 after his return to 1955. The reality around them should either have changed (as it did around Jennifer on her porch), or they should simply have ceased to be, as their jaunt forward from 1985 would have been "overwritten" by the new timeline as well.
Steve Davis' answer is very sound, and his logic for fitting this plot hole into the continuity of the "rules" of time-travel in the BTTF trilogy is defensible. But the simple answer is that it was a deliberate goof the writers hoped no one would notice, at least until after the movie was over.
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The first coin-operated parking meter in the US was installed in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In what year was it installed? | World’s first parking meter installed - Jul 16, 1935 - HISTORY.com
World’s first parking meter installed
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The world’s first parking meter, known as Park-O-Meter No. 1, is installed on the southeast corner of what was then First Street and Robinson Avenue in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on this day in 1935.
The parking meter was the brainchild of a man named Carl C. Magee, who moved to Oklahoma City from New Mexico in 1927. Magee had a colorful past: As a reporter for an Albuquerque newspaper, he had played a pivotal role in uncovering the so-called Teapot Dome Scandal (named for the Teapot Dome oil field in Wyoming), in which Albert B. Fall, then-secretary of the interior, was convicted of renting government lands to oil companies in return for personal loans and gifts. He also wrote a series of articles exposing corruption in the New Mexico court system, and was tried and acquitted of manslaughter after he shot at one of the judges targeted in the series during an altercation at a Las Vegas hotel.
By the time Magee came to Oklahoma City to start a newspaper, the Oklahoma News, his new hometown shared a common problem with many of America’s urban areas–a lack of sufficient parking space for the rapidly increasingly number of automobiles crowding into the downtown business district each day. Asked to find a solution to the problem, Magee came up with the Park-o-Meter. The first working model went on public display in early May 1935, inspiring immediate debate over the pros and cons of coin-regulated parking. Indignant opponents of the meters considered paying for parking un-American, as it forced drivers to pay what amounted to a tax on their cars, depriving them of their money without due process of law.
Despite such opposition, the first meters were installed by the Dual Parking Meter Company beginning in July 1935; they cost a nickel an hour, and were placed at 20-foot intervals along the curb that corresponded to spaces painted on the pavement. Magee’s invention caught on quickly: Retailers loved the meters, as they encouraged a quick turnover of cars–and potential customers–and drivers were forced to accept them as a practical necessity for regulating parking. By the early 1940s, there were more than 140,000 parking meters operating in the United States. Today, Park-O-Meter No. 1 is on display in the Statehood Gallery of the Oklahoma Historical Society.
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Which city has the greatest number of Rolls Royce automobiles per capita? | Parking meter - 必应
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Parking meter
Parking meters installed by municipalities are considered legal if the parking meters are used for purposes of parking regulation and not for revenue purposes.[citation needed] In a 1937 case in Oklahoma, H.E. Duncan contended that the ordinances impose a fee for the free use of the streets, which is a right of all citizens of the state granted by state law. The Courts ruled that free use of the streets is not an absolute right, but agreed with an unpublished[citation needed] 1936 Florida court decision that said, "If it had been shown that the streets on which parking meters have been installed under this ordinance are not streets where the traffic is sufficiently heavy to require any parking regulations ... (展开) of this sort, or that the city was making inordinate and unjustified profits by means of the parking meters, and was resorting to their use not for regulatory purposes but for revenue only, there might have been a different judgment." One of the first parking meter tickets resulted in the first court challenge to metered parking enforcement. Rev. C.H. North of Oklahoma's City's Third Pentecostal Holiness Church had his citation dismissed when he claimed he had gone to a grocery store to get change for the meter. The North Carolina Supreme Court judged that a city could not pledge on-street parking meter fee proceeds as security for bonds issued to build off-street parking decks. The court said, "Streets of a municipality are provided for public use. A city board has no valid authority to rent, lease or let a parking space on the streets to an individual motorist 'for a fee' or to charge a rate or toll therefor. Much less may it lease or let the whole system of on-street parking meters for operation by a private corporation or individual." A 2009 lawsuit filed by the Independent Voters of Illinois -Independent Precinct Organization (IVI-IPO) claimed the City of Chicago ’s 2008 concession agreement for the operation of its parking meters to a private company violated state law. In November 2010, portions of the suit were thrown out by the Cook County Circuit Court, including the claim that the city was using public funds unlawfully to enforce parking regulations after it was decided by the presiding judge that the city retained its ability to write tickets and enforce parking laws. However, the judge allowed other parts of the suit to stand, including an accusation that the city unlawfully conceded some of its policing power and its ability to set parking and traffic policy to the private company in the concession agreement. As of January 2011, the suit remained active, with the City of Chicago maintaining that the city retains all policing power, maintains responsibility for traffic management, and, through the concession agreement, retains control over rates.
Who came up with the idea for the 'parking meter' for donations i...
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The concept has been around for at least a few years, in many different cities in the U.S., Canada, and other countries.
meter or lot是什么意思？停车是不同计费方式吗？
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parking meter(also meter) 是停车收费器parking lot 是停车场-meter可构成复合词,表示什么器，什么计，什么仪，e.g.speedmeter 速度计 altimeter测高仪lot在这里是名词，表示“一块地”,而parking lot是一个很常见的词语，译为“停车场”，通常我们在街上看到的“P”的标志就是...
CDMA 1x 无线模块的应用中有上面这句话。 请问其中文含义是什么？ 谢谢。
答
Parking meter History
An early patent for a parking meter, US patent, was filed by Roger W. Babson, on August 30, 1928. The meter was intended to operate on power from the battery of the parking vehicle and required a connection from the vehicle to the meter.
Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale designed the first working parking meter, the Black Maria, in 1935. The History Channel's... History's Lost and Found documents their success in developing the first working parking meter. Thuesen and Hale were engineering professors at Oklahoma State and began working on the parking meter in 1933 at the request of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma lawyer and newspaper publisher Carl C. Magee. The world's first installed parking meter was in Oklahoma City on July 16, 1935. Magee received a patent for the apparatus on 24 May 1938.
Industrial production started in 1936 and expanded until the mid-1980s. The first models were based on a coin acceptor, a dial to engage the mechanism and a visible pointer and flag to indicate expiration of paid period. This configuration lasted for more than 40 years, with only a few changes in the exterior design, such as a double-headed design (to cover two adjacent parking spaces), and the incorporation of new materials and production techniques.
M.H. Rhodes Inc. of Hartford, Connecticut started making meters for Mark-Time Parking Meter Company of Miami, where the first Rhodes meters were installed in 1936. These were different from the Magee design because only the driver's action of turning a handle was necessary to keep the spring wound, while Magee's meters needed a serviceman to wind the spring occasionally.
Upon insertion of coins into a currency detector slot or swiping a credit card or smartcard into a slot, and turning a handle (or pressing a key), a timer is initiated within the meter. Some locations now allow payment by mobile phone (to remotely record payments for subsequent checking and enforcement). A dial or display on the meter indicates the time remaining. In many cities, all parking meters are designed to use only one type of coin. Use of other coins will fail to register, and the meter may cease to function altogether. For example, in Hackensack, New Jersey all parking meters are designed for quarters only.
In 1960, New York City hired its first crew of "meter maids"; all were women. It was not until 1967 that the first man was hired.
In the mid-1980s, a digital version was introduced, replacing the mechanical parts with electronic components: boards, keyboards and displays. This allowed more flexibility to the meter, as an EEPROM chip can be reconfigured more easily than corresponding mechanical components.
By the beginning of the 1990s, millions of parking meter units had been sold around the world, but the market was already looking into new solutions, like the collective pay and display machines and new forms of payment that appeared along with electronic money and communication technologies.
Fully electrical
See also: Pay by phone parking
More modern parking meters are generically called multispace meters (as opposed to single space meters) and control multiple spaces per block (typically 8-12) or lot (unlimited). While with these meters the parker may have to walk several car lengths to the meter, there are significant benefits in terms of customer service, performance and efficiency. Multispace meters incorporate more customer-friendly features such as on-screen instructions and acceptance of credit cards for payment—no longer do drivers have to have pockets full of coins. While they still may be prone to coin jams and other types of vandalism, most of these meters are wireless and can report problems immediately to maintenance staff, who can then fix the meters so that they are not out of service for very long.
With pay by space meters, the driver parks in a space, goes to the meter and enters the space number and makes payment. The meter memorizes the time remaining, and enforcement personnel press the bay buttons to check for violations.
Other advances with parking meters include vehicle detection technology, which allows the pay by space meters to know when there is a car parked in a space. This opens the door for benefits for parking managers, including providing way-finding (directing drivers to unoccupied spaces via the web or via street signs), enabling remote violation detection, and gathering vital statistics about parking supply and demand. Some meters allow payment for additional time by phone, and notify drivers when they are about to expire. Parking meters in Santa Monica use vehicle detectors to prevent drivers from "feeding the meter" indefinitely, and to delete remaining time when a car departs so the next car cannot take any time without paying. Meters in Madrid give discounted and free parking to drivers of hybrid and electric vehicles, respectively. Drivers can reserve meters spots in Los Angeles by cellphone.
Another advancement with parking meters are the new solar-powered meters that accept credit cards and still coins as well. They were installed in Los Angeles in 2010, and Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa stated “the city’s Department of Transportation had projected the 10,000 Coin & Card parking meters installed over the last six months would generate 1-1.5 million in revenue each year”. These parking meters replace the top of the meter, but use the existing pole, and use solar power, which can help with sending technicians a wireless signal when in need for repair. These credit card machines accept Visa, MasterCard, and American Express, and can vary at different locations. DDOT (the District of Columbia Department of Transportation) states that this new parking meter will provide: “better return on tax payer’s investment, a variety of options, reduced maintenance, a variety of easy payment options, and increased reliability”.
New digital meters now account for all of New York City's 62,000 single-space parking meters, which are more accurate and more difficult to break into. New York City retired its last spring-loaded, single-space, mechanical parking meter – which was located at West 10th Street and Surf Avenue in Coney Island – on December 20, 2006. “The world changes. Just as the [subway] token went, now the manual meter has gone,” said Iris Weinshall, the city’s transportation commissioner, at a small ceremony marking the occasion, the New York Times reported.
Security issues
Parking meters are exposed to the elements and to vandals so protection of the device and its cash contents is a priority. The meters are frequently targeted in areas where parking regulations and enforcement are widely perceived to be unfair and predatory.[citation needed]
Some cities have learned the hard way that these machines must be upgraded regularly, essentially playing an arms race with vandals. In Berkeley, California, the cut-off remains of meter poles were a common sight during the late 1990s, and parking was largely free throughout the city until the city government installed digital parking meters with heavier poles in 2000 (which were eventually vandalized as well).
Parking meter Alternatives
In the US states of Texas, Maryland, California, Massachusetts, Utah, Virginia, and the whole of the European Union (except many private car parks in the UK and possibly elsewhere), holders of a Disabled parking permit are exempt from parking meter fees. In some other states handicapped parking meters exist, which not only must be paid at the same rate as regular meters, but one will also be subject to receiving a violation ticket if a valid handicap license plate or placard is not displayed on the vehicle.
Some cities have gone to a device called a Parkulator, in which the users purchase a display device, usually for $5 or $10, then load it with as much time as they care to purchase. They then activate the device when they park at a location, and place the display device on their dashboard so it is visible from the front windshield. The device counts down the time remaining on the device while it remains activated. When they return, then the clock stops running, and the person does not overpay for time unused. In the UK, it is now possible to park and pay with credit or debit card through a dedicated telephone service. Civil Enforcement Officers that patrol the parking area are automatically informed through their handheld devices.
In-vehicle parking meters
Main article: In-Vehicle Parking Meter
An In-Vehicle Parking Meter (IVPM) (also known as in-vehicle personal meter, in-car parking meter, or personal parking meter) is a handheld electronic device, the size of a pocket calculator, that drivers display in their car windows either as a parking permit or as proof of parking payment. Implementation of IVPM began in the late 1980s in Arlington, VA, and is spreading to campuses and municipalities worldwide as a centralized method of parking management, revenue collection, and compliance enforcement. There have since been similar adaptations including the Comet and SmartPark by Ganis Systems, EasyPark by Parx (a subsidiary of On Track Innovations), ParkMagic by ParkMagic Ireland, iPark by Epark, and AutoParq by Duncan Industries. Another technology offers the possibility of reloading money (parking time) to the device via a secure Internet site.
^ Chan, Sewell. "New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter." The New York Times. 20 December 2006
^ "Inglewood Website - News Details". Cityofinglewood.org. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
^ "Park-O-Meter". Pom.com. 16 July 1935. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
^ "Coin-in-Slot Parking Meter Brings Revenue to City" Popular Mechanics, October 1935 mid-right side of page article
^ Tick, Tick, Tick, Smithsonian Magazine, May 2008, p. 18
^ "How A Parking Meter Works." Popular Science, December 1959, pp. 138-139
^ Leonard, Teresa (26 August 2015). "Parking meters found their way onto NC streets in 1930s, ‘40s". News & Observer. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
^ Wisdom, Martin. "Pay For DC Parking Meters By Cell Phone". My FOX DC. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
^ "Traffic Division". City of Hackensack. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
^ Dougherty, Conor (3 February 2007). "The Parking Fix". The Wall Street Journal.
^ "Pay Parking | City of White Rock". Whiterockcity.ca. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
^ Media:ParkingmeterDowntownHoustonTexas.JPG
^ Kupferman, Dan. "Why Multi-Space parking meters?". Parking Network. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
^ http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking-news/os-smart-parking-meters-20141203-story.html
^ http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2009-02-23-smartmeters_N.htm
^ Mathis, Sommer. "D.C. Testing Solar-Powered, Credit Card Parking Meters". DCist. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
^ Lovelace, Dennis. "New Credit Card-Use Parking Meters Raking In The Dough". My FOX LA. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
^ "DDOT Starts Installation of New Solar-Powered Single Space Meters". District Department of Transportation. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
^ Chan, Sewell (20 December 2006). "New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
^ Demian Bulwa, "Chicanery tops meters in Berkeley: Vandals wanting to park free put city in yet another jam," San Francisco Chronicle, 25 January 2004, A21
^ "OSCN Found Document:Ex parte DUNCAN". Oscn.net. 10 December 1936. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
^ STATE, EX REL. v. McCARTHY, casetext.com
^ "Inc Magazine, 1 October 2002". Inc.com. 1 October 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
^ Britt v. Wilmington, 236 N.C. 446, 73 S.E.2d 289 (1952)
^ "Independent Voters of Illinois Independent Precinct v. State of Illinois" (PDF). Circuit Court of Cook County, IL. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
^ a b Dumke, Mick. "Parking Meter Lawsuit Allowed to Proceed". Chicago News Cooperative. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
^ Saffold, CFO City of Chicago, Gene. "Letter Concerning IVI-IPO Lawsuit" (PDF). City of Chicago. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
^ Baxter, Brian. "Chicago's $1.16 Billion Parking Meter Privatization 'A Watershed Event'". The AM Law Daily. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
^ Elizabeth Press (20 December 2007). "Illustrating Parking Reform with Dr. Shoup". Streetfilms. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
^ Hill-Holtzman, Nancy (19 January 1992). "Portable Parking Meters a Tick Away". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
^ Leyden, John. "Park and pay by mobile comes to London". The Register. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
^ "Parking Today". Parking Today. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
^ "Electronic iPark Devices Available Again". ARLnow.com. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
^ "Comet Personal Parking Meter". Ganisparking.com. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
^ "EasyPark|Personal Parking Meter". EasyPark USA. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
^ "New Customers". Bookings.parkmagic.net. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
Oklahoma City site of first parking meter. (Historic film)
"Parking Meters Yield $50,000 A Year" 1951 article with excellent illustration of coin operated meters
Articles from the Wausau Daily Herald
Metergate from the SF Times (archived)
Brink's 1978 parking meter theft
Saskatoon, SK - the first Canadian City to offer cell phone parking payment option for its parking meters October 21, 2005
Parking meter payment by cell phone from Slashdot, June 26, 2006
Voice Of America Video
New Parking Meter, calls you when time is up - with Pictures
Sensor based parking meter with push enforcement, bike share, wayfinding, and validation
Secure Storage Technologies Smart Parking Meter
The Case of the Parking Meter Thief, FBI
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Of the two Wright brothers, who was born first? | Wright Brothers Biography - life, story, death, school, young, information, born, contract, house, time
Wright Brothers Biography
Dayton, Ohio
American aviators
The American aviation pioneers Wilbur and Orville Wright were the first to accomplish manned, powered flight in a heavier-than-air machine.
Their early years
Wilbur and Orville Wright were the sons of Milton Wright, a bishop of the United Brethren in Christ. Wilbur was born on April 16, 1867, in Millville, Indiana. Orville was born on August 19, 1871, in Dayton, Ohio. Until the death of Wilbur in 1912, the two were inseparable. Their personalities were perfectly complementary (each provided what the other lacked). Orville was full of ideas and enthusiasms. Wilbur was more steady in his habits, more mature in his judgments, and more likely to see a project through.
While in high school, Wilbur intended to go to Yale and study to be a clergyman. However, he suffered a facial injury while playing hockey, which prevented him from continuing his education. For the next three years he continued his education informally through reading in his father's large library.
In their early years the two boys helped their father, who edited a journal called the Religious Telescope. Later, they began a paper of their own, West Side News. They went into business together as printers producing everything from religious handouts to commercial fliers. In 1892 they opened the Wright Cycle Shop in Dayton. This was the perfect occupation for the Wright brothers because it involved one of the exciting mechanical devices of the time: the bicycle. When the brothers took up the problems of flight, they had a solid grounding in practical mechanics (knowledge of how to build machines).
The exploits of one of the great glider pilots of the late nineteenth century, Otto Lilienthal, had attracted the attention of the Wright brothers as early as 1891, but it was not until the death of this famous aeronautical (having to do with the study of flying and the design of flying machines) engineer in 1896 that the two became interested in gliding experiments. They then decided to educate themselves in the theory and state of the art of flying.
Wilbur Wright (left) and his brother Orville.
Reproduced by permission of
.
Their beginnings in flight
The Wrights took up the problem of flight at a favorable time, for some of the fundamental, or basic, theories of aerodynamics were already known; a body of experimental data existed; and, most importantly, the recent development of the internal combustion engine made available a sufficient source of power for manned flight.
The Wright brothers began by accumulating and mastering all the important information on the subject, designed and tested their own models and gliders, built their own engine, and, when the experimental data they had inherited appeared to be inadequate or wrong, they conducted new and more thorough experiments. The Wrights decided that earlier attempts at flight were not successful because the plans for early airplanes required pilots to shift their bodies to control the plane. The brothers decided that it would be better to control a plane by moving its wings.
First trip to Kitty Hawk
The Wright brothers proceeded to fly double-winged kites and gliders in order to gain experience and to test the data they had. After consulting the U.S. Weather Bureau, they chose an area of sand dunes near the small town of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, as the site of their experiments. In September 1900 they set up camp there.
The Wrights's first device failed to fly as a kite because it was unable to develop sufficient lift (upward force). Instead, they flew it as a free glider. They kept careful records of their failures as well as of their successes. Their own data showed conclusively that previous tables of information they had were greatly inaccurate.
Returning to Dayton in 1901, the Wright brothers built a wind tunnel (a tunnel wherein one can control the flow of wind in order to determine its effect on an object)—the first in the United States. This is where they tested over two hundred models of wing surfaces in order to measure lift and drag (resistance) factors and to discover the most suitable design. They also discovered that although screw propellers had been used on ships for more than half a century, there was no reliable body of data on the subject and no theory that would allow them to design the proper propellers for their airship. They had to work the problem out for themselves mathematically.
The Wrights, by this time, not only had mastered the existing body of aeronautical science but also had added to it. They now built their third glider, incorporating their findings, and in the fall of 1902 they returned to Kitty Hawk. They made over one thousand gliding flights and were able to confirm their previous data and to demonstrate their ability to control motions of the glider. Having learned to build and to control an adequate air frame, they now determined to apply power to their machine.
Powered flight
The Wright brothers soon discovered, however, that no manufacturer would undertake to build an engine that would meet their specifications, so they had to build their own. They produced one that had four cylinders and developed 12 horsepower (a unit that describes the strength of an engine). When it was installed in the air frame, the entire machine weighed just 750 pounds and proved to be capable of traveling 31 miles per hour. They took this new airplane to Kitty Hawk in the fall of 1903 and on December 17 made the world's first manned, powered flight in a heavier-than-air craft.
The first flight was made by Orville and lasted only 12 seconds, during which the airplane flew 120 feet. That same day, however, on its fourth flight, with Wilbur at the controls, the plane stayed in the air for 59 seconds and traveled 852 feet. Then a gust of wind severely damaged the craft. The brothers returned to Dayton convinced of their success and determined to build another machine. In 1905 they abandoned their other activities and concentrated on the development of aviation. On May 22, 1906, they received a patent for their flying machine.
The next step
The brothers looked to the federal government for encouragement in their venture, and gradually interest was aroused in Washington, D.C. In 1907 the government asked for bids for an airplane that would meet certain requirements. Twenty-two bids were received, three were accepted, but only the Wright brothers finished their contract.
The brothers continued their experiments at Kitty Hawk, and in September 1908, while Wilbur was in France attempting to interest foreign backers in their machine, Orville successfully demonstrated their contract airplane. It was accepted by the government. The event was marred by a crash a week later in which Orville was injured and a passenger was killed.
Wilbur's trip to France proved to be a success. In 1909 the Wright brothers formed the American Wright Company, with Wilbur taking the lead in setting up and directing the business. His death in Dayton on May 30, 1912, left Orville feeling depressed and alone. In 1915 he sold his rights to the firm and gave up his interest in manufacturing in order to turn to experimental work. He had little taste for the busy activity of commercial life.
After his retirement, Orville lived quietly in Dayton, conducting experiments on mechanical problems of interest to him, none of which proved to be of major importance. His chief public activity was service on the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (the government agency that came before the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA), of which he was a member from its organization by President Woodrow Wilson in 1915 until his death in Dayton on January 30, 1948.
The Wright Brothers helped found modern aviation through their curiosity, their inventiveness, and their unwillingness to give up their vision.
For More Information
Culick, Fred E. C., and Spencer Dunmore. On Great White Wings: The Wright Brothers and the Race for Flight. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife, 2001.
Freedman, Russell. The Wright Brothers: How They Invented the Airplane. New York: Holiday House, 1991.
Howard, Fred. Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers. New York: Knopf, 1987.
Kelly, Fred C. The Wright Brothers: A Biography Authorized by Orville Wright. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Young, 1951. Reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1989.
Walsh, John Evangelist. One Day at Kitty Hawk: The Untold Story of the Wright Brothers and the Airplane. New York: Crowell, 1975.
Also read article about Wright Brothers from Wikipedia
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Which legendary creature has the body,back legs and tail of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle? | Wright Brothers Timeline
Home > Timelines > Wright Brothers Timeline
Wright Brothers Timeline
Timeline Description: For many years people wished that they could fly. While there were others who tried, the Wright brothers were the guy who made it happen. This timeline tells about their journey.
Date
Wilbur was born in Indiana.
1871
Orville was born in Ohio, after the family had moved there two years before.
1878
The first inspiration
Wilbur and Orville's father brought them home a toy helicopter. The boys became fascinated with flying things.
1881
Let's go fly a kite
Orville began building kites as a hobby to feed his flying fascination.
1892
A bicycle shop
The brothers opened a bicycle shop. This let them get their hands dirty with building things, as well as gave them the funds they need for their later flight experiments.
1893
World's Columbian Exposition
The brothers attended the expo in Chicago. There was an aeronautical exhibit, and Wilbur and Orville were drawn to it.
1896
Their own brand
The brothers began manufacturing their own brand of bicycles in their bicycle shop. This gave them more hands-on experience in building.
October 1896
Otto Lilienthal dies
Otto was an aeronautical engineer, and his death while trying to fly a glider reminded the Wright brothers that they wanted to fly too.
1897
They reason between them
After Otto's death, the brothers began studying his methods as well as the methods of birds' flights. They decided they could create a machine for many to fly.
1899
The Wright brothers built a special kite to test the "wing-warping" method of flight.
1900
Kitty Hawk
Orville and Wilbur moved to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina so that they could better work on their flying experiments.
1901
The experiments continue
The Wrights had many big victories in 1901. They had their first articles published in aeronautical journals, they made several more flying experiments, and they gave speeches about their findings.
1902
The Wright brothers began working on putting an engine in their gliding machines.
1903
The first powered flights
Orville and Wilbur each made many short flights in their new invention. They applied for a patent.
1906
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Who became the first British Formula 1 champion in 1958? | Mike Hawthorn - 1958
Mike Hawthorn
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Mike Hawthorn loved life, drove fast and died young. Big, blond and boisterous, he often raced wearing a broad grin and a bow tie. He regarded motorsport as a quick way to further the fun he constantly pursued. When his pastime became a profession he partied as hard as he drove, though his career was also tinged by tragedy, scandal and personal misfortune. Near the end he found Formula One racing no fun at all, but he went out a winner. Other champions were greater drivers but none was a more colourful personality.
Had he been born a decade earlier John Michael Hawthorn might have been a heroic Spitfire pilot in the Battle of Britain. Instead, the circumstances in his formative years led him into motorsport and he became Britain's first world driving champion. Two year's after Mike's birth on April 10, 1929, his racing enthusiast father Leslie bought a garage near the Brooklands circuit in Farnham, Surrey, where he had raced motorcycles prior to World War II. Inspired by the proximity of Brooklands, and by the atmosphere in the Hawthorn garage where cars and motorcycles were prepared for competition, Mike was only nine years old when he decided he wanted to become a racer.
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Silverstone, July 1953: Fresh from his maiden Formula One win in France, Mike Hawthorn chats with Ferrari team manager Nello Ugolini ahead of the British Grand Prix. © Sutton Images
Silverstone, July 1953: Hawthorne lines up on the grid for the British Grand Prix after qualifying third. Pole sitter Alberto Ascari (Ferrari) is on the far side, then Jose Froilan Gonzalez (Maserati), Hawthorn (Ferrari) and Juan Manuel Fangio (Maserati). © Sutton Images
Silverstone, July 1953: Hawthorn (nearest) in the cockpit of the Ferrari 500 ahead of the Formula Libre Trophy race that followed the British Grand Prix. Also pictured are, far side, Juan Manuel Fangio (BRM), then Guiseppe Farina (Thin Wall Special) and Ken Wharton (BRM). © Sutton Images
Goodwood, September 1953: The start of the non-championship Formula One Woodcote Cup race. On pole, far side, is Juan Manuel Fangio (BRM), then Hawthorn (Ferrari), Roy Salvadori (Connaught) and Ken Wharton (BRM). © Sutton Images
Crystal Palace, July 1955: Race winner Mike Hawthorn leads in his Maserati 250F during the non-championship London Trophy Formula One event. Following him around South Tower Bend are Horace Gould (Maserati 250F) and Harry Schell (Vanwall VW2). © Sutton Images
Nurburgring, Germany. 2-4 August 1957. Mike Hawthorn (Lancia-Ferrari D50 801) 2nd position. World Copyright - LAT Photographic
1953 Grand Prix de Rouen. Rouen-les-Essarts, France. 28 June 1953. Giuseppe Farina and Mike Hawthorn (both Ferrari 500). They finished in 1st and 2nd position respectively, portrait. World Copyright: LAT Photographic
His education, at a prominent Public School followed by studies at Chelsea technical college and an apprenticeship with a commercial vehicle manufacturer, was intended to prepare him for a career at the Farnham garage. Meanwhile, his father also encouraged Mike's interest in motorsport, providing him with motorcycles, then cars for local competitions. Mike also sped around the countryside as the ringleader of a group of hell-raising friends searching for girls and pints of beer in pubs. In 1950 he began winning races in a small Riley sportscar bought for him by his father. Three years later the 'Farnham Flyer' was driving a Formula One car for Enzo Ferrari.
Mike's meteoric rise from club racer to Grand Prix driver took place within on one momentous afternoon at the 1952 Easter Meeting at the Goodwood circuit. It was his first competition in a single seater, a Formula Two Cooper-Bristol provided for him by a family friend, and the opposition included the famous Argentine drivers Juan Manuel Fangio and Froilan Gonzalez. Mike won the F2 race from pole position, then also finished first in the Formula Libre race and was a sensational second in the main event, for Formula One cars.
Impressive results aside, the Farnham Flyer was a commanding figure in the spindly little Cooper, with the top half of his 6 foot 2 inch (188 centimetre) frame towering above the cramped cockpit, elbows flailing in the wind, head thrust forward, chin first. Prior to Goodwood he had always raced in his everyday clothes, usually a sports jacket and a tie, which at speed tended to flap in his face. For his single-seater debut Mike bought white overalls and wore the bow tie that became his trademark.
Inspired by his splendid showing at Goodwood, Mike and his father decided to enter the Cooper in the remaining races of a 1952 Formula One season that was being dominated by Alberto Ascari in a Ferrari. A fourth place in Belgium, a third in Britain and another fourth in Holland left Mike an astonishing fourth overall in the standings. Enzo Ferrari was impressed and hired him for 1953.
His only championship victory in his first Formula One season was a singular feat that became the highlight of Mike's career. In a classic 1953 French Grand Prix at Reims his Ferrari crossed the finish line a hair's breadth ahead of the Maserati driven by the great Fangio. On the podium, when he heard God Save The Queen being played Mike burst into tears and was warmly embraced by the ever-gallant Fangio, who thought him: "a nice young fellow, always in a good mood."
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Goodwood, August 1955: Mike Hawthorn swoops into St.Mary's Corner in the Ferrari 750 Monza during the Nine-Hour International Sports Car Race. © Sutton Images
Silverstone, July 1956: Mike Hawthorn in the pits during practice for the British Grand Prix. He went on to qualify third, splitting the Ferraris of Juan Manuel Fangio and Peter Collins on the front row. © Sutton Images
Silverstone, July 1956: Mike Hawthorne negotiates Copse Corner in his BRM P25 during the British Grand Prix. He went on to retire on lap 24 with transmission problems. © Sutton Images
Mike Hawthorn in the cockpit of the Ferrari Dino 246 which took him to seven podium finishes and the drivers’ championship in 1958. © Sutton Images
1958 : Hawthorn and fellow Briton Stirling Moss of the Vanwall team share a joke during their battle for the 1958 world championship. Hawthorn eventually triumphed by a single point. © Sutton Images
Spa, June 1958: Hawthorn wrestles with the wheel of his Ferrari. He took pole position and fastest lap, but ultimately finished second to the Vanwall of Tony Brooks. © Sutton Images
To the French, the Englishman who raced with a bow tie became known as 'Le Papillon' (The Butterfly), though some purists despaired at the dilettante driver with a penchant for partying and chasing women. At home, Britain's flamboyant new racing hero was subjected to close scrutiny and flaws were sought by sensation-seeking tabloid newspapers. He was accused of evading compulsory military service, though in fact, he had been rejected because of a chronic kidney ailment. But his reputation suffered, and fate also conspired against him. Early in 1954 his arms and legs were badly burned in a crash in a non-championship race in Sicily. Then his father was killed in a road accident.
Mike salvaged the sad year somewhat with a win in the Spanish Grand Prix, but there followed two lost Formula One seasons when he left Ferrari and raced for the then uncompetitive Vanwall and BRM teams. During that period his only major victory came in the ill-fated 1955 Le Mans 24 hour sportscar race where a Mercedes crashed into the crowd, killing over 80 people in motorsport's worst disaster. Mike, co-driving the Jaguar that eventually won, was at first accused of triggering the accident and, though he was later exonerated, the deadly side of motorsport badly bothered him.
His racing life improved in 1957 when he returned to Ferrari, where he also found a kindred spirit in a fun-loving team mate. Peter Collins was an equally handsome carouser who enjoyed wine, women and song. They became fast friends, calling each other "Mon Ami Mate" and engaging in such pranks as marooning people in hotel elevators and staging raucous bun fights in restaurants. They raced as hard as they played, facing the ever-present danger with a fatalistic nonchalance and flogging their Ferraris as if there was no tomorrow.
Mike's championship year of 1958 was blighted at Germany's notorious Nurburgring where he saw his team mate's Ferrari Dino 246 crash with fatal results. The death of Collins left him devastated and disillusioned and Mike only reluctantly completed the season. He finished one point ahead of Vanwall's Stirling Moss (who had won four races to Mike's single victory, in France) to become the first British World Champion.
By now engaged to Jean Howarth, a beautiful fashion model, Mike had lost the heart for racing and at the end of the year he announced his retirement. He continued to drive fast on public roads and on January 22, 1959, near his Farnham home, his Jaguar skidded off a wet corner and 29-year-old Mike Hawthorn was killed.
Text - Gerald Donaldson
| Mike Hawthorn |
Which Which Jane Austin novel was initially titled First Impressions? | Deadly crashed F1 drivers - F1technical.net
Deadly crashed F1 drivers
By Steven De Groote on
29 Aug 2015
Formula One has always been the pinnacle of motorsport, right from its inauguration in 1950. Along with its standing are also the dangers, and during the history many people have died during racing.
See here a list of all deadly crashed drivers that have competed at least once in the Formula One World Championship.
Date
1950
Joe Fry (GB)
Fry was killed at the wheel of the Freikaiserwagen at the 1950 Blandford hillclimb, less than two months after driving a Maserati 4CL in the 1950 British Grand Prix at Silverstone.
1950
Raymond Sommer (F)
In September 1950, he entered the Haute-Garonne Grand Prix in Cadours, France where the steering failed on his 1100cc Cooper and the car overturned at a corner.
1952
Luigi Fagioli (I)
Fagioli died during practice for a touring car race to be held as part of the Monaco Grand Prix. While his crash appeared minor at first, his internal unjuries were such that he died in hospital 3 weeks later.
1953
Charles de Tornaco (B)
In practice for the Modena Grand Prix in 1953, de Tornaco rolled his car and suffered serious head and neck injuries. He died on his way to the hospital.
1953
Hit a roadside pole when driving a Lancia on the Carrera Panamericana
1954
Guy Mairesse (F)
Killed in practice for the Coupe de Paris at Montlhéry in 1954 when he swerved to avoid another car and crashed into a concrete wall.
1954
Onofre Marimón (RA)
Crashed out with his Maserati on July 31, 1954 during qualifying for the 1954 German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring.
1955
Fatal crash at Monza, Italy while trying out a sports Ferrari.
1955
Pierre Levegh (F)
Levegh died in Le Mans disaster at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, in it killing 82 spectators.
1955
Don Beauman (GB)
The weekend before the British Grand Prix, he was killed when he crashed during the Leinster Trophy race.
1956
Louis Rosier (F)
Louis Rosier died of injuries he sustained in a crash at the Montlhéry track, south of Paris, France, on 7 October 1956.
1957
Killed when he crashed driving a Ferrari Monza at the New Zealand circuit of Ardmore.
1957
Eugenio Castellotti (I)
He was killed at only 26 years old during a private Ferrari test session at the Modena Autodrome.
1957
Alfonso de Portago (E)
He and his co-driver Edmund Nelson were killed in a crash (on May 8th) in the 1957 Mille Miglia.
1957
Piero Carini (I)
Killed racing a Ferrari Testa Rossa sports car in the 1957 St-Etienne event. His car veered across the central barrier and collided head-on with a similar machine.
1957
Bill Whitehouse (GB)
He was killed in a Formula Two crash at the Reims Circuit driving a privately-entered Cooper T39.
1957
Killed after crashing his Lotus in the race that also had killed Bill Whitehouse.
1958
Archie Scott-Brown (GB)
Deadly injured on 18 May 1958 during an accident in a sports car race at Spa-Francorchamps. He died one day later in hospital, aged 31.
1958
Erwin Bauer (D)
Killed in a 2-litre sports Ferrari where, not realising he had passed the chequered flag, kept on racing and crashed fatally on what was supposed to be his slowing-down lap.
1958
Deceased after an accident during the 1958 French Grand Prix at Reims, France.
1958
Peter Collins (GB)
Died in hospital after suffering major head injuries in an accident during the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring.
1958
Peter Whitehead (GB)
Killed in a crash while competing in the Tour De France with his half-brother Graham Whitehead. Their Jaguar crashed off a bridge into a 30-foot ravine at Lasalle with Graham behind the wheel.
1958
Stuart Lewis-Evans (GB)
Lewis-Evans crashed heavily at the dusty Ain-Diab circuit during the season finale 1958 Moroccan Grand Prix. His Vanwall engine seized and sent him lurching into barriers at high speed, and his car burst into flames. He was airlifted back to the UK, but died in hospital of his burn injuries six days after the accident.
1959
Mike Hawthorn (GB)
After winning the 1958 Championship with just one point ahead of Stirling Moss, Hawthorn immediately announced his retirement from Formula One. A matter of only months later, on 22 January 1959, Hawthorn died in an automobile accident on the A3 bypass near Guildford driving his British Racing Green highly tuned Jaguar 3.4-litre sedan (now known as the 3.4 Mk 1). What happened that day is still unknown, suggested causes being driver error, mechanical failure, or blackout.
1959
Jean Behra (F)
Behra crashed out his Porsche on the banking of the AVUS ring, Berlin during the German Grand Prix. He was thrown out of the car, launched into the sky and after hitting a flagpole landed into the trees. Along with his fatal skull fracture most of his ribs were broken.
1959
Ivor Bueb (GB)
Bueb died from injuries sustained when he crashed his BRP Cooper-Borgward Formula Two car at Charade Circuit near Clermont-Ferrand, France.
1960
Died when his Porsche sportscar overturned during the 1000 km Buenos Aires race.
1960
Ettore Chimeri (YV)
Deceased in hospital after crashing his Ferrari while practicing for the Gran Premio Libertad sports car race at the Camp Freedom military airfield near Havana, Cuba.
1960
Harry Schell (USA)
Schell died in practice for the non-championship International Trophy event at Silverstone in 1960, when he crashed his Cooper at Abbey Curve.
1960
Chris Bristow (GB)
He was killed during the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps, in a gruesome accident at the Burnenville corner, in which he was decapitated, when the car rolled over.
1960
Alan Stacey (GB)
Stacey was killed during the Belgian Grand Prix, at Spa-Francorchamps, when he crashed at 120 mph (190 km/h). after being hit in the face by a bird on lap 25, while lying in sixth place with his Lotus. He died in close proximity and within minutes of Chris Bristow.
1961
Giulio Cabianca (I)
Cabianca died when at the Modena Autodrome test track after colliding with a taxi on a public road close just aside of the circuit.
1961
Wolfgang von Trips (D)
At the Italian Grand Prix at Monza, his Ferrari collided with Jim Clark's Lotus. His car became airborne and crashed into a side barrier, fatally throwing von Trips from the car, and killing fifteen spectators.
1962
Peter Ryan (USA)
During a heat of the Formula 2 Coupe de Vitesse des Juniors at Reims, Peter's Lotus was involved in a collision with the Gemini of Bill Moss. Ryan was thrown from his car and died from internal injuries.
1962
Ricardo Rodrigues (MEX)
Died in the first day of practice for the non-championship Mexican Grand Prix after crashing out heavily in the 180-degree peraltada corner. He was 20 and considered a possible future champion.
1964
1964
Carel Godin de Beaufort (NL)
Died after an accident at the Nürburgring, during practice for the German Grand Prix. Driving the Porsche 718, the car suddenly veered off the track at the infamous Bergwerk corner. He was thrown out of the car and died three days later at a hospital in Cologne.
1966
Walt Hansgen (USA)
He was killed when he crashed a 7-liter Ford Mk2 sports car at the Le Mans tests during the spring of 1966.
1966
John Taylor (GB)
Taylor died following an accident at the German Grand Prix, when his Brabham collided with Jacky Ickx's Matra on the first lap of the race. He emerged from the wreckage badly burned, and died from his injuries four weeks later.
1967
Lorenzo Bandini (I)
Bandini was running second to Denny Hulme in the Monaco Grand Prix when he lost control of his Ferrari at the harbour. He sustained severe burns while being trapped in his upside down burning vehicle and succumbed to his injuries three days later at Princess Grace Polyclinic Hospital in Monte Carlo.
1967
Giacomo 'Geki' Russo (I)
Russo was killed in a tragic accident, going into a brick wall after hitting his colleague driver, Swiss Beat Behr. He was driving a Matra on the Caserta circuit.
1967
Bob Andersen (GB)
Anderson died of serious injuries from an accident during testing at Silverstone, in which he slid off the track in wet conditions and hit a marshal's post. He died in Northampton General Hospital.
1967
Georges Berger (B)
He was killed racing a Porsche 911 in the 1967 Marathon de la Route at Nürburgring.
1967
Ian Raby (GB)
Raby crashed heavily with his Brabham Lotus during an F2 event at Zandvoort at the end of July. He died from his injuries at the beginning of November.
1968
Jim Clark (GB)
Jim Clark, recognised by many as one of the best drivers F1 has ever seen, died tragically in a Formula Two race for Lotus at the Hockenheimring, Germany. On the fifth lap, his Lotus 48 veered off the track and crashed into the trees. He suffered a broken neck and skull fracture, and died before reaching the hospital.
1968
Mike Spence (GB)
Spence died during practice at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway when he collided heavily with the concrete wall at the entry of turn one. His helmet was hit by the right front wheel of his car and he died at the hospital following massive head injuries.
1968
Ludovico Scarfiotti (I)
Ludovico Scarfiotti died in 1968 at a hillclimbing event on the Roßfeldhöhenringstraße near Berchtesgaden, Germany. He wrecked his Porsche 910 and got thrown out of the car, hitting the ground 45m further.
1968
Jo Schlesser (F)
Frenchman Schlesser was killed when he lost control of his Honda RA302 in lap 2 of the French Grand Prix at Rouen-Les-Sarthes. The magnesium bodied RA302 quickly caught fire, leaving Schlesser no chance.
1969
Lucien Bianchi (B)
He was killed when his Alfa Romeo T33 spun into a telegraph pole during Le Mans testing in 1969.
1969
Paul Hawkins (AUS)
He was killed when his Lola T70GT crashed and burned at Island Bend during the 1969 Tourist Trophy race at Oulton Park.
1969
Moisés Solana (MEX)
Solana was killed in a hillclimbing accident after he lost control of his McLaren and hit a bridge.
1969
Gerhard Mitter (D)
Mitter was killed at Schwedenkreuz, Nürburgring while practising for the German Grand Prix with BMW's 269 F2 project. BMW withdrew as a suspension or steering failure is believed to have caused Mitter's death.
1970
Bruce McLaren (NZ)
Bruce McLaren died (aged 32) when his Can-Am car crashed on the Lavant Straight just before Woodcote corner at Goodwood Circuit on June 2 1970 in England. He had been testing his new M8D when the rear body work came adrift at speed. The loss of aerodynamic downforce destabilized the car, which spun, left the track and hit a bunker used as a flag station.
1970
Piers Courage (GB)
Courage was killed in Zandvoort, Netherlands after sliding wide on a bend, riding up an embankment and rolled upside-down, bursting into flames. It is believed however that he was killed before the flames started as a wheel hit his helmet.
1970
Jochen Rindt (A)
Rindt died in a heavy crash with his Lotus at the parabolica corner in Monza, Italy. Although Rindt was rushed to hospital, he was pronounced dead. That same year he was honoured posthumously with the World Championship title.
1971
Ignazio Giunti (I)
Giunti died during the 1000km Buenos Aires race which he participated with a Ferrari 312PB. He ploughed into the rear of the Matra 660 of Jean-Pierre Beltoise, who was pushing the car along the track after running out of fuel.
1971
Pedro Rodriguez (MEX)
Rodríguez was killed in an Interserie sports car race at Norisring in Nuremberg, Germany, on 11 July 1971, at the wheel of a Ferrari 512M of Herbert Müller Racing.
1971
Jo Siffert (CH)
Killed in the non-Championship World Championship Victory Race at Brands Hatch GB. The suspension of his BRM had been damaged in a lap 1 incident with Ronnie Peterson, and broke later.
1972
Joakim Bonnier (S)
He was involved in an accident at Le Mans in 1972 when his Lola-Cosworth T280 collided with a Ferrari Daytona driven by a Swiss amateur driver Florian Vetsch. His car was catapulted into the trees and he was killed.
1973
Roger Williamson (GB)
Williamson suffered a sudden tyre deflation, which pitched his car into the barriers at high speed and catapulted it 275 m across the track, eventually coming to rest upside down against the barriers on the other side, during which his petrol tank had ignited while being scraped along the track. A rescue attempt by David Purley was unsuccesful and Williams died as asphyxiation by the time the fire was extinguished.
1973
François Cevert (F)
François Cevert died in his Tyrrell 006 at Watkins Glen after violently hitting the barriers during qualifying for the . He died instantly.
1973
Estéfano was killed contesting one of Argentina's domestic Turismo Carratera endurance events.
1974
Peter Revson (USA)
During a practice run for the South African Grand Prix in Kyalami, he was killed as a result of suspension failure on his Shadow Ford DN3.
1974
Silvio Moser (CH)
Moser died from severe injuries without regaining consciousness, some time after being involved in an accident while driving his Lola-BMW in the 1000 km sports car race at Monza.
1974
Helmuth Koinigg (A)
Died in a crash in the United States Grand Prix, only his second Grand Prix start.
1975
Mark Donohue (USA)
During a practice session for the Austrian Grand Prix, Donohue lost control of his March after a tire failed sending him careening into the catch fencing. He died the day after in hospital due to a brain hemorrhage.
1977
Tom Pryce (GB)
Tom Pryce was killed in a gruelling crash as he was partially decapitated by a fire extinguisher after hitting a marshall that crossed that track in aid for another car.
1978
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Which is the most senior United Kingdom Royal Palace? | St James Palace by C Fitzgerald - Louis J Doherty
You are here: Home » Shop » Fine Art » Paintings and Prints » St James Palace by C Fitzgerald
St James Palace by C Fitzgerald
€200.00
Description
Product Description
A mezzotint of St. James Palace, (the official residence of the sovereign and the most senior royal palace in the United Kingdom) by the English artist C. Fitzgerald. Signed in pencil and in good condition. Circa 1890-1900.
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What was the name of country music`s first superstar who died at the age of 29 from drink and drug abuse? | St James Palace by C Fitzgerald - Louis J Doherty
You are here: Home » Shop » Fine Art » Paintings and Prints » St James Palace by C Fitzgerald
St James Palace by C Fitzgerald
€200.00
Description
Product Description
A mezzotint of St. James Palace, (the official residence of the sovereign and the most senior royal palace in the United Kingdom) by the English artist C. Fitzgerald. Signed in pencil and in good condition. Circa 1890-1900.
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What brand of beer does Homer Simpson drink? | 'The Simpsons' to Brew Actual, Officially Licensed Duff Beer - Rolling Stone
'The Simpsons' to Brew Actual, Officially Licensed Duff Beer
Matt Taibbi's New Book: 'Insane Clown President'
'The Simpsons' to Brew Actual, Officially Licensed Duff Beer
To thwart copycat brewers, 21st Century Fox bringing "a premium lager" inspired by series to Chile and potentially everywhere
An unauthorized batch of Duff Beer in Mexico, 2009. Due to an outbreak of bootlegged Duff, 21st Century Fox has teamed up with a brewmaster to craft a real version of the fictional beer. Credit: AFP
All Stories
Duff Beer, Homer Simpson's beverage of choice on The Simpsons , might soon be heading to real life coolers. The long-running show's media company, 21st Century Fox, has given the yellow thumbs up to brew an actual, officially licensed Duff Beer. However, as of now, the drink will only be available in Chile, the Wall Street Journal reports , though a worldwide release is being considered.
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Although Homer has been sipping on Duff for over a quarter-century, 21st Century Fox only decided to go into the beer business after countless Duff counterfeits popped up throughout Europe, South America and Mexico. While the company's lawyers have been successful in swatting down brewers hoping to capitalize on The Simpsons' worldwide recognition, because Duff doesn't actually exist in real life, 21st Century Fox have had trouble protecting the fictional beer's copyright in some countries, like Chile.
In that South American country, plenty of bootlegged Duff crept into the marketplace, and although 21st Century Fox filed an intellectual property complaint against those brewers, resulting in thousands of seized bottles, the demand for more Duff resulted in other bootleggers popping up in Colombia and Mexico. Rather than continue battling the copycats, 21st Century Fox instead decided to brew their own officially licensed product.
In 1996, an Australian company attempted to legally license the Duff brand but was rebuffed because a Simpsons-branded beer was viewed as "detrimental to children." The outbreak of bootlegged Duff, however, has changed the company's opinion on the matter. "Once you see enough piracy, you are faced with two choices," Jeffrey Godsick, president of 21st Century Fox's consumer products division, told the Wall Street Journal. "One is deciding to fight it, and the other is deciding to go out [into the market] with it."
Unfortunately for American Simpsons fans, the only place to drink a Duff currently is at the show's themed areas at Universal Studios parks in Orlando and Los Angeles. However, given The Simpsons' success, "I think there's potential to have Duff everywhere in the world," Godsick said, adding that the beer would be packaged without any mention of The Simpsons or a Homer Simpson endorsement. Sadly, that likely means Duff Man won't accompany the product into the real world.
On numerous occasions on The Simpsons, the series has joked about the questionable quality of the fictional Duff. In reality, however, British brewmaster Paul Farnsworth created a recipe for Duff that will make the beverage a "premium lager" with a "caramel aromatic."
In 2012, Guns N' Roses' Duff McKagan revealed that his name was the inspiration behind The Simpsons' beer. Producers even sought McKagan's permission before using the name, and the bassist allowed it without asking for anything in return. "I knew nothing about branding yourself then or the royalties off it," McKagan told The Independent . "I just thought cool, they wanna use my name and boom, The Simpsons was born. Yeah, if I had a nickel for every time… but it's fine.”
| Duff |
What popular drink was originally called `Brad`s Drink`? | The Simpson's Duff beer to be sold - Business Insider
"Duff Man!" 21st Century Fox
Homer Simpson's drink of choice — Duff Beer — is becoming a reality.
The iconic brew will initially be offered in Chile, "with plans to roll out to more of South America and Europe by early next year," The Wall Street Journal reports .
"The Simpsons" is hugely popular in Latin America. In fact, in Bolivia, when one TV station announced that it would cut down the daily two-hour blocks of "Simpsons" episodes, around 2,000 protesters took to the streets in protest. The network had no choice but to cave to the public demand and keep the show on air.
This popularity caused a number of unofficial Duff beers to be produced, many in Chile. Fox's official branded product will make it harder for imposters worldwide to market their own versions of Duff, as well as running the Chilean pretenders out of the market.
“Because the product did not in fact exist, the argument goes that Fox cannot claim trademark on it,”Ariel Casarin, an associate professor at the Universidad Adolfo Ibanez in Santiago, Chile told the Wall Street Journal .
Australian youtuber SwillinGrog holds a knockoff Duff beer. Youtube / SwillinGrog
Over the years, Fox has become entangled in a number of lawsuits with brewers taking license with the iconic brand name. Now it seems that the time has come for Fox to roll up their selves and beat the brewers at their own game.
Jeffrey Godsick, president of Fox's consumer products division describes the beer as a "premium lager," that apparently has a deep golden color and caramel aromatics.
Fans of the show will immediately note that this does not nearly fit the profile of Springfields beloved Duff.
"Duff Adequate." Simpsons Wiki
The whole idea of Duff beer is that it's a parody of the cheap, generic beers that Americans are so familiar with.
In the episode "A Tree Grows in Springfield," Homer asks barkeep Moe for his finest beer. Moe, without missing a beat, gives him a "Duff Adequate."
Duff's mascot, Duffman is a parody of beer commercials and marketing, specifically the 1980s Budweiser mascot Bud Man .
To make Duff a crafty beer would seem to defeat the purpose — but perhaps that is the purpose.
“Duff is inspired by the brand that’s in the show, but it begins and ends at that,” Mr. Godsick told the Wall Street Journal. “It’s a completely stand-alone brand … you will not see any characters from the show involved in the marketing in any way.”
Fox's "The Simpsons" is, above all, a family show. Fox
That makes sense as the Simpsons brand, beloved by children, seeks to stay far away from any branded alcohol products in the real world.
So some day soon we may all be able to do as Homer Simpson does and enjoy a cold Duff beer on a hot Christmas morning.
| i don't know |
Who painted 'Absinthe Drinker' in 1901? | The Absinthe Drinker, 1901 - Pablo Picasso - WikiArt.org
The Absinthe Drinker
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| Pablo Picasso |
What drink is made from molasses? | The Absinthe Drinker 85 1901 By Pablo Picasso - Oil Paintings & Art Reproductions - Reproduction Gallery
The Absinthe Drinker 85 1901 By Pablo Picasso
The Absinthe Drinker 85 1901
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| i don't know |
Which famous author once said `Work is the curse of the drinking class`? | Beer quotations and humor
Beer Quotations and Humor.
Fill with mingled cream and amber,
I will drain that glass again.
Such hilarious visions clamber
Through the chamber of my brain.
Quaintest thoughts, queerest fancies
Come to life and fade away.
What care I how time advances:
I am drinking ale today.
- Edgar Allen Poe
�You can only drink 30 or 40 glasses of beer a day, no matter how rich you are.� - Adolphus Busch
�Drink triple, see double, and act single� � Anonymous
Similar to ONE BEER, TWO BEER, THREE BEER, FLOOR
�Getting stoned just makes you want to eat and get fat. At least drinking too much makes you vomit which makes you thin�. Earl J. Hickey
�And smoking weed kills your brain cells, not like getting drunk which only hurts the liver, and you got two of them�. Earl J. Hickey
�Prohibition makes you want to cry into your beer and denies you the beer to cry into.� - Don Marquis
"In my opinion, most of the great men of the past were only there for the beer�the wealth, prestige and grandeur that went with the power." - A.J.P. Taylor, British historian, 1984
�Whiskey and Beer are a man�s worst enemies�but the man that runs away from his enemies is a coward!� - Zeca Palomino (Brazilian song writer)
�Buy a man a beer, and he wastes an hour. Teach a man to brew, and he wastes a lifetime.� - Charles Papazian
"Beer he drank - seven goblets. His spirit was loosened. He became hilarious. His heart was glad and his face shown." - from the Epic of Gilgamesh, 3000 B.C.
�If you resolve to give up smoking and drinking, you don�t actually live longer; it just seems longer.� - Clement Freud.
�There�s nothing like good food, good beer, and a bad girl.� - Harvey Allen
�And God said, �Let there be beer!� And He saw that is was good. Then God said, �Let there be light!� And then He said, �Whoa-too much light�.� - Frank Varano
�Beer may not solve your problems, but neither will water or milk� - Wiley
�The church is near, but the road is icy. The bar is far, but we will walk carefully� - Russian Proverb.
�On some days, my head is filled with such wild and original thoughts that I can barely utter a word. On other days, the brewery is close.� - Frank Varano
�Milk is for babies. When you grow up you have to drink beer.� - Arnold Schwarzenegger
�Don�t bother trying to join the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. It turns out they are apparently against all three.� - Wiley
�Women and drink. Too much of either can drive you to the other� - Michael Still
"A fine beer may be judged with only one sip, but it's better to be thoroughly sure."
�Fermentation may have been a greater discovery than fire� - David Wallace
�Who does not love beer, wine, women, and song remains a fool his whole life.� - Carl Worner
�Men can go wrong with wine and women. Shall we then prohibit and abolish women?�
"A little bit of beer is divine medicine." �Paracelsus, Greek physician
�Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy� - Benjamin Franklin
�An intelligent man is sometimes forced to be drunk to spend time with fools.� - Ernest Hemingway
"It was a natural as eating and to me as necessary, and I would not have thought of eating a meal without drinking beer"- Ernest Hemingway
"The worst thing about some men is that when they are not drunk they are sober." - Yeats
�You can�t drink all day if you don�t start in the morning.� On label of Founder's Breakfast Stout
�The human intellect owes its superiority over that of the lower animals in great measure to the stimulus which alcohol has given imagination.�-Samuel Butler
�When I drink, I think; and when I think, I drink.� �Francois Rabelais
"Fermentation may have been a greater discovery than fire" -David Rains Wallace
" Beer is a wholesome liquor�..it abounds with nourishment" �Dr. Benjamin Rush �There is no strong beer, just weak men� - Dan Castellaneta.
"I fear the man who drinks water and so remembers this morning what the rest of us said last night" �Benjamin Franklin
"I went on a diet, swore off drinking and heavy eating, and in fourteen days I lost two weeks." �Joe E. Lewis
�History flows forward on rivers of beer.� Anonymous
"I have taken more out of alcohol than alcohol has taken out of me." - Winston Churchill
�When I heated my home with oil, I used an average of 800 gallons a year. I have found that I can keep comfortably warm for an entire winter with slightly over half that quantity of beer.� � Dave Berry
�Wow, it�s like I�ve died and went to heaven. But then they realized it wasn�t my time yet. So they sent me to a brewery. � Peter of Family Guy
"Here�s to alcohol, the cause of-and solution to-all life�s problems". � Homer Simpson
"I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be epended upon to meet any national crisis. The great point is to bring them the real facts, and beer." � Abraham Lincoln
"Beer is a wholesome liquor�..it abounds with nourishment" �Dr. Benjamin Rush
"I fear the man who drinks water and so remembers this morning what the rest of us said last night" �Benjamin Franklin
"You can never buy beer; you just rent it" -Archie Bunker
�Smithers, this beer isn�t working. I don�t feel any younger or funkier.� - Mr. Burns of Simpsons
�Beer will change the world. I don�t know how, but it will� - sign on streets of New York
"The sum of the matter is, the people drink because the wish to drink." -Rudolph Brand
"Bart, a woman is like a beer. They look good, they smell good, and you�d step over your own mother just to get one."- Homer Simpson
"On victory, you deserve beer, in defeat, you need it."-Napoleon
"The easiest way to spot a wanker in a pub is to look around and find who�s drinking a Corona with a slice of lemon in the neck." � Warwick Frank
"Sir, if you were my husband, I would poison your drink."-Lady Astor to Winston Churchill "Madam, if you were my wife, I would drink it" -Churchill�s reply
"People who drink light beer don�t like the taste of beer; they just like to pee a lot" Capital Brewery, Middleton, WI
"It�s better to drink beer and talk stupid, than to drink water and be full of shit."� �.Steve Taylor
"Life�s too short to drink cheap beer" -Anonymous
�I�m going to buy a boat� do a little traveling, and I�m going to be drinking lots of beer!� - John Welsh, a bus driver who won $30 million in New York Lottery.
"Once, during Prohibition, I was forced to live for days on nothing but food and water." - W. C. Fields
"Give me a woman who truly loves beer and I will conquer the world" - Kaiser Wilhelm
"When I heated my home with oil, I used an average of 800 gallons a year. I have found that I can keep comfortably warm for an entire winter with slightly over half that quantity of beer." -Dave Barry
"I think this would be a good time for a beer." (upon signing the New Deal, paving the way for the repeal of Prohibition) - Franklin D. Roosevelt
"Oh, you hate your job? Why didn't you say so? There's a support group for that. It's called EVERYBODY, and they meet at the bar." - Unknown
"Give my people plenty of beer, good beer and cheap beer, and you will have no revolution among them" - Queen Victoria
�When I drink, I think; and when I think, I drink.� �Francois Rabelais
The hard part about being a bartender is figuring out who is drunk and who is just stupid." Richard Braunstein
"Whenever someone asks me if I want water with my Scotch, I say, "I'm thirsty, not dirty". Joe Lewis
"I told the stewardess liquor for three." - "Who are the other two? - "Oh, there are no other two." Sean Connery (as James Bond)
"Fermentation may have been a greater discovery than fire" -David Rains Wallace
"I have a total irreverence for anything connected with society except that which makes the roads safer, the beer stronger, the food cheaper and the old men and old women warmer in the winter and happier in the summer." -- Brendan Behan
�I drink to make other people interesting.� � George Jean Nathan
�Work is the curse of the drinking class� � Oscar Wilde
The problem with some people is that when they are not drunk, they�re sober.�-William Butler Yeats.
"Do not allow children to mix drinks. It is unseemly and they use too much vermouth." Steve Allen
�Always do sober what you said you�d do drunk. That will teach you to keep your mouth shut.� � Ernest Hemingway
�One martini is all right. Two are too many, and three are not enough.� � James Thurber
�What contemptible scoundrel has stolen the cork to my lunch?� W.C. Fields
�Let no man thirst for good beer.� � Sam Adams
In wine there is wisdom, in beer there is freedom, in water there is bacteria. -Benjamin Franklin
�There can�t be good living where there is not good drinking.�-Benjamin Franklin
�The fact that a believer is happier than a skeptic is no more to the point than the fact that a drunken man is happier than a sober one.�- George Bernard Shaw
"We could not now take time for further searche or consideration: our victuals being much spente, especially our beere." - Logbook entry on the Mayflower, December 16, 1620
"Reality is an illusion caused by a lack of good beer."
"Sir, you�re drunk!" Yes, Madam, I am. But in the morning, I will be sober and you will still be ugly." �Lady Astor and Winston Churchill
"The problem with the world is that everyone is a few drinks behind." -Humphrey Bogart
�The answers to life�s problems aren�t at the bottom of a bottle. They�re on TV.� Homer Simpson---
"Beer , if drank with moderation, softens the tempter, cheers the spirit, and promotes good health.� � Thomas Jefferson
�Not all chemicals are bad. Without chemicals such as hydrogen and oxygen, for example, there would be no way to make water, a vital ingredient in beer.� �Dave Barry
�Many battles have been fought and won by soldiers nourished on beer.�-Frederick the Great
�Beer�. a high and mighty liquor.�- Julius Caesar
�If a life of wine, women and song becomes too much, give up singing.�-Mark Schiess
�Sometimes when I reflect back on all the beer I drink I feel ashamed. Then I look into the glass and think about the workers in the brewery and all of their hopes and dreams. If I didn�t drink this beer, they might be out of work and their dreams would be shattered. Then I say to myself, �It is better that I drink this beer and let their dreams come true, than be selfish and worry about my liver.� - by Jack Handy
�I feel sorry for people who don�t drink. When they wake up in the morning, that�s as good as they�re going to feel all day.� - Frank Sinatra
"It only takes one drink to get me loaded. Trouble is, I can't remember whether it's the thirteenth or fourteenth." - George Burns
"You can't be a real country unless you have a beer and an airline. It helps if you have some kind of football team, or some nuclear weapons, but a the very least you need a beer."- Frank Zappa
"Let's get out of these wet clothes and into a dry Martini..." - Mae West
�Twenty-four hours in a day, twenty-four beers in a case. Coincidence?� - Stephen Wright
"A psychologist once said that we know little about the conscience - except that it is soluble in alcohol." - Thomas Blackburn
"Beer will get you through time of no money better than money will get you through times of no beer." - Freddie Freak
"After drinking four Martinis, my husband turns into a disgusting beast. And after the fifth, I pass out altogether." - Anonymous
"One more drink and I'd have been under the host." - Dorothy Parker
"Beer has food value, but food has no beer value.'
"The problem with the designated driver program, it's not a desirable job. But if you ever get sucked into doing it, have fun with it. At the end of the night, drop them off at the wrong house." - Jeff Foxworthy
"I'm not so think as you drunk I am !" - John Squire
"Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder."
"I'd rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy." - Tom Waits
"If love makes the world go around, then whisky makes it go around twice as fast!" - Compton Mackenzie
"You're not drunk unless you can lie on the floor without holding on !" - Dean Martin
�A woman drove me to drink and I didn�t even have the decency to thank her.� - W.C. Fields
�Beer makes you feel as you ought to feel without beer.� Henry Lawson, Poet and writer.
"We should look for someone to eat and drink with before looking for something to eat and drink" -Epicurus
"Beer is a wholesome liquor�it abounds with nourishment" �Dr. Benjamin Rush
" Give my people plenty of beer, good beer and cheap beer, and you will have no revolution" �Queen Victoria
"I drink when I have occasion, and sometimes when I have no occasion" -Miguel De Cervantes
" There is more to life than beer alone, but beer makes those other things even better." -Stephen Morris
"The mouth of a perfectly happy man is filled with beer" �Ancient Egyptian Wisdom
" Let us drink for the replenishment of our strength, not for our sorrow" -Cicero
" No, sir: There is nothing which has yet been contrived by man by which so much happiness is produced as by a good tavern or inn." �Samuel Johnson
" Beer, if drunk with moderation, softens the temper, cheers the spirit and promotes health" �Thomas Jefferson
" Beer does not make itself properly by itself. It takes an element of mystery and of things that no one can understand." �Fritz Maytag
�When I read about the evils of drinking, I gave up reading !!!� - Henny Youngman
"I'm sorry honey, I can't hear you without a beer in my hand" - Over 1 million husbands.
�When we drink, we get drunk. When we get drunk, we fall asleep. When we fall asleep, we commit no sin. When we commit no sin, we go to heaven. Sooooo, let�s all get drunk and go to heaven!� - Brian O�Rourke
�It�s not about drinking 6 or 7 or 8 beers- it�s about enjoying the one you have in your hand.�Jeff Murdock, bon vivant and local philosopher - interviewed at the BRBP summer 2005
Just to be clear - What I said was. Beer is God, Music is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy and Springsteen is a profit. � Mark Schiess -3/20/08 Indianapolis, Prior to the concert.
Woody, the bartender: How are you feeling today, Mr. Peterson?
Norm: Poor.
Woody: Oh, I�m sorry to hear that.
Norm: No, I mean �pour.�
- Dialogue from an episode of the TV show Cheers
�You don�t have to wait 2000+ years for a second beer� - Top reason why beer is better than Jesus.
�Recently I quit beer. My doctor seems to think that 17 beers per day is too much. In case you ever consider getting off beer yourself, let me explain the process. You begin by sitting motionlessly in a desk chair.
Then you just keep doing that forever because life has no meaning.� - Scott Adams
| Oscar Wilde |
RAF College Cranwell is located in which county | Beer quotations and humor
Beer Quotations and Humor.
Fill with mingled cream and amber,
I will drain that glass again.
Such hilarious visions clamber
Through the chamber of my brain.
Quaintest thoughts, queerest fancies
Come to life and fade away.
What care I how time advances:
I am drinking ale today.
- Edgar Allen Poe
�You can only drink 30 or 40 glasses of beer a day, no matter how rich you are.� - Adolphus Busch
�Drink triple, see double, and act single� � Anonymous
Similar to ONE BEER, TWO BEER, THREE BEER, FLOOR
�Getting stoned just makes you want to eat and get fat. At least drinking too much makes you vomit which makes you thin�. Earl J. Hickey
�And smoking weed kills your brain cells, not like getting drunk which only hurts the liver, and you got two of them�. Earl J. Hickey
�Prohibition makes you want to cry into your beer and denies you the beer to cry into.� - Don Marquis
"In my opinion, most of the great men of the past were only there for the beer�the wealth, prestige and grandeur that went with the power." - A.J.P. Taylor, British historian, 1984
�Whiskey and Beer are a man�s worst enemies�but the man that runs away from his enemies is a coward!� - Zeca Palomino (Brazilian song writer)
�Buy a man a beer, and he wastes an hour. Teach a man to brew, and he wastes a lifetime.� - Charles Papazian
"Beer he drank - seven goblets. His spirit was loosened. He became hilarious. His heart was glad and his face shown." - from the Epic of Gilgamesh, 3000 B.C.
�If you resolve to give up smoking and drinking, you don�t actually live longer; it just seems longer.� - Clement Freud.
�There�s nothing like good food, good beer, and a bad girl.� - Harvey Allen
�And God said, �Let there be beer!� And He saw that is was good. Then God said, �Let there be light!� And then He said, �Whoa-too much light�.� - Frank Varano
�Beer may not solve your problems, but neither will water or milk� - Wiley
�The church is near, but the road is icy. The bar is far, but we will walk carefully� - Russian Proverb.
�On some days, my head is filled with such wild and original thoughts that I can barely utter a word. On other days, the brewery is close.� - Frank Varano
�Milk is for babies. When you grow up you have to drink beer.� - Arnold Schwarzenegger
�Don�t bother trying to join the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. It turns out they are apparently against all three.� - Wiley
�Women and drink. Too much of either can drive you to the other� - Michael Still
"A fine beer may be judged with only one sip, but it's better to be thoroughly sure."
�Fermentation may have been a greater discovery than fire� - David Wallace
�Who does not love beer, wine, women, and song remains a fool his whole life.� - Carl Worner
�Men can go wrong with wine and women. Shall we then prohibit and abolish women?�
"A little bit of beer is divine medicine." �Paracelsus, Greek physician
�Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy� - Benjamin Franklin
�An intelligent man is sometimes forced to be drunk to spend time with fools.� - Ernest Hemingway
"It was a natural as eating and to me as necessary, and I would not have thought of eating a meal without drinking beer"- Ernest Hemingway
"The worst thing about some men is that when they are not drunk they are sober." - Yeats
�You can�t drink all day if you don�t start in the morning.� On label of Founder's Breakfast Stout
�The human intellect owes its superiority over that of the lower animals in great measure to the stimulus which alcohol has given imagination.�-Samuel Butler
�When I drink, I think; and when I think, I drink.� �Francois Rabelais
"Fermentation may have been a greater discovery than fire" -David Rains Wallace
" Beer is a wholesome liquor�..it abounds with nourishment" �Dr. Benjamin Rush �There is no strong beer, just weak men� - Dan Castellaneta.
"I fear the man who drinks water and so remembers this morning what the rest of us said last night" �Benjamin Franklin
"I went on a diet, swore off drinking and heavy eating, and in fourteen days I lost two weeks." �Joe E. Lewis
�History flows forward on rivers of beer.� Anonymous
"I have taken more out of alcohol than alcohol has taken out of me." - Winston Churchill
�When I heated my home with oil, I used an average of 800 gallons a year. I have found that I can keep comfortably warm for an entire winter with slightly over half that quantity of beer.� � Dave Berry
�Wow, it�s like I�ve died and went to heaven. But then they realized it wasn�t my time yet. So they sent me to a brewery. � Peter of Family Guy
"Here�s to alcohol, the cause of-and solution to-all life�s problems". � Homer Simpson
"I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be epended upon to meet any national crisis. The great point is to bring them the real facts, and beer." � Abraham Lincoln
"Beer is a wholesome liquor�..it abounds with nourishment" �Dr. Benjamin Rush
"I fear the man who drinks water and so remembers this morning what the rest of us said last night" �Benjamin Franklin
"You can never buy beer; you just rent it" -Archie Bunker
�Smithers, this beer isn�t working. I don�t feel any younger or funkier.� - Mr. Burns of Simpsons
�Beer will change the world. I don�t know how, but it will� - sign on streets of New York
"The sum of the matter is, the people drink because the wish to drink." -Rudolph Brand
"Bart, a woman is like a beer. They look good, they smell good, and you�d step over your own mother just to get one."- Homer Simpson
"On victory, you deserve beer, in defeat, you need it."-Napoleon
"The easiest way to spot a wanker in a pub is to look around and find who�s drinking a Corona with a slice of lemon in the neck." � Warwick Frank
"Sir, if you were my husband, I would poison your drink."-Lady Astor to Winston Churchill "Madam, if you were my wife, I would drink it" -Churchill�s reply
"People who drink light beer don�t like the taste of beer; they just like to pee a lot" Capital Brewery, Middleton, WI
"It�s better to drink beer and talk stupid, than to drink water and be full of shit."� �.Steve Taylor
"Life�s too short to drink cheap beer" -Anonymous
�I�m going to buy a boat� do a little traveling, and I�m going to be drinking lots of beer!� - John Welsh, a bus driver who won $30 million in New York Lottery.
"Once, during Prohibition, I was forced to live for days on nothing but food and water." - W. C. Fields
"Give me a woman who truly loves beer and I will conquer the world" - Kaiser Wilhelm
"When I heated my home with oil, I used an average of 800 gallons a year. I have found that I can keep comfortably warm for an entire winter with slightly over half that quantity of beer." -Dave Barry
"I think this would be a good time for a beer." (upon signing the New Deal, paving the way for the repeal of Prohibition) - Franklin D. Roosevelt
"Oh, you hate your job? Why didn't you say so? There's a support group for that. It's called EVERYBODY, and they meet at the bar." - Unknown
"Give my people plenty of beer, good beer and cheap beer, and you will have no revolution among them" - Queen Victoria
�When I drink, I think; and when I think, I drink.� �Francois Rabelais
The hard part about being a bartender is figuring out who is drunk and who is just stupid." Richard Braunstein
"Whenever someone asks me if I want water with my Scotch, I say, "I'm thirsty, not dirty". Joe Lewis
"I told the stewardess liquor for three." - "Who are the other two? - "Oh, there are no other two." Sean Connery (as James Bond)
"Fermentation may have been a greater discovery than fire" -David Rains Wallace
"I have a total irreverence for anything connected with society except that which makes the roads safer, the beer stronger, the food cheaper and the old men and old women warmer in the winter and happier in the summer." -- Brendan Behan
�I drink to make other people interesting.� � George Jean Nathan
�Work is the curse of the drinking class� � Oscar Wilde
The problem with some people is that when they are not drunk, they�re sober.�-William Butler Yeats.
"Do not allow children to mix drinks. It is unseemly and they use too much vermouth." Steve Allen
�Always do sober what you said you�d do drunk. That will teach you to keep your mouth shut.� � Ernest Hemingway
�One martini is all right. Two are too many, and three are not enough.� � James Thurber
�What contemptible scoundrel has stolen the cork to my lunch?� W.C. Fields
�Let no man thirst for good beer.� � Sam Adams
In wine there is wisdom, in beer there is freedom, in water there is bacteria. -Benjamin Franklin
�There can�t be good living where there is not good drinking.�-Benjamin Franklin
�The fact that a believer is happier than a skeptic is no more to the point than the fact that a drunken man is happier than a sober one.�- George Bernard Shaw
"We could not now take time for further searche or consideration: our victuals being much spente, especially our beere." - Logbook entry on the Mayflower, December 16, 1620
"Reality is an illusion caused by a lack of good beer."
"Sir, you�re drunk!" Yes, Madam, I am. But in the morning, I will be sober and you will still be ugly." �Lady Astor and Winston Churchill
"The problem with the world is that everyone is a few drinks behind." -Humphrey Bogart
�The answers to life�s problems aren�t at the bottom of a bottle. They�re on TV.� Homer Simpson---
"Beer , if drank with moderation, softens the tempter, cheers the spirit, and promotes good health.� � Thomas Jefferson
�Not all chemicals are bad. Without chemicals such as hydrogen and oxygen, for example, there would be no way to make water, a vital ingredient in beer.� �Dave Barry
�Many battles have been fought and won by soldiers nourished on beer.�-Frederick the Great
�Beer�. a high and mighty liquor.�- Julius Caesar
�If a life of wine, women and song becomes too much, give up singing.�-Mark Schiess
�Sometimes when I reflect back on all the beer I drink I feel ashamed. Then I look into the glass and think about the workers in the brewery and all of their hopes and dreams. If I didn�t drink this beer, they might be out of work and their dreams would be shattered. Then I say to myself, �It is better that I drink this beer and let their dreams come true, than be selfish and worry about my liver.� - by Jack Handy
�I feel sorry for people who don�t drink. When they wake up in the morning, that�s as good as they�re going to feel all day.� - Frank Sinatra
"It only takes one drink to get me loaded. Trouble is, I can't remember whether it's the thirteenth or fourteenth." - George Burns
"You can't be a real country unless you have a beer and an airline. It helps if you have some kind of football team, or some nuclear weapons, but a the very least you need a beer."- Frank Zappa
"Let's get out of these wet clothes and into a dry Martini..." - Mae West
�Twenty-four hours in a day, twenty-four beers in a case. Coincidence?� - Stephen Wright
"A psychologist once said that we know little about the conscience - except that it is soluble in alcohol." - Thomas Blackburn
"Beer will get you through time of no money better than money will get you through times of no beer." - Freddie Freak
"After drinking four Martinis, my husband turns into a disgusting beast. And after the fifth, I pass out altogether." - Anonymous
"One more drink and I'd have been under the host." - Dorothy Parker
"Beer has food value, but food has no beer value.'
"The problem with the designated driver program, it's not a desirable job. But if you ever get sucked into doing it, have fun with it. At the end of the night, drop them off at the wrong house." - Jeff Foxworthy
"I'm not so think as you drunk I am !" - John Squire
"Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder."
"I'd rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy." - Tom Waits
"If love makes the world go around, then whisky makes it go around twice as fast!" - Compton Mackenzie
"You're not drunk unless you can lie on the floor without holding on !" - Dean Martin
�A woman drove me to drink and I didn�t even have the decency to thank her.� - W.C. Fields
�Beer makes you feel as you ought to feel without beer.� Henry Lawson, Poet and writer.
"We should look for someone to eat and drink with before looking for something to eat and drink" -Epicurus
"Beer is a wholesome liquor�it abounds with nourishment" �Dr. Benjamin Rush
" Give my people plenty of beer, good beer and cheap beer, and you will have no revolution" �Queen Victoria
"I drink when I have occasion, and sometimes when I have no occasion" -Miguel De Cervantes
" There is more to life than beer alone, but beer makes those other things even better." -Stephen Morris
"The mouth of a perfectly happy man is filled with beer" �Ancient Egyptian Wisdom
" Let us drink for the replenishment of our strength, not for our sorrow" -Cicero
" No, sir: There is nothing which has yet been contrived by man by which so much happiness is produced as by a good tavern or inn." �Samuel Johnson
" Beer, if drunk with moderation, softens the temper, cheers the spirit and promotes health" �Thomas Jefferson
" Beer does not make itself properly by itself. It takes an element of mystery and of things that no one can understand." �Fritz Maytag
�When I read about the evils of drinking, I gave up reading !!!� - Henny Youngman
"I'm sorry honey, I can't hear you without a beer in my hand" - Over 1 million husbands.
�When we drink, we get drunk. When we get drunk, we fall asleep. When we fall asleep, we commit no sin. When we commit no sin, we go to heaven. Sooooo, let�s all get drunk and go to heaven!� - Brian O�Rourke
�It�s not about drinking 6 or 7 or 8 beers- it�s about enjoying the one you have in your hand.�Jeff Murdock, bon vivant and local philosopher - interviewed at the BRBP summer 2005
Just to be clear - What I said was. Beer is God, Music is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy and Springsteen is a profit. � Mark Schiess -3/20/08 Indianapolis, Prior to the concert.
Woody, the bartender: How are you feeling today, Mr. Peterson?
Norm: Poor.
Woody: Oh, I�m sorry to hear that.
Norm: No, I mean �pour.�
- Dialogue from an episode of the TV show Cheers
�You don�t have to wait 2000+ years for a second beer� - Top reason why beer is better than Jesus.
�Recently I quit beer. My doctor seems to think that 17 beers per day is too much. In case you ever consider getting off beer yourself, let me explain the process. You begin by sitting motionlessly in a desk chair.
Then you just keep doing that forever because life has no meaning.� - Scott Adams
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What would you be training for if you attended White Lodge, Richmond Park | The Royal Ballet School | Setting the standard
Contact
Setting the standard
Our mission is to nurture, train and educate exceptional young dancers for the Royal Ballet companies and other leading UK and international companies and to inspire the future of classical ballet training.
Support us
The Royal Ballet School is a charity and as such relies on the generosity of individuals, companies, trusts and foundations to continue to be able to provide world class training and opportunities for students.
| Classical ballet |
Who did John Wilkes Booth assassinate in April 1865? | White Lodge Museum & Ballet Resource Centre at White Lodge | Museum | Richmond Upon Thames|London
White Lodge Museum & Ballet Resource Centre at White Lodge
Ballet Resource Centre
TW10 5HR
Details
White Lodge, a Grade I listed neo-Classical Palladian building, was commissioned in 1727. The previous year had seen the debut of the 'first ballerina', Marie Camargo, at the Paris Opera. The White Lodge story continues to weave in and out of the fascinating history of Classical ballet.
The same principles of grace, harmony and proportion which define Classical ballet are enshrined in the fabric and design of this beautiful building.
Since 1955 White Lodge has been the home of The Royal Ballet Lower School. For more than eighty years The Royal Ballet School has occupied a central role in the cultural life of the nation, producing some of the world's most acclaimed dancers and choreographers. Its contributed to Classical ballet is acknowledged internationally.
Visitors to White Lodge Museum can learn about the daily life of students at The Royal Ballet School, the history and development of Classical ballet and the fascinating story of White Lodge itself. Displays feature material from the internationally significant Royal Ballet School Collections, including Margot Fonteyn’s ballet shoe, the death mask of Anna Pavlova, and the school reports of famous alumni.
www.royalballetschool.co.uk/wl_museum
Opening details
Open during term-time only. Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursday 1:30 - 3:30pm. Booking essential - White Lodge is a working school and all visits must be booked in advance.
Alternative visiting hours can be arranged for group bookings, please ask.
Visits to White Lodge Museum do not include viewing The Royal Ballet School Students in training.
Prices
Must be booked in advance
Location
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The Teddy bear is named after whom? | Origin of the Teddy Bear
Origin of the Teddy Bear
Teddy Bear sculpture by Urs Fischer in New York City
Source: AP Photo/Charles Sykes
In November 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt and some of his friends went on a hunting trip to Mississippi. After hours of searching, Roosevelt and his group had not come across any wild animals. Finally, the group did track down and surrounded a helpless bear. One of the guides asked the president to shoot the bear so he could win a hunting trophy. The president refused, and news reporters throughout the country spread the story of Roosevelt's kind act.
Not long after this took place, a famous cartoonist named Clifford Berryman drew a cartoon based on Roosevelt 's rescue of the bear. When a store owner in Brooklyn saw the cartoon, he decided to make toy bears to sell in his shop. He asked president Roosevelt for permission to use the name “"Teddy's Bear"” for his toys, as a reminder of the bear Roosevelt had set free. Nowadays, everyone knows these toys as Teddy Bears, but few people know that they were named after President Theodore “"Teddy"” Roosevelt.
November 14 has been designated American Teddy Bear Day.
Source: The U.S. Navy
| Theodore Roosevelt |
What bird was first released by Noah? | The Story of the Teddy Bear - Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)
The Story of the Teddy Bear
A replica of the original Teddy Bear.
NPS
Did you know that the Teddy Bear was invented in honor of President Theodore Roosevelt? It all began when Theodore Roosevelt was on a bear hunting trip near Onward, Mississippi on November 14, 1902. He had been invited by Mississippi Governor Andrew H. Longino, and unlike other hunters in the group, had not located a single bear.
Roosevelt's assistants, led by Holt Collier, a born slave and former Confederate cavalryman, cornered and tied a black bear to a willow tree. They summoned Roosevelt and suggested that he shoot it. Viewing this as extremely unsportsmanlike, Roosevelt refused to shoot the bear. The news of this event spread quickly through newspaper articles across the country. The articles recounted the story of the president who refused to shoot a bear. However, it was not just any president, it was Theodore Roosevelt the big game hunter!
Clifford Berryman's 1902 cartoon that lampooned T.R.'s bear hunt
A political cartoonist by the name of Clifford Berryman read the article and decided to lightheartedly lampoon the president's refusal to shoot the bear. Berryman's cartoon appeared in the Washington Post on November 16, 1902. A Brooklyn candy shop owner by the name of Morris Michtom saw the cartoon and had an idea. He and his wife Rose were also makers of stuffed animals, and Michtom decided to create a stuffed toy bear and dedicate it to the president who refused to shoot a bear. He called it 'Teddy's Bear'.
After receiving Roosevelt's permission to use his name, Michtom mass produced the toy bears which were so popular that he soon founded the Ideal Toy Company. To this day the Teddy Bear has worldwide popularity and its origin can be traced back to Theodore's fateful hunting trip in 1902.
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Who or what might suffer from wind-sucking and crib-biting? | horse psychology, wind sucking, crib biting, weaving
Horses, like people, have different characters (temperaments)
Leader horses are more difficult to manage
The leader horse is the bossy one in the group
Nervous horses don't suit nervous riders
A nervous horse will often turn out kind with right rider
Older horses don't always have good temperaments
Horses often misbehave with nervous riders so buy one with kind temperament
It's important rider is Number One in pecking order
If you can't manage your horse, ask for help
HORSEPOWER WITH MARTIN CLUNES - The series that we all loved. Can only admire Martin Clunes's warmth, humour and feeling for horses as he travels around the world. If you didn't see all the TV series or just want to revisit it, you'll adore this DVD.
Weaving, crib biting and wind sucking
These three serious vices are counted as an unsoundness and have to be disclosed at a sale. There are many feed supplements and gadgets on the market which claim to help but unfortunately most serious cases are extremely hard, if not impossible, to cure. In many cases, the most you can hope for is to reduce the stress causing these 'nervous' problems.
Weaving
A horse is said to be a ‘weaver' when it continuously rocks from side to side on its forelegs and sways its head. The horse will usually do this with its head over a stable door. The constant effort causes the horse to lose weight and it can also damage the legs. Weaving is usually caused by boredom or nervousness. Highly strung horses which are stabled for long hours often become weavers. Some believe that it can also be copied by young horses which see older horses weaving but I have never seen this happen. Weaving horses are like a human with a nervous ‘tic'.
If your horse turns out to be a weaver, you can try the following:
If the horse is bored, leave it out in the field for longer periods. A horse doesn't normally weave at grass.
Fit an anti-weaving grille to the top of the stable door so that the horse cannot swing his head. Unfortunately this will not stop a bad weaver which will continue to weave behind the grille.
Highly strung horses can improve with more work. An over-fed, underworked horse will be full of pent up energy and this makes a weaver worse.
Keep weaving horses stabled away from other horses to stop youngsters imitating them.
Some supplements to the horse's diet can help to relax the animal, such as herbal and liquid calmers. It is worth trying these if your horse is a bad weaver.
Crib biting and wind sucking
A crib biting or wind sucking horse is deemed to be unsound. Crib biters hold onto objects, such as a stable door or a manger, with their teeth and swallow air. Wind suckers arch their necks and swallow air. Both make a loud, obvious noise. These vices can stop the horse putting on weight and can also upset the digestion and cause colic. Try the following which might help:
If the horse is locked up in the stable for hours, try leaving it out on grass for longer periods as the problem may be caused by boredom.
If you have no land to turn out the horse, give it something to ‘play' with in the stable to keep its mind occupied, such as a Jollyball.
Feed plenty of bulk fibre. A hay net with a fine mesh is a good idea as it will make the horse take longer to eat its hay.
Some horses respond to a special wide strap fastened tightly around the neck which helps prevent them from sucking in air.
Keep a wind sucker or crib biter away from other horses as young horses may try to copy them.
Ask your vet for advice if the habit is severe as there is now surgery available which might help.
Use this Search Box to find any product
What's in your horse's mind?
Understanding horse psychology helps training
Horses are emotional creatures
Horses are emotional creatures with finally tuned senses. They can see for great distances and react to things advancing from afar. Their hearing sense is highly developed, again to help against predators, and their large ears rotate around to hear sounds from a long off. Horses communicate by touch and smell. They rub up against each other in the field and groom each other for pleasure. If a horse wants to check something out, he will sniff it thoroughly. He will sniff the nostrils of a stange horse which, in the case of mares especially, is often followed by squealing and sometimes kicking.
Telepathy or sixth sense
We all know that horses are supposed to have a sixth sense which is like a form of telepathy. They can tune into feelings and emotions more quickly than their riders. They can sense fear or anxiety in a rider and will react accordingly. This is why a nervous rider will make a sensitive horse more nervous. On a more positive note, it is wonderful to watch a highly trained dressage horse work with his rider and to witness (because we can't see) the invisible communication between them.
Two little friends
| Horse |
Familiarity breeds contempt - and children. | Stop fence destruction by horses crib biting or chewing. | Electric Fencing Direct
Stop horses trashing the expensive fencing!!
Posted by Leslie Sutherland
This is my first blog post of many I hope:-). I am new to Electric Fencing Direct … my name is Leslie Sutherland.
I wasn’t really sure how to start my first ever blog… so here goes I decided to write about something that I am interested in and something that I can give you information about to help you improve a situation.
Why does a horse start to crib?
The root cause of cribbing is stress and boredom. Wild horses do not crib, and spend up to 90% of their time grazing and searching for food. The condition can develop due to a traumatic experience such as when foals are weaned away from their mothers. Domestic horses kept in small enclosed spaces for extended periods of time and not allowed graze naturally are more susceptible to forming habits such as cribbing. There is some research that suggests that cribbing is a response to gastric acidity caused by stress. Cribbing may produce saliva that neutralizes stomach acids. It has also been found that crib biting is closely related to high- concentrate diets and insufficient roughage
What is cribbing?
The term cribbing is used to describe the behaviour of a horse who rests his top teeth on a relatively stationary object and sucks air into his throat. About three percent of all horses crib, although in some populations of thoroughbred racing horses, this figure may be as high as 10 percent.
Cribbing is a repetitive sequence of behaviours that appears to have no purpose. It occurs in all breeds of horses, regardless of temperament, and lasts about three to five seconds. A horse first presses his teeth on an object. Usually any object will do, including a feed bin, a bucket, the top of the stall door or a stall board, a fence or post, a tree trunk or limb, or even the horse’s own foreleg or a human conveniently standing nearby. The horse then contracts his muscles and arches his neck, pulling on the object while sucking air back into his throat and then releasing the air all at once. The release of air makes a distinctive belching or grunting sound. Wind-sucking is similar to cribbing and produces the same noise. The difference between wind-sucking and cribbing is that when wind-sucking, a horse doesn’t steady himself on a stationary object before drawing air into the back of his throat.
A similar but unrelated behaviour, wood-chewing or lignophagia, is another undesirable habit observed in horses, but it does not involve sucking in air; the horse simply gnaws on wood rails or boards as if they were food.
Throughout the spring and summer months you will see many horses using trees and fences posts to scratch themselves on, these poor horses are suffering from the dreaded midge attack (unfortunately electric fencing will not stop the attack of midges but it will help your fencing)
What problems does Cribbing cause?
Front tooth wear
High energy levels, impatience and restlessness
Difficulty in maintaining weight
Stomach Ulcers and a history of colic
Associated with stress and frustration in horses
Horse may spend more time cribbing than eating
Lastly cribbing damages the objects a horse cribs on… bringing us onto electric fencing….
So how can an electric fence help prevent cribbing, chewing or using your beautiful post and rail wooden fencing which cost you a fortune to install as a scratching post???
Well it is very straight forward – the electric fence keeps the horse who is a cribber, chewer or scratcher away from the fencing and therefore he or she cannot get near enough to the fencing to inflict any damage. I have selected a few photos at show electric fencing working as a post and rail protection system . You may have to add more than one line of electric fencing to your post and rail – but this would be a lot cheaper than having to replace whole sections of chewed wooden fencing.
If you have questions about how to install such a fence or perhaps you are new to electric fencing and you are not sure which components you need… please just ask us… we are really happy to start at the beginning and go through everything with you.
We have some ready made kits on line that may suit your requirements alternatively get in touch:
call: 01620 860058 or
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Out, damned spot! Out, I say! | Out, damned spot - eNotes Shakespeare Quotes
Out, damned spot
What is it she does now? Look how she rubs her hands.
Gentlewoman:
It is an accustom'd action with her, to seem thus
washing her hands. I have known her continue in this a quarter of
an hour.
Hark, she speaks. I will set down what comes from her, to
satisfy my remembrance the more strongly.
Lady Macbeth:
Out, damn'd spot! out, I say!—One; two: why, then
'tis time to do't.—Hell is murky.—Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier, and
afeard? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our
pow'r to accompt?—Yet who would have thought the old man to
have had so much blood in him?
Read on Owl Eyes
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Lady Macbeth, as has become her wont, sleepwalks through the royal castle. As her waiting-woman and her doctor listen in, she mutters fragments of an imaginary conversation that recalls the night she and her husband conspired to murder King Duncan [see A SORRY SIGHT ]. The hour is two o'clock; she upbraids her husband for his bad conscience; she insists that there will be nothing to fear once they've grabbed the crown; she marvels at how much blood Duncan had to shed. As Lady Macbeth replays this scene for the eavesdroppers, she not only incriminates herself, but also reveals the pangs of conscience she had ridiculed in her husband.
"Out, damn'd spot" is a prime example of "Instant Bard," tailor-made for ironic jokes and marketing schemes. But the "spot" isn't a coffee stain, it's blood. One motif of Macbeth is how tough it is to wash, scrub, or soak out nasty bloodstains. Macbeth had said that even the ocean couldn't wash his hands clean of Duncan's blood; Lady Macbeth, who scorned him then, now finds the blood dyed into her conscience. The king and queen persist in imagining that physical actions can root out psychological demons, but the play is an exposition of how wrong they are.
| Lady Macbeth |
Chamberlain seemed such a nice old gentleman that I thought I would give him my autograph. | Out, Damned Spot | Pretty Little Liars Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
[ show ]
Summary
The girls are at school after having donated blood at the blood drive organized by Ashley. Emily arrives and informs them that she can’t donate blood since she was in Haiti during summer and can only donate blood after a year. Ashley walks up to them and thanks them for helping her out with the blood drive since the people she had recruited from the church cancelled at the last minute. A lady from church arrives. She mentions to Ashley how she hasn’t seen Ashley around church and Ted has been distracted these past few days. She asks Ashley if everything is fine between them and Ashley lies that everything is good and that Ashley has just been busy. The lady cryptically says that maybe the reason the people from church didn’t show up is
because they were “busy”. The lady asks Ashley to request Ted to hang up posters for an upcoming beauty pageant around the church. Suddenly a clattering sound is heard, startling everyone. It turns out to Mike. The nurse asks him what is he doing and he replies that he was “interested in how it all works” and runs off. Aria calls after him but he ignores her. After he leaves, the liars notice that the freezer containing the vials of blood is open.
The girls are discussing Mike in the hallway. Hanna and Spencer are convinced that Mike was there to steal their blood to frame them and help Alison but Aria refuses to believe them. Aria is stubborn that just because Holbrook wasn’t the one helping Alison doesn’t mean that Mike is. She tells them that Mike was in love with Mona and would never hurt her and storms off. Aria heads to class but hasn’t studied properly for her math test. During the test, Aria panics. She notices Andrew sitting in front of her and begins copying off of him.
Hanna catches up to Spencer in the hallway. She tells Spencer that she needs her help since none of the schools Hanna got into are offering her financial aid and currently her mother is unemployed. Spencer is surprised since Ashley was working for the DiLaurentis family but Hanna tells her that Ashley left not willing to tell Spencer the reason. Spencer goes through Hanna’s paperwork and explains to her that the reason she was denied financial aid is because of her dad’s high income. After class, Andrew corners Aria and demands to know
why she was copying off of him. Aria apologizes and tells him that she got conditional admission into Savannah College of Art and Design but can only keep it if she maintains a minimum required average. Andrew isn’t mad and he offers to tutor her. Aria initially declines and Andrew remarks that tutoring is better than getting caught cheating. Aria finally agrees to let him tutor her.
Emily goes for a bike ride with Talia and they head out in the woods. Talia takes her to the spot where she had her first kiss in fourth grade. Talia tells her how weird her first kiss was and wishes she could have a do-over. Talia asks Emily what her biggest fear is. Emily, not wanting to answer the question, leans in and kisses Talia, telling her that it’s the do-over Talia wished for.
Hanna heads home and finds Ashley sitting in the dark fiddling with her engagement ring. Ashley tells Hanna that she spoke to Ted after the blood drive since Ted deserved an answer. Ashley accepted his proposal but then told him the truth about sleeping with Jason. Ted told her that he needed some time to think and he would call her later.
At Spencer’s, Spencer is on the phone with Aria. Aria reminds Spencer about how they thought Melissa was ‘A’ but turned out to be wrong but Spencer is convinced that Mike is working with Alison. Aria reassures her that she will keep an eye out on Mike, if Spencer stops jumping to conclusions. Spencer gets off the phone, and Jonny walks into the kitchen. He says that he is painting a mural at Hollis, and he invites her to tag along and help him. Spencer, on her mother’s orders, has to e-mail her relatives who can help her get into college, but he persuades her to come. Aria hears her brother’s phone ringing from between the couch cushions and answers it. It is a collect call from Chester Women's Correctional Facility from Alison, who says “Hank Mahoney” and hangs up.
Spencer and Jonny head to Hollis after hours to paint the mural. Jonny tells her that if they do their work at night, the students won’t bother them. Spencer asks him what he would have done if Spencer refused to accompany him, to which Jonny replies that he would’ve called his ex-girlfriend, Sophia. Spencer reminisces about how she used to come to Hollis as a kid when she wanted to become a violinist. Jonny asks her why she never pursued the dream, and Spencer replies that according to the Hastings, if you don’t excel at something, you should give up. Jonny is surprised that Spencer never did anything just for the fun of it.
Aria confronts Mike and demands to know why he has been talking to Alison and who Hank Mahoney is. Mike refuses to answer her questions and tells her that it’s none of her business. Aria wants to know why is Mike letting Alison manipulate him and informs him that she knows about the fight he and Mona had the night before she died but Mike just slams the door on Aria’s face.
Meanwhile at Hanna’s house, Ashley informs Hanna that her father can’t make it to lunch the next day since he has to work. Ashley asks her why she wanted to meet Tom. Hanna admits that she wanted to talk to Tom about her college tuition. Ashley tells her that her father’s financial obligations were worked out in the divorce settlement. Hanna tells her she just wants to talk to her father, but Ashley tells her not to since she doesn’t want him to know about her unemployment. Ashley consoles Hanna that she’ll fix the problem.
At The Brew, Ezra is doing paperwork. He remarks that Emily and Talia seem to be getting along great. Emily mentions to Ezra about Aria’s acceptance into Savannah College of Art and Design surprising Ezra. Emily is astonished that Aria didn’t tell him about it. Emily notices Talia’s file in Ezra’s stack of payroll and is shocked when she learns that Talia is married and listed her husband as an emergency contact.
Back at Hollis, Jonny encourages Spencer to paint something on the mural too but Spencer is sure she’ll ruin it. Jonny finally persuades Spencer to paint something. After Spencer is done, as she gets down from the ladder, she falls but Jonny catches her.
Mike is on his computer messaging someone named Hank Mahoney. He types that “she” told him what to bring and they need to meet up tomorrow. The other person types back that they’ll be in touch. Mike’s opens the mini fridge in his room and opens a decoy can of protein shake and inside it is a vial of blood.
The next day Spencer is furious when she sees the newspaper, and realizes that the mural she helped Jonny paint was actually vandalism. Spencer snaps at him that he told her that he was hired to paint the mural. Jonny replies that he never used the word “hired” to make Spencer come with him. She screams at him that she has already been arrested once for murder but the charges were dropped and she can’t get into trouble again. Jonny apologizes but Spencer storms off.
Aria sits down with Andrew for her tutoring session. Andrew mentions that Ezra must not be good at math and science since Aria didn’t ask him for help. Aria doesn’t want to talk about Ezra and tells him to get back to studying. Hanna keeps texting her and asking about Mike and Andrew notices this.
At work Talia is flirty and tries to get Emily to taste some food she has been cooking. Emily freaks out on her and demands to know when she was going to tell her that she was married. Emily is angry that all this time, Talia told her how much she likes her and acted like nothing was wrong. Ezra walks in and asks if everything is fine but Emily storms out of The Brew. Outside The Brew, Emily sees Mike at an ATM machine taking out money. She grabs the receipt after he leaves and realizes that whatever account he is taking money out of has over $18,000.
Aria is surprised at the number of activities Andrew is involved in at school. Andrew believes that compared to Aria’s life, his seems “planned” but Aria thinks that his life is more “healthy” and “functional”. Emily rushes inside and shows her the ATM receipt and Aria tells her about the call Mike got from prison. Just then, they hear Mike leave and beg Andrew to take his car to follow Mike. Andrew’s car is standard and since they don’t know how to drive stick Andrew agrees to drive them.
Hanna is meeting with her father who is shocked that Hanna got so many good colleges. Hanna mentions the college tuition but her father tells her that he and Ashley already have an agreement. Tom tells her that he had no idea she wanted to go these types of schools. He admits that he is paying for Kate’s education at Dartmouth and can’t afford to fund both their education. Hanna is disgusted that her father is paying for Kate’s education but didn’t even bother asking Hanna about her plan. Tom defends himself by saying that the last time they talked about college, Hanna had no plans about college but Hanna tells him that the last time they talked about college, Hanna was twelve and storms off.
Spencer composes an email to Melissa, apologizing for contacting her through e-mail since Melissa deserves much more, asking her if Wren still has his contact at Oxford.
Andrew is curious about whatever is going on with Mike and Emily makes up an excuse that Mike is on drugs and that he is gambling. They follow Mike to a secluded diner. Aria and Emily rush inside and are shocked to see that Mike is meeting with Cyrus who introduces himself to Mike as Hank. Mike hands him an envelope.
Hanna shows up at The Brew searching for Emily but Ezra informs her that Emily already left. Hanna tells him that she can’t get in touch with anyone since she left her phone at her dad’s office and would rather not go back to get it. Ezra tells her that she can talk to him if she wants to. Hanna breaks down and tells him about how her father doesn’t think she’s college material and is paying for Kate’s education instead. Ezra consoles her, telling her that his parents never thought he would amount to much. Once his parents cut him off he took every possible job he could, to make ends meet and put himself through college.
Spencer meets up with Emily and Aria outside the diner. They think that Mike is running an errand for Alison. Aria doesn’t care if Mike is helping Alison, she just wants to keep him safe. Spencer convinces her that once Cyrus leaves, they’ll follow him. Aria gets a call from Ezra but ignores it. The call actually came from Hanna. Hanna returns Ezra his phone. She’s feeling much better now and is about to leave when she notices the poster for the beauty pageant with the grand prize being a scholarship for $20,000.
While Emily, Spencer, and Aria are waiting outside the diner, watching Cyrus and Mike, Aria tells them about Ezra’s belief that Aria didn’t have the “perfect high school experience” because of him. Spencer also tells them about the confused state of her relationship. They receive a text message from “A”: “Thanks for donating to my get-into- jail fund” and a picture of their vials of blood. When they look back at the diner, Mike and Cyrus are gone. Mike gets in his car and leaves. Someone in a bike chases the girls and corners them up against a dumpster. It turns out to be Cyrus. He confronts the girls, asking them if they were following him. Spencer tells him that he has something of theirs. Cyrus smirks and offers to make a trade but Andrew shows up behind him with a baseball bat and tells Cyrus to leave them alone, scaring him off.
Ashley gives Hanna her phone back that Tom dropped off. Hanna apologizes for going behind Ashley’s back. Ashley notices Hanna filling out the application form for the beauty pageant and Hanna tells her that she’s participating for the grand prize scholarship. Ashley tells her that Ted still hasn’t called her back and Hanna tells her that if she loves Ted, she should fight for him.
Aria and Spencer head back to Spencer’s house and find Jonny stocking her refrigerator. Spencer admits to Jonny that she had fun last night but she has boundaries. Getting into college is her only ticket out of Rosewood and she doesn’t want to ruin it. Jonny tells her that he understands, and leaves.
Talia shows up at Emily’s house. She explains that she married her husband, Eric, right out of high school and that they love each other, but not in the romantic sense. He knows that she is into girls, but she hasn’t left him because they are best friends and have been through a lot together. She apologizes for lying to Emily. Emily admits that there are things that she isn’t ready to share with her either and holds Talia’s hand.
Hanna heads to Spencer’s house. They don’t know how to proceed since they know it’s only a matter of time before “A” plants their blood somewhere to connect them to Mona’s murder and get them arrested. Spencer heads downstairs to get another blanket and has no idea that Mike is watching her through the window.
The episode ends with someone wearing black gloves taking the vial containing Hanna’s blood and transferring some of the blood from the vial onto the clothes Mona was wearing the day she died, while the video of Hanna and Caleb discussing breaking into the storage facility plays in the background.
Notes
The girls, except for Emily , donate blood at a blood drive at Rosewood High, organized by Ashley Marin .
Mike , apparently, steals one of the blood viles and hides it in an energy drink can in his bedroom.
Mike meets up with Cyrus , who is under the alias Hank Mahoney, at a diner and hands him an envelope.
Hanna's father declines to pay for Hanna 's college tuition, saying that he promised Isabel that he would pay for Kate to go to Dartmouth, and he was under the impression Hanna didn't want to go to college.
Aria asks Andrew to tutor her since she needs a minimum average to keep her conditional admission into Savannah College of Art and Design.
Emily finds out that Talia is married, but she and her husband are separated.
' A ' transfers some of Hanna's blood onto the clothes Mona was wearing the day she died.
Title and Background
"Out, Damned Spot" is a reference to Macbeth by William Shakespeare. In the play, after talking so tough throughout the play about how she could kill to become queen, it turns out that she begins cracking under the pressure of the crime and the secret. She hallucinates that she still has blood on her hands from planting the murder weapons used to kill the king, symbolizing her fear of being found out; blood that she can't seem to scrub off.
In the Book Series, Spencer played Lady Macbeth and said the exact same line: "Out, Damned Spot".
Main Cast
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It's not true that I had nothing on. I had the radio on! | It's not true I had nothing on, I had the radio on. - Marilyn Monroe - BrainyQuote
It's not true I had nothing on, I had the radio on.
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What is the proper name for the flag flown by the Merchant Navy sometimes known as a Red Duster? | United Kingdom: red ensign
This page is part of © FOTW Flags Of The World website
United Kingdom: red ensign
The Red Ensign
For the flying of ensigns, the law is as follows:
Subject to subsection (2) below, a British ship, other than a fishing vessel, shall hoist the red ensign or other proper national colours--
on a signal being made to the ship by one of Her Majesty's ships (including any ship under the command of a commissioned naval officer); and
on entering or leaving any foreign port; and
in the case of ships of 50 or more tons gross tonnage, on entering or leaving any British port.
Subsection (1)(c) above does not apply to a small ship (as defined in section 1(2)) registered under Part II. The 1995 Merchant Shipping Act is not very well drafted as it does not say anything of Commonwealth ports (in English law "foreign" excludes Commonwealth). The Canadian version is more informative:
"The Canadian Shipping Act states that a Canadian ship shall hoist the flag on a signal being made to her by one of Her Majesty's Canadian ships, or any ship in the service of and belonging to the Government of Canada; on entering or leaving any foreign port; and if of 50 tonnes gross tonnage or upwards, on entering or leaving any Commonwealth port."
Obviously, maritime practice is to fly ensigns more often than this. How often is up to you.
Andrew Yong, 21 August 2003
In its original form the Red Ensign came into use as the Civil Ensign of England c1650 (having been previously adopted by the English Royal Navy in 1625), and received official sanction as such in a Royal Proclamation of 18 September 1674. As far as is known the Scottish merchant marine also flew a red ensign (although charged with the cross of St Andrew), but this came to an end with the Act of Union of 1707, after which the Civil Ensigns of both countries were charged with the Union Flag . In its present form, however, the Red Ensign dates from the change to the Union of 1 January 1801, it was largely given into the care of the merchant service by an Order in Council dated 9 July 1864, and was last regulated by Article 4 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995.
Christopher Southworth, 3 December 2003
Perrin writing in " British Flags " page 132, 'From that date (1824) the red ensign alone has been the legal national colours of a British merchant vessel.'
David Prothero, 5 September 2003
The 1894 Merchant Shipping Act appears to confirm Perrin when it states that: "The Red Ensign usually worn by the merchant ships, without any defacement or modification whatever, is hereby declared to be the proper national colours for all ships or boats belonging to any British Subject".
Christopher Southworth, 5 September 2003
The red ensign is in informally, even affectionately, named the "red duster". There does not seem to be any agreement on how the expression arose. My theory is that Red Ensigns were hoisted and left until they were so dirty and tattered that they looked more like dusters than flags, and/or, because on British ships old flags were often used as rags before being thrown away.
David Prothero, 13 October 2003
I have not come across any reference to a (or the) "red duster" before about 1880, so I was wondering whether it had anything to do with its use by steam vessels? I have never heard the term used in anything other than in an affectionate way, although thinking of some I've seen at sea over the years 'faded red rag' or 'just recognizable as a flag' would be factually accurate descriptions.
Christopher Southworth, 13 October 2003
Concerning British red ensigns both "official" and unofficial, I am impressed that so many unauthorized (illegal) red ensigns were manufactured and apparently put into service. I have started a sort of quasi research project to find out. Why would so many risk the wrath of the empire:) Thus far, and in a nutshell, I have drawn a series of conclusions. First, a large number of unauthorized red ensigns were made by non-British flag manufacturers with a substantial number of those being made in the US. This was done for a couple of reasons, but the main reason was outright ignorance, or at least lack of understanding concerning British regulation, which could be ambiguous at times. Over the last 100+ years, there have been a number of circulated credible publications suggesting (erroneously) that the proper flag or ensign for civil use concerning any British colony would have been the defaced red ensign. As now, any attempt to get verification directly from a British government office would have perhaps proven fruitless as British government entities in my experience are notorious for not responding to enquiries. With that being said, manufacturers would have produced unwarranted red ensigns in good faith. They would have been used as courtesy flags abroad and would have represented their respective colonies on land. For example, a missionary working in Northern Rhodesia might speak in a US church while on furlough. The church may have ordered a Northern Rhodesian flag to put on display. Any of a number of flag companies may have made up a red ensign for the church based on what information they had.
The second thing I learned is more directly a British issue. There were evidently proud British territorials who took stock in their colonial identity. One of the ways they exercised this pride was to display their colony's badge on the red ensign. Was this "legal"? No. Were British authorities going to press the issue? Probably not. Last autumn here in Penang, I met a former British naval commander. He was surprisingly familiar with the red ensign issue and had been indirectly involved in a couple of incidents involving unwarranted samples being used by British subjects. He also commented that; "It would have cost more to prosecute the buggers than it was worth, and besides, we knew they were doing it out of a sense of civic pride. What's wrong with that?" As far as courtesy ensigns were concerned, ships and yachts were flying them to be; "courteous and respectful so we left them alone, no harm done."
Clay Moss, 11 June 2005
Till danger's troubled night depart
And the star of peace return . . . "
"Meteor" implies the red color, but I wonder of Campbell meant this as a reference to the British flag in general, rather than the red ensign in particular. The imagery seems to be of the meteor of war vs. the star of peace. I don't know the date of this poem, but it was written after 1805 because it mentions the death of Nelson. I've often seen the name "meteor flag" used with reference to Revolutionary War-era flags, and I wonder if this might be anachronistic.
Peter Ansoff, 19 April 2004
Was there not an HMS Meteor in action during the Napoleonic wars? Could there be a connection?
James Dignan, 22 April 2004
I thought "Meteor Flag" was used for a flag identical to the Red Ensign used by land forces in the late 18th Century.
Nathan Lamm, 22 April 2004
Meteor flag is a curious term which has puzzled me since I came across it for the first time. It seems to be more widely used in USA than in Britain. I think that few in Britain would know what it meant. It may have been invented by Thomas Campbell, and applied retrospectively to the 18th century Red Ensign.
The website at http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poem377.html has "Original text: The Morning Chronicle. London, 1801- . First publication date: 1801", but "Where Blake and mighty Nelson fell" does suggest later than 1805, unless the poem was revised.
Can anyone quote an 18th century use of 'meteor flag' ?
David Prothero, 22 April 2004
I've pulled the thread on the "Meteor flag" story a bit, and the results are interesting. Thomas Campbell's poem was originally published in the Morning Chronicle on March 18, 1801. The context was the dispatch of the British fleet to the Danish Sound, which raised the specter of a war with Russia. According to his DNB entry, Campbell was in Altona, Germany, at the time, and returned to Britain with other expatriates aboard the "Royal George." (What color ensign would she have been flying?) [See response below .]
The modern version of the poem that appears on all the web sites has been significantly revised from the original. The most obvious change is the reference to Nelson -- the original line was "Where Blake (the Boast of Freedom) fell." Another is that the refrain "And stormy winds do blow" was "And the stormy Tempests blow" in the original. There was also a small but significant change in the verse about the Meteor flag, which I'll get to in a second.
So, who made the changes? I'm still pursuing that question, but there's a very interesting possibility that it was the American writer Washington Irving. Irving prepared Thomas' poetry for American release, and it was published in the US in at least two editions in 1810 and 1815. Irving was a well-known figure in literary circles, and one would expect that the books were widely read in the USA. This might well account for the fact that the term "Meteor flag" became well-known in the USA but not in Britain, even though it referred to a British flag.
The American publication dates are significant because they came at a time when relations between Britain and the USA were antagonistic (Irving served in the American army during the War of 1812). In that context, it's interesting that, in the original version, the verse referring to the Meteor flag started "The Meteor Flag of England/Must yet terrific burn," while the modern version reads ". . ./Shall yet terrific burn." The "Must" hints at the need for a firm defensive response to the potential (Russian) enemy, while the "Shall" suggests an aggressive British attitude (as perceived by someone who was an enemy of Britain?).
Peter Ansoff, 14 May 2004
What color ensign would she have been flying? - It would have depended upon when it happened. For the first half of 1801 the Royal George was Hyde Parker's flag ship, at which time he was an Admiral of the Blue, so a Blue Ensign. After June she was a private ship and would have flown a Red Ensign.
David Prothero, 17 May 2004
The information about the revisions to the poem is interesting. In Britain the poem is about as well known as you would expect, but the 'meteor flag' phrase has just not gained currency. The inspiration for the expression probably came from John Milton's "Paradise Lost", first printed 1667, Line 536.
"The imperial ensign, which, full high advanced, Shone like a meteor, streaming to the wind."
To confuse the matter slightly, I noticed the following in an editorial about the royal standard in The Globe of 10 February 1902. "The Meteor Flag of England is the Union Jack."
David Prothero, 17 May 2004
Merchant Navy proposals
The term "merchant navy" dates from the Tudor period, when the term "navy" lacked the strictly military meaning it has now. The "merchant navy" was simply the nation's merchant fleet. John S. Ayer, 6 June 2000
The merchant navy is simply that. George V upgraded the Merchant Marine to the Merchant Navy in recognition of their services during WWI.
On 17th July 1918 the Naval Secretary wrote to the First Lord, "King sent for me yesterday and expressed a desire to signalise the war service of the Mercantile Marine by some distinctive recognition. He suggested a red St George's cross fimbriated white on the Red Ensign ( see illustration by Ant�nio Martins, 9 June 2000). This would not be for yachts, only bona fide merchant ships. The blue Ensign might be similarly altered with a red St George's cross fimbriated white." See illustration by Ant�nio Martins", 9 June 2000.
ADM 1/8530/203.
Had these ever been introduced the dimensions would probably have been more like those of the later Civil Air Ensign . The Admiralty persuaded King George V that this was not a good idea and suggested a number of alternatives, one being an order that in future the Service was to be known as the British Merchant Navy. Later the Prince of Wales was appointed "Master of the British Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets".
The term used before Merchant Navy, was Mercantile Marine, which had in general replaced the earlier term Merchant Service. The first commercial signal code introduced in 1817 was called, Captain Marryat's Code of Signals for the Merchant Service.
David Prothero and Andrew Yong, 6 June 2000
A Board of Admiralty meeting on 18th July 1918 concluded that there was no objection from a purely naval point of view, and appointed the Deputy Chief of Naval Staff and Naval Secretary to consider the historical aspects. On the same day the Head of the Legal Branch wrote that it would not conflict with any foreign flags, but would require amendments to the Merchant Shipping Act of 1894 if it was not to be for yachts, which had in many cases rendered good service. He added that it would also be necessary, if adopted to make fresh provision for badges in the fly of colonial ensigns, and that it was not clear how altering the Blue Ensign would recognise the service of the Merchant Service.
A Board meeting on 25th July advised against the proposals because:-
The Red Ensign had been used by the Royal Navy and flown in many famous naval actions. The Red Ensign, as it was, conferred a greater honour on the wearer than would a modified ensign with no historical associations.
The proposed modification symbolised only England .
There would be a problem with badges of Public Authorities, Dominions and Colonies.
It would be difficult to frame a definition of a merchant vessel entitled to wear the modified ensign, that would confine the honour to the ships on which H.M. desired that it should be conferred. The Board suggested a red bordered Union Jack as jack in the bows, and a blue bordered Union Jack as jack for vessels that wore the Blue Ensign, but this was not, in the King's view, a sufficient privilege.
On the 12th August the Naval Secretary wrote that Captains of the Merchant Service had indicated that sentiment attached to the plain Red Ensign was so great that altering it would be an unpopular idea. Other ideas were floated including a white St George's cross on the Red Ensign, but by 20th August the Admiralty had decided that they were, "averse to any tampering with the Red Ensign".
David Prothero, 10 June 2000
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What is the meaning of the nautical term avast? | American Flag History
American Flag History
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The National Flag
The National Flag of the United States of America , which is also the Ensign and the Merchant Flag, is known as "The Star-Spangled Banner", "Old Glory", or the "Stars and Stripes". The stars, white on blue, in the canton, represent the number of States forming the Union; this is now fifty, in nine alternate rows of six and five. The thirteen red and white stripes in the fly represent the original states from which the Union grew.
The U. S. Jack, sometimes called the "Union" and sometimes even the "Union Jack", is identical with the canton. The Warship Pennant bears seven stars, white on blue, at the head; for the rest of its length it is divided horizontally, red over white, and it ends in a long "swallow-tail".
The display of the Stars and Stripes is strictly regulated by the Flag Code . Except where for special reasons, as at the Capital, it is kept flying day and night, it is flown only during the hours of daylight. Solely as a signal of dire distress is it to be inverted, and no other flag, except during Divine Service, the Naval Church Pennant (a blue Latin Cross placed horizontally on a white field), may be flown above it. When the National flag is ceremonially paraded or hoisted or lowered, all present must face it and stand to attention: those in uniform salute, others place the right hand over the heart, men holding the hat in the right hand. Foreigners, however, should stand to attention. On suitable occasions the Pledge to the Flag is to be repeated:
I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and
justice for all.
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The Origin of The Stars and Stripes
When the American colonists rose in armed protest against the British Government, the emblem they first adopted signified both their unity and the loyalty, which they still retained towards the Mother Country. Their Great Union Flag , also known as the Congress Flag and the Cambridge Flag, bore thirteen red and white stripes, but the contemporary British Union Flag formed its canton. This was similar to the flag of the East India Company, but whether it was deliberately adopted from this is unknown. When, however, the Americans decided on a complete severance from Britain, they needed a new flag to symbolize their independence. While retaining the thirteen stripes in the fly, they replaced the Union in the canton by "thirteen stars white on a blue field representing a new constellation". The exact arrangement of the stars in the first American Flag is uncertain, but it is reputed to have been a circle so that one should have no precedence over the other. Many may refer to this style as the Betsy Ross flag .
As new States were admitted to the Union, the number of Stars and Stripes was increased accordingly, and during the second Anglo-American war the flag displayed fifteen stars and fifteen stripes. It was the sight of this " Star-Spangled Banner " still flying, after a night's bombardment, over fort McHenry "in the dawn's early light" which led Francis Scott Key to compose what became the National Anthem of the United States. The increase in the number of stripes threatened however to destroy the flag's effectiveness. So, in 1818, congress decided to revert to the original thirteen stripes but to indicate the admission of a new State by displaying an additional white star in the canton.
Flags of the Confederate States
During the Civil War the Southern Confederacy adopted a new flag which, while differing markedly from the Stars and Stripes, still generally resembled it in design. The Stars and Bars bore in its blue canton a circle of seven white stars symbolizing the first States to secede from the Union, but merged the red and white of the fly into a bold tricolor. This flag was found to resemble the Stars and Stripes too closely, and was therefore replaced by an emblem, which retained the traditional American colors but arranged them very differently. The Southern Cross, the Confederate Battle Flag , displayed thirteen white stars on a blue saltire, fimbriated in white, on a red field. As this could not be inverted in case of need as a flag of distress, it later formed the canton of a flag with a white field; then, lest this be mistaken for a flag of truce, a broad red stripe was added down its fly. The original Southern Cross is still used, unofficially, as the " Flag of the South ".
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The President's Standard
The standard of the President of the United States is dark blue and bears, with in a circle of stars, one for each state, a replica of the design on the Presidential Seal. The American Eagle is shown with its head turned towards its right talon, which holds an olive branch, while the left talon holds a bundle of arrows - the emblems of peace and war. Above and beside the head are thirteen white stars, representing the Founder States of the Union, and a scroll bears the motto E Pluibus Unum, " One out of Many".
History of Flags Used in the United States
St. George Cross
The design a simple red cross on a white background flag was carried to the New World by most of the early English explorers. The design itself has been in use since the crusades and traced back to 1277 in Britain. You can learn more about Saint George for whom the flag is named at Wikipedia .
The Kings Colors
Used by British colonial troops after 1743 this flag is a combination of the St. George Cross with the Scottish Cross of St. Andrew. This was the standard raised by the Jamestown settlers in 1607. Although very similar this is NOT the current British flag. The current British standard can be found here.
British Red Ensign
The Red Ensign or "Red Duster" is a flag that originated in 1707 under the rule of Queen Anne as the English ensign flown by the Royal Navy and later specifically by British Merchant Seamen (The British Merchant Navy). Corwallis surrendered under this flag at Yorktown in 1781.It is currently used as the civil ensign of the United Kingdom.
Continental
Colonel John Trumbull's painting, "The Death of Warren," now at the Yale University Art Gallery, shows the red Continental Flag to be one of those used by American forces at the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. American troops rebuffed the British Regulars three times stopping the British charge.
Gadsden
Named after Colonel Christopher Gadsden of South Carolina, this flag was flown early in 1776 by Commodore Esek Hopkins of Rhode Island, first Commander-in-chief of the Continental Fleet. Its inscription represented a warning by the colonists to the British.Also knows as the Don't Tread on Me flag, the Gadsden flag is a popular symbol even today for freedom in the U.S.
Grand Union
Margaret Manny created the first (unofficial) national flag of the United States. The American colonists' first hoisted the Grand Union flag on the colonial warship USS Alfred, in the harbor on the western shore of the Delaware River at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 3, 1775, by newly-appointed Lieutenant John Paul Jones of the formative Continental Navy. It was also raised in 1776 to celebrate the official status of the newly formed Continental Army by General George Washington, whose camp was in Cambridge. The flag is also known as the Cambridge flag or Continental colors.
Betsy Ross
The first official United States flag, adopted by an Act of Congress on June 14, 1777. According to legend, a group headed by George Washington commissioned Philadelphia seamstress Betsy Ross to execute their design for presentation to Congress. Though some historians dispute this legend Ross did indeed make flags, as evidenced by a receipt for the sum of more than 14 pounds paid to her on May 29, 1777, by the Pennsylvania State Navy Board for making “ships colours.” No official documentation has been found to confirm that Betsy Ross was responsible for creating the very first flag, but it is conceivable that Colonel George Ross—the uncle of Betsy’s recently deceased husband, John, recommended her for the job as a favor to his relative.
Bennington
The Bennington flag is a version of the American flag associated with the American Revolution Battle of Bennington, from which it derives its name.Believed by many authorities to be the first Stars and Stripes used by American land troops. Flown over the military stores at Bennington on August 16, 1777 when General John Stark's militia led Americans to victory over British raiding force. The original flag is preserved in the Bennington, Vermont Museum.
Guilford Courthouse
This unusual flag was made with thirteen 8-point stars in a wide field. Historical records report this flag carried by North Carolina militiamen at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse on March 17, 1781. The unique colors and dimensions are sometimes described as showing a lack of uniformity in a young nation at war, with a poor infrastructure and bad communication. However, it was common practice during the Revolution for military units to carry flags that featured common American symbols (such as stripes and stars), but to make them uniquely identifiable for use as a company or regimental flag. As such, this flag was probably never intended for use as a national flag.
Star Spangled Banner
Shortly before the War of 1812, two new states were added to the Union and a flag consisting of 15 stars and 15 stripes was created. The Star Spangled Banner, flying over Fort McHenry during a British naval bombardment, inspired Francis Scott Key to compose what later becomes our National Anthem. This design, born with the Second Flag Act on January 13,1794, is our only official flag ever to have more than thirteen stripes. The badly damaged flag now hangs in the Smithsonian but the damage was not all from the bombardment of Ft. McHenry. Learn more at The Star-Spangled Banner website from the Smithsonian.
Confederate Battle "Jack"
The "Jack" was the flag of the Confederate Navy. It is a rectangular rather than square flag and omits the thin white border around the outside. This flag was used mainly by the Confederate Navy but also by some ground troops. Some historians say that the battle flag was adopted because during the first contest of the Civil War troops became confused by the Stars and Bars and the Union flag looking similar in the fog of war. It is said many "friendly fire" incidents occured due to the flag's similarities.
Bonnie Blue
On September 23, 1810 Florida dragoons raised their Bonnie Blue flag over the Fort of Baton Rouge after its capture. Three days later the president of the West Florida Convention, signed a Declaration of Independence and the flag became the emblem of a new republic. With this rebellion in mind, this flag was used by the Republic of Texas from 1836 to 1839. On January 9, 1861 the convention of the People of Mississippi adopted an Ordinance of Secession. With this announcement the Bonnie Blue flag was raised over the capitol in Jackson. The Confederate government did not adopt this flag but the people did and the lone star flags were adopted in some form in five of the southern States that adopted new flags in 1861.
Stars and Bars
The first flag of the Confederacy. Although less well known than the Confederate Battle Flag, the Stars and Bars was used as the official flag of the confederacy from March 1861 until May 1863. The first iteration shown here has 7 stars representing the first 7 states to join the Confederacy. By 1863 the Stars and Bars had as few as 4 stars and as many as 17 stars.
Second Confederate
Adopted on May 1, 1863 this flag displays the Battle Flag or "Southern Cross" on the canton. The white field is symbolic for the purity of the cause which it represented.This second design was sometimes called "the Stainless Banner" and is sometimes referred to as the "Stonewall Jackson Flag" because its first use was to cover Stonewall Jackson's coffin at his funeral. The nickname "stainless" referred to the pure white field. This design was also used as the Confederate Naval Ensign between 1863-1865. The original flag is now on display in the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia.
Third Confederate
Due to the fact that the 2nd National's pure white field could be mistaken for a flag of surrender, on March 4, 1865 this last flag of the Confederacy was adopted. This design added a red bar to the end of the "Stainless" flag. This flag flew for thirty-six days in 1865 until the South surrendered on April 9th. Despite the short life the flag was reported in Richmond newspapers in December of 1864 and by January of 1865, and were flying over Richmond hospitals and units of the James River Squadron.
General Lee's Headquarters
This version of the Confederate Flag, with its unusual 13 star arrangement, was adopted by General Lee for use at his headquarters. The unusual star arrangement is believed to have been designed by his wife Mary to reflect the Biblical Arch of the Covenant. According to legend this flag was actually hand-made by Mary Custis and their daughters. The General's original flag is on display at the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia.
Civil War Flag (34 Stars)
During the Civil War period, the Union forces used four official flags... the 33, 34, 35 and 36 star U.S. flag. The 34 star U.S. flag was one of the flags flown most extensively during this time in our nation's history. From 1861 to 1863, it was the official flag of the United States.
Old Glory (48 Stars) -WW II
On July 4, 1912, the U.S. flag grew to 48 stars. This flag was official for 47 years, through two World Wars and the emergence of the United States of America as the leading nation of the world. No two incidents better reflects the courage and valor of those who fought and died than the raising of the 48 star flag over Mount Suribachi. This dramatic scene occurred on Iwo Jima in 1945 and is replicated forever as a statue near Washington, DC. This flag also flew on all U.S. warships during the battle of Pearl Harbor.
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What was a loblolly boy? | loblolly-boy - definition and meaning
loblolly-boy
Definitions
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
n. Nautical, a ship-surgeon's attendant, who compounds the medicines and assists the surgeon in his duties. In the United States navy called bayman or nurse.
Etymologies
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Examples
If a speck of dirt be found on the deck, or a gallipot or phial out of its place, woe betide the loblolly-boy, the assistant-surgeon's assistant, and the constant attendant upon the hospital.
The Lieutenant and Commander
The day _after_, when I was enjoying my arrest in the dignified idleness of a snooze in a pea-jacket, on one of the lockers, the loblolly-boy came to me, saying that Daunton was much worse, and that he humbly and earnestly requested to see me.
Rattlin the Reefer
After his mother shook him, members of the nobility with whom he was acquainted used their influence to get him the position of 'loblolly-boy in a ship;' and from that point my watchman threw off all trammels of date and locality and branched out into a narrative that bristled all along with incredible adventures; a narrative that was so reeking with bloodshed and so crammed with hair-breadth escapes and the most engaging and unconscious personal villainies, that I sat speechless, enjoying, shuddering, wondering, worshipping.
Life on the Mississippi
'loblolly-boy in a ship;' and from that point my watchman threw off all trammels of date and locality and branched out into a narrative that bristled all along with incredible adventures; a narrative that was so reeking with bloodshed and so crammed with hair-breadth escapes and the most engaging and unconscious personal villainies, that I sat speechless, enjoying, shuddering, wondering, worshipping.
| Surgeon's assistant |
What was the name of the ship commanded by Captain Pugwash? | loblolly-boy - definition and meaning
loblolly-boy
Definitions
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
n. Nautical, a ship-surgeon's attendant, who compounds the medicines and assists the surgeon in his duties. In the United States navy called bayman or nurse.
Etymologies
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Examples
If a speck of dirt be found on the deck, or a gallipot or phial out of its place, woe betide the loblolly-boy, the assistant-surgeon's assistant, and the constant attendant upon the hospital.
The Lieutenant and Commander
The day _after_, when I was enjoying my arrest in the dignified idleness of a snooze in a pea-jacket, on one of the lockers, the loblolly-boy came to me, saying that Daunton was much worse, and that he humbly and earnestly requested to see me.
Rattlin the Reefer
After his mother shook him, members of the nobility with whom he was acquainted used their influence to get him the position of 'loblolly-boy in a ship;' and from that point my watchman threw off all trammels of date and locality and branched out into a narrative that bristled all along with incredible adventures; a narrative that was so reeking with bloodshed and so crammed with hair-breadth escapes and the most engaging and unconscious personal villainies, that I sat speechless, enjoying, shuddering, wondering, worshipping.
Life on the Mississippi
'loblolly-boy in a ship;' and from that point my watchman threw off all trammels of date and locality and branched out into a narrative that bristled all along with incredible adventures; a narrative that was so reeking with bloodshed and so crammed with hair-breadth escapes and the most engaging and unconscious personal villainies, that I sat speechless, enjoying, shuddering, wondering, worshipping.
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After the mutiny on the Bounty, where did Christan Fletcher and his mutineers settle? | The Bounty, Pitcairn Island, and Fletcher Christian's Descendants
The Bounty, Pitcairn Island, and Fletcher Christian's Descendants
April 28 marks the anniversary of the world's most famous mutiny
by Borgna Brunner
Phrases in the Pitcairnese Dialect
I starten. – I'm going.
Bou yo gwen? – Where are you going?
I gwen down Farder's morla. – I'm going down to Father's place tomorrow.
Bou yo bin? – Where have you been?
I gwen out yenna fer porpay. – I'm going out yonder for red guavas.
Foot yawly come yah? – Why did you come here?
Up a side, Tom'sa roll. – Up at that place, Tom fell down.
Source: Ray and Eileen Young, New Zealand residents descended from Midshipmen Edward Young of the Bounty. Courtesy of the Pitcairn Island Web site.
It is not surprising that the most famous of all mutinies , that of the British HMS Bounty , has become ideal fodder for popular history and legend. The mutiny has generated five films (who can think of Fletcher Christian without picturing Marlon Brando ?) as well as countless books (including a historical novel by Mark Twain , The Great Revolution in Pitcairn).
Set in the paradisiacal islands of the South Seas, the mutiny involved a host of colorful characters, including the tyrannical Captain Bligh , the aristocratic Fletcher Christian (a distant relation of William Wordsworth's ), numerous uninhibited Tahitian women, and a pack of sailors made up of cockney orphans and ruffian adverturers.
Anglo-Tahitian Culture Preserved
What has also helped to perpetuate the romantic fascination with the mutiny is the existence of a small community on Pitcairn Island directly descended from the mutineers and their Tahitian wives.
Living on a 1.75 square mile volcanic speck in the South Pacific that is surely one of the most isolated places on Earth, the contemporary Pitcairn Islanders still bear the surnames of the eighteenth century mutineers (Tom Christian, for example, is the great-great-great-grandson of Fletcher). The islanders speak a dialect that is a hybrid of Tahitian and eighteenth-century English. It is as if history had been preserved in a petri dish (another admittedly romantic notion about an already widely romanticized past).
Paradise
The Bounty left England on Dec. 23, 1787, and reached Tahiti in 1788. It was sent to collect a cargo of breadfruit saplings, which was then to be transported to Jamaica where the breadfruit would serve as food for slaves working on the plantations. After sailing 27,000 miles over ten months, the crew spent a sybaritic idyll on Tahiti, where they reveled in the subtropical climate, lush surroundings, and overwhelming warmth and hospitality of the Tahitians.
A scientist of the time, gladly abandoning reason for passion, claimed that the Tahitians knew "no other god but love; every day is consecrated to it, the whole island is its temple, all the women are its idols, all the men its worshippers." Many of the men found Tahitian companions, and Fletcher Christian and a Tahitian named Maimiti fell deeply in love and later married. For Christian, Maimiti had the face that launched one mutinous ship.
Breadfruit Bligh
On April 4, 1789, the Bounty embarked on the second leg of its journey with a cargo of a thousand breadfruit saplings aboard. A little more than three weeks later, near the island of Tonga , the crew, led by first mate Fletcher Christian, staged a mutiny against Captain William Bligh, under whom they claimed to suffer inhuman treatment.
Bligh and eighteen loyal sailors were set adrift in a 23-foot open boat. According to Captain Bligh's diary, the mutineers threw breadfruit after him as he was forced off the Bounty, and yelled, "There goes the Bounty bastard, breadfruit Bligh!" Miraculously, Bligh and his loyalists survived the seven-week, 3,600-mile voyage in the cramped boat, finally reaching the island of Timor .
Discovering Pitcairn
Pitcairn's coordinates are 25 04 S, 130 06 W.
After the mutiny, Christian and his sailors returned to Tahiti, where sixteen of the twenty-five men decided to remain for good. Christian, along with eight others, their women, and a handful of Tahitian men then scoured the South Pacific for a safe haven, eventually settling on Pitcairn on January 23, 1790.
An isolated volcanic island 1,350 miles southeast of Tahiti, it was named after British midshipman Robert Pitcairn, who first sighted the island on July 2, 1767. Its location had been incorrectly charted by the explorer Carteret , who missed the mark by 200 miles, and was therefore the ideal refuge for the mutineers. Although a British ship spent three months searching for them, the mutineers eluded detection. Those who had remained on Tahiti were not so lucky. They were swiftly captured and brought to trial in England, where seven were exonerated and three were hanged.
Psychoanalyzing Captain Bligh
The circumstances leading to the mutiny remain unclear. History has alternately presented William Bligh as horrifically cruel or as a disciplined captain merely running a tight ship. Scenes from movies in which he keel-hauled sailors or gave their water rations to the breadfruit plants have no historical basis, but diplomacy and compassion were clearly not his strong suits. In short, the captain is believed to have been a foul-tempered, highly critical authoritarian with a superiority complex.
Bligh himself contended that the mutineers "had assured themselves of a more happy life among the Otaheitans [Tahitians] than they could possibly have in England, which, joined to some female connections, has most likely been the leading cause of the whole business."
Bligh Climbs the Naval Ladder Rather than Walking the Plank
Certainly the stark contrast between the pleasures of Tahiti and the bleak life aboard the Bounty played a role in igniting the mutiny, but the blame seems to rest largely on Bligh's failings as a captain. The fact that Bligh was later involved in yet another mutiny and again accused of "oppressive behavior" makes the occasional attempts to rehabilitate his reputation unconvincing. In 1805 he was appointed governor of New South Wales, Britain's colony of Australia. The colonists, well accustomed to harsh leaders and conditions, found Bligh's rule intolerable. Within three years, they mutineed; Bligh was imprisoned and sent back to England.
Ironically, having two mutinies on his record did not stymie Bligh's career–he was eventually promoted to Vice Admiral. Although he was arrogant and cruel, he was also courageous and intelligent, as well as an excellent navigator, astronomer, and cartographer–he could never have survived the seven-week, 3,600-mile post-mutiny voyage otherwise.
The Ebb & Flow
2014: 48
* Pitcairn's population dropped to zero when all the inhabitants emigrated to Norfolk Island.
Landing on Pitcairn Island in 1790, the mutineers and Tahitians remained invisible to the world for eighteen years. Despite the fledgling society's opportunity to invent itself from scratch, island culture more closely resembled Lord of the Flies than a Rousseauvian utopia. When an American whaler discovered the island in 1808, murder and suicide had left eight of the nine mutineers dead.
Pitcairn Joins the Commonwealth
Pitcairn flourished under the leadership of the last surviving mutineer, John Adams, a Cockney orphan who had joined the Bounty under the pseudonym Alexander Smith. He reverted to his real name on Pitcairn–apparently deciding it was the sort of place where he could let his hair down. Adamstown, the capital, is named after him.
Despite his former hard-drinking days and near illiteracy, Adams emphasized the importance of religion and education to the Bounty's second generation–which included Fletcher Christian's son, Thursday October Christian, the first child born on the island.
In 1825, a British ship arrived and formally granted Adams amnesty, and on November 30, 1838, the Pitcairn Islands (which also include three uninhabited islands–Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno) were incorporated into the British Empire .
Emigration to Norfolk Island
By 1855, the population had grown to nearly 200, and the tiny island, with only 88 acres of flat land, could no longer sustain its people. As a result, Queen Victoria bequeathed them Norfolk Island , a former penal colony more than 3,700 miles to the west.
On May 3, 1856, the entire population of 194 people reluctantly abandoned Pitcairn. Within 18 months, however, seventeen of the immigrants returned to Pitcairn, followed by another four families in 1864. Contemporary Norfolk has approximately 1000 Bounty descendants–about half its population–and celebrates Bounty Day (the day the Pitcairners first arrived) on June 8.
Contemporary Pitcairn
Languages: English (official); Anglo-Tahitian dialect
Chief Occupations: subsistence farming and fishing
Agriculture: citrus fruits, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans.
Average Temperature: 55°-90°F
Major source of revenue: postage stamps and handicrafts
Currency: New Zealand dollar
Area: 1.75 square miles
Today about 50 people live on Pitcairn. All but a handful–a pastor, the schoolteacher, and others–are direct descendants of the mutineers. The only way to reach the island is by ship, but storms and Pitcairn's dangerous harbor have sometimes prevented landings. In recent years one of Pitcairn's thrice-annual supply ships ran aground on a reef on its way from Norfolk to Pitcairn.
Mail service takes approximately three months, and for medical attention, Pitcairners must wait for a ship to transport them to New Zealand, several thousand miles to the west. All are Seventh-Day Adventists who converted sometime after 1886, when an American missionary arrived on the island.
The islanders support themselves by producing postage stamps and making handicrafts, which they sell primarily to visitors on passing ships. Their meager revenue does not cover the enormous costs incurred in keeping the remote island running–electricity, among other things, is exhorbitant and cargo costs several thousand dollars per ton to transport. Great Britain has until now subsidized the island, but it is uncertain whether it will continue to underwrite the expenses of its tiny but costly colony.
World Wide Web Brings the Wide World to Pitcairn
There are individuals and organizations around the world devoted to the Pitcairners, their genealogy, and the history of the mutiny (the genealogical tree extends to 7,500 known descendants throughout the world). Friends of the Pitcairn Islanders have even launched the island into cyberspace–the Pitcairn Island online portal , and Norfolk Island has its own site . It is now even possible to buy Pitcairn Island handicrafts through the Pitcairn Island Online Shop !
Pitcairn has also recently begun to sell its Internet domain name–".pn"–to those needing a unique URL. "Yahoo.com" may be out of the question, but "Yahoo.pn" just might be up for grabs. Islander Tom Christian originally sold the rights to the ".pn" domain to a British Internet company. When the cash-strapped islanders realized they were seeing no financial reward they fought for and eventually took back control of their domain name.
Pitcairn Island. Courtesy of the Pitcairn Island Web Site.
Paradise Lost
In recent years, however, a sexual abuse scandal has cast a deep shadow over the island. Accounts of the victimization of women and young girls on Pitcairn began surfacing in 1999. Seven men–more than half the adult male population of the island–were charged with 96 counts of abuse, including rape and sexual assault. Some of the charges dated back four decades. Subject to British law, the accused faced trial in October 2004 on Pitcairn. Three judges, a number of lawyers, and legal staff members made the 3,000-mile journey to Pitcairn from New Zealand. Eight women, all former Pitcairn Islanders, testified by video link from Auckland, New Zealand.
On Oct. 29, 2004, four men were convicted of multiple sex offenses and received jail sentences of up to six years; two others were sentenced to community service. Jay Warren, the island's magistrate, was found innocent. The appeals of all four men were dismissed, and they are currently being jailed on Pitcairn and guarded by a prison staff from New Zealand.
| Pitcairn Islands |
Lucy Honeychurch is the heroine of which EM Forster novel later made into a film? | Mutiny on the Bounty, 225 Years Ago - History in the Headlines
Mutiny on the Bounty, 225 Years Ago
April 28, 2014 By Christopher Klein
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Mutiny on the Bounty, 225 Years Ago
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When William Bligh drifted off to sleep on April 27, 1789, the commander of HMS Bounty thought his voyage had thus far “advanced in a course of uninterrupted prosperity, and had been attended with many circumstances equally pleasing and satisfactory.” Within hours, however, that would all change as plans were already afoot for history’s most famous mutiny.
As its commander slept, HMS Bounty sliced through the South Pacific laden with cargo vital to the economic interests of the British Empire—not gold or silver, but hundreds of potted breadfruit saplings. These young trees native to Tahiti held the promise of prosperity for plantation owners in the British West Indies who believed the fruit they would yield, which had the texture and smell of freshly baked bread when cooked, would be a cheap, highly nutritious “energy food” to fuel the slaves toiling in their fields. English botanist and naturalist Joseph Banks commissioned Bligh for the Royal Navy’s unusual mission, which departed England in December 1787 bound for Tahiti.
Although only 33 years old, Bligh was a salty veteran with a sharp tongue who had sailed the world with Captain James Cook. Among his 45 men was the friendly, familiar face of master’s mate Fletcher Christian with whom he had sailed twice before.
After an arduous 10-month journey, HMS Bounty arrived in Tahiti, an island paradise of beautiful scenery and beautiful women. Bligh described it as “the finest island in the world,” but the commander started to stew as he unexpectedly spent week after week in Tahiti waiting for the newly potted saplings to take root. As his men relaxed, Bligh grew tense at the breakdown of his crew’s discipline in a land “where the allurements of dissipation are beyond anything that can be conceived.” Already prone to outbursts of temper, Bligh increasingly lashed out at his men—in particular Christian, who had adopted the islanders’ dress and fallen in love with a Tahitian woman. Although the commander used flogging less often than most captains, he increasingly employed physical punishment on his crew.
Bounty finally departed Tahiti with its bounty of breadfruit saplings on April 4, 1789. With Bounty’s stern converted into a floating greenhouse of potted plants, the small ship was more cramped than ever, and the dark, smelly surroundings must have seemed ever harsher after the hedonistic stay in Tahiti. Although Bligh had promoted Christian to acting lieutenant during the voyage, the men’s relationship continued to deteriorate at sea. Fed up with the commander’s imperiousness and insults, Christian could take no more of it.
Before dawn broke on April 28, whispers floated in the salty air and light footsteps creaked the floors. Armed with a cutlass, Christian crept into Bligh’s darkened cabin along with three others who pointed muskets and bayonets at the ship’s commander. The mutineers tied Bligh’s hands tightly behind his back and ordered him and 17 of his loyal crew into one of the small open boats on the deck and launched the tiny 23-foot vessel into the water.
William Bligh
As the sun rose, Bligh scanned the vast blue nothingness that surrounded him. Finally spotting steam rising over the horizon, the outcasts landed on an island to harvest supplies. After receiving a hostile reception from the islanders that claimed the life of one of his crew, Bligh decided their best chance for survival was to sail 3,600 miles to the closest European settlement in Timor. The wet, tired crew parceled out their meager supplies—including 28 gallons of water, 150 pounds of bread and 6 quarts of rum—and they were even forced to eat the undigested fish from the stomachs of birds they caught by hand. The harrowing journey took nearly seven weeks, but Bligh, who lacked charts or a compass, successfully commanded the small open boat to safety in Timor. “Our bodies were nothing but skin and bones, our limbs were full of sores, and we were clothed in rags,” he reported.
Meanwhile, after the mutiny, Christian had directed Bounty back to Tahiti. Despite the risk of capture by the British, 16 of Bounty’s crew (nine mutineers and seven Bligh loyalists who couldn’t fit in the launch) chose to remain there. Christian, knowing he would spend the rest of his life a fugitive and never return to England, sought a safer haven and sailed on along with 19 native islanders. After four months at sea, they landed on a two-square-mile rocky outpost 1,000 miles east of Tahiti—Pitcairn Island. The outlaws fashioned tents out of the ship’s sail and then stripped and burned Bounty in one of the bays of their island hideout. Christian’s new home proved to be anything but an island paradise. Sandy beaches were nonexistent. Fierce winds and storms raked the island. The food intended for West Indian slaves, breadfruit, now became a staple for the marooned sailors. The colony was beset by sickness and violent infighting that took the lives of nearly every mutineer, including Christian, at an early age.
Bligh returned to England in March 1790 with his sensational story. The Royal Navy seized the surviving mutineers in Tahiti and locked them in chains inside a small, dark cell on HMS Pandora to sail back to England. Off the Australian coast, however, Pandora struck the Great Barrier Reef and sank. Four prisoners died in their chains. The 10 who survived stood trial. Four were acquitted, three were pardoned, and three were found guilty and hanged for their crimes.
British authorities searched in vain for Christian and the other outlaws. The secret colony on Pitcairn Island went undetected until an American whaling ship arrived in 1808 to investigate smoke from a cooking fire rising about the island’s treetops and found John Adams, the last survivor of the nine mutineers, and a community of women and more than 20 children fathered by the outlaws, including Christian’s 18-year-old son. The island founded by fugitives from the Royal Navy was incorporated into the British Empire in 1838, and today, fewer than 50 people, nearly all descendants of the mutineers, live on Pitcairn Island.
Bligh faced a court-martial in England over Bounty’s loss, but he was acquitted in October 1790. Banks again sent him to Tahiti on a second mission to retrieve breadfruit saplings, and this time Bligh successfully delivered the goods. The mutiny appeared to have done little to change Bligh’s acerbic leadership style, however. In 1808, troops who chafed at his command deposed him as governor of the Australian state of New South Wales in an armed takeover known as the “Rum Rebellion.”
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Which famoust picture by Constable shows a wagon in the river near Flatford? | Flatford Mill
InfoBritain - Travel Through History In The UK :
Flatford Mill
Flatford Mill, Suffolk
"But I should paint my own places best... I associate my careless boyhood to all that lies on the banks of the Stour. They made me a painter. That is I often thought of pictures of them before I ever touched a pencil." (From a display at Bridge Cottage, Flatford Mill)
The nineteenth century artist John Constable found most of his inspiration close to his childhood home in the Stour Valley in Suffolk. Living in East Bergholt, his father Golding Constable, a wealthy miller, often had business at nearby Flatford Mill. This lovely little area was to provide the scene for many of Constable's most famous paintings, and has been preserved as a memorial. Maintaining this area as it was in Constable's time is difficult. East Anglia has sunk about 20cm relative to the sea over the last two hundred years, and water levels are rising all the time. Nevertheless scenes depicted in famous paintings are still easily recognisable.
Willy Lott's house.
Most famously there is the ford outside farmer Willy Lott's house. This is where the empty hay wagon makes its crossing in Constable's painting of 1821 The Haywain. Standing beside Willy Lott's house looking over the water brought home to me how important the idea of crossing over is in the painting. Constable was working during a crucial period of change in human history, as society crossed over from a rural to an urban industrial society.
Constable's famous painting of the hay wagon, suggests that crossing over is a part of daily life. The empty hay wagon will soon be crossing back full of hay and life will go on as normal. And yet there is also a sense of the irrevocable nature of change. It is low tide in the painting, and wheel marks left by the wagon wheels will soon be washed away by the rising tide. The life represented by the wagon will similarly pass. A visit to Flatford Mill made me think of how the world changes and stays the same, which perhaps is the feeling that comes over most powerfully in The Haywain.
The Haywain. This image is copyright free
Constable was a romantic painter, and there is no doubt he idealised nature and rural life. Nevertheless in the best of his paintings we see a realism to set alongside romance. There is no simple divide between the rural life Constable celebrated and the industrial society that was emerging. Crossing the bridge beside Bridge Cottage and turning left you will come to the lock depicted in Flatford Mill: scene on a navigable river. This 1817 painting shows a barge approaching the bank, a man on deck leaning hard on a pole as he guides the vessel in. Meanwhile in the foreground two young boys get ready to help pull the barge in. One boy is on the river bank, reaching down to the tow rope, while his companion sits on a horse, looking back. At first glace you would think they were playing. The shoeless boy on horse back rides without a saddle, and seemingly has jumped carelessly on the horse's back in a game. But looking more closely you realise these boys are at work. The man heaving on the pole isn't playing. He is relying on the boys to do their bit with the tow rope. The little boy on the horse looking back is waiting for the signal to start driving his horse forward. This is the realism that underlies the painting's romaticism. As with The Haywain opposites are held together. There is an innocence and peace, along with hard work which starts early.
Dry-dock at Flatford Mill
It should also be remembered that the mill represented an early form of industrial production. Not very far away in Lavenham , where for a short time Constable went to school, water power supported industrial scale cloth production. Visiting Lavenham today it is easy to see the town as a beautiful, quaint throwback to a pre industrial era. In fact Lavenham was an industrial town, in the same way that Flatford Mill was an industrial concern. Beside the mill a dry dock where barges were built for Golding Constable still survives. Boat Building Near Flatford Mill of 1817 famously depicts the building of a barge here, and confirms this lovely place as an industrial site.
A visit to Flatford Mill is a wonderful way into the paintings of Constable. A display in Bridge Cottage, owned by the National Trust, describes Constable's life and work. There is a tea room with great views over the river.
Boat Building At Flatford Mill. This image is copyright free
The Fields Studies Council run art courses using Flatford Mill, Valley Farm and Willy Lott's house. These buildings are not open to general visitors.
Opening Times: The area of Flatford Mill can be visited at any time during a walk along the Stour Valley.
Bridge Cottage opening: Opening hours for National Trust properties can be complex. Please use contact details below.
The property may close early during the winter if the weather is bad.
Address: Flatford Mill, Flatford, East Bergholt, Suffolk CO7 6UL
Directions: Come off the A12 onto the B1070 and then follow signs to Flatford. Flatford Mill is a good place to visit by train. Catch a train to Manningtree station, walk the short distance to the river, and then turn left onto the river path. Follow the path for about two miles, which will take you to Flatford. Click here for an interactive map centred on Flatford Mill.
Access: Paths around the site are good and generally flat, although there is rather a steep incline on the bridge. There is level access to Bridge Cottage. There is not much room inside and the floors are uneven. There are adapted toilets in the information centre. One motorised chair is available for visitor use.
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| The Hay Wain |
Who is the author of the Game of Thrones series of novels? | John Constable | British artist | Britannica.com
John Constable
John Robert Cozens
John Constable, (born June 11, 1776, East Bergholt, Suffolk , England —died March 31, 1837, London ), major figure in English landscape painting in the early 19th century. He is best known for his paintings of the English countryside, particularly those representing his native valley of the River Stour , an area that came to be known as “Constable country.”
Self-portrait by John Constable, detail of a drawing in pencil and watercolour, c. 1804; in …
Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London
Beginnings
The son of a wealthy miller and merchant who owned a substantial house and small farm, Constable was reared in a small Suffolk village. The environs of his childhood and his understanding of its rural economy would later figure prominently in his work. As he would write in 1821, “I should paint my own places best…I associate my ‘careless boyhood’ to all that lies on the banks of the Stour.”
Constable was meant to enter his father’s business, but, after meeting the famous connoisseur Sir George Beaumont in 1795, and then a circle of antiquarians and connoisseurs at Edmonton in 1796, he was inspired to pursue art . In February 1799 he made himself known to the influential academician Joseph Farington, and in March he entered the prestigious Royal Academy schools, with the grudging approval of his father. At the time, art academies stressed history painting as the most appropriate subject matter for their students, but from the beginning Constable showed a particular interest in landscape.
In 1802 Constable refused the stability of a post as drawing master at a military academy so that he could instead dedicate himself to landscape painting and to studying nature directly in the English countryside. That same year he exhibited his work at the Royal Academy for the first time. Despite some early explorations in oil, in the first part of this decade he preferred using watercolour and graphic media in his studies of nature. He produced fine studies in these media during a trip to the famously picturesque Lake District in autumn 1806, but his exhibitions of these works in both 1807 and 1808 were unsuccessful in attracting public notice.
Early maturity
Although based in London during this period, Constable would frequently make extended visits to his native East Bergholt to sketch . (On one such stay in 1809, he fell in love with Maria Bicknell, who was visiting her grandfather, the rector there.) Constable had been regularly sketching in oil since 1808, and by 1810 he had achieved extraordinary deftness with the medium (he would often be associated with his oil sketches in the future). His art became far more focused about this time: his sketches were either discrete studies, or, befitting academic practice, they were made in preparation for preconceived easel paintings. The most significant large easel painting of the period was Dedham Vale: Morning (1811), which married closely observed naturalistic effect to a scene composed according to the academic criteria established by 17th-century French painter Claude Lorrain .
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In September 1811 Constable stayed in Salisbury with an old family friend, the Bishop of Salisbury, and grew close to the bishop’s nephew, John Fisher. Their correspondence is a hugely informative source on Constable’s art: he explains his aims and aspirations , reacts candidly and sometimes aggressively to contemporary criticism , and reveals himself to be driven, ambitious, and prey to gnawing self-doubt.
During this period, Bicknell’s family was pressuring her to end her relationship with the struggling artist, and her courtship with him had to become effectively clandestine . Constable found relief from this distraction by working in East Bergholt and, by 1814, with Boatbuilding and The Stour Valley and Dedham Village, he was painting easel pictures in the open. In his works from this period, such as Flatford Mill (1816), Constable displayed remarkable precision of touch and accuracy in description, comparable to contemporary landscapes by George Robert Lewis and John Linnell. His iconography was traditional and celebrated the continuum and stability of English country life. Constable achieved a bittersweet stability of his own when, upon his father’s death in 1816, he received an inheritance that allowed him the financial independence to marry Maria.
Boatbuilding, oil on canvas by John Constable, 1814; in the Victoria and Albert Museum, …
Courtesy of the Board of Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London
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Art & Architecture: Fact or Fiction?
By 1817 Constable was an established Londoner, and, with the birth of his son John that December, he became a father. With a family to support, professional recognition became essential. In order to achieve this, he began to paint on a large scale, and the 1.9-metre (6.2-foot) Stour scene The White Horse, which he showed at the 1819 Royal Academy exhibit, attracted public attention, generated critical approval, and helped bring about his election to become an Associate of the Royal Academy.
The White Horse, oil on canvas by John Constable, 1818–19; in …
Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Widener Collection, 1942.9.9
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By 1819 Maria was exhibiting the early stages of tuberculosis , and her failing health led the family to rent a house in the north London suburb of Hampstead, where she could find fresh air. Constable began painting on Hampstead Heath, before turning his focus to the skies. His cloud studies are unique, capturing the momentary qualities of changeable skies and accurately documenting meteorological phenomena with which he was familiar. In contrast to these small sketches were his large, detailed paintings made for exhibition. He based these paintings on oil and pencil sketches, from which he would essay a composition onto a full-scale canvas before painting the final work. Constable laboured over these large works as befitted grand academic painting from the period. The White Horse initiated a series of large, well-received paintings that he exhibited, including Stratford Mill in 1819–20; The Hay-Wain, one of his best-known works, in 1821; View on the Stour near Dedham in 1822; The Lock in 1824; and The Leaping Horse in 1825. These all featured views of the Stour, but at a remove, as if filtered through memory.
By 1824 Constable’s paint surfaces were becoming increasingly fractured, communicating optical effects that evoked the physical experience of nature; these qualities, in addition to his increasingly vibrant, luminous use of colour, have led many, erroneously, to see his work as a precursor to Impressionism . He moved away from recording precise details of a certain locale partly because he was sketching at a variety of places during this period—briefly in Salisbury in 1823, and from 1824 in the fashionable seaside resort of Brighton , where the family repaired for the sake of Maria’s health and where Constable made a last great series of oil sketches. But his abstracted locales and omission of any agricultural representation can be read another way. An economic depression after the Napoleonic Wars had led to agrarian riots, and yet Constable, a loyal Tory, chose to portray an abstracted, well-ordered English society that was untouched by the industrial and social changes surrounding him.
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Throughout the 1820s critics praised his work and Constable sold paintings. He achieved international success in 1824 when The Hay-Wain was shown at the Paris Salon, where he won a gold medal that was awarded by the king. Constable’s output also diversified: Chain Pier, Brighton (1826–27) pictured, among other things, urban modernity. In 1828, Dedham Vale, reprising a scene first painted in his youth, secured him election to become a Royal Academician in 1829, a post that was much belated due in part to his famously difficult personality. This honour was soured, however, by the death of Maria, his great love and the mother of his seven children, in 1828.
Final years
Constable’s letters of the 1830s are suffused with an alienation and depression no doubt heightened by the critical attacks to which both he and his great contemporary J.M.W. Turner had been subjected in periodicals since the mid-1820s. Although they were never close and had radically different approaches to landscape painting, Constable and Turner both espoused the grounding in tradition of British painter Sir Joshua Reynolds; such ties to tradition were increasingly seen as obsolete by a new generation of artists and critics that was forming its values in a rapidly developing, industrialized society. Constable nonetheless stayed active. In 1829 he exhibited Hadleigh Castle, a stark image of ruin and desolation, at the Royal Academy. He teamed up with the engraver David Lucas in 1829, producing mezzotints after his works that were published as a suite of prints entitled English Landscape.
In his studies of nature during the period, Constable reverted from oil to watercolour and drawing, and he exhibited a fascinating range of work, such as Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows (1831). Constable created this painting, which quoted motifs from his renowned Hay-Wain, while agitation for parliamentary reform against the church made conservatives such as himself very anxious. This panic is perhaps embodied in the painting’s dramatic shifts in scale: the wagon appears enormous next to the houses, yet is dwarfed by the looming cathedral, which symbolically stands firm, enveloped in a rainbow, in the face of stormy skies.
Salisbury Cathedral from Lower Marsh Close, oil on canvas by John …
Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Andrew W. Mellon Collection, 1937.1.108
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In 1836 Constable submitted his last Royal Academy entry, Cenotaph to the Memory of Sir Joshua Reynolds, Erected in the Grounds of Coleorton Hall, Leicestershire, by the Late Sir George Beaumont. The work was a valediction to Reynolds, the father of British art, whose ties to tradition Constable revered; to George Beaumont, whose early influence inspired him; and to Somerset House, the site of exhibitions by the Royal Academy, England’s bastion of historic art, up until this final 1836 show. The painting served as an appropriate ode to the evaporating, traditional world in which Constable’s personal and artistic values had been formed.
Assessment
Constable was a significant painter during a period when landscape was a dominant genre in British art. His oeuvre was unique in that he usually did not elect to paint places popular with the touring public or other artists, but rather concentrated on sites with which he had family connections, or where, for personal reasons, he happened to be. And while other artists made oil sketches, none did so as extensively and intensively as Constable. His landscapes represent a sometimes astonishing capacity to represent natural appearances—particularly, in his later years, the fleeting and dramatic effects of stormy skies—as well as a profound and prolonged meditation on the rural realities of a Britain undergoing a bewildering socioeconomic transformation.
Study of Clouds over the Sea, Brighton, oil on canvas by John Constable, …
In a private collection
Constable achieved a reasonable reputation during his lifetime as a respected and significant landscape painter. After Constable’s death, Charles Robert Leslie’s Memoirs of the Life of John Constable (1843), based on Constable’s edited correspondence, extended his reputation, laying out the fictional life of a sincere and dedicated artist struggling against iniquity and incomprehension; it was Leslie’s loyalty to his friend that perhaps caused him to gloss over many of Constable’s less-appealing characteristics. By the early 20th century Constable’s oeuvre was reexamined when scholars’ need to find British antecedents to Impressionism led to an overemphasis on his oil sketches. In the late 20th century a reassessment grounded more in historical factors was attempted, an area of study that remains contentious . While some have tried to relocate Constable’s landscapes within their contemporary context and have suggested that they are complex works of art with, often, a deeply political content, others have preferred to see them as embodying a quintessential “Englishness.” The fact that the argument is ongoing confirms the continuing vitality of these landscapes.
John Constable - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
(1776-1837).Early in the 19th century, most English painters believed that "a good picture, like a good fiddle, should be brown." John Constable, however, believed that nature should be shown in its own colors. He invented a technique to make this possible. Instead of using flat colors, he painted with thick daubs and flecks of many hues. He is said to have used "a thousand greens" to create the natural beauty of his trees and meadows. To suggest the highlights of sunshine, he used dashes of light-colored pigment known as "Constable’s snow." (See also painting.)
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Who wrote the novella A Clockwork Orange? | A Clockwork Orange Movie Review (1972) | Roger Ebert
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Stanley Kubrick 's "A Clockwork Orange" is an ideological mess, a paranoid right-wing fantasy masquerading As an Orwellian warning. It pretends to oppose the police state and forced mind control, but all it really does is celebrate the nastiness of its hero, Alex.
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I don't know quite how to explain my disgust at Alex (whom Kubrick likes very much, as his visual style reveals and as we shall see in a moment). Alex is the sort of fearsomely strange person we've all run across a few times in our lives -- usually when he and we were children, and he was less inclined to conceal his hobbies. He must have been the kind of kid who tore off the wings of flies and ate ants just because that was so disgusting. He was the kid who always seemed to know more about sex than anyone else, too -- and especially about how dirty it was.
Alex has grown up in "A Clockwork Orange," and now he's a sadistic rapist. I realize that calling him a sadistic rapist -- just like that -- is to stereotype poor Alex a little. But Kubrick doesn't give us much more to go on, except that Alex likes Beethoven a lot. Why he likes Beethoven is never explained, but my notion is that Alex likes Beethoven in the same way that Kubrick likes to load his sound track with familiar classical music -- to add a cute, cheap, dead-end dimension.
Now Alex isn't the kind of sat-upon, working-class anti-hero we got in the angry British movies of the early 1960s. No effort is made to explain his inner workings or take apart his society. Indeed, there's not much to take apart; both Alex and his society are smart-nose pop-art abstractions. Kubrick hasn't created a future world in his imagination -- he's created a trendy decor. If we fall for the Kubrick line and say Alex is violent because "society offers him no alternative," weep, sob, we're just making excuses.
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Alex is violent because it is necessary for him to be violent in order for this movie to entertain in the way Kubrick intends. Alex has been made into a sadistic rapist not by society, not by his parents, not by the police state, not by centralization and not by creeping fascism -- but by the producer, director and writer of this film, Stanley Kubrick. Directors sometimes get sanctimonious and talk about their creations in the third person, as if society had really created Alex. But this makes their direction into a sort of cinematic automatic writing. No, I think Kubrick is being too modest: Alex is all his.
I say that in full awareness that "A Clockwork Orange" is based, somewhat faithfully, on a novel by Anthony Burgess . Yet I don't pin the rap on Burgess. Kubrick has used visuals to alter the book's point of view and to nudge us toward a kind of grudging pal-ship with Alex.
Kubrick's most obvious photographic device this time is the wide-angle lens. Used on objects that are fairly close to the camera, this lens tends to distort the sides of the image. The objects in the center of the screen look normal, but those on the edges tend to slant upward and outward, becoming bizarrely elongated. Kubrick uses the wide-angle lens almost all the time when he is showing events from Alex's point of view; this encourages us to see the world as Alex does, as a crazy-house of weird people out to get him.
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When Kubrick shows us Alex, however, he either places him in the center of a wide-angle shot (so Alex alone has normal human dimensions,) or uses a standard lens that does not distort. So a visual impression is built up during the movie that Alex, and only Alex, is normal.
Kubrick has another couple of neat gimmicks to build Alex into a hero instead of a wretch. He likes to shoot Alex from above, letting Alex look up at us from under a lowered brow. This was also a favorite Kubrick angle in the close-ups in " 2001: A Space Odyssey ," and in both pictures, Kubrick puts the lighting emphasis on the eyes. This gives his characters a slightly scary, messianic look.
And then Kubrick makes all sorts of references at the end of "A Clockwork Orange" to the famous bedroom (and bathroom) scenes at the end of "2001." The echoing water-drips while Alex takes his bath remind us indirectly of the sound effects in the "2001" bedroom, and then Alex sits down to a table and a glass of wine. He is photographed from the same angle Kubrick used in "2001" to show us Keir Dullea at dinner. And then there's even a shot from behind, showing Alex turning around as he swallows a mouthful of wine.
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This isn't just simple visual quotation, I think. Kubrick used the final shots of "2001" to ease his space voyager into the Space Child who ends the movie. The child, you'll remember, turns large and fearsomely wise eyes upon us, and is our savior. In somewhat the same way, Alex turns into a wide eyed child at the end of "A Clockwork Orange," and smiles mischievously as he has a fantasy of rape. We're now supposed to cheer because he's been cured of the anti-rape, anti-violence programming forced upon him by society during a prison "rehabilitation" process.
What in hell is Kubrick up to here? Does he really want us to identify with the antisocial tilt of Alex's psychopathic little life? In a world where society is criminal, of course, a good man must live outside the law. But that isn't what Kubrick is saying, He actually seems to be implying something simpler and more frightening: that in a world where society is criminal, the citizen might as well be a criminal, too.
Well, enough philosophy. We'll probably be debating "A Clockwork Orange" for a long time -- a long, weary and pointless time. The New York critical establishment has guaranteed that for us. They missed the boat on "2001," so maybe they were trying to catch up with Kubrick on this one. Or maybe the news weeklies just needed a good movie cover story for Christmas.
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I don't know. But they've really hyped "A Clockwork Orange" for more than it's worth, and a lot of people will go if only out of curiosity. Too bad. In addition to the things I've mentioned above -- things I really got mad about -- "A Clockwork Orange" commits another, perhaps even more unforgivable, artistic sin. It is just plain talky and boring. You know there's something wrong with a movie when the last third feels like the last half.
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A Clockwork Orange: Everett Collection
Certainly when people think of Stanley Kubrick’s 1971 classic A Clockwork Orange , at least one song pops into mind. But will the ultra-violent classic sustain an entire evening’s worth of show tunes? Original novelist Anthony Burgess, who passed away in 1993, believed so, reports the BBC . Five decades after Burgess wrote the chilling novel, the behind-the-scenes story of its life as a stage production has proved no less twisted than the source material itself. But how do Bono, The Edge, and West Side Story come into play?
Yep, you heard right: West Side Story. Burgess personally adapted his dystopian novel for a stage musical in the 1980s after Kubrick’s controversial cinematic riff, and he never gave up hope, even after a 1990 attempt by U2’s Bono and The Edge left audience members just as nauseated as Alex himself.
That’s where the landmark 1958 musical update of Romeo & Juliet shows up. According to Dr. Andrew Biswell, director of the International Anthony Burgess Foundation, Burgess’ version of the Clockwork song-and-dancer is “pretty close to West Side Story — that’s one of the obvious influences on it.” Unlike Kubrick’s interpretation of the story, Biswell says parts of Burgess’ new work are “very throwaway and jolly,” especially a prison scene in which one of the prisoners is kicked to death. Sure sounds like a recipe for hilarity to me.
Graduates of the Royal Northern College of Music at the International Anthony Burgess Foundation will debut the new music next year in Burgess’ hometown of Manchester during a series of events celebrating A Clockwork Orange‘s 50th anniversary.
And just in case you thought this story couldn’t get any weirder, it turns out that this isn’t the only musical adaptation of the novel to hit the boards in the coming months. An entirely separate Clockwork musical, with a new score, redone script, and an all-black cast will premiere at London’s Theatre Royal Stratford East in September.
So, Kubrick fans, do you think this stage version will finally succeed where others have failed? Are Alex and his Droogs the new Jets? And what rhymes with “orange” anyway?
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What is the title of the play by Arthur Miller set around the Salem Witch trials of 1692? | The Crucible by Arthur Miller
THE CRUCIBLE by Arthur Miller (1952)
Top picture: E.G Marshall, Arthur Kennedy, and Beatrice Straight in the 1953 Broadway production.
Bottom picture: Arthur Miller.
In 1953, Arthur Miller's play "The Crucible" ran on Broadway at the Martin Beck. Despite being a box office success and acclaimed by critics and audiences alike, it was considered second-best to his prior "Death of a Salesman." As Brook Atkinson for the New York Times reported the day after the opening, "[T]he theme does not develop with the simple eloquence of 'Death of a Salesman.'"
Although the events of the play are based on the events that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, Miller was liberal in his fictionalization of those events. For example, many of the accusations of witchcraft in the play are driven by the affair between farmer, husband, and father John Proctor (Arthur Kennedy), and the Minister's teenage niece Abigail Williams (Madeleine Sherwood); however, in real life Williams was probably about eleven at the time of the accusations and Proctor was over sixty, which makes it most unlikely that there was ever any such relationship. Miller himself said, "The play is not reportage of any kind .... [n]obody can start to write a tragedy and hope to make it reportage .... what I was doing was writing a fictional story about an important theme."
The "important theme" that Miller was writing about was clear to many observers in 1953 at the play's opening. It was written in response to Senator McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee's crusade against supposed communist sympathizers. Despite the obvious political criticisms contained within the play, most critics felt that "The Crucible" was "a self contained play about a terrible period in American history."
The Crucible (The Movie)
Over twenty years after the opening of the play, the eighty-one-year-old Miller wrote the screenplay for the production of a movie version of "The Crucible." As was the play, the movie is a fictionalized version of the events of Salem in 1692. Additionally, the movie was been changed from the play in some minor respects. For example, the movie opens with a scene of the town girls sneaking into the woods and participating is a ritualistic dance with the slave woman Tituba--until they are all caught by the minister. In the play this scene was referred to, but not performed. Another change is that the Slave woman Tituba is portrayed as black, when she was actually an Indian.
Although hailed by some, the movie was not as well received as was the play. One critic stated, "This filmic redux of Miller's theatrical parable is somewhat out of place on the modern landscape. What was no doubt a powerful and emotive effort in the 1950s, when it was written as a scathing critique of Senator McCarthy's crusade against supposed communist sympathizers, falls flat in the '90s." Even the star-studded cast was not enough to save the film for some. "Winona Ryder and Daniel Day-Lewis star in this two-hour yelling match between good and evil. Not recommended for those with a low tolerance for '50s-style misogyny and moralistic posturing." Not all were so harsh. Another reviewer stated, "With a head on its shoulders and the rawest emotions in its craw, Miller's stage hit "The Crucible" has become a cinematic grabber for grown-ups (**** out of four)."
For a complete list of the cast and clips from the 1996 film, see
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How many pints are in a Firkin? | How many pints can you get out of one barrel? [Archive] - CPFC BBS
Sorry for the randomness, but does anyone know?
stinky
19-02-2005, 05:45 PM
think of a number. Times it by 10. Take away the number you were thinking of
Mong!
don't you normally just drink out of the tap? ;)
Ardent Eagle Forever
19-02-2005, 05:57 PM
Being a boring git, the answer to your question depends on the size of the barrel.
There are different names for different sizes of barrel, such as Firkin, Keg, Tun etc. Each type has different capacities either as gallons or pints.
Suggest that you look at the CAMRA web site, there might be links to help you find your answer.
c_block_lad
80 pints from Guinness kegs afaik
griggs
19-02-2005, 06:06 PM
There are all different size beer barrels. The smallest generally used in pubs is a Firkin which has a capacity of 41 litres or 9 gallons on average holds 72 pints although good bar staff may be able to get another couple of "pints" out of it by putting a reasonable head on pints, where as a Hogshead has 246 litres or 54 gallons. Most pubs generally dispense from a barell which contains about 288 pints though (164 litres or 36 gallons). You can buy a Pin though for home comsumption made out of plastic which contains approxamatley 20 litres enough for around 9 or 10 pints
If you have read Samuel Pepys diaries, he quite often seemed to take home a Firkin to share with a friend after what he already describes as a heavy nights drinking. But somehow I doubt they were drinking something with the potentcy of Stella, what they were drinking was probably 3% at the maximum.
The size of barrels though is historically set by taxes more than anything else.
A Wooden Fish On Wheels
19-02-2005, 06:11 PM
Fullers off-licenses used to sell 32 pint polypins. Handy for parties :)
Dave
Originally posted by A Wooden Fish On Wheels
Fullers off-licenses used to sell 32 pint polypins. Handy for parties :) yeah parties ;)
Slimbloke'H'
How many Kebabs (medium) can you get out of one of those spit thingys.. anyone know
suits_you
21-02-2005, 03:45 PM
Originally posted by simplex
How many Kebabs (medium) can you get out of one of those spit thingys.. anyone know
that depends on a multitude of things, are all the kebabs going to be the same size? is there an international law regarding the max and min amount of kebab meat in a warm soft white pitta?
tonkers
21-02-2005, 03:46 PM
ah i went for a kebab last week and we asked and they told us.
The problem is 89% of the time you are pissed when you go for a kebab so i don't know how many. I hope thats helpfull
simplex
21-02-2005, 03:49 PM
Originally posted by suits_you
is there an international law regarding the max and min amount of kebab meat in a warm soft white pitta?
Should read
is there a law regarding the max and min amount of MEAT in a spit thingy
suits_you
Originally posted by tonkers
ah i went for a kebab last week and we asked and they told us.
The problem is 89% of the time you are pissed when you go for a kebab so i don't know how many. I hope thats helpfull
exorbitantly
| 72 |
Om which country does Singha beer originate? | English weights and measures: Quick reference
Unit of area, equal to 4840 square yards. Still very much in use.
Bag
Obscure unit of volume, equal to 24 gallons.
Barleycorn
Unit of length. Three to the inch. A very old measure, not used for centuries.
Barrel (beer)
Unit of volume, equal to 36 gallons, or 4 firkins. Still in use.
Barrel (wine)
Unit of volume, equal to 31.5 gallons. No longer in use
Barrel (oil)
A US measure, not English. Equals 42 US gallons.
British Thermal Unit, or Btu.
Unit of energy or work
Bucket
Obscure unit of volume, equal to 4 gallons.
Bushel
Unit of volume, equal to 8 gallons, or 4 pecks. Not in use much at all these days, but beware that the US bushel is different.
Butt
Unit of volume, usually for wine or beer. Can be 108 or 126 gallons, depending. No longer used.
Cable
Unit of length, at sea. Defined as 1 tenth of a nautical mile.
Chain
Unit of length, equal to 22 yards, which is the length of a cricket pitch. When I was at school, we were given such chains to measure things with - each chain made up of 100 links. There are 10 chains to the furlong. Not seen much these days, but still seen on not-so-old maps etc.
Clove
Obscure unit of weight, equal to 7 pounds (av.)
Drachm (fluid)
Unit of volume, equal to 60 minims. 8 fluid drachms to the fluid ounce.
Dram [also spelled as Drachm] (avoirdupois)
Unit of weight. 16 drams to the (av.) ounce.
Dram [also spelled as Drachm] (troy)
Unit of weight. Equal to 60 grains. 8 drams to the (troy) ounce.
Ell
Unit of length. Very, very old. The English ell should be taken as 45 inches, or a yard and a quarter, and the Scots ell is 37 Scots inches, or 72.2 English inches. Very much not used.
Fathom
Unit of length, or rather depth, equal to 6 feet. Still encountered.
Firkin
Unit of volume, especially beer. Equals 9 gallons. Extremely popular in pub names!
Foot
Unit of length. 12 inches, 3 feet to the yard. Very, very common.
Furlong
Unit of length, equal to 220 yards, or 10 chains. There are 8 furlongs to the mile. The name seems to derive from the length of a furrow, somehow. This unit is still used, especially so in horse-racing.
Gallon
Unit of volume. Equal to 8 pints. The Imperial gallon was defined in the act of 1824 as the volume of 10lb of water at 62°F. Before this, the gallon was redefined over the years (especially around the time of the American revolution) with consequent problems for our colonial cousins, which is why we have 8 of our gallons to one of our bushels, but the Americans have 9.309177 of their gallons (or 7.751512 of ours) to one of their bushels. To get around this, they have a dry gallon and a liquid gallon, which are different. To summarise:
Imperial gallon
231 cubic inches
Gill
Unit of volume. Normally taken as a quarter of a pint, it can also be a third or a half pint, especially in conversation. The legal definition is a 1/4 of a pint. The word Gill is pronouced with a hard G (as Jill).
Grain
The basic unit of weight in the imperial system. There are 5760 grains to the Troy pound, and 7000 to the avoirdupois pound.
Hand
Unit of length, or normally height, equal to 4 inches. Still (almost) universally used in England to measure horses.
Hogshead
Unit of volume (wine only). 52.5 gallons. Until 1824 it was 63 gallons, a figure still used by the Americans.
Horsepower (common)
A unit of power. Equal to 33000 foot-pound-force per minute. Very much in use today.
Horsepower (RAC)
A strange unit, used only to tax cars in the first decades to the 20th century. It was based on the cylinder diameter, not the swept volume or power, which seems to have inspired W O Bentley at least to design long-stroke engines to get them into a lower taxation class.
Horsepower (misc.)
There are all sorts of other horsepowers (boiler, metric, electric, metric etc.) - beware!
Hundredweight
Unit of weight, equal to 8 stones. 20 hundredweight to a ton. This unit is commonly abbreviated to 'cwt'.
Hundredweight (short)
Unit of weight, not much used in England, but apparently used still in the US. Equals 100 pounds, 20 to the Short ton.
Inch
Very basic unit of length. 12 to the foot. Very much in use.
Kilderkin
Obscure unit of volume, equal to 18 gallons.
Kip
Obscure unit of force - equal to 1000 pound-force.
Knot
Unit of speed or velocity, equal to 1 nautical mile per hour. Universally used to control the speed of ships and aircraft.
Last
Very obscure unit of volume - equal to 640 gallons.
League
Unit of length. Equal to 3 miles, so a league at sea is different to a league on land. Much used by poets, but nobody else.
Lb
The abbreviation used for 'pound'. It comes from the Latin word Libra which translates to 'pound'. This is where the fancy 'L' comes from when talking about the pound sterling (i.e. the unit of currency in the UK).
Line
Unit of length. Some authorities (generally American) say 10 lines to the inch, and some say 12. This seems to be a printing term.
Link
Unit of length, there being 100 links to a chain. Virtually never seen these days.
Mil
Unit of length. Shown as 1/1000 of an inch in some books, I have never known anyone use this in England, as a millimetre (an obscure French measure) is known colloquially as a 'mill'. See thou . However, many friends from across the Atlantic have pointed out that the mill is very much in use in the US, for measuring paper, plastic (rubbish bags/garbage sacks etc.) and wire.
Mile (statute)
Unit of length, equal to 1760 yards, or 8 furlongs. This unit is universal in England for measuring distances between places etc., and is always used on road-signs (eg LONDON 180 miles) and speedometers (as in miles per hour), and consequently is always quoted by drivers when talking about fuel consumption (as in miles per gallon).
Mile (nautical)
Unit of length, normally at sea or in the air. Originally, the Admiralty fixed it at 6080 feet. This unit is universally used by international law by ships and aircraft, as is the derived unit of the knot .
In the 20th century, an international nautical mile was defined as 1852 metres, and so you will sometimes see the 6080ft nautical mile called the British nautical mile.
Minim
Unit of volume. 60 minims to the fluid ounce.
Nail
Obscure unit of length, equal to 2 and a quarter inches.
Noggin
Unit of volume - maybe a colloquism. Same as the gill . This word is quite often used in pubs etc. in certain parts of England, but not in a technical sense!
Ounce - avoirdupois
Unit of weigh, equal to 437.5 grains. 16 drams to the ounce, 16 ounces to the pound. This unit is still very much used in England.
Ounce - fluid
Unit of volume, equal to 8 fluid drachms. 20 fluid ounces = 1 pint. This unit is still used, especially in recipes.
Ounce - troy
Unit of weight, equal to 480 grains, or 24 scruples. or 20 pennyweights or 8 drams. 12 ounces to the pound.Used for weighing bullion, and as an apocatheries measure.
Pace
Obscure unit of length. Equal to 2.5 feet.
Palm
Obscure unit of length. Equal to 3 inches.
Peck
Unit of volume, equal to 2 gallons. Not much in use these days.
Pennyweight
Unit of weight, equal to 24 grains. There are 20 to the Troy ounce.
Perch
Old unit of length - same as rod and pole. 16.5 feet.
Pint
Unit of volume. The universal measure for beer. There are 20 fluid ounces to the pint, and 8 pints to the gallon. Different to US pints - beware!
Pole
Old unit of length - same as rod and perch. 16.5 feet.
Pound - avoirdupois
Unit of weight, equal to 7000 grains, or 16 avoirdupois ounces. 14 pounds = 1 stone. This unit is still very much used in England.
Pound - troy
Unit of weight, equal to 5760 grains, or 12 troy ounces. Used for weighing bullion, and as an apocatheries measure. The troy pound was outlawed in 1878.
Poundal
Unit of force. There are 32.174 to the pound-force (acceleration to to gravity being 32.174 feet per second per second).
Pound-force
Unit of pressure - an abbreviation for pounds per square inch.
Puncheon
Obscure unit of volume - equal to 70 gallons.
Quart
Unit of volume, equal to 2 pints. 4 quarts = 1 gallon. The use of this unit has declined sharply over the last 20 years.
Quarter
Unit of weight, equal to 2 stones. 4 quarters = 1 hundredweight. General use of this unit seems to have died out around the time of WWII.
Quarter
Unit of volume, equal to 64 gallons.
Rod
Unit of length; It is 16.5 feet, which is strange even by English standards. It is better to define it in terms of the rood .
Rope
Obscure unit of length - equal to 20 feet.
Rood
Unit of area; an area of 1 furlong long by 1 rod wide, or 1210 square yards. There are 4 roods to the acre.
Rope
Obscure unit of length - equal to 20 feet.
Sack
Obscure unit of weight, equal to 26 stones.
Scruple
Unit of weight. Equals 20 grains. 3 to the Troy dram.
Scruple (fluid).
Unit of volume. Equals 20 minims.
Seam
Obscure unit of volume, equal to 64 gallons.
Slug
Strange unit of weight - equal to 32.174 pounds (av.) - see poundal .
Span
Obscure unit of length - equal to 9 inches.
Stone
Unit of weight, equal to 14 pounds (av.). Often used in England for weighing people. 8 stones = 1 hundredweight. Still quite common in England, although its use seems to be declining.
Thou
An unofficial unit of length - one thousandth of an inch.
Tod
An obscure unit of weight - same as the quarter .
Ton
Unit of weight, sometimes (especially in the US) known as a long ton. Equals 20 hundredweight, or 2240 pounds. Still very much in use.
Ton (register).
Unit of capacity - for measuring ships. 100 cubic feet.
Ton (short).
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What year did prohibition start in the USA? | Prohibition - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com
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Origins of Prohibition
In the 1820s and ’30s, a wave of religious revivalism swept the United States, leading to increased calls for temperance, as well as other “perfectionist” movements such as the abolition of slavery. In 1838, the state of Massachusetts passed a temperance law banning the sale of spirits in less than 15-gallon quantities; though the law was repealed two years later, it set a precedent for such legislation. Maine passed the first state prohibition law in 1846, and a number of other states had followed suit by the time the Civil War began in 1861.
Did You Know?
In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated the incumbent President Herbert Hoover, who once called Prohibition "the great social and economic experiment, noble in motive and far reaching in purpose." Some say FDR celebrated the repeal of Prohibition by enjoying a dirty martini, his preferred drink.
By the turn of the century, temperance societies were a common fixture in communities across the United States. Women played a strong role in the temperance movement, as alcohol was seen as a destructive force in families and marriages. In 1906, a new wave of attacks began on the sale of liquor, led by the Anti-Saloon League (established in 1893) and driven by a reaction to urban growth, as well as the rise of evangelical Protestantism and its view of saloon culture as corrupt and ungodly. In addition, many factory owners supported prohibition in their desire to prevent accidents and increase the efficiency of their workers in an era of increased industrial production and extended working hours.
Passage of the Prohibition Amendment
In 1917, after the United States entered World War I , President Woodrow Wilson instituted a temporary wartime prohibition in order to save grain for producing food. That same year, Congress submitted the 18th Amendment, which banned the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors, for state ratification. Though Congress had stipulated a seven-year time limit for the process, the amendment received the support of the necessary three-quarters of U.S. states in just 11 months.
Ratified on January 29, 1919, the 18th Amendment went into effect a year later, by which time no fewer than 33 states had already enacted their own prohibition legislation. In October 1919, Congress passed the National Prohibition Act, which provided guidelines for the federal enforcement of Prohibition. Championed by Representative Andrew Volstead of Mississippi , the chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, the legislation was more commonly known as the Volstead Act.
Enforcement of Prohibition
Both federal and local government struggled to enforce Prohibition over the course of the 1920s. Enforcement was initially assigned to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and was later transferred to the Justice Department. In general, Prohibition was enforced much more strongly in areas where the population was sympathetic to the legislation–mainly rural areas and small towns–and much more loosely in urban areas. Despite very early signs of success, including a decline in arrests for drunkenness and a reported 30 percent drop in alcohol consumption, those who wanted to keep drinking found ever-more inventive ways to do it. The illegal manufacturing and sale of liquor (known as “bootlegging”) went on throughout the decade, along with the operation of “speakeasies” (stores or nightclubs selling alcohol), the smuggling of alcohol across state lines and the informal production of liquor (“moonshine” or “bathtub gin”) in private homes.
In addition, the Prohibition era encouraged the rise of criminal activity associated with bootlegging. The most notorious example was the Chicago gangster Al Capone , who earned a staggering $60 million annually from bootleg operations and speakeasies. Such illegal operations fueled a corresponding rise in gang violence, including the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in Chicago in 1929, in which several men dressed as policemen (and believed to be have associated with Capone) shot and killed a group of men in an enemy gang.
Prohibition Comes to an End
The high price of bootleg liquor meant that the nation’s working class and poor were far more restricted during Prohibition than middle or upper class Americans. Even as costs for law enforcement, jails and prisons spiraled upward, support for Prohibition was waning by the end of the 1920s. In addition, fundamentalist and nativist forces had gained more control over the temperance movement, alienating its more moderate members.
With the country mired in the Great Depression by 1932, creating jobs and revenue by legalizing the liquor industry had an undeniable appeal. Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president that year on a platform calling for Prohibition’s appeal, and easily won victory over the incumbent President Herbert Hoover . FDR’s victory meant the end for Prohibition, and in February 1933 Congress adopted a resolution proposing a 21st Amendment to the Constitution that would repeal the 18th. The amendment was submitted to the states, and in December 1933 Utah provided the 36th and final necessary vote for ratification. Though a few states continued to prohibit alcohol after Prohibition’s end, all had abandoned the ban by 1966.
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Which country (according to 2010 statistics) is the country with the highest annual capita consumption of beer? | BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Prohibition summary
In 1920, the 18th Amendment was passed making the manufacture and sale of alcohol illegal. But many people in this time of 'Prohibition' continued to drink and gangsters made enormous amounts of money from supplying illegal liquor.
Prohibition summary
The noble experiment of Prohibition was introduced by the 18th Amendment, which became effective in January 1920.
Here are four reasons why Prohibition was introduced:
National mood - when America entered the war in 1917 the national mood also turned against drinking alcohol. The Anti-Saloon League argued that drinking alcohol was damaging American society.
Practical - a ban on alcohol would boost supplies of important grains such as barley.
Religious - the consumption of alcohol went against God's will.
Moral - many agreed that it was wrong for some Americans to enjoy alcohol while the country's young men were at war.
In 1929, however, the Wickersham Commission reported that Prohibition was not working. In February 1933, Congress passed the 21st Amendment, which repealed Prohibition.
Prohibition had failed. Here are six reasons why:
There weren't enough Prohibition agents to enforce the law - only 1,500 in 1920.
The size of America's boundaries made it hard for these agents to control smuggling by bootleggers.
The low salary paid to the agents made it easy to bribe them.
Many Americans never gave their support to Prohibition and were willing to drink in speakeasies - bars that claimed to sell soft drinks, but served alcohol behind the scenes.
Gangsters such as Al Capone made money from organised crime.
Protection rackets, organised crime and gangland murders were more common during Prohibition than when alcohol could be bought legally.
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Which beer was advertised in the 1980s using scenes from the film Ice Cold in Alex? | Ice Cold in Alex – Black and White Movies
1958 Movie
If you haven’t seen it:
Ice Cold in Alex (or Desert Attack, as it was released in the USA, as a heavily edited and far inferior version) is an exciting and inspirational war movie.
It tells the story of the crew of a military ambulance in North Africa, desperately trying to make it to the safety of Alexandria. There are scenes of drama, comedy, and unbearable tension, all set against the authentic backdrop of the North African desert during world war two.
It stars the great English actor John Mills, and the lovely Sylvia Syms.
One piece of advice for you, when you watch Ice Cold in Alex, make sure you have a cold beer handy – at the end of the film you will need it.
If you have seen it:
Scroll down past the trailer for more.
Click below to watch the trailer for Ice Cold in Alex:
(If you cannot see the trailer below, your browser may need adjusting)
SPOILER ALERT: The plot summary and comments below contain details that might spoil your enjoyment of the movie if you have not already seen it.
Plot:
“If you two don’t stop asking Are we Nearly there yet I will turn this ambulance around!”
In the opening scenes, the North African town of Tobruk is evacuated because of news the Germans are advancing. Captain Anson, a burnt out alcoholic, drives an army ambulance. Anson, along with Sergeant Pugh, and two nurses, joins the convoy to Alexandria, but they separated from them following an enemy attack. The ambulance crew must make their own way to safety, negotiating minefields, quicksand, mechanical failures, German soldiers, and the relentless heat.
On their journey, they pick up a South African soldier, Captain van der Poel. He pays for his passage by offering to share his gin with Anson. At first, Anson is happy to accept the offer, but when one of the nurses is killed by German fire, he realizes everyone is depending on him. He vows that the next drink he will have will be an ice cold beer in Alexandria.
He had a dilemma. Should he tell them that he had had the hand-brake on for the past twenty minutes, or just quietly take it off and say nothing?
Van der Poel meanwhile, has been acting suspiciously. He has something in his backpack that he does not want anyone to see, but he convinces German soldiers to let them pass by showing it to them. Eventually, Sergeant Pugh discovers that it is a radio transmitter, and tells the others that van der Poel is a German spy. They do not confront him yet though, realizing that they might still need his help in crossing the desert – they even save his life when he falls into quicksand. This proves to be the right thing to do, as van der Poel’s strength is crucial when they face their final challenge – rolling the ambulance up huge sand-dune using the starter handle (twice!).
Probably the best beer ad in the world.
The crew make it to Alexandria, where they do indeed have the beer they have been dreaming of for so long. Then, they turn the spy over to the military police. However, because of the bond between them, and respect they feel for him, they do not reveal him as a spy, but say that he surrendered to them – that way he would be held as a prisoner of war rather than executed.
Steve Sunday Says:
I don’t think that anybody in the last fifty years has actually seen this film from the beginning. It is one of those films that is often on TV on Sunday afternoons, and people stumble across it half way through and find themselves unable to turn it off.
And what a great film it is! The courage and resilience these characters show make me feel rather ashamed of the way I panic a little whenever I find myself in sunny weather without a hat. Ice Cold in Alex shows us how we can accomplish anything if we are determined enough, and it shows us the importance of putting the handbrake on when we park on a hill.
Surely that is dangerous when stood so close to someone as hot as Sylvia.
Did you notice how everyone gets dirty, sweaty, and smelly, except the lovely Sylvia Syms? While the men are wallowing about in quicksand and washing themselves in petrol, Sylvia considers her appearance, and stays well out of the way. Sensible girl. Have I mentioned how lovely I think she is?
Trivia Trish Says:
The movie is based on a novel, not a “true story”.
A few changes were made from the original story – in the book, the nurse falls for the sergeant, not the captain. Also, the beer at the end was named as Rhinegold, but the film-makers decided this sounded too German.
The love scene between Diana and Anson had to be re-shot after the British censor decided that Sylvia Syms had too many buttons undone on her blouse
In the 1980s Carlsberg used the beer-drinking scene in a commercial
It really was beer they were drinking in that scene, and after quite a few takes, John Mills was rather worse for wear.
Sylvia cranks up the tension
Main Cast and Crew:
Sylvia Syms … Sister Diana Murdoch
Anthony Quayle … Captain van der Poel
Harry Andrews … MSM Tom Pugh
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What is used to flavour the Kriek beer from Belgium? | Cathode Ray Tube: THE CRUEL SEA / ICE COLD IN ALEX / CROSS OF IRON - Digitally Restored Editions / Blu-ray Reviews
THE CRUEL SEA / ICE COLD IN ALEX / CROSS OF IRON - Digitally Restored Editions / Blu-ray Reviews
Posted by Frank Collins on Tuesday, 7 June 2011 · Leave a Comment
If there is anything in common between the three war films The Cruel Sea (1953), Ice Cold In Alex (1958) and Cross of Iron (1977) then it must be the themes of the isolated, physically or psychologically troubled leader, the challenges to, and reaffirmation of, their masculinity and how all three films contextualise this within an 'anti-war' stance and a reflection on the post-war military experience of British and German personnel.
All three are now being released by Optimum on Blu-ray in June and you can see Ice Cold In Alex and Cross of Iron at special screenings at the Odeon, Panton Street, London from June 17th.
The first two films are highly regarded classics from a period and genre of British film making, that particularly found its greatest articulation in the post-war 1950s, where war time experiences were offered as a cinematic redefinition of national identity. As Britain declined as a sovereign and world power these films rehearsed, what film critic William Whitebait claimed in the New Statesman, "an imaginary present in which we could go on enjoying our finest hours."
These films are juxtaposed with Sam Peckinpah's Cross of Iron where the context is the German conflict with the Russians in 1943 and thematically it examines the psychological toil on the remnants of the German army, confined to a life in bunkers and under constant bombardment, fighting a war they no longer believe in. This idiosyncratic war film uses the class conflict between two officers, the aristocratic Stransky and the anti-authoritarian, working class Steiner, which in itself examines cowardice, bravery and masculine ideals on an interpersonal level.
'the only villain is the sea...'
The Cruel Sea is Ealing Studios' adaptation of the 1951 novel by Nicholas Monsarrat, telling the story, set in 1940, of the HMS Compass Rose, a corvette patrolling and escorting convoys in the Atlantic, protecting them against U-Boat attack.
The film opens with voice-over narration from Commander Ericson (Jack Hawkins) as he describes the trials and tribulations that await those serving at sea: "This is a story of the Battle of the Atlantic, the story of the ocean, two ships, and a handful of men. The men are the heroes; the heroines the ships. The only villain is the sea, the cruel sea, that man has made more cruel..."
Ericson is assigned as commander of the Compass Rose, a recently commissioned corvette crewed by inexperienced sailors and officers, many only having just completed training and not yet seen active service. Gradually, under Ericson's guidance, we see the crew mature and form a coherent unit as they face not only the U-boats attempting to destroy vital convoys but also the harsh conditions of the ocean itself and the personal problems waiting for them back home. In a similar way to Ice Cold in Alex, the film ushers in an examination of the male psyche under pressure to do his duty that often complicates and questions the norms of duty, survival and masculinity. This theme develops throughout the film's story and as a bond forms between Ericson and Lockhart (Donald Sinden in his first film), his No 1, and the rest of the men under their command.
Male homosocial bonding is again shown as one of the qualities required to survive the harsh conditions aboard ship, depicted in the sober, realist manner that you'd expect from an Ealing film. Whether you are 'man enough' becomes the criteria by which the men on the Compass Rose are judged and as Tony Williams suggests in Structures of Desire: British Cinema, 1939-1955, the film consciously "disavows the homoerotic implications" of these bonds by projecting them "onto the scapegoat figure of the 'unmanly' Sub-Lieutenant Baker (John Warner)." A suggestion of anything other than the homosocial is made 'unfit' during the course of the film and both Ericson and Lockhart are seen as amongst those that epitomise the survival of the fittest, with Lockhart developing as a leader of men under Ericson's influence.
However, the film does not entirely focus on the bond between Ericson and Lockhart. It also offers an interesting depiction of the changing nature of the relationships men have with women in the post-war period. Lockhart has a tentative love affair with Julie Hallam (Virginia McKenna) who works ashore at the naval station. Her sympathetic and caring attitude towards Lockhart is boldly in contrast with Elaine, the selfish showgirl girlfriend of Morell (Denholm Elliot) who doesn't give a damn about her husband and whether he will return safely from patrol. The devastation wreaked by German bombing is also briefly shown when one of the sailors returns to a bombed out home, discovering his sister has been killed during the raid.
... the film belongs to the 'father-son' bond between Hawkins and Sinden
Director Charles Frend's handling of the romantic interludes is interesting but it tends to divert the attention from the inner turmoils that male characters are dealing with and where the losses and devastation they deal with actually result in a rejection of the romantic impulse and where women merely fulfil the role of patient listener. It therefore becomes a very personal and male account within the canvas of some extremely taut battle sequences as the Compass Rose hunts down U-boats and rescues the survivors of torpedoed ships.
While there are some sterling performances to look out for from the young Denholm Elliot. Stanley Baker (as Bennett) and an impossibly photogenic John Stratton (as Ferraby), the film belongs to the 'father-son' bond between Hawkins and Sinden, cemented in a terrible moment when Ericson has to decide whether to save a handful of British sailors or attempt to destroy a German sub that is potentially lurking beneath them. To persue the sub he must kill innocent men. Eventually, having done what he had to do, Ericson cries in front of Lockhart during a quiet confessional between the two men.
As Andrew Spicer suggests in Typical Men, the other cadets, including Lockhart, are lined up here as potential replacement images of their 'father', Ericson. Bennett and Ferraby are rejected - one a working class man outside the film's distinctly middle class milieu and the other an over-sensitive, mentally scarred man removed from conflict - while Lockhart achieves approval. The relationship "allows both to acknowledge and overcome the negative emotions of fear and doubt amid the annihilating rigours of the North Atlantic campaign" and Spicer also sees Lockhart's role as "the responsible figure of young manhood with whom young adolescents should identify." This is interesting at a time when Britain was on the brink of much social change, particularly in the roles of men and women and the rise of the teenager who would eventually reject the merits of deference to their elders.
Hawkins had previously essayed similiar roles in Angels One Five (1952) and The Malta Story (1953) and the stoic 'manliness' he represented here and in The Cruel Sea was symptomatic of the repression still prevalent in the years of post-war austerity and many of the war films made in the 1950s were a reminder that men were still expected to fight for their country. As these films rehearsed those 'finest hours', conscription into the forces didn't end until 1961 and Suez was clearly a moment when the 'Brit myth' itself took a battering in the school of hard knocks.
The Cruel Sea is also an anti-war film in so much that is shows Ericson emotionally closing down after destroying two U-Boats during a futile and wasteful campaign and where Tony Williams sees this, in Structures of Desire, as "a barren and unsatisfactory substitute for the dangerous feelings Ericson chooses to repress."
About the transfer
Gordon Dines's luminous black and white imagery is given a very successful high definition transfer. Perhaps not as good or as consistent a transfer as the one for Ice Cold In Alex, the image is often much softer and grainer. However, it can look superbly detailed, especially in the high contrast night sequences and on faces and costumes. Archive footage of convoys is often interspersed here too and the huge difference in quality is very evident. The DTS mono audio provides a faithful and crisp reproduction of the dialogue, score and effects.
Special features
A charming interview with Sinden looking back at the making of the film.
Gallery
Collection of stills from the film.
The Cruel Sea
Ealing Studios / General Film Distributors 1953
Optimum Home Entertainment / OPTBD0628 / Released 13 June 2011 / Blu-ray Region B / B&W PAL / Feature Aspect Ratio: 1.37:1 / Video: BD50 - AVC - 24p / Feature Audio: Mono 2.0 / Audio Codec: LPCM DTS MA / English Language / Cert: PG / Total Running Time: 121 mins approx
____________________________________________________________________
Essentially the story of Ice Cold in Alex concerns the efforts of battle fatigued, alcoholic Captain Anson (a terrific performance from John Mills), escaping the German advance on Tobruk in an ambulance, named 'Katy' by its previous driver, to return to British lines across the desert. Anson and his MSM Tom Pugh (Harry Andrews), having rescued two nurses Diana (Sylvia Syms) and Denise (Diane Clare), then pick up Captain van der Poel (Harry Andrews), a man who claims to be an Afrikaans-speaking South African officer.
Suspicion gradually falls upon van der Poel, highly protective of his back pack and who, on two occasions, manages to persuade the German Afrika Korps to let them continue with their journey. The film slowly becomes both a mystery thriller about van der Poel's true identity and a melodrama about the loyalties within the group as they face the sheer physical effort to get to Alexandria.
Ice Cold In Alex expands on the themes in The Cruel Sea and indeed you could say that desert setting of the film, in which Anson, Pugh, the two nurses and van der Poel face their greatest physical and psychological challenges on their way back to British lines at Alexandria, is a major character in the narrative. This group's journey in an ambulance across the desert wastes clearly demonstrates many of the tropes of 1950s British war films, where 'winning' the war was defined by Christine Geraghty, in British Cinema in the Fifties: Gender, Genre and the 'New Look', as "waiting and endurance, by small technical actions in cramped spaces, by dogged persistence in harsh landscapes and hostile waters". These harsh landscapes are filled with trials and tribulations, positioning the film as a heroic journey with mythical overtones, as the ambulance crosses minefields, is attacked by Germans, endures the quicksands of the Qattara Depression and finally must be physically hauled over a desert ridge.
... the reverse of the stiff upper lipped characters in British war films
The central character of Anson is obviously a man at the lowest ebb, the war having taken its toll on his confidence and strength, and who now must find the courage to carry on in the bottom of a gin bottle. The dysfunctional Anson is continually challenged by physically bigger and less psychologically conflicted men in the film. Both Pugh and van der Poel display their own physicality throughout the journey in counterpoint to Anson who for the first half of the film relies on the gin that van der Poel is carrying in his pack to get him through the challenges set by the desert and by the German troops they encounter.
In fact, in their first encounter with the Germans, Anson loses control and his mistakes cost the life of one of the nurses, Denise, hiding in the ambulance. In fact, he makes a pact with his passengers that is predicated, on reaching Alexandria, to all indulge in a glass of ice-cold beer (a scene recontextualised within 1980s British heritage tropes in those Carlsberg lager ads) as a gesture of equality, all working as a team to make it across the desert. His reward then is to partly satisfy his own addiction.
Anson is quite the reverse of the stiff upper lipped characters in British war films to that point and in fact Ice Cold in Alex is perhaps a deconstruction of that mythology. He overcomes his alcohol addiction, and the terrible mistakes he makes (and we often see him either haunted or broken down because of these), to find the courage needed to cross the desert but this is achieved with the care, loyalty and strength provided by Pugh, Diana and, most unconventionally of all, from van der Poel, who is uncovered as Hauptmann Otto Lutz, an engineering officer with the 21st Panzer Division.
This intersection of male and female characters also expresses, what Steve Chibnall sees in his book about the film's director J. Lee Thompson as, "an ersatz family in which... the tensions, suspicions and attractions... flow among the family members" and provide the film with "a continuous emotional under-swell which again sets it apart from most other 1950s' war films." Within these tensions, van der Poel does not meet the fate dished out to so many Germans in British war films and he is configured as an honourable man in the film's concluding, iconic scene in the bar at Alexandria. Without him, Anson and the crew would not be alive and the film confirms him as one of their group facing the desert as the 'greater enemy'.
... an intense character study
John Mills is also, under Thompson's direction, transformed from the stereotypical depiction of the leading romantic hero into a very atypical figure. Thompson and his cinematographer, Gil Taylor, spend a lot of the film showing Anson in a rather disheveled and pathetic state in contrast to the more robust figures of Pugh and van der Poel. Anson is seen as vulnerable and is physically slight compared to the other male characters.
This is something that Gill Plain picks up in John Mills and British Cinema: Masculinity, Identity and Nation, particularly in discussing the costuming for the film as "like the other male characters he spends the film in shorts but, while Anthony Quayle is given an almost distressingly tight pair, Mills sports an excessively baggy outfit, from which his legs emerge as spindly sticks." Quayle, with his bigger torso, is often shown in direct contrast to the more vulnerable Mills and Andrews and it seems that the presence of Sylvia Syms, depicting Diana as she gradually falls for and seduces Anson, defuses the homoerotic tensions between the three male characters.
The key scene, as Plain sees it, is the tortuous attempt to get the ambulance over the desert ridge by use of the crank handle. When Diana takes her attention off the handle and the ambulance careers back down the ridge, Anson hurls abuse at her and then sits in the desert, deeply upset. He is comforted first by Pugh and then by Diana, in a symbolic moment to "soothe the fractious child" and codify the relationships between all three. Thompson turns the novel by Christopher Landon into an intense character study and a fairly gripping thriller with the ambulance's initial attempt to cross the minefield and the later rescue of van der Poel from the quicksands after the others catch him using a radio transmitter in his back pack as two standout moments.
He's aided by a completely committed cast of British actors and a landscape stunningly photographed by Gil Taylor in a stark black and white palette. It is ironic that as the film was released during the Suez crisis, it was perhaps both offering some moral support to audiences who could clearly see that the Empire was waning and also suggesting that national differences could be overcome in the name of common humanity.
About the transfer
Gil Taylor's black and white imagery is beautifully presented in this high definition transfer. It's stunning. Very occasionally the image is soft and displays some slight inconsistencies but overall it is very detailed, with robust contrast and the appropriate amount of grain. Sweaty faces and bodies, clothing, vehicles all stand out in their glory. The DTS mono audio is perfectly acceptable in its crisp reproduction of the dialogue, score and effects.
Special features
Interview with Sylvia Syms
Lovely 20 minute recollection from Syms as to how she got the part, the horrors of location filming in Libya, her relationship with Mills, Quayle and Andrews and the censoring of the love scene.
John Mills’ home movie footage
15 minutes of Mills' own silent 16mm colour footage shot on location in Libya.
Trailer
Behind the Scenes Photo Gallery
Nice collection of candid behind the scenes images from the film's production.
Ice Cold in Alex
Associated British Pictures 1958
Optimum Home Entertainment / OPTBD0670 / Released 13 June 2011 / Blu-ray Region B / B&W PAL / Feature Aspect Ratio: 1.66:1 / Video: BD50 - AVC - 24p / Feature Audio: Mono 2.0 / Audio Codec: LPCM DTS MA / English Language / Cert: PG / Total Running Time: 129 mins approx
____________________________________________________________________
Set on the Eastern Front in World War II, Sam Peckinpah's Cross of Iron is a study of class struggle and masculine pride under bombardment. Bombardment is the key word here because the majority of the film is constructed around numerous explosions and gun battles, filmed in Peckinpah's customary slow motion. His aesthetic of finely choreographed screen violence has gone on to influence action directors who came along later, including John Woo, John Milius, Quentin Tarantino, Kathryn Bigelow and Michael Mann.
The retreat from the Taman Peninsula in 1943 is told through the antagonism between two characters, the weary, hard bitten Steiner (James Coburn) and the aristocratic Stransky (Maximillian Schell). Stransky arrives on the Front, newly posted from France, with the express intention, so he tells his the regimental commander Brandt (James Mason), of winning the Iron Cross. The relationship between Stransky and Steiner is then established in the initial scenes in the bunker and then throughout the film as an exemplar of Peckinpah's idea that these men are prisoners of their own fate, essentially tragic figures attempting to find redemption in a cruel and violent world. The bunker mentality is also a metaphor for Peckinpah's very male view of the world. Here the German troops are filthy, scavenging survivors, loyal only to each other and wherein the politics of the war are irrelevant and the differences between officers and ordinary grunts is very realistically highlighted.
... a man dead to any experiences other than war.
Steiner resents the officers, his detestation for authority based on his view of them only as absurd careerists, and his 'love' is specifically directed at his men, even when he has a romantic interlude with a nurse after being treated for shell shock in an army hospital. The hospital scene is a bold sequence, quite hallucinatory in nature, as he sees the patients on the ward briefly transformed into those he serves with, underscoring the horror and futility of war. As the battle rages, Stransky will, it seems, do anything to be personally rewarded the Iron Cross, as a refutation of his reputation as a coward.
This includes the reinforcing of a negative gay subtext in the film which centres around the two men that Stransky blackmails after he discovers their illicit homosexual affair. One of them, Treibig, is shown as a weak character manipulated by Stransky into providing false accounts about his leadership, and thus earn him the medal he so desires, and then into carrying out his orders to slaughter Steiner's platoon as it returns from the Russian lines. Steiner himself guns Treibig down after he survives the shoot out. Schell's grandiose performance, all oily, preening charm, is matched by Coburn's essay in weariness, of a man dead to any experiences other than war.
When Steiner returns from the hospital, he discovers that Zoll, a Nazi Party member has been attached to the unit and this is the film's only overt nod to Nazism, apart from the propagandist images featured in the opening titles. Peckinpah certainly does not indulge in glorifying one of the most demonized military machines in history and uses all of his German characters, except the Party member, as anti-Nazi figures, with soldiers referring to Zoll as "Nazi pigshit". Stransky distances himself from the Nazis by declaring himself to be a Prussian aristocrat, declaring Hitler and his cronies to be completely inferior to him and his representation of the Prussian values of self sacrifice and military dominance. Steiner is equally dismissive of the Party, claiming to fight not for the good of Germany but merely for the safety of his comrades.
"then I will show you where the Iron Crosses grow"
Even though we are asked to identify with Stransky as the film's "villain", he does undertake an interesting journey through the film, initially manipulating those around him to better his position in the unit but then finally understanding his own inadequacy in the face of battle. Brandt suspects Stransky is lying when he uses Steiner and Treibig to confirm his leadership in a counterattack against the Russians. When Steiner refuses to lie on Steiner's behalf, the film sets up the clash of wills between the two men and one that leads, through Stransky's hatred of Steiner, to the end of the film where both men, caught in the Russian advance as they confront each other, resign themselves to fighting the war side by side. It's a highly cynical ending too, with Steiner laughing his head off at Stransky as he struggles to reload his rifle, finding cruel amusement in the futility and disillusionment they are both reduced to in an unresolved climax.
Steiner's alienation is one that is preempted earlier in the film when he confronts Brandt and his fellow officer Kiesel (David Warner in an effective supporting role) with an outburst regarding them and the army, "I hate all officers, all the Stranskys, all the Treibigs, all the Iron Cross scavengers, and the whole German army." It finds a lyrical counterpart in this closing scene where he offers Stransky a real chance to earn that medal after Stransky declares, "I will show you how a Prussian officer can fight," as they turn to face the Russians together and he remarks in return, "then I will show you where the Iron Crosses grow."
Peckinpah certainly shouldn't be accused of trotting out the usual anti-war film cliches and the film definitely avoids intellectual hand-wringing even if by the same token it is homophobic to the extent that it trots out the usual depiction of gay men at war as morally weak targets for blackmail when there is much recorded history about the courage and bravery of such men that demonstrates the contrary. Again, as a curious extension of this, he shows the male inhabitants of the male-only bunker, amidst the carnage, physically comforting one another and aping the domestic relationships between men and women.
"stare resolutely into the eye of destruction"
However, for all the homosocial bonding that Peckinpah reveals, the sequence where Steiner's unit, attempting to return to their lines, capture a group of female Russian soldiers is never really going to be awarded anything but a red card for its overt misogyny. In a particularly graphic scene, one of the women is sexually abused by Zoll and when she retaliates and bites his genitals off, he kills her. Steiner, horrified, locks him in with the rest of the women and they exact their revenge. As Gabrielle Murray points out in her article on the film at Senses of Cinema, "These women are portrayed as incapable of fair combat, they resort to using their sexuality to trick and cajole Steiner's men. The misogyny of this sequence is palpable as the female soldiers are ultimately portrayed as a pack of dogs circling helpless prey".
This all leaves Cross of Iron as a rather nihilistic experience and its blurring of much of the moral and political background to the conflict in favour of a closer examination of how men behave in conflict situations isn't entirely surprising from Peckinpah, a director who strikes you as a man who is never really able to make his mind up about his own position regarding war, particularly the aestheticising and glorification of violence. This is a process that preoccupied Peckinpah and, in Savage Cinema: Sam Peckinpah and the Rise of Ultraviolent Movies, Stephen Prince sees Cross of Iron as his attempt to "stare resolutely into the eye of destruction and observe its ugly effects on those who are subject to it." The combat scenes and bloodshed can be numbing in their continuous intensity but then that might be the reaction, or lack of one, he was looking for. They retain their power to this day.
About the transfer
A robust looking high definition picture with some fantastic detail and showing off John Coquillon's almost sepia toned cinematography to great effect. It has a tendency to look a wee bit glossy at times but the film grain is present and correct in most sequences, particularly the battle scenes, and it is not without its intermittent share of speckles and damage. However, the detail on faces, uniforms and the interiors is very sharp and consistent. Probably the best the film has ever looked on any format. The DTS mono sound copes very well with the ever present explosions and gunfire and dialogue is crisp and clear.
Special features
Passion & Poetry - Sam Peckinpah's War (46:00): Mike Siegel's excellent documentary using filmed interviews, archive audio clips, archive photography, footage from behind the scenes on location in Yugoslavia and actual war reportage. This takes you from casting, the tonal shifts of the scripting, how Roger Fritz ended up playing Triebig, through to Peckinpah's volatility with his producer Wolf Hartwig. This also covers the troubled production in Yugoslavia when much of the equipment promised for the combat scenes never turned up. Copious on-set audio interviews with Peckinpah, Schell, Mason and Coburn. Coburn also makes an on screen appearance and offers his thoughts on the character of Steiner and director Peckinpah.
On Location
Fascinating on set audio interviews from 1976 accompanied by a wealth of colour and sepia behind the scenes production stills and sections of score: Sam Peckinpah (5:06) / James Coburn (5:30) / James Mason (6:05) / Maximilian Schell (4:35) / David Warner (3:14). Soundbites from these also appear in Siegel's documentary.
Krüger Kisses Kern (8:27)
An extended interview with Vadim Glowna and his engrossing tale of the spat he had with Peckinpah that led to him writing a long letter to the director and rewriting the scene in the bunker where Kern loses it at the birthday party
Letters From Vadim to Sam Featurette (3:48)
Correspondence between Glowna and Peckinpah as discussed in the interview.
Vadim & Sam - Son & Dad Featurette (5:55)
More from Glowna about his love-hate relationship with Peckinpah and how they eventually found equanimity.
Cutting Room Floor Featurette (4:19)
Improvising scenes and editing Cross of Iron and the material that didn't make it into the final cut. With Roger Fritz, Senta Berger and David Warner.
Mike's Homemovies Featurette - Steiner meets Kiesel again (7:16)
Coverage of Jeff Slater and Mike Siegel's 2000 Peckinpah retrospective in Padua, featuring Coburn and Warner talking about the making of the film.
Steiner In Japan (2:02mins)
While promoting the film in Japan Peckinpah and Coburn made a number of Rockingham commercials. And here they are.
German Trailer (3:10)
| i don't know |
What beer brand encouraged you to Follow the Bear in the 1980s? | BBC NEWS | Business | The death of cheap lager
The death of cheap lager
By Brian Wheeler
BBC News Online business reporter
The decision to kill off Hofmeister and other low-strength lagers, marks the end of an era in British culture - and in advertising.
As advertising icons go, George, the Hofmeister bear, lacked a certain glamour.
A pork-pie hat wearing figure in a shiny velour jacket, he was invariably surrounded by a group of generic Cockney geezers marvelling at his skills with a snooker cue.
For a brief period in the 1980s the UK's drinkers seemed happy to "follow the bear".
But George's antics quickly palled and the ads now look as dated as an episode of Minder.
Nobody wants to follow the bear any more
So news last week that Scottish and Newcastle (S&N) is to axe Hofmeister along with a raft of other long-neglected lager brands including Kestrel and McEwans, came as little surprise.
Few tears will be shed by members of the Campaign for Real Ale at the demise of these low-strength, low flavour beers.
But for aficionados of Britain's drinking culture - and students of advertising - it surely marks the end of an era.
Pint-drinking culture
The 3.2% "standard" lager is a peculiarly British institution - the product of a peculiar mix of economics and cultural factors.
Millions of Britons returned from their first package holidays in the 1960s and early '70s with a taste for lager.
This continental brew was stronger than the real ale they were used to drinking - at 5% alcohol content - and served in smaller measures than the traditional British pint pot.
Heineken emphasises refreshment over potency
The breweries liked lager because it could be served from bottles and cans easier than traditional British ale.
But they were worried that the British drinker could not consume the stronger beer in the large volumes they were used to - and the breweries needed to keep their profits up.
So the first lagers created for the UK market were watered down versions of their continental cousins, brewed for a shorter period of time and, therefore, with less flavour.
Enter Hofmeister, Harp, Carling, Skol and a dozen other "standard lagers".
The apparently thankless task of selling this weak and flavourless fizz was handed to the marketing department.
The result was some of the most memorable advertising ever created.
Random lagers
Heineken hit on the much copied formula of emphasising "refreshment", masking its lack of potency with its thirst quenching qualities.
Managing to position something as reassuringly expensive, when it isn't, is hard to beat in marketing terms
Drinks analyst Kevin Baker
While Carling's long-running "I bet he drinks..." formula cornered the market in matey camaraderie and surreal humour, catapulting the brand into first place in the UK market, a position it holds to this day.
What spurred the advertising creatives on was the need to differentiate between virtually identical products - or "random lagers" as one long-forgotten ad had it.
That and the millions being thrown at the market by the breweries.
But their earlier ads were recognised as classics
Pretty soon adland had a new mantra - "People don't drink lager they drink advertising".
But the best was yet to come.
Great British lager
Marketers have always made the most of lager's "brand heritage", deliberately hyping up its exotic foreign roots - even though it is invariably brewed in the UK.
The only known attempt to create a self-consciously British lager - GB - ended in failure.
The ill-fated brew was dispensed from a large bar-mounted bathroom tap, to emphasise its quirky no-nonsense British charm.
As a drink, it was essentially a smoother, slightly weaker version of the best-selling Stella Artois.
But it was withdrawn earlier this year by new owners Interbrew - in favour of a new marketing push for old Australian favourite Castlemaine XXXX.
"GB actually did quite well in the test areas, but we decided in the end that it was better to build up an existing brand, rather than start from scratch," an Interbrew spokeswoman told BBC News Online.
'Reassuringly inexpensive'
The plain fact is Britain has always liked its lager to have a foreign accent.
And this was never more apparent than in the British love affair with Stella Artois - possibly the biggest marketing triumph of them all.
When Stella - a Belgian beer brewed in Wales and sold on its French heritage - was unveiled in the 1980s, it caused something of a stir in marketing circles.
Its "reassuringly expensive" tag line looked like commercial suicide - and was met with anger by the company's bemused sales reps.
But the aspirational tone chimed perfectly with the times.
Unlike the lumpen Hofmeister devotee, the Stella drinker liked the finer things in life and was not afraid to pay for them.
Sophistication
The irony, of course, is that Stella has become about as mass market as it is possible to be.
"Managing to position something as reassuringly expensive, when it isn't, is hard to beat in marketing terms.
"In fact, Stella is anything but expensive. It is on discount nearly everywhere you go," says Kevin Baker, of drinks analyst Canadean.
The television ads for Stella ooze quality and continental sophistication.
But they are created specifically for the UK market. Elsewhere in Europe, Stella advertising is more cheap and cheerful.
It helps, of course, that Stella is considerably stronger than its predecessors.
'Fuller flavour'
Despite initial fears, the British drinker has risen heroically to the challenge of sinking export strength lager by the pintful.
"There is definitely a move towards more premium beers within the UK market, coming more into line with Europe, with a pint of beer being 5% rather than 3.5%," says Kevin Baker.
"Because of the volume we drink, our lager has traditionally been weaker.
But you are seeing Carling - which is still the market leader - making a point of the fact that their beer is brewed to 4.2% for a fuller flavour," he adds.
What chance does Hofmeister - at a puny 3.2% - stand in this brave new world?
But the weakness of the liquid is not what ultimately killed Hofmeister and the other standard lagers.
Sticky carpets
Much has changed in lagerland over the past 20 years.
More women are now drinking pints. Alco-pops have appeared on the scene. And some people have even stopped going to pubs altogether, preferring to stay at home - drinking wine.
Even Carling has dropped the blokey double-act that dominated its TV ads for so many years, in favour of a more surreal gender-neutral approach.
One recent ad saw a man cleaning out a toilet bowl with his tongue, encouraged by his watching girlfriend.
It's all a far cry from sticky-carpeted locals and cheeky Cockney geezers.
And that, ultimately is why Hofmeister - and the other standard lagers - had to die.
They belonged to a time when lager was still slightly exotic, something to be approached with caution - preferably in the reassuring company of your mates in the local pub.
Or failing that, a bear in a pork pie hat.
| Hofmeister |
What is the title of the first James Bond novel published in 1953? | UK television adverts 1955-1985
• Children’s songs and games
Drinks (alcoholic)
There were virtually no advertisements for spirits into the 1960s (due to a secret cartel between the manufacturers)
Ansells Bitter: 1983
Showing lads’ night out, with laughing and drinking.
Ansell's Bitter men, you can’t beat them.
Babycham (1)
[with a baby chamois deer]
Babycham? I’d love a Babycham,
The genuine champagne perry.
Mine’s a Babycham!
Babycham (3)
A man in a bar asks for a Babycham, and it goes very quiet and everyone looks on in horror
Cool, tough-looking black guy: Hey, I’ll have a Babycham!”
Then everybody wants one.
Bring out your best — Bud light
Budweiser (3)
For all you do, this Bud’s for you!
Budweiser (4)
Budweiser — the King of beers!
Budweiser (5)
When you say “Budweiser” you’ve said it all!
Budweiser (6)
This Bud’s for you. True.
Bulmers Cider: 1968
Bulmer’s Strongbow Cider (1)
[William Tell shooting apple off his son’s
head: but what were the words?]
Bulmer’s Strongbow Cider (2)
Live to loaf!
Bulmer’s Strongbow Cider (3)
... It's refreshing and clean
If you know what I mean,
And sparkles a bit in the glass....
So the next time you're out
for the evening and ...
A change is as good as a rest
Have a Strongbow or two
And keep smiling through,
’Cos Strongbow's a pint of the best.
Bulmer’s Strongbow Cider (4): c.1970
Strong as your thirst!
Based on “Je suis un rock star” by Bill Wyman
Girl:
Went to a cocktail bar … in Leicester Square
Met this bloke …said he was a millionaire,
Bought me a drink … called Calviere
Sounds a bit French … and it’s made with pears.
Man:
C’est Française … like what I am,
Je suis un rock star … j’ai un residarnce,
Un grand château …à la south of France.”
Girl: Get away! You work in the chip shop around the corner!
[Screenshot of Calviere being poured into a Babycham type glass with a cherry]
Campari: 1977
Gentleman: It’s very odd, I don’t even know your name — but after this one Campari and soda, I feel I almost know you. May I freshen your glass? Er, soda of course?
Cockney girl: No, lemonade!
Cockney girl: Yeah, nice colour innit?
Voice-over: Campari with soda, with lemonade, with tonic — but always with pleasure.
Gentleman: Were you truly wafted here from paradise?
Cockney girl: No, Luton airport!
[with Lorraine Chase]
I bet he drinks Carling Black Label.
Carling Black Label (3)
An old fisherman salt battles with a giant squid and torrential weather, then bursts through the pub door saying: I’ve never known a night like it … and I ain’t looking forward to the journey home neither!
One customer to another: I bet he drinks Carling Black Label!
Then the pub is shown -- built on a small island in the middle of a boating lake, with a sign outside saying “Row boats for hire”….
Carling Black Label (4)
Scene: Two men flying in an aeroplane, and a window cleaner starts working on the outside of their window
First passenger: Bet he drinks Carling Black Label!
Second passenger: Naaah! he’s missed a bit.
Carling Black Label (5)
Your best bet for a fuller flavour — Carling Black Label lager.
Carling Black Label (5): 1981
Carling (Carling Black label)
I’ve got it right — my Jack’s favourite one!
He says it saves him money!
Carling Black Label
I’ve got this — he’s got that!
I’ve got it right — end of chat!
Carling Black Label — get it right!
[A variant commercial has: “We’ve got it right: no frills, no fuss, it’s OK by us!” as the spoken lines.]
?Carling: 1970s
Scene: a Birmingham curry house. A man is quietly scoffing the main course in mixed company, who begin to notice his apparent discomfort and that he’s beginning to puff, obviously feeling the heat.
Woman companion: Eh, ’e’s looking really flushed….
Curry eater: Nah, it’s all right this.
The lager they order for him clearly quenches his needs.
Woman companion: Bet that’s cooled his biryani.
Carlsberg lager: 1973
Mankind sometimes sees things in a rather peculiar way.
We often admire works of art almost because of their imperfections.
(a few bars of the unfinished symphony played here)
The Danes however, believe there are one … or two exceptions.
(Two pints of Carlsberg shown)
Carlsberg! probably the best lager in the world!
Cherry B
Cherry B, Cherry B, Cherry B,
It’s the cherry wine with the zing, zing, zing!
Cherry B, Cherry B, Cherry B,
It’s the sparkling drink for me!
Cherry Heering liqueur
Of all the bars in the world, you had to walk into mine.
Cinzano Bianco (2): 1970
Cinzano Bianco … with the bright lights taste!
Cinzano Bianco (3): 1978
[Spanish restaurant: Leonard Rossiter as “Nebbish” opposite Joan Collins as “Melissa”]
Nebbish: Erm, do you have a Cinzano of some sort, por favor?
Waiter: Yes sir, there is Cinzano Rosso, Dry, Bianco, and Rosé.
Nebbish: Ah, the complete set! I’ll have a Cinzano Bianco — shaken not stirred hah! Gracias! Aah! How they still achieve that blend of herbs and spices, I’ll never know!
Melissa: Hello!
Nebbish: Ah, Melissa darling — you’re early! [Looks at his watch and spills his drink down Melissa’s front] Would you like a Cinzano?
Melissa: No thank you — I’ve just had one!
Cinzano Bianco (4)
[Aeroplane: Leonard Rossiter as “Nebbish” opposite Joan Collins as “Melissa”]
Stewardess: Your Cinzano Bianco, Signora.
Melissa: Thank you.
Nebbish: Ah yes, gracias.
Stewardess: Ah due?
Nebbish: On, no, no, no, no, mine was a Cinzano as well…. Ah, now that’s better. Oh, can’t you just smell those Italian wines, suffused with herbs and spices from four continents!
Melissa (in unison): … suffused with herbs and spices from four continents!
Nebbish: I’m being boring. [Knocks into Melissa] Oh, sorry. Sorry. [Tips Melissa’s seat right back] Getting your head down, dear? Jolly good idea.
Voiceover: From the House of Cinzano: Cinzano Bianco.
Coates Cider
Coates comes up from Somerset,
Where the cider apples grow,
There’s nothing like sweet cider
To make a party go.
[Understood to have been sung by Adge Cutler and The Wurzels]
Cockburn’s Special Reserve port: 1980
Set on a Titanic-style lifeboat, with upper- and working-class survivors. The captain, played by Robin Bailey has only managed to save one bottle of port. A lady (played by Rosalind Knight) says:
Did anyone bring the petits fours?
Cockburn’s Vintage Port
(Scene: Port wine cellar in the Douro Valley)
Elderly local man (subtitles are used): When do you think it will be ready?
Cellar man: Five … maybe six years.
Elderly local: So soon?!
Voiceover: Cockburn’s Vintage Port — better late than never!
Cointreau (1)
The juice of or-an-ges, ripened in the midday sun.
Cointreau (2): 1974
Thees Cointreau and ice is like zee warmth of we French and zee cool of you Engleesh….
Voilà! zee ice she melts!
Colt 45 (American malt beer) (1)
Any Tom Mack or Walt
Who likes the taste of malt,
Will enjoy the malt in a Colt 45.
Colt 45 (American malt beer) (2): 1960s
If you feel like a malt liquor,
Don’t be tempted to drink it quicker,
Drink it with grace,
Sip it at a snail’s pace,
And remember … Never bolt a Colt.
Courage AK Bitter [?]: 1970s
Two men are sitting in a bar
Voiceover: Both these men fancied a change from their usual pint. George here's trying a pint of crème de coconut shandy lime, with a stick of celery and topped with three maraschino cherries — very different from his usual pint. Charlie's trying a pint of ?Courage AK bitter, a clean tasting beer with a slightly more bitter taste than his usual pint.
[Cut to glasses side-by-side with the levels going down … or not]
Barman's voice: Same again Charlie?
Charlie: Yes, please.
Barman's voice: Same again George?
George: No thanks.
Voiceover: Courage AK bitter(?). Different … but not that different!
Courage Beer (1)
It’s what your right arm’s for!
Courage Beer (2)
Mine’s a pint of Best, gertcha, Courage Best!
Courage Tavern Keg Bitter, c.1970
Barmaid (Andrea Lawrence) serving a man with a pint of Tavern Keg) tells him that she doesn’t know what men see in beer. The customer offers her a taste of his pint, and sshe laboriously picks it up with both hands, takes a small sip, and pulls a face.
Barmaid: Oooh, I don’t like it. But I like the men who drink it!
Croft Original Sherry: 1985
Bertie: You know Jeeves — there’s only one snag about spending the weekend here with Lord Glastonbury …
Jeeves: His Lordship’s sherry, Sir?
Bertie: Absolutely Jeeves!
Jeeves: That’s why, Sir, I took the liberty of bringing a bottle of your Croft Original.
Bertie: Oh Jeeves! Top hole! Beats me why the old buffer doesn’t get some in!
Jeeves: Well, Glastonbury is very set in his ways, Sir. I fear he regards a cream sherry like Croft Original— with its light delicate colour — as somewhat too modern for him!
Bertie: Sheer nectar Jeeves! Compared to this jolly old brown stuff, Croft’s a clear winner! I say Jeeves: clear winner! That’s a joke!
Jeeves: Very nearly, Sir!
Voice-over: Croft Original Pale Cream Sherry — one instinctively knows when something is right!
Cutty Sark Whisky (1): 1973
Don’t give up the ship!
Cutty Sark Whisky (2)
Davenport’s Beer at Home: 1960s
Beer at home means Davenports!
That’s the beer!
The finest malt with hops and yeast,
Turns a snack into a feast.
Straight from breweries to your home,
Why collect?
Soon you’ll know why folks all say:
“Beer at home means DAVENPORTS”!
De Kuyper cherry brandy
(Seasonal Christmas UK TV Promo, c.1966)
This year buy cherry brandy from Ke Duyper … Kuyp Deer! … er Keep Dyar! … (ahem) …
This year buy cherry brandy from De Kuyper!”
Dewar’s Scotch Whisky
Amber bright, plenty of body!
Double Diamond — the beer the men drink!
Double Diamond (2): 1968
A Double Diamond works wonders,
Works wonders, works wonders,
A Double Diamond works wonders,
So drink one today!
[Tune: “There’s a hole in my bucket”]
Double Diamond (3)
I’m only here for the beer: it’s Double Diamond!
Double Diamond (4): mid-1970s
My uncle brews beer in a plastic dustbin,
He keeps it in the yard for days on end.
A pint costs half a p
But it tastes like stagnant tea,
A sniff of it would drive you round the bend.
So if I go and stay with my old uncle,
I have to take an extra case with me.
Wherever you may roam
You’re never far from home
’Cos you know where you are with DD.
“No thank you, Uncle!”
You know where you are with DD!
Double Maxim
Oh, pour me a Double Maxim,
The one with the special flavour,
Oh, pour me a Double Maxim,
The greatest of beers!
Oh we all love a Double Maxim,
The one with the special flavour,
Oh we all love a Double Maxim,
The greatest of beers!
(1) Dubonnet, s’il vous plaît.
(2) Do ’ave a Dubonnet.
Emva Cream Sherry: 1983
[One of a series of Emva adverts starring “Hinge and Bracket”]
Dame Hilda Bracket: (Singing at the piano) Tra-la-la, cough, cough.
Dr Evadne Hinge:You sound in need of lubrication!
Hilda: Lubrication dear?! I’m no Morris Minor dear!
Evadne: No, but something rich, warming — Emva Cream perhaps?
Hilda: Emva Cream! … Delicious! I feel I can hit a top C and hold it for hours!
Evadne: Well, don’t expect me to accompany you!
Hilda: Oh no dear, and for high C’s I shall choose a sailor! Ha-ha!
Voice-over: Emva Cream — by appointment to the upper bracket!
Emva Cream Sherry (2): 1983
(Evadne is at the piano — Hilda enters the room)
Hilda: That’s a pretty piece dear!
Evadne: It’s Verdi’s Drinking Song dear!
Hilda: Ah-hah! and … you want your Emva Cream don’t you?
Evadne: Frankly, I thought you’d never ask!
Hilda: Oh sorry dear … patience is a virtue as well as an opera, ha-ha-ha!
Evadne: Mm, delicious Emva Cream dear — such a pleasure after wrestling with Verdi for hours!
Hilda: Who-o won?
Voice-over: Emva Cream Cyprus sherry — by appointment to the upper bracket!
Flowers Fine Ales
For the best picket in a brew flade, pick Flowers (Stanley Unwin)
Foster’s lager (1)
Strewth! There’s a bloke down there with no strides on!”
[Paul Hogan at the ballet]
Foster’s lager (2)
Scene: London Underground. Paul Hogan walks past a Japanese tourist, who is looking at a map
Japanese tourist: Excuse me. Do you know the way to Cockfosters?
Paul Hogan: Yeah. Drink it warm, mate!
Foster’s lager (3): 1981
(A group of Greek men are sea-fishing from a rocky pier)
Paul Hogan: G’day! This takes me back to me shark fishing days … back in Oz. Wrestle with one of those fellas for a few rounds and it really sets you up for a pint of the golden throat charmer!
(Drinks from a pint glass labelled Foster’s … while the fishermen, to great excitement, land a huge fish)
Scuse me mate — mind if I borrow some of your bait?
(Takes the prized fish and puts it on a hook … ready to cast)
Ta sport!
Voiceover: Foster’s — the Australian for lager!
Foster’s lager (4): 1984
Hogan: What’s that, Fred?
Fred: Morris dancing.
Hogan: Which one’s Maurice?
[Paul Hogan sitting outside an English country pub]
Golden Godwin: c.1955
Diana Dors (wearing a tight fishtail skirt):
I never say no to a Golden Godwin!
Gordon’s Gin
(1) It’s got to be Gordon’s!
(2) Born London 1769
Grants of St James’s wines: 1970s
There are many ways of choosing a good wine …
by the clarity … the bouquet … the taste.
But with Grants of St James’s on the label …
whatever you choose you needn’t take too long about it!
Grants of St James’s means good wines!
Get to know Grants of St James’s!
Greenall Whitley beer (1)
Smile please, you’re in Greenall Whitley land!
Greenall Whitley beer (2): 1970s
I wish I was in Greenall Whitley land,
Where hearts are warm
The girl I left behind,
Perhaps you think of me, as I think of you,
The jokes, the warmth, the fun, the girl behind the bar,
But most of all, Greenall Whitley’s, most of all I’m missing you,
Some day I’m going back, to the taste I know so well.
Guinness
(1) Guinness is good for you!
(2) My goodness, My Guinness!
(3) See what one or toucan do!
(4) Good things come to those who wait.
(5) Get together with a Guinness (c.1973)
Haig whisky
Don’t be vague: ask for Hague!
Harp lager (1): 1974
H. A. R. P. – hear the call.
Harp lager (2)
I’ve got this friend called Malcolm, well I wouldn’t say he’s tight,
But his wallet would make a quiet place for moths to spend the night,
He’s first out of the taxi and last into the pub,
Then says “I’d like to buy a drink but” (and here’s the rub)
He’s “just a little short right now” and could he “have a sub”?
I stood him for another and he swore he’d “get them in”
Then, going over to the mic, I announced above the din:
“Tonight is Malcolm’s birthday and the drinks are all on him.”
Harp — stays sharp to the bottom of the glass.
Harp lager (3): 1980s
Off down at the local on a Saturday night,
Met this girl from Birmingham, and she was all right.
She was very intellectual (“Ta very much!”),
The way she ate her crisps had a feminine touch!
But the gorilla she had in tow was just a bit much!
(Stay sharp! Harp stays sharp till the bottom of the glass!)
I said I was her brother, so I stayed and had another!
The cool fresh flavour didn’t waver by a quaver!
She said it was a pity but had to hurry home –
Her 80-year-old mother was all on her own!
So she kissed him very nicely and said she’d phone!
(Stay sharp! Harp stays sharp till the bottom of the glass!)
Harp lager (4)
It’s the full 43% Irish!
Harp Lager (5)
Harp puts out the fire!
Harveys Bristol Cream (1): 1970s
The best sherry in the world.
Harveys Bristol Cream c.mid-1980s
Heineken (1)
Drink, drink, drink your Heineken
[Parody of Men’s Chorus from “The Student Prince”: what were the rest of the words?]
Heineken (2)
How refreshing, how Heineken.
Heineken (3)
In his dairy in Switzerland, Hans Schnitzel makes magnificent cheeses. The holes in them are works of art! But today Hans is about to be very cheesed off, because his son Peter’s very first cheese contains not a single, solitary hole! Obviously, Peter’s hole-making skill lacks refreshment.
(Hans reaches for two cans of Heineken and hands one to Peter)
Fortunately, his father knows an old remedy … the cold Heineken. Now, fully refreshed, Peter prepares another cheese. Let’s come back in six months.
One, two, three, four, five, six.
Ah! sure enough, the cheese is good and hole-some!
Only Heineken can do this — because it refreshes the parts other beers cannot reach, thus making Peter feel a hole lot better!
Heineken: 1984
Scene: The School of Street Credibility. Ron, the voice tutor (played by Bryan Pringle) points to a board which says: “The water in Majorca don’t taste like what it oughta” and is trying to teach a posh girl (played by Sylvestra La Touzel) how to say it in Cockney.
Posh girl: The water in Ma-York-ah doesn’t taste like what it ought to.
Ron: No! no, no, no! The wart-er in Ma-jaw-ca don’t taste like what it oughta!
Posh girl: The water in Ma-York-a doesn’t taste quite how it should?
Ron: Ma-jaw-ca!
Posh girl: Ma-York-ah?
An exasperated Ron: Oy, Del — any danger of some refreshment in ’ere?
Del: ’Ere y’are — get yer laughin’ gear round that! (hands a can of Heineken to the girl)
Posh Girl: Oh golly! …. The wart-er in Majawca (Ron: Wassat?) don’t taste like what it oughta. Oh gosh! The wart-er in Ma-jaw-ca don’t taste like what it oughta! (Sniff)
Ron: She’s crackin’! She’s only cracked it!
Del: Yah, absolutely Ron!
Voice-over: Heineken — refreshes the parts what other beers cannot reach!
[A parody of Pygmalion or My Fair Lady, voted one of the best UK ads ever in a Channel 4 poll. “Majawca” (for Majorca) has stuck with many Brits ever since.]
Heineken Draught Lager Beer: 1970
With James Hayter (who also did the Mr Kipling adverts) drinking a pint and sitting in a draught
There’s a terrific draught in here.
There’s a terrific draught at your local,
The world famous lager is here,
There’s a terrfic draught at your local,
Heineken, Heineken, draught lager beer!
Hemeling lager
Wouldn’t you rather be Hemeling?
Hofmeister lager
For great lager, follow the bear!
Holsten Pils: c.1983
(Griff Rhys-Jones in one of the black and white, well-loved “Old Movies” Holsten adverts (1983–88). The adverts featured black and white remakes of famous film stars, and in this one Nobby was Humphrey Bogart)
Griff: Hello Nobby! I brought you some Holsten Pils — most of the sugar turns to alcohol you know!
Nobby: Funny, us three back together again!
Griff: Yeh, you, me and a bottle of Holsten Pils. I’ll save this for you until you get out … how long is that?
Nobby: Nine more years and six months in this hole!
Griff: Mm, shame to let it go flat then!
(Nobby is taken away by the prison guard)
Griff calls out: I’ll bring you another one to look at next week Nobby! Cheers, cheers!
Ind Coope Light Ale: mid-1970s
For the Southerner, it’s the governor!
John Bull home beer kit: 1970s
So good, it could put the pubs out of business!
John Smith’s: c.1983
Go and have a pint of magic.
Go and have a pint of magic.
Smooth, dark and satisfying — John Smith’s magic!
Go and have a pint of magic
John Smith’s beer (1): 1984
Got me LA shirt and me disco trousers
All topped off with an Elvis quiff
The night is young, and I smell like a surfer —
Got some mates to go out with …
Got a mate called Jones and a mate called Brown —
And now I’ve got a mate called Smith!
[Tune:Stop the Cavalry]
John Smith’s beer (2): early 1980s
Two furnace workers invite their new Asian workmate to the pub after work and he downs his pint in one
Furnace worker: Blimey! You’d think ’e were born ’ere!
Asian: Ah were, lad … Ah were.
John Smith’s lager: 1984
Say hello to El Billo, El Jimmo, and El Siddo
After two weeks in the sun
I think we’re nearly done
But me two and a half twister’s gone a bit skew whiff —
So I chat this senorita
By the name of Juanita,
But her sister Margarita’s
Who I end up with.
She says I drive her frantic
But her shoulders are gigantic!
And I really miss my mate called Smith!
John Smith’s lager — with that little bite bueno!
It’s not easy for a fella
Facing mountains of paella
And be sitting in a cellar —
Full of sangria.
Well they never let you near
And it’s time that we weren’t ’ere,
So we’re off to see our mate
At the local for a jar.
When you’ve ’ad enough of jets
And clickin’ castanets …
You’re glad to see your mate called Smith!
[Tune: Stop the Cavalry]
John Smith’s Yorkshire Bitter: 1983
(Two men and a dog in the pub)
Like your new dog Arkwright! Here boy — up-up — down — sit — heel — fetch … don’t do much does ’e?
Arkwright: Fancy a drop of John Smith’s?
(The dog springs to life, jumps up, spins, turns cartwheels, juggles …)
Arkwright: He just needs a bit of motivation!
Voice-over: John Smith’s Bitter — a tough act to follow!
Johnny Walker Black Label Whisky
If you want to impress someone, put him on your Black list!
Jubilee Stout: c.1960
Jubilee, Jubilee, Jubilee suits me,
And you'll find it suits you too!
Lamot Belgian lager (1973)
Long Life Beer (1): 1972
Opening time is anytime with Long Life!
Long Life Beer (2): 1973
Long live Long Life!
Look in at the local
(with Mr & Mrs Bobby Moore)
Bobby: Tina’s not the best dart player in the world, but she enjoys a game while she’s waiting for me. After a match we often meet our wife in the local: it’s a nice friendly place. Tina reckons I’ve rigged the darts. It’s not true. Anyway, it’s great to get together for an evening out.
Voiceover: Like Mr & Mrs Bobby Moore, look in at the local!
McEwans beer
(Tune: “The More we are Together the Merrier we Shall be”)
McEwans is the best buy, the best buy, the best buy,
McEwans is the best buy, the best buy in Beer
Aye McEwans, the best buy in beer!
Mackeson (1)
When old Ned Dyson fell off the church steeple, the first thing he said was, “Force a drop of Mackeson between me lips.”
Drop! ha-ha-ha — he didn’t leave a drop in the bottle! Next thing he was up on his feet. Well, Mackeson would put anybody on their feet
It looks good, tastes good, and by golly it does you good.
Mackeson — beautiful
Mackeson, Mackeson, makes you feel so good:
Enjoy life, enjoy life, exactly as you should!
Mackeson (3)
An Eskimo is fishing on a lake in his kayak but is very cold, so breaks a bit off his kayak and set fire to it. He is warm for a few minutes until the fire goes out, so he breaks off a bit more and sets fire to it. So it goes on until the kayak sinks
And that’s the origin of the Mackeson maxim “You can’t have your kayak and heat it too.”
Mackeson (4)
An advert involving a gnu
And that’s the origin of the Mackeson maxim “You can’t teach an old gnu [pronounced 'new'] dog tricks.”
Mackenson (5)
A skunk decides to bathe in nice perfumes before going to a party with lots of food. When he arrives, the other skunks will not let him in because he doesn’t smell right. So he wanders off and rolls around in the smelliest things he can find and then goes back to the party where the other skunks welcome him with open arms
And that’s the origin of the Mackeson maxim “A niff is as good as a feast.”
Mackeson Milk Stout
It does you double good!
Mackeson [or Manns?]
A middle-aged man is thinking back to what his wife used to look like – a pretty sweet young thing. Then suddenly he is snapped back to the present time with her extremely loud cackling laughter. He looks at her with some derision, blows hard, and says as he sips his drink:
At least some things never change.
Malibu (1)
The sun always shines when it pours!
Malibu (2): 1985
(Young chap is chatting-up a beautiful girl in a bar)
We’d better hurry if we’d like another, they close at … er … ten-thirty!
To waiter: Malibu on the rocks and … er … and one with pineapple.
To girl: Did you know that it… er… comes from a lost island paradise? Oh yes! Apparently, the Malibu islanders blended the finest white rum with tropical coconuts — as an offering to their Gods. In fact — I’m thinking of shooting my next movie on Malibu Island. I’ll call a cab… chauffeur’s night off.
Waiter to girl: Huh — you didn’t believe that did you?
Girl: No-o-o! I know you close at eleven!
Voice-over: Malibu — it comes from paradise and tastes like heaven!
Mann’s Brown Ale
Mann’s is the best brown ale,
Best brown ale, best brown ale,
Mann’s is the best brown ale,
Let’s have one now.
Say “Mann’s brown, Mann’s brown”.
Say “Mann’s brown, Mann’s brown”.
Mann’s is the best brown ale,
Let’s have one now.
Martini (1): 1971
Any time any place, anywhere,
There’s a wonderful world we can share,
It’s the right one, the bright one,
It’s Martini.
This is the Martini time of day
Martini Rosso
Any time, any place anywhere
Because Martini is the right one
Martini & Rossi vermouth
For people who share a taste for excitement!
Newcastle Brown
Sung by Owen Brannigan in a Geordie accent, to to tune of "Cushie Butterfield"
Scene: a small cosy bar
If you want a beer that’s perfection indeed
I give you a guide to fulfilling your need,
At home by the fireside, in club or in bar
The sign of good taste is the famous blue star.
It’s the strong beer, it’s the bottled beer
With the North’s biggest sale,
For complete satisfaction
(repeat on falling notes) Newcastle Brown Ale.
Noilly Prat vermouth (1): early 1960s
At the bar at the Europa Hotel (now the Marriott), with Pete Murray (then a dashing youngish DJ) swanning in to meet a couple of the “beautiful people” with much clinking of ice in glasses.
When Pete meets his friends for a drink at the Europa, What do they drink? — Noilly Prat!
Noilly Prat vermouth (2): early 1960s
When we say Noilly Prat vermouth is extra dry, we mean it’s extra dry!
Oranjeboom
Put your money on a Pony,
The little drink with the big kick.
Sandeman’s Port
The Sandeman Man used to wear a black hat and a long black cloak. All you saw of him was the cloak swirling around as he was chased. When he was finally caught all that was left was the cloak and hat in a heap on the floor, and a bottle of Sandemans port.
Murder mystery in Agatha Christie style at a dinner party in stately home. The shadow shape of the Sandeman caught in various locations causes speculation as to the “suspect”, who is finally illuminated in the doorway and is revealed as the Jeeves-like butler with the Stilton aloft on a board looking in silhouette like the Sandemans Spanish hat.
Woman dinner guest: It’s the Sandeman Partners Port … now I’ve got it.
Host: Yes, but please pass it round.
Seagers Egg Flip: 1950s
Don’t flop — have a flip!
Skol lager (1)
Skol lager, ?lovely lager, lager Skol.
Skol lager (2): 1976
Skol drinking. It's the taste that makes you do it.
Skol lager (3): Early 1980s
(An impromptu party at Harry’s place)
Harry has eight cans of Skol.
He drinks one himself, then gives one each to Bert and Jack.
Then Jim pops in with four more cans — but he’s got Val and Samantha with
him — and they all have one each.
Then Paul and Malcolm turn up with a couple of friends — and they drink
another four.
Being a Skolar, Harry has calculated that he’s still able to enjoy a quiet
can of Skol …
When you know lager … you’re a Skolar!
Skol lager (4): 1985
(Hagar the Horrible and his many pals are in the pub singing)
Skol, Skol, Skol, Skol,
At Stella Artois we’ve never contemplated using cheap hops.
We’ve never, never been tempted to use cheap barley —
And as for maturing our lager in a hurry … perish the thought!
Yet, apparently, some people still can’t get used to our prices!
Stella Artois! Reassuringly expensive!
[Background music: “We’re in the money”]
Stone’s bitter
It goes down great guns!
[The bottle had a cannon on the label]
Taunton cider: 1973
Arthur Moore, master cider maker, came to Taunton in 1911. I suppose you could say he’s responsible for the ciders we sell today, because though old Arthur’s long gone now, his art, and it is an art, remains.
Autumn Gold and Blackthorn — from The Taunton Cider Company —
where I’m happy to say the cider-maker’s art is still recognised.
Tetley’s Bitter
If you can’t beat ’em, join ’em!
Tetley Mild (early 1980s)
Man in a pub at the bar with a pint of mild and saying to the camera:
Ready when you are, Bob!
Tia Maria (1)
I drink Warninks — Warninks Advocaat.
Watney’s Ale (1)
What we want is Watney’s!
Watney’s Ale (2)
Watney’s Brown, Watney’s Pale,
What we want is Watney’s Ale!
Watney’s Ale (3): c.1970
We’ll drink a drink a drink
To make you think a think a think
Of Watney’s Pale,
So you can keep your medicinal compound
Now we’ve discovered Watney’s Pale.
W-e-e-e’ll drink a drink a drink
To make you think a think a think,
Of Watney’s Pale,
[The Scaffold, to the tune of “Lily The Pink”]
Watney's Pale Ale: c.1970
Sung by the group Mungo Jerry on a Wild West stagecoach
to the tune of "Going Up Country" by Canned Heat
Hit the pale trail
Oh hit the pale trail,
With Watney's ale!
Watney’s Red Barrel (1)
Red Barrel! Red Barrel!
Red Barrel men say “The same again”
To a fistful of flavour,
First-class beer.
Watney’s Red Barrel (2): c.1970
The Red Revolution.
Watney’s Red Barrel (3): c. 1970
Roll out the barrel!
Watney’s Red: from 1972
Watney’s dropped the “barrel” from their beer’s name for this campaign
(spoken): “Watney’s Red, that’s the best thing you’ve said!”
Webster’s Green Label
(A beer that was brewed at the now closed Fountainhead brewery in Halifax)
If ah were a drinking man
Which after t’match I am sir,
The soort o’ beer that ah would drink
Would be Webster’s Green Label.
Ah sup it up,
We all sup it up together,
We’ll be all reet on a Saturday neet,
Suppin’ it up together!
Webster’s horses conversing over stable door
Horse 1: Can I have a pint of Websters?
Horse 2: It’s “may”.
Horse 1: Sorry?
Horse 2: It’s not “can”, it’s “may” — “May I have a pint of Webster’s?”
Horse 1: Oh, OK, may I have a pint of Webster’s?
Horse 2: No you cannot.
Whitbread Tankard (1): 1970s
Cartoon character Stanley leaping chasms on horseback and other derring do.
Questioner: How do you do it, Stanley?
Stanley: Well it’s Tankard that helps me excel, after one I do anything well!
Whitbread Trophy Bitter: 1976
Whitbread (big head) Trophy Bitter,
The pint that thinks it’s a quart!
It’s got the body, the body that satisfies
It can’t be modest no matter how it tries
’Cos it’s the Whitbread Bitter, Trophy Bitter —
The best that you ever bought (give him a trophy)
Whitbread, Whitbread, Trophy Bitter
The pint that thinks it’s a quart!
Woodpecker Cider (1)
Woodpecker, Woodpecker, yes I would!
Woodpecker Cider (3): c.1972
When the Woodpecker knocks, be sure to let him in…
Voiceover: Be sure it’s Woodpecker Cider, by Bulmer’s.
Worthington Beer: 1960s
Oh, what about a Worthington?
Britain’s finest beer.
It makes you want to cheer
It’s clean and bright and full of life …
(A man interjects something like) What about a kick in the rear?
Oh What about a Worthington? …
Worthington E (1)
Worthington E’s the Beer,
There’s satisfaction here,
It’s the Worthington taste that satisfies,
Your worthy Worthington.
We make E the way you like it — really like it!
E’s so easy!
Worth passing a few pubs for.
Bailey’s Irish Cream
Bell’s Whisky (Was “Afore ye go” used on television?)
Blue Nun
Dewar’s White Label Scotch whisky
Emva Cream
| i don't know |
The Chief Electrician responsible for lighting on a film or TV set is known as what? | gaffer - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com
Random Word
gaffer
A gaffer is a member of a movie or television crew. The gaffer runs the production's electrical department.
One of the jobs credited at the end of a film is the gaffer. A gaffer is responsible for the electricity that powers the lights, so her job is vital to the success of the movie. You can also call a gaffer a Chief Lighting Technician, and you can call her assistant a Best Boy. The word gaffer is also sometimes used to mean "old man," which is the oldest meaning of the word, originally a contraction of godfather.
| Gaffer |
Which farm animal appears on the flag of the Falklands Islands? | Who's Who on a Movie Crew? on Vimeo
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Making a video can be a one person production but the more elaborate your ideas get, the more likely you'll need a crew to execute your vision. In this video, we give you a rundown of the basics of how all the work is divided up on a basic crew.
Keep in mind that this focuses mostly on the on-set personnel, and even still it doesn't include every single crew member! Here's a recap of what we just learned, along with a few extra people peppered in there to round out the list. The amount of people you need to help make your film vary widely from a simple duo to many hundreds of crew members.
A Producer is a key coordinator for the production. They are involved in many if not all aspects of the production from start to finish. They often have a hand in the production process, creative, financial, and administrative.
An Executive Producer is usually the main investor of the project.
The Production Manager works alongside the executive producer and helps to prepare the budget, oversees the preparation of the production team, and various day to day production decisions.
The Director is in control of all creative aspects of the film. They are the primary person responsible for the storytelling, creative decisions and acting of the film.
The 1st Assistant Director is in charge of basically running the set. As an assistant to the director, they organize the crew, prepare shooting schedules and organize the entire flow of all production activity.
The 2nd Assistant Director distributes documents such as scripts and call sheets to the cast and crew. They also help supervise the set with the 1st AD.
The Script Supervisor's job is to keep track of what has been shot in accordance with the script including what changes has been made and how to prevent any continuity errors going forward.
The person who makes the chief lighting, framing, and composition decisions is the Cinematographer, often referred to as the Director Of Photography (or DP). The director will often tell the DP what they want the shot to look like and then they will work their magic, making sure everything looks great to help achieve the director's vision. On smaller sets, the DP will often double as the camera operator.
The Camera Operator is the person in charge of working the camera to capture the scenes.
The 1st Assistant Camera is often the focus puller. Their job is to make sure the shot is always in focus. On smaller productions, the camera operator will also handle this job.
The 2nd assistant camera is the person who writes all of the shot information on the slate and holds it in front of the camera before each shot. The slate (or clapboard) is the device you write all of the shot information (shot number, take number, etc) as well as the clapper to help sync sound.
It's the Production sound mixer's job to make sure the sound is being properly recorded and mixed on set. They will hold the sound mixer and listen with a pair of headphones to monitor the sound.
A Boom Operator is the person that holds the boom microphone near the action. On smaller sets, the production sound mixer can also take on this roll.
The Key Grip is in charge of supervising camera cranes, dollies, lights, platforms and all on set equipment.
The Gaffer is responsible for the design and execution of the lighting plan on set. They work closely with the DP to make sure everything is lit correctly. Also referred at as the Chief Lighting Technician.
The Special Effects Supervisor is in charge of the creative and technical issues of visual effects on a project. They take care of anything that will break, explode, burn, collapse, etc. and work with the director on blocking the actors' so they don't get in harm's way.
The Production Designer is responsible for creating the visual appearance of the film. Working closely with the DP and Director they are in charge of the look of all settings, costumes, character makeup, and more. Also known as the Creative Director.
The Art Director develops, coordinates, and oversees the overall design of the production and is responsible for everything you see on screen. On a smaller crew, this is also the Set Designer.
The Props Master is in charge of finding and managing all the props that appear on screen.
The Props Builder's job is to construct all custom props that are needed for production. Also referred to as Propsmaker
The Make-up Artist / Hairdresser is the person that dresses and maintains the cast's hair and makeup throughout the shoot.
It's the Costumer Designer / Supervisor's job to design, obtain, assemble, and maintain the costumes for a production.
These are just some of the basic crew members that can be found on set. Depending on your budget and how ambitious your project is, the amount of people needed to help create it can vary drastically. Now get out there and make some movie magic!
*P***Pro tip:** Stumped on where to find the people you need? Check out our lesson on how to assemble a crew !
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In Norse mythology, what is the name of the dwelling place of the gods? | Asgard | Norse mythology | Britannica.com
Norse mythology
Odin
Asgard, Old Norse Ásgardr, in Norse mythology , the dwelling place of the gods, comparable to the Greek Mount Olympus . Legend divided Asgard into 12 or more realms, including Valhalla , the home of Odin and the abode of heroes slain in earthly battle; Thrudheim, the realm of Thor; and Breidablik, the home of Balder .
Each important god had his own palace in Asgard, and many Germanic peoples believed that these mansions were similar in design to those of their own nobility. Asgard could be reached from earth only by the bridge Bifrost (the rainbow).
Learn More in these related articles:
Valhalla
in Norse mythology, the hall of slain warriors, who live there blissfully under the leadership of the god Odin. Valhalla is depicted as a splendid palace, roofed with shields, where the warriors feast on the flesh of a boar slaughtered daily and made whole again each evening. They drink liquor that...
Odin (Norse deity)
one of the principal gods in Norse mythology. His exact nature and role, however, are difficult to determine because of the complex picture of him given by the wealth of archaeological and literary sources. The Roman historian Tacitus stated that the Teutons worshiped Mercury; and because dies...
Thor (Germanic deity)
deity common to all the early Germanic peoples, a great warrior represented as a red-bearded, middle-aged man of enormous strength, an implacable foe to the harmful race of giants but benevolent toward mankind. His figure was generally secondary to that of the god Odin, who in some traditions was...
2 References found in Britannica Articles
Assorted References
Asgard - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
in Norse mythology, the dwelling place of the Aesir gods. According to Snorri Sturluson, author of the ’Prose (or Younger) Edda’, Asgard was the last place created by the gods, after they made the earth, seas, sky, Jotunheim (Giantland), Midgard (Middle Earth, which would become the home of the humans), and clouds.
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Date Published: July 20, 1998
URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Asgard
Access Date: January 18, 2017
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The Taj Mahal is in which Indian city? | Valhalla - Norse Mythology for Smart People
Norse Mythology for Smart People
Valhalla
“Walhall” by Emil Doepler (c. 1905)
Valhalla (pronounced “val-HALL-uh”; Old Norse Valhöll, “the hall of the fallen”) is the hall where the god Odin houses the dead whom he deems worthy of dwelling with him. This is not a reward for moral behavior or anything of the sort, however; most of those to whom he grants access to Valhalla are distinguished warriors whom he collects for the perfectly selfish purpose of having them come to his aid in his foredoomed struggle against the wolf Fenrir during Ragnarok .
Old Norse poems depict Valhalla as being thatched with shields and spears and guarded by wolves and eagles.[1][2][3] It’s a place of perpetual fighting, presumably with the intention of sharpening the skills of the warriors for their battle against Fenrir. After any scuffle in Valhalla, the warriors emerge healed to sit together around the hall’s table.[4]
Some writers speak of Valhalla as if it were a part of Asgard , but the Old Norse sources say no such thing. The closest thing to this notion that one can find in the sources comes from the Eddic poem Grímnismál, which states: “That land is hallowed/ Which I see lying/ Near gods and elves .”[5] The poem then lists many of the halls of the gods and offers terse descriptions of them, and Valhalla receives the most extensive consideration. But this “hallowed land” could be anywhere; it’s at least as likely, given the pantheistic and animistic character of pre-Christian Norse/Germanic religion, that this “hallowed land” refers to the cosmos as a whole rather than to Asgard alone. The Grímnismál, after all, goes on to describe much of the rest of the cosmos after describing the halls of the gods – and there’s no indication that the rest of the cosmos is any less a part of this “hallowed land.”
Where, then, is Valhalla located? The literary sources, as well as archaeological and place-name evidence, powerfully suggest that it’s part of the underworld, and hardly distinguishable from Helheim , the most general designation for the underworld.
As we’ve noted above, the poets speak of the continual battle that takes place in Valhalla as one of the place’s defining features. Just such a place is described, in other early sources, as being located beneath the ground.[6] Furthermore, the very name Valhöll, “the hall of the fallen,” is a late development that seems to have arisen out of the name Valhallr, “the rock of the fallen,” a title given to certain rocks and hills where the dead were perceived to dwell in southern Sweden, one of the greatest historical centers of Odin-worship.[7][8]
The only Old Norse text that makes a sure distinction between Valhalla and Helheim is the Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Snorri, a thirteenth-century Christian scholar, claims that those who die in battle are taken to Valhalla, while those who die of sickness or old age find themselves in Helheim after their departure from the land of the living. Yet he blatantly contradicts this statement in the one extensive account of Helheim he provides – namely the tale of the death of Baldur , Odin’s own son, who was killed violently and was nevertheless borne to Hel. No other source makes this distinction – and several contradict it – which means that this distinction between Helheim and Valhalla is certainly an invention of Snorri’s.[9]
Evidently, the ancient northern Europeans perceived no absolutely firm difference between Valhalla and the other halls of the dead. Valhalla, therefore, can most accurately be thought of as a subset of the larger underworld. For a broader discussion of that underworld, see Death and the Afterlife .
Looking for more great information on Norse mythology and religion? While this site provides the ultimate online introduction to the topic, my book The Viking Spirit provides the ultimate introduction to Norse mythology and religion period. I’ve also written a popular list of The 10 Best Norse Mythology Books , which you’ll probably find helpful in your pursuit.
References:
[1] The Poetic Edda. Grímnismál, verses 8-10.
[2] Þórbjörn Hornklofi. Hrafnsmál.
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In geometry, what is the name given to a triangle with two equal sides and angles? | Triangles - Equilateral, Isosceles and Scalene
Triangles
A triangle has three sides and three angles
The three angles always add to 180°
Equilateral, Isosceles and Scalene
There are three special names given to triangles that tell how many sides (or angles) are equal.
There can be 3, 2 or no equal sides/angles:
Equilateral Triangle
Three equal angles, always 60°
Isosceles Triangle
Triangles can also have names that tell you what type of angle is inside:
Acute Triangle
All angles are less than 90°
Right Triangle
Has a right angle (90°)
Obtuse Triangle
Has an angle more than 90°
Combining the Names
Sometimes a triangle will have two names, for example:
Right Isosceles Triangle
Has a right angle (90°), and also two equal angles
Can you guess what the equal angles are?
Play With It ...
Try dragging the points around and make different triangles:
You might also like to play with the Interactive Triangle .
Perimeter
The perimeter is the distance around the edge of the triangle: just add up the three sides:
Area
The area is half of the base times height.
"b" is the distance along the base
"h" is the height (measured at right angles to the base)
Area = ½ × b × h
The formula works for all triangles.
Note: a simpler way of writing the formula is bh/2
Example: What is the area of this triangle?
(Note: 12 is the height, not the length of the left-hand side)
Base = b = 20
Area = ½ × b × h = ½ × 20 × 12 = 120
The base can be any side, Just be sure the "height" is measured at right angles to the "base":
(Note: You can also calculate the area from the lengths of all three sides using Heron's Formula .)
Why is the Area "Half of bh"?
Imagine you "doubled" the triangle (flip it around one of the upper edges) to make a square-like shape (a parallelogram ) which can be changed to a simple rectangle :
THEN the whole area is bh, which is for both triangles, so just one is ½ × bh.
| Isosceles triangle |
The Kama Sutra was originally written in which ancient language? | Triangle Classifications | Wyzant Resources
Resources / Lessons / Math / Geometry / Triangles / Triangle Classifications
Triangle Classifications
Our study of triangles begins with their different classifications. But before we can do this, we must learn how to name triangles. Since triangles are defined by their three vertices, we use the triangle symbol, ?, followed by the three vertices (in any order). For instance, ?ABC describes a triangle whose vertices are the points A, B, and C. We can place the points in any order and still describe the same triangle.
This triangle can also be called ?BCA, ?CAB, ?ACB, ?CBA, or ?BAC.
Now that we understand the notation for triangles, we can begin classifying them. There are two ways by which we can classify triangles. One way is by determining the measures of a triangle's angles . Another way in which triangles are classified is by the lengths of their sides. We will utilize both types of triangle classifications to aid in proofs throughout this section.
Classifying Triangles by Angles
Acute Triangle
A triangle whose three angles are acute is called an acute triangle. That is, if all three angles of a triangle are less than 90°, then it is an acute triangle.
Every angle in these triangles is acute.
Obtuse Triangle
An obtuse triangle is a triangle that has one obtuse angle.
The obtuse angles in the triangles above are at vertex H and K, respectively.
Right Triangle
A triangle that has one angle that is a right angle is called a right triangle. In other words, if one angle of a triangle is 90°, then it is a right triangle.
Equiangular Triangle
If all three angles of a triangle are congruent, then the triangle is an equiangular triangle. Later on, we will learn why the only angle measure possible for equiangular triangles is 60°.
Classifying Triangles by Sides
A triangle with three congruent sides is called an equilateral triangle.
The tick marks indicate congruence between all three sides.
Isosceles Triangle
If a triangle has at least two congruent sides, then the triangle is an isosceles triangle. Note that, by definition, equilateral triangles can also be classified as isosceles.
Scalene Triangle
A triangle that has no congruent sides is called a scalene triangle.
No two sides of the triangle above are congruent.
Exercises
(1) Classify the triangle below as acute, obtuse, right, or equiangular.
Solution: If we look at ?W and ?V, we notice that both angles are acute angles. While this makes us lean toward calling it an acute triangle, we have to check the third angle. Since ?U has a measure of 90°, we know that ?UVW the triangle is actually a right triangle. Had ?U been any less than 90°, the triangle would have been an acute triangle.
(2) Determine the lengths of the sides of the equilateral triangle below.
Solution: Given the fact that the triangle is equilateral, we can set any pair of sides of the triangle equal to each other. In this case, we will show that the length of side AB is equal to the length of side BC in order to solve for x.
Now that we've determined the value of x, we can plug this value into any of the sides of the triangle. We plug it into the equation for side AB below.
We can choose to generalize and say that the other sides of the triangle are also 24 units in length (since it is an equilateral triangle). However, we choose to check our answer to make sure of this. Thus we plug into the equation for side BC first.
Indeed, BC is also 24 units long. Finally, we can plug x = 4 into the equation for CA to assure ourselves that we are correct.
Sign up for free to access more Right Triangles resources like . Wyzant Resources features blogs, videos, lessons, and more about Right Triangles and over 250 other subjects. Stop struggling and start learning today with thousands of free resources!
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Under what surname did the Bronte sisters originally publish their work? | The Brontë Pseudonyms: A Woman's Image — The Writer and Her Public
The Brontë Pseudonyms: A Woman's Image — The Writer and Her Public
Marianne Thormahlen, University of Lund, Sweden
This essay, which was originally published in English Studies (1994) as 'The Bronte Pseudonyms', appears in the Victorian Web with the kind permission of the author and the English Studies publishers Swets & Zeitlinger, who retain copyright.
Notes to this WWW edition
Numbers in brackets indicate page breaks in the print edition and thus allow users of VW to cite or locate the original page numbers.
Text links take you to material not in the original print version. [GPL].
Adrian Kang, Chew Yong Jack, and GPL created the HTML version, converting footnotes. GPL also linked the text to other portions of the Victorian Web.
Clicking on superscript numbers brings you to the top of the left column; hitting the back button on your browser returns you to your place in the body of the main text.
Notes
1. Emily Brontë: A Biography (Oxford, 1971), pp. 185-6. On Charlotte and Miss Currer, see also Gérin's Charlotte Bronte: The Evolution of Genius (Oxford, 1967), p. 309, and F.B. Pinion, A Brontë Companion: Literary Assessment, Background, and Reference (London, 1975), p. 278. The first person (as far as I am aware) to suggest that Charlotte may have borrowed her pseudonym from Miss Currer was 'the Hon. Lady Wilson of Eshton Hall' in the 'The Brontës as Governesses', Brontë Society Transactions 9 (1939), 217-18. See also Clifford Whone's report on The Keighley Mechanics' Institute, 'Where the Brontës Borrowed Books', Brontë Society Transactions 11 (1950), 345. (Whone noted the occurrence of Miss Currer's name among Institute members but did not outline any other relevant points in support of the connexion.)
2. Adopting a surname as a first name was of course a convenient way of concealing a person's sex; after all, the choice of 'proper' Christian names that could have been used by men and women alike was severely limited. Charlotte's Shirley was given this 'masculine cognomen' in default of heirs male, pioneering it as a first name for women; see E.G. Withycombe, The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names (Oxford, 1945), p. 118.
3. On phrenology in Charlotte's novels, see Wilfred M. Senseman's 'Charlotte Brontë's Use of Physiognomy and Phrenology', Brontë Society Transactions 12 (1967), 286-89, a recapitulation and part-reproduction of an article in Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, 38 (1953), and Ian Jack, 'Physiognomy, Phrenology and Characterisation in the Novels of Charlotte Brontë', Brontë Society Transactions 15 (1970), 377-91. For Anne's use of phrenology, see my 'The Villain of Wildfell Hall: Aspects and Prospects of Arthur Huntingdon' The Modern Language Review 88.4 (October 1993), 834-6.
4. Subtitled A Study of the Bronte Sisters as Early-Victorian Female Novelists, it appeared in 1966 (Gothenburg and London). Another well-researched and informative dissertation, on an adjacent subject, by a Swedish Brontë scholar appeared eight years later, Harriet Björk's The Language of Truth: Charlotte Bronte, the Woman Question, and the Novel, No. 47 in Lund Studies in English (Lund, 1974).
5. See Frank, A Chainless Soul, p. 216, and Chitham, Emily Brontë, p. 198. (Clifford Whone did suggest that the name of another Keighley Mechanics' Institute member, one William Ellis, Esq., might have supplied Emily's pseudonym, but the absence of any further links detracts from the likelihood of this idea; see 'Where the Brontës Borrowed Books', 345.)
6. Cf. Margot Peters's account of Arthur Bell Nicholls's (successful) attempt at vindicating Ireland, and his own Irish family, in the prejudiced Charlotte's eyes; Unquiet Soul: A Biography of Charlotte Bronte (London, 1975), p. 396. — This is not to say that that ancestry was unimportant to the Brontës' personalities and their artistry; see, for instance, Edward Chitham, The Brontës' Irish Background (London, 1986). (There are also many references to the Celtic origins of the Rev. Patrick Bronte in Chitham's biographies of Emily and Anne [the latter of which, A Life of Anne Brontë, was published by Blackwells in 1991].)
7. The Women of England, Their Social Duties, and Domestic Habits, 3rd ed. (1839), p. 343 (from the chapter on 'Modern Education'). According to Rebecca Fraser, Mrs Ellis evinced something of a change of heart in respect of female education under the pressures of the 1840s (see Fraser's Charlotte Brontë, London, 1988, p. 147); 1 have failed to detect such a modification in her views.
8. A Quaker and a supporter of women's rights, she was a friend of Mrs Gaskell 's. Her husband William reviewed Shirley in favourable terms; see Miriam Allott (ed.), The Brontës: The Critical Heritage (London, 1974), pp. 133-5. Shortly afterwards, Mrs Gaskell wrote her initial letter to Charlotte.
Incidentally, Mrs Howitt translated the works of the Swedish domestic novelist Fredrika Bremer, whose work was known to the Brontës; for instance, Charlotte refers to Anne's reading one of her tales in the last few months of her life (see, for example, Chitham's biography of Anne, p. 181; on Bremer and Charlotte Brontë, see Björk's dissertation, especially pp. 83-5). The reason why such details seem noteworthy to me is that they suggest that 'networks' among women operated in the nineteenth century no less than in our time, a point that might prove relevant to Brontë studies.
9. He had discouraged Charlotte from making literature her sole career on the basis of poems she had sent to him, but this did not prevent her from taking a pathetic pride in the fact that he had seen some merit in them (cf, Torn Winnifrith, A New Life of Charlotte Brontë, London, 1988, pp. 62-3). Viewed against the background of contemporary circumstances, Southey's letter to her 'klingt ... sogar vernünftig', as Elsemarie Maletzke has observed; see her Das Leben der Brontës: Eine Biographie (Frankfurt, 1988; I have used the Fischer pocket edition of 1992, where the relevant passage occurs on p. 148).
10. It is hard to apply the term 'great' to Bell after having read the grim verdict on his personal qualities in Meiklejohn's book (especially p. 120); but he was by any reckoning phenomenally successful in a worldly sense, and he had a number of faithful friends and correspondents, members of the Gaskell family among them (see New Letters of Robert Southey, ed. Kenneth Curry, New York and London, 1965, Vol. II, p. 403, It might, incidentally, soothe the indignation of those who find Southey's patronising attitude to women as displayed in his letters to Charlotte too unbearable to allow for any charity in his direction to contemplate his shock and disgust at the brutal manifestations of sexual double standards [p. 48 in Vol. I]. They led to the comparatively forward-looking statement, 'Nothing is more astonishing to me than that a virtue so rigidly demanded from woman should be so despised among men'.)
Bibliographical materials on Bell
See the entry on Bell in Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. IV, pp. 149-152. Further information on Bell was provided by J.M.D. Meiklejohn's An Old Educational Reformer: Dr. Andrew Bell (Edinburgh and London, 1881). Another circumstance favouring the idea of a Bell-Brontë connexion is Bell's preparing the way for the Mechanics' Institutes; see J.W. Hudson, The History of Adult Education (London, 1851), pp. 1-25.
References
Bentley, Phyllis. The Brontës. London: 1947.
Chadwick, Mrs Ellis [sic] H. In the Footsteps of the Brontës London, 1914.
Chitham, Edward. A Life of Emily Brontë. Oxford: 1987.
Dibdin, Thomas Frognall. Reminiscences of a Literary Life; with Anecdotes of Books, and of Book Collectors. London, 1836.
Dictionary of National Biography
Edgeworth, Maria. Tales and Novels. London: 1857.
Ellis, Sarah. Family Secrets, or Hints to Those Who Would Make Home Happy. London, 1841.
_____. The Home Life and Letters of Mrs. Ellis, Compiled by Her Nieces. London: 1893.
_____. Pictures of Private Life, 2nd ed. London, 1833.
_____. The Daughters of England. London, 1842.
_____. The Mothers of England: Their Influence & Responsibility London, 1843.
Frank, Katherine. A Chainless Soul: A Life of Emily Brontë. Boston: 1990.
Gates, Barbara Timm (ed.). Critical Essays on Charlotte Brontë. Boston: 1990.
Hopkins, Annette B. The Father of the Brontës. Baltimore: 1958.
Levine, Richard A. (ed.). Backgrounds to Victorian Literature. San Francisco: 1967.
Peters, Margot. "Unquiet Soul." Brontë Society Transactions 72 (1962), 20-22.
Pykett, Lyn. Emily Brontë. "Macmillan Women Writers series." London: Macmillan, 1989.
Ray, Elizabeth. The Best of Eliza Acton. London: 1968.
Sale, William M. Jr (ed.). Wuthering Heights. New York: Norton, 1972.
Stickney, Sarah. See Ellis above.
Thormahlen, Marianne. 'The Villain of Wildfell Hall: Aspects and Prospects of Arthur Huntingdon.' The Modern Language Review 88.4 (October 1993), 834-36.
Winnifrith, Tom. The Brontës and Their Background: Romance and Reality. London: 1973.
Withycombe, E.G. The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names. Oxford, 1945.
Young, G.M. (ed.). Early Victorian Britain 1830-1865. London: 1934.
In 1850, Charlotte Brontë's 'Biographical Notice of Ellis and Acton Bell' put a stop to all speculation on the sex of the 'Bells'. The wording of the passage where she outlined the adoption of their noms de guerre is remarkable for reasons which still have not been fully appreciated:
Averse to personal publicity, we veiled our own names under those of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell; the ambiguous choice being dictated by a sort of conscientious scruple at assuming Christian names positively masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because — without at that time suspecting that our mode of writing and thinking was not what is called 'feminine' — we had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice . . . [quoted from the Norton edition of Wuthering Heights, p. 4]
Scores of Brontë critics have paraphrased the quoted lines in terms such as 'The sisters chose the neutral pen-names of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell, not wishing to expose themselves to the prejudice or the condescension then often displayed by critics towards women writers, but scrupling to take names positively masculine' (Bentley, p. 37). A recent biographer of Emily Brontë maintains that 'cloaked' would have been a more accurate word than 'veiled', 'for the names, though not blatantly masculine, certainly wouldn't be taken as women's' (Frank, p. 15).
Charlotte's expressions 'veiled', 'ambiguous choice', and 'conscientious scruple' might have invited more curiosity about the 'Christian names' than they have done. With the exception of Winifred Gérin, Brontë scholars have not displayed much interest in the actual fabric of the 'veil'. Why 'Currer', 'Ellis', and 'Acton'? And what considerations could have prompted the choice of 'Bell'? The following passage from Gérin's book on Emily Brontë summarises the substance of previous enquiry concerning the origins of the Brontë pseudonyms:
How they came by their names they never revealed, but there are some strong indications. The name Bell may have been chosen by the arrival that summer of their father's new curate, Arthur Bell Nichols. While a governess at the Sidgwicks, Charlotte had certainly heard much of their neighbour, Miss Frances Mary Richardson Currer, of Eshton Hall, Skipton, whose property touched Stonegappe, and whose library was famous throughout the north. She was one of the founder patrons of the Clergy Daughters' School, so that her name must have been doubly familiar to Charlotte. The poetess Eliza Acton (1777-1859) [the Dictionary of National Biography gives Acton's birth year as 1799], who had considerable success in her day and was patronized [246/247] by royalty, may have suggested Anne's pseudonym to her. There appears to be no clue to the origin of Emily's choice of name, Ellis. 1
Guérin disposes of any doubt in respect of Charlotte: she must have derived her unusual 'first' name from Frances Mary Richardson Currer, the illustrious scholar of Eshton Hall. For reasons stated below (and not addressed by Gérin), I find the connexion between Anne and Eliza Acton plausible, too. But if Charlotte and Anne acquired their 'Christian names' from the surnames 2 of two contemporary women who had made their mark in the realm of books and writing, Emily is likely to have done the same. After some additional observations respecting 'Currer' and 'Acton', the greater part of the following discussion deals with a putative source for 'Ellis', ending with a consideration of the 'Bell' issue. (The 'Bell' explanation offered by Gérin has been stated as a certainty by several other Brontë scholars.) The argumentation is based on a conviction that the Brontës, never given to haphazardness and speedily maturing as artists, will have invested a good deal of thought in the selection of their pen-names. Typically, Charlotte speaks of a 'choice . . . dictated by . . . scruple'.
* * * * *
It is not impossible that Charlotte herself had access to Miss Currer's books at some point. An avid reader from childhood, the latter had inherited a fine library, kept adding to it, and ensured that her books were expertly catalogued. (See Dictionary of National Biography, XIII, 340). The second catalogue, compiled by C.J. Stewart, was privately printed (100 copies) in 1833 and is a treasure-trove for anyone interested in the reading habits of the educated pre- and early-Victorian upper class. While Miss Currer's collection featured many respectable works of natural science, she was sufficiently interested in the pseudo-scientific fashions of her day to acquire a copy of the Physiognomical System of Drs Gall and Spurzheim. The doctors were pioneers of phrenology , a school of thought whose influence on Charlotte [247/248] and Anne is patent in their novels. 3 Another of the interests that Miss Currer shared with the Brontës was mental improvement, and she owned educational works by like-minded women such as Mrs Hester Chapone and Maria Edgeworth.
The fact that F.M.R. Currer supported the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge suggests that she was one of those 'wealthy and benevolent individuals in the county' (Jane Eyre's description of the subscribers to a new and improved Lowood Institute (opening of Chapter 10). Charlotte is not likely to have blamed a founder patron for subsequent misfortunes at the institution.) whose munificence ensured the survival of charitable institutions. Her character (she was 'extremely accomplished and amiable', according to the DNB biographer) seems to have been as irreproachable as her scholarship; in 1836, the Rev. Thomas Frognall Dibdin placed her 'at THE HEAD of all female Collectors in Europe', calling her 'a sort of modern CHRISTINA of the North' (p. 949).
Despite these exalted attainments, Miss Currer favoured practical usefulness in her selection of books, and a similar streak can be observed in the personality of the woman whose surname is likely to have provided Anne with her first nom de plume. The links between the youngest Brontë and Miss Eliza Acton are much more tenuous than the Charlotte-Currer ones, but there are indications that support the idea of a connexion.
The poems contained in Eliza Acton's one volume of verse often resemble Anne's both with regard to metre and subject matter. Acton obviously suffered a disappointment in love (according to the DNB entry, she was at one time engaged to an officer in the French army), and several poems hint darkly at a loved one who proved unworthy, even criminal. Many of the lyrics express a hope for peace in the grave. Some poems imply a certain amount of romantic idealism in the young poetess (still in her twenties), among them 'A Sketch' where she accuses the English of pettiness to the vanquished Napoleon.
Eliza Acton was certainly well known in her time; but her greatest claim to lasting fame did not reside in this twice-printed collection of poems which she published (by subscription, 1,000 copies in all) in 1826 and 1827. (See Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 1, 66-67). Nor were her fugitive verses on Queens Adelaide and Victoria destined to make her remembered a good hundred years after her death. Her greatest success in the realm of writing came in 1845, towards the end of which the three Brontë sisters conceived the plan of publishing a selection of their poems. Before that year was [248/249] out, Miss Eliza Acton's Modern Cookery for Private Families had already gone into three editions. Another two were called for in 1846, and new editions kept appearing in subsequent years.
Tradition has it that this immensely and immediately successful work was the result of the no longer youthful poetess's asking her publisher, Mr Longman, to name the subject of a book 'for which the world has a need' (as it was clear that there was no demand for poetry, at least not for hers). Longman allegedly replied that he wanted 'a really good cookery book', and Miss Acton fell to work with characteristic conscientiousness. (The anecdote has been retold several times; see, for instance, Mrs C. S. Peel's essay on 'Homes and Habits' in Young, I, 125-6.) She devoted several years to the completion of a magnificent and beautifully written book, to which no less an authority than Elizabeth David paid the ultimate accolade in calling it 'the greatest cookery book in our language'. (Page xxvii in her Introduction to The Best of Eliza Acton, Recipes from her classic Modern Cookery for Private Families, selected and edited by Elizabeth Ray) One notable feature in Acton's Modern Cookery is its emphasis on bread-making, an art which Emily Brontë apparently commanded to perfection (see, for instance, Chitham, pp. 159 and 170).
The combination of poetry and domesticity in the person and work of Eliza Acton increases the probability of her surname having been chosen as a 'veil' by one of the Brontë sisters. Household chores made up a very considerable portion of their daily lives, especially Emily's — one chapter in Chitham's biography is aptly entitled 'Domestic Chores Lightened by Fancy' — and they took pride in performing them impeccably.
The roles of the Brontës as women novelists, viewed against the background of the situation of women in their time, is the subject of one of the finest Brontë monographs, Inga-Stina Ewbank's Their Proper Sphere. 4 Ewbank proceeded from the demonstrable fact that women were held to occupy a 'sphere "distinct and separate" from man's' (p. vii in her Preface), the words 'distinct and separate' being a direct quotation from Mrs Sarah Ellis's The Daughters of England (1842). Later in the book, Ewbank shows that the Brontës — unlike Mrs Ellis and other women writers of domestic novels — broke the confinement of the woman novelist to 'woman's proper sphere', arguing that they were particularly 'a-typical' in this respect, as Jane Austen had been before them (Their Proper Sphere, p. 41).
It takes some nerve to suggest that Sarah Ellis, author of 'manuals on womanhood' and didactic fiction, might have supplied the first name of the 'Bell' whose 'sphere' was farther removed from the question of the moral worth of women than that of any of her sisters (or, for that matter, of any other English woman novelist). On the face of it, the idea seems not only absurd but downright [249/250] insulting to the lone-Titan, law-unto-herself Emily Brontë. Even the recent critics and biographers, such as Lyn Pykett, who have modified that traditional conception of Emily, considering her work in relation to contemporary domestic fiction by women and generally 'humanising' her for us, would probably find it at least incongruous. Insofar as Brontë scholars have mentioned Mrs Sarah Ellis, née Stickney, at all, they have referred to her in terms such as 'that indefatigable writer of conduct books for Victorian girls' without pausing to consider the implications of her surname; see Sandra M. Gilbert in Gates, p. 161.
The only rationale of 'Ellis' that I have seen relates Emily's scruple-dictated choice to her Irish grandmother's first name. 5 However, most sources give the latter's Christian name as 'Alice' or 'Elinor' (the latter with variant spellings); see, for instance, Hopkins, p. 134n10, and also Withycombe, p. 45. Although the suggestion remains a possibility, it does not seem very likely to me — certainly not if one accepts the idea that Charlotte and Anne chose the surnames of remarkable contemporary women intellectuals. The Brontë children never knew their father's mother, Mrs Brunty/O'Prunty, née McClory, and none of the sisters is on record as having shown much interest, let alone pride, in their Irish ancestry. 6
None of this, however, can strengthen the case for Mrs Ellis in the eyes of those to whom she was an apostle of 'namby-pambyism' (Knickerbocker is one of them; see his essay on Victorian education in Levine, pp. 146-47). But is this conception a fair one, and — more to the point — is that the way she would have appeared to the Brontë sisters?
Most of those writers on the Brontës who refer to Mrs Ellis's works do so in 'quoted-in' references, which suggests that they have not in fact studied her writings. A couple of days in a well-assorted research library yield rather a different picture of them, and her, from the now-conventional one.
The Daughters of England, for instance, extols ingenuity and regrets that imitation rather than invention is predominant in the teaching of needlework etc. (p. 80); it also urges women as well as men to acquire 'a general knowledge of the political and social state of the country in which we live, and indeed of all countries' (p. 110). Not to possess any knowledge of, and sentiments regarding, [250/251] various social issues such as slavery, temperance, and cruelty to animals is 'disgraceful' in a woman, however 'accomplished and amiable' (those standard nineteenth-century virtues) she might be (p. 112). A love of truth is urged on young women as being the capacity that will enable them 'to see every object as it really is, and to see it clearly' (p. 115). The study of music and drawing is highly recommended, and 'a woman without poetry, is like a landscape without sunshine' (p. 162). Mrs Ellis freely alludes to Byron and Scott in this work of instruction for young Victorian womanhood; these references to Brontë favourites — especially to the former — will have raised quite a few eyebrows among the more strait-laced mammas.
It is certainly true that Mrs Ellis speaks of women's inferiority to men in several respects, and that her acceptance of women's lot 'to suffer, and be still' will grate on a modern reader (The Daughters of England, p. 161). For great literary attainments she believed women disqualified: 'It is only in her proper and natural sphere that a woman is poetical' (The Poetry of Life, published while she was still Sarah Stickney (1835), II, 79, 83). She is known to have found Currer Bell's work improper for a woman; but she made no secret of finding it fascinating, telling a friend in a letter, 'It is strange the hold this writer has upon me' (Home Life, p. 147; her review in The Morning Call is, as Margot Peters points out in Unquiet Soul, pp. 205 and 428, reprinted in the Bronte Society Transactions 72 [1962], 20-22; cf. Winnifrith, pp. 125-26). To her contemporaries, her advice on the education of girls could seem shockingly 'advanced', as when she recommended mothers to let their young daughters roam freely outdoors: 'they should climb with [their brothers] the craggy rock, penetrate the forest, and ramble over hill and dale' (Mothers of England, p. 329). Advice of this sort was natural from a woman who, like Emily Brontë, loved the outdoors from childhood; again like Emily, she was devoted to animals, dogs and horses especially — see Home Life, pp. 5-6; her nieces tell us that she was a fearless rider — a devotion often reflected in her tremendously influential writings.
As Eliza Acton's emphasis on bread-baking will have appealed more directly to Emily than to Anne, so Emily's 'twin spirit' will have taken a greater interest in Sarah Ellis's moral fiction than her sister. Mrs Ellis devoted three volumes of stories (of approx. 100 pages each) to the theme of intemperance, approached in a variety of ways. Under the cover of fiction, she warned readers against the dangers of taking brandy as a remedy for ill-health, of convivial drinking for those who have inherited a predisposition for alcoholism, and of attempting to drink 'moderately' rather than abstaining completely if one is a sufferer — all highly controversial notions in her day (and accepted wisdom in ours). Her Family Secrets, or Hints to Those Who Would Make Home Happy were published in 1841, seven years before The Tenant of Wildfell Hall which has been called 'the first temperance novel' (by Chadwick, p. 355; on drink in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, see my article 'The Villain of Wildfell Hall). When still Sarah Stickney, Mrs Ellis had [251/252] published an account of 'Marriage As It May Be' whose protagonists resemble the Huntingdon ménage; the husband has 'a mere animal propensity — over which a variable and volatile spirit has little power. It was not to drown the anguish of a tortured mind that he swallowed the fatal draught, but solely for the sake of the excitement and the love of what he called "good company"' (Pictures, pp. 342-43).
Mrs Sarah Ellis advocated giving space to imagination and poetry in education, qualities often crowded out of 'our busy modern lives'; 'what we most want in education . . . is to invest material things with the attributes of mind'. 7 Opinions like these align her with other women scholars and writers, such as Mary Howitt, and they knew each other well. 8 Another sentiment which would endear her to the Brontë sisters is expressed in The Mothers of England (p. 353):
And here I must beg to call the attention of the mothers of England to one particular class of women, whose rights and whose sufferings ought to occupy, more than they do, the attention of benevolent Christians. I allude to governesses, and I believe that in this class, taken as a whole, is to be found more refinement of mind, and consequently more susceptibility of feeling, than in any other.
Like Agnes Grey, Mrs Ellis maintained that it is admirable for young women to be 'industrious rather than dependent' and spoke warmly of the distress of governesses who must leave home for 'the cold reception of strangers, the doubtful position when placed in an unknown household . . .' (Mothers of England, pp. 353, 358).
Many of Mrs Ellis's qualities as manifested in her writings suggest that Anne would regard her with particular favour, and in view of the special closeness of the sisters' bond, the idea of calling Emily 'Ellis' might have originated with her. Be that as it may, the preceding pages should have done something to reduce the seeming improbability of the original proposal as regards Emily's pseudonym.
If it is accepted, the three Brontës can be seen to have 'veiled' their identities and their sex in an intriguing manner: their 'conscientious scruples' should have been peculiarly mitigated by their 'ambiguous choice' of first names that were [252/253] not only surnames, but the surnames of three women — all belonging to their mother's generation — who had distinguished themselves in that world of letters into which they were about to venture.
* * * * * * *
If the 'Christian names' were chosen according to a certain common principle, what about 'Bell'? The contention that the sisters simply plumped for the recently-arrived assistant clergyman's middle name, as 'a sort of private joke' (Frank, p. 15) does not fit in with the idea that they chose their pseudonyms after careful deliberation. Still, the surname was not of course required to serve such a delicate purpose (that of 'veiling' the authors' sex) as the first names. Hence the Arthur Bell Nicholls explanation is at least a possibility — but so are other options.
Two conditions had to be fulfilled by the surname jointly adopted by the Brontës: it had to begin with a B; and it must be common enough not to afford any clue to their true identities. It is worth observing that if any frequent surname beginning with a B would have done, the sisters could have chosen the alias that Charlotte and Anne were to adopt during their visit to London and called themselves 'Brown'. The second consideration, on which Emily may be assumed to have been especially insistent, made the obvious choice impossible.
Unlike Helen Graham/Huntingdon and hosts of other personages, real and imaginary and past and present, the sisters could not use their mother's maiden name. Not only was it far too distinctive in itself; it was also the first name of the excluded brother who had cherished such high-flying literary ambitions of his own and who must at all costs be kept in ignorance of their project. Nevertheless, the name 'Branwell' could have been made to serve by lending its first and last letters to the enterprise.
There is a third 'Bell' possibility, though. If the explanations of the 'Christian names' can be found in the Brontës' intellectual milieu, there is a chance that that milieu could have furnished the surname, too.
The entire Brontë family, the men included, had earned their living in the field of education. All the girls taught professionally at one time or another, and their scheme for starting their own school is universally known. The Rev. Patrick had been a pupil-teacher at sixteen before going on to tutoring, a career also pursued by his son. The father of the Brontës took a life-long, and sometimes highly practical, interest in schooling, especially as a means to improve the minds, morals, and living conditions of his more impecunious parishioners. His daughters and son taught the scions of wealthy families; but the account of the Morton village school in Jane Eyre testifies to Charlotte's commitment to education for the children of the poor.
Throughout the first decades of the nineteenth century, one name dominated the debate on education, particularly that of the lower classes: Dr. Andrew Bell, [253/254] founder of the so-called Madras system of mutual instruction. 10 Reduced to its barest outlines, the system amounted to advanced pupils teaching younger ones. It was cheap, and it promised a rapid extension of literacy, reading and writing being the main skills that the older pupils could impart. Bell wrote a number of works on such topics as national education and the elements of tuition, and thousands of schools operated according to his system. His controversy with the Quaker Joseph Lancaster as to which of them was the true pioneer of the monitorial system was a widely-publicised quarrel. Bell's emphasis on the organisational connexion between national-education schemes and the Anglican Church made him unpopular among Dissenters but appealed to zealous supporters of the Established Church.
The Rev. Patrick Brontë was such a supporter, and it is inconceivable that the name Andrew Bell should not have been a familiar one to the Brontë family. There were a number of Madras-system schools in Yorkshire (for instance in Leeds, York, and Sheffield), and Bell was idolised by several leading English intellectuals, among them Robert Southey, who had a special standing in Haworth Parsonage. 10 In 1844, one year after Southey's death and little more than a year before the Brontës chose their pseudonyms, his biography of Bell was published. Only the first volume is actually by Southey; his son finished the work. Southey had backed Bell in print against Lancaster as early as 1812, so his almost hysterical admiration for the famous educationist may well have been known to the Brontës long before that. Another educational reformer and theorist (and woman novelist) with whose works the Brontës must have been acquainted was Maria Edgeworth, whose fictional tale 'Lame Jervas' praised Bell and his school in India as early as 1799. The eponymous hero goes out as an assistant to Bell in India; see pp. 29 ff. in the second volume of Edgeworth's Tales and Novels in Ten Volumes.[254/255]
Biographical speculation is virtually inescapable in Brontë studies, and these suggestions are as speculative as numerous other proposals that have been put forward in this field (though rather less so than others). Even so, they tend in a direction which seems to me to hold out the possibility of an as-yet-largely-untapped reservoir of evidential material: the study of the Brontës as early-Victorian intellectuals. The pathos and glory of the unique Brontë story always tended to 'veil' the three heroines in mists of myth and legend. Recent work on the Brontës has done much to lift those mists, at least in places; but this area of their life and work is still insufficiently explored.
| Bell |
Who is the Greek god of shepherds and flocks? | The Deaths of the Bronte Family - Articles about rare books, antiquarian books, manuscripts, autographs, first editions, illustrated books, maps,... - ILAB-LILA
The Deaths of the Bronte Family
By Bon Summers
Marie Bronte died of tuberculosis or cancer in 1821 at the age of 38. She left behind the most remarkable English/Irish writing family known to the world.
The Rev. Patrick Bronte sent four of his five daughters: Maria, Elizabeth, Emily, and Charlotte to the Clergy Daughter’s School at Cowan Bridge. Anne remained home. In 1825 Maria and Elizabeth died of tuberculosis at the school. It was stated they became ill from the dampness and terrible living conditions so Emily and Charlotte were sent home. Maria’s sister Elizabeth Branwell (1776-1842) was asked to live with them. She was 66.
Patrick Branwell Bronte: 1817-1848
In 1848, on 24 September the only son Patrick Branwell Bronte of this famous family died of several complications one which was tuberculosis, the others were drink, laudanum, or opium. One of his two works was “And the Weary are at Rest”. He died at the age of 31.
Emily Bronte: 1818-1848
Four months after her brother’s death on 19 December Emily Bronte died from complications aggravated from catching a cold at her brother’s funeral plus complications from tuberculosis. Emily resisted all help from doctors until just hours before her death. She was the first to be buried in a crypt under the stone floors of the Haworth Church. Wuthering Heights was published in 1848. She died at the age 30.
Anne Bronte: 1820-1849
Anne was the youngest of the three famous Bronte women and like the others had contacted tuberculosis. Her only wish was to die by the sea. A donkey pulled cart granted her this last wish and she was buried in St. Mary’s graveyard in Scarborough. She wrote two novels: Agnes Gray and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. She died at the age of 29.
Charlotte Bronte: 1816-1855
From 1849 to 1854 Charlotte Bronte, the remaining member of the Bronte family, still lived at the parsonage with her ailing blind father. Her father apparently kept to his own rooms, but Charlotte got out, went to London, met her publishers, met other authors such as Thackeray who she dedicated Jane Eyre to in the First Edition. She met the infamous Mrs. Elizabeth Gaskell who followed her around and even invaded the patronage working with Rev. Bronte in publishing The Professor in 1857 and other work of Charlotte’s work not published.
On 29 June 1854 Charlotte married Arthur Bell Nicholls, her father’s curator, and within nine months she was dead. First of all her death certificate stated “phthisis’ (consumption), better known as tuberculosis, as the cause of death but Charlotte Bronte Nichols was also pregnant and she suffered from extreme nausea from this condition. In 1972, a professor of obstetrics and gynaecology, Philip Rhodes, stated that it is most likely she suffered and died of hyperemesis gravidarum which because of her pregnancy the salts and water are pulled from her system. The result is loss of weight when patient’s cannot eat or drink properly. Dr. Rhodes went on to say that in 1855, this condition of women was ‘poorly understood” and I quote him here.
Charlotte Bronte, the most famous of the Bronte sisters died 31 March 1855. The one who lived the longest and the sister who died first were buried side by side in a crypt located in the Haworth Church. But they live forever in English literary history. She died at 38, three weeks before her 39th birthday.
These women had taken on the establishment in publishing of female writers when they adopted the pseudonym of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. What a pleasure it would be, I would think, to just touch one of those original editions and glance into a book at this calibre of English Firsts. In 1848 the first book published by the 3 women, under the Bell name, came together as a book of poetry and prose and all three contributed. However Emily had been writing for years, as in her diary or journal Gondal Chronicles and in utter privacy created the love story of all time when Wuthering Heights was born.
We read their work, we make motion pictures of their stories, we study their lives, and we marvel at the brilliance of three English women of the same family, who have contributed so much to 19th Century literature. They did it by themselves with only a slight bit of formal education, self-taught, self-disciplined, and self-analysis, especially in Emily’s case. We can never know the conditions of their lives, as they lived in this remote village in the Yorkshire moors. We can never really know, but we can only know this for sure . . . had it not been for these women living in such an area of isolation we would never have the brilliant work produced by The Bronte Sisters. Rev. Patrick Bronte out lived his family dying at Haworth in 1861 at age 84. Arthur Bell Nicholls lived in the Bronte home and died in 1906 at 87.
Bon Summers , Ancient City Booksellers, St. Augustine, Florida, SA.
The article was published in Sheppard’s Confidential (Insights), and is presented here, with our thanks, by the author and Sheppard's Confidential.
Published since 22 Dec 2009
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