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What was the subtitle of the 3rd film in the Hellraiser series of films?	Hellraiser: Limited Edition 4-disc Lament Configuration Box \| DVD Review \| Film @ The Digital Fix Hellraiser: Limited Edition 4-disc Lament Configuration Box By Kevin Gilvear Kevin Gilvear Film Extras Extras #Audio Commentaries, #Featurettes, #Interviews, #Trailers and TV Spots, #Still Galleries, #Screensaver, #Draft Script (DVD-Rom), #Easter Egg Soundtracks English 2.0, English 5.1, English DTS Subtitles English for the Hard of Hearing. I exhausted myself bringing you this review so you better appreciate it you pinheads. :DKev The face of horror changed in 1987 when author Clive Barker made his impressive debut as director when he unveiled Hellraiser to the world. Based upon his short story The Hellbound Heart the film told of pain, pleasure, desire and everything one would do to attain the delights each can offer. It wasn't just the gory effects that grabbed attention, what made the film truly memorable was the introduction of Barker's Cenobites - creatures from hell, who have chosen to sacrifice their bodies, contort and abuse them in the pursuit of ultimate pleasure. They explore and experience things that no man has ever dreamed, until the cursed box is placed in hand, the lament configuration which has formed one of the main staples within the Hellraiser mythology. The success of the first film ensured a successful sequel, and another, and another. To date there are eight films in total and the franchise doesn't look as though it is going to slow down any time soon. The series of films have turned the Cenobites into cinematic, horror icons, the likes of which have never been seen since. Clive Barker's extraordinary visions have disturbed and entertained for years and he has clearly demonstrated over time that he deserved to be labelled one of the greatest masters of modern horror. For the first time on UK DVD fans can enjoy Hellraiser, Hellbound: Hellraiser II and Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth completely un-cut, along with a slew of great extras. So I hope those of you reading will enjoy my reviews and subsequent break down of each disc from Anchor Bay�s simply marvellous collection. Let's begin. Hellraiser (1987) 93 Minutes. Starring: Andrew Robinson, Clare Higgins, Ashley Laurence, Sean Chapman, Oliver Smith, Robert Hines, Doug Bradley, and Grace Kirby. Directed by: Clive Barker. Frank Cotton (Sean Chapman) thought he had experienced everything, but none of his desires can equal the fate that awaits him. Soon after purchasing a mysterious puzzle box he takes it home to unlock its hidden secrets. Upon solving the puzzle the box opens the gateway from hell and Frank is met by its inhabitants - the Cenobites, who literally tear his soul apart. Some time passes and Frank's older brother, Larry (Andrew Robinson) moves into the very same house with his wife, Julia (Clare Higgins). They discover that Frank had been living there at some point but has since fled. Larry's daughter, Kirsty (Ashley Laurence) visits him and Julia, her step-mother with whom she shares an awkward relationship but insists on making an effort to get along for her dad�s sake. While moving in furniture, Larry accidentally cuts his hand on a nail, seeping into the floorboards of the third floor room the blood awakens Frank's body, much to Julia's horror as she is the one to make the gruesome discovery. Frank has a favour to ask of Julia and it's not going to end pretty. Hellraiser must have the quickest set up of all time, no sooner have you sat down do events begin to unfold with its opening taster of what is to come later making a compelling argument for your time. Clive Barker debuts with this oddly paced tale of horror in high fashion. While I doubt some of his directorial choices I have to hand it to him that he knows good horror. Seventeen years on and the film holds up remarkably well, particularly in terms of visual effects. Some are better than others (you'll notice a rig behind the wall-crawler) but overall they are impressive for a low budget film and it is crucial they work as well as they do. The film isn't a conventional one in any real sense, it is a horror like no other and not only is this because of its creatures and imaginative effects but also because it deals a lot more with character relationships and passion than any other film of its genre I've seen. There are films that have successfully done this in the past, but here Barker really focuses on aspects that are important to the tale, without having to be over the top, it focuses on romantic storytelling, not to mention family atmosphere that make up most of the film. This is as much of a psychological piece on torture as it is a screaming horror but Hellraiser is always effective, using equal parts of drama and horror Barker even throws in some very dry and dark humour which add to the entertainment. Everyone immediately thinks of Pinhead (Doug Bradley) and company whenever these films are mentioned and the reason being is that these creatures are quite literally stunning. Going back to what I mentioned about the odd pacing, well it is during the latter moments of the film that things take a complete turn for the worse (meaning better). For most of the run time things are carefully carried out, everything is working its way toward the final act, we get flashes of Cenobite activity but the finale is where they come into play. Remembering that these are secondary characters and aren't really meant to demonstrate what the Hellraiser films are about they are nonetheless essential and their presence brings forth that discomfort and philosophical nature that lay dormant for the first hour. When Julia kills innocent victims there are certain unpleasant moments but nothing prepares you for the final act when we see these curious, highly intelligent, sado masochists grace the screen. Hellraiser is uneven in places but what it lacks in tighter pacing it makes up for with an unnerving atmosphere and a great pay off during the finale. 9/10 The DVD Menu Anchor Bay has done a great job in providing some atmospheric menu screens. From the disc's opening you must click on the lament configuration puzzle box in order to access the main screen. After hearing Pinhead speak you are taken to the main menu that plays some eerie sounds, with chains behind heard in the background, amplified through the rear speakers. If you leave the menu for about 1-minute you will automatically get a screensaver that features the moving box. Good stuff. Picture Presented in its original aspect ratio of 1.78:1 and anamorphically enhanced, Hellraiser looks great, given its age and budget. There is a noticeable amount of grain present, not to mention slight softness in areas but on the other hand it exhibits good colourisation, with almost solid black levels. The film isn't without its dosage of gore and reds hold up very well, with no colour bleeding from those stark colours (somewhat of a pun intended). 8/10 Sound We're given three main audio options: stereo 2.0, Dolby Digital 5.1 surround and DTS. After sampling each track I opted for the latter and found the DTS mix to be satisfying, though in reality there is little to separate this and the other tracks save for a much louder experience. All the tracks offer the same in terms of rear speaker activity so when it comes down to it the DTS comes out on top for being the more aggressive option, how much you enjoy it depends on whether or not you mind disturbing your neighbours. Those requiring them will be pleased to know that optional English subtitles for the hard of hearing are provided. 8/10 There are no subtitles available for the extra features. Audio Commentary with Clive Barker, Pete Atkins and Ashley Laurence This is located in the audio set-up screen. The commentary was recorded for Anchor Bay's original R1 release and has the group discussing the film 15 years after its debut. It's a lively track with each member offering a lot of insight into the production of the film; Clive Barker shares some honest thoughts about the final cut, acknowledging it as a product of its time, while Ashley Laurence helps him out with some enthusiastic comments. Pete Atkins brings up many questions to spur on Barker and the track rarely ceases at all. Audio Commentary with Clive Barker Also found in the audio set-up screen, this features Barker by himself. Here he covers much of the same ground as before but this time he is also allowed more time to discuss the film's narrative flow and character sensibilities. He also discusses filming on a low budget and effects designs. It's a decent track that covers many bases. On-set Interview with Director Clive Barker This short piece of approximately 6-minutes features an interview with Clive Barker, on the set of his debut. He comes across as very energetic, with much enthusiasm about his upcoming film. Certainly he shows a deep interest in the subject matter and offers some serious thoughts on it. There are also interviews with Clare Higgins, Andrew Robinson and Ashley Laurence who all have no idea how the film will turn out but all seem excited about working on it. Trailers and TV Spots Here you can view the first and second original theatrical trailers, the US theatrical trailer, the international trailer and US TV spots. Featurettes : Hellraiser: Resurrection Running for nearly 25-minutes this highly enjoyable featurette has cast and crew members taking a trip down memory lane. From the opening Clive Barker lets us know that this will be the last time he talks about the film as he's exhausted himself over the years discussing it, so with good humour and for one last time he delivers some interesting opinions on Hellraiser. Joining him in separate interviews are Doug Bradley, Ashley Laurence, Oliver Smith, Nicholas Vince, Simon Bamford, Bob Keen and Christopher Young. Under the Skin: Doug Bradley on Hellraiser At 12 and half minutes, this brand new feature, recorded this year has Doug Bradley talking about his career and experiences on the film that gave him immortality onscreen. Doug has always been fond of his character and recalls a time when he was originally offered the choice of playing a Cenobite or a removal man. His choice paid off. Storyboards The first set of storyboards feature 12-pages of material. Unfortunately the handwriting on these pages is difficult to read but not a bad addition anyway. The second storyboard option is "The Birth of Frank". Selecting this will play out the 2-minute sequence in which Frank comes back from the dead, accompanied by various storyboards that pop up to show the original conceptualisation of the scene. Stills Gallery This is made up of three separate sections. Firstly there is "Behind the Scenes", which is made up of various on-set shots, including cast, crew, props and make-up. The second is "Make-up and SFX photos". These are predominantly test shots and final shots of the Cenobites. Lastly is "Promotional Material". Here you can view black and white stills, French stills, German stills, Japanese poster art and UK stills. Draft Screenplay This is a DVD-Rom feature which enables you to view the original screenplay by placing the disc in your PC. Screen Saver This is an option to view the screen saver without having to wait for the main menu to play it. 9/10 Hellbound: Hellraiser II (1988) 99 Minutes. Starring: Clare Higgins, Ashley Laurence, Kenneth Cranham, Imogen Boorman, William Hope, Sean Chapman, Oliver Smith, Doug Bradley, and Barbie Wilde. Directed by: Tony Randel. Kirsty (Ashley Laurence) awakens in a psychiatric hospital and remembers the horrific events that caused the death of her family. She informs a police officer of her ordeal and the Cenobites who chased her through the gates of hell, but naturally he dismisses her claims and leaves Kirsty in her doctor�s care. Her story grabs the attention of Dr. Channard (Kenneth Cranham), the head of the institute who unbeknownst to everyone else around him has been researching the mysteries of the lament configuration for many years. Kirsty warns him about the mattress upon which Julia (Clare Higgins) died, for she can resurrect herself should the blood of others spill onto it, and so the good doctor sets out to make it so by mercilessly using his patients as bait. He also uses the talents of one of his patients - a young, mute girl named Tina (Imogen Boorman) who he hands the puzzle box to, in order to open the gates of hell... Re-uniting most of the cast members from Hellraiser and picking up right after the events of said film, Hellbound immediately sets off in first gear. The set up in which Kirsty is held in her room works as a frustrating moment because we already know she is telling the truth and director, Tony Randel works with this tense build up to a successful degree. While the themes of the original are prevalent here, so is an all new take on the mythology with regards to the film's main focus being on the opening of hell and much of the events taking place there. The Cenobites are given more screen time and they serve not only as secondary figures (as they considered to be in Hellraiser) but they also provide several key moments that help us to understand a little more about them. This is the first time that we get to properly witness their origins, or at least part of them - clearly by now it is something that is meant to be explored, that Barker wishes to explain over a certain period of time, and this he does furthermore (albeit poorly) with Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth, but more on that later. The climactic events of this film shows the Cenobites in a new light, all the more satisfactory given their outlook and options when they find themselves up against a new threat. Hellbound basically builds upon the foundations set up in the first film and this is what makes it in my opinion a very worthy successor. Not only does the storyline develop but it also becomes a lot more graphic in terms of violence and torture. This sequel concentrates on the aspects of hell and what those who desire to go there will meet - namely their own private hell that consists of everything they're afraid of but must endure for eternity. Taking on a more surrealistic nature than Hellraiser it goes on to break some rules and introduce some very twisted ideas that can only have come from the mind of Barker himself. Hellbound is an underrated and worthy sequel in the franchise, before things started to get shaky with the introduction of part three. Films like this aren't made any more, and more to the point few would even get away with what the first two films in this franchise managed to achieve. Solid, twisted movie making. 8/10 The DVD Menu Much like the Hellraiser disc this one also starts off by introducing the lament configuration puzzle box, before going on to the main menu screen. The atmosphere of the first disc is present here, along with some new background stills featuring the Cenobites. Working in the same way as the previous disc is the screensaver. This is another lovingly created menu from the folks at Anchor Bay. Picture Like the first film, presented in an anamorphic 1.78:1 aspect ratio Hellbound is another great effort. The same basic complaints levelled at the Hellraiser transfer apply, black levels could have been a little deeper and there is still a healthy amount of grain present. Still, I won't say that grain ever really detracts from a film, particularly one as old as this which has been shot on a fairly low budget (though considerably higher than its predecessor). Fans will be delighted with the overall presentation of the film in all its uncut glory. 8/10 Sound We get a choice of Stereo 2.0, 5.1 and DTS. Again I opted to view the film in DTS and I have to say it sounds rather good, though very similar to the other tracks. Like Hellraiser this simply adds a little more oomph but doesn't take full advantage of separating surround effects. Every speaker just sounds loud, it's a case of DTS not always being the preferred choice as having compared it to the other two I am indifferent as to which I think is best. 8/10 None of the extras on this disc are subtitled. Audio Commentary with Tony Randel, Ashley Laurence and Pete Atkins This is located in the audio set-up menu and has the director, star and writer discuss the production of the film. Although there a few noticeable pauses the commentary is lively enough, though Ashley Laurence is happy to sit there and let Tony and Pete take over, until they give her enough nods. When she gets more involved she offers some good insight into the acting process and speaks of her excitement working on the feature. Tony voices his opinions on the finished piece and while he isn�t entirely happy with the way several scenes turned out he is generally pleased with his debut. The trio manage to tell us several stories during production, with perhaps the best and most amusing one being when Barry Norman visited the set. Audio Commentary with Tony Randel and Pete Atkins This is a decent commentary, although I can't say that I learned much more than I did from the first one. Interviews There are two on-set interviews here. The first runs for approximately 3 and a half minutes and has Clive Barker talking about his latest creation with a lot of enthusiasm. The second runs for just over 4 and a half minutes and features good but brief interviews with Clive Barker, Clare Higgins, Ashley Laurence, Imogen Boorman and Kenneth Cranham. The cast seem to be enjoying themselves for the sequel, with several returning members who are glad to be back. Trailers and TV Spots Here you will find 4 theatrical trailers and a collection of TV Spots. Featurettes : Hellbound: Lost in the Labyrinth A recent feature, running for 17-minutes - this has Clive Barker, Doug Bradley, Ashley Laurence, Bob Keen, Tony Randel, Peter Atkins, Simon Bamford, Nicholas Vince, Oliver Smith and Christopher Young discussing the making of the sequel. There are plenty of new things for fans to learn about the films and again it's nice to see some genuinely honest reactions from all involved. Under the Skin: Doug Bradley on Hellraiser II Doug returns for his second, frank interview on the series and again he proves to be a man of many words, though the years of answering the same questions seem to be taking their toll on him. It will please fans to know that Doug finally puts to rest the age old question regarding the "lost" Cenobite surgeon scene that was in fact never shot, but caused controversy when an image featuring the Cenobites in surgical uniforms made it on to the cover of a VHS rental edition in the United States. Will Doug ever tire of talking about Pinhead? Who knows but he has accepted it as being a huge part of his life and his contribution to this set continues to be much appreciated. Stills Gallery Here you can look at various stills from around the world that includes France, Japan, the UK and the US. The collection is quite small and far from impressive but you can't complain over their presence. Draft Screenplay Like disc 1, by inserting this into your DVD-Rom drive you will be given access to the film's script. Screen saver This is exactly the same as the first disc, with a slightly different score playing. 9/10 Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth (1992) 93 Minutes. Starring: Terry Farrell, Paula Marshall, Kevin Bernhardt, Doug Bradley, Ken Carpenter and Ashley Laurence. Directed by: Anthony Hickox. Joey Summerskill (Terry Farrell) is a struggling reporter, desperate for her first big scoop that seems to be just around the corner. After finishing a report one night at a hospital she witnesses a young man being carted into the emergency ward, covered in blood and with chains attached to his body. Soon she and the hospital staff witness his gruesome death as his flesh is torn apart by forces unseen. Terry immediately sees this as a huge story and proceeds to track down the girl who accompanied the man before running off. She soon tracks the girl, Terri (Paula Marshall) to the "The Boiler Room", which she learns is owned by Terri's ex-boyfriend, J.P. Munroe (Kevin Bernhardt). J.P. has recently purchased a statue that contains the souls of the dead, including Pinhead (Doug Bradley) himself. It's not long before Pinhead's persuasive abilities convince J.P. to kill and bring him back into the world of the living. The series gets Americanized for this third outing - Oh man, where did it all go wrong? In what looks to be some sort of crazed attempt at trying to appease the MTV generation, Hell on Earth takes the series into unchartered territory and looks more like an overlong music video, filled with rubbish rock anthems and raving teens. There is a little more to the film than that but it's a class example of interesting concept over failed execution. The opportunity to follow up Hellbound by continuing Pinhead's origins should have ensured a film of utmost importance but director, Anthony Hickox, although bringing Pinhead forcefully into the foreground manages to overlook much about his character, in favour of playing around with new and frustrating ideas within the Hellraiser universe. Clive Barker is on hand as producer but it seems evident that he actually has little to do here in overseeing the work. It became all too apparent early on that Pinhead had by now become an iconic figure and therefore it was only a matter of time before he had a larger role to carry a film. The problem here is that the director and writer have taken everything that Pinhead stands for and twisted things more than they needed to be. Pinhead loses much of what made his character interesting in the previous films and much more emphasis is placed on having him spout out quick witted quips, some of which may be memorable but simply don't provide any kind of development. For a film that could have been a good origin piece, it fails at almost every opportunity to give us a better played story of Pinhead and his descent into hell. We've come to learn that in order for a person to become a Cenobite they must have a desire to be one. In Hell on Earth one of the big twists is that as soon as Pinhead is released from his pillar of souls he is no longer tied to hell and its rules concerning the lament configuration. This means that he is free to rebel and create an army of Cenobites just for the sheer fun of it - out with the old and in with the new. The Cenobites here are amongst the most unimaginative I've seen in the series, each featuring modernised face lifts pertaining to technology. They are the least grotesque creatures to date and bring down the series' inventiveness. This new addition to the storyline almost makes a joke out of Pinhead, who now acts like a child with a new toy. Maybe that's the point but to me it makes his character less credible, and worse so when he goes about shouting too often, losing much of his old, reserved self. There should at least have been some interesting religious factors to play with, particularly toward the end of the film when Pinhead enters a church but it is glossed over considerably and Hickox's depiction of what would appear to be Pinhead as the antichrist is poorly handled, and over acted by Bradley, again with Pinhead being taken to an unnecessary extreme. As a precursor to this scene we see some very poor action sequences - series after series of elaborate explosions that look like they are elaborate explosions, with actress Terry Farrell (who is decent in her role, with Laurence being sorely missed by now) looking considerably lost and slightly unconvincing as she runs through a deserted street that has been poorly edited together. Hell on Earth isn't without its great moments. It does start off well and has some solid performances but I just can't help but feel that it is a shame the film wandered off course and got lost. 5/10 The DVD Menu The menu here is different from the previous two. The main screen consists of the pillar, spinning around while music plays in the background. The least visually interesting effort in the set. Picture The film is presented for the first time in its original 1.78:1 aspect ratio and enhanced for wide-screen televisions. For the most part it looks about the best of the three in terms of stronger colour and detail, though grain is still present. One minor thing is that Anchor Bay has re-inserted footage from a different master in order to provide the most complete cut available. Fans will be pleased by this but on a personal level I don't find the added scenes to be of any major value and they neither improve the film or make it worse. They are however distracting because of their low quality, VHS-like appearance, with very dark, tinted colour levels and overall soft quality. Still, they are short scenes and only make up a couple of minutes of footage, if that. 8/10 Sound There's no cutting corners here. Anchor Bay give the film the same treatment as the previous ones, with options of either 2.0, 5.1 or DTS. No prizes for guessing which mix I opted for as once again the DTS mix proves to offer a pleasant, audible experience. The rears get fairly active with explosion effects and subtle background noises, while the front speakers handle dialogue very well. The score is also given an added boost, with some great use of the famous Hellraiser theme. 8/10 There are no subtitles for these. Audio Commentary with Anthony Hickox and Doug Bradley This is really great, perhaps my favourite track of the set. Right from the opening shot we hear the duo cracking jokes and getting into the spirit of things, and from here onward they maintain a very entertaining discussion. What I like in these tracks, and from what I've said earlier is how honest they are. Hickox and Bradley overlook many faults with the film, particularly ones that I have the biggest problems with but on the other hand they do point out several other flaws, or at least Doug does more so with regards to his character's make up and delivery. Hickox points out some nice shots and he also notices the newly inserted footage, which he appears to be impressed with. Both contributors are very easy going, they have a lot of fun, sipping cokes, smoking and enjoying the experience all over again. Under the Skin: Doug Bradley on Hellrasier III Running close to 14-minutes this new interview segment provides some very interesting facts, as Doug goes about explaining the original ideas for the film, as invented by Clive Barker but just weren't meant to be. He does go on to say that it was the best experience he's ever had on a Hellraiser set and seems to be very fond overall of this particular film. Raising Hell on Earth: Interview with Anthony Hickox This interview also runs for approximately 14-minutes. Here Anthony Hickox discusses securing the directing gig for the film, a task which he was all too happy to take on. He shares some fond memories and even hints at wanting to direct a new Hellraiser film. On-set Interview with Clive Barker and Doug Bradley This runs for just over 5-minutes and features Clive Barker talking up this new instalment with great enthusiasm, but obviously he hadn't seen the final product at that point. Try as he might to entice cinema goers he can't prepare us for the ultimate disappointment. Doug Bradley talks about the new direction taken with Pinhead and his origins, mentioning his freedom on Earth but I just don't share the same sentiments toward his character as he does here. Trailer Only the one trailer this time and it�s the theatrical version. Stills Gallery Another watered down gallery here. It would be nice to have had a much more extensive gallery, but it is better than nothing. We get 13 stills, ranging from behind the scenes and graphic novel covers to make-up shots. Screensaver Featuring the cube once more, this time it moves about with a scene of the club playing in the background, at the end of which we hear a memorable quote from Pinhead. Easter Egg On the main menu keep pressing right, scrolling through each option until you highlight a blue puzzle box at the top of the screen. This will take you to roughly 50 seconds of behind the scenes and make-up footage. 8/10 Bonus Disc This disc does not feature subtitles. Clive Barker fans will be pleased to know that Anchor Bay have included two of his early short films. Early Short 1: Clive Barker's "Salome", Featuring Interviews with Clive Barker, Pete Atkins and Doug Bradley This runs for approximately 26-minutes and is hosted by director, Peter Whittle. It starts with Clive Barker being interviewed and discussing how he became involved with underground film-making during the 70's. The film itself is a very experimental piece, with Barker putting a new twist on the tale, more so in the visuals that he uses instead of dialogue. Filmed in black and white and featuring an atmospheric score the film is an interesting one, with some bizarre and effective images. The old, worn, grainy look it has attained over the years aids it well and clearly the talent involved made a good, first impression. I wouldn't say it was a particularly great film, being very hit and miss but it is a good example of low budget, highly driven movie making. Early Short 2: Clive Barker's "The Forbidden", Featuring Interviews with Clive Barker, Pete Atkins and Doug Bradley Continuing the same feature, and running for 48-minutes this opens with Clive Barker introducing the film and its influence. Based upon the tale of "Faust" this short is noticeably more ambitious than Salome with Barker and his close friends pushing themselves harder to achieve their desired shots. This was a trial and error run that had them coming up with ways to create certain effects that they were pleased with, effects that would be done any number of ways given a larger budget. Clive also discusses trying to get the film funded and reactions to it afterward, particular toward the skinning scene which was created by using several layers of dry paint. This film is clearly reflected in Clive Barker's future efforts, particularly Hellraiser, not only in terms of visual look but also certain themes. There's a bit too much of naked dancing man though. Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth Anchor Bay has included this film as an extra, for the reason being that they just had it. Curious to know I asked producer Marc Morris (Anchor Bay UK DVD producer) if he could explain it: "When the original Hellraiser III master arrived, it was the same cut edition as had previously been seen (although in this case at least it was 16:9 enhanced). It was because of this that the original uncut 4:3 version was to be included as a bonus feature, until I suggested a restoration was done with the new master. By that time, the other disc had already been replicated. Still, if people watch the original version, they'll see just how much better the brand new master is." 6/10 The Packaging Anchor Bay has provided several versions for this release. Aside from the films being individually released in amaray cases they have also put all three together in a digi-pack. But that's not all, for the collector out there, especially the Hellraiser completists amongst you there is a limited edition lament configuration box, which houses all three films plus the exclusive bonus disc. I never expected the box to be anything truly magical, a lavish wooden set would have been out of the question and bonus chains even more so. The final result is one that has both positive and negative points. Aesthetically the box looks great; certainly a nice piece to place on the shelf but on closer inspection you will begin to notice its flaws. The box alignment is slightly off, when closed completely the sides still poke out a little, leaving gaps in each corner. After taking the lid off the sides drop down to reveal each disc placed on the reverse of each side. The box is flimsy and you must take care to look after it. Of further note, the disc holders are too tight, making it difficult to take out the discs due to having to prize them out as there are no pressers. I now have a crack running from one edge of the centre ring to the other edge on my Hellraiser disc, as well as a small crack forming on Hellraiser II: Hellbound - very disappointing. Much like the third film it�s a nice concept but poorly implemented. Located at the base of the box is a colour booklet. This starts off with an introduction by Clive Barker, followed by a mini biography that leads to the Hellraiser films. On the back of the booklet are chapter stop listings for all three films. 4/10 Overall This Hellraiser collection is perhaps Anchor Bay's finest release to date. The sheer dedication they have demonstrated toward these great films is remarkable and commendable, and though I have extreme reservations over the lament packaging it is what�s inside that impresses the most, with each title looking and sounding better than ever you also get more extras than you can shake a rusty Cenobite at.	Hell on Earth
What was the title of Maria McKee’s only UK number 1, due to it’s use in the film Days Of Thunder?	Hellraiser Triple Feature \| DVD Review \| Slant Magazine Hellraiser Triple Feature Comments (0) Selling people junk in bulk isn’t a new sales tactic, but in the case of this Hellrasier box set, which bundles together the third, fourth, and fifth entries from the popular horror series, it feels especially cruel. Though the Hellraiser films were never really capable of properly conceiving their own grisly visions of gore-soaked BDSM sex fantasies, none of these three sequels have the novel charm of their predecessors. The series, produced by creator Clive Barker until Hellraiser: Inferno, had by the time of the third film entered permanent creative reruns. No matter where he is, in Hellraiser: Hell on Earth‘s decadent New York or Hellraiser: Bloodline‘s outer space, the villainous Pinhead (Doug Bradley) is always spluttering about how all-powerful he is. He does this while ripping the skin off of his victims using his signature black chains and fishhooks. Complaining that a conceit isn’t scary is surely the last bastion of stumped horror fans everywhere, but Barker’s baddy isn’t even a little frightening. Then again, Pinhead was never designed to be anything more than a hypersexual, bondage suit-clad update of H.P Lovecraft’s Elder Gods. Traditional morality doesn’t apply to Pinhead: “There is no good, there is no evil[…]there is only flesh.” He accordingly floats around torturing anyone with even a slight interest in hedonistic pursuits. Pinhead’s always thwarted when his victims figure out how to manipulate the Lament Configuration, an intricate toy box that alternately summons and banishes Pinhead to and from Earth. In that sense, the trouble with these films is that they’re just extremely tacky variations on an already lame formula. Barker wasn’t even able to make the first Hellraiser an unnerving, blood-soaked chiller. As in his source novella, The Hellbound Heart, Barker has a nasty habit of building up the action in the first film and losing his edge in a series of diarrhetic climaxes that proved his lack of creativity. The same is true of Hellraiser: Hell on Earth, where you can almost imagine an even more infantilized version of Barker’s authorial voice narrating events if you’re bored enough: “And then these hooks come out and they rip the skin off the girl and Pinhead’s laughing and there’s, like, blood everywhere and she’s moaning and Pinhead shoves her between his legs and absorbs her energy and the sculpture he’s trapped in starts oozing and breaking apart and there’s blood and it looks like cum and sex stuff but horrifying sex stuff.” Even with Barker at the helm, the Hellraiser series was always stillborn, so it’s no surprise that its later sequels’ attempts to expand the franchise’s mythology proved futile. For instance, while Hellraiser: Inferno is clearly just an unrelated, Z-grade version of Shutter Island that was rewritten to include Pinhead, both Hellraiser: Hell on Earth and Hellraiser: Bloodline give Pinhead and the Lament Configuration a backstory. In Hellraiser: Hell on Earth, Terri (Paula Marshall), the daughter of the WWI soldier that would later become Pinhead, tries to set her restless father’s spirit free, but only after she watches a man’s head explode while blue electricity shoots out of a set of chains dug into his flesh. Similarly in Hellraiser: Bloodline, Paul Merchant (Bruce Ramsay), the far-flung descendant of Philippe L’Merchant (also Ramsay), the original creator of the Lament Configuration, must stop Pinhead in a space station in the year 2127. After explaining—spoiler alert!—how his ancestors unsuccessfully fought Pinhead through a series of flashbacks that comprise the vast majority of the film’s narrative, Merchant stops Pinhead by reconfiguring the space station into a giant cube that looks like the Lament Configuration. The series may have vaulted over several sharks by this point, but a line of dialogue as cheesy as “Pain has a face, allow me to show it to you. Gentlemen, I am pain” could have just as easily been taken from Barker’s first Hellraiser movie. Creative stagnation is the real killer in these sequels, though their terrible dialogue and lousy acting certainly help. Image/Sound Echo Bridge did nothing to clean up the image quality on all three films, which all look as if they were ripped from high-quality VHS tapes. The audio soundtracks aren't much better: The monaural soundtrack on all three films is sufficient, but the individual dialogue and sound effects tracks would have benefited from some cleaning up. The post-dubbed dialogue soundtrack on Hellraiser: Bloodline sounds especially tinny. Extras There are no special features included in Echo Bridge's new bargain-bin release, but then again, what would you expect from a release that crams together three films on a single double-sided disc? Overall The Hellraiser Triple Feature box set is guaranteed to give you buyer's remorse. Image	i don't know
What was the catchphrase of the Hanna-Barbera character Snagglepuss?	Snagglepuss \| Hanna-Barbera Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia So much for "See 7 States from Rock City" (the barn quilts around Caledonia, MN) So many bars. so little time (the 3rd Street bar district in LaCrosse, WI and the "bar jacket" culture so surrounding) Eat your heart out, Walmart; Family Dollar, even (as in discovering Horsfall's Variety Store in Lansing, IA; reference is made to Scoots of the Cattanooga Cats and his Magic Crayon) Imagination DOES exist beyond Disneyland (The House on the Rock, Spring Green, WI; first encounter with another Hanna-Barbera character on the side--in this instance, The King from Heyyy, It's the King!) The last easy-listening station on the radio? (wherein Our Host discovers the easy-listening tones of KNXR-FM in Rochester, MN--and encountering Mr. Jinx in treatment at the Mayo Clinic in that same city, over luncheon) A most unlikely venue in the annals of rock, and in an equally-unlikely place (as in the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake, IA; the Cattanooga Cats are performing there as well during Snagglepuss' visit) "But then again, it's all about the water" (which finds Snagglepuss in Iowa's Lake Okoboji region ... as well as finding his cousin, Snaggletooth, running an "old school" resort on East Lake Okoboji) Least Unlikely(?) to Play the Corn Palace (as finds Snagglepuss at the Corn Palace in Mitchell, SD, crossing paths with The Banana Splits in the bargain) Corny signs, Free Ice Water, 5-cent coffee--and what else exactly? (wherein we find Snagglepuss at the Wall Drug Store in Wall, SD--with Ricochet Rabbit and Droopalong Coyote encountered in the bargain) Try not to laugh at the very name of Duluth for once (as finds Snagglepuss in Duluth, MN, where he encounters the CB Bears with somewhat funsensical consequences) Highway 61 Not Yet Revisited (with apologies to Bob Dylan) (as continues his previous such with the CB Bears, only this time along the North Shore of Lake Superior and unto the Gunflint Trail in northern Minnesota's Boundary Waters region) Cold enough for you, or not so? (finding Our Boy in "the Icebox of the Nation," none other than International Falls, MN--with Crazy Claws in the bargain) So this is where it all begins? (at the headwaters of the Mississippi River, Itasca State Park, MN--with Huckleberry Hound as well) So this is what Main Street must be like (finding Snagglepuss at the Original Main Street in Sauk Centre, MN, as immortalised by Sinclair Lewis--with Motormouse and Autocat in the bargain, it turns out) The bread which built a university (discovering the legendary "Johnnie Bread" from St. John's University in Collegeville, MN--and the fact of several fellow Hanna-Barberians, especially the Speed Buggy crew, taking a shine to it) Somewhat (literally) cheesy (a stop at the retail outlet of the Bongards [MN] Creamery turns into a choice encounter with Atom Ant being able to hold up several boxes of its process cheese loaf) Powah Shopping to Da Max (finding him at the Mall of America in Bloomington, MN alongside some of Hanna-Barbera's female types on a shopping [mis]adventure galore) Looking for a lost love in a most unlikely milieu (as in discovering his long-lost girlfriend Lyla during a tubing trip down the Apple River near Somerset, WI) Trying not to be cheesy in Wisconsin (obviously) (with a choice run-in unto Hokey Wolf and Ding-A-Ling in Colby, WI--as in Colby cheese, naturally--seeking advice on setting up a not-so-campy cheese shop) A most mysteriously unlikely crossing (otherwise known as the crossing of Latitude 45°0'00" north and Longitude 90°0'00" west in Marathon County, WI on a moonlit, if cloudy, night) Huddles has been found--in Titletown, of all places (as in a chance run-in with the Rhinos from Where's Huddles? at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, WI) Where getting wet can actually be rather fun (as finds him with Jabberjaw's house band, The Neptunes, at one of the waterparks as made Wisconsin Dells famous in recent years) One unlikely gold mine of comedy gag fodder galore (continuing in Wisconsin Dells, only to meet up with Crazy Claws, its resident standup gagman from the Hanna-Barbera set, and thus learns just how ideal the Dells is as a source of comedy gags) This gets really deep, spiritual even (as in a run-in with Winsome Witch at the Wonewoc [WI] Spiritualist Assembly) Some random thoughts on the journey so far (essentially a recap of highlights from previous journeys, and dropping hints on a new series of misadventures from the road) Continuing on Route 66, with the occasional detour (beginning a new series of misadventures on the classical version of Route 66, beginning at its traditional eastern end in Chicago) Onward unto Route 66! (as in the new set of experiences along Classic Route 66 westwards from Chicago, with stop in Bloomington, IL to stock up on Beer Nuts and a detour to Peoria, as in "will it play in--?") Route 66 Ahoy! (finding Snagglepuss back on 66 via Springfield, IL ("Mr. Lincoln's Hometown") towards St. Louis, with the biggest dilemma being how to get into the Gateway to the West) They don't call it "America's Cave" for nothing (as in an excursion to Missouri's Meramec Caverns as part of the larger Route 66 excursion) Seeing the Magic Dragon via the Devil's Elbow (as in beginning a detour on his Route 66 expedition from Devil's Elbow, MO to Lake of the Ozarks, with The Great Grape Ape so encountered bathing) A most unlikely ending to the Lake of the Ozarks detour (as in Our Bhoy's managing to find, and hook up with, Sis from The Hanna-Barbera Happy Hour over lunch buffet before continuing on his way down Route 66) Back on Route 66, but not going to Branson (which continues the Route 66 road trip towards Springfield, MO, but rejecting a side trip to Branson in favour of some antiquing in Halltown) Looking beyond the desolation ... into the Spook Light, even! (still on Route 66, this time through a still-recovering Joplin, MO, not to mention the desolation of former lead- and zinc-mining areas of southeast Kansas ... and a side trip, with encounter with the Scooby-Doo and Goober and the Ghost Chasers crews investigating the legendary Hornet Spook Light just inside the Oklahoma line from Hornet, MO) Recovering from that encounter with the Spook Light, and more (back on Classic Route 66 through northeast Oklahoma, as in such communities as Miami, Vinita, Foyil and Claremore, with a brief stop at the Will Rogers Memorial) Is Tulsa Time really THAT fast? (as in the portion of Classic Route 66 encompassing Oklahoma's two largest cities, Tulsa and Oklahoma City, not to mention the Yukon's Best Flour Mill) Let's hope for Texas by sunset (still on Route 66 through western Oklahoma, with stops at the Oklahoma Route 66 Museum, the ghost town of Foss and supper at the Flying J Truck Stop in Sayre before sleeping off the night precisely on the Texas-Oklahoma line near Texola) Not Quite Tucumcari Tonite, but still a steak-dinner challenge awaits (combining, in one fell swoop, the "Tucumcari Tonite!" billboards and the famous Free 72-Oz. Steak Dinner Challenge from the Big Texan Steakhouse in Amarillo, TX; Ruff and Reddy put in a cameo appearence as well) Detour taken out of sentimental respect (finding Snagglepuss making a brief deviation from his Route 66 road trip to Melrose, New Mexico, as in the birthplace of a certain William Hanna --and finding nothing to show for it, alas) Heavens to Murgatroyd, it's TUCUMCARI TONITE! (inspired by the famous Route 66 billboards promoting Tucumcari, NM as the place to stay the night--and encountering Uncercover Elephant in the process, even joining him in supper at a local Mexican eatery) Is Clines Corners REALLY "worth stopping for," as they say on the billboards? (as in the famous Route 66 stop between Tucumcari and Albuquerque, with encounters with The Buford Files' Cindy Mae and The Galloping Ghost's Wendy) Finally, a right turn in Albuquerque (and no, not the political sort) (Wherein Snagglepuss drives through the Duke City along the traditional Route 66 alignment of Central Avenue, with a side trip to take in the view from Sandia Peak) Why you should never, under any circumstance, mock an Arizona agricultural inspector (as in that dreaded exercise of plant and produce inspection arriving Arizona--and how easy it turns out, without bribery) Petrified Forest Detour (apologies to Fred Harvey and the Santa Fe Railway) (pretty much self-explanatory, as in a drive through Petrified Forest National Park and Holbrook, AZ, not to mention a stop at the Jackrabbit Trading Post, a Route 66 legend) A corner of Route 66 most unlikely(?) to be famous (as in that of 2nd and Kinsley in Winslow, AZ immortalised by The Eagles in "Take It Easy" ... with a bonus encounter with Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels at a cafe on said corner) Trying not to forget Winona, in line with the songwriter's advice (as in the Route 66 Roadtrip, and paying a call on Winona, Arizona--now a shadow of past glory) And they say the Grand Canyon "is just gorges" (essentially a side trip to the Grand Canyon via Flagstaff, followed by parking for the night in Williams, Arizona) Where Route 66 is still Route 66, for all we know (as in that part of Classic Route 66 taking the long way between Seligman and Kingman, AZ, including a stop at Grand Canyon Caverns) One stretch of Route 66 as is obviously not for the squeamish (as in the pre-1953 stretch between Kingman and Topock, AZ via Sitgreaves Pass and the onetime gold-mining town of Oatman, legendary for steep downgrades, narrow roadways and worse) You'll never guess who I came across upon London Bridge in Lake Havasu City (as in the Hair Bear Bunch, as well as contact with Sis and Honey via cell phone and text message) Unto the Promised Land at last! (The California stretch of Route 66, from the Colorado River to its end in Santa Monica ... and a final celebratory bodysurf) Just some random thoughts before going on a much-deserved(?) break (giving "credit where credit is due" and thanks to a number of fellow Hanna-Barbera characters encountered on the Route 66 Road Trip) So what was I doing all this time? (summarising the holiday break after the end of his Route 66 Road Trip story arc) And Motherbu's calling for some reason (a journey to Malibu, the Mecca of big-wave surfing, just as the "dawn patrol" gets into session ) In which Our Bhoy finally gets a lesson on riding the Malibu longboard (self-explanatory, for the most part) So much for Motherbu (as heading down the Pacific Coast Highway for Venice Beach and its Boardwalk) Just helping an old friend on a crazy whim (as in an encounter with Huckleberry Hound to discuss plans to bring together many of Hanna-Barbera's characters to Fiesta weekend in Truth or Consequences, New Mexico) Of back-alley coffeehouses and other eclectic shopping precincts (explaining, in some way,a peculiar fondness within the Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera, so to speak, of the eclectic and the fascinating) "Save the date" is just the beginning (as in plans being devised with Huckleberry Hound for a major reunion at the Truth or Consequences Fiesta; also marks the resumption of weekly publication after a short stint of fortnightly such in this respect) Seems Truth or Consequences can get to be an eclectic sort of town (further researches with Huckleberry Hound relative to plans for the Fiesta conclave of Hanna-Barberadom) Return of your favourite "dream team" (otherwise known as the Snagglepuss- Mildew Wolf pairing from Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics , this time as co-narrators of a documentary film relating to the Hanna-Barbera contingent's presence at the Truth or Consequences Fiesta) Why our presence at Truth or Consequences Fiesta will not go unrecorded (explaining the nature and extent of the chronicling as will be ensuing of the Hanna-Barbera contingent's presence at the Truth or Consequences Fiesta, in particular through a "fly-on-the-wall" documentary film) Just a few words of thanks for the moment (self-explanatory, especially as an extended story arc involving the Truth or Consequences Fiesta approaches) I'll try to keep it brief (excusing the brevity of same because the Truth or Consequences Fiesta, and an ensuing fanfic arc) Just a few words about Truth or Consequences' hot spring waters ere I proceed (what can be considered the last of the Truth or Consequences Fiesta-related items; self-explanatory, for the most part) DEFINITELY a final farewell to T or C (which can be considered the end of the Fiesta-related story arc, and the beginning of another extended road trip misadventure) So it's back on the road again, folks (beginning another road trip series, this time driving north on I-25 through New Mexico north from Truth or Consequences) Not easy making head or tails of Santa Fe (as in the New Mexican capital city, and something of an acme of Southwest American chic--via Albuquerque, naturally) Killing senseless(?) time in Taos, New Mexico (inspired, obviously, by R. Dean Taylor's lesser 1972 hit "Taos, New Mexico," with a reworking thereof being the feature piece) Up towards Cripple Creek via Royal Gorge (with an encounter with Ruff and Reddy on the former as well) Back door to Pike's Peak (as in approaching the Pike's Peak area from Cripple Creek to Manitou Springs, via Cave of the Winds, with an excursion thus) Pike's Peak Cog Railway High (with apologies to the late John Denver) (as in the excursion up Pike's Peak via the Manitou and Pike's Peak Railway [and return], and the inevitable time on Pike's Peak's summit) All this from just a single block of granite! (alluding to the Will Rogers Shrine to the Sun outside Colorado Springs, followed by an excursion to the nearby Seven Falls) Conquering the legend that is Casa Bonita (as in Denver's legendary Mexican restaurant most campy; cameos with The Banana Splits and Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels to be had as well) Moving from the sublime ... to the SUBLIME! (otherwise known as climbing the Mt. Evans Highway outside Denver, followed by his heading towards Estes Park) A Tale of Two Parks (as in Estes Park, Colorado ... and the adjoining Rocky Mountain National Park, itself subject of much confusion. With cameo appearence by April Stewart , Skip Gilroy and Augie Anderson from The Funky Phantom as well) Steamboat Springs isn't just for winter anymore (discovering the hot-spring baths and pools of Steamboat Springs, Colorado, otherwise known as a popular winter-sport resort, followed by an artisan steak dinner) Let me take you down to Strawberry Park Hor Springs (as in the legendary "clothing-optional" hot springs near Steamboat Springs ... and an overnight encounter with Sis and Honey from The Hanna-Barbera Happy Hour in same) So much for finding the remnants of Bedrock (as in visiting Dinosaur National Monument near Vernal, UT, and trying not to be disappointed at not finding Bedrock's remnants in the diggings) Flaming Gorge or Flaming Gorgeous? (as in an excursion to the Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area on the Utah-Wyoming border, and the misadventures to be had there, including some paddleboarding) Heavens to J. C. Penney! (finding Snagglepuss "himself" at the "mother store" of the JCPenney department store chain in Kemmerer, Wyoming--with a few of Hanna-Barbera's feminine stars besides) "O Lyla, Where Art Thou?" (driving along US 189 between Kemmerer and Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and ruminating about his onetime ur-girlfriend, Lyla; the title is a play on the movie O Brother, Where Art Thou?) Lyla, There You Are--in Jackson Hole (finally encountering his on-again, off-again girlfriend from the past in a Jackson Hole cafe, and that which ensues) Les Bicyclettes de Jackson Hole (which continues from the previous week's encounter with Lyla, this time on a bicycle tour around Jackson Hole followed by an ascent on the Jackson Hole Aerial Tramway) "Impressive" ain't the half of it (Snagglepuss' time in Grand Teton National Park, and the misadventures so ensuing) This definitely isn't Jellystone (which finds Snagglepuss going through Yellowstone National Park, no less) Big Sky Country Ahoy! (as in a jaunt through such scions of Montana as Big Sky and Bozeman Hot Springs before heading eastbound on I-94) Driving through North Dakota, and yet not getting bored (with encounters in Medora, the North Dakota capital building in Bismarck and the world's tallest broadcasting tower [that of KVLY-TV at Blanchard, know] and driving down I-94 in Minnesota through the night) Rollin' down the tracks, eastbound and out (finding Snagglepuss in the company of Huckleberry Hound, the Hair Bear Bunch, Ruff and Reddy, Hokey Wolf, Ding-a-Ling, Magilla Gorilla, the Cattanooga Cats--and, in time, Crazy Claws--in leased private cars on Amtrak's Empire Builder between St. Paul and Chicago) So this is the 100th such! (Commemorating the 100th such episode, and extending general congratulations and thanks) Heavens to Chicago-style deep-dish pizza! (Reuniting the motley crew from the Twin Cities-Chicago train ride at the legendary Pizzeria Uno, the birthplace of Chicago deepdish pizza, for a pizza party and what not) Not Quite Down and Out in Chicago (as in some interesting encounter with Penelope Pitstop on the Wendella Boat Tour of Chicago, and a few other interesting Windy City escapades) Maybe it was time to consider heading southbound ... (finding Snagglepuss meeting up with Crazy Claws in Chicago, planting the seeds of a new story arc which will eventually take them down Florida way)	Snagglepuss
Ron Perlman plays which comic book superhero in 2 films of the Noughties?	Snagglepuss! - YouTube Snagglepuss! Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jan 11, 2007 Heavens to Murgatroid!	i don't know
Brother Bones' whistled version of which song is the Harlem Globetrotter's signature?	Harlem Globetrotters bringing 'Fans Rule' Tour to Arena \| Infinite Energy Center Harlem Globetrotters bringing 'Fans Rule' Tour to Arena By: Deanna Allen Published: Thursday, March 13, 2014 Brother Bones’ whistled version of “Sweet Georgia Brown” — the Harlem Globetrotters’ signature song — will be heard throughout the Arena at Gwinnett Center on Saturday. The exhibition basketball team, which combines athleticism, theater and comedy, will entertain Gwinnett fans with a game at 7:30 p.m. as the Globetrotters’ Blue Team brings the 2014 “Fans Rule” World Tour to the Arena. Before fans head out to the game, they have the opportunity to go online to www.harlemglobetrotters.com/rule and vote for a new rule that will be added to the game each quarter. “The fourth quarter is a live vote based on applause,” Globetrotter Buckets Blakes said. New rules include the following: • Make or Miss — This quarter starts with two players from each team. In order to get more players on the court the teams need to score. Each time a team scores, another player from that team may enter the court. However, for every shot the team misses they lose a player. • Hot Hand Jersey — Both teams will have a hot hand jersey they can pass among each other to wear during this quarter. The player wearing the jersey will be awarded double points when they score. • Trick Shot Challenge — Each team has three trick shot challenges during the quarter. If the team makes the trick shot challenge they get 5 points. If they miss, the other team gets the 5 points. • 6 on 5 — Five Globetrotters will play six opponents. • TWO Ball Basketball — Globetrotter basketball played with two balls at the same time. How does Buckets react to the new rules each quarter? “It’s actually fun,” he said. “You have these anticipatory feelings, you know excitement, so to speak. It’s exciting to have to improvise.” Buckets said his favorite rule is Hot Hands Jersey. “They call me Buckets cause I can score a lot of baskets,” he said. While scoring is important, there’s an entertainment factor to the game. “There’s an entertainment aspect of the game that allows you to kind of turn off the real seriousness of basketball for a second and entertain, then you have to turn it back on, the seriousness, because at the end of the day you want to win the game.” Audiences can expect an interesting approach to the game of basketball when the Globetrotters play. “They’re gonna get a chance to see some amazing basketball be played,” Buckets said. “They’re gonna see some trick shots close to the basket, from half court and maybe even from the stands. They’re gonna see lots of crowd participation.” After the game, fans will get the opportunity to meet the players and get autographs signed before the players head to the locker rooms. For more information on the event, visit www.gwinnettcenter.com.	Sweet Georgia Brown
Which Dan Brown novel is the first to feature Robert Langdon?	Goose Tatum \| The Harlem Globetrotters is an exhibition bask… \| Flickr The Harlem Globetrotters is an exhibition basketball team that combines athleticism and comedy. Created by Abe Saperstein in 1926 in Chicago, Illinois, the team adopted the name Harlem because of its connotations as a major African-American community. Over the years they have played more than 20,000 exhibition games in 118 countries. Brother Bones's whistled version of "Sweet Georgia Brown" is the team's signature song. Globie has been their mascot since 1993. Done	i don't know
In which US state is the Ivy League Brown University?	The 10 Best Universities in the United States Top Picks: Universities \| Public Universities \| Liberal Arts Colleges \| Engineering \| Business \| Art \| Women's \| Most Selective \| More Top Picks These comprehensive universities offer graduate degrees in fields such as liberal arts, engineering, medicine, business and law. For smaller colleges with more of an undergraduate focus, check out the list of top liberal arts colleges . I won't make the arbitrary distinctions needed to decide whether Harvard or Princeton or Stanford is the better school. Listed alphabetically, these ten universities have the reputations and resources to rank them among the best in the country. Compare Top Universities (non Ivy): SAT Scores \| ACT Scores Will You Get In? See if you have the grades and test scores you need to get into any of these top universities with this free tool from Cappex: Calculate Your Chances for These Top Universities Brown University Campus. Barry Winiker / Photolibrary / Getty Images Brown University Located in Providence Rhode Island, Brown University has easy access to both Boston and New York City. The university is frequently considered the most liberal of the Ivies, and it is well known for its flexible curriculum in which students construct their own plan of study. Brown, like Dartmouth College , places more emphasis on undergraduate study than you'll find at research powerhouses like Columbia and Harvard. Costs, aid, and other information: Brown profile continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States Low Library at Columbia. Photo Credit: Allen Grove Columbia University Strong students who love an urban environment should definitely consider Columbia University. The school's location in upper Manhattan sits right on a subway line, so students have easy access to all of New York City. Keep in mind that Columbia is a research institution, and only about a third of its 26,000 students are undergraduates. Duke University. cb2vi3 / flickr Duke University Duke's stunning campus in Durham, North Carolina , features impressive Gothic revival architecture in the campus center, and extensive modern research facilities spreading out from the main campus. With an acceptance rate in the teens, it is also the most selective university in the South. Duke, along with nearby UNC Chapel Hill and NC State , make up the "research triangle," an area purported to have the highest concentration of PhDs and MDs in the world. Costs, aid, and other information: Duke profile Harvard University. David Paul Ohmer / flickr Harvard University For better or worse, Harvard University almost always tops the rankings of national universities, and its endowment is by far the largest of any educational institution in the world. All of those resources bring some perks: students from families with modest incomes can attend for free, loan debt is rare, facilities are state of the art, and faculty are often world-renowned scholars and scientists. The university's location in Cambridge, Massachusetts, places it within an easy walk to other excellent schools such as MIT and Boston University . University of Pennsylvania. rubberpaw / Flickr University of Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin's university, Penn, is frequently confused with Penn State , but the similarities are few. The campus sits along the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, and Center City is just a short walk away. The University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School is arguably the strongest school of business in the country, and numerous other undergraduate and graduate programs place high in national rankings. With close to 12,000 undergraduates and graduate students, Penn is one of the larger Ivy League schools. Costs, aid, and other information: Penn profile Yale University. o2ma / flickr Yale University Like Harvard and Princeton, Yale University frequently finds itself near the top of rankings of national universities. The school's location in in New Haven, Connecticut, allows Yale students to get to New York City or Boston easily by road or rail. The school has an impressive 5 to 1 student / faculty ratio , and research and teaching are supported by an endowment of nearly $20 billion. Costs, aid, and other information: Yale profile Sample Cappex Scattergram. Image Courtesy of Cappex Will You Get In? See if you have the grades and test scores you need to get into one of these top universities with this free tool from Cappex: Calculate Your Chances of Getting In More Great Universities The universities listed here don't do justice to the wealth of great schools in the U.S. Also, this list has a clear focus on the Ivy League . For more top picks, check out this list of ten more great universities .	Providence, Rhode Island
Who actress played Sister Sarah Brown in the1955 musical film Guys and Dolls?	Brown University - Profile of Brown University Profile of Brown University Want to learn about Ivy League school Brown University? Here, see helpful information about the area, the school, and its history. Show transcript Hide transcript Transcript: Profile of Brown University Hi I'm Nick Jaynes for about.com and I'll be talking about one of the best schools in the country today, Brown University. Information About Brown University Brown is one of the most prestigious Ivy League schools located in the heart of Providence, Rhode Island.Brown is the 7th oldest college in the United States, and was founded in 1764. The school is now nestled on the east side of Providence, which has an eclectic and artistic culture. Nearby, Thayer Street contains not only a place to eat and drink, but the bookstore is conveniently located here. Providence, being the second largest city in New England is easy to explore on foot, and with RISD and the statehouse nearby, is a center for art, culture, and politics. Facts About Brown University Statistically speaking, the school consists of over 6,000 undergraduates, 2,000 graduate students and about 400 medical students. 93% of the applicants in the class of 2014 were in the top 10% of their high school class. Tuition, always on the ride, for this year is close to 40,000 dollars; with room and board it is an additional 11,000 dollars. While 50,000 per year may seem like a lot, the education you will receive here is second to none especially if you are in the medical program.Brown has one of the strongest medical programs in the country. The Alpert Medical School has been granting it's doctor of medicine since 1975, and has seven affiliated teaching hospitals. Together it attracts 213 million in sponsored research funding per year. More Facts About Brown University While Brown attracts top students from across the world for its educational value, its athletics program is actually pretty good. It has all the major sports, and a variety of others you wouldn't normally find elsewhere, such as fencing, squash, and water polo. There are also some very famous alumni who went on to have careers in sports. John W. Heisman, the namesake of the Heisman Trophy, graduated in 1891. Longtime sportscaster, Chris Berman also was also a Brown Bear. The list of graduates goes on and on ranging from mayors to Olympians. Philanthropist, John D Rockefeller Jr. graduated in 1897 and went on to make millions. While many of Brown's graduates will go on to affect the world in different ways, the University itself has helped Rhode Island thrive. It is the state's 6th largest employer, and accounts for millions of dollars in statewide economic outputThanks for watching. Hopefully this video will help give you a better idea about Brown University. It's one of the most academically stimulating schools in the country, and if you have the opportunity to apply, you should. About videos are made available on an "as is" basis, subject to the Terms of Use .	i don't know
Who was the lead singer of the band whose only UK chart topper was So you win again	Errol Brown: A Fondent Farewell Home / Issue 1080 / Features / Errol Brown: A Fondent Farewell Feature Errol Brown: A Fondent Farewell With their 14-year run of hit singles from 1970 to 1984, London-based Hot Chocolate became one of the most consistently successful groups in UK chart history. This February sees the outfit’s charismatic former front-man/key songwriter Errol Brown historically embarking on a 21-date Farewell Tour of the UK. The only group - and one of only three acts, period - to have scored a hit in every year of the Seventies, Hot Chocolate impressively clocked up no less than 25 British Top 40 singles during their time together; beginning with their Top 10 debut ‘Love Is Life’ in August 1970, and ending with the Number 13 success of ‘I Gave You My Heart’ in February 1984. Indeed, with seductive, bald-headed lead singer Errol Brown becoming almost a UK substitute for harder-hitting US soul love-gods-of-the-day like Isaac Hayes, the five-piece multi-racial combo had already become inextricably entwined with British Seventies pop culture by the time their sixteenth single - the haunting ‘So You Win Again’ - became their first (and only) British chart-topper in 1977. Having begun their recording career back in 1969 with a reggae version of John Lennon’s ‘Give Peace a Chance’ (released on The Beatles’ Apple label), Hot Chocolate - in collaboration with British pop mega-producer Mickie Most (for whose RAK label they recorded during the whole of their aforementioned hit-making period) - arguably peaked during the disco era of the mid-to-late Seventies. When their two biggest international smashes - 1975’s ‘You Sexy Thing’ and 1978’s ‘Every One’s A Winner’ - also significantly saw them hit the US Top Ten. Nevertheless, their success continued well into the Eighties, via Top Five entries like 1980’s ‘No Doubt About It’ and 1982’s ‘It Started With A Kiss’. Which, in autumn 2004, became voted by the UK public as one of the Top 20 love songs of all time. With Errol himself leaving the band in 1985, his career as a solo artist (which peaked with the Number 25 success of his 1987 single ‘Personal Touch’) never came close to repeating the groundbreaking success he’d formerly enjoyed as a member of Hot Chocolate. Nevertheless, the enduring appeal of the band’s aforementioned mid-Seventies disco-funker ‘You Sexy Thing’ has since seen it officially become the only track to achieve British Top 10 status in the Seventies, Eighties and Nineties; with much of its ongoing appeal being credited to its appearances in a string of films (most notably the 1997 male stripper comedy ‘The Full Monty’). While the lasting impact made by Hot Chocolate’s music in general has been proven by the Platinum-selling UK chart-topping success of two compilations - 1987’s ‘The Very Best Of Hot Chocolate’ and 1993’s ‘Their Greatest Hits’. Meanwhile, Kingston, Jamaica-born Errol’s role key role in Hot Chocolate’s success (as both lead singer and primary songwriter) has more recently seen him being awarded with an MBE for Services To Music by The Queen in 2003 and, in 2004, an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music. A keen golfer, Brown now lives with his wife of over 30 years - Ginette - in The Bahamas. From where he speaks in-depth about his trailblazing career to ‘Blues & Soul’’s ever-attentive Pete Lewis on the eve of his forthcoming final British tour. What was the thinking behind your upcoming UK Farewell Tour? “Really the thinking came out of the blue, to be honest. I did a tour of the UK four years ago and, at the time, told my close friends and family that that was it - I’d done my thing. But then, in late 2007, I began to think that it wasn’t a good idea just to drift away and that, because of the support and love I’d had over all the years, that I should come out and say ‘Goodbye and thank you’. So for this tour we’re gonna just go down Memory Lane and reminisce. You’re gonna get 15 or 16 of the hit records I’ve had. And, with me having toured solo since 1991, I do have a full band with a drummer, bass-player, two keyboard players, backing vocalists... the whole thing.” What’s the best part of performing live to you? “For me the greatest joy of it all is to see the pleasure the audience gets out of me singing the songs. Because that’s something you don’t get when you’re in the studio, or when you’re writing. You only get that when you come out face-to-face and you see how much the people loved and grew up with these songs, and how much they still mean to them. Which in turn brings a new freshness to ME, because it reminds me of how much they meant to me as WELL!” How do you feel your early upbringing in Jamaica impacted on you personally and musically? “Well, my life was very difficult in the early days. I was a single-parent child. My father didn’t really figure much in my life. And, when my mother first left to come to England, she left me back in Jamaica with an aunty for five years. But you never know how things turn out. And later on in my life, as a songwriter, I DREW on some of that. Even with songs like ‘It Started With A Kiss’, which was about my first puppy-love at school in Jamaica! You know, when you don’t have a solid family base, that does all impact on your emotional character. Plus, with all the calypso music I heard early on in Jamaica being very story-orientated stuff, I think some of my early songs - like ‘Brother Louie’ and ‘Emma’ - did reflect that story-telling element.” And how did moving to the UK at age 12 affect you? “Coming to England to be with my mother of course represented a big change of culture for me. And musically that’s when I first began to soak up the rock, the soul and the Motown stuff. I really enjoyed The Beatles, The Rolling Stones... And it did all influence me TOTALLY. In that, when I started to make music myself, it was very much both soul AND rock & roll-based. You know, back then the groups tended to be either ‘a soul band’ or ‘a rock band’. Whereas MY thing was purely about the SONG. You know, if I wrote a song and I thought I needed rock guitar on it, I’d USE it. If I needed strings or harpsichord, or any other instrument I felt would make the song real, I’d USE it... Basically it was the combination of the cultures in me - black and white - that really became the basis of my music.” So how did you start doing music professionally? “The whole thing about me actually being successful in pop music is quite incredible. Because, while most singers/songwriters grew up wanting to be just that, I never DID! I never even THOUGHT about it! I sang in the church choir for a couple of years; I could sing along to records on the radio… And that was it! But it was actually when I was living in West Hampstead - and I became friendly with some neighbours who were musicians - that I became more involved in music. After the death of my mother round about 1963, I’d become a young boy who was basically alone. And I began to get these words and melodies in my head, which I think may have come from the shock of all that. So, while I was hanging out with these guys, I’d start humming and singing along to these melodies. To the point where one day one of them - Tony Wilson - said ‘You have these melodies that I think are very catchy. Would you like to write songs?’… And that’s how I started! Out of the blue! And it was like a duck finding water, to be honest! It was like I’d suddenly discovered what I was meant to DO!” Your first single was a reggae cover of John Lennon’s ‘Give Peace A Chance’, which was released on The Beatles’ label Apple in 1969. What was the story there? “Myself and Tony Wilson decided we were gonna reggae-fy some popular songs of the day to try and make some money. So I decided, with ‘Give Peace A Chance’, I’d change the Lennon lyrics and add my own! But then, after listening to it, the guy who’d financed the demo session was outraged! He was like ‘You can’t do that to a John Lennon song! You’ve gotta get permission first!’! Which I didn’t even KNOW! So he then said he’d send it to the Apple record label, and ask for permission. Which made us laugh, because those were the days when anything to do with The Beatles was like iconic! So I totally forgot about it. Until a week or so later, when he rang and said ‘You’d better sit down. Lennon has heard this, he loves it, and wants to put it out on the Apple label right away!’... Then someone in the Apple office named us ‘The Hot Chocolate Band’; the record came out; had a lot of airplay… but didn’t really do that well. So that was the end of that!” You then changed your name to simply ‘Hot Chocolate’ after signing with UK pop super-producer Mickie Most’s RAK label, where you remained until the mid-Eighties… “When we first went to Mickie Most, he was already aware of the ‘Give Peace A Chance’ record. But, while he liked our name, he was like ‘I’m not really keen on the ‘Band’ part, ’cause a band doesn’t sound like it’s gonna last 10 years’… And, while I kinda laughed to myself, thinking ’10 years? TWO years maybe!’, even at that early stage he already had that vision for us. So we dropped the ‘Band’, and just became ‘Hot Chocolate’. And the first record Mickie produced for us - ‘Love Is Life’ - went to Number Six in 1970. But what I most remember about Mickie is you had to have a very strong stomach to work for him! Because you’d go to him to play your songs that you’d spent three/four months working on, and which you thought were fantastic; he’d put it on, listen to a verse, then move on to the next… And, if you got to a chorus, then you’d know something was going on! You know, all your ego had to go out the window! But I had SO much respect for him. He’d sold millions of records, his ears were great, and I never found anyone like him again.” You were definitely pioneers, in the sense of being a multi-cultural UK group that incorporated elements of soul, funk, pop and rock into your music… “Yeah, we definitely were ahead. Because nobody British had really done that before. Except maybe the Equals, who’d touched on that same multi-racial-group kind of movement. Because at that time, as I said earlier, if you weren’t either soul or rock but somewhere in the middle, people had a problem knowing where to put you. And it did take time for that to change. But with us I just think we were always very aware of how important it was just to do our thing, and not become copiers. We basically just wanted to be real, and progress as artists. And - though we were a little bit ahead of our time - we still made it, because the songs themselves were emotionally truthful and people CONNECTED with them.” Hot Chocolate’s first taste of controversy came with your racially-provocative 1973 Top 10 hit ‘Brother Louie’. Which - when covered by Stories - also gave you, as a writer, a Number One song in America… “I’m very proud of that song, because it reflected a situation that I grew up in. I grew up as a young boy in England; I had multi-racial girlfriends... And there’d be times when you’d meet the girl around the corner, because the parents weren’t too happy about her hanging out with YOU! So the idea of the song was very tricky. But I think we were very clever with it. Because what I did was to express that, if a black boy was going with a white girl, it wasn’t only that the WHITE parents would have a problem. I also wanted to show that, on the other side, the BLACK parents would have a problem too! So lyrically the song balanced the situation out nicely, and it WORKED! Though, when it came to the American version by The Stories, they weren’t that brave! Because they took out the controversial spoken bits - ‘I don’t want no honky in my family’ and ‘I don’t want no spook in my family’ - and just made a pure pop song out of it.” Then your biggest - and most famous - international hit came in 1975, with the cheeky disco-funk of the now-legendary ‘You Sexy Thing’… “Well, ‘You Sexy Thing’ has a life of its OWN! I first took it to Mickey, strummed it on my guitar… And, once I did a verse and chorus, he was like That’s a smash!’. Which is what I was HOPING he’d say! But then, while we were in the studio doing it, he came up to me and said ‘It’s not happening’. So, with us doing another song at the same session called ‘Blue Night’, he decided to follow-up ‘Emma’ in America with ‘Blue Night’ and put out ‘Sexy Thing’ on the B-side. But then ‘Blue Night’ became probably the worst flop we’d ever had! Until, somewhere in the middle of America, some important DJ turned the record over - and the American record company rang up RAK to say ‘DJs in America don’t understand why ‘Sexy Thing’ is on the B-side!’. So they asked us to redeliver the record. But, because when I’d sung ‘You Sexy Thing’ in the studio I was just messing around, it was actually a key too high for me! So I was like ‘No, I’m not having that’, and decided to re-sing it in a lower tone! So we sent it back to The States re-recorded, and they were like ‘What have you DONE? That’s no GOOD! We want that QURIKY stuff!’… So the original version of ‘Sexy Thing’ then came out in the US and in the UK - and it was a SMASH! But, without that DJ, it would never have seen the light of day!” So why do you think ‘You Sexy Thing’ has had - and continues to have - such an enduring appeal? “Because it’s such a joyous song! I remember when I thought of the title I had a shiver go through me! ‘Cause it was such a nice way of using sex in a title without it being crude. You know, “you sexy thing” is a hook that’ll last for decades and decades, because it’s such a nice, pleasant thing to say to somebody! Which is why that song will always do well.” And why do you feel Hot Chocolate as a group had such long-lasting success? “The reason was twofold. First, I was fortunate enough to be able to write commercial songs without really thinking about it. You know, I was a natural writer of popular songs. I never had to sit down and think ‘Gotta write a hit!’. I’d just live my life. And then, all of a sudden, out of something I was doing, would come a hook - and I’d write the song! It was effortless really. And then we also, in Mickie Most, had the fortune of working with a producer and label-boss who had great ears for songs, and that cannot be underestimated. Plus the group themselves were not egotistical at all. They were a good, hard-working bunch of guys. And, while the last five years were admittedly a bit of a strain, we genuinely had a lotta fun together for 10 whole years! We loved the fans. We loved seeing the whole thing growing - playing bigger venues, travelling abroad… It was just one wonderful, ever-rising career.” So what was the situation behind you leaving Hot Chocolate in 1985? “Well, the leaving actually began in about ’82, when I realised that I was coming to the end of my creativeness. From about ’81 on I’d been struggling to write and couldn’t come up with anything. I felt tired, and I felt - rightly or wrongly - that everything was on my shoulders. You know, the other members of the band were happy to relax and enjoy their lives, while I was struggling and striving to come up with something. I felt it was too much pressure, and overall I just felt that I’d done my thing. The relationship within the band was changing - as people do - and it just wasn’t FUN anymore. So I left.” How do you feel about the general lack of success you then had with your solo career? “It was a very unfortunate thing. My first solo record on Warner Brothers was a song called ‘Personal Touch’. And I guess when things are meant to be, and when they’re NOT meant to be, is a funny thing. One of the things I found out when I left Hot Chocolate was that it’s amazing how you can be in a group for so many years, and people are still not familiar with your name. I mean, I love UB40 and the stuff they do. But I can’t for the life of me remember the guy’s name who sang lead on their hits, though I love his voice. And what I realised was that, when people said ‘Errol Brown’, it just wasn’t immediately obvious to the public that it was the lead singer of Hot Chocolate. So, I guess a successful solo career just wasn’t meant to be! But, you know, it’s OK!” So, returning to the Hot Chocolate days, what was it like performing at Prince Charles and Princess Di’s wedding reception back in ’81? “The Royal Wedding reception was special, in the sense that it’s the first time I’d been onstage and all I could see was tiaras glistening in the night! You know, the Kings and Queens from around the world were there, and it was a very special day. I particularly remember doing the soundcheck at The Palace, when one of the roadies shouted ‘Princess Diana‘s coming up the corridor!’. And how some people were so in awe of her that they were like scampering out because they couldn’t face the fact she was gonna be walking in the same room! It was really strange! I remember her coming over to me to thank me for coming, and thinking what a tall and pretty lady she was! Then, about 15 minutes later, Prince Charles came in and did the same thing! And it’s strange, in terms of that situation, to sit back and look at life and see how it’s developed since then.” And the numerous prestigious accolades that have been bestowed upon you in recent years? “The MBE was special, in the sense that my mother would have been really thrilled. Because she did so much for her only child. You know, she struggled to do the best for me, but died at the age of 38. So, from that point of view, I was thrilled to get the MBE. While the Ivor Novello Award to me was the icing on the cake, and something I really hold dear to my heart. Because it’s basically saying ‘You did do some good work!’!” So do current and future plans involve music? “I’m still gonna be SLIGHTLY involved. Because I went somewhere about two years ago, and this girl stood up and sang - and knocked me over! So I’ve been working with her for a little while, and we are hopeful of getting a deal with her in America over the coming year. So I may keep my eyes on that and see how THAT develops. But, apart from that, I’m gonna be on the golf course! I have a group of good friends and we all hang out. So yeah, I’m intending to enjoy the rest of my life! You know, I’m 60 now - and time’s moved on! But I definitely would like to say a big thanks to all the fans for all the memories. Because I’ve had a great life, thanks to them - and their love and appreciation is something I will always cherish!” Errol's UK Farewell Tour runs from February 1 through to February 26 Words PETE LEWIS	Errol Brown
Italian gynaecologist Doctor Giorgio Fischer invented which surgical procedure in 1974?	Errol Brown obituary \| Music \| The Guardian Pop and rock Errol Brown obituary Songwriter and lead singer with Hot Chocolate who scored massive hits in the 1970s and 80s with You Sexy Thing, It Started With a Kiss and Every 1’s a Winner Errol Brown and Hot Chocolate became such a part of Britain’s social fabric that they performed at the pre-wedding party for the Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer. Photograph: David Redfern/Redferns Thursday 7 May 2015 08.45 EDT Last modified on Thursday 7 May 2015 19.00 EDT Share on Messenger Close Although never concerned with being at the cutting edge of fashion, Errol Brown, who has died of liver cancer aged 71, became one of the most successful artists in British pop. With his band Hot Chocolate, and with production assistance from the pop wizard Mickie Most , he scored a huge streak of hit singles throughout the 1970s and 80s. You Sexy Thing , originally released in 1975, became an international good-time party anthem, and enjoyed several leases of life thanks to cover versions and appearances on film soundtracks. It carries the unique status of being the only song to have reached the British top 10 in the 1970s, 80s and 90s. It was an odd quirk of Hot Chocolate’s career that they only had one No 1 hit in Britain, with So You Win Again in 1977, but they achieved at least one hit every year from 1970 to 1984. Though he owned a sumptuous mansion in Esher, Surrey, and a beach house in the Bahamas , and had racehorses that were coached by the Grand National-winning trainer Jenny Pitman, Brown admitted that “I wasn’t desperate to be a pop star”, and refused to get carried away with his own success. “If you want to last in the music business, complacency is the last thing you should have,” he commented in 1984. “People say to me, Mick Jagger and the Rolling Stones – how have they lasted so long? And I say there’s some great intelligence at work there. It’s the same thing with Hot Chocolate.” Brown was born in Kingston, Jamaica . His parents, Ivan and Edna, split up while he was a young child, and he was mostly cared for by an aunt. Meanwhile, his mother had moved to London, and worked for the post office and as a typist until she could afford a mortgage on a house. She rented out rooms to pay off the debt. She brought Errol to Britain to join her when he was 11, and, after he spent some time at school in Streatham, south London, was able to have him privately educated. “I was ridiculed for both my colour and my Jamaican accent and there were times when I had to use my fists to defend myself,” Brown remembered. “I soon moved to a private school in West Hampstead, but my mother taught me never to blame my colour for failure or the white people for what happened to me. She brought me up to have complete confidence in myself.” His mother died of cancer aged 38. Brown never planned to be in pop music and merely aspired to have a regular wage-paying job. However, while he was working as a clerk at the Treasury, he met the Trinidad-born musician Tony Wilson, and “I started to have ideas for lyrics and melodies coming into my head.” Wilson suggested they try writing songs together, which worked so well that the duo wrote hits including Bet Yer Life I Do for Herman’s Hermits, Heaven Is Here for Julie Felix and Think About Your Children for Mary Hopkin . Then they recorded their own reggae-styled version of John Lennon’s Give Peace a Chance , including some of their own lyrics. Realising they needed permission to alter the song, they sent a tape to the Beatles. “Apparently Lennon heard it,” said Brown, “and thought ‘very amusing’. He decided to put it out on [the Beatles’ label] Apple.” Brown and Wilson’s group was dubbed the Hot Chocolate Band by the Apple press office. The record was not successful but the Beatles connection drew plenty of attention, and they were picked up by Most and signed to his Rak label. Now named simply Hot Chocolate, they began to have success with such Brown/Wilson compositions as Love Is Life (1970) and I Believe (In Love) (1971), and in 1973 had a top 10 hit with Brother Louie , a song about an interracial love affair. Brown and Wilson began to drift apart creatively, but they shared the credits for the big international hit Emma , which Most initially thought was too depressing to be a hit (it reached No 3 in the UK in 1974 and No 8 in the US). Then came Disco Queen , and in 1975 they followed up a UK 10 hit, A Child’s Prayer , with You Sexy Thing. With its irresistible swaying beat and Brown’s higher-than-usual vocal line, the song was a natural smash, though it had the misfortune to be kept out of the UK No 1 slot by Queen’s Bohemian Rhapsody. Nonetheless it was a hit around the world and reached No 3 in the US. Brown’s radiant self-confidence, shaven head and fondness for bling were turning him into both pop idol and sex symbol. With Brown firmly in charge of Hot Chocolate and with Most’s acute commercial ear to guide him, the hit machine was in full spate, though their sole UK chart-topper, So You Win Again, was written by Russ Ballard rather than Brown. Every 1’s a Winner , No Doubt About It , Girl Crazy and It Started With a Kiss took them into the 1980s, though after I Gave You My Heart (Didn’t I) reached No 13 in 1984, the band’s magic streak was effectively over. Hot Chocolate had become such a part of Britain’s social fabric that they performed at a pre-wedding party for the Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer (“they came to the rehearsal to check it out and Charles said, ‘it won’t be too noisy, will it?’” Brown recalled), but in 1985 Brown left the band and went solo. This proved disappointing, with his first solo album That’s How Love Is failing to sell, but Brown seemed content to enjoy the fruits of his Hot Chocolate success. Ensconced in the Surrey “rockbroker” belt, Brown could count Mick Hucknall, Cliff Richard and Maurice Gibb among his neighbours, and performed at Conservative party conferences. He also took a liking to holidaying in the Bahamas. Thanks to being used prominently and very aptly in the film The Full Monty, You Sexy Thing bounced back into the top 10 in 1997, and received a further boost that year when it appeared on the soundtrack for Paul Thomas Anderson’s porn-industry saga Boogie Nights. Cover versions of Hot Chocolate songs by Cud, PJ Harvey and the Sisters of Mercy helped to seal the band’s place in pop history. In the 90s a new version of Hot Chocolate went out on the road in UK and Europe, without Brown but with his blessing. In 1997 he was featured in the television show This Is Your Life, presented by Michael Aspel. Brown enjoyed a top 20 solo hit with a re-release of It Started With a Kiss in 1998, and toured Germany and the UK in 1998 and 1999. He was appointed MBE in 2003, and the following year received an Ivor Novello award. In 2009 he embarked on a farewell tour, and declared: “When you’ve had your greatest creative years and then to be going out and trying to come back with something – at my age it’s a bit silly. I’ve done what I was very happy with, and that’s it.” He is survived by his wife, Ginette, and their two daughters, Colette and Leonie. • Lester Errol Brown, singer and songwriter, born 12 November 1943; died 6 May 2015	i don't know
A stogie is a cheap, thin what?	What is a Stogie? What is a Stogie? Tweet on Twitter A lot of new cigar smokers often hear the word “stogie” or “stogies” a lot, a lot of aficionados throw this word around along with a lot sites, blogs and forums, the word is almost always used when talking about cigars even by those who have been smoking for years so its common to assume that stogies mean cigars by a beginner but have you ever wondered what is a stogie exactly?. Even though the word is almost synonymous with cigars it is far from true though, even though it is used almost always not all cigars are stogies, I made this mistake for quite some time too and thought lets find out exactly what is a stogie! The most common confusion A huge debate between those who don’t understand the term is whether stogies are cigarettes or cigars. It’s a common misunderstanding for those who are not familiar with it. If you have just started or have been smoking for sometime you might still be confused. For cigar beginners to call a cigarette a stogie is a slap on the face by an aficionado. It is highly insulting to the entire industry. Stogies are cigars and not cigarettes, Cigs are just cigs there is no other name for them whereas some cigars are rightfully called stogies because they are whereas you can almost always mention any cigar to be a stogie while using it as a slang. In short: A cigarette is not a stogie, a cigar is. What is a Stogie? Stogie – Slang The term is most commonly used as a slang or a cool way of saying cigars. You can almost always call any cigar a stogie just don’t call a Cuban a stogie because that’s just annoying. In simpler, quicker terms a stogie is a cheap, thin and already cut from both the sides cigar. It is a good cigar for beginners who just want to try it before really jumping into it. There is more to it though then just a simple line explanation, to really understand the difference between stogies and cigars, you have to understand where they came from. History of Stogies The word Stogie is a nickname of Cheroot which was derived from the french word Cheroute which comes from a meaning in tamil for “roll of tobacco” . The french introduced the word Cheroot in there own culture when they were trying to influence the culture of South of India in sixteenth century. Whereas the word stogie is an abbreviation of the word ‘Conestoga’ which is a town near Lancaster, PA. This is where cheap, self made cigars became popular. The drivers of Conestoga wagons always had a self made cigar, thin cigar which was tied up with rope for long journeys in there mouths which observers started calling stogies. Initially the stogie’s reference was for the shoes of the wagon drivers, this was during the time of gold rush and thus the number of wagon’s travelling increased drastically. The easy way of remembering the wagons was giving them a nickname and the drivers who wore thick sole shoes became stogies. Later on as the wagon activity slowed down the term stogies got associated with the thin cheap cigar that they smoked. Overtime the shoe reference fell out of history completely and the term stuck around with cigar lovers. While other cigar’s are from there respective regions, cheroots or stogies are from Asia. Traditionally smoked in Burma and India, they also became part of the British culture as the British power took reign. Overtime the term became a slang for cheap cigars all over the world and eventually stogies became a nickname to cheroots and became a slang word for all the cigars. Stogies Popularity Stogies became quite popular very early on for the fact that they did not taper. Which made them very cheap to produce and thus very cheap to buy. Along with there price, early t mid 1900’s smoking cheroots was also believed to be a way of staying away from Malaria. Verrier Elwin a missionary and a teacher in India wrote in 1957 in his memoir Leaves from the Jungle: Life in a Gond Village about cheroots immunity like qualities. Present day researchers and historian believe that it was not the consumption of cheroot but the aroma that mosquitoes disliked and thus avoided a cheroot smoker. Along with this there were many famous personalities who were cheroot smokers. Mark twain one of the earliest most famous cigar smoker was photographed multiple times with stogies or cheroots. Conclusion Stogies are basically cheap thin cigars which are cut on both the sides during manufacture. They are great for beginners as they don’t require too much maintenance such as humidors, neither do they require cutters, are easy to light and are cheap. They can be purchased online or in any shop nearby to you. Initially you might have to explain to a few people what do you mean by stogies and if they don’t understand that try referencing them with there official name ‘cheroot’. Since the term Stogie have become a slang, the aficionados and the shops differentiate between them with its official name Cheroot. I hope that answers your what is a stogie question. SHARE	Cigar
What is the name of Inspector Gadget’s dog in the children’s tv cartoon series ‘Inspector Gadget’?	stogie - Wiktionary stogie “ stogie ” in Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary (2001). “ stogie ” in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Online.	i don't know
What is the chemical compound Calcium Oxide commonly known as?	Quick Lime, Calcium Oxide, Lime calcium oxide 25kgs/compound bags, 1000kgs/compound bags or on customized. Delivery Detail: Quick Lime, Calcium Oxide, Lime Brief introduction Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic and alkaline crystalline solid at room temperature. Product description： H.S. Code:2825909000 Properties: Colorless or white block or powder. In the air absorb carbon dioxide and water.The relative density of 320-3.38, melting point 2614 degree, boiling point 2850 degree. In water is generated with calcium hydroxide and give off a lot of heat, slightly soluble in water, soluble in acid. Corrosive. To eyes, respiratory system and skin irritation. Use: Analytics reagents, spectral analysis reagent, phosphor mechanism. Auxiliary solvent, vegetable oil decoloring agents, gas analysis, used on carbon dioxide absorber. Lot reagents used in semiconductor production of denotation, and diffusion process. Technical Data Sheet	quicklime or burnt lime
In the human body, the hallux is more commonly known by what name?	Calcium Oxide - Tara Minerals & Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. Calcium Oxide Introduction Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic, alkalinecrystalline solid at room temperature. The broadly used term “lime” connotes calcium-containing inorganic materials, which include carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium, silicon, magnesium, aluminium, and iron predominate, such as limestone. By contrast, “quicklime” specifically applies to a single chemical compound. Manufacturing Process of Calcium Oxide Lime Stone is extracting from quarries & Sized through a Crusher. Then Sized Lime Stone is transported to Lime Kilns. To Calcine Lime Stone there must be a significant transfer of heat to the Lime Stone. There is 3 stages of Calcination process [1] Preheating [2] Calcination [3] Cooling.	i don't know
The wool of a Shahtoosh shawl comes from which endangered animal?	Cashmere Shawls of Uncompromising Quality - Sunrise Pashmina What's a shawl? In recent decades, pashmina has become known internationally as a term applied to the wool, and products made from the wool, that is derived from the undercoat of the "Cashmere goat," any of various breeds sometimes referred to as Capra hircus laniger (wool-bearing domestic goat). These breeds are raised primarily at high elevations in Central Asia, particularly Mongolia. Due to the ongoing war in Kashmir, and with the die-off of goat herds in Ladakh due to blizzards, China has been able to dominate pashmina production in past couple of decades. There is a lot of misinformation (or disinformation) about pashmina online. This may be due to the lack of scientific research, and/or to the fact that most production is in out-of-the-way places that are never visited by the staff of pashmina shawl manufacturers or exporters. Claims made about the relative fineness of cashmere and pashmina are false. Claims made that pashmina (or, alternatively, the best pashmina) comes only from the throat and belly of the goat are also false. Shahtoosh (Persian for "King fabric") is a term used for a fiber and fabric derived from the undercoat of an endangered Tibetan antelope, the chiru, and is illegal in most Western countries, but easily obtainable in India. It is much more expensive than pashmina. And did we mention that it is illegal? 20 Myths about pashmina Myth #1: Pashmina is different from, and better than, cashmere. Briefly, pashmina is cashmere, which is the fiber or fabric woven from fiber deriving from the undercoat of certain high-elevation (and therefore long-haired) breeds of domestic goat. Myth #2: Pashmina is produced only by a special goat known as Capra hircus. Capra hircus is just the scientific name for domesticated goats in general. The caprids are those animals belonging to the goat and antelope genus. Wiktionary gives three meanings for hircus: 1) a buck, male goat; 2) (by extension) the rank smell of the armpits; 3) (figuratively) a filthy person. Cashmere goat breeds have been referred to as Capra hircus laniger (laniger means wool-bearing), but this is not an accepted scientific grouping. Myth #3: Pashmina is produced only in the high Himalayas. There are many goat breeds with fine undercoats, and they are raised in China, Mongolia, Australia, the United States, India (particularly Ladakh), and elsewhere. The huge preponderance of cashmere yarn fabric now comes from China. Myth #4: Pashmina wool is plucked only from the undercoat of the throat and chest of the animal. Just not true. The undercoat extends around the whole animal, more or less, and none of it is intentionally wasted. Myth #5: Real pashmina is produced only in Kashmir. Kashmir (in India) has prevailed in an epic trade dispute with the result that the word "pashmina" is considered to belong to Kashmiri cashmere producers. Nepal had to settle for "chyangra pashmina," which means "goat cashmere." Potato, potahto. Myth #6: A fullsize pashmina is too big for a petite woman. Pashmina shawls are customarily quite large. The usual fullsize is 95 X 203 cm (36" x 80"). But even Asian women, who are typically rather small, wear fullsize shawls quite comfortably; because of the light weight of the fabric, the shawls can easily be folded lengthwise and/or widthwise, so that the generous dimensions are never a liability. What we call "medium-size" is not much smaller: the same length, and only 20 cm (8") narrower. Myth #7: In pashmina, more plies is better. Threads can be twisted together to make thicker threads, which can then producer thicker fabrics. On the other hand, there is no need to twist threads together, when the individual thread can be made any desired thickness. Furthermore, fabrics can be made more dense by packing the threads closer together (i.e., using four paddles instead of two). These days very few shawl producers in Kathmandu are using true double-ply yarn. In fact, multiple-ply yarn is now used almost exclusively for knitted goods. One further remark: in pashmina shawls, more is not better. If it were, you guys would be wearing bed-spreads or horse-blankets, rather than shawls. The modern pashmina shawl has evolved to meet women's need for a warm AND light wrap. The paddle-adjusted shawl may be a shade less dense than a double-ply, but it has undoubtedly achieved its international success due to the fact that it so successfully achieves the desired balance of warmth and weight. Myth #8: Water pashmina is a special, highly luxurious, type of pashmina. That shimmery look can come from anything but pashmina, which has a dull matte finish. Usually it's from some synthetic derived from petrochemicals. Yuck. Myth #9: True Nepalese pashmina, known as chyangra pashmina, is different and better than ordinary pashmina. No. It's the same as pashmina, or cashmere. Kashmiri interests lobbied successfully for the "pashmina" trademark, and in 2011 the Nepalese production group settled for "chyangra pashmina." With no laboratory capable of monitoring quality anywhere in the region, the entire issue is bogus. Myth #10: Pashmina should only be drycleaned. Drycleaning can be tough on delicate fabrics. Best bet: hand wash in mild soap. See How to Wash Pashmina . Myth #11: In pashmina, as in all luxury goods, you get what you pay for. Au contraire. You pay mostly for the brand name, and the advertising that props it up. Pashmina yarn is not cheap, and you can be sure that anything you get for ten dollars outside of Port Authority bus terminal in NYC is synthetic. Likewise, all those cheap e-Bay and Amazon pashminas. Our stuff isn't the cheapest on the market, and some of the cheaper stuff may be just as good (not better). We try to give our producers a fair return on their labor and their capital, and we're trying not to go broke ourselves. If we do get rich (unlikely!) we'd like it to be because of our volume, not our profit margin. Myth #12: Real pashmina must have twisted and knotted tassels. Not true. In fact, the ragged look ("eyelash fringe") is gaining in popularity, and probably more authentic, historically. Myth #13: Machine-loomed pashmina is superior to hand-loomed pashmina. Machines can produce straighter lines, and fewer "mistakes." But the warp threads have to be strung at a lower tension in order to prevent disruptive breaks, yielding a looser fabric. Also, as with carpets, the soulless machine-made version of the traditional pashmina shawl is considered inauthentic. Does authenticity matter? Myth #14: Hand-loomed pashmina is superior to machine-loomed pashmina. Depends on the skill of the weaver. Weaving pashmina is a skill that takes some time to perfect. Quality control is key. If a producer is just trying to increase output, the quality is going to reflect that. Myth #15: High-quality pashmina doesn't pill. Those little bugger-size balls are caused by abrasion (rubbing). If you wear your pash under a heavy coat, you're probably going to get pill issues. Myth #16: The best quality pashmina is fluffy like a kitten. No. Pashmina gets softer with use. Producers recognize that Westerners doen't understand this, so they use chemical softeners and some of them brush the pashmina to make it fluffy. Brushing weakens the fabric. Myth #17: The best quality pashmina at the best price is found in Kathmandu. You might find a good deal, but the competition among pash dealers is intense, and the result is a race to the bottom. Most of the stuff is mediocre quality, adulterate, mislabeled, and overpriced. Sorry. You really need to know the product, or at least know someone who does. Myth #18: Ritzy New York department stores can be trusted to have the best quality pashmina. Nah. They need quantity and consistency. The only way they can do that is with machine looms. So they get regular-looking fabric, but it's never the best. Myth #19: 100% pashmina means pure pashmina. American import standards (never enforced!) allowed about 3% impurities. Chinese manufactures admit a similar rate of adulteration, and cheating is rampant. Can you feel the 5% sheep wool content? Probably not. But you can see the stiff guard hairs and straw in some fabric. Myth #20: A sewn-on tag is proof of pashmina quality. Yeah, right! The following two statements are posted on the Web site of the Cashmere and Camel Hair Manufacturers' Institute at www.cashmere.org : The Legalities of Pashmina Labeling The Cashmere & Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute (CCMI) has noted the increased prevalence of shawls and other products bearing the name "Pashmina." The Institute has also received a number of inquiries from consumers, retailers and the media about "pashmina" and the use of the term. We are therefore issuing this clarifying statement: Use of the term "Pashmina" in marketing is inherently ambiguous and therefore misleading. Pashmina is a term which is derived from an Indian word used to describe cashmere in India and Nepal. Pashmina is not necessarily finer than other types of cashmere, nor does it have any distinguishing characteristics other than those normally associated with cashmere coming from China, Mongolia, Iran or Afganistan. In its current usage, this is marketing terminology intended apparently to capitalize on a fad for shawls of a type traditionally associated with India and Nepal. The word pashmina itself is not a legally recognizable term for describing fiber content in European or American law. If a textile product contains cashmere, the fiber content must be designated "cashmere" on required labeling. "Pashmina" cannot be used on textile product labeling in the absence of the legally required terminology. Recently the term pashmina has been used to market a range of products from 100% cashmere to blends of cashmere and silk. The term "pashmina" does not refer to cashmere and silk. Textile products composed of blends of cashmere and silk fibers must be labeled with the appropriate percentages of cashmere and silk and designated as such according to textile and Customs labeling regulations. Because there is no consistently understood definition of the term "pashmina," CCMI regards the use of the term in signage or promotional literature for cashmere and silk blends, to be misleading. Pashmina is not a descriptive, generic term. CCMI considers the use of the term "pashmina" on required garment labels and in the absence of the appropriate designation "cashmere" to be in violation of labeling regulations and to be misleading to the consumer. The Institute will take action against such mislabeling. CCMI has informed the United States Federal Trade Commission, the US Customs Service and corresponding authorities in the European Community of its position on the use of the term pashmina without proper fiber identification and has asked for appropriate enforcement of the labeling laws at retail and at ports of entry. Further questions or concerns may be addressed to me directly at telephone +(617) 542-7481, by facsimile +(617) 542-2199 or email: [email protected]. Karl Spilhaus Cashmere And Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute 617-542-7481 [We at Sunrise Pashmina appreciate the concern of CCHMI, but we believe that pashmina is a more legitimate term than cashmere, which reflects colonialist assumptions and has no basis in indigenous usage.] Shatoosh ... Not As the foremost international organization of cashmere processors, the Cashmere & Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute would like to clarify that the mission of the Institute is to promote the use of genuine cashmere and camel hair products and to protect the interests of manufacturers, retailers and consumers of these products. Above and below: endangered chiru antelope > The term, "Pashmina" and "Cashmere" are synonymous for soft, fine, high-quality fiber. The ancient name of the precious shawls still made by hand in the Central Asian regions is called "Pashmina." "Cashmere" is the internationally accepted term for the fiber content designation on labeling cashmere products and goods. Pashmina is accepted as a marketing term but is not recognized as a fiber designation under the Wool Products Labeling Act of the Federal Trade Commission. (Please see our web site for further details on the cashmere goat, Wool Products Labeling Act and the Federal Trade Commission or contact CCMI). Cashmere fibers are removed from live goats÷the animals are not harmed nor are they slaughtered. The herders live in communion with their goats; although it is a difficult life for the herders and goats living in the frigid Mongolian winter months, the lives of the herders and animals are respected. "Shatoosh" is not cashmere or pashmina. The term, "Shatoosh" describes the fine hair from the Tibetan antelope or chiru, which is being slaughtered for this hair and is traded illegally under Chinese and international law. It is illegal to import or trade Shatoosh in the United States. Retailers and testing laboratories worldwide are encouraged to contact their countries customs department should they come across shatoosh products. For further information about shatoosh you are advised to contact the Tibetan Plateau Project, www.earthisland.org/tpp . Karl Spilhaus Cashmere And Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute 617-542-7481 What is a pashmina shawl? The following notes are drawn from an account of Kashmiri shawl production in Anamika Pathak's Pashmina. Our understanding is that methods are similar in Nepal. The primary source of wool is the domesticated goat Capra hircus. This wool is called pashm. The word shahtoosh derives from shah (king) and tus (wool), and refers to the highest quality fabric, which was reserved only for royalty. Although historically (and perhaps currently) other wild species are used as well, shahtoosh wool is derived primarily from the endangered Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), more commonly known by the Tibetan name chiru. It is illegal in most countries. The domesticated shawl goats have an outer coat composed of short and relatively brittel guard hairs, and a softer inner coat. The best quality fiber comes from the area under the neck and belly. The goat is sheared once a year, at the beginning of the summer. A knife is used rather than scissors, because the scissors allow the inner and outer layers of fleece mix. A knife is used to remove the outer coat first, and then the inner fleece is combed toward the head and carefully cut off. Despite the care and skill of shearers, there is always some outer hair mixed into the finer fleece, and this has to be removed by hand. The raw wool is sorted according to quality and fiber length. Individual hairs may be as long as 40 cm (16"). The sorted fibers are washed with plain water to get rid of dust and plant matter. Soap is not used, as it makes the wool harsher. The cleaned wool is teased between two wooden combs to loosen and separate tangled fibers. Prior to spinning, the cleaned wool is spread out and rubbed with a paste of pounded rice and water. Once dried and teased again, the toughened wool is ready for spinning into yarn. Two qualities of thread were spun. The warp thread, which is subject to more tension than the weft, is prepared with a greater number of twists. The weft thread is less intensively twisted, so that it retains a fluffier texture. The process outlined here is summarized from Pashmina by Anamika Pathak. Pathak describes the traditional preparation of Kashmiri pashmina, and we cannot be certain how similar it is to the production of pashmina yarn used in Nepal, which is imported from China. About the word shawl... The word shawl is derived from the Indo-Persian word shal, which meant a fine woven woolen fabric used as a drape. The Italian traveler Pietro della Valle, in 1623, observed that whereas in Persia the scial or shawl was worn as a girdle, in India it was more usually carried 'acrosss the shoulders'. The shal, shawl or do-shalla (the Hindi term for shawl) has a long history. Although its origins are popularly traced to the medieval period, archaeological findings, ancient literary references, and travellers' accounts provide ample evidence of the existence of the woollen tradition in India right from the Indus Civilization (2700-2000 B.C.) [Source: Pashmina by Anamika Pathak] In the photo above, a street merchant sells "pashmina" shawls in the Asan Tole bazaar of Kathmandu. Most of his shawls are actually made from sheep's wool, cotton, or acrylic. Sunrise Pashmina 511 W. Green St., Ithaca, NY 14850 USA Call us at (607) 256-0102. Night or day. If we can't answer immediately, we'll get back to you. Soon. Or email us at [email protected]	tibetan antelope or chiru
The boxer Sonny Liston appears on the cover of which Beatles album?	Cashmere Shawls of Uncompromising Quality - Sunrise Pashmina What's a shawl? In recent decades, pashmina has become known internationally as a term applied to the wool, and products made from the wool, that is derived from the undercoat of the "Cashmere goat," any of various breeds sometimes referred to as Capra hircus laniger (wool-bearing domestic goat). These breeds are raised primarily at high elevations in Central Asia, particularly Mongolia. Due to the ongoing war in Kashmir, and with the die-off of goat herds in Ladakh due to blizzards, China has been able to dominate pashmina production in past couple of decades. There is a lot of misinformation (or disinformation) about pashmina online. This may be due to the lack of scientific research, and/or to the fact that most production is in out-of-the-way places that are never visited by the staff of pashmina shawl manufacturers or exporters. Claims made about the relative fineness of cashmere and pashmina are false. Claims made that pashmina (or, alternatively, the best pashmina) comes only from the throat and belly of the goat are also false. Shahtoosh (Persian for "King fabric") is a term used for a fiber and fabric derived from the undercoat of an endangered Tibetan antelope, the chiru, and is illegal in most Western countries, but easily obtainable in India. It is much more expensive than pashmina. And did we mention that it is illegal? 20 Myths about pashmina Myth #1: Pashmina is different from, and better than, cashmere. Briefly, pashmina is cashmere, which is the fiber or fabric woven from fiber deriving from the undercoat of certain high-elevation (and therefore long-haired) breeds of domestic goat. Myth #2: Pashmina is produced only by a special goat known as Capra hircus. Capra hircus is just the scientific name for domesticated goats in general. The caprids are those animals belonging to the goat and antelope genus. Wiktionary gives three meanings for hircus: 1) a buck, male goat; 2) (by extension) the rank smell of the armpits; 3) (figuratively) a filthy person. Cashmere goat breeds have been referred to as Capra hircus laniger (laniger means wool-bearing), but this is not an accepted scientific grouping. Myth #3: Pashmina is produced only in the high Himalayas. There are many goat breeds with fine undercoats, and they are raised in China, Mongolia, Australia, the United States, India (particularly Ladakh), and elsewhere. The huge preponderance of cashmere yarn fabric now comes from China. Myth #4: Pashmina wool is plucked only from the undercoat of the throat and chest of the animal. Just not true. The undercoat extends around the whole animal, more or less, and none of it is intentionally wasted. Myth #5: Real pashmina is produced only in Kashmir. Kashmir (in India) has prevailed in an epic trade dispute with the result that the word "pashmina" is considered to belong to Kashmiri cashmere producers. Nepal had to settle for "chyangra pashmina," which means "goat cashmere." Potato, potahto. Myth #6: A fullsize pashmina is too big for a petite woman. Pashmina shawls are customarily quite large. The usual fullsize is 95 X 203 cm (36" x 80"). But even Asian women, who are typically rather small, wear fullsize shawls quite comfortably; because of the light weight of the fabric, the shawls can easily be folded lengthwise and/or widthwise, so that the generous dimensions are never a liability. What we call "medium-size" is not much smaller: the same length, and only 20 cm (8") narrower. Myth #7: In pashmina, more plies is better. Threads can be twisted together to make thicker threads, which can then producer thicker fabrics. On the other hand, there is no need to twist threads together, when the individual thread can be made any desired thickness. Furthermore, fabrics can be made more dense by packing the threads closer together (i.e., using four paddles instead of two). These days very few shawl producers in Kathmandu are using true double-ply yarn. In fact, multiple-ply yarn is now used almost exclusively for knitted goods. One further remark: in pashmina shawls, more is not better. If it were, you guys would be wearing bed-spreads or horse-blankets, rather than shawls. The modern pashmina shawl has evolved to meet women's need for a warm AND light wrap. The paddle-adjusted shawl may be a shade less dense than a double-ply, but it has undoubtedly achieved its international success due to the fact that it so successfully achieves the desired balance of warmth and weight. Myth #8: Water pashmina is a special, highly luxurious, type of pashmina. That shimmery look can come from anything but pashmina, which has a dull matte finish. Usually it's from some synthetic derived from petrochemicals. Yuck. Myth #9: True Nepalese pashmina, known as chyangra pashmina, is different and better than ordinary pashmina. No. It's the same as pashmina, or cashmere. Kashmiri interests lobbied successfully for the "pashmina" trademark, and in 2011 the Nepalese production group settled for "chyangra pashmina." With no laboratory capable of monitoring quality anywhere in the region, the entire issue is bogus. Myth #10: Pashmina should only be drycleaned. Drycleaning can be tough on delicate fabrics. Best bet: hand wash in mild soap. See How to Wash Pashmina . Myth #11: In pashmina, as in all luxury goods, you get what you pay for. Au contraire. You pay mostly for the brand name, and the advertising that props it up. Pashmina yarn is not cheap, and you can be sure that anything you get for ten dollars outside of Port Authority bus terminal in NYC is synthetic. Likewise, all those cheap e-Bay and Amazon pashminas. Our stuff isn't the cheapest on the market, and some of the cheaper stuff may be just as good (not better). We try to give our producers a fair return on their labor and their capital, and we're trying not to go broke ourselves. If we do get rich (unlikely!) we'd like it to be because of our volume, not our profit margin. Myth #12: Real pashmina must have twisted and knotted tassels. Not true. In fact, the ragged look ("eyelash fringe") is gaining in popularity, and probably more authentic, historically. Myth #13: Machine-loomed pashmina is superior to hand-loomed pashmina. Machines can produce straighter lines, and fewer "mistakes." But the warp threads have to be strung at a lower tension in order to prevent disruptive breaks, yielding a looser fabric. Also, as with carpets, the soulless machine-made version of the traditional pashmina shawl is considered inauthentic. Does authenticity matter? Myth #14: Hand-loomed pashmina is superior to machine-loomed pashmina. Depends on the skill of the weaver. Weaving pashmina is a skill that takes some time to perfect. Quality control is key. If a producer is just trying to increase output, the quality is going to reflect that. Myth #15: High-quality pashmina doesn't pill. Those little bugger-size balls are caused by abrasion (rubbing). If you wear your pash under a heavy coat, you're probably going to get pill issues. Myth #16: The best quality pashmina is fluffy like a kitten. No. Pashmina gets softer with use. Producers recognize that Westerners doen't understand this, so they use chemical softeners and some of them brush the pashmina to make it fluffy. Brushing weakens the fabric. Myth #17: The best quality pashmina at the best price is found in Kathmandu. You might find a good deal, but the competition among pash dealers is intense, and the result is a race to the bottom. Most of the stuff is mediocre quality, adulterate, mislabeled, and overpriced. Sorry. You really need to know the product, or at least know someone who does. Myth #18: Ritzy New York department stores can be trusted to have the best quality pashmina. Nah. They need quantity and consistency. The only way they can do that is with machine looms. So they get regular-looking fabric, but it's never the best. Myth #19: 100% pashmina means pure pashmina. American import standards (never enforced!) allowed about 3% impurities. Chinese manufactures admit a similar rate of adulteration, and cheating is rampant. Can you feel the 5% sheep wool content? Probably not. But you can see the stiff guard hairs and straw in some fabric. Myth #20: A sewn-on tag is proof of pashmina quality. Yeah, right! The following two statements are posted on the Web site of the Cashmere and Camel Hair Manufacturers' Institute at www.cashmere.org : The Legalities of Pashmina Labeling The Cashmere & Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute (CCMI) has noted the increased prevalence of shawls and other products bearing the name "Pashmina." The Institute has also received a number of inquiries from consumers, retailers and the media about "pashmina" and the use of the term. We are therefore issuing this clarifying statement: Use of the term "Pashmina" in marketing is inherently ambiguous and therefore misleading. Pashmina is a term which is derived from an Indian word used to describe cashmere in India and Nepal. Pashmina is not necessarily finer than other types of cashmere, nor does it have any distinguishing characteristics other than those normally associated with cashmere coming from China, Mongolia, Iran or Afganistan. In its current usage, this is marketing terminology intended apparently to capitalize on a fad for shawls of a type traditionally associated with India and Nepal. The word pashmina itself is not a legally recognizable term for describing fiber content in European or American law. If a textile product contains cashmere, the fiber content must be designated "cashmere" on required labeling. "Pashmina" cannot be used on textile product labeling in the absence of the legally required terminology. Recently the term pashmina has been used to market a range of products from 100% cashmere to blends of cashmere and silk. The term "pashmina" does not refer to cashmere and silk. Textile products composed of blends of cashmere and silk fibers must be labeled with the appropriate percentages of cashmere and silk and designated as such according to textile and Customs labeling regulations. Because there is no consistently understood definition of the term "pashmina," CCMI regards the use of the term in signage or promotional literature for cashmere and silk blends, to be misleading. Pashmina is not a descriptive, generic term. CCMI considers the use of the term "pashmina" on required garment labels and in the absence of the appropriate designation "cashmere" to be in violation of labeling regulations and to be misleading to the consumer. The Institute will take action against such mislabeling. CCMI has informed the United States Federal Trade Commission, the US Customs Service and corresponding authorities in the European Community of its position on the use of the term pashmina without proper fiber identification and has asked for appropriate enforcement of the labeling laws at retail and at ports of entry. Further questions or concerns may be addressed to me directly at telephone +(617) 542-7481, by facsimile +(617) 542-2199 or email: [email protected]. Karl Spilhaus Cashmere And Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute 617-542-7481 [We at Sunrise Pashmina appreciate the concern of CCHMI, but we believe that pashmina is a more legitimate term than cashmere, which reflects colonialist assumptions and has no basis in indigenous usage.] Shatoosh ... Not As the foremost international organization of cashmere processors, the Cashmere & Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute would like to clarify that the mission of the Institute is to promote the use of genuine cashmere and camel hair products and to protect the interests of manufacturers, retailers and consumers of these products. Above and below: endangered chiru antelope > The term, "Pashmina" and "Cashmere" are synonymous for soft, fine, high-quality fiber. The ancient name of the precious shawls still made by hand in the Central Asian regions is called "Pashmina." "Cashmere" is the internationally accepted term for the fiber content designation on labeling cashmere products and goods. Pashmina is accepted as a marketing term but is not recognized as a fiber designation under the Wool Products Labeling Act of the Federal Trade Commission. (Please see our web site for further details on the cashmere goat, Wool Products Labeling Act and the Federal Trade Commission or contact CCMI). Cashmere fibers are removed from live goats÷the animals are not harmed nor are they slaughtered. The herders live in communion with their goats; although it is a difficult life for the herders and goats living in the frigid Mongolian winter months, the lives of the herders and animals are respected. "Shatoosh" is not cashmere or pashmina. The term, "Shatoosh" describes the fine hair from the Tibetan antelope or chiru, which is being slaughtered for this hair and is traded illegally under Chinese and international law. It is illegal to import or trade Shatoosh in the United States. Retailers and testing laboratories worldwide are encouraged to contact their countries customs department should they come across shatoosh products. For further information about shatoosh you are advised to contact the Tibetan Plateau Project, www.earthisland.org/tpp . Karl Spilhaus Cashmere And Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute 617-542-7481 What is a pashmina shawl? The following notes are drawn from an account of Kashmiri shawl production in Anamika Pathak's Pashmina. Our understanding is that methods are similar in Nepal. The primary source of wool is the domesticated goat Capra hircus. This wool is called pashm. The word shahtoosh derives from shah (king) and tus (wool), and refers to the highest quality fabric, which was reserved only for royalty. Although historically (and perhaps currently) other wild species are used as well, shahtoosh wool is derived primarily from the endangered Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), more commonly known by the Tibetan name chiru. It is illegal in most countries. The domesticated shawl goats have an outer coat composed of short and relatively brittel guard hairs, and a softer inner coat. The best quality fiber comes from the area under the neck and belly. The goat is sheared once a year, at the beginning of the summer. A knife is used rather than scissors, because the scissors allow the inner and outer layers of fleece mix. A knife is used to remove the outer coat first, and then the inner fleece is combed toward the head and carefully cut off. Despite the care and skill of shearers, there is always some outer hair mixed into the finer fleece, and this has to be removed by hand. The raw wool is sorted according to quality and fiber length. Individual hairs may be as long as 40 cm (16"). The sorted fibers are washed with plain water to get rid of dust and plant matter. Soap is not used, as it makes the wool harsher. The cleaned wool is teased between two wooden combs to loosen and separate tangled fibers. Prior to spinning, the cleaned wool is spread out and rubbed with a paste of pounded rice and water. Once dried and teased again, the toughened wool is ready for spinning into yarn. Two qualities of thread were spun. The warp thread, which is subject to more tension than the weft, is prepared with a greater number of twists. The weft thread is less intensively twisted, so that it retains a fluffier texture. The process outlined here is summarized from Pashmina by Anamika Pathak. Pathak describes the traditional preparation of Kashmiri pashmina, and we cannot be certain how similar it is to the production of pashmina yarn used in Nepal, which is imported from China. About the word shawl... The word shawl is derived from the Indo-Persian word shal, which meant a fine woven woolen fabric used as a drape. The Italian traveler Pietro della Valle, in 1623, observed that whereas in Persia the scial or shawl was worn as a girdle, in India it was more usually carried 'acrosss the shoulders'. The shal, shawl or do-shalla (the Hindi term for shawl) has a long history. Although its origins are popularly traced to the medieval period, archaeological findings, ancient literary references, and travellers' accounts provide ample evidence of the existence of the woollen tradition in India right from the Indus Civilization (2700-2000 B.C.) [Source: Pashmina by Anamika Pathak] In the photo above, a street merchant sells "pashmina" shawls in the Asan Tole bazaar of Kathmandu. Most of his shawls are actually made from sheep's wool, cotton, or acrylic. Sunrise Pashmina 511 W. Green St., Ithaca, NY 14850 USA Call us at (607) 256-0102. Night or day. If we can't answer immediately, we'll get back to you. Soon. Or email us at [email protected]	i don't know
Which French sculptor died in November 1917?	F-Auguste-R Rodin, French sculptor (Baiser... November 17 in History November 17, 1917 in History Died: F-Auguste-R Rodin, French sculptor (Baiser, Thinker), dies at 77 Related Topics:	Auguste Rodin
‘Air & Style’ and ‘X-Trail Jam’ are events in which sport?	Auguste Rodin Biography - Infos - Art Market Paris 1840 - Meudon 1917 The French sculptor, illustrator, graphic artist, and painter Franï¿½ois Auguste Renï¿½ Rodin was born on November 12, 1840 in Paris. He is considered to be the founder of Impressionist style in the art of the sculpture. During his studies at the ï¿½cole Impï¿½riale Spï¿½ciale de Dessin et de Mathï¿½matiques (called La Petite ï¿½cole) in the years 1854 ï¿½ 1857, Rodin attended classes by Lecoq de Boisbaudran and Jean-Baptiste Belloc. After he discovered his interest in sculpting, he made three attempts to be accepted at the ï¿½cole des Beaux-Arts, but failed the entrance examination. In the following years, the artist worked for various decorators and decoration painters. When his sister Maria died in 1862, Auguste Rodin fell into a personal crisis and joined the order of the Pï¿½res du Trï¿½s-Saint Sacrament. However, the abbot soon encouraged him to devote his life to art. Starting in 1864, the artist worked for the sculptor Albert Ernest Carrier-Belleuse (1824 ï¿½ 1887) and was his student. That same year, he met his life companion Rose Beuret, who he did not marry until 1917. In 1870, Rodin followed Carrier-Belleuse to Brussels. However, the paths of the sculptors soon separated again after intense clashes. In the following period, Auguste Rodin accepted public commissions and worked as an assistant to the Belgian sculptor Antoine Joseph van Rasbourg (1831 ï¿½ 1902). During the years 1875-76, he took a trip to Italy in order to study the works of Michelangelo and Donatello. Rodin succeeded in his breakthrough as a sculptor with "The Age of Bronze" (1876). In order to study the Gothic cathedrals, he traveled through France in 1877 and published the treatise "Les Cathï¿½drales de France", which contains his studies of architectural details and observations about the Gothic style in 1914. From 1879 ï¿½ December 1882, the artist worked in the porcelain factory in Sï¿½vres. During this time, he received the state commission for "The Gates of Hell", the portal for the Musï¿½e des Arts dï¿½cortaifs in Paris with the theme of "Danteï¿½s Inferno". Although the work on it lasted until Rodinï¿½s death, it could not be completed. The figures "The Kiss", "Ugolino", "Adam", "Eve", and "The Thinker" are seen as independent works. In 1883, Auguste Rodin met the French sculptress Camille Claudel (1864 ï¿½ 1943), who was initially his student and his mistress until 1898. In 1885, he received the commission for the bronze figure group "The Burghers of Calais" (erected in 1895). Another state commission followed in 1889 for the sculpture of Victor Hugo (unfinished) for the Pantheon and the sculpture of Claude Lorraine (erected in 1892 in Nancy). In addition, Rodin received the commission for a monument of Honorï¿½ de Balzac (1892 ï¿½ 97) in 1891 from the Sociï¿½tï¿½ the Gens de Lettres. In 1894, the artist moved to Meudon. During the following period, he participated in many exhibitions (Prague, Dï¿½sseldorf, Paris, Vienna, Leipzig, Tokyo, New York, Lyon, etc.) and received honorary doctorates from the Universities of Glasgow (1906) and Oxford (1907). He also participated in the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 with 171 works. In the years 1905-06, Rainer Maria Rilke (1875 ï¿½ 1926) worked as Auguste Rodinï¿½s private secretary and wrote a biography of the artist. In 1907, the sculptor moved into his city studio at the Hï¿½tel Biron, where he lived until his death. Because three of his works were given as gifts to the French state (1916), it was possible to open the Musï¿½e Rodin here in 1919. Franï¿½ois Auguste Renï¿½ Rodin died on November 17, 1917 in Meudon.	i don't know
Lester B. Pearson became Prime Minister of which country in April 1963?	Lester B. Pearson - The Canadian Encyclopedia Politicians Lester B. Pearson Lester Bowles "Mike" Pearson, prime minister 1963–68, statesman, politician, public servant, professor (born 23 April 1897 in Newtonbrook, ON; died 27 December 1972 in Ottawa, ON). Lester Bowles "Mike" Pearson, prime minister 1963–68, statesman, politician, public servant, professor (born 23 April 1897 in Newtonbrook, ON ; died 27 December 1972 in Ottawa , ON). Pearson was Canada's foremost diplomat of the 1950s and 1960s, and formulated its basic post- WWII foreign policy. A skilled politician, he rebuilt the Liberal Party and as prime minister strove to maintain Canada's national unity. Under his leadership, the government implemented a Canada Pension Plan , a universal medicare system, a unified armed force , and a new flag . In 1957, he received the Nobel Peace Prize for his diplomatic efforts in facilitating Britain and France’s departure from Egypt during the Suez Crisis. Early Life and Career Son of a Methodist parson, Pearson spent his childhood moving from one parsonage to another before enrolling in history at the University of Toronto . With the outbreak of the First World War , he enlisted in the Canadian Army Medical Corps and in 1915 was shipped to Greece to join the Allied armies fighting the Bulgarians. After two years of stretcher-bearing, he transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in England. His military career came to a sudden end when he was run over by a London bus and invalided home. After earning his BA at the University of Toronto in 1919, Pearson was undecided on a career. He tried law and business, won a fellowship to Oxford, and was hired by the University of Toronto to teach history, which he combined with tennis and coaching football . Pearson also married and soon had children. Finding a professor's salary insufficient, he joined the Department of External Affairs (now Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development ). By 1928 he had trained himself as a perceptive observer and an able writer, both useful qualities in his work. Pearson quickly attracted the attention of his deputy minister, O.D. Skelton . Representing Canada Abroad In 1935 he was sent to London as first secretary in the Canadian High Commission, giving him a front-row seat as Europe drifted towards the Second World War . He was profoundly influenced by what he saw and thereafter attached great importance to collective defence in the face of dictatorships and aggression. In 1941 Pearson returned to Canada. He was sent to Washington as second-in-command at the Canadian Legation in 1942, where his easygoing personality and personal charm made him a great success, particularly with the press. In 1945, he was named Canadian ambassador to the United States and attended the founding conference of the United Nations (UN) at San Francisco. Deputy Minister of External Affairs In September 1946, Pearson was summoned home by Prime Minister Mackenzie King to become deputy minister (or undersecretary) of external affairs. He continued to take a strong interest in the UN but also promoted a closer political and economic relationship between Canada and its principal allies, the US and the United Kingdom. Pearson's work culminated in Canada's joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO ) in 1949. He strongly supported a Western self-defence organization, although he hoped that its existence would persuade the Soviet Union (what is now largely Russia) that aggression would be futile. Minister of External Affairs By the time NATO was in place, Pearson had left the civil service for politics. In September 1948, he became minister of external affairs and subsequently represented Algoma East, Ontario , in the House of Commons . As minister, he helped lead Canada into the Korean War as a contributor to the UN army and, in 1952, served as president of the UN General Assembly, where he tried to find a solution to the conflict. His efforts displeased the Americans, who considered him too inclined to compromise on difficult points of principle. His greatest diplomatic achievement came in 1956, when he proposed a UN peacekeeping force as means for easing the British and French out of Egypt during the Suez Crisis . His plan was implemented, and as a reward he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957. Leader of the Liberal Party By then Pearson was no longer in office. He and the St-Laurent government were widely blamed for not standing by Britain in 1956. The Liberals were defeated, St-Laurent resigned as leader, and at a convention in January 1958 Pearson defeated Paul Martin, Sr. to become party leader. The Liberals faced a minority Conservative government under John Diefenbaker , and in his first act as leader of the opposition Pearson challenged Diefenbaker to resign and turn the government over to him. Diefenbaker ridiculed the idea and in the subsequent general election the Liberals were reduced to 49 of the 265 seats in the Commons. Pearson began the slow task of rebuilding the party. With the assistance of parliamentary debaters such as Paul Martin and J.W. Pickersgill , and party workers such as Walter Gordon , Mitchell Sharp and Maurice Lamontagne, he re-established the Liberals as a national party. In the 1962 general election, Pearson raised the party's total to 100 seats. In 1963, the Diefenbaker government collapsed over the issue of nuclear weapons and in the subsequent election the Liberals won 128 seats to form a minority government . Prime Minister 1963–68 Pearson took office on 22 April 1963. His government was expected to be more businesslike than Diefenbaker's but proved instead to be accident-prone, effectively aborting its first budget. Much of Parliament's time was spent in bitter partisan and personal wrangling, culminating in the interminable flag debate of 1964. In 1965, Pearson called a general election but again failed to secure a majority. In the next year, the Munsinger scandal erupted with even more partisan bitterness. The year 1965 marked a dividing line in his administration, as Finance Minister Walter Gordon departed, and Jean Marchand and Pierre Trudeau from Québec became prominent in the Cabinet . Pearson's attempts in his first term to conciliate Québec and the other provinces with "co-operative federalism " and " bilingualism and biculturalism " were superseded in his second term by a firm federal response to provincial demands and by the Québec government's attempts to usurp federal roles in international relations. When, during his centennial visit, French president Charles de Gaulle uttered the separatist slogan "Vive le Québec libre" to a crowd in Montréal , Pearson issued an official rebuke and de Gaulle promptly went home. In December 1967, Pearson announced his intention to retire and in April 1968 a Liberal convention picked Pierre Trudeau as his successor. Legacy For all its superficial chaos, the Pearson government left behind a notable legacy of legislation: a Canada Pension Plan , a universal medicare system, a unified armed force , and a new flag . However, its approach to the problem of Canada's economically disadvantaged regions was less successful and its legacy, which included the Glace Bay heavy-water plant, was decidedly mixed. Not all of these initiatives proved fruitful and some were costly, but they represented the high point of the Canadian welfare state that generations of social thinkers had dreamed about. In retirement, Pearson worked on his memoirs and on a study of international aid for the World Bank. R. Bothwell, Pearson (1978); L.B. Pearson, Mike, 3 vols (1972, 1973, 1975). Links to other sites	Canada
The conflict between rival political factions the Girondins and the Jacobins, during the French Revolution, was known as The Reign of what?	Biography – PEARSON, LESTER BOWLES – Volume XX (1971-1980) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography Biography – PEARSON, LESTER BOWLES – Volume XX (1971-1980) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography Source: Library and Archives Canada/MIKAN 3607934 PEARSON, LESTER BOWLES, professor, office holder, diplomat, and politician; b. 23 April 1897 in Newton Brook (Toronto), second of the three sons of Edwin Arthur Pearson, a Methodist minister, and Annie Sarah Bowles; m. 22 Aug. 1925 Maryon Elspeth Moody in Winnipeg, and they had a son and a daughter; d. 27 Dec. 1972 in Ottawa. Born on St George’s Day in the year of Queen Victoria’s diamond jubilee, Lester Pearson would be brought up in a home that reflected fully the ambitions and character of Canadian Methodism in the last decade of the 19th century. Although neither the Bowleses nor the Pearsons were notably religious in Ireland before they emigrated, they became enthusiastic and prominent Methodists after their arrival in Canada, in the 1820s and 1840s respectively. Pearson’s paternal grandfather, Marmaduke Louis, was a well-known Methodist minister; his mother’s cousin the Reverend Richard Pinch Bowles, later the chancellor of Victoria University, Toronto, had officiated at the marriage of Annie and Edwin. Edwin Pearson stepped aside from the heated debates about the Social Gospel that marked early-20th-century Methodism. Athletic and easygoing, he was a popular pastor who moved often because he received calls from other churches. The family’s frequent changes of residence meant that Lester did not have a home town, but the values of the various places in southern Ontario where he lived were strongly defined. Alcohol was loathed, education celebrated, and the sabbath holy. Edwin was a strong imperialist whose scrapbook is filled with clippings about the royal family; his three boys shared his enthusiasm for sports and the empire. An excellent student in high school, Lester is revealed in the diary of his second year at Victoria University as a polite young man whose enthusiasm for sports exceeded his interest in his courses. He referred to his parents fondly and respectfully. His brother Marmaduke (Duke) had left university as soon as he turned 18 to fight in Europe during World War I. As the war intensified, Lester became ever more eager to volunteer. On 23 April 1915 he enlisted in the University of Toronto hospital unit and became a private in the Canadian Army Medical Corps. His younger brother, Vaughan, would soon be overseas as well. Although Pearson would later claim in his memoirs that the war was a decisive event in his development, his presentation of its impact is not supported by contemporary evidence. Like many others, he was to argue that his experience of the war disillusioned him. However, his letters home, his comments in a diary reconstructed from wartime scribblings, and his writings during the early 1920s indicate that he remained conventional in his attitudes. In common with most English Canadians, he had strongly supported conscription in 1917, continued to look to Great Britain for leadership, and honoured the fallen as heroes. Pearson’s own war service reveals an unachieved desire for heroism. After very basic training, he had arrived at the quiet front in Salonica (Thessaloníki, Greece) on 12 Nov. 1915. Greece was neutral, but the British and French stationed troops in the region of Macedonia to minimize contact between the Bulgarians and their Austro-Hungarian allies. Almost immediately, Pearson sought transfer to the Western Front. Thanks to the intervention of the Canadian minister of militia and defence, Sir Samuel Hughes* , a fellow Methodist, a transfer to Britain finally came. After arriving in England in late March 1917, Pearson went for training to Wadham College, Oxford, where his platoon commander was the famous war poet Robert von Ranke Graves. When he finished training, he and his brother Duke decided in late summer to become aviators instead of infantry officers. In the most glamorous and dangerous of combat roles in World War I, the aviator had a life expectancy of months. Pearson joined the Royal Flying Corps in October and began his aerial training at Hendon (London). Two months later his career ended, as he later said, “ingloriously,” when a bus struck him during a London blackout. His medical and other records indicate that the accident did not disable him, but that he broke down emotionally in the hospital and during recuperation in early 1918. He was sent home to Canada on 6 April, after a medical board declared him “unfit” for flying or observer duties because of “neurasthenia.” The war changed Pearson as it did his nation. His resentment of persons in authority, especially British officers, strengthened his democratic and nationalistic instincts. His emotional breakdown probably contributed to his tendency to keep his feelings private and to deplore irrationalism in public and personal life. The war also gave him the enduring nickname of Mike. Pearson tried to return to the war, but the medical board denied him his wish. He had constant headaches, trembled, and could not sleep. He joined the staff of No.4 School of Aeronautics at the University of Toronto and lived at Victoria once again. After the war, he enrolled at Victoria and became a star on the playing field and in the arena. Sports played a major role in his recuperation and would remain a central part of his life until his final years. He received credit for war service and graduated ba with a specialization in modern history in June 1919. He then began articling with the Toronto law firm of McLaughlin, Johnston, Moorhead, and Macaulay, but left quickly to play semi-professional baseball in Guelph, where his father was a pastor. Like many other young Canadians of the day, he found better prospects in the United States. He and Duke joined Armour and Company, an important meat company in Chicago of which their uncle was president. After a brief apprenticeship stuffing sausages in a Canadian subsidiary, Pearson went to Chicago in February 1920. There he began work as a clerk in the fertilizer division of the Armour empire. The anti-British tone of Chicago politics, where the Irish and the Germans held sway, offended the young imperialist and business did not attract him. He told his uncle and his parents that he wanted to go to Oxford. With the help of a fellowship from the Massey Foundation, he left for St John’s College in the fall of 1921. At Oxford, he achieved a solid second, but once again impressed his tutors and fellow students more with his sporting skills and his wit. He took a two-year ma degree and returned to Toronto as a lecturer in the university’s department of history in 1923. In that small unit he made lasting friends, such as the future diplomat Humphrey Hume Wrong* ; he also met his wife. The daughter of a Winnipeg doctor and nurse, Maryon Moody enrolled in Pearson’s history tutorial for the fall term of 1923 in her final year at university. The attraction was immediate and within a few weeks the professor had persuaded his pretty female student to attend a party with him. On 13 March, five weeks later, Maryon wrote to a close friend, “Don’t tell a soul because we aren’t telling the public till after term. I am engaged.” She admitted that she had “known him really at all well [for] a little over a month” but they “loved each other more than anything else in the world.” They were married in Broadway United Church, Winnipeg. Their son, Geoffrey Arthur Holland, who would become a diplomat, was born in December 1927 and daughter Patricia Lillian arrived in March 1929. Maryon is one of the most interesting of the Canadian prime ministerial wives. Deeply religious as an undergraduate, she became a sceptic and, privately, a non-believer. Excited about the possibility of a life as a writer, she would never work in a paying job after her marriage. Against Pearson’s enemies, she was a ferocious defender of her husband. After his death, she would be bereft and resentful of her widowhood. Yet when they were together, she was known for her barbed comments directed towards her spouse, as when she famously said, “Behind every successful man there is a surprised woman.” They fought often and both had close relationships, perhaps affairs, with others. She despised politics but would take a close interest and would influence critical decisions, especially the selection of Pearson’s cabinet. Her sharp and sardonic wit wounded some, but enlivened many dinner parties. She and her husband moved together along the modernist paths of the 20th century in their choices in literature, their attitudes towards religion, and even in their methods of child rearing, but they remained grounded in the traditions of Anglo-Canadian Methodism. In a later time, they might have divorced, but they would remain a couple, forming a partnership that deeply influenced their times and their country. After their marriage the Pearsons lived close to the university and entertained young faculty in their home. Reports vary on Pearson’s success as a lecturer, but all agree that he was a major figure in the athletic activities of the university and a minor contributor to the professionalization of the field of Canadian history in the 1920s. He proposed to write a book on the loyalists and spent the summer of 1926 at the Public Archives of Canada in Ottawa. At the university, he faced a choice between accepting promotion through which he would become a major figure in the athletic department or demonstrating stronger devotion to scholarship and the classroom. Both options lacked the appeal of the Department of External Affairs in Ottawa which, under Oscar Douglas Skelton* , the under-secretary of state, was hiring bright young Canadians with advanced degrees. Wrong, Pearson’s closest friend in the history department, went to Washington as a junior diplomat in the spring of 1927 and Skelton expressed interest in Pearson, whom he had met in the summer of 1926. Pearson took the foreign service examination and stood first among a distinguished group of applicants. He had, at last, a métier. Hugh Llewellyn Keenleyside* , another academic who became a foreign service officer in the late 1920s, shared an office with Pearson in Ottawa after Pearson’s arrival in August 1928. Pearson, he would later write, was in “good physical shape, vigorous and alert.” He was “cheerful, amusing, keenly interested in his work, ambitious for the service and for himself.” He remained so throughout his career in the department. There would be frustrations, especially with Skelton’s lack of organizational skills and the idiosyncrasies of prime ministers Richard Bedford Bennett* and William Lyon Mackenzie King* . Nevertheless, Pearson’s intelligence, artfully concealed ambition, good looks and health, and exceptional personal charm were qualities that identified him as an extraordinarily effective public servant and diplomat. The times were bad in the early 1930s, but the opportunities for Pearson were many. In a small department attached to the office of the prime minister, he found himself with different tasks. He attended the London Naval Conference in 1930, meetings of the League of Nations, and the first World Conference on Disarmament in Geneva in 1932, but in Ottawa his major work was in the field of domestic politics. He served as secretary to the royal commission to inquire into trading in grain futures in 1931 and the royal commission on price spreads in 1934-35. His skills impressed Bennett, who recommended him for an obe in 1935, the same year he posted him to London in the prestigious position of first secretary. As would occur often in his life, Pearson found himself at the centre of an international whirlwind and managed to keep his balance in turbulent times. Pearson began his European experience badly when he advised the Canadian representative to the League of Nations, Walter Alexander Riddell* , to put forward a proposal to impose sanctions on Italy after it invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in October 1935. King, who became prime minister later that month, angrily repudiated the Riddell initiative in December, but Pearson escaped blame. King and Skelton had both lost faith in the League of Nations and fretted about British policy towards European border tension and the Spanish Civil War that they feared would lead to confrontations, not only with Italy but, more dangerously, with Adolf Hitler’s Germany. Pearson shared some of these concerns in 1936 and 1937, but his views differed from those of his political superiors as Hitler’s ambitions grew. When King “rejoiced” at the Munich agreement of 1938 between Hitler and British prime minister Arthur Neville Chamberlain, Pearson dissented in a letter to Skelton. Munich was not a peace with honour, he wrote. “If I am tempted to become cynical and isolationist, I think of Hitler screeching into the microphone, Jewish women and children in ditches on the Polish border, [Hermann] G[ö]ring, the genial ape-man and [Paul Joseph] Goebbels, the evil imp, and then, whatever the British side may represent, the other does indeed stand for savagery and barbarism.” It was fine to be on the side of the “angels,” but Pearson knew that “in Germany the opposite spirits are hard at work. And I have a feeling they’re going to do a lot of mischief before they are exorcised.” These comments reveal much about Pearson and his success as a diplomat and international security analyst. He was pragmatic but deeply principled and his principles were based upon a liberal conviction that brutal dictatorships not only repress many of their own citizens but also threaten the security of democratic nations. Moreover, he had sufficient confidence in his perceptions and his accomplishments to disagree with his superiors, a risky course for any public servant. Finally, he had become, by the late 1930s, a superb analyst of international politics and personalities. The British often turned to him for advice and he began to gather a group of international supporters who would assist his career. When the war began in September 1939, he was well placed to influence Canadian policy, particularly since he had told his doubting superiors that war would come and that Canada must fight. The children, and then Maryon, returned to Ottawa, but Pearson stayed in England and worked ceaselessly to strengthen British-Canadian ties. Those times remained a cherished memory for him and their spirit is preserved in the diary of his colleague Charles Stewart Almon Ritchie* and the novel, The heat of the day (London, 1949), written by Ritchie’s lover, Elizabeth Dorothea Cole Bowen. The death of Skelton, however, forced Pearson’s return to Ottawa in the spring of 1941 and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in December took him to Washington as minister-counsellor in June 1942. He arrived just as the centre of wartime decision-making was shifting to Washington from London and there was no doubt that the United States would dominate in reconstructing the international system after the war. The Canadian minister to Washington, Leighton Goldie McCarthy, was weak and Pearson quickly took on the major role in representing Canada, not only to the American government but also in the numerous committees that were the birthplace of post-war international institutions. Unlike many Canadians and most Britons, he had realized as early as 1940 that power had shifted from London to Washington and that the British Commonwealth of Nations would be a secondary actor on the international stage. For Canada, the political and economic implications of these changes were enormous. Pearson quickly captured attention, especially from the American news media. He became a minor celebrity on a radio quiz program and, significantly, a close friend of several major American journalists. His diplomatic colleagues noted his skill in presiding over committees and in July 1943 he became the chair of the United Nations Interim Commission on Food and Agriculture. The committee was to become the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN in October 1945. Pearson would decline the chance to head the new institution. From 1943 to 1946 he also chaired the important committee on supplies of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. On 1 Jan. 1945 he became Canada’s second ambassador to the United States (earlier representatives had been ministers). He had become one of the foremost diplomats of the time and, in Canada, a public figure. Pearson knew the United States well and admired its energy and creativity. Unlike his brother Duke, now a businessman and a Republican, he was an enthusiastic supporter of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal. He enjoyed American popular culture, especially its cinema, Broadway musicals, and, above all, baseball. Nevertheless, he thought American democracy too encumbered by major financial interests, its public life too vulgar, and its self-confidence sometimes abrasive. As Canada moved from its British past to its North American future, he anticipated many problems. Some in his department had written very negative comments on American policy, but he was always a pragmatist. In 1944 he had written: “When we are dealing with such a powerful neighbour, we have to avoid the twin dangers of subservience and truculent touchiness. We succumb to the former when we take everything lying down, and to the latter when we rush to the State Department with a note everytime some Congressman makes a stupid statement about Canada, or some documentary movie about the war forgets to mention Canada.” This advice to a junior colleague neatly defined his central approach to Canadian-American relations throughout his diplomatic and political career. Although unhappy about the shape of the UN and, especially, the dominance of the Security Council by the great powers, Pearson did not protest as strongly as the Australians did at the San Francisco Conference, where delegates met to draw up the charter in 1945. When the new organization took form, many favoured him for the post of secretary general. He was, however, too closely identified with American interests to satisfy the Soviets. He also knew that political changes were occurring quickly in Ottawa and he did not encourage friends who wanted to promote his candidacy. King was leaving and he had already spoken with Pearson about “entering Canadian public life,” and the diplomat had the idea “very much in mind.” To assure Pearson’s presence in Ottawa as King slowly took his retirement, the prime minister appointed him under-secretary of state for external affairs. Pearson returned to Ottawa in September 1946. He served under the new secretary of state for external affairs, St-Laurent . The two quickly acquired confidence in each other and shared their doubts about the weary prime minister. As a minister from the traditionally isolationist Quebec and as King’s favoured successor, St-Laurent gave Pearson valuable cabinet and political support for an innovative and energetic foreign policy. He needed such backing because King was wary of Pearson’s enthusiasms and his tendency to commit Canada to international agreements and institutions. The Cold War between the Soviet Union and the west was young but fierce during Pearson’s tenure as under-secretary. The Soviet use of the veto handcuffed the UN’s Security Council and Soviet influence in eastern Europe became control as coalition governments in nations such as Czechoslovakia and Poland fell to Communism. Although the war’s end did not bring depression as it had in 1919, the economic future was uncertain, since Canada’s traditional European markets were either destroyed or, in the case of Britain, essentially bankrupt. Pearson took three major policy initiatives between 1946 and 1948. First, he continued to hope that the UN would gain strength and, much to King’s despair, he backed UN involvement in the settlement of conflict in Korea and in other troubled areas such as Palestine. Secondly, he recognized the economic and political predominance of the United States. The shortage of American dollars in Canada was solved initially by a special arrangement and Pearson was willing to work out a free trade agreement with the Americans. King stopped the free trade negotiations, fearful of their political impact. Finally, Pearson tried to balance American influence by the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he argued strongly for a socio-economic component to the pact. He played a major role in the discussions and persistently urged Canada’s chief negotiator, Hume Wrong, to take a broad approach to the treaty. By the time the pact was finally signed in Washington in the spring of 1949, his numerous accomplishments had gained him further recognition. With the strong encouragement of King and St-Laurent, he entered politics and was appointed secretary of state for external affairs in the St-Laurent government on 10 Sept. 1948. He ran successfully for a seat in the House of Commons in a by-election in Algoma East on 25 October and retained the seat in the general election of 1949, in which St-Laurent’s government won a resounding victory. He would represent the riding throughout his political career. Pearson would remain Canada’s minister of external affairs until the defeat of the Liberals in 1957. Historians have called his times the “golden years” of Canadian diplomacy. Although there are justifiable doubts about the glitter of the period, Pearson’s own reputation retains its lustre. He had unusual freedom because of the consensus within the Liberal Party and the commons on the nature of the Soviet threat. His department was talented, strong, and well funded. The times were especially kind to him. He was a unilingual anglophone who had little experience outside London, Ottawa, New York, and Washington, but for a Canadian minister of external affairs in the 1950s little else mattered. He recognized that the rebirth of the European economies would make Canada a relatively less significant actor within the western alliance. He also acknowledged that Canada’s relationship with the United States had become the principal concern of a Canadian foreign minister. He nonetheless retained his pre-war unease that the United States was sometimes an “intoxicated” nation and, in that state, “middle courses” were difficult to follow. Yet there was no doubt that the Canadian course in the Cold War years must follow closely behind the American juggernaut. Occasionally, a clever Canadian initiative could alter the course slightly, but Canada and the United States were on the same journey. In the late 1940s Pearson worried that the United States would revert to pre-war isolationist tendencies and his rhetoric and policies reflected this concern. Beginning in the 1960s, critics such as Robert Dennis Cuff and Jack Lawrence Granatstein would point to Pearson’s strong and, in their view, strident anti-Communist speeches and his sternly anti-Communist policies in the first years of the Cold War, a position later adopted by historian Denis Smith, political scientist Reginald Whitaker, and journalist Gary Marcuse. These revisionists would suggest that Pearson overestimated the dangers of Soviet Communism. Pearson equated Communism with Nazism. He warned, for example, that “we did not take very seriously the preposterous statements of the slightly ridiculous author of Mein Kampf. We preferred the friendly remarks of ‘jolly old Goering’ at his hunting lodge.” Mein Kampf had been the true agenda; similarly, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin showed a gentle side to the American vice-president, Henry Agard Wallace, in 1944, but Pearson warned that the west should look at Stalin’s harsh statements, “which form the basic dogma on which the policy of the USSR [Union of Soviet Socialist Republics] is inflexibly based.” This debate about the Cold War and the threat of Communism, the so-called revisionist debate, has changed since the Cold War’s end in the late 1980s. On the one hand, the opening of Soviet archives has revealed that Stalin was extraordinarily dangerous and cruel and that Soviet espionage had infiltrated Western security and foreign policy establishments more fully than revisionist historians had suggested. Pearson’s evaluation of the menace was probably more accurate than his critics had thought. On the other hand, the opening of Canadian security files and greater attention to individual rights in Canadian society has drawn attention to discrimination against, and sometimes persecution of, not only political dissidents but also homosexuals in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The argument that Pearson’s strident anti-Communism had contributed to the climate of fear that stifled dissent has some merit. Pearson had little patience with those who made revisionist arguments and the second volume of his memoirs is a reply to the revisionist historians of the late 1960s and early 1970s. On the question of treatment of dissidents, he would have had some sympathy because his support of Egerton Herbert Norman* , a Canadian diplomat accused by an American congressional committee of being a Communist agent, had made him very much a target of American extreme anti-Communists. Although Pearson did not speak out publicly against the activities of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in harassing dissidents, he did annoy the Federal Bureau of Investigation and some Republican politicians, including Senator Joseph McCarthy. He refused to allow Soviet defector Igor Sergeievich Gouzenko to testify in the United States before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee and denied that Canadian information confirmed that Harry Dexter White was guilty of espionage. (White was a senior American public servant who is now known to have been an agent of influence for the Soviets.) His refusal to dismiss Norman made John Edgar Hoover of the FBI suspicious of him. The Chicago Tribune, owned by Hoover’s friend Colonel Robert Rutherford McCormick, called Pearson “the most dangerous man in the Western World” in 1953. These attacks and incidents deeply annoyed him, but they did not significantly affect his ability to work with the American administration under President Harry S. Truman and, after his taking office in 1953, under Republican president Dwight David Eisenhower. The confidence in Pearson among senior Department of State and other American officials had come from his role in promoting the creation of the North Atlantic alliance, his support for American policy in the creation of Israel, and his encouragement of much higher Canadian defence spending after 1949. When the Korean War broke out in 1950, Canadian public opinion was not strongly in favour of Canadian participation. On 25 June, Pearson told journalists privately that he did not believe UN or American intervention would occur. Three days later, after learning that Truman had decided to intervene, he praised the United States for recognizing “a special responsibility which it discharged with admirable dispatch and decisiveness.” He, like Truman, believed that such an intervention under the leadership of the United States and the auspices of the UN - which was possible because the Soviets were boycotting the Security Council - would call the Communists’ bluff and strengthen the UN, whose first years had been very disappointing. At his urging, the Canadians raised their commitment from a token naval presence to a significant involvement in the brutal ground war. Because of the war in Korea and the perceived threat of a Communist attack on western Europe, Pearson had unusual freedom from normal political restraints. He chaired the NATO council in 1951-52 and in 1952 became the president of the UN’s General Assembly. As president, he had difficulties with the Americans, for he had become a critic of their policies in Asia. Canada had followed the United States in refusing to recognize Communist China, but he had been deeply concerned about the possibility that the war in Korea would become a broad conflagration after the Chinese entered it in November 1950. When American general Douglas MacArthur, the commander of the UN forces in Korea, spoke openly about extending the war, Pearson decided that he must protest. In a famous speech to the Canadian and Empire clubs in Toronto on 10 April 1951, he said that the UN must not be the “instrument of any one country” and that others had the right to criticize American policy. He expressed his belief that “the days of relatively easy and automatic political relations with our neighbour are, I think, over.” And they were, even though Truman fired MacArthur later the same day. While sharing the American conviction that the expansion of Communism must be halted and contained, Pearson deplored talk of “rolling back” Communism and worried about American excesses. The attack of Senator McCarthy and his allies on the Department of State was, in his view, dangerous and thoroughly irresponsible. The American policy on China especially bothered him. He told his son, soon to become a foreign service officer, that he had attempted and failed to moderate American attitudes toward China. In the winter of 1951 it seemed to him that “emotionalism has become the basis of [United States] policy.” Canada would still “follow” the Americans, but only to the extent of their strict obligations under the UN charter. The Korean War finally came to an end after Eisenhower became president. Pearson had irritated American secretary of state Dean Gooderham Acheson because of his insistence on advancing peace negotiations. Acheson’s Republican successor, John Foster Dulles, was even more difficult and ideological in his approach and Pearson became more determined to find ways to end the Cold War chill, especially after the death of Stalin in 1953. Despite Pearson’s disagreements with the Americans, they recognized his skill and usefulness. When, in 1952, his name had come forward for the positions of NATO’s secretary-general and the UN’s secretary-general, the United States had supported his candidacy. He had resisted the NATO post and the Russians, as before, had rejected him for the UN appointment. He established strong personal ties with the Scandinavian countries and in the British Commonwealth he and Canada became an influential force. The Colombo Plan, which had been drawn up in January 1950, was Canada’s first major commitment to assistance for developing countries and Pearson had been one of its architects. Although he thought Jawaharlal Nehru puzzling, he fostered the notion of a special relationship between Canada and India. Canada participated in the Geneva Conference of 1954 that sought, unsuccessfully, to bring peace to French Indochina. Canada became the Western voice on the International Control Commission that, again unsuccessfully, attempted to supervise and develop a peace settlement in the region. In October 1955 he was the first Western foreign minister to visit the Soviet Union after the death of Stalin. The trip, which featured a wild night of drinking and debate with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in the Crimea, did not persuade Pearson that the post-Stalin Soviet Union was a more benign state. Pearson’s focus remained firmly on the Soviet threat and he believed the United States was weakening itself and its response to that menace by excessive attention to Communist China. He considered recognition of Communist China, but American warnings of retaliation quickly dissuaded him. He was furious, as were the Americans, when the British, the French, and the Israelis, angry about the Egyptian takeover of the Suez Canal, secretly planned and carried out an attack in Egypt on 29 Oct. 1956. The Soviets began to talk of sending volunteers to aid the Egyptians; the Americans, who had not been informed of the plans, moved to condemn their traditional allies in the UN. The Australians backed the British; Canada, for the first time in its history, opposed a British war. Working closely with the Americans, Pearson tried to craft a solution that would end the divisions among Western allies and would reduce the tensions of a broader war. Early on Sunday morning, 4 November, the UN supported a Canadian resolution that called for the creation of a peace force. The British and French backed down. On 14 Oct. 1957 Pearson would receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Although Pearson gained international laurels, the Canadian position on the Suez crisis met with strong criticism in English Canada. Reluctant to abandon the British ties that had been the foundation of their identity for almost two centuries, many English Canadians linked the Liberal government and Pearson with the increasing Americanization of Canada. They complained that the Liberals had favoured the Americans and had “knifed” Britain in the crisis. The irascible Conservative Charlotte Elizabeth Hazeltyne Whitton , mayor of Ottawa, quipped: “It’s too bad [Gamal Abdel] Nasser couldn’t help Mike Pearson to cross Elliot Lake [in his constituency] when Mr. Pearson did so much to help him along the Suez Canal.” The Liberals, with St-Laurent as leader, Pearson as his likely successor, and a Gallup poll forecasting another solid majority, called an election for 10 June 1957. The polls were wrong; Progressive Conservative leader John George Diefenbaker ’s appeal to Anglo-Canadian nationalism was effective in western Canada, the Maritimes, and British Ontario. His eloquent denunciation of the Liberal minister of trade and commerce, Clarence Decatur Howe* , and the pipeline fiasco had also persuaded electors to vote Conservative. The American-born Howe had used closure to force a bill through the commons to create an American-financed pipeline which would bring western natural gas to Ontario. The Conservatives had opposed it bitterly because of American involvement and had sung “God save the queen” to emphasize their traditional British-Canadian nationalism. The Conservatives won 112 seats with over 38 per cent of the vote and the Liberals 105 seats with over 40 per cent of the vote. After some indecision, St-Laurent resigned as prime minister and as Liberal leader. Pearson was the strong favourite in the Liberal leadership race, especially after he was awarded the Nobel Prize. He became head of the party on 16 Jan. 1958. Pearson’s victory left him foolishly confident and his first efforts in the commons were feeble. When he called upon the new government to resign, Diefenbaker, with his brilliant sense of parliamentary timing, ridiculed the motion and on 1 February asked for a general election, to be held on 31 March. The Liberals were in disarray and the campaign soon revealed how effective Diefenbaker could be on the hustings and how unprepared Pearson was. Although Pearson and Diefenbaker were of similar background and age, Diefenbaker was the more energetic and convincing campaigner. The Conservatives won the most decisive victory recorded in Canadian federal politics, 208 seats compared to only 49 for the Liberals and 8 for the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. With characteristic black humour, Maryon Pearson remarked, “We’ve lost everything. We even won our own seat.” Pearson briefly considered resignation; Maryon encouraged it. He was over 60, a Nobel Prize winner, and aware that his speaking style did not suit an age when television dominated politics. He considered other offers, but his friends, notably Toronto businessman Walter Lockhart Gordon* , encouraged him to stay. Diefenbaker was a better campaigner than prime minister and the economy was faltering after the long post-war boom. Pearson decided to stay on. The election of Jean Lesage ’s Liberal Party in Quebec in June 1960 presented new challenges for the Conservatives, who had won in 1958 because of strong support from the Union Nationale under Maurice Le Noblet Duplessis* . Pearson began to develop new policies that would reflect the liberalism of Lesage and, to some extent, of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, who was to become president of the United States in January 1961. In September 1960, just after the Liberals moved ahead of the Conservatives in a Gallup poll, the party held a study conference in Kingston. Pearson drew upon his network of friends in journalism, the universities, business, and politics to create a debate about the future of Canadian Liberalism and to draft a platform for the next Liberal government. Prior to the conference, two of those friends, Gordon and journalist Thomas Worrall Kent, had been wary of each other. At the conference, they worked together to draft a progressive platform, one that reflected Kennedy’s New Frontier policy and the ambitious programs of the Quebec government. Pearson became increasingly concerned about Quebec and he insisted that greater recognition of the French language and of the rights of French Canadians be part of the new Liberal platform. When Diefenbaker called a general election for 18 June 1962, many expected him to lose. The Liberal members had been extremely effective in the commons and Diefenbaker’s ministers had fumbled badly. Nevertheless, the final results were 116 Conservatives, 100 Liberals, 30 Social Crediters/Créditistes, and 19 New Democrats. Despite the loss, it was a triumph for Pearson. Diefenbaker’s government began to crumble. When he hesitated to support the Americans in the Cuban missile crisis of October 1962, not only the Kennedy administration but also many traditional Conservatives turned against him. The confusion surrounding the acceptance of nuclear weapons caused turmoil within the Conservative Party; the minister of national defence, Douglas Scott Harkness* , was a strong proponent of acceptance and the minister of external affairs, Howard Charles Green* , a strong opponent. Pearson had opposed nuclear weapons for Canada, but on 12 Jan. 1963 he declared that the country must accept them because it had made a commitment to its allies in 1958 to arm the Bomarc anti-aircraft missiles located in northern Ontario and Quebec with nuclear warheads. Complaints came quickly from Quebec intellectual Pierre Elliott Trudeau* and, privately, from Walter Gordon and the young Liberal Norman Lloyd Axworthy. Pearson’s announcement split the Conservatives and some ministers tried to secure Diefenbaker’s resignation. They failed, but on 5 Feb. 1963 the government fell. Most expected Pearson to win the election, called for 8 April. Pearson became prime minister on 22 April, but the majority government that public opinion polls had predicted and that he had craved eluded him. The Liberals had obtained 129 seats and the Conservatives 95, while the Social Crediters/Créditistes and New Democrats held the balance with 24 and 17 respectively. The following day he turned 66, an age when many Canadians had retired. His cabinet impressed Canadian journalists with its regional balance and broad experience. Paul Joseph James Martin* had served in parliament for 28 years. Newfoundland’s John Whitney Pickersgill* was Diefenbaker’s equal in the house. Gordon, Mitchell William Sharp* , and Charles Mills Drury* brought business experience. Guy Favreau* , the major Quebec minister, and Maurice Lamontagne* were respected in Quebec and Ottawa. The poor results in western Canada, however, meant weak representation from that region. During the election campaign Pearson had promised “sixty days of decision,” but the first two months went badly. Gordon had supported Pearson financially since he had entered politics, had organized his leadership campaign, and had brought influential and capable friends into the Liberal Party. He expected to be minister of finance, but Pearson knew that many in the business community did not have confidence in Gordon’s nationalistic views. Nevertheless, over his wife’s objections, he made the appointment. Gordon turned to outside advisers to prepare the budget because he thought the Department of Finance would be unwilling to accept his nationalist policies. He presented his budget, with a withholding tax on dividends paid to non-residents and a “takeover tax” on foreign acquisitions of Canadian businesses, on 13 June 1963. Bureaucrats complained about his use of outside advisers and many in the business community expressed hostility toward his nationalism. The lack of western Canadian voices in the Liberal caucus meant that their traditional suspicion of Ontario-based nationalism was not often expressed in party debate. The president of the Montreal Stock Exchange, Eric William Kierans* , who would later become a nationalist ally of Gordon’s, attacked the budget, claiming that “our friends in the western world” would realize that “we don’t want them or their money and that Canadians who deal with them in even modest amounts will suffer a thirty percent expropriation of the assets involved.” The attack was unfair, but it and other criticisms led Gordon to withdraw the tax on foreign acquisitions on 19 June. The response was a call for Gordon’s resignation by many major newspapers. Gordon offered his resignation the next day; Pearson refused. Nevertheless, the distrust between the two friends grew. Pearson himself paid little heed to the details of the budget, but the appearance of a separatist movement in Quebec had captured his full attention. On 21 April 1963 a bomb placed by Quebec separatists had killed a janitor working in a Canadian army recruiting office. On 17 May dynamite had exploded in mail boxes in Montreal. Quebec journalist André Laurendeau* had recommended, in January 1962, a royal commission to investigate bilingualism and Pearson had promised to act. On 19 July 1963 he appointed Laurendeau and Arnold Davidson Dunton* co-chairs of the royal commission on bilingualism and biculturalism, and the so-called Quebec issue became the major domestic concern of Pearson’s years in office. The royal commission was immediately controversial, although few suggested that the question of Quebec’s role in Canadian confederation could be ignored. Critics, especially in the west questioned the focus on the duality of Canada and, though the commission’s terms of reference provided that other ethnic groups should be studied, argued for a broader approach that reflected the diverse origins of the country’s population. The seeds of multiculturalism were born. The Pearson government stumbled regularly between 1963 and 1965. Gordon never recovered from the budget debacle and Pearson proved no match for Diefenbaker in the cut and thrust of parliamentary debate. The most serious problem was Quebec representation in the cabinet. Pearson’s support for the acceptance of nuclear weapons had weakened his position in Quebec. The nationalist Le Devoir (Montréal) attacked his stand and urged consideration of the New Democrats’ stance opposing nuclear weapons; prominent francophones such as Trudeau and labour leader Jean Marchand* retreated from flirtation with the Liberals. The result was weak Quebec representation in Ottawa. The veteran Lionel Chevrier was the major Quebec minister even though he was, by origin, a Franco-Ontarian. Justice minister Favreau was able, but he was a political novice. Lamontagne, an excellent academic economist, was an uncertain politician. When, therefore, the increasingly nationalistic government of Jean Lesage in Quebec countered the federal government in domestic jurisdiction and, more troublingly, in international relations, the government response lacked force. Pearson’s Quebec ministers seemed ineffectual and unable to face the challenge of a strong provincial government. The impact was immediate in the area of social policy, where the Liberal agenda was ambitious. The Quebec government anticipated a federal contributory pension scheme by presenting its own plan. It argued, with the support of other provinces concerned about federal intrusion into provincial domains, that it was within its rights. Despite strong opposition in the Liberal caucus and cabinet, Pearson agreed that the Quebec plan should be the starting point for a national program. Quebec could “opt out” of the national plan with compensation and could have its own scheme, aligned with the national one. He cleverly guided the agreement through the cabinet and the Canada and Quebec Pension plans would become a reality in 1966. Despite its clumsy start and its minority status, the Pearson government implemented some social legislation over its two mandates, including the Canada Assistance Plan, which funded provincial welfare programs (1966), and the Guaranteed Income Supplement (1967). In addition, there was much more funding for university research and university capital expenditures. The government had created the Canada Student Loans Plan in 1964. Combined with provincial support for post-secondary education, these policies transformed the Canadian university system. Pearson was fortunate in that the Canadian economy was strong during his tenure as prime minister. Starting in 1965 and culminating with the creation of an apolitical Immigration Board in 1967, important changes were made to Canada’s immigration policy. Under the leadership of the powerful Quebec minister Jean Marchand, who had been persuaded to join the Liberal Party and enter the cabinet, it was closely linked to the government’s labour policy. Although health is an area of provincial responsibility, the Liberals had promised a health care program in their platform of 1919, had dangled it before the electorate in 1945, and had made it part of the platform in 1963. The successful but very difficult creation of such a program in Saskatchewan by its socialist government in 1961 had set a standard that Pearson knew the Liberals must match, especially since the Saskatchewan premier, Thomas Clement Douglas* , had become leader of the federal New Democratic Party that year. Pearson did little to shape the Canadian Medicare program, but he did challenge the reluctant provinces, notably Ontario, to accept that Canadians must have equal access to state-provided medical services. Parliament passed the Medical Care Act in 1966 but financial exigencies postponed its operation for a year. The effect of this social legislation was to make Canada more European and less American in its approach to social welfare. There had been no counterpart to Roosevelt’s New Deal, but Canada caught up quickly in the 1960s and moved well beyond the American standard. If Canada became less American in its approach to social welfare, it became less European in its symbols. The country had no national flag and Liberals had occasionally proposed one. Despite such musings, King and St-Laurent had wisely avoided the controversial issue. Pearson, however, was determined and in 1964, against the advice of many, he insisted on pushing forward. Diefenbaker rallied British Canadians in defence of the Union Jack and the Red Ensign; Liberals told Pearson that he was creating political difficulties over a purely symbolic issue. Nevertheless, he persisted and in the commons on 15 December, with the help of the New Democrats, he managed to secure approval of a design. Liberal mp John Ross Matheson, a war veteran who championed the new flag, would later write that “the fight for a flag became a crusade for national unity, for justice to all Canadians, for Canada’s dignity.” Not all Canadians agreed; many Conservative members wept and the province of British Columbia would not raise the new flag in daylight on its inaugural day. As for the French Canadians, who one might expect to have welcomed the new flag, Trudeau claimed that they did not give “a tinker’s damn” about it. This flood of legislation was broken up by a general election. The weakness of the Pearson government in the matter of Quebec representation had been made worse by scandals that left even fewer French Canadians in the cabinet. These scandals were the face of national politics that Canadians viewed in 1964 and 1965 and they did not like what they saw. There was, as journalist Peter Charles Newman would later write, a “distemper” in Canada during Pearson’s time in office. Writing in 1990 about his 1968 book on the Pearson years, Newman would recall that “most of the people” he had talked with in airports, at dinner parties, and around hamburger stands were “voicing a dismay at our politics that was hardening into cynicism or despair.” The scandals were the manifestation of profound changes in the Canadian political system that occurred during the 1960s. In the case of the Mafia-linked drug dealer Lucien Rivard, ministerial assistants and even Pearson’s parliamentary secretary had supported Rivard’s attempt to obtain release on bail. More seriously, a ministerial assistant had tried to bribe the lawyer acting on the American request for Rivard’s extradition. Justice minister Favreau was drawn into the fray when he decided not to prosecute the assistant. He told Pearson about the developing scandal in September 1964 but Pearson left the impression that he had not learned about it until November. Finally, Pearson corrected the impression in a letter to the special public inquiry, headed by justice Frédéric Dorion, which he had created to investigate the scandal. Favreau’s reputation was shattered; Pearson’s was damaged. Lamontagne and immigration minister René Tremblay saw their careers destroyed over their failure to pay for furniture from a bankrupt Montreal dealer. Yvon Dupuis, another Quebec minister, although later acquitted, was fired from cabinet because he faced criminal charges involving the acceptance of a bribe to accelerate the granting of a racetrack licence. In the commons, Diefenbaker’s courtroom skills cut through the weak answers of the Liberal ministers and his list of French names linked with the scandals, pronounced in halting French, infuriated francophones. Drug deals, bribes, and sleazy furniture sales were not as titillating as Canada’s major political sex scandal, the so-called Munsinger affair. Gerda Munsinger had been involved with the Soviets in Germany. While living in Montreal she had had an affair with a Russian lover and, simultaneously, from 1958 to 1960 with Pierre Sévigny* , Diefenbaker’s associate minister of national defence from 1959 to 1963. The relationship attracted the interest of the RCMP and wiretaps. In the heat of debate in the commons on 4 March 1966, Liberal justice minister Lucien Cardin taunted Diefenbaker about the “Monseignor case.” Rumours billowed about the involvement of a Tory minister with an apparently dead but once very sexy spy. Yet another inquiry engaged Canadians’ curiosity and exposed Sévigny. Diefenbaker and Pearson had both behaved badly, the prime minister in calling for the RCMP file on Munsinger and, in Diefenbaker’s view, threatening him with revelations unless the Conservative leader relented in the commons. For his part, Diefenbaker had dragged up old charges that Pearson had passed information to Communists when he was in Washington. The scandals, the bad mood in the house, and the growing divisions in the Conservative Party persuaded Liberal organizers to call an election. The economy was strong and Oliver Quayle, the American pollster hired by Gordon, reported a Liberal upsurge in the spring of 1965. Although Quayle admitted that Pearson’s image was not strongly positive and that most Canadians thought he was doing only a “fair job,” 46 per cent believed that he would be a better prime minister than Diefenbaker, favoured by 23 per cent of Canadians. Faint praise indeed and enough to cause hesitations. Pearson finally called an election for 8 November after Gordon assured him that he would win a majority and that he would resign if the Liberals failed to obtain one. Diefenbaker once again proved to be an excellent campaigner, overcoming a large Liberal lead in the initial polls. The Liberals pointed to a remarkable list of achievements: the Canada-United States Automotive Products Agreement (Autopact), the pension legislation, student loans, a revision of the tax system, greatly expanded support for post-secondary and technical education, bilingualism and biculturalism, and a more liberal immigration policy that appealed to new Canadians. Diefenbaker shifted debate away from these issues towards Lucien Rivard’s “escape” from prison, the free furniture for cabinet ministers, and Pearson’s lacklustre leadership. Pearson’s campaign was marred by protesters and, at the final giant rally in Toronto, the failure of the sound system. In Quebec, he had recruited three candidates to rebuild the shattered Quebec front bench: journalist and social activist Gérard Pelletier* , Marchand, and, controversially because of his criticism of the Liberals’ nuclear policy, Trudeau. When the campaign ended, the Liberals had won less of the popular vote than in 1963 and, with 131 of 265 seats, were denied a majority. The Conservatives had obtained 97 seats and the NDP 21, with Créditistes, Social Crediters, and independent candidates making up the balance. Pearson offered his resignation to cabinet; it was refused. Gordon submitted his resignation to Pearson; to his disappointment, it was accepted. The Gordon team, which included Keith Davey, Richard O’Hagan, James Allan Coutts, and Kent left with him. In a study of the Liberal Party, Joseph Wearing correctly suggests that the Gordon approach concentrated on urban Canada and especially Toronto, Gordon’s home. It was the achievement of the group that so-called Tory Toronto would be no more; however, the aftermath of 1965 was the shift of attention and power to Montreal and Quebec. Quebec increasingly preoccupied the government after the election of 1965. Pelletier, Marchand, and Trudeau had entered federal politics because they feared that Quebec would drift towards separation as Lesage’s Liberals became increasingly nationalist. The surprising defeat of the Liberals by the Union Nationale in 1966 created a sense of crisis. The new premier, Daniel Johnson* , spoke of “equality or independence” and the defeated Liberals, especially the highly popular René Lévesque* , began to muse about an independence platform for their party. Simultaneously, the French government under Charles de Gaulle lavished attention on visiting Quebec politicians while regularly snubbing Canadian representatives. As a diplomat who had seen how the ties of the British empire came undone so quickly, Pearson believed that the French behaviour was profoundly dangerous and that Quebec’s demands for its own foreign policy bore the seeds of the disintegration of Canada. Despite these doubts, which were not fully shared by his minister of external affairs, Paul Martin, Pearson accepted the demands of de Gaulle that he begin his visit during Canada’s centennial year in Quebec City and that he arrive on a French warship, the Colbert. De Gaulle toured Quebec City on 23 July 1967 and, after some controversial statements, travelled to Montreal the following day. There, on the balcony of the Hôtel de Ville, he made his famous declaration, “Vive le Québec libre!” A furious Pearson declared the remarks “unacceptable” and de Gaulle returned to France without visiting Ottawa. Although the event did not break the buoyant spirit of centennial year, it did underline the divisions within Canada. French newspapers tended to believe that Pearson overreacted while English newspapers expressed outrage. Within the government, Trudeau and several officials (notably Allan Ezra Gotlieb, Peter Michael Pitfield, Marc Lalonde, and Marcel Cadieux) met regularly to counter what they considered the drift in the federal government’s policies in the face of Quebec’s initiatives. They began to formulate a strong response to French support for separatism and to the constitutional demands of Quebec. With Trudeau as justice minister, the agenda shifted to, on the one hand, a more coherent constitutional program and, on the other, a more liberal social agenda that responded to the spirit of the times. Trudeau’s famous statement that the government had no place in the bedrooms of the nation signalled a revolution in its attitude toward private behaviour, one that was far from the ethos of the manse where Pearson had been born or, for that matter, the Catholic home and schools of Trudeau’s early years. Because of Pearson’s own distinguished background in external affairs, he had retained responsibility for a few issues in this department, delegating responsibility for the remainder to his minister, Paul Martin, and government officials. The Commonwealth was a prime ministerial gathering and there Pearson demonstrated his extraordinary diplomatic skills in dealing with Britain and others on the difficult Rhodesian and South African issues. There was one notable exception to his diplomacy: his decision in April 1965 to speak out against American bombing of North Vietnam. Pearson had had earlier meetings with President Lyndon Baines Johnson and had become concerned about Johnson’s style and determination to achieve victory in Vietnam. Like other Canadians, he gave Johnson much latitude because of the difficult circumstances of his accession to power after Kennedy’s assassination and because of the apparent extremist character of Barry Morris Goldwater, who had been the Republican presidential candidate in 1964. Nevertheless, the build-up of American forces in Vietnam troubled him greatly. He feared that the United States would be drawn into a long war and that the North Atlantic alliance would be fundamentally weakened. After conversations with American friends, he decided to call for a halt to the bombing. Martin and the Department of External Affairs opposed the idea, but Pearson used the occasion of an award he was to receive from Temple University in Philadelphia on 2 April 1965 to call for “a suspension of air strikes against North Vietnam at the right time” in order to provide “Hanoi authorities with an opportunity, if they wish to take it, to inject some flexibility into their policy without appearing to do so as the direct result of military pressure.” These careful words brought an invitation to meet Johnson later that day at his Camp David retreat in Maryland. There Johnson berated and swore at Pearson and made his displeasure clear to the press. Their relationship never recovered, although later, in 1966, Pearson agreed to the use of a Canadian diplomat, Chester Alvin Ronning, as a messenger to the North Vietnamese. Canada, ironically, had benefited from the increased defence purchases that came with the Vietnam War and many Americans of draft age had migrated to Canada and contributed much to Canadian life, especially in the universities. Vietnam, the race riots in Detroit and other American cities, and the assassination of President Kennedy were causes of the surge of Canadian nationalism that occurred in English Canada during the centennial year of 1967. Pearson called a press conference for 14 Dec. 1967 and announced he would resign in the new year. The Conservatives had a new leader, Robert Lorne Stanfield* , and were ahead in the public opinion polls. Pearson’s caucus and cabinet were restless as they prepared to face an election and a possible loss. More troubling to Pearson was the issue of Canadian national unity and he began to work quietly to assure that his successor came from Quebec. His first choice was Marchand, but Marchand recommended Trudeau, whose intellect had impressed Pearson, but whose political skills had not. Pearson did not designate Trudeau his successor, as King had done with St-Laurent, but he told his closest friends that Trudeau was his choice. It was, he believed, the only bet worth taking, given the challenges from Quebec. It was a bet he won. Despite his recent re-conversion to Liberalism, Trudeau won the convention and had parliament dissolved before Pearson’s colleagues and foes could pay tribute to him. The journalist and former mp Douglas Mason Fisher later recalled that in April 1968, when Pearson left office, there was an atmosphere of “indifference” and “a notable keenness by his successor to separate his government distinctly from the bad Pearson years - scandals, leaks, messy, staggering parliaments and disorganized ventures.” In 1968 Pearson became chancellor of Carleton University in Ottawa and he lectured there in history and political science until the fall of 1972. He chaired a historic commission on international development. Its report, Partners in development: report of the Commission on International Development (New York, 1969), called for a systematic transfer of resources and attention from the rich west and north to the poor south. The so-called “Pearson Report” was the first sustained evaluation of international development assistance. It deeply influenced future debate and policy. Pearson had seldom seen Trudeau after 1968 and the new government’s foreign policy review, with its criticism of post-war strategies, deeply wounded him. Still, he publicly and privately supported Trudeau in the general election of 1972. By that time he knew that he would not vote again. He told his old friend Senator Keith Davey that he would not be able to share his dismay if his beloved Toronto Maple Leafs did not make the playoffs in the spring. He had known since 1970 that cancer would soon cause his death. Despite Maryon’s hopes, he would not retire. On learning of his cancer diagnosis, he rushed his memoirs to publication. The first of his three volumes appeared in 1972 and was an immediate best-seller. His elegant prose and self-deprecating wit made it the finest prime ministerial memoir. It contributed to what Fisher called the rapid “hallowing” of Pearson after his death on 28 Dec. 1972. The hallowing persisted as Canadians faced continuing challenges to national unity and political independence. When, in 2003, the journal Policy Options (Montreal) asked 30 Canadian academics and public figures to rate Canadian prime ministers since King, Pearson took the majority of first-place votes; Diefenbaker, his great antagonist, won none and finished sixth. One suspects Pearson would have smiled wryly and not taken the results very seriously. Neither should the historian. One of the most severe critics of Pearson was his former colleague at the University of Toronto, historian Donald Grant Creighton , whose biography of Sir John A. Macdonald* Pearson had generously praised in a personal letter to Creighton. Creighton, like Pearson, was the son of a Methodist parson, a graduate of Toronto and Oxford, and a historian by training, but in the 1950s their agreement about the character of Canadian history and nationality had dissolved. For Creighton, the loss of British identity and the post-war political and economic integration with the United States were giant steps on a path leading towards Canada’s disintegration. The events of the 1960s - the rise of Quebec separatism and secular nationalism, the promotion of biculturalism and bilingualism, and the deluge of American popular media - made Canada’s first century a study in decline and disappointment. For Pearson, the British empire, whose traditions he had cherished as a youth and a young man, had become a hollow shell by the 1940s. Somewhat regretfully, he acknowledged its decline and recognized its flawed North American successor. Despite his doubts about American policy and about some elements of its society and culture, he linked Canada more closely with the United States in the 1940s and 1950s, mainly because he believed that the greatest threat facing Canada and the world was the Soviet Union and that the United States must give leadership in confronting that challenge. He also accepted that Canadians individually could benefit economically from integration with the strongest economy in the world. A politician had to deliver the goods and, in those days, the Americans had the most and the best. It was Pearson’s experience as a politician and as a diplomat that persuaded him in the 1960s that French Canada must become more integrally part of the Canadian political and economic system or it would go its separate way. Although he knew little about French Canada or about Quebec, he made Quebec’s place in Canada the focus of his government, thus slowing the momentum for separation. The bitterness of Canadian politics during the mid 1960s derived in part from the sea change that came with the integration of French Canadian politics into the policy centres of the Canadian government. Never again would a Canadian cabinet have a few francophone ministers who could not speak their own language in cabinet and whose deputies dealt with them in English. After Pearson, no Canadian prime minister was unilingual. Ottawa became a different city, Canada a different country. If he had not become Canada’s prime minister, Pearson would still be a significant figure in Canadian history as the country’s only Nobel Peace laureate and the most eminent Canadian diplomat. Some may cavil, as Creighton did, about Pearson’s work as a diplomat, but few deny his skill and influence. His prime ministerial tenure, however, remains controversial. During his turbulent and fairly brief years in office, his governments transformed Canada. Although Canadians did not want a more open immigration policy, his governments introduced it, transforming the face of urban Canada. Although bilingualism was controversial, the Pearson governments adopted it and set the framework for an official policy that made the federal public service so different from what it had been. Although social welfare was, constitutionally, a provincial responsibility, the Pearson governments legislated boldly in the field and made Canada a country unlike its American neighbour, which had previously been the more generous North American nation in its social policies. Later in the 20th century, social disturbances in Canadian cities, separatism in the province of Quebec, and neo-conservative philosophies made some question the achievement of the Pearson years. Yet foes and friends already recognize that Pearson was a remarkable Canadian whose life and work profoundly changed the country he served. John English The major primary source for this biography is the Lester B. Pearson fonds at Library and Arch. Canada (Ottawa) (MG 26, N). It contains an abundance of public papers, Pearson’s correspondence with his colleagues, and a diary that he occasionally maintained. The collection is particularly good for the period between 1935 and 1948, when his career as a foreign service officer advanced quickly. Material there and elsewhere on his early years is sparse. Some letters to his parents exist, but exchanges with his brothers and friends before 1928, when he entered public service, are missing. Even afterwards, there is little family correspondence. Because of their frequent long separations, correspondence between Maryon Elspeth Pearson and her husband would probably have been abundant, but she apparently destroyed nearly all of it. This biography did benefit from letters between Pearson and his children held by Geoffrey Arthur Holland Pearson of Ottawa and Patricia Lillian Pearson (Hannah) of Toronto. The correspondence between Geoffrey, a foreign service officer, and his father is especially valuable since his father often expressed sharp views on the personalities and events of the time. After he became minister of external affairs, however, Pearson rarely commented frankly or extensively on individuals. Many other manuscript collections at Library and Arch. Canada offer extensive information on Pearson. The William Lyon Mackenzie King papers (MG 26, J) have much that is relevant to any study of Pearson and there are many comments on him and his ambitions in King’s diary. The Louis St-Laurent papers (MG 26, L) are less useful, but Pearson’s activities in the late 1940s and early 1950s are described well in the records of the Department of External Affairs (RG 25) and in its Documents on Canadian external relations, ed. R. A. Mackay et al. (24v. to date, Ottawa, 1967-?). Because Pearson was one of the most eminent diplomats of the time, the records of the British Foreign Office and its successor, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, held by the National Arch. (London, Eng.) and the records of the American Department of State (RG 59) at the National Arch. and Records Administration (Washington) offer many comments on him and his activities. On the whole, the British documents are a richer source. The papers of John George Diefenbaker at the Right Honourable John G. Diefenbaker Centre for the Study of Canada, Univ. of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon), provide a sustained criticism of Pearson’s political career. Before he became a minister in the Pearson government in 1967, Pierre Elliott Trudeau had also been a frequent critic of Pearson and his remarks are found in his papers at Library and Arch. Canada (MG 26, O). Other collections with Pearson material include the Arnold Danford Patrick Heeney fonds (MG 30, E144) and especially the Walter Lockhart Gordon papers (MG 32, B44), both at Library and Arch. Canada, the Tom Kent fonds at Queen’s Univ. Arch. (Kingston, Ont.), and the Bruce Hutchison fonds (MsC 22) at the Univ. of Calgary Library, Special Coll. Pearson wrote the best prime ministerial memoirs: Mike: the memoirs of the Right Honourable Lester B. Pearson, pc, cc, om, obe, ma, lld (3v., Toronto, 1972-75). The first volume, 1897-1948, is superb, although guarded in discussing personal affairs. The second, 1948-1957, edited by J. A. Munro and A. I. Inglis, is a solid academic account of Pearson’s career as minister of external affairs. The last volume, 1957-1968, also edited by Munro and Inglis, regrettably was completed after his death and does not possess the voice and accuracy of the first two. As a public figure, Pearson also published numerous books of speeches and reflections. The best is Words and occasions: an anthology of speeches and articles selected from his papers (Toronto, 1970), which brings together some of his early essays and speeches. Others include: Democracy in world politics (Toronto, 1955), Diplomacy in the nuclear age (Toronto, 1959), Peace in the family of man: the Reith Lectures, 1968 (Toronto and New York, 1969), and The Commonwealth, 1970 (Cambridge, Eng., 1971). There are several biographies of Pearson. The longest is John English, The life of Lester Pearson (2v., New York and Toronto, 1989-92), divided into two periods, Shadow of heaven, 1897-1948 and The worldly years, 1949-1972. Earlier biographies include Robert Bothwell’s perceptive Pearson: his life and world, gen. ed., W. K. Lamb (Toronto, 1978), the popular J. R. Beal, The Pearson phenomenon (Toronto, 1964), W. B. Ayre, Mr. Pearson and Canada’s revolution by diplomacy ([Montreal, 1966]), and Bruce Thordarson, Lester Pearson, diplomat and politician (Toronto, 1974). Another work that has Pearson as a principal player is the academic study by Joseph Levitt, Pearson and Canada’s role in nuclear disarmament and arms control negotiations, 1945-1957 (Montreal, 1993), which should be read with G. A. H. Pearson’s Seize the day: Lester B. Pearson and crisis diplomacy (Ottawa, 1993). There are several contemporary works that deal with Pearson’s controversial tenure as prime minister. P. C. Newman’s two books Renegade in power: the Diefenbaker years (Toronto, [1963]) and The distemper of our times: Canadian politics in transition, 1963-1968 (Toronto, [1968]; repr. with new intro., 1990) are important in the history of Canadian journalism and are deeply informed, though highly critical. Similarly, some of Pearson’s colleagues have been critical of his leadership, notably Julia Verlyn (Judy) LaMarsh in Memoirs of a bird in a gilded cage (Toronto, 1968) and W. L. Gordon in A political memoir (Toronto, 1977). P. [J. J.] Martin is more balanced in A very public life (2v., Ottawa, 1983-85), as are J. W. Pickersgill’s Seeing Canada whole: a memoir (Markham, Ont., 1994), M. [W.] Sharp’s Which reminds me . . . : a memoir (Toronto, 1994), and Trudeau’s Memoirs (Toronto, 1993). There are numerous works that touch upon the varied aspects of Pearson’s career. Among the most important are Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: the life and legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto, 1995), and several works by J. L. Granatstein: A man of influence: Norman A. Robertson and Canadian statecraft, 1929-68 (Ottawa, 1981), The Ottawa men: the civil service mandarins, 1935-1957 (Toronto, 1982), and Canada, 1957-1967: the years of uncertainty and innovation (Toronto, 1986). Two more specialized works also merit attention: Stephen Azzi, Walter Gordon and the rise of Canadian nationalism (Montreal, 1999), and Greg Donaghy, Tolerant allies: Canada and the United States, 1963-1968 (Montreal, 2002). Finally, the centenary of Pearson’s birth brought forth an excellent compilation, Pearson: the unlikely gladiator, ed. Norman Hillmer (Montreal, 1999). Among the other sources consulted are: Canada, House of Commons, Debates (Ottawa), 1948-68; D. G. Creighton, The forked road: Canada, 1939-1957 (Toronto, 1976); Douglas Fisher, “A personal view: the quick, unusual hallowing of Lester B. Pearson,” Executive ([Don Mills, Ont.]), 15 (1973), nos.7/8: 54; H. L. Keenleyside, Memoirs (2v., Toronto, 1981-82); J. R. Matheson, Canada’s flag: a search for a country (Boston, 1980); Denis Smith, Diplomacy of fear: Canada and the Cold War, 1941-1948 (Toronto, 1988); and Reginald Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: the making of a national insecurity state, 1945-1957 (Toronto, 1994).	i don't know
The liqueur Maraschino is flavoured with which fruit?	Cook's Thesaurus: Fruit Liqueurs fruit liqueurs Substitutes: fruit wine OR fruit syrup OR extracts (use much less) Varieties: apple schnapps apricot liqueur Notes: This liqueur tastes like both apricots and almonds. Substitutes: apricot brandy OR amaretto (made with apricot pits) Bauchant Pronunciation: bow-CHAHN Notes: This is an orange liqueur. Substitutes: Grand Marnier OR Cointreau OR triple sec blackberry liqueur Notes: Kroatzbeere and Marie Brizard are well-regarded brands. blue curacao cassis liqueur Ch�ri Suisse = Cheri Suisse Pronunciation: share-ee SWEESE Notes: This is a chocolate and cherry flavored liqueur. It's often mixed with milk. Substitutes: chocolate liqueur cherry liqueurs Notes: There are many varieties of cherry liqueurs, including the chocolate-flavored Ch�ri Suisse , Cherry Heering = Peter Heering, cr�me de cerise , Cherry Rocher, Kirschenliqueur, Cherry Grand Marnier = Cherry Marnier, and Maraschino liqueur . Substitutes: port wine OR kirsch OR cherry syrup Citr�nge = Citronge Pronunciation: see-TRONGE Notes: This is a Mexican orange liqueur. Cointreau Pronunciation: kwahn-TROW Notes: This is an orange liqueur that�s not as well regarded as Grand Marnier, but considered a step above cura�ao and triple sec. Substitutes: Grand Marnier (nicer and more expensive) OR cura�ao (sweeter) OR triple sec (even sweeter) OR unsweetened orange juice concentrate OR Chambord (a raspberry liqueur) cranberry liqueur Notes: Boggs is a well-regarded brand. Substitutes: raspberry liqueur cr�me d'abricots = creme d'abricots Pronunciation: KREM dab-ree-KOE Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur that has an apricot flavor. Substitutes: apricot liqueur (not as sweet) cr�me d'ananas = creme d'ananas Pronunciation: KREM dah-nah-NAH Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur that has a pineapple flavor. Substitutes: cr�me de banane cr�me de banane = creme de banane Pronunciation: KREM de bah-NAHN Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur that has a banana flavor. It's often used to make banana daiquiris. Substitutes: cr�me d'ananas (pineapple flavor) cr�me de cassis = creme de cassis Pronunciation: KREM de cah-CEASE Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur made with black currants and rum. It's very sweet, and often mixed with white wine to make kir. Substitutes: black currant syrup (similar flavor, non-alcoholic) OR raspberry liqueur (not as sweet) cr�me de cerise = creme de cerise Pronunciation: KREM de sare-EASE Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur that has a cherry flavor. Substitutes: cherry liqueur (not as sweet) OR kirsch (not as sweet) cr�me de fraise = creme de fraise = cr�me � la fraise des bois = creme a la fraise des bois Pronunciation: KREM de FREZ Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur that has a strawberry flavor. Substitutes: cr�me de framboise OR cr�me de cassis cr�me de framboise = creme de framboise Pronunciation: KREM de frahm-BWAHZ Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur that has a raspberry flavor. Substitutes: cr�me de fraise OR cr�me de cassis cr�me de griotte Pronunciation: KREM de gree-YUT Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur that's flavored with sour Morello cherries. Substitutes: cr�me de cassis cr�me de mandarine = creme de mandarine Pronunciation: KREM de mahn-dah-REEN Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur that has a mandarin orange flavor. Substitutes: orange liqueur cr�me de m�re = creme de mure Pronunciation: KREM de MYUR Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur that's flavored with blackberries. Substitutes: cr�me de cassis cr�me de myrtille Pronunciation: KREM de meer-TEEL Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur that's flavored with blueberries. Substitutes: cr�me de cassis cr�me de p�che = creme de peche Pronunciation: KREM de PESH Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur that's flavored with peaches. cr�me de prunelle = creme de prunelle Pronunciation: KREM de prew-NELL Notes: This is a cr�me liqueur that's flavored with sloe berries. Substitutes: sloe gin OR plum brandy (not as sweet) cura�ao = curacao Pronunciation: CURE-uh-soh Notes: Cura�ao is an liqueur made from orange peels. It comes in blue, orange, red, green, and clear versions that all taste exactly the same. To make your own colored version, add one or two drops of food coloring to a cup of clear liqueur. Substitutes: Cointreau (drier) OR Triple Sec (sweeter) OR Grand Marnier (finer, and more expensive) OR orange juice (non-alcoholic) Gran Torres Notes: This is a Spanish orange liqueur. Substitutes: Triple Sec Grand Marnier Pronunciation: GRAHN mahr-NYAY Notes: This is a fairly sweet brandy-based orange liqueur. There are two kinds: the well-regarded red, or Cordon Rouge, and the sweeter and less potent yellow, or Cordon Jaune. Substitutes: Cointreau (Also an orange flavored liqueur. Not as good for sipping, but works fine for cooking.) OR cura�ao (This is also an orange-flavored liqueur, but it's sweeter than Grand Marnier.) OR triple sec (orange-flavored, much sweeter) OR cognac (Not orange flavored, but it's a good substitute for sipping or cooking.) OR Chambord (similar quality, but raspberry-flavored) OR unsweetened orange juice concentrate guavaberry liqueur = Guavaberry Island Folk Liqueur Notes: A specialty of the Caribbean island of St. Martin, guavaberry liqueur is based on rum and flavored with the island's indigenous guavaberries. Substitutes: raspberry liqueur kumquat liqueur Notes: This is a liqueur flavored with kumquats. Substitutes: orange liqueur OR mandarine liqueur lemon liqueur = liquore di limoni Notes: These liqueurs are made with lemon peels and best served very cold. Villa Massa is a well-regarded brand. Substitutes: vodka plus lemon juice OR limoncello limoncello = limoncino Notes: This excellent lemon-flavored Italian liqueur is often stored in freezers so that it can be served ice cold. It's hard to find in stores, but easy to make at home. Substitutes: Strega plus lemon zest OR lemon liqueur Licor 43 = Cuarenta y Tres Notes: This Spanish liqueur is made up of 43 ingredients, with vanilla and citrus predominant. Substitutes: Tuaca mandarine liqueur Notes: This cognac-based liquor is flavored with the peels of mandarin oranges. Mandarine Napol�on is a well-regarded brand. Substitutes: orange liqueur OR kumquat liqueur OR lemon liqueur Maraschino liqueur Pronunciation: mare-uh-SKEE-noh Notes: This is an excellent semi-dry clear liqueur that's made with sour cherries. It's made from marasca cherries, which are native to Croatia. Unrest there has made good Maraschino liqueurs hard to find in recent years. Luxardo Maraschino and Stock Maraschino are well-respected brands. Substitutes: amaretto OR kirsch OR cherry liqueur (sweeter) Mathilde orange liqueur Midori Notes: This green Japanese liqueur has a very sweet, melon flavor. Substitutes: orange liqueur OR raspberry liqueur orange liqueur Notes: The best (and driest) is Grand Marnier, followed by Cointreau, cura�ao, and--the sweetest of them all--triple sec. Substitutes: kumquat liqueur OR mandarine liqueur OR Sabra liqueur (This is an orange liqueur with a hint of chocolate.) OR Midori OR rum OR orange extract (1 teaspoon orange extract = 1 tablespoon orange liqueur) Parfait Amour Pronunciation: par-FAY tah-MOOR Notes: The name means "perfect love" in French, and this sweet purple liqueur is flavored with citrus and spices. passion fruit liqueur Notes: La Grande Passion is a well-regarded brand. Substitutes: rum pear liqueur raspberry liqueur = framboise liqueur = liqueur de framboise Notes: This is great in champagne or on ice cream. Chambord is a popular brand. Don't confuse this with framboise , a raspberry brandy. Substitutes: cr�me de cassis OR orange liqueur OR raspberry extract (1 teaspoon raspberry extract = 2 tablespoons raspberry liqueur) red curacao Rock and Rye Notes: This is a citrus-flavored liqueur that's based on rye whiskey. There's a piece of rock candy in every bottle. Substitutes: Southern Comfort (This is based on bourbon with peach flavoring.) Sabra liqueur Notes: This is an orange liqueur with a hint of chocolate. It's produced in Israel. Substitutes: orange liqueur OR Cheri Suisse sloe gin Notes: This liqueur is made by steeping sloe berries in gin. Gordon's is a well-regarded brand. To make your own: Take one pound of washed sloes and prick their skins, then add 1/2 cup of sugar and one pint of gin. Steep for several months, then gently strain without crushing the fruit. Substitutes: plum brandy Southern Comfort Notes: This potent peach-flavored liqueur is made with Bourbon. Substitutes: Rock and Rye OR kirsch OR Cointreau triple sec Notes: Even though the name means "triple dry," this is a relatively sweet orange-flavored liqueur. Substitutes: Curacao OR Grand Marnier OR Cointreau OR unsweetened orange juice concentrate Tuaca Notes: This liqueur is flavored with vanilla and citrus. Substitutes: Licor 43	Cherry
Piemont and Lombardy are regions in which European country?	Maraschino and Cocktail Cherries \| Art of Drink Maraschino and Cocktail Cherries 1 1.3k 1 As much as the maraschino cherry is reviled by professional bartenders, it is lovingly embraced by the consumers of sundaes and artificially flavoured fruit “;martinis”. Why do people love the artificial variety? Aside from the brilliant red colour, the cherries remain plump like a cherry should be, and not shriveled like the head of a 105 year old person. Oddly, a portion of my part-time lab job involves processing samples with the intended goal of keeping the morphology of said samples similar to the original. So after reading this post you will learn a few things about making maraschino and cocktail cherries, as well as learning a bit about histology. Shrinkage, the phenomenon that has plagued man since the dawn of time, is a key issue in creating good cocktail cherries as well as producing proper histological data. In both cases, deviation from the natural appearance from processing can result in poor acceptance. Basically, if the final product is ugly looking, nobody will like it. So what is histology? Histology is the process of studying the cells of plants and animals. This is done by sectioning ultra thin slices of the tissue, between 4 and 10 microns thick, mounting them on a glass slide and then staining them with chemicals and dyes to make certain parts of the anatomy easier to identify. Next obvious question: What does this have to do with cherries? As I mentioned in the introduction, keeping the morphology (i.e. the structure) of the cells and tissue close to the original state is very important, even though we’ve treated the tissue with chemicals which does have a negative effect. If the preparation of the sample is bad, a pathologist may view this as diseased tissue, which could lead to a misdiagnosis. So, some of the techniques used to keep cell structures intact can be applied to cherries, so they don’t look wrinkled and unappealing. For example, we use a lot of alcohol in histology, but it is rarely ever used to “;fix” tissues by itself. The reason is that the alcohol causes the sample to shrivel up. Ditto for those who have tried to preserve cherries in brandy or another alcohol base. This isn’t to say that we can’t add alcohol to cocktail or maraschino cherries, but we need to understand the process and do a few things first. The key factors in fixing a cherry are as follows: Acidity and pH Anytime you manipulate something you want to try and maintain the natural conditions, such as pH. Cherries have a pH of about 3.5, and the key acids in a cherry are citric and malic acid which accounts for 94% of the total acid. Malic and citric acid occur in roughly equal concentrations, but the flavour of malic acid is more closely associated with the flavour of a cherry. Because of this, I would recommend using more malic acid when we get around to creating our Cherry Fixative Solution. Acidity also helps fix the colour of the fruit so those bright reds don’t turn into gag worthy brown. Osmolarity The sugar content of cherries can range from 55 g/L for sour cherries to 160 g/L for sweet varieties. Glucose and fructose comprise 99% of the sugars in a cherry, in a ratio of roughly 1:1. With concentrations of sugar in the 5% to 16% range, using a 2:1 simple syrup, which is roughly 130%, is way to concentrated. High concentrations of sugar, through osmosis, will pull water from the cherry causing it to shrivel. To avoid this we need to use a sugar concentration that is similar to the cherry. Volume The volume of fixative, or in our case sugar solution, is important. In a histology lab the general ratio is 20 parts fixative to 1 part sample. This is way too high for our purposes, but what it means is that you want enough sugar solution to avoid major fluctuations in the sugar concentrations caused by the addition of the cherries. We often don’t realize that when we stuff a jar full or cherries, there is a greater volume of cherries compared to the syrup we add. At the very least there should be an equal volume of syrup and cherries. Temperature Increasing the temperature helps to preserve the fruit better, as well as pasteurize the fruit. The elevated temperature speeds up the process. You don’t need to boil the fruit, as that would cook it creating different flavours. If you blanche the fruit in a 10% sugar syrup at 72°C (160°F) for one to two minutes, this would be sufficient. This step is optional, but if you are serving these cherries at a bar it is a good idea since it will kill any bacteria or mold on the fruit. Stages In a histology lab, processing of the samples is done in “;steps” where the concentration of solutions are gradually changed over a period of time. This eases the transition from low concentration to higher concentrations of fixative and prevents cells from becoming disfigured. The same thing applies to preserving cherries. Firmness As with size, firmness is an important factor to consider. Mushy is not a complimentary term in this context. So how do they make maraschino cherries firm? Traditionally, during the bleaching process they add calcium oxide, which turns into calcium hydroxide in the presence of water. The calcium hydroxide firms up the fruit and the excess calcium hydroxide is then removed through a leaching process that involves washing the cherries with fresh water over a period of days. Since effort and expediency are important to the do-it-yourselfer there are better options than calcium hydroxide. Calcium phosphates are well know in the food industry as firming agents, but where would you find calcium phosphate? It just happens that Acid Phosphate has a significant amount of calcium phosphate in it, as well as potassium and magnesium phosphate which help with firmness and buffer the pH. Less you think this is crass self-promotion, I actually pulled this information from a patent on preserving cherries (see references). “;If the cherries being stored are intended to be converted to garnish cherries, where it is desirable to have additional firmness in the cherry, trace amounts of a calcium salt, such as dicalcium phosphate may be included. Such a material is recognized in the art as producing firmness or hardness to the cherry product. Ordinarily no more than amount 0.03 parts of the calcium salt would be added to a solution having 100 parts water. ” Serendipity is a sweet lady and yes Acid Phosphate is a miracle product. So with all of this information how exactly does one preserve a cherry so that it actually resembles one afterwards? This is what I would do: Clean your cherries in water and leave the stem on. If you want to blanche the cherries, prepare 10% simple syrup and heat to 72°C (160°F) and blanche the cherries for one minute. For every quart of cherries you will need to make one quart of the following syrup. Note: one quart and one litre are roughly equal. Cherry Fixative Solution (30%) Malic Acid 20 to 30 grams Acid Phosphate 2 tsp The concentration of acid can vary depending on the fruit. You can always add more acid if you find the cherries come out too sweet, or visa versa. Also remember that a low pH (less than 3.5) helps preserve the fruit and prevents bacterial growth. In a glass container combine the cherries with the solution and place it in a refrigerator for a week or so. If you intend to make maraschino / cocktail garnish cherries, the sugar content needs to be higher, approaching 45% to 50%. You will still need to start with the above solution, but after a few days you can start adding more concentrated simple syrup. Leave a little room at the top of you jar for the additional simple syrup. If you create a 2:1 simple syrup it will contain about 1.3 grams of sugar per millilitre. If you add 100 ml of this to your cherry solution, to every quart of Cherry Fixative Solution, it will increase the sugar concentration from 30% to 38%. Allow this to stand for a day or two, give them a taste and then if need be, add another 100 ml of 2:1 simple syrup which will bring the sugar concentration to 45%. Once the cherries have achieved the desired sugar concentration and firmness, you can now add some alcohol. Maraschino would be the obvious choice, but any spirit or liqueur will do. Simply remove a quantity of the syrup (no more than ¼) and replace with the liqueur. What’s that, you don’t have access to Maraschino? Here’s a housewife recipe for homemade Maraschino from 1898. Homemade Maraschino (1898) Zest of 2 small lemons Zest of 3 small oranges ½ gallon of gin 1 pint water 2 lbs sugar Dissolve the sugar in the water and then combine all the ingredients in a tightly sealed crock. Let sit for a fortnight, shaking once every 24 hours. At the end of 15 days thoroughly stir the mixture and then allow to settle for 24 hours. Strain through a cloth and bottle. Allow the bottles to stand for a few days before using. So there you have it, you can now make your own cocktail cherries. What? Cherry season is over and you can’t get fresh cherries anymore, that sucks. Not to worry, I have a solution. You can apply the same technique to cranberries. That’s right, we no longer need to serve inedible cranberry garnishes on cocktails that just end up going into the dumpster. The only thing you need to do is pierce the skin of the cranberry multiple times with a large needle or ice pick. Because cranberries are tougher than cherries, the process takes a bit longer, but it is well worth it. Increasing the blanching time will also help move the process along. A thanks goes out to Marcel van der Ben for asking the question that compelled me to write this post. If you liked this post, feel free to spread the word (Twitter, Facebook, linkage, etc.). References: Sugars in Red Tart Cherries and Their Changes During Maturation SPIROS M. CONSTANTINIDES, C. L. BEDFORD Journal of Food Science 25 AUG 1964 Method of preserving fresh cherries. Lyle K. Anderson, Patent number: 4298623	i don't know
Fakt is the biggest-selling daily newspaper in which European country?	What does fakt mean? This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word fakt Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Fakt Fakt is a Polish tabloid-style daily newspaper and the biggest-selling paper in the country, with a circulation of more than 500,000 and an estimated readership of 7 million. The paper was launched in October 2003 by the Polish outlet of the German publishing company Axel Springer AG, Axel Springer Polska, and modeled on Springer's German tabloid Bild, the biggest-selling newspaper in Europe. Like its German counterpart Bild, Fakt is characterised by its downmarket, often sensationalist journalism with a populist appeal. However, politically it is by and large centrist. More recently, it has supported former prime minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz's policies; Marcinkiewicz also regularly contributes invited comments. Other regular contributors of op-ed pieces include Tomasz Lis, a prominent television journalist with political ambitions, TVN anchorman Kamil Durczok, and former Rzeczpospolita columnist Maciej Rybiński. Untypically for a tabloid and in contrast to its usual content, Fakt has a weekly supplement entitled Europa which contains high-brow essays by scholars and public intellectuals, which in 2006 have included Niall Ferguson, Francis Fukuyama, Jürgen Habermas, and Robert Kagan. Numerology The numerical value of fakt in Chaldean Numerology is: 6 Pythagorean Numerology	Poland
The headquarters of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) are in which European city?	Fakt Poland Newspaper Home » Poland » Fakt Poland Newspaper Fakt Poland Newspaper View Epaper Fakt Poland Newspaper is a Polish daily newspaper published in tabloid style from Poland. It is the biggest selling newspaper in the country with an approximate circulation of more than 500,000. The paper was launched in October 2003 by the Polish outlet of the German publishing company Axel Springer AG, Axel Springer Polska. Related Newspaper The Bangladesh Today Newspaper "Epaper Mthrubhumi" may sounds you like electronic version of a epaper; but it is a collection of epapers (online newspapers) published in various languages all over the world on daily, weekly, bi-weekly and monthly basis. Our goal is to provide online editions of all the newspapers published all over the world to the readers on location and language based; in the comfort of accessing all in one place. All the logos, thumbnails, publication titles and all copyrighted materials and trademarks from other websites listed within this site are property of the respective website owners and epapermathrubhumi.com has no control over the contents of the listed websites. We are just a portal to link these websites to ease the user's access all in one place and claims no association or partnership with any of the listed websites.	i don't know
Who was the first black footballer to play for England?	England's Black and Minority Ethnic Players - Index Page Last Updated 15 November 2016 England's 80 Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) Players 80 BME players have appeared for England through to the match against Spain on 15 November 2016. The first BME player at senior level, Viv Anderson, was the 936th player to appear for England since their first match in 1872. The most recent BME player to make his England debut, Jesse Lingard, was the 1217th player to appear for England. Thus, since the "colour barrier" 38 years ago, in November 1978, roughly one in every three and a half players making an England debut has been BME. It may have been possible to have seen the first BME footballer playing for England back in October 1925 with London-born Jack Leslie, a prolific striker for Plymouth Argyle between 1920 & 1935, scoring over 400 goals. Leslie had been informed by his manager Bob Jack that he had been selected to play for England. He later received communication cancelling his call up to the England team stating that they didn't realise he was 'a man of colour'. Jack Leslie later remarked in 1982 to Brian Woolnough: "They must have forgotten I was a coloured boy." A decade later saw the emergence of another great - Hong Y Frank Soo, although born in Buxton, Derbyshire in 1914, he had a Chinese father. If it had not been for the outbreak of war, he would certainly have gained full international honours for England, as he was rated as one of the best inside forwards of the pre-war era. He gained nine wartime and victory caps. - Football fine art Even before the time of Anderson, now relatively dubbed 'The First BME Player to Play for England', there is another candidate, and maybe if their was not the racism problems that blighted English football throughout the 1960's, then maybe a loud shout would have come from the Leeds United camp. Paul Reaney, allegedly of mixed-race. But without further evidence, other than a few objective photographs.... then if Reaney, why not Alf Ramsey? We are not ruling out Reaney, we just require more evidence.- CG Perhaps race will be irrelevant one day, but that time has not yet arrived. While racism remains a problem in English football, these numbers indicate great strides forward have been taken at the level of national team selection. We have not made a count, but we doubt any other European national side, with the possible exception of France, comes close to England in number of BME players. That is not to say racial considerations have not influenced England squad and team selections. We have no way of knowing whether or not they have. But we do know that, according to a former England manager, Football Association officials on at least one occasion tried to make race a consideration in England team selection. Vivek Chaudhary reported in The Guardian of 24 January 2004 that a former England manager had "alleged that during his tenure he was told by senior FA officials not to pick too many black players." The manager, Chaudhary wrote,"claims that he was called into an office where two senior FA officials were present and they told him that his England team should be made up of predominantly white footballers." Chaudhary's story said the manager, who "has a long history of closely working with some of England's leading black players over the past 25 years, privately spoke about the incident at the lunch" marking the 10th anniversary of Kick It Out , the football anti-racism group, but "refused to go public with his allegation." Disappointingly, but not surprisingly , the rest of the English media ignored Chaudhary's report. The manager in question is plainly Graham Taylor . On several occasions during his three-year managerial tenure from 1990 to late 1993, Taylor fielded England teams featuring a comparatively large number of BME players and was the one England manager most likely to have been the recipient of such a proposal for a racial quota on the England team. He also fits the description Chaudhary gave the manager in the story. He was known for working closely with England's leading BME players, beginning at Watford in the late 1970s, 25 years before the story was written. Finally, he also happened to be in London at the time of the Kick It Out lunch in connection with the London Marathon, in which he was participating. [ed- Taylor once more denied these allegations in mid-2015]. Racism, of course, often takes more subtle forms than racial epithets and explicit exclusion on racial grounds, both of which have been widely condemned for some time. Far more threatening than overt racism in more recent times has been hidden racism--racism effected through discretionary decisions, where its influence is concealed precisely because these decisions are discretionary and thus readily rationalised on other grounds. Squad and team selections reflect discretionary determinations in which racism may play a covert role. This more subtle form of racism may also play a part in journalistic and fan support for and criticism of certain players, or at least the level of that support and criticism. We hope that no England manager or head coach has ever been influenced by racial considerations in team or squad selections and that none ever yielded to pressure to pick more white and fewer BME players. We also hope the incident Chaudhary describes would not be repeated within the F.A., which, in a refreshing burst of candour when declaring in 2001 its all-out commitment to ridding football of racism, confessed it could have done more to battle racism in the game during earlier times . In Clarke Carlisle's 2012 documentary 'Is Football Racist?', Carlisle, who had received a solitary England under-21 cap, revealed that in an attempt to understand the depth of racism in the game, a current England internationalist refused to comment, because he believed that his place in the squad could be at risk from the Football Association. Consequently, no names were revealed. Selection should, of course, be made on the basis of football considerations alone, regardless of the racial balance that produces in the squad or the team. That is imperative as a moral matter as well as from the standpoint of assembling the best football side possible. In the interest of clarity, the first BME player to represent England at any level was in fact John Charles, West Ham United FC defender. He earned three Youth Caps for England in May 1962, twice against Israel, another a year later against USSR. It was another decade that the Schoolboy level would get their first representation, by two players in fact, Ben Odeje and Cliff Marshall. They played for the schoolboys against Northern Ireland schoolboys at Wembley Stadium, 6 March 1971, the first of five appearances for Odeje, the first of four for Marshall. The 80 BME Players	Viv Anderson
In which year was singer Elvis Presley born?	England Football Online - Trivia Trivia We've collected these pieces of trivia from various sources over the years and we've tried to verify them where possible. But if you know better or more, please let us know. Players Age Youngest player Theo Walcott , Arsenal, replaced Rooney as England's youngest ever player on 30 May 2006 when he came on as a 65th minute substitute against Hungary at Old Trafford, Manchester. Walcott was 17 years and 75 days old. Wayne Rooney , Everton, was 17 years and 111 days old when he played against Australia on 12 February 2003. Rooney had finally ended a 124 year record, displacing James Prinsep of Clapham Rovers, who was only 17 years and 253 days old when he played against Scotland on 5 April 1879. Rooney is the youngest player to start for England, when he did so against Turkey on 2 April 2003. He was 17 years and 160 days. Age Oldest player to appear Stanley Matthews, 42 years and 103 days old, against Denmark, 15 May 1957. Alec Morten has a disputed date of birth. He was 68 years old at the time of his death on 24 February 1900. Meaning he was born in either 1831 or 1832, making him 41 or 42 on 8 March 1873 against Scotland. Age Oldest player to make his debut Alec Morten has a disputed date of birth. He was 68 years old at the time of his death on 24 February 1900. Meaning he was born in either 1831 or 1832, making him 41 or 42 on 8 March 1873 against Scotland, one non-specific source says 41 years and 114 days old. Either way - the oldest debutant. Leslie Compton was 38 years and 65 days old, in a 4-2 victory over Wales in Sunderland, November 15, 1950 Age Oldest opposition player Billy Meredith, 45 years and 229 days old, for Wales, 15 March 1920. Age Youngest opposition player Sam Johnston, was 15 years and 154 days old, for Ireland, 18 February 1881. If the source is correct, then Jaroslav Jirkovský was 16 years and 242 days when he played for the Slavia Praha side that represented Bohemia against England on 13 June 1908. The modern-day record lay with Salomon Olembe, who was 16 years and 342 days old, when playing for Cameroon on 15 November 1997. Blendi Nallbani, most definitely the youngest opposition goalkeeper at 17 years and 331 days, for Albania, 26 April 1989. Age Youngest player to score Wayne Rooney , Everton, was 17 years and 317 days old when he scored in the 53rd minute against Macedonia on 6 September 2003. Age Youngest opposition player to score Wi llie Gibson , 17 years and 153 days old when he scored in a late Ireland equaliser, on 3 March 1894. It was the first time Ireland avoided defeat at the hands of England, albeit, some match reports say the ball went through the side. Jean Capelle, at 17 years and 202 days, scored for Belgium against England on 16 May 1931 in Brussels. Age Youngest debutant to score Marcus Rashford, Manchester United, having played just eighteen first team matches for his club, scored 138 seconds into his debut against Australia, 27 May 2016, at The Stadium of Light, Sunderland. He was 18 years and 209 days old. Beating the previous record held by T ommy Lawton , Everton, was 19 years and 16 days old when he scored a penalty against Wales on 22 October 1938. Age Youngest player to score a penalty T ommy Lawton , Everton, was 19 years and 16 days old when he scored a penalty on his debut against Wales on 22 October 1938. Age Oldest player to score Stanley Matthews was 41 years and 248 days old when he scored for England in the 2nd minute against Northern Ireland on 10 October 1956. Age Oldest debutant to score Jimmy Moore was 34 years and 11 days old when he scored for England against Sweden on 21 May 1923. Bill Nicholson is the oldest post-war scoring debutant. He was 32 years and 113 days when he scored against Portugal on 19 May 1951. Age Youngest Captain Bobby Moore was 22 years and 47 days when he captained England to a 4-2 win against Czechoslovakia in Bratislava on May 29, 1963. Tinsley Lindley was 22 years and 100 days old when he captained England against Wales in February 1888. After Bobby Moore, Michael Owen was 22 years and 125 days old when he captained England against Paraguay on 17 April 2002. Sol Campbell is by far the youngest Black Captain, he was 23 years and 254 days old when he led England out against Belgium, 29 May 1998. Gerry Francis was 23 years old and 272 days old when he captained England against Switzerland on 3 September 1975. Steven Gerrard was 23 years old and 307 days old when he took the armband for the first time in England's match against Sweden on 31 March 2004. Wayne Rooney was 24 years and 22 days old when he captained England for the first time against Brazil in Qatar on 14 November 2009. Billy Wright was 24 years and 228 days when he gained the first of his ninety captaincies. Age Youngest Opposition Captain Olphie Stanfield, when he was only five days into his twentieth year, led his Ireland side out against England on 2 March 1889. James Fitzpatrick captained Ireland on his debut on 7 March 1896, he was 20 years old and 79 days. Aaron Ramsey, is most certainly the youngest post-war captain when he did so for Wales against England on 26 March 2011. He was 20 years and 90 days old, when Wales manager Gary Speed choose him to be the new national side's captain. Andreas Ivanschitz was 20 years and 325 days old when he captained Austria against England on 4 September 2005. Age Oldest Captain in the third place play-off of the 1990 World Cup. Age Youngest player to play at a World Cup final tournament Michael Owen was 18 years and 183 days old when he made a substitute appearance against Tunisia in Marseille in the 1998 World Cup. He started the final group match against Colombia in Lens, aged 18 years and 194 days. Age Youngest player to score at a World Cup final tournament Michael Owen was 18 years and 190 days old when he scored against Romania in Toulouse in the 1998 World Cup. He broke the record set by Jimmy Greaves in the 1962 World Cup. Age Oldest player to score at a World Cup final tournament Tom Finney was 36 years old and 64 days old when he scored in the opening World Cup Finals match in 1958, against the USSR on 8 June 1958. He already held the record, aged 32 years old and 82 days when he scored England's final goal of the 1954 tournament against Uruguay on 26 June 1954. Wilf Mannion, the scorer of England's second ever World Cup goal, was 32 years and 40 days old when he scored against Chile in the Maracana, on 25 June 1950. Ivor Broadis was 31 years and 181 days old when scored twice against Belgium on 17 June 1954. Jimmy Mullen was 31 years and 165 days old when he scored three days later against Switzerland. David Beckham, when he scored his free-kick against Ecuador, on 25 June 2006, was 31 years and 54 days. Matthew Upson, four years later, against Germany on 27 June 2010, was also 31 years old, and 68 days. Steven Gerrard had only just turned 30 years old when he scored against the USA at the beginning of the 2010 tournament. Age Youngest goalkeeper to play at a World Cup final tournament P aul Robinson was 26 years and 238 days old when he played against Paraguay in Frankfurt in the 2006 World Cup. Age Youngest player on a World Cup final tournament squad Theo Walcott , 2006 World Cup finals, at the time of the first match, Walcott was 17 years and 87 days old. Age Oldest player to play at a World Cup final tournament Peter Shilton was 40 years and 293 days old when he played against Italy , as captain, in the third place play-off of the 1990 World Cup. Age Oldest player on a World Cup final tournament squad Peter Shilton, 1990 World Cup finals, at the time of the first match, Shilton was 40 years and 267 days old. Age Youngest player to play at a European Championship final tournament Marcus Rashford was a 73rd minute subsitute against Wales, the second group match of Euro 2016 in France, he was 18 years and 229 days, taking five days off the record previously held by Wayne Rooney , who was 18 years and 234 days old when he played against France in Portugal in the 2004 European Championship Finals. Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain had become the third eighteen year old to appear for England in a major tournament, following Rooney and previous to that, Michael Owen in the 1998 World Cup Finals, when he played against France in Donetsk in the 2012 European Championship Finals. He was 18 years and 301 days. Age Youngest player to score at a European Championship final tournament Wayne Rooney was 18 years and 237 days old when he scored twice against Switzerland in Portugal in the 2004 European Championship Finals. Age Youngest goalkeeper to play at a European Championship final tournament Joe Hart was 25 years and 53 days old when he played against France in Donetsk in the 2012 European Championship Finals. Age Youngest player on a European Championship final tournament squad Marcus Rashford, who at the time of the first match in the 2016 European Championship Finals, against Russia, was 18 years and 224 days, to beat the previous record by ten days, held by Wayne Rooney , who during the 2004 European Championship Finals, at the time of the first match, was 18 years and 234 days. Age Oldest player to play at a European Championship final tournament Peter Shilton was 38 years and 272 days old when he played against Netherlands in Düsseldorf during Euro 88. It was his one hundredth cap. Age Oldest player to score at a European Championship final tournament Trevor Brooking was 31 years and 260 days old when he scored against Spain in Napoli during Euro 80, on 22 June 1980. Bryan Robson was 31 years and 156 days old when he scored Netherlands during the unsuccessful Euro 1988 tournament. Age Oldest player on a European Championship final tournament squad Peter Shilton, 1988 European Championship finals, at the time of the first match, Shilton was 38 years and 8 months old. Jermain Defoe, 7 goals scored whilst a substitute, between 2007 and 2012. Peter Crouch scored his fifth substitute goal against France, November 2010. Substitute Most goals scored for England by substitutes Three, twice. Firstly in the City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester in a FA Summer Tournament match against Iceland, on 5 June 2004. Darius Vassell, twice, and Wayne Bridge scored after coming on as substitutes. Then, in San Marino Stadium, Serravalle, on 5 September 2015, Theo Walcott (twice) and Harry Kane, after alos coming on as substitutes. Substitute Most substitutes scoring against England Three, in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 17 August 2005. Three Danish substitutes, Dennis Rommedahl, Michael Gravgaard and Søren Larsen all scored in the 4-1 friendly demolition of England. Substitute Most substitutions in a match All by Sven-Goran Eriksson BME Black and Minority Ethnic players Viv Anderson was the first BME player to appear for England. His first cap came in the 1-0 victory against Czechoslovakia at Wembley on 29 November 1978, when he played for Nottingham Forest. He later earned caps while playing for Arsenal and Manchester United. Although he was a member of both the 1982 and 1986 World Cup squads, his only appearance in the finals of a major tournament came in the 2-1 victory over Spain in the European Championship finals of 1980 in Italy. Altogether he made 30 England appearances spread over a 10-season international career that came to a close in the 1-1 Rous Cup draw with Colombia at Wembley on May 24, 1988. Recently he served as assistant manager at Middlesbrough under his former England teammate and captain Bryan Robson, Anderson was awarded an MBE in the Queen's New Year's Honours List published 31 December 1999. Laurie Cunningham made his England debut later the same season in the goalless draw with Wales at Wembley on 23 May 1979. Cyrille Regis first appeared for England as a substitute in the 4-0 victory over Northern Ireland at Wembley on 23 February 1982. Luther Blissett got his first cap as a substitute in the 2-1 loss to West Germany at Wembley on 13 October 1982. Clubs Players from Clubs in the Second Level Division Plenty of Second Level players have played for England . In the last 20 years, the following have all achieved this feat: Gary Pallister (Middlesbrough), Steve Bull (Wolverhampton Wanderers), David Hirst (Sheffield Wednesday), Earl Barrett (Oldham Athletic), Stuart Pearce (Nottingham Forest), Paul Merson and Paul Gascoigne (both Middlesbrough), Michael Gray and Kevin Phillips (both Sunderland), Richard Wright (Ipswich Town), David James (West Ham United), David Nugent (Preston North End), Jay Bothroyd (Cardiff City), Rob Green (West Ham United), Jack Butland (Birmingham City), Wilfried Zaha (Crystal Palace) and Tom Heaton (Burnley). All of these, with the exception of Bull, James, Nugent and Butland played for clubs which were promoted at the end of the relevant season. Clubs Players from Clubs Outside the Two Top Divisions Jack Fort (Millwall, 1921), Ernie Simms (Luton Town, 1921), Fred Titmuss and Bill Rawlings (both Southampton, 1922), Seth Plum and Harold Miller (both Charlton Athletic, 1923), Tommy Cook (Brighton & Hove Albion, 1925), Len Graham and Fred Fox (both Millwall, 1925), George Armitage (Charlton Athletic, 1925), Dick Hill (Millwall, 1926), Len Oliver and Albert Barrett (both Fulham, 1929), Joe Payne (Luton Town, 1937), Tommy Lawton (Notts County, 1947), Reg Matthews (Coventry City, 1956), Johnny Byrne (Crystal Palace, 1961), Peter Taylor (Crystal Palace, 1976) and Steve Bull (Wolverhampton Wanderers, 1989). Clubs Players from Clubs Outside England (31) Joe Baker (Hibernian, 1959), Gerry Hitchens (Inter Milan, 1962), Kevin Keegan (Hamburg, 1977), David Watson (Werder Bremen, 1979), Tony Woodcock (FC Cologne, 1980), Laurie Cunningham (Real Madrid, 1980), Trevor Francis (Sampdoria, 1982), Luther Blissett (AC Milan, 1983), Ray Wilkins (AC Milan, 1984), Mark Hateley ( AC Milan, 1984, Monaco, 1987, Rangers, 1992), Terry Butcher and Chris Woods (Rangers, 1986), Gordon Cowans (Bari, 1986), Gary Lineker (Barcelona, 1986), Glenn Hoddle (Monaco, 1987), Gary Stevens ( Tallest player Both Peter Crouch and Fraser Forster stood at a proud 6ft. 7in.. Zat Knight stood at 6ft. 6in., and was England's tallest player for 45 minutes against USA, 28 May 2005. Crouch debuted in the next match against Colombia, 31 May 2005. "At 6ft 6in 'Fatty' is the tallest footballer to have represented England. Although regarded as a freak show by many, Foulke was agile for his size and an expert penalty stopper. In the early 1900s, keepers didn't have to stay on the line for penalties, so as a kick was taken Foulke and his enormous bulk charged towards the penalty spot, putting opponents off." Fat Sportsmen, The Observer Sport Monthly, 6 January 2002. It must be noted that Foulke standing at 6'6 is without source. Whereas most official sources attribute him less standing at 6ft. 4in.. Billy Gunn (1884) and Joe Corrigan (1976-82) both stood at 6ft. 4ins. Characteristics Managers Players who played under most managers/coaches Gareth Barry had played under eight managers. Beginning in 2000, Kevin Keegan, Howard Wilkinson, Peter Taylor, Sven-Göran Eriksson, Steve McClaren, Fabio Capello, Stuart Pearce and Roy Hodgson. Managers Most managers per appearance Andrew Cole earned his first four caps under four different managers for an average of one manager per appearance. Cole made his debut against Uruguay under Terry Venables in 1995, appeared next against Italy under Glenn Hoddle at the Tournoi de France in 1997, made his third appearance against France under caretaker Howard Wilkinson in 1999 and finally earned his fourth cap against Poland under new manager Kevin Keegan in his first starting appearance a few weeks later. Team	i don't know
Bert Handy, Penny Panting and Lily Duveen are all characters in which ‘Carry On’ film?	Carry On Regardless \| The Carry On Collection Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Carry On Cruising Carry on Regardless was the fifth in the series of Carry On films to be made. It was released in 1961. By now a fairly regular team was established with Sid James , Kenneth Connor , Charles Hawtrey , Joan Sims and Kenneth Williams all having appeared in previous entries. Hattie Jacques - who was also a regular - makes a cameo appearance during a hospital scene. "Professor" Stanley Unwin appears in a guest role, playing his trademark "gobbledegook" speaking act. This would be the final appearance in the series for early regular Terence Longdon . Liz Fraser makes her debut in Carry On Regardless and would appear in a further three Carry On films .	Carry On Regardless
The 2004 Chuetsu Earthquakes occurred in which country?	Carry on Regardless (1961) Cast and Crew \| Actor Actress Director Of Carry on Regardless english Movie (Carry on Regardless director, actors, writer, music director, editor & more) Cast	i don't know
David McConnell was the founder of which cosmetics company in 1886?	Avon Founder - David H. McConnell Print Avon Founder David H. McConnell - Creating the Company for Women Avon Founder David H. McConnell offered women a rarity in 19th century America: a chance at financial independence. In 1886, it was practically unheard of for a woman to run her own business. Only about 5 million women in the United States were working outside the home, let alone climbing the ranks of any corporate ladder. That number accounted for just 20% of all women. On the heels of the Industrial Revolution in the United States, women were mainly confined to jobs in agriculture, domestic service and manufacturing, not exactly glamorous lines of work; the manufacturing sector, in particular, was notorious for its dangerous working conditions. On top of that, women’s wages across the board were a fraction of men’s. For many women, McConnell would radically alter that scenario. The man behind the company for women was the son of Irish immigrants and grew up on a farm. Yet, it was this young man from rural New York, a visionary leader decades ahead of his time, who would become a pioneer in empowering women. McConnell, a bookseller-turned-perfume entrepreneur, would offer women the opportunity to create and manage their own businesses through what later became known as direct selling. Origins of an Idea In his travels as a book salesman, McConnell made two important discoveries. First, he quickly noticed that his female customers were far more interested in the free perfume samples he offered than they were in his books. He made these fragrances himself to serve as “door openers” when he traveled from home to home. Second, McConnell saw women struggling to make ends meet and recognized in many of them natural salespeople who would easily relate to other women and passionately market the products his new company would first sell -- perfumes. McConnell's First Sales Representative McConnell’s first recruit for Avon, then known as the California Perfume Company, was Mrs. P.F.E. Albee of New Hampshire. Not only did he provide Mrs. Albee and other early Representatives with an earnings opportunity when employment options for women were extremely limited, he fostered a supportive environment with a familial feel. (The company newsletter was even called the “Family Album.”) In one of his regular letters to Representatives, he wrote: “All success lies in one’s self and not in external conditions. … Misfortunes are only a discipline, and there are possibilities which often are awakened by them which suggest to us the power and strength we possess, that perhaps otherwise would never have been recognized.” No wonder the Representative ranks rose to 5,000 in just 13 short years. Power of the Product and the People To McConnell, the product and the people were everything to the company, and he dedicated himself to ensuring that both would be successful. In addition to inspiring the Representatives, McConnell also wanted to encourage the company's employees with the same positive spirit. A century before it would become de rigueur for companies to institute employee incentive programs and hire hordes of consultants to make sure employees were happy, motivated and productive, McConnell knew just how to rally the troops. The motivational leader created a set of guiding principles that are still the heart and spirit of Avon today. They include: Providing an earnings opportunity so individuals can achieve financial independence and enjoy all that comes with such an accomplishment. Recognizing everyone's unique contributions. Giving back to the communities Avon serves. Offering the highest-quality products with a guarantee of satisfaction. Maintaining and cherishing the "friendly spirit of Avon." McConnell believed strongly in the potential of people, and that in that potential lay the power of possibility and, eventually, success: “If we stop and look over the past and then into the future, we can see that the possibilities are growing greater and greater every day; that we have scarcely begun to reach the proper results from the field we have before us.”	Avon
The poisonous fungus Amanita Phalloides is better known by what name?	Neil McConnell Weds Sandra Merriman - NYTimes.com Neil McConnell Weds Sandra Merriman Published: April 1, 1982 In the chapel of St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church yesterday, Sandra Dorothea Haig Merriman was married to Neil A. McConnell by the Rev. Thomas D. Bowers. The bride, daughter of Theodora Jacobson Haig of Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, and John H. Haig of Philadelphia, is president of Sandra Merriman Inc., an interior-decorating, design and real-estate company. Her previous marriage ended in divorce, as did Mr. McConnell's two previous marriages. The bridegroom, son of the late David H. McConnell Jr. of New York and the late Marjorie Anderson McConnell, is president of McConnell Securities Inc. and chairman and general partner of the Pioneer Group, a venture-capital concern. He is also founder and chairman of the board of the Neil A. McConnell Foundation, which has made grants to educational, medical and cultural and environmental institutitions, including the financing of Tutume-McConnell Community College in Botswana. His father was president of Avon Products, the cosmetics company founded in 1886 by his grandfather, David H. McConnell. The best man was B. Scott McConnell, the bridegroom's son from his first marriage, to the former Catherine Ann Devine. Morgan Alexandra McConnell and Lucinda Mary McConnell, daughters from his second marriage, to the former Serena Russell, were flower girls.	i don't know
Which Polish-born astronomer proposed that the planets orbit the sun, and was later proved right?	Nicolaus Copernicus Biography: Facts and Discoveries The Copernican Planisphere, illustrated in 1661 by Andreas Cellarius. Credit: Public domain In the early 1500s, when virtually everyone believed Earth was the center of the universe, Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the planets instead revolved around the sun. Although his model wasn't completely correct, it formed a strong foundation for future scientists to build on and improve mankind's understanding of the motion of heavenly bodies. Indeed, other astronomers built on Copernicus’ work and proved that our planet is just one world orbiting one star in a vast cosmos loaded with both, and that we’re far from the center of anything. [See also our overview of Famous Astronomers and great scientists from many fields who have contributed to the rich history of discoveries in astronomy.] Here is a brief biography of Copernicus: Celestial education Born on Feb. 19, 1473, in Poland, Copernicus traveled to Italy at the age of 18 to attend college, where he prepared for a career in the church. As part of his education, he studied astrology — reading the stars to learn about future events — because at the time it was felt important for priests and doctors. Astronomy, the motion of heavenly bodies, was an important element of this. (Today, astronomy is a recognized science, whereas astrology is not .) Nicolaus Copernicus Credit: Public Domain While attending the University of Bologna, he lived and worked with astronomy professor Domenico Maria de Novara, doing research and helping him make observations of the heavens. When he returned to Poland to take up official duties in Frauenburg, his room in one of the towers surrounding the town boasted an observatory, giving him ample time and opportunity to study the night sky. Copernicus never took orders as a priest, but instead continued to work as a cleric. A new model In Copernicus' lifetime, most believed that Earth held its place at the center of the universe. The sun, the stars, and all of the planets revolved around it. One of the glaring mathematical problems with this model was that the planets, on occasion, would travel backward across the sky over several nights of observation. Astronomers called this retrograde motion . To account for it, the current model, based on the Greek astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy's view, incorporated a number of circles within circles — epicycles — inside of a planet's path. Some planets required as many as seven circles, creating a cumbersome model many felt was too complicated to have naturally occurred. In 1514, Copernicus distributed a handwritten book to his friends that set out his view of the universe. In it, he proposed that the center of the universe was not Earth, but that the sun lay near it. He also suggested that Earth's rotation accounted for the rise and setting of the sun, the movement of the stars, and that the cycle of seasons was caused by Earth's revolutions around it. Finally, he (correctly) proposed that Earth's motion through space caused the retrograde motion of the planets across the night sky (planets sometimes move in the same directions as stars, slowly across the sky from night to night, but sometimes they move in the opposite, or retrograde, direction). It wasn't until he lay on his deathbed at the age of 70 that Copernicus published his book, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"). In it, Copernicus established that the planets orbited the sun rather than the Earth. He lay out his model of the solar system and the path of the planets. Refining the work Although Copernicus' model changed the layout of the universe, it still had its faults. For one thing, Copernicus held to the classical idea that the planets traveled in perfect circles. It wasn't until the 1600s that Johannes Kepler proposed the orbits were instead ellipses. As such, Copernicus' model featured the same epicycles that marred in Ptolemy's work, although there were fewer. Copernicus' ideas, published only two months before he died, took nearly a hundred years to seriously take hold. When Galileo Galilei claimed in 1632 that Earth orbited the sun, building upon the Polish astronomer's work, he found himself under house arrest for committing heresy against the Catholic church. Despite this, the observations of the universe proved the two men correct in their understanding of the motion of celestial bodies. Today, we call the model of the solar system, in which the planets orbit the sun, a heliocentric or Copernican model. — Nola Taylor Redd, SPACE.com Contributor	Nicolaus Copernicus
What is the US state capital of Connecticut?	heliocentric The Heliocentric Theory: Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton by Tom Irvine, February 17, 2006 Introduction The conclusion that the "Earth circles the Sun," was reached and publicized by Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Halley. This is the "heliocentric theory." To appreciate the work of these men, one must also consider the role of ancient Greek philosophers and the Roman Catholic Church. Aristotle Aristotle (384 - 322 BC), a Greek philosopher, taught that the Earth was the center of the Universe. He thus taught that the Sun, the Moon, and the planets thus orbited the Earth. This is the "geocentric theory." Aristotle set forth this theory in a book called, "On the Heavens." On the other hand, another Greek named Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC placed the Earth and other planets in motion around the central Sun. This idea, however, was rejected by the people in favor of Aristotle's geocentric theory. Aristarchus of Samos Aristarchus (310 - 230 BC) was both a mathematician and astronomer. He the first to propose a sun-centered universe. Archimedes (287 - 212 BC) critized this theory in The Sand-Reckoner. Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy (85-165 AD) was a later philosopher who lived in Alexandria. He wrote that the Earth was motionless because constant gales would sweep across it if it were in motion. Ptolemy also devised a complex system of "epicycles" to account for the apparent retrograde motion of the planets. Retrograde means backwards. Consider two objects rotating about a common point with the inner object traveling at a faster angular speed than the outer object. As the inner objects passes by the outer object, the outer object will appear to move backwards. This effect is an optical illusion. In Ptolemy's epicycle system, each planet revolved around the earth in a large circle by making a series of smaller circles, to account for this effect. Ptolemy wrote these theories in book called "Almagest," around 140 AD. Thomas Aquinas The theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy were adopted by the Roman Catholic Church, which played an important role in presenting these theories to the Europeans. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), a priest and philosopher, used the writings of these men to show that the heavens were "God-ordained and man-centered." The Church leaders felt that they had the duty of teaching the people about the universe, which declared the glory of God. Nicholas Copernicus Nicholas Copernicus (1473 - 1543) studied to become a priest in the University of Bologna in 1497. His religious training included astronomy, since one of his duties would be to warn the people about the future by what happened in the heavens. Domenico Maria Novara was an astronomy professor who taught Copernicus. Domenico and Copernicus spent many nights studying the heavens together. They freely discussed ways for improving and simplifying Ptolemy's system of planetary motion. Copernicus set out to improve the system devised by Ptolemy. He realized that the rising and setting of the Sun, Moon, and stars could be accounted for by a daily revolution of the Earth. Also, he found that if he put the Sun at the center of the planet's orbits he could simplify the number of epicycles from 80 in Ptolemy's system to a mere 34. Although epicycles do not exist, Copernicus' intuition was correct. His idea that the Earth and planets orbited about the sun became know as the "heliocentric theory." He wrote about it in his book "De Revolutionibus, " which translates to "Concerning the Revolutions." Copernicus defended his placement of the Sun at the center of the Universe by asking, "For who would place this lamp of a very beautiful temple in another or better place than this, wherefrom it can illuminate everything at the same time?" Martin Luther, Philipp Melancthon, Andrew Osiander, Tommasco Caccini and other religious leaders were quick to denounce Copernicus' heliocentric theory. Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) lived in Italy. He used the newly-invented telescope to make his own observations. He studied mountains and craters on the Earth's moon, the phases of Venus, and the moons of Jupiter. Particularly he noted that Venus at times appears to be a crescent, just as the Earth's moon does. All of these findings supported Copernicus' heliocentric theory. Galileo wrote about his observations and thus angered the Roman Catholic Church. The Church eventually placed him under house arrest. The Inquisition was the tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church at this time. The Inquisition made Galileo kneel before them and confess that the heliocentric theory was false. A modern author name Preserved Smith wrote, "Though the implications of the new science were not worked out immediately, it began to be suspected that if the theories were true, man had lost his birthright as the creature for whose sake all else existed, and had been reduced to the position of a puny and local spectator of infinite forces unresponsive to his wishes and unmindful of his purposes." Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) was a Danish astronomer who made measurements of the planet and stars. His measurements were the most accurate that had yet been made. Tycho began his observations in Denmark but later moved to Prague to continue his work. Tycho proposed a system in which all of the planets except for Earth orbited about the Sun. He claimed that the Sun still orbited about the Earth, however. Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630) was a German astronomer. Kepler was invited to live in Prague by Tycho Brahe. Tycho died a year after Kepler's arrival. Kepler inherited a wealth of astronomical data from Tycho. Kepler used this data to draw conclusions about the orbits of the planets. Kepler's Three Laws can be used to describe the motion of the Planets: 1. The Planets move in orbits about the Sun that are ellipses 2 . The planets move such that the line between the Sun and the Planet sweeps out the same area in the same area in the same time no matter where in the orbit. 3. The square of the period of the orbit of a planet is proportional to the mean distance from the Sun cubed. Isaac Newton Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) lived in England. Newton derived the law of gravitation between two masses. Since the Sun was the most massive object in the planetary system, all of the planets would naturally be attracted to it and revolve around it, in the same manner as the Moon revolves around the Earth. Newton eventually wrote about gravitation and the heliocentric theory in Principia Mathematica in 1687, at the prompting of another famous astronomer, Edmund Halley (1656-1742) . Halley used Newton's equations to predict that a comet seen in 1682 would return in 1758. The return of Halley's comet gave final proof to the heliocentric theory. Roman Catholic Church In 1992, the Roman Catholic Church finally repealed the ruling of the Inquisition against Galileo. The Church gave a pardon to Galileo and admitted that the heliocentric theory was correct. This pardon came 350 years after Galileo's death. Bibliography	i don't know
The Gruesome Twosome are characters in which children’s tv cartoon series?	1000+ images about TV Cartoons on Pinterest \| Tex avery, Ants and Scooby doo "The Mean Machine" Wacky Races, Dick Dastardly and Muttley See More	Wacky Races
The ‘Black Paintings’ is the name given to a group of paintings by which Spanish artist?	Wacky Races Forever \| Hanna-Barbera Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Wacky Races Forever is an animated pilot spun off from Wacky Races , produced in 2006. Contents [ show ] Overview The series depicted a roster of both new and returning racers competing against each other. Penelope Pitstop and Peter Perfect had married and created Perfect Industries, the corporate sponsor of the new Wacky Races; their children, Parker and Piper, competed in the race. Other characters included the Slag Brothers , Professor Pat Pending , a teenage version of the Gruesome Twosome, and Dick Dastardly and Muttley (working for a new villain named Mr. Viceroy, who sought to steal Perfect Industries). This pilot wasn't picked up by Cartoon Network. Voice cast	i don't know
Who was the last British monarch to sack a British Prime Minister?	British Monarchs And Their Prime Ministers - British Monarchy Family History British Monarchy Family History British Monarchs And Their Prime Ministers 10, DOWNING STREET The five major political parties of the United Kingdom are the Liberal Democrats, the Conservatives, the Labour Party, the Green Party and the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). The Liberal Democrats - who were originally founded in 1678 under the name of the Whig Party. During their history they have also been known as the Peelite Party, the Radicals and the Liberal Party. They have a classic liberalism and social liberalism ideology. The Conservative Party - also known as the Tories, which is a centre right party with a conservatism and strong British unity ideology, whose movement was founded in 1834. The Labour Party - which is a centre left party with a socialist ideology, whose movement was founded in 1900. The Green Party - which is a centre left party with a strong environmentalist and eco-socialism ideology, which was founded in 1990. The United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) - which is a far right party with an anti-federalist and right wing populism ideology, whose movement was founded in 1993. Major regional nationalist parties around the United Kingdom include; The Ulster Unionist Party - which was formed in 1905, and The Democratic Ulster Unionist Party, formed in 1971, both of which are the two main political parties within Northern Ireland. Plaid Cymru - which was formed in 1925 and is a social democratic party striving for nationalism and independence in Wales. The Scottish Nationalist Party - which was formed in 1934, which is a social democratic party striving for nationalism and independence in Scotland. U.K STAMPS ISSUED ON THE 14th OF OCTOBER 2014 DEPICTING EIGHT FORMER PRIME MINISTERS The position of British Prime Minister was never created, but evolved over a number of years. Because of this modern historians have given the title of first British Prime Minister to that of Sir Robert Walpole, who ran King George I's government from 1721 - 1742, making his twenty one year tenure the longest of any British prime minister. As Great Britain is a monarchy, both the government and monarchy were originally run as a single entity, with the highest ministerial position, that of the Lord of the Treasurer. After every British election, the leader of the winning party is invited to form a government by the serving monarch. As a serving prime minister, the man or woman who holds this title is the only person in the United Kingdom who is allowed to sit in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The prime minister is a commoner, therefore he or she is eligible to sit in the House of Commons, but the Lord of the Treasurer, which is one of the automatic titles of the prime minister, is a lord, thus enabling him or her to sit in the House of Lords. Even the monarch is denied this privilege, as two of the monarch's titles are Lord of Man and Lord High Admiral of the British Navy, thus only enabling him or her entry into the House of Lords. At the end of a prime minister's tenure, it is customary for the monarch to award the outgoing prime minister with the Most Noble Order of the Garter, or in the case of a Scots born prime minister the Most Ancient & Noble Order of the Thistle, although Scottish born former prime ministers Gordon Brown and Tony Blair are not members of the order due to Brown declining the honour and Blair being disinherited due to public opinion over the Iraq war. Every outgoing prime minister is granted a life peerage, thus allowing them automatic elevation into the House of Lords. Ten Downing Street was built between 1682 - 1684 by property investor Sir George Downing. The house was inhabited by both royals and politicians over the years, until it became the property of the crown in 1733. King George II offered the house as a personal gift to Sir Robert Walpole, for services rendered to the crown, but Walpole declined the gift, asking instead if the building could be used as the official residence of the Lord of the Treasurer. The King agreed and the house became the official residence of the Lord of the Treasurer in September 1735 and the official office of the prime minister in 1921. Therefore Ten Downing Street is the official residence of the Lord of the Treasurer not the official residence of the prime minister. Since modern day prime ministers automatically become the Lord of the Treasurer upon becoming prime minister he or she is therefore allowed to reside in 10 Downing Street, but their official residence is actually Chequers Court, or more popularly known simply as Chequers, a large, sixteenth century manor house and country estate situated in Ellesborough, Buckinghamshire, located about forty miles away from Downing Street. Six British prime ministers have died in office, Spencer Compton, Henry Pelham, Charles Watson - Wentworth, William Pitt the younger, George Canning and Henry Temple. Eleven British prime ministers have resigned from office, they are; Fredrick Robinson, William Lamb, Sir Robert Peel, George Hamilton, William Gladstone, Archibald Primrose, Andrew Bonar - Law, Stanley Baldwin, Neville Chamberlain, Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. One British prime minister was assassinated, Spencer Perceval, who died at the hands of merchant John Bellingham, on the 11th of May 1812, in the foyer of the Houses of Parliament. One British prime minister has had his government collapse, that was Edward Smith - Stanley in 1852. Stanley also holds the record for being the Conservative party's longest serving party leader, at twenty two years. The longest serving Labour party leader was Prime Minister Tony Blair, at sixteen years. William Pitt the younger was the youngest prime minister to ever hold office at the age of just twenty four. Margaret Thatcher was the only female British prime minister. She was also the longest serving Prime Minister of the twentieth century at eleven years. Winston Churchill was the only British prime minister to receive a Nobel Prize, when he won the prize for literature in 1953. Stanley Baldwin is the only British prime minister to serve under three different monarchs - George V, Edward VIII and George VI - with his two year tenure between June 1935 and May 1937. The longest serving British prime minister was the first one, Sir Robert Walpole, who served for over twenty one years. The shortest term for a British prime minister was served by George Canning, from April - August of 1827, who died just one hundred and nineteen days into his tenure. The two prime ministers Henry Asquith and David Lloyd - George held office during the first World War. The prime minister Winston Churchill held office during the second World War. Seventy six terms of prime ministerial office have been served by fifty two men and two woman. PRIME MINISTERS OF GREAT BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND SEAL OF THE PRIME MINISTER OF THE UNITED KINGDOM Shown below is a list of British Prime Ministers from 1721 to present day, followed by a list of longest serving prime ministers, a list of shortest serving prime ministers, a list of the youngest prime ministers and a list of the oldest prime ministers. The following list Includes name, date of tenure and political affiliation of each prime minister. KING GEORGE I Sir Robert Walpole - 1721 - 1742 - Whig. KING GEORGE II Spencer Compton - 1742 - 1743 - Whig - (Died in office). Henry Pelham - 1743 - 1754 - Whig - (Died in office). Thomas Pelham - Holles - 1754 - 1756 - Whig William Cavendish - 1756 - 1757 - Whig. Thomas Pelham - Holles - 1757 - 1762 - Whig KING GEORGE III John Stuart - 1762 - 1763 - Tory. George Grenville - 1763 - 1765 - Whig. Charles Watson - Wentworth - 1765 - 1766 - Whig - (Died in office). William Pitt, the Elder - 17666 - 1768 - Whig. Augustus Fitzroy - 1768 - 1770 - Whig. Fredrick North - 1770 - 1782 - Tory. Charles Watson - Wentworth - 1782 - Whig - (Died in office). William Petty - Fitzmaurice - 1882 - 1883 - Whig. William Cavendish - Bentinck - 1783 - Tory. William Pitt, the younger - 1783 - 1801 - Tory. (Britain's youngest P.M at 24). Henry Addington - 1801 - 1804 - Tory. William Pitt, the younger - 1804 - 1806 - Tory - (Died in office). William Wyndham Grenville - 1806 - 1807 - Whig. William Cavendish - Bentinck - 1807 - 1809 - Tory. Spencer Perceval - 1809 - 1812 - Tory - (The only British Prime Minister to be assassinated). Robert Banks Jenkinson - 1812 - 1827 - Tory. KING GEORGE IV George Canning - 1827 - Tory - (Died in office). Fredrick John Robinson - 1827 - 1828 - Tory. Arthur Wellesley - 1828 - 1830 - Tory. KING WILLIAM IV Charles Grey - 1830 - 1834 - Whig. William Lamb - 1834 - Whig - (Resigned). Arthur Wellesley - 1834 - Tory. Sir Robert Peel - 1834 - 1835 - Conservative - (Resigned). William Lamb - 1835 - 1841. Sir Robert Peel - 1841 - 1846 - Conservative. Lord John Russel - 1846 - 1852 - Whig. Edward Smith - Stanley - 1852 - (Government collapsed). George Hamilton - Gordon - 1852 - Peelite - (Resigned). Henry John Temple - 1855 - 1858 - Whig. Edward Smith - Stanley - 1858 - 1859 - Conservative - (Longest serving leader of the Conservative party) Henry John Temple - 1859 - 1865 - Liberal - (Died in office). John Russel - 1865 - 1866 - Liberal. Edward Smith - Stanley - Conservative - 1866 - 1868 - Conservative. Benjamin Disraeli - 1868 - Conservative - (Britain's only Jewish P.M). As Britain has a state religion it is preferable if the Prime Minister is of the Anglican faith, although it is not obligatory. William Ewart Gladstone - 1868 - 1874 - Liberal. Benjamin Disraeli - 1874 - 1880 - Conservative. William Ewart Gladstone - 1880 - 1885 - Liberal. Robert Gascoyne Cecil - 1885 - 1886 - Conservative. William Ewart Gladstone - 1886 - Liberal. Robert Gascoyne Cecil - 1886 - 1892 - Conservative. William Ewart Gladstone - 1892 - 1894 - Liberal - (Resigned). Archibald Primrose - 1894 - 1895 - Liberal - (Resigned). Robert Gascoyne Cecil - 1895 - 1902 - Conservative. THE ROYAL HOUSE OF SAXE COBURG GOTHA KING EDWARD VII Sir Arthur Balfour - 1902 - 1905 - Conservative Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman - 1905 - 1908 - Liberal. Herbert Henry Asquith - 1908 - 1916 - Liberal. THE ROYAL HOUSE OF WINDSOR KING GEORGE V David Lloyd George - 1916 - 1922 - Liberal. Andrew Bonar - Law - 1922 - 1923 - Conservative - (Resigned). Stanley Baldwin - 1923 - 1924 - Conservative - (Resigned). Ramsey MacDonald - 1924 - He had headed a small majority Labour government and Hung Parliament with the Liberals. Stanley Baldwin - 1924 - 1929 - Conservative. Ramsey MacDonald - 1929 - 1935 - Labour. Stanley Baldwin - 1935 - 1937 - Conservative. KING GEORGE VI Neville Chamberlain - 1937 - 1940 - Conservative - (Resigned). Winston Churchill - 1940 - 1945 - Conservative Clement Attlee - 1945 - 1951 - Labour. Winston Churchill - 1951 - 1955 - Conservative. QUEEN ELISABETH II Winston Churchill - 1951 - 1955 - Conservative. Sir Anthony Eden - 1955 - 1957 - Conservative Harold MacMillan - 1957 - 1963 - Labour. Sir Alec Douglas - Home - 1963 - 1964 - Conservative. Harold Wilson - 1964 - 1970 - Labour. Edward Heath - 1970 - 1974 - Conservative. Harold Wilson - 1974 - 1976 - Labour. James Callaghan - 1976 - 1979. - Labour. Margaret Thatcher - 1979 - 1990 - Conservative. (Resigned) John Major - 1990 - 1997 - Conservative. Tony Blair - 1997 - 2007 - Labour - (Resigned) (He had been the Longest serving leader of the Labour Party). Gordon Brown - 2007 - 2010 - Labour. David Cameron - 2010 - 2015 - He had headed a small Conservative majority and hung parliament with the Liberal Democrats headed by Nick Clegg. David Cameron - May 2015 - July 2016 - Conservative. (Resigned) Theresa May - July 2016 - Incumbent - Conservative.	William IV
Caen is the capital of which French Department?	Frequently Asked Questions \| Britroyals Frequently Asked Questions When did the last British King fight in a battle? George II was the last British King to lead his army in person, during the War of the Austrian Succession, at the Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria, 27th June, 1743. The last English King to die in battle was Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in Leicestershire on 22 August 1485 defeated by Henry Tudor who became Henry VII ending the Wars of the Roses between the Houses of York and Lancaster and starting the Tudor dynasty. The last British King to die in battle was James IV of Scotland killed at the Battle of Flodden Field in Northumberland on 9 September 1513 when the Scots invaded England hoping to take advantage of Henry VIII's absence in France, but were defeated by English forces under Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. How far back can the British Royal Family trace their roots? Is Queen Elizabeth II really directly descended from Alfred the Great? She is the 32nd great granddaughter of King Alfred who 1,140 years ago was the first effective King of England. He ruled from 871 to 899. I thought that American Independence was in 1776. Why is it quoted as 1783? The Continental Congress of the 13 American colonies declared independence in 1776. However, the war continued and independence from Britain was not achieved until the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Was George III really mad? For most of his reign King George III was an astute king and politician with a strong sense of duty. Later in his reign he suffered from recurrent and eventually permanent mental illness. This baffled medical science at the time, although it is now generally thought that he suffered from the inherited blood disease porphyria. He suffered his first attack in 1788 and by 1810 was unfit to rule. In 1811 his son George, Prince of Wales, became Regent for 9 years until his father died in 1820. Who would now be King or Queen if Edward VIII had not abdicated? Edward VIII abdicated in 1936 less than a year after becoming King to marry Wallis Simpson. His younger brother Bertie became King George VI and was the father of the present Queen Elizabeth II . He died in 1952, and Edward who had no children died in 1972. So even if Edward had not abdicated Elizabeth would now be Queen. She would have come to the throne in 1972 instead of 1952. Why did Edward VIII have to give up the throne to marry a divorcee but Prince Charles is still in line to the throne? Royals who are divorced or marry divorcees do not lose their position in the line of succession. Edward VIII had a number of affairs with married women including Wallis Simpson who was already divorced and still married to her second husband. His parents King George V and Queen Mary did not approve and refused to meet her. When George V died Prime Minister Baldwin made it clear that the Government, popular opinion in the country and the oversees Dominions (now the Commonwealth nations) did not approve of his plans to marry Wallis. Social attitudes towards divorce and a women looking for a third marriage were considered scandalous at the time, and if Edward married against the advice of his Ministers it would have caused the Government to resign and a constitutional crisis. Edward chose to abdicate. The 1772 Royal Marriages Act requires members of the Royal Family to obtain permission from the Sovereign to marry. Queen Elizabeth II gave her permission for Prince Charles to marry Camilla, and more recently for Prince William to marry Catherine Middleton. Would Princess Diana have become Queen? If Prince Charles had become King during their marriage then she would have been his consort with the title Queen Diana. They divorced in 1996 and she died in a car crash in Paris on 31st August 1997. Although popularly known as 'Princess Diana' this was not her title - because she became a princess by marrying Prince Charles her title was Princess Charles Philip Arthur George, Princess of Wales, or more simply Diana, Princess of Wales. Who is Prince Henry shown as fourth in line to the Throne? What about Prince Harry? Prince Harry's name is Henry Charles Albert David . Harry is his nickname Is Kate Middleton the first commoner to marry an heir to the throne? The Queen's husband Prince Philip is a direct descendant of Queen Victoria, Diana's family had titled ancestry and Camilla is the granddaughter of a baron. Prince William's wife Catherine (Kate) nee Middleton comes from a middle class background with no aristocratic or titled connections. She is not however the first commoner to marry a future king. Notably Anne Hyde first wife of King James II, and Elizabeth Woodville, who married King Edward IV in 1464 and became a key figure in the Wars of the Roses were commoners with no direct connections to nobility. Edward VIII married Wallis Simpson but had already abdicated as King. Why are William and Harry referred to as Wales when their name is Windsor? Members of the Royal Family who are titled His (or Her) Royal Highness do not traditionally need or use a surname. Windsor is the name of the Royal House to which they belong. Their titles are HRH Prince William of Wales and HRH Prince Henry of Wales . During their tours of duty with the Armed Forces, the Princes chose to show their surname as Wales. Members of the royal family who are not HRH (for example Prince Edward's children Louise and James) use the surname Mountbatten-Windsor. Why are Prince Andrew's daughters princesses when Prince Edward's daughter is not? Also why do Princess Anne's children Peter and Zara not have titles? You become a prince by being the son of a prince, or princess by being the daughter of a prince or by marrying a prince. So Prince Andrew's daughters are Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie. The Queen's daughter Princess Anne has the title Princess Royal, but her children Peter and Zara do not have titles. It is traditional that they would have been made a Duke and Duchess or Earl and Countess, but it is understood that Princess Anne asked the Queen not to give her children titles so they could live as private individuals. Prince Edward declined to be made a Duke on his marriage and became Earl of Wessex, so that his wife Sophie is Countess of Wessex. The Royal Family is descended directly from the Anglo-Saxon Kings of Wessex. On their marriage is was anounced that their children would not be titled Prince and Princess but as the children of an Earl, so they are Lady Louise and James Viscount Severn. Why are Roman Catholics excluded from the Line of Succession to the British throne? In 1534 Henry VII I broke with the Church of Rome over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon and made himself Head of the Church of England. Every King or Queen since Elizabeth 1 has held the title 'Supreme Governor of the Church of England' and 'Defender of the Faith'. As it is a Protestant Church all those in the Royal line of succession and their spouses have to be Protestants. The Act of Settlement (1701) laid down that only Protestant heirs of Princess Sophia, granddaughter of James I, may succeed to the British throne. Neither Catholics, nor those who marry a Catholic, nor those born out of wedlock, may remain in the line of succession. Prince Charles has let it be known that when he becomes King he will take the title 'Defender of Faith' instead of' 'Defender of the Faith' to include faiths other than the established Church of England. In Aprl 2013 the Succession to the Crown Bill 2013 changed the succession laws so that a person is not disqualified from succeeding to the Crown as a result of marrying a Roman Catholic . They will however not be allowed to become a Roman Catholic as the British Monarch is head of the Protestant Church of England. Why are younger brothers higher in the line of succession than their older sisters? The line of succession to the British throne used until recently the system of male primogeniture whereby younger sons have precedence over their older sisters. So Prince Andrew and Prince Edward are above their older sister Princess Anne in line of succession, and Prince Edward's son James is above his sister Louise. While male precedence may now be considered to be out of line with current 'equal-rights' thinking and is proposed to be changed, it has not prevented some of the most successful and longest reigning British monarchs from being queens including Queen Elizabeth I, Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II. It does allow the succession to inherit through the female line, so the children of daughters can succeed to the throne as is the case with the current Queen. The French and German monarchies used a system of Salic law whereby females had no right to inherit and could not pass it to their offspring. The last time that the British throne passed to a son in precedence to a first born daughter was when Queen Victoria's son Edward VII inherited the throne over his older sister Princess Victoria. Had she become queen she would have been Queen Victoria II and her son Kaiser Wilhelm II would have also been King William V and ruled over a huge combined British and German Empire. This could have significantly changed 20th century European history with the 1st World War unlikely to have happened as it did but replaced with other nationalist, republican and fascist struggles leading possibly to the downfall of both monarchies and a changed map of Europe. In Aprl 2013 the Succession to the Crown Bill 2013 changed the succession laws so that a person is able to marry a Roman Catholic and remain in the line of successsion, and the right of male primogeniture no longer applies to children born after 28 October 2011. It meant that if the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's first child had been a girl and their second a boy, male primogenture would no longer have applied and he would not have had precedence over his older sister. However, their first child born on 22 July 2013 was a boy Prince George so it did not apply. Their second child Princess Charlotte will not lose her place even if she has a younger brother. This current line of succession is shown at Line of Succession. King William IV was 64 years old when he became king in 1830 and succeeded his elder brother George IV. Prince Charles the current heir to the throne became 68 on 14th November 2016 and is now the longest waiting heir to the throne. Edward VII became king after the death of his mother Queen Victoria in 1901 when he was 59 years and 2 months old. Kings & Queens by age of accession to the throne . Could the Queen choose to pass the throne directly to Prince William? The Queen cannot choose. Prince Charles as her eldest son and Prince of Wales is next in line to the throne and will become King as long as he is living when the Queen dies or should she abdicate. It would require a change to British constitutional law for this not to happen. Will Charles become King George VII? Charles can choose to rule as King Charles III or take another name. Kings often take a different regnal (ruling) name from their first given name. Charles' grandfather George VI was Prince Albert ("Bertie") before he became king, and his great great grandfather Edward VII was also Prince Albert. King Charles I was beheaded in 1649 after the English Civil War, and Charles II was popularly known as the 'merrie' monarch as he had so many mistresses. Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) the Stuart pretender to the throne styled himself Charles III before he was defeated at Culloden in 1746. It is thought possible that Prince Charles may choose to become King George VII after his grandfather. Will Camilla become Queen? Prince Charles and Camilla were married on 9th April 2005. She was given the title Duchess of Cornwall because of sensitivity following the death of Diana. As the wife of the Prince of Wales her title should be Princess of Wales and, although before the marriage it was announced that she would take the title Princess consort, she is expected to become Queen consort when Charles becomes King. Is there a royal connection between Camilla's family and the royal family? In 1889 Camilla's great-grandmother Alice Keppel was the mistress of Edward VII when he was Prince of Wales. Edward VII was the great-great-grandfather of Prince Charles the current Prince of Wales. Why is the Queen's husband Prince Philip not King Philip? The husband of a queen is known as a Prince consort and does not become King. Queen Victoria's husband was Prince Albert, and Queen Elizabeth's husband is Prince Philip The Duke of Edinburgh . The wife of a king is a Queen consort and does take the title Queen although she does not rule as the monarch. The only exceptions were William III and Mary II who ruled jointly from 1689 until Mary's death in 1694. Were Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip related before their marriage? The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh are both great great grandchildren of Queen Victoria . The Queen is a direct descendant of Queen Victoria’s eldest son King Edward VII and the Duke of Edinburgh is a direct descendant of Queen Victoria’s daughter Princess Alice. What relation is Queen Elizabeth II to King George III ? George III was her 3rd great grandfather. If you you follow the line of succession on her grandfather's side - George VI (father), George V (grandfather), Edward VII (great grandfather), Victoria (2nd great grandmother) , Edward Duke of Kent (3rd great grandfather), George III (4th great grandfather) - then he was her 4th great grandfather. However her grandmother Queen Mary of Teck was also descended from George III - she and George V were 2nd cousins once removed. If you follow Queen Elizabeth's line through her grandmother - George VI (father), Queen Mary (grandmother), Mary Adelaide (great grandmother), Adolphus of Hanover (2nd great grandfather), George III (3rd great-grandfather) - he is more closely related as her 3rd great grandfather. You can see this on the Royal Family tree . How rich is Queen Elizabeth? Her estimated personal fortune is around £350 million (US $435M). The Duchy of Lancaster estate, a portfolio of land, property and assets, is held in trust for the monarch and worth around £348 million. She also owns properties privately that have never been valued, including Sandringham House, Balmoral Castle reputedly worth £160 million and the Castle of Mey. Her investment portfolio in blue-chip British companies is around £110 million, her personal art collection is worth at least £2 million, and she owns personal jewellery and a large stamp collection built up by her grandfather George V. Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, the Crown Jewels and the Royal Art Collection are held in trust for the nation. The Crown Estate, which manages on behalf of the monarch the property and land owned by the Crown, including properties in Regent Street and St James in London, offshore wind farms around Britain's coast and rural estates in Scotland, is worth around £11 billion and generates £285 million (2014/15) income a year. This income is given to the national Treasury for use in public finances, in return for a grant (£38 million in 2012) for the cost of running the monarchy. This arrangement dated from 1760 when George III gave up the right to the income from the Crown's estates in return for a Civil List paid to members of the Royal Family. In 2013 this changed to a Sovereign Support Grant based on 15% of the income from the Crown Estate. This means that for the year from April 2016 the nation will keep £242.2 million of the Crown Estates income, and the monarchy will receive £42.7 miilion towards the cost of the Royal household, their travel, attending formal functions and repairs to buildings including Kensington Palace which is the home of Prince William, the Duchess of Cambridge and their children Prince George and Princess Charlotte. Does the Queen pay taxes? Yes, in 1992 The Queen offered to pay income tax and capital gains tax on a voluntary basis. Since 1993, her personal income has been taxable as for any other UK taxpayer. Does the Queen rule or does Parliament? The British Monarchy is a constitutional monarchy in which the King or Queen reigns as Head of State but with limits to their power, and the day-to-day government is carried out by Parliament. The political party with the most elected seats in the House of Commons elects a Prime Minister who is invited by the monarch to form a government. A new Parliament is opened by the monarch in an official ceremony, and the Prime Minister during his or her term in office regularly meets with the King or Queen to discuss political matters and events. How many British Prime Ministers and US Presidents have there been during the Queen's reign? Queen Elizabeth II has worked with 13 different Prime Ministers since she became Queen: Winston Churchill (1951-55), Anthony Eden (1955-59), Harold Macmillan (1959-63), Alec Douglas-Home (1963-64), Harold Wilson (1964-70 & 1974-76), Edward Heath (1970-74), James Callaghan (1976-79), Margaret Thatcher (1979-90), John Major (1990-97), Tony Blair (1997-2007), Gordon Brown (2007-2010), David Cameron (2010-2016) and Theresa May (2016 - present). There have been 12 US Presidents during her reign: Harry Truman (1945-1953), Dwight Eisenhower (1953-61), John Kennedy (1961-63), Lyndon Johnson (1963-69), Richard Nixon (1969-74), Gerald Ford, (1974-77), James Carter (1977-81), Ronald Reagan (1981-89), George Bush (1989-93), William Clinton (1993-2001), George W Bush (2001-09), Barack Obama, (2009-present). There have been 7 Archbishops of Canterbury and 7 Popes during her reign. Which King or Queen reigned for the longest time? The longest reigning British monarch is Queen Elizabeth II who including today has reigned for 64 years, 11 months, and 13 days which is the longest reign in over 1,200 years of British History. On 10th September 2015 she surpassed her great great grandmother Queen Victoria who reigned for 63 years, 7 months and 2 days from 1837-1901. See Kings and Queens by length of reign . Which King or Queen reigned for the shortest time? Edward VI named his cousin Lady Jane Grey as his successor and she was proclaimed queen on July 10, 1553 by her father-in-law the Duke of Northumberland. She was 16 years old. Meanwhile Edward's half sister Mary eldest daughter of Henry VIII was also proclaimed queen. The situation was resolved 9 days later on July 19 1553 when Mary arrived in London and was proclaimed as the rightful queen. Mary was crowned Queen on Oct 1, 1553. Lady Jane Grey was executed on February 12, 1554. Another who was not crowned was Edward V . His father Edward IV died on April 9, 1483, but he was usurped by his uncle Richard III who proclaimed himself king 2 months later on June 26 and crowned on July 6, 1483. The date that Edward died is unknown - he was presumed murdered with his brother in the Tower of London at sometime in September that year. The shortest reigning crowned king was Edmund II for 7 months from 25 April - 30 November 1016. Kings and Queens by length of reign . Which King had the most illegitimate children? Henry I is purported to have had 20-25 illegitimate children by at least six women, but few details are known. Charles II famously fathered numerous illegitimate children, of whom he acknowledged fourteen. His mistresses included Lucy Walter (2 children), Moll Davis (1) , Nell Gwyne (2), Louise de Keroualle (1), Barbara Villiers (6), Elizabeth Killigrew (1), Catherine Pegg (1), Frances Stuart (became the face of Britannia on coins), and at least five others. William IV had 10 illegitimate children born between 1794 and 1807 by his mistress actress Dorothea Bland (known as Mrs Jordan). Is David Cameron descended from royalty? How close would he be in line to the throne? David Cameron, the previous British Prime Minister, is the great, great, great grandson of Elizabeth Fitzclarence (Jan 17, 1801 - Jan 16, 1856) who was an illegitimate daughter of William IV and his mistress Irish actress Dorothea Bland who was known by her stage name as 'Mrs Jordan'. They lived together for 20 years when he was Duke of Clarence and had 5 sons and 5 daughters. When he became heir to the throne William married Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen but they had no surviving children so when he died having no legitimate children his niece Victoria became Queen. David Cameron is the 5th cousin, twice removed of Queen Elizabeth II, but illegitimate lines have no claim to the throne. The Royal Marriage act of 1772, instigated by William IV's father George III, requires members of the royal family to obtain permission from the monarch to marry. So William and Dorothea would have had to get permission from his brother George IV to marry and it would also have required ratification by Parliament. She was Catholic and would have had to renounce her Catholic faith for William to remain in the line of succession to the throne. In the very unlikely event that they had been allowed to marry and had done so before their children were born then their eldest son George Augustus would have had a claim to the throne. His great grandson Geoffrey Fitzclarence, 5th Earl of Munster, was a Conservative politician in Winston Churchill's government. David Cameron's line through their 3rd daughter Elizabeth would have had only a very remote claim. How big was Henry VIII? When Henry VII I came to the throne in April 1509 he was 17 years old, 6ft 2in tall, and had pale skin, blue eyes and auburn hair. He was physically active and enjoyed sport, hunting and jousting. A Venetian visitor described him as 'His Majesty is the handsomest potentate I ever set eyes on, a vigorous player of tennis, rider of horses, and skilled wrestler'. However he became fatter with age and gluttony. His suits of armour show that in 1512 he had a 32 inch waist , which increased to 35 inch by 1520s, and then grew to an enormous 54 inch by 1545. He suffered increasingly of ill health, swelling of the joints and an ulcerated leg claimed to have been caused by a jousting accident. His pain added to his mood swings and unpredictable temper. In 1544 his portrait shows him puffy and bloated. By 1546 he could hardly walk and was carried around on a wooden chair . He had to be winched on to his horse and his armour cut open to accommodate his swollen legs. He is estimated to have weighed 25 stone (350 lbs or 158kg) when he died in January 1547 Why was Queen Mary I known as Bloody Mary? Queen Mary's father Henry VIII split with Rome over his divorce from her mother Catherine of Aragon and made himself head of the Protestant Church of England. When she became queen, Mary sought to re-establish Roman Catholicism as the official religion and carried out persecution of Protestant clergy and followers. Over 200 died including Thomas Cranmer and several bishops who were burnt at the stake between 1555 and Mary's death in 1558. She was succeeded by her half sister Elizabeth I , daughter of Ann Boleyn, who re-established Protestantism as the official Church of England. How many British monarchs have been killed while they were king or queen? - King Edmund I was killed in 946 during a feast at Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire, by an outlawed robber. - King Edward The Martyr was murdered by members of Aethelred's household at Corfe Castle in 978 - King Edmund II Ironside was assassinated in London in 1016 - King Harold II was killed by an arrow in his eye at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. - King William I The Conqueror suffered a fatal internal injury in 1087 after being thrown against the pommel of his saddle near Nantes in France. - King William II Rufus was killed in 1100 with an arrow while hunting in the New Forest. Supposedly an accident, it has been suggested that he was shot deliberately on the instructions of his brother Henry. - Richard I The Lion Heart was killed by a crossbow bolt while besieging Châlus-Chabrol in France in 1199. - Edward II was murdered in 1327 at Berkeley Castle on the orders of his wife, Isabella - Richard II was starved to death in 1400 while imprisioned in Pontefract castle. He had been forced to abdicate in 1399 by his cousin Henry IV Bolingbroke. - Henry VI was murdered in the Tower of London in 1471 during the 'Wars of the Roses' between the Lancastrians and Yorkists. - Edward V and his younger brother were imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1483 and never seen again. Their fate remains a mystery but the two princes are believed to have been murdered on orders from their uncle Richard III. - Richard III was killed in 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth Field. - Henry VIII executed two of his six wives, Anne Boleyn in 1536 and Catherine Howard in 1542. - Charles I was executed by Parliament in 1649 following the Civil War. Scottish Kings killed include James II at Roxburgh in 1460 when a cannon exploded, James III in battle near Stirling in 1488 by supporters of his son, James IV by Henry VIII's forces at Flodden in 1513, and Mary Queen of Scots executed in 1587 on orders from her cousin Elizabeth I. Why was Edward I not Edward IV as he followed Edward the Elder, Edward the Martyr & Edward the Confessor? The practice of using Roman numerals to distinguish kings and queens started only after there had been several with the same name, and particularly when there was a succession of father, son, grandson like Edward I, Edward II, and Edward III. Before then it was common for chroniclers and historians to use sobriquets such as Edward the Elder, Edward the Martyr, Edward the Confessor, Edmund Ironside, Aethelred the Unready, Alfred the Great, Harold Harefoot etc before this became impractical. It would be interesting to consider how the present Queen would be known if she were to be referred to in this way. 'Elizabeth the Great', 'Elizabeth the Steadfast ', 'Elizabeth the Dutiful', have been suggested, as well as 'Elizabeth the Diplomat' for her work and visits to so many countries, 'Elizabeth the Survivor' referring to her reign as the longest in British history,'Elizabeth the Wise', 'Elizabeth the Magnificent', 'Elizabeth the Supreme', 'Elizabeth the Faithful' for her untiring service over 60 years to her people and the Commonweatlh, 'Elizabeth the Enduring', 'Elizabeth the Correct', 'Elizabeth,the Benevolent', 'Elizabeth,the Tolerant', 'Elizabeth the Stalwart', 'Elizabeth the Beloved' and 'Elizabeth Britannia'. If you have a suggestion please contact us . What about King Arthur of the knights of the round table and Camelot? King Arthur is a legend and folklore of a Celtic king who fought to defend Britain from Saxon invaders in the 6th century. There is no historical evidence that he existed. Interestingly, Henry VII sought to revive the legend naming his eldest son Arthur. Unfortunately Prince Arthur died in 1502 aged 15 before he became King. His younger brother Henry followed his father instead and became Henry VIII . Why was there no king or queen between 1649 and 1660? The English Civil War (1642-1649) was fought between the royalist forces loyal to King Charles I and the parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell. The Royalist were defeated at the Battle of Naseby in 1645 and following attempts to organize a Scottish invasion, Charles was caught and executed on January 30, 1649. It was the first time a British monarch had ever been publicly executed in recorded history. After the execution of the King, a republic was declared known as the Commonwealth of England (1649-1653) and then the Protectorate (1653-1658) with rule by parliament under Cromwell. Following his death in 1658, Cromwell was succeeded briefly by his son Richard before the monarchy was restored and Charles II became king in 1660. What is the Stone of Destiny? The Stone of Destiny is a symbolic stone that was used in the crowning of Kings of Scotland at the Palace of Scone in Perthshire, Scotland. It is a block of sandstone which measures approximately 26 inches long x 16 wide x 11 high which rested beneath the throne. According to legend it was brought to Scotland by Fergus Mor from Ireland, where it had reached by way of Spain and Egypt from the Holy Land. It was used in the crowning of kings from Kenneth MacAlpin in 841 to John Balliol in 1292. In 1296 King Edward I of England took the stone to London where it was kept in Westminster Abbey for use in coronations. In 1950 a group of students stole the stone and took it back to Scotland in two pieces which were repaired by a Glasgow stone mason. They left it at Arbroath Abbey from where it was returned to Westminster Abbey. In 1996 the British Government decided in response to calls by Scottish nationalists to return it to Scotland. It arrived back on St Andrews Day 30 November 1996, almost exactly 700 years after it had been removed by Edward, and is now in Edinburgh Castle. When did Wales become part of the United Kingdom? Wales became incorporated into England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, after it had been annexed by Edward I of England in 1282. Edward dubbed his eldest son Edward Prince of Wales, since which time the eldest son of each English monarch has borne the same title. In the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, Wales became legally part of the Kingdom of England, and subsequently part of the United Kingdom. When did Scotland become part of the United Kingdom? The Crowns of England and Scotland were united in 1603 when James VI King of Scotland became James I King of England. In October 1604, one year later , he decreed that the Royal Title would use the term Great Brittaine to refer to the "one Imperiall Crowne" made up of England and Scotland. However despite James' wishes political union between Scotland and England did not take place until 1707 in the reign of Queen Anne. See union of the United Kingdom . When did Ireland become part of the United Kingdom? Ireland became part of the United Kingdom in 1800 when the Act of Union with Ireland was passed by both the Irish and British parliaments Why is Northern Ireland part of the United Kingdom when Southern Ireland is a different country? Northern Ireland, predominantly Protestant, and Southern Ireland, Catholic, split in 1920 with 6 of the 9 counties of Ulster remaining within the United Kingdom, and the remaining 26 counties being given home rule under the Government of Ireland Act. In 1922 the Southern counties became the Irish Free State and then since 1949 the Republic of Ireland.	i don't know
Relating to weather, cirrus is a type of what?	Weather Facts: Cirrus \| weatheronline.co.uk Weather Facts \| Wind of the World \| Climate of the World \| Weather Lore \| Weather Brains \| Philip Eden \| Oil spill \| Fukushima \| Volcanic ash \| Video Cirrus Cirrus (Ci) - the name derives from the Latin cirrus = curl of hair, tuft or wisp. Cirrus cloud is a member of the ten fundamental cloud types (or cloud genera) and are wispy white high-altitude cloud formations occurring between about 5 to 13km (16,600 to 40,000ft). In fact, they are the highest of the main cloud genera, popularly known as 'mares' tails they may even form in the upper troposphere . Cirrus clouds, or cirri (plural), generally occur as thin featherlike white, silky patches or fine, narrow bands. Shaped by strong winds in the upper atmosphere they may be curved, hooked, fairly straight or randomly entangled. They may be appearing grey when dense and seen against the light, and yellow, orange, pink, purple and reddish when illuminated by the lowering sun, while lower clouds are already submerged in the Earth's shadow. Parallel bands of cirrus, with or without billows, are often associated with the jet stream, which is often only made visible by the so-called jet stream cirrus . Cirrus are composed of minute ice crystals, in regions where air temperature is lower than -20°C or -30°C. They may be caused by turbulence and wind shear, or by upper-tropospheric convection . Sometimes they are just blown out ice-crystals spreading from the top of a dying cumulonimbus or dissolving altocumulus . Cirrus cloud frequently exhibit some halo phenomena, particularly mock suns and parts of haloes, shimmering in rainbow colours. Nowadays another method of cirrus formation is from the condensation trails of aircraft, often persisting for hours and spreading to cover large portions of the sky. Cirrus may be confused with cirrostratus, but true cirrus always occurs in relatively small patches or bands. Rounded cirriform heads or dense cirrus patches may be confused with cirrocumulus or even altocumulus. The only cloud type that develops from cirrus is cirrostratus. Common types and varieties of cirrus: Ci fibratus characterized by long fine striations; Ci uncinus looking like a hook or comma; Ci spissatus as dense cirrus patches; Ci vertebratus looking like ribs or fishbone and Ci radiatus , parallel bands apparently radiating from one point of the sky. What do cirrus tell about the weather? Cirrus are often an indication of the leading edge of a warm front at altitude, especially if they are spreading out from the west or south-west sector, thickening into a denser sheet of cirrostratus. The approaching depression is some 24 to 36 hours away. Jet stream cirrus are often indicating an depression or occlusion from the western sector, some 12 to 36 hours away. However, cirrus can also be true fair weather clouds. If they appear irregular and patchy, slowly shifting from easterly directions, often dissolving, they are indicating increasing high pressure and dry, sunny and quiet weather. Advertisement	Cloud
In the British tv series ‘Rising Damp’, what is Rigsby’s first name?	Height of base: 18,000 - 40,000 ft Latin: cirrus - lock or tuft of hair; stratus - flattened or spread out Cirrostratus are transparent high clouds covering large areas of the sky. They sometimes produce white or coloured rings, spots or arcs of light around the sun or moon that are known as halo phenomena. Sometimes they are so thin that the halo is the only indication that a cirrostratus cloud is in the sky. Cirrostratus can span thousands of miles, and may be smooth or fibrous and are often fringed with cirrus clouds. Shadows will normally still be cast by the sun when shining through cirrostratus clouds, which can help distinguish them from similar nimbostratus clouds. For more detailed information on cloud spotting and pictures of different types of clouds, view our Cloud types for observers guide. Last updated: Aug 6, 2014 9:43 AM	i don't know
What does the Latin phrase ‘Ad vitam’ translate to in English?	Vitam in English, translation, Latin-English Dictionary la Quos quoniam fortuna in nostram detulit potestatem, si, id quod facere debetis, rem publicam cum optimo quoque defendetis, certum est vobis vitam et pecuniam donare. Quapropter quid sentiatis proloquimini.' latin-ancient en "If, therefore, now that fortune has put you in our power, you will take this opportunity to unite with the good citizens, in the defense of the commonwealth, I am determined to give you life and money: therefore speak openly your sentiments.""" la Scio vitam esse brevem. tatoeba en I know that life is short. la sorte et urna mores non discerni: suffragia et existimationem senatus reperta ut in cuiusque vitam famamque penetrarent. latin-ancient en The chances of the ballot do not discriminate men's characters; the voting and the judgment of the Senate were devised to reach the lives and reputations of individuals. la sepulchrum Antiochiae ubi crematus, tribunal Epidaphnae quo in loco vitam finierat. latin-ancient en A cenotaph was raised at Antioch, where the body was burnt, a lofty mound at Epidaphna, where he had ended his life. la accusatio tamen apud patres adseveratione eadem peracta, iuravitque Tiberius petiturum se vitam quamvis nocenti, nisi voluntariam mortem properavisset. latin-ancient en Yet the prosecution was continued in the Senate with the same persistency, and Tiberius declared on oath that he would have interceded for his life, guilty though he was, but for his hasty suicide. la Opus iusti ad vitam, fructus autem impii ad peccatum. tatoeba en The labour of the righteous tendeth to life: the fruit of the wicked to sin. la Nam carmina et versus, quibus totam vitam Maternus insumere optat (inde enim omnis fluxit oratio), neque dignitatem ullam auctoribus suis conciliant neque utilitates alunt; voluptatem autem brevem, laudem inanem et infructuosam consequuntur. latin-ancient en As for song and verse to which Maternus wishes to devote his whole life (for this was the starting-point of his entire argument), they bring no dignity to the author, nor do they improve his circumstances. la Postero die mane in oppidum introit contioneque advocata Uticenses incolas cohortatus gratias pro eorum erga se studio agit, cives autem Romanos negotiatores et eos qui inter CCC, pecunias contulerant Varo et Scipioni multis verbis accusat et de eorum sceleribus longiore habita oratione ad extremum ut sine metu prodirent edicit: se eis dumtaxat vitam concessurum; bona quidem eorum se venditurum, ita tamen qui eorum ipse sua bona redemisset, se bonorum venditionem inducturum et pecuniam multae nomine relaturum, ut incolumitatem retinere posset. latin-ancient en Early on the morning of the following day he entered the place, summoned an assembly of the people, and thanked them for the affection they had shown to his cause. At the same time he censured severely, and enlarged upon the crime of the Roman citizens and merchants, and the rest of the three hundred, who had furnished Scipio and Varus with money; but concluded with telling them, that they might show themselves without fear, as he was resolved to grant them their lives, and content himself with exposing their effects to sale; but that he would give them notice when their goods were to be sold, and the liberty of redeeming them upon payment of a certain fine. la Boudicca vitam veneno finivit. latin-ancient en Boudicea put an end to her life by poison. la Multus hinc ipso de Augusto sermo, plerisque vana mirantibus, quod idem dies accepti quondam imperii princeps et vitae supremus, quod Nolae in domo et cubiculo in quo pater eius Octavius vitam finivisset. latin-ancient en Then followed much talk about Augustus himself, and many expressed an idle wonder that the same day marked the beginning of his assumption of empire and the close of his life, and, again, that he had ended his days at Nola in the same house and room as his father Octavius. la quod aspernatus, ne vitam proxime libertatem actam novissimo servitio foedaret, largitur in servos quantum aderat pecuniae; et si qua asportari possent, sibi quemque deducere, tres modo lectulos ad suprema retineri iubet. latin-ancient en But he spurned the notion, and unwilling to disgrace a life which had clung to freedom by a final act of servility, he bestowed on his slaves all his ready money, and ordered each to convey away for himself whatever he could carry, leaving only three couches for the last scene. la neque tamen praeceps vitam expulit, sed incisas venas, ut libitum, obligatas aperire rursum et adloqui amicos, non per seria aut quibus gloriam constantiae peteret. latin-ancient en Yet he did not fling away life with precipitate haste, but having made an incision in his veins and then, according to his humour, bound them up, he again opened them, while he conversed with his friends, not in a serious strain or on topics that might win for him the glory of courage. la sed aliorum exitus simul cetera illius aetatis memorabo si effectis in quae tetendi plures ad curas vitam produxero. latin-ancient en But I will relate the deaths of others with the remaining events of that time, if after finishing the work I have now proposed to myself, I prolong my life for further labours. la Qua necessitate coacti veterani milites equitesque qui multa terra marique bella confecissent et periculis inopiaque tali saepe essent conflictati, alga e litore collecta et aqua dulci elota et ita iumentis esurientibus data vitam eorum producebant. latin-ancient en The veteran soldiers and cavalry, who had been engaged in many wars both by sea and land, and often struggled with wants and misfortunes of this kind, gathering sea-weed, and washing it in fresh water, by that means subsisted their horses and cattle. la Quo cum sine mora introisset, armis frumento pecuniaque considerata Q. Ligario C. Considio filio qui tum ibi fuerant vitam concessit. latin-ancient en He soon made himself master of the place, and marched directly to Adrumetum, which he entered without opposition. la Igitur Domitius defensionem meditans, Marsus tamquam inediam destinavisset, produxere vitam: Arruntius, cunctationem et moras suadentibus amicis, non eadem omnibus decora respondit: sibi satis aetatis neque aliud paenitendum quam quod inter ludibria et pericula anxiam senectam toleravisset, diu Seiano, nunc Macroni, semper alicui potentium invisus, non culpa sed ut flagitiorum impatiens. latin-ancient en "And so Domitius and Marsus prolonged their lives, Domitius, preparing his defence, Marsus, having apparently resolved on starvation. Arruntius, when his friends advised delay and temporising, replied that ""the same conduct was not becoming in all persons." la abrumperet vitam ab ea civitate cuius caritatem olim, nunc et aspectum exuisset. latin-ancient en "Let him sever his life from a country all love for which he has long lost and the very sight of which he has now put from him.""" la proinde intemeratus, impollutus, quorum vestigiis et studiis vitam duxerit, eorum gloria peteret finem. latin-ancient en It is with a vain hope we are aiming to touch Nero with shame for his abominations, and we have far more cause to fear that he will vent his fury on your wife, your household, on all others dear to you. la virgulta postremo et stirpis et internatas saxis herbas vellentes miseriarum patientiaeque documentum fuere, donec egregiam laudem fine turpi macularent, missis ad Civilem legatis vitam orantes. latin-ancient en At last they tore up shrubs and roots and the grass that grew between the stones, and thus shewed an example of patience under privations, till at last they shamefully tarnished the lustre of their fame by sending envoys to Civilis to beg for their lives. la Longam vixit vitam. tatoeba en She lived a long life. la quin in insula publicatis bonis, quo longius sontem vitam traxisset, eo privatim miserior[em] et publicae clementiae maximum exemplum futurum. latin-ancient en "Rather send him to some island, after confiscating his property; there, the longer he drags on his guilty life, the more wretched will he be personally, and the more conspicuous as an example of public clemency.""" la Indignantes milites Gaesar, quod conspectum suum hostes perferre possent tantulo spatio interiecto, et signum proeli ecentes edocet, quanto detrimento et quot virorum tortium morte necesse sit constare victoriam; quos cum sic animo paratos videat, ut nullum pro sua laude periculum recusent, summae se iniquitatis condemnari debere, nisi eorum vitam sua salute habeat cariorem. Sic milites consolatus eodem die reducit in castra reliquaque quae ad oppugnationem pertinebant oppidi administrare instituit. latin-ancient en "Caesar clearly points out to his soldiers, who were indignant that the enemy could bear the sight of them at the distance of so short a space, and were earnestly demanding the signal for action, ""with how great loss and the death of how many gallant men the victory would necessarily be purchased: and when he saw them so determined to decline no danger for his renown, that he ought to be considered guilty of the utmost injustice if he did not hold their life dearer than his personal safety."" Having thus consoled his soldiers, he leads them back on the same day to the camp, and determined to prepare the other things which were necessary for the siege of the town." la Interim Messalina Lucullianis in hortis prolatare vitam, componere preces, non nulla spe et aliquando ira: tantum inter extrema superbiae gerebat. latin-ancient en Messalina meanwhile, in the gardens of Lucullus, was struggling for life, and writing letters of entreaty, as she alternated between hope arid fury. la Quiscumque laborat , jus habet aequae remunerationi idoneaeque quae sibi familiaeque confirmat vitam consentaneam humanae dignitati et , si oportet , completae omnibus ceteribus rationibus sociae tutelae . Universal Declaration of Human Rights en Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity , and supplemented , if necessary , by other means of social protection .	For Life
The first Eurovision Song Contest was held in which European country in 1956?	Ad Vitam English Tutoring Online for International Students FIND OUT MORE Testimonials for Ad Vitam English: Having worked with Stephen in the capacity of a teacher and as a colleague, Stephen has the knowledge, determination and care appropriate for this bespoke teaching platform. Natasha Beeby, Godalming, UK Primary School Teacher. Pupil, Colleague and Malawi Challenge Team Member Mr Hall had an incredible impact on helping me conquer a challenge that I never thought possible. Mr Hall has helped me see the results of hard work and determination. Zee Abbas, Bahrain Director of St Giles Program (UK & USA), St Giles Hotels Group. Sedbergh School Pupil. I have heard nothing but praise and admiration for Stephen from the boys and their parents. I believe Stephen will make an exceptional tutor… Sabrina Kee-Kitney, Hong Kong Artist and Mother We were very grateful to Stephen for all the support he gave our son and ultimately he achieved far more academically than he would have done had he stayed at his original school. Frances Moffett-Kouadio, Hong Kong Trade Commissioner, UK Trade & Investment, British Consulate-General Click here for further testimonials Are you ready to learn more? If you are at School and want to improve your grades, or prepare for the next stage of your academic career, get in touch; Ad Vitam is all about improving a student’s ‘English for Life’. We are happy to answer your questions. Please fill in your details in the form on this page and we will get back to you. Stephen Hall BA (Hons), PGCE (Cantab), MA My name is Stephen Hall and I am the founder of Ad Vitam English. Having over twenty years education experience, teaching in institutions in the UK and internationally, I am well placed to help get the best out of students and help them achieve their goals. My family motto is Vive ut Vivas: Live that you may live. In a global marketplace, where English is the medium of communication, you need to master the English Language. For that you need to master the English language – and that is where we at Ad Vitam can help: English for Life. To find out more about what “makes me tick”* click on the link below.	i don't know
Mount Waas is in which US State?	Mount Waas : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost Images Overview The peaks in the La Sal Mountains are often viewed, but realitively few people climb them. They form the famous backdrop behind such famous areas as Arches National Park, Canyonlands, and Moab. Less famous, but just as spectacular it the view from the east and near Gateway Colorado. The La Sal means "The Salt" in Spanish and the mountains were named by the Dominguez/Escalante Expedition in 1776. There are two stories about the naming of the La Sals. The first is that they were named because the soils and valleys surrounding the mountains contain salt. The second is that since the Dominguez/Escalante party passed through the area in August, they just couldn't believe the mountains were covered with snow, so they assumed they were covered with salt as are some of the surrounding valleys. Since summer temperatures often soar to 110F or higher in the valleys, the story isn't as far-fetched as it may seem. As Grand County's high point, Mount Waas is the fourth tallest of Utah's county peaks. It is also the fourth highest peak in the LaSals, and the highest in the north half of the LaSals. It is sometimes known on older maps as Mount Nas or Mount Nass. Really old maps simply label the peak as La Sal. Mount Watson was used as a survey station as early as 1882 the peak had a "heliograph station" on the summit during the 1880's. The station was run by the Coat Gurad and Geodetic Survey to determine altitudes and locations. Mount Wass is probably the most difficult to climb of any of the higher La Sal peaks. There are no technical routes, but there are many large boulders and loose talus to deal with. Note on the name of the peak: I believe the mountian was probably named for WAAS. WAAS is an extremely accurate navigation system developed for civil aviation. Before WAAS, the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) did not have the ability to provide horizontal and vertical navigation for precision approach operations for all users at all locations. Nas or Nass is the name on older maps of the peak. It is also possible that the name stems from Ute origin. Waas also apparently means "man" in the ute language. Looking south from the summit of Mt. Waas in July. Getting There The easiest route goes north from Beaver Basin (Beaver Basin is located on the east side of the LaSals). A 4WD high-clearance vehicle is required. Alternate routes from Miner's Basin are longer and more strenuous due to their distance from Mt Waas; the road to Miner's Basin is also 4WD. (Credits: SP member LonePeakFreak helped to update these directions). Beaver Basin: Drive north out of Moab on U.S. Highway 191 for 2.3 miles. Just before crossing the Colorado River, turn right (east) on Utah Highway 128, which runs right next to the Colorado, with beautiful views of the river as well as the redrock canyon walls. In about 15 1/2 miles, turn right at the signs to Castle Valley and La Sal Loop Road. From the turnoff to Castle Valley on Hwy 128 it is approximately 25.8 miles to Beaver Basin. Reset your odometer here. A high-clearance vehicle is required to make it all the way to the Basin. Follow the main road (Mountain Valley Road) southward as it gradually gains elevation toward the mountains. The road turns to dirt at approx. 16.2 mi. Stay left as the pavement ends. At 18.4 mi. turn right onto FR 107. At approximately 20.9 mi. take another right, after which you will soon pass a large forest service sign. Continue on this road to a fork at 22.2 mi. Stay right at the fork. After 1/10th of a mile you will see the sign for Dons Lake at another fork. Stay right at this fork, too. At approximately 23.1 mi. the road forks once again, and as before, stay right. At 23.5 mi. the road makes a sharp uphill u-turn to the right. In late July 2013 the top of the turn was narrow and eroded enough to make travel a little uncomfortable. At 23.8 miles you will encounter the roughest section of the road. It is very slow going at this point. At 24.8 miles you will come into the first clearing where camping is feasible. Continue down the road the last mile for better campsites at the actual trailhead. Miners Basin: Drive north out of Moab on U.S. Highway 191 for 2.3 miles. Just before crossing the Colorado River, turn right (east) on Utah Highway 128, which runs right next to the Colorado, with beautiful views of the river as well as the redrock canyon walls. In about 15 1/2 miles, turn right at the signs to Castle Valley and LaSal Loop Road. At 10.7 miles you'll reach a junction, turn right or south onto LaSal Loop road. Follow the LaSal loop road south for 4.5 miles to the Miner's Basin road, turn left. A 4WD high-clearance vehicle is required, but this area is moderately popular and the road is used often. It is 3 miles to the road's end. There is a pond, parking lot, and outhouse in Miner's Basin. Beaver Basin. Routes Overview The Beaver Basin Route is on the east side of the mountain and is said to be the easiest, or at least normal route to the summit of Mount Waas. The Miners Basin Route is a viable alternative and is probably the best trailhead in the winter or spring, though you must walk from the LaSal Loop road outside the summer season. Warner Lake is another route that is sometimes used. below the saddle SW of Waas, looking SE in September. When to Climb Mid-June through Spetember and early October is the normal summer climbing season, but the mountain can be climbed year round with the right skills. If you get an early start, May can be a great time to climb when the snow is frozen. Snow can eliminate some of the boulder-hopping, but once the snow softens, be prepared for post-holing. Looking down Mt Waas into Beaver Basin in September. Red Tape No permits are required. There was a time a few years ago when the road to Miners Basin was barricaded due to mining interest, but it is currently open. Camping There are plenty of campsites in the Beaver Basin and Miners Basin areas. Mountain Conditions	Utah
Mrs Chippy was the name of the ship’s cat aboard which vessel used by Ernest Shackleton for his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition?	Grand and San Juan Counties (Mt. Waas and Mt. Peale) \| Moab Utah \| Trails.com Grand and San Juan Counties (Mt. Waas and Mt. Peale) OutAndBack &bullet; 4.5 mi &bullet; 0 ft Grand and San Juan Counties (Mt. Waas and Mt. Peale) Moab Utah ( 0 Member Reviews ) 0 out of 5 The La Sal Mountains house San Juan County’s highest peak, Mt. Peale at 12,721 feet, and Grand County’s highest peak, Mt. Waas at 12,331 feet. When gold fever swept across the United States in the mid-1800s, people flocked to this southeastern edge of Utah, where five towns, at 10,000 feet, were thrown together by folks searching for the sparkling precious metal. Time has reduced those boisterous towns to scattered debris and stories told by grandchildren. Livestock and timber provided more viable incomes, and still do today. But the high peaks, mountain lakes, and a respite from the surrounding desert heat still draw many. From the tip-top, red rocks of the contorted Colorado Plateau stretch to the south and west horizons. To the east is Colorado’s Uncompahgre Plateau and the 14,000-foot San Juan Mountains. Underfoot is talus, talus, and more talus. Magma flowing upward from deep within the Earth created a massive bulge about 24 million years ago, later to become La Sal Mountain. Rather than breaking through the surface, the liquid rock wedged into sedimentary layers and remained underneath where it gradually cooled. The formation is called a laccolith. Erosion later exposed the laccolith. The stone—called diorite—began fracturing and eroding into the talus slopes seen today. With this falling, shifting debris came rock glaciers, a phenomenon visible in few Utah mountain ranges. The La Sals happen to be one.	i don't know
‘Best of Both Worlds’ by Miley Cyrus is the theme song to which US tv show?	Best of Both Worlds - YouTube Best of Both Worlds Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Apr 6, 2006 i don't own hannah montana videos. Category	Hannah Montana
A ‘moderate breeze’ is which number on The Beaufort Scale?	Miley Cyrus - Hannah Montana Theme Song Lyrics \| LetsSingIt We use cookies to customize content and advertising, to provide social media features, and to analyze traffic to our site. We also share information about your use of our site with our trusted social media, advertising and analytics partners. Read more . Miley Cyrus Play your favorite songs in the LetsSingIt Player! open player Peteycd123 • 1 day, 3 hours ago • 2 comments  Login Login here if you are already a member! log in Not a member? Register here for free! register Playlist 0 Rate 7 Like & Share Print Email Play "Hannah Montana Theme Song" Lyrics You get the limo out front(Wah-ooo) Hottest styles, Yea, when you're famous it can be kind of fun It's really you but no one ever discovers Who woulda thought that a girl like me Would double as a superstaaaaaar! You get the best of both worlds, Chillin' out,take it slow Then you rock out the show You get the best of both worlds, Mix it all together and you know that its the best of both worlds, Spoken-hahaha	i don't know
The sixpenny coin ceased to be legal tender in Britain during which year?	Decimal Coins of the UK - The Change to Decimal Coinage The Change to Decimal Coinage Pictures of Decimal Coins Decimalisation Day D-Day was February 15th 1971. On that day the United Kingdom changed from the centuries old tradition of using 12 pence to the shilling and 20 shillings to the pound to a new decimal 100 new pence to the pound. Options considered There had been much debate as to the best way of implementing the switch. Australia used a dollar valued at ten old shillings, making the new cent equal to 1.2 old pence, a small change in value. An alternative was to go to a pound-mil system, with a mil equal to 0.24 old pence, a latter-day successor to the farthing. Another was to keep the penny and have a new unit at 100 pence (eight shillings and fourpence). However, in the UK the pound was considered to be particularly important because of the UK's international trading status. In addition, having a new penny worth 2.4 old pence was less of a problem as inflation had made its purchasing power insignificant. As a temporary measure a half new penny was introduced, but as will be seen this had a short life. There was even a pattern quarter penny made in aluminium, but this was not proceeded with. It was realised at the time that the decision was made that the life of the halfpenny would be very short, but it was felt necessary despite the considerable extra cost of having to mint the coin. Banks never accepted transactions involving an odd halfpenny. The Timetable for the Change The change was made gradually over three years, in a number of stages. In 1968 new shillings and florins were issued as 5 new pence and 10 new pence coins. The older shillings and florins continued to circulate long after decimalisation until the size of the coins was reduced. Theoretically silver coins from 1816 could still have been found in change, but the active withdrawal of silver in the years following the change in 1947, followed by the combination of a dramatic rise in the price of silver with devaluation in 1967 meant that silver coins rapidly vanished from circulation. Blue plastic wallets containing the new 5p and 10p coins dated 1968, along with 1/2p, 1p and 2p coins dated 1971 were put on sale. These wallets are still very common. In October 1969 the 50 new pence piece replaced the 10 shilling note, which ceased to be legal tender on 22nd November 1970. The old halfpenny was demonetised on 1st August 1969. The half-crown was demonetised on 1st January 1970. The remaining decimal coins became legal tender on 15th February 1971. Maundy coins (and silver threepenny pieces of Maundy design, i.e. with a crowned three on the reverse) were revalued as being in new pence at the same time. The changeover was so rapid that the old penny and nickel brass threepence pieces had been removed from circulation by the end of 1971, although I know of one shop in the Yorkshire Dales which continued to use the old currency for a long time on the basis that 'this new-fangled stuff will never catch on'. The old penny and threepence coins ceased to be legal tender on 31st August 1971, just over six months after D-day. It is no longer possible to exchange them for current coins at a bank. Later Developments The sixpence , which was allowed to continue circulating at 2½ new pence, was eventually withdrawn at the end of June 1980. I am indebted to Brian Dominic for the following quote from John Glover's book "London's Underground": "The adoption of decimal currency on 15 February 1971 posed a few problems for London Transport, which had favoured the £ Sterling being halved in value and divided into 100 pence - what today might be termed a '50p pound'. With their extensive use of coin operated machines, the Board took strong exception to the proposed introduction of ½p coins, the lack of any coin between 2p and 5p, and the lack of a close relationship of old values and coins with the new. It was all too difficult for them, and it was indeed at London Transport's behest that the 2½p (sixpence) was retained in the coinage for the time being." The term 'New Penny' was dropped in 1982 on the grounds that after ten years it was no longer 'new'. In that year a new denomination, the 20p coin was introduced. It has proved very popular, and is one of the most frequently encountered coins in change. The pound coin was first issued in 1983. Again, there was a little resistance to the change from note to coin, but cessation of production of the pound note rapidly overcame the objections and the coin is now very well established. The notes were demonetised on 11th March 1988. The half penny coin was last minted for circulation in 1983. In 1984 the denomination was only issued in Mint and Proof Sets and in December 1984 the coin was demonetised, as inflation had rendered it an anachronism. In 1985 a new portrait came into use, designed by Raphael David Maklouf, although the portrait on the Maundy coins was unchanged. Commemorative two pound coins were first issued in 1986, but although legal tender they rarely circulated (some are appearing in change now that the bimetallic circulating coin has been introduced, but as they are about twice the weight of circulating coins, banks have difficulty handling them). Crown sized commemorative coins valued at 25 pence continued to be minted, but after the Royal Wedding issue of 1981 later 'crowns' were valued at five pounds . This is a source of confusion, but the way to be sure is to know that if they are five pound coins they have the value on them. It was intended that a new two pound coin of the same diameter but thinner than the commemorative versions be introduced in November 1997, but due to technical problems (vending machines rejected them), the introduction was delayed until 1998. This new coin is bimetallic, being the first such coin to be issued in the UK since the tin farthings and halfpennies of the late 17th century. It is the subject of an urban legend, in that a rumour is going the rounds that those coins where the queen is wearing a necklace are rare. This is most definitely untrue, but hoarding of these coins means they not often found in change. In 1998 a further new obverse portrait was introduced, designed by Ian Rank-Broadley, which is still in use nearly ten years later. In 2008 a new set of reverse designs has been revealed, which, in the words of the Royal Mint, 'are a contemporary take on traditional heraldry reflecting the nation's rich history'. These designs apply only to the denominations from 1 penny to 1 pound, and I have been told that both the old and the new reverse designs will be put into circulation dated 2008. Metal Change In 1992 the metal used for the one penny and two penny coins was changed from bronze to copper coated steel. The use of a pure copper coating means that the colour of mint coins is slightly different. Also, as the density of steel is less than bronze and the weight was unchanged, the newer coins are noticeably thicker than the older ones. The versions of these coins issued in the 1992 Mint and Proof sets are said to be bronze - only the circulation issue coins of that date were steel. In 1998 the 2p (and possibly the 1p) temporarily reverted to bronze because of technical problems at the Royal Mint. In 2011 the 5p and 10p coins will change to being made of plated steel as the lower denominations. Perhaps the 20p and 50p will follow, but the sharper corners of these seven-sided coins may mitigate against this. Shrinkage As a result of inflation the coins based on the old system, the five pence and ten pence , were increasingly seen as oversized for their value. In 1990 a new smaller version of the 5p coin was introduced, and the old large ones along with the shillings that were still to be found were demonetised at the end of that year. The same technique was used for the 10p coin in 1992, with the old size 10p and florin being demonetised at the end of June 1993. Frustratingly, the new 10p is similar in size to the old large 5p, and very occasionally you get fooled! The next was the 50p coin , which was reduced in size in 1997. This also reduced the enormous stock of the larger coins held in banks due to a reduction in demand after the introduction of the pound coin. A similar problem with the pound coin now that the circulating two pound coin has come into use did occur only to the extent that new one pound coins were not issued for circulation dated 1998 and 1999. A new series of 'normal' non-commemorative designs were released in 2008 for all except the two pound coin. As these were not announced until well into the year, coins up to one pound dated 2008 come in both the original 1968/1971 designs and the new 2008 design. The 2008 50p with Britannia reverse had a very low mintage - I have only seen one in circulation. Starting in 2009, an enormous variety of coins of various denominations are being issued in connection with the 2012 Olympics in London. The Future The penny and twopence coins have become ever more insignificant in value in everyday transactions. However, these two denominations comprise the largest bulk of new coins minted at the Royal Mint, no less than 71% in 1998-99. The reason for this is simple - they are hoarded because of their low value, with pockets and purses being emptied of these relatively heavy coins each day. Australia and New Zealand have both abandoned the 1 and 2 cent coins, with no significant effect on either trade or inflation. Cash transactions are rounded to the nearest 5 cents, while credit card transactions and cheques can still be written for odd cents. How soon will the UK bow to the inevitable and demonetise the 'coppers'? Legal Tender The following applies to England and Wales: 20p and 50p coins are legal tender up to a total value of 10 pounds. 5p and 10p coins are legal tender up to a total value of 5 pounds. 1p and 2p coins are legal tender up to a total of 20 pence. Therefore you cannot insist on paying your Income Tax (or other unpopular bill) in 1p coins! While five pound coins and old monometallic thick two pound coins are technically legal tender, banks do not accept them. As a result you might find it difficult to find traders willing to accept them. I gather that Scotland does not have any legal restriction, other than that payment should be presented in a reasonable manner. Tendering a large sum in pennies might not be considered 'reasonable', but the boundary between reasonable and unreasonable is not defined! Acknowledgements See my Coins Index page for acknowledgements CSV File of Values Download a CSV file of the values of decimal coins. Links	1980
How many wings does a honeybee have?	DECIMAL COINS 11. DECIMAL COINS During Victorian times there was movement towards the introduction of a decimal coinage. As a preliminary, the half crown ceased to be minted in 1850 and a new coin, the florin with a value of two shillings, a tenth of a pound, took its place. Nevertheless, although the idea was finally abandoned and the half crown reintroduced in 1874, the florin continued to be minted. That the idea of decimalization still lingered is shown by the introduction of the double florin, one fifth of a pound, in 1887, but this coin proved unpopular and was discontinued after four years. At the time it was known as the "Barmaid's ruin" because it was so easily mistaken for the crown. In 1961 a Committee of Enquiry was set up to consider again the adoption of a decimal currency. In its report, published in 1968, it recommended a currency still based on the pound, but divided into a hundred pennies. A minority of the committee favoured a currency based on ten shillings, with each shilling worth ten pence. In the new system the florin would be retained and become ten new pence and the shilling five new pence and all new coins minted would show these values. There would be three new bronze coins with values of two, one and half new pence and a new fifty pence coin to replace the ten shilling note. The letter "d" to denote pence was to be replaced by "p", entering common parlance as "pee" or "new pee". Almost as an afterthought, the old sixpence was also retained with a value of two and a half new pence, but no more were to be minted. It eventually ceased to be legal tender in 1980. The new coinage was to become effective on 15 February 1971. As a preliminary, the cupro-nickel florins and shillings minted from 1968 onwards showed their value in new pence. The distinctive seven-sided fifty pence coin entered circulation in October 1969 and the following year, the ten shilling note ceased to be printed though it still remained in circulation for some years afterwards. Production of all the old denominations ceased as the Royal Mint geared up in readiness for the changeover. However, in 1968, before ceasing completely, a large number of souvenir proof sets in the old currency were minted dated 1970 and specimen sets of the new coins, but dated 1971, were made available at the same time. The introduction of decimalization in 1971 produced much confusion and anomalies. Dual pricing was allowed in order for people to adjust to the new coinage but this seemed to cause more problems than a quick changeover. Eventually a law was passed stating that all goods must be price only in new pence. Commemorative crowns were still issued with a value of 25 new pence. These were to celebrate the Queen's 25th Wedding Anniversary in 1971, her Silver Jubilee in 1977, the Queen Mother's 80th birthday in 1980 and finally the wedding of Price Charles and Lady Diana Spencer in 1981. Thereafter, all new crowns were given a value of ï¿½5, although the first of these did not appear until 1990. None of these coins were intended for circulation but they do have legal tender status. The decimal coinage remained unchanged until 1982 when a new seven-sided twenty pence coin was introduced. There had been considerable demand for such a coin for several years. At the same time the word "New" was dropped from the value shown on the reverse of all coins as it was considered that by now there would no longer be any confusion with the old coinage. The following year, the pound note was replaced with a brass coin due to inflation, which had made the printing of the notes uneconomic (they had a relatively short life and considerable security measures and controls had to be exercised in their printing). These brass coins make an interesting collection as each year the reverse design is changed, each reverse representing one of the nations that go to make up Britain. So far there have been at least ten different reverse types used. ï¿½1 coin of nickel-brass 2000 with reverse depicting a Welsh dragon Inflation also caused the demise of the half pence, which was discontinued in 1983 and demonetised in December 1984. Half penny coins with the 1984 date were only issued in proof and uncirculated sets. A new two pound coin was minted in 1986 to commemorate the Commonwealth Games, with further issues in 1989, 1994, 1995 and 1996. As with the crowns, these coins were all legal tender but very few saw circulation. The new ï¿½2 coin of 1997 discontinued the commemorative series and was intended for normal circulation from the outset. Unlike the earlier coins, all of which were made from nickel-brass, the new coins were bimetallic with a central cupro-nickel inner disc bonded to an outer brass ring. In the late 1990's these coin sparked off a manic treasure hunt when a rumour spread that coins with the early reverse, which showed the queen wearing a necklace, were extremely rare and valuable. Some specimens changed hands for over ï¿½100 because of this baseless rumour. Commemorative ï¿½2 coins 1986 50th Anniversary of D-Day Landings in WW2 1998 25th Anniversary of Joining EEC (smaller 50p coin) 1998 National Health Service (smaller 50p coin) Fifty pence 1994 50th Anniversary of the D-Day Landings By 1990, a combination of inflation and the realisation that the cupro-nickel coins were unnecessarily large, led to the five pence coin being reduced in weight and size, from 24mm diameter to 18mm. The ten pence coin followed in 1992, reduced down to a size similar to the old five pence but, to prevent fraudulent use of old five pence coins, particularly in cash machines, it was made slightly larger and heavier. In 1997 the last of the cupro-nickel coins, the fifty pence piece, suffered a similar fate, the new coin weighing only 8.1 grammes instead of 13.5 grammes. An innovation in 1992, also the result of inflation, led to the minting of the one and two pence coins in copper plated steel instead of bronze. NOTE: A large number of proof issues of decimal coins were struck in piedfort (meaning a much thicker than normal coin), and in silver and gold. None of these were ever intended for circulation. Changes and additions	i don't know
In the novel by Daniel Defoe, for how many years was Robinson Crusoe shipwrecked?	Daniel Defoe - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss. Daniel Defoe Biography of Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731), English businessman, journalist, pamphleteer and prolific author wrote Robinson Crusoe (1719); "For sudden joys, like griefs, confound at first." …. I cast my eye to the stranded vessel, when, the breach and froth of the sea being so big, I could hardly see it, it lay so far off; and considered, Lord! how was it possible I could get on shore.--Ch. 3 Crusoe's fictional autobiographical account of his twenty-eight years shipwrecked on a remote island against incredible odds is continued in The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) and Serious Reflections During the Life and Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1720). First published when he was almost sixty years old, Defoe is considered by many to have written the first English novel. He wrote Crusoe in the style of social realism in which he is the observant reporter, historian, humorist, and grand story teller. With his extraordinary bibliography comprising myriad historical, satirical and political writings, Defoe's most famous novel was an immediate success. Many of Defoe's works are laden with irony, similar to how Jonathan Swift would write such works as Gulliver's Travels (1727). At various times writing under pseudonyms, Defoe also wrote essays on business; biographies; short stories; and poems including his famous The True-Born Englishman: A Satyr (1701) Wherever God erects a house of prayer, The Devil always builds a chapel there; And 'twill be found, upon examination, The latter has the largest congregation.--Part I, l. 1. which won him court favour with then King William III. However, upon publication of "The Shortest Way With Dissenters" in 1702 he was charged with sedition and libel and sent to Newgate prison the following year. Alas, the Church of England! What with Popery on one hand, and Schismatics on the other, how has She been crucified between two thieves. NOW, LET US CRUCIFY THE THIEVES! Let her foundations be established upon the destruction of her enemies! The doors of Mercy being always open to the returning part of the deluded people, let the obstinate be ruled with the rod of iron! Let all true sons of so holy and oppressed a Mother, exasperated by her afflictions, harden their hearts against those who have oppressed her!! And may God Almighty put it into the hearts of all the friends of Truth, to lift up a Standard against Pride and ANTICHRIST! that the Posterity of the Sons of Error may be rooted out from the face of this land, for ever! During his imprisonment he wrote "Hymn to the Pillory" which won him much favour with the crowds; ...let all the statesmen stand; Who guide us with unsteady hand; Who armies, fleets, and men betray; And ruin all the shortest way. Let all those soldiers stand in sight. Who're willing to be paid and not to fight. Agents, and Colonels, who false musters bring, To cheat their country first, then their King. In 1685 Defoe had participated in the Monmouth Rebellion against James II and he also served time in prison for debts incurred after failed speculative business ventures. Although Defoe was actively involved in the dissenting politics of his time, he is best remembered for his fictional works. They have inspired countless authors including Jules Verne and Robert Louis Stevenson , authors who also had fantastic tales to tell. Not much is known of his early years, but Daniel Defoe was born sometime in the year 1659 or 1660 in the Cripplegate Parish of London, England, the youngest of three children born to Alice and James Foe, a tallow chandler. He began to preface his name with De sometime during the mid-to late 1690's. His parents being Presbyterian dissenters, Daniel attended Charles Morton's Dissenting Academy in Newington Green for four years, with plans to enter the ministry. But it was not to be, for as his non-Conformist father, he too decided to enter the business world. Settling in Cornhill, he became a merchant in various woolen goods as well as tobacco, wine, and wood. Religious upheaval and Plague did not stop Defoe as importer-exporter from also becoming involved with many social, political and religious causes including freedom of religion and the press. His first foray into the publishing world was his series of essays on business and banking collected in An Essay Upon Projects (1697). Dickory Cronke (1719) was followed by The Life of Captain Singleton (1720) and Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720). Defoe's next major work is Moll Flanders (1722), sub-titled Who was Born in Newgate, and during a Life of continu'd Variety for Threescore Years, besides her Childhood, was Twelve Year a Whore, five times a Wife (whereof once to her own Brother), Twelve Year a Thief, Eight Year a Transported Felon in Virginia, at last grew Rich, liv'd Honest, and dies a Penitent. Written from her own Memorandums . . . Colonel Jack (1722) was published the same year as Defoe's convincing journalistic History of the Plague in London (1722). Other titles by Defoe include Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress (1724), The Complete English Tradesman (1726), and Military Memoirs of Capt. George Carleton (1728). In 1684 Defoe married Mary Tuffley, with whom he would have eight children, five surviving to adulthood. In his later years Defoe suffered much strain from debt. He died of a stroke in April of 1731 at his home in London and now rests in the Nonconformist cemetery of Bunhill Fields, London, England. His wife Mary was buried beside him in 1732. A large memorial now stands there in his honour. The best of men cannot suspend their fate: The good die early, and the bad die late.--Character of the Late Dr. S. Annesley (1715) Biography written by C. D. Merriman for Jalic Inc. Copyright Jalic Inc. 2009. All Rights Reserved. The above biography is copyrighted. Do not republish it without permission. Forum Discussions on Daniel Defoe Recent Forum Posts on Daniel Defoe	28
Uranium deposit Rum Jungle is in which Australian state?	Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe \| The Books Avenue Written by Gracie Cooper . Posted in Books Many things can be said about books and the real or fictional worlds they describe. If you are a book enthusiast, then you surely know that no other experience can be compared to reading good books. Nowadays, one can choose among various genres and categories, when needing to read a great book, and if you haven’t read yet Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, then stick close and read on as we are going to tell you more about this author’s masterpiece. Robinson Crusoe Pictures The first thing you need to find out is that this novel falls in the category of historical fiction. Mostly, the story is a fictional one, but it is rooted in the real life of Robinson Kretznaer –who lived alone for almost 28 years, isolated on a small tropical island, somewhere near the island of Trinidad. This book was published in 1719 and it has a much shorter name than the initial title which was considered rather long. Robinson Crusoe’s story follows the life of a sailor who is shipwrecked on an isolated island, where he needs to learn how to survive on his own. Crusoe’s parents try to make him change his mind in regards to his intention of leaving on sea expeditions. But, despite his parents will of following other career, he becomes a sailor and leaves on sea for the first time in August 1651. His first voyages on sea seem to be damned as the ships are either wrecked in storms, or the crew is imprisoned by pirates. However, Robinson Crusoe manages to save his life and return on sea for another voyage that aims to transport slaves from the African continent. A storm causes the ship to wreck and the main character of the story now has to stay isolated on an island for many years. On the “Island of Despair”, Robinson Crusoe needs to learn how to survive, procure food and keep him safe from being captured by cannibals, who visit the island from once in a while, in order to find prisoners to eat. Crusoe learns how to fish, hunt and to build a shelter where to sleep. He also learns to plant various vegetables and herbs to ensure his food. The island is a place of despair for him where no one came instead of cannibals. Later on, he helps a prisoner of cannibals escape and he makes him his companion. He names him “Friday” and teaches him English. Finally, Robinson Crusoe succeeds in saving himself from the island and returns to England in 1687. Robinson Crusoe makes a great novel to read for those who like adventure in books and also limit situations people can come across in life.	i don't know
Albino, Grimshaw and Plachutta are terms used in which game?	Chess problem terminology Main Page \| See live article \| Alphabetical index Chess problem terminology This is a list of terms used in chess problems . For a list of unorthodox pieces used in chess problems, see fairy chess piece . For a list of terms used in chess is general, see chess terminology . Actual play - see post-key play. Albino - a problem in which, at some point in the solution, a white pawn on its starting square makes each of its four possible moves (forward one square, forward two squares, capture to the left, capture to the right). If the same behaviour is exhibited by a black pawn, it is a Pickaninny. Allumwandlung - a problem in which the solution includes pawn promotions to all possible pieces (in orthodox chess, to bishop, knight, rook and queen; in fairy chess, possibly to fairy pieces ). Anticipated - if the theme and setting of a particular problem has already appeared in an earlier problem without the knowledge of the later composer, the problem is said to be anticipated. The position does not have to be exactly the same, just very similar. Where this is done deliberately by the later composer, the term plagiarised is more appropriate. There is a real chance of anticipation if the problem has a realitvely simply theme, since there are only a finite number of positions and themes, and chess problems have been composed for hundreds of years. However, anticipations are not always noticed immediately. Aristocrat - a problem which has no pawnss in the initial position. Babson task - a problem in which black promotion defences to all possible pieces are answered by white promotions to the same piece black has promoted to. An extreme form of Allumwandlung . Block - a problem in which the key provides no threat, but instead puts black in a position of zugzwang , where every move leads to a mate. In a complete block, all of black's moves have mates provided in the set play and the key is simply a waiting move; in an incomplete block, not all black moves are provided with mates in the set play - the key provides for those that don't; in a mutate some of the mates provided in the set play are changed following the key. By-play - variations not directly connected to the problem's theme. Clearance - in general, the movement of one piece so that another can move to a particular square. In square vacation the first piece moves so that the second can occupy the square on which it stood; in line vacation the first piece moves so that the second can pass over the square on which is stood on the way to its destination; line clearance, also known as the Bristol, is a particular type of line vacation in which a piece moves along a line so that another piece can move a shorter distance behind it along the same line. Cook - a second key move, unintended by the composer. A cook is a serious flaw, and invalidates a problem. The publication of cooked problems was once common, but in the modern era computers can be used to check for cooks, and cooked problems are rarely published. Cylindrical board - a board in which the a and h-files are considered to be connected (a "vertical cylinder") or the first and eighth ranks are connected (a "horizonal cylinder"). A combination of the vertical and horizontal cylinders is called an "anchor ring". Directmate - a type of problem where white, moving first, is required to checkmate black in a specified number of moves against any defence. Such a problem is usually indicated by the stipulation "mate in two" (or however many moves is necessary) or "checkmate in two". The term directmate is useful to distinguish these sorts of problems from helpmates, selfmates, reflexmates and others. Dual - ideally, white should have only one move at each juncture which solves a problem - if white has an alternative at any stage other than the first move, this is a dual. A dual is not as serious a flaw as a cook, and in minor lines, duals may be permissible (opinions differ on this point). Some problems make a virtue out of dual avoidance - of two apparently equivalent white moves, only one works. Duplex - a type of problem in which there are two solutions, the second one reversing the roles of the colours in the first. The most common type is the duplex helpmate, in which the two solutions to be found are: black moves first and cooperates with white to be mated; and white moves first and cooperates with black to be mated. Economy - economy is generally regarded as a good thing in chess problem composition, though exactly what is meant by it, and exactly what it is most important to be economical with, is open to debate. Eceonomy of material or force (not using more pieces than necessary), economy of space (using the chessboard to its fullest, not cramming all the pieces into one corner) and economy of motivation (keeping all lines in the solution relevent to the theme) are all regarded as important. Excelsior - a problem in which a pawn on its starting square in the initial position moves the length of the board to be promoted during the course of the solution. Named after one such problem by Sam Loyd . Fairy chess - chess played with non-orthodox rules. Examples are circe, maximummers, problems with unorthodox pieces ( fairy pieces ) and problems with unorthodox boards (such as cylindrical boards, or grid boards). Flight (square) - a sqaure to which the black king can legally move (that is, one not guarded by a white piece, and not occupied by a black piece). If black plays a piece to one of these squares, thus decreasing the king's mobility, it is a self-block. If he moves a piece from one of these squares, it is square-vacation. Grid-board - a kind of board used in fairy chess which is divided into a grid of 16 2x2 squares. For a move to be legal, the moving piece must pass over at least one of these grid-lines. Grimshaw - a common device featuring two black pieces mutually interfering with each other on a single square. Heavy - adjective applied to a problem which has a relatively large number of pieces in the initial position. Heaviness should be avoided where possible in the interests of economy. Helpmate - a type of problem where white and black cooperate to put black in mate within a specified number of moves. Unless otherwise specified, black moves first in helpmates. See also duplex. Interference - the closure of the line of one piece by a second piece, thus limiting its movement and cutting it off from certain squares. Various names are given to particular types of interference, among them Grimshaw , Novotny , anti-Bristol, Holzhausen, Wurzburg-Plachutta and Plachutta . Key - the first move of a solution. A problem which unintentionally has more than one key is said to be cooked. Light - adjective applied to a problem which has a relatively small number of pieces in the initial position. Lightness is usually desirable in the interests of economy. Maximummer - a problem in which black must make the geometrically longest moves available to him, as measured from square-centre to square-centre. If two or more longest moves of equal length are available, black may choose between them. This stipulation is most often attached to selfmates. Meredith - a problem with no less than eight and no more than twelve pieces on the board in the starting position. A problem with less than eight pieces is a miniature. Miniature - a problem with no more than seven pieces on the board in the initial position. More-mover - a directmate with the stipulation "white to move and checkmate black in no more than n moves against any defence" where n is greater than 3. In composition tourneys, there are often separate classes for more-movers, two-movers and three-movers (as well as classes for helpmates, selfmates and others). Mutate - a type of block problem in which at least one mate in the set play is changed following the key. Novotny - a sacrificed white piece can be taken by two differently-moving black pieces--whichever piece makes the capture, it interferes with the other. Essentially a Grimshaw brought about by a white sacrifice on the critical square. Phase (of play) - play after the key, after tries and set play each constitutes a phase of play. A problem with set play is said to have two phases (the set play being one phase, the post-key play being another); a problem with three tries would be a four phase problem (each try being one phase, with the post-key play the fourth). Play in different phases will sometimes relate to each other. Pickaninny - a problem in which, at some point in the solution, a black pawn on its starting square makes each of it's four possible moves (forward one square, forward two squares, capture to the left and capture to the right). If the same behaviour is exhibited by a white pawn, it is an albino. Plachutta - a sacrificed white piece can be taken by two similarly-moving black pieces--whichever piece makes the capture, it interferes with the other. Essentially a pair of Holzhausen interferences (or a Warzburg-Plachutta interference) brought about by a white sacrifice on the critical square. Post-key play - the play following the key, that is, the lines of play which fulfill the stipulation of the problem. This is opposed to set play and virtual play (both of which may also be important elements in the attractiveness of a problem). Proof game - a type of problem in which the job of the solver is to construct a game of a given number of moves in which the final position is the one given by the composer. A kind of retrograde analysis. Reflexmate - a selfmate in which both sides must deliver checkmate if they are able to do when it is their move. A problem where this stipulation applies only to black is a semi-reflexmate. Retrograde analysis, retroanalysis - deduction of the move or moves leading up to a given position. A problem may be completely made up of retrograde analysis (as in a proof game, or a problem in which the task is to determine black's last move, for example), or it may be a part of some larger problem (for example, it may be necessary to determine that black has moved his king leading up to a given position, meaning he is unable to castle, and thus rendering correct a solution which would be otherwise incorrect). Round trip - a piece leaves a square, and then later in the solution returns to it by a circuitous route (for example, a rook moves e3-g3-g5-e5-e3). Compare with switchback, in which the route taken to the original square is direct. S - in algebraic notation , the letter N is usually used to indicate the knight. In chess problems, however, the letter S (standing for Springer, the German name for the knight) is often used instead, with N instead being reserved for the popular fairy piece , the nightrider. Selfmate - a type of problem where white forces black to mate him against black's will within a specified number of moves. Series-mover - a problem in which one side makes a series of moves without reply. Set play - play which would be possible from the initial position of a problem if it was the other player to move first. For example, in a directmate, set play consists of lines of play starting with a black move (rather than a white move). When set play exists, the key move may be something which does not change the set play lines, in which case the problem is a complete block, or the lines in the set play may change, in which case the problem is a mutate. Set play is one phase of play. Switchback - a piece leaves a square, and then later in the solution returns to it by the same route (for example, a rook moves e3-e5-e3). Compare with round trip, in which the route taken back to the original square is circuitous. Theme: the underlying idea of a problem, which gives it logic, coherence and beauty. Threat - a move or variation which white will play (usually following his key) if black does nothing to defend against it. Problems which do not have threats following the key are blocks. Three-mover - a problem with the stipulation "white to move and checkmate black in no more than three moves against any defence". In composition tourneys, there are often separate classes for three-movers, two-movers and more-movers (as well as classes for helpmates, selfmates and others). Try - a move which almost solves a problem, but is defeated by a single black defence, as opposed to the key (which actually does solve the problem). Variations after tries are called virtual play and may be an important part of what makes some problems pleasing. Twin - two or more problems which are slight variations on each other, composed by the same person. The variation is usually brought about by adding, removing or moving a piece in the initial setup. Two-mover - a problem with the stipulation "white to move and checkmate black in two moves against any defence". In composition tourneys, there are often separate classes for two-movers, three-movers and more-movers (as well as classes for helpmates, selfmates and others). Version - said of a problem which is an adaptation of an earlier one (it may have been altered to improve its economy or to eliminate a cook). Virtual play - the play following a try, as opposed to set play and post-key play. References	Chess
The resort town of Sliema is on which Mediterranean island?	Chess Problems by LLC Books, Books Group - Reviews, Description & more - ISBN#9781156073063 - BetterWorldBooks.com About the Book + - Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Chess Double Grandmasters, Chess Problemists, Fairy Chess, Fairy Chess Pieces, Grandmasters of the Chess Compositions, International Judges of Chess Compositions, International Solving Grandmasters, Eight Queens Puzzle, Sam Loyd, Vladimir Nabokov, Knight's Tour, Chess Puzzle, Franois-Andr Danican Philidor, Circe Chess, Alexander Beliavsky, Two Knights Endgame, Endgame Study, Susan Polgar, Vasily Smyslov, Ashot Nadanian, Glossary of Chess Problems, Duncan Suttles, Nolot, Babson Task, Comins Mansfield, Helpmate, Novotny, Gttingen Manuscript, Viacheslav Ragozin, Pal Benko, Joke Chess Problem, John Nunn, Software for Handling Chess Problems, List of Grandmasters for Chess Composition, Cross-Check, Leopold Mitrofanov, Grimshaw, Cylinder Chess, Yuri Averbakh, Richard Rti, Ulf Andersson, Albric O'kelly de Galway, Permanent Commission of the Fide for Chess Compositions, Albino, Jonathan Mestel, Retrograde Analysis, Henri Rinck, Plachutta, Francisco Benk, Proof Game, Grotesque, Milan Vukcevich, Vitaly Chekhover, Johann Berger, Noam Elkies, World Championship of Chess Composition, Thomas Rayner Dawson, Igor Bondarevsky, Genrikh Gasparyan, Jan Rusinek, World Chess Solving Championship, Charles Masson Fox, Nikolai Grigoriev, Leonid Kubbel, Alexander Petrov, udovt Lehen, Madrasi Chess, Yakov Estrin, Alexey Troitsky, Ignazio Calvi, Popeye, Erich Zepler, Walther Von Holzhausen, Leon Tuhan-Baranowski, Die Schwalbe, Josef Krejcik, Jean Dufresne, Lacny, Richard K. Guy, Selfmate, Motif, Ott Blthy, Andernach Chess, Grid Chess, the Problemist, John Roycroft, Andr Chron, Semyon Alapin, Emilian Dobrescu, Seriesmover, Frdric Lazard, Johannes Kohtz, Nightrider, Excelsior, Walter Grimshaw, Henri Weenink, Reflexmate, Phase of Play, Nenad Petrovi, Gia Nadareishvili, Bernhard Horwitz, Monoc... Product Details Publication Date: Jun. 25th, 2011 ISBN-13: 9781156073063 Dimensions: 7.44 x 9.69 x 0.11 inches Shipping Weight: 0.25 lbs	i don't know
In the Bible, what is the Decalogue more commonly known as?	Decalogue: Ten Commandments The Decalogue or Ten Commandments: Similarities and Differences in Religious Traditions by Felix Just, S.J., Ph.D. The "Ten Commandments" (also called the "Decalogue") obviously come from the Hebrew Bible, but it is not so obvious to determine exactly what they are or how to count them. These commandments are recorded in two different biblical chapters (Exodus 20:1-17 & Deuteronomy 5:6-21), yet each text is slightly different, and neither passage explicitly numbers the commandments one through ten. Although there are actually more than ten imperative verbs (at least 15) in each of these texts, several other biblical passages refer specifically to the "ten words" or "ten statements" (Heb: aseret ha-dibrot; Gk: deka logoi) that God gave to Moses (Exod 34:28; Deut 4:13; 10:4). In several books of the New Testament, Jesus, Paul, or other apostles quote some of the Jewish commandments, both from the Decalogue and from other parts of the Torah, although they never ennumerate a list of exactly ten. Most Christians believe that the Ten Commandments form the core of God's Law (the "Torah" or "Instruction" given by God through Moses, in the first five books of the Bible). Yet these are far from the only commandments contained in the Hebrew Bible. Rabbinic Jewish tradition maintains that the Torah contains a total of 613 commandments ("mitzvot"): 248 positive ones (injunctions, what one must do) and 365 negative ones (prohibitions, what one must avoid). Moreover, in Jewish understanding, all 613 mitzvot are equally important, so the Decalogue is not really considered the "core"; ritual and dietary commandments are considered just as important as theological or ethical commands. If you break any one of them, you've broken God's Law. When Jesus is asked which of the commandments is the first or most important, he does not quote the Decalogue directly, but rather combines quotations from Deuteronomy 6:4-5 (love God; the "Shema" of Judaism) and Leviticus 19:18 (love your neighbor). As a result of all the discrepancies, Jews, Eastern Orthodox Christians, Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and other Protestants have subdivided and numbered the Decalogue differently over the centuries. Jews, Orthodox Christians, and most Protestants more closely follow the version of Exodus 20, while Catholics more closely follow the version of Deuteronomy 5. The main discrepancies come at the beginning and end of the lists of the Ten Commandments, as explained below: Exodus 20:1-17 (NRSV) Deuteronomy 5 NOTES: The main discrepancies occur at the BEGINNING of the texts, in the first and/or second commandments: Most contemporary Jews consider Exod 20:1-2 to be the first commandment, enjoining people to recognize the LORD as their God, while the second commandment forbids both polytheistic beliefs and practices (20:3-6 together). Many Protestants consider Exod 20:1-2 (and Deut 5:6) to be a preface to the Decalogue, so that the first commandment opposes polytheism (no other gods; Exod 20:3), while the second commandment opposes idolatry (worshiping idols; 20:4-6). Catholics and Lutherans consider all of Exod 20:1-6 and Deut 5:6-10 to be a single commandment, both enjoining monotheism and forbidding polytheism The other main discrepancies occur at the END of the texts, in the ninth and/or tenth commandments: Jews and most Protestants consider the last commandment to be the injuction against coveting anything; Lutherans follow Martin Luther's division of Exodus 20:17, which first prohibits coveting someone's property (#9), then the spouse (#10). Catholics follow St. Augustine's division of Deuteronomy 5:21, which first mentions the spouse (#9), and then the property (#10). For further comparative information, see the article on the " Ten Commandments " at wikipedia.org For explanations of the Decalogue from the perspective of various groups of Jews and Christians, see the following links: Episcopal: from the Episcopal Catechism or the Book of Common Prayer; from Anglicansonline.org Lutheran: Teachings on the Ten Commandments from Martin Luther's Small Catechism Catholic: Part Three ("Life in Christ"), Section Two ("The Ten Commandments") of the Catechism of the Catholic Church . Quotations and Applications of the Decalogue elsewhere in the Bible: Nowhere else in the Bible is the entire Decalogue quoted, although many passages of the Old and New Testaments obviously mention one or more of the Ten Commandments. The following texts mention several of the commandments together: Leviticus 19:1-18 - The LORD spoke to Moses, saying: 2 Speak to all the congregation of the people of Israel and say to them: You shall be holy, for I the LORD your God am holy. 3 You shall each revere your mother and father, and you shall keep my sabbaths: I am the LORD your God. 4 Do not turn to idols or make cast images for yourselves: I am the LORD your God... 11 You shall not steal; you shall not deal falsely; and you shall not lie to one another. 12 And you shall not swear falsely by my name, profaning the name of your God: I am the LORD. 13 You shall not defraud your neighbor; you shall not steal; and you shall not keep for yourself the wages of a laborer until morning. 14 You shall not revile the deaf or put a stumbling block before the blind; you shall fear your God: I am the LORD. 15 You shall not render an unjust judgment; you shall not be partial to the poor or defer to the great: with justice you shall judge your neighbor. 16 You shall not go around as a slanderer among your people, and you shall not profit by the blood of your neighbor: I am the LORD. 17 You shall not hate in your heart anyone of your kin; you shall reprove your neighbor, or you will incur guilt yourself. 18 You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against any of your people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself: I am the LORD. Jeremiah 7:3-11 - Thus says the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: Amend your ways and your doings, and let me dwell with you in this place. 4 Do not trust in these deceptive words: "This is the temple of the LORD, the temple of the LORD, the temple of the LORD." 5 For if you truly amend your ways and your doings, if you truly act justly one with another, 6 if you do not oppress the alien, the orphan, and the widow, or shed innocent blood in this place, and if you do not go after other gods to your own hurt, 7 then I will dwell with you in this place, in the land that I gave of old to your ancestors forever and ever. 8 Here you are, trusting in deceptive words to no avail. 9 Will you steal, murder, commit adultery, swear falsely, make offerings to Baal, and go after other gods that you have not known, 10 and then come and stand before me in this house, which is called by my name, and say, "We are safe!" --only to go on doing all these abominations? 11 Has this house, which is called by my name, become a den of robbers in your sight? You know, I too am watching, says the LORD. Hosea 4:1-2 - Hear the word of the LORD, O people of Israel; for the LORD has an indictment against the inhabitants of the land. There is no faithfulness or loyalty, and no knowledge of God in the land. 2 Swearing, lying, and murder, and stealing and adultery break out; bloodshed follows bloodshed. Wisdom 14:21-31 (focusing on idolatry, but connecting it with other evils) - And this became a hidden trap for mankind, because men, in bondage to misfortune or to royal authority, bestowed on objects of stone or wood the name that ought not to be shared. 22 Afterward it was not enough for them to err about the knowledge of God, but they live in great strife due to ignorance, and they call such great evils peace. 23 For whether they kill children in their initiations, or celebrate secret mysteries, or hold frenzied revels with strange customs, 24 they no longer keep either their lives or their marriages pure, but they either treacherously kill one another, or grieve one another by adultery, 25 and all is a raging riot of blood and murder, theft and deceit, corruption, faithlessness, tumult, perjury, 26 confusion over what is good, forgetfulness of favors, pollution of souls, sex perversion, disorder in marriage, adultery, and debauchery. 27 For the worship of idols not to be named is the beginning and cause and end of every evil. 28 For their worshipers either rave in exultation, or prophesy lies, or live unrighteously, or readily commit perjury; 29 for because they trust in lifeless idols they swear wicked oaths and expect to suffer no harm. 30 But just penalties will overtake them on two counts: because they thought wickedly of God in devoting themselves to idols, and because in deceit they swore unrighteously through contempt for holiness. 31 For it is not the power of the things by which men swear, but the just penalty for those who sin, that always pursues the transgression of the unrighteous." Matthew 5:17-48 - In an extensive discussion of the laws of God given to Moses, Jesus directly quotes several passages from the Hebrew Bible, in including the commandments against murder (v .21), adultery (v. 27), swearing falsely (v. 33, citing Lev 19:12), as well as revenge ("eye for eye, tooth for tooth"; v. 38; citing Exod 21:24//Lev 24:20), and concluding the commandment to love your neighbor (v. 43, citing Lev 19:18). Mark 7:10 and Matt 15:4 - In a discussion about food and purity commandments, Jesus accuses the Pharisees and scribes of not keeping the commandment to "Honor your father and your mother." Mark 7:20-23 - Slightly later, Jesus explains to his disciples that foods do not defile people, but in contrast, "It is what comes out of a person that defiles. / For it is from within, from the human heart, that evil intentions come: fornication, theft, murder, / adultery, avarice, wickedness, deceit, licentiousness, envy, slander, pride, folly. / All these evil things come from within, and they defile a person." Matt 15:17-20 - The parallel passage in Matthew has a list that is similar, but slightly shorter: "Do you not see that whatever goes into the mouth enters the stomach, and goes out into the sewer? / But what comes out of the mouth proceeds from the heart, and this is what defiles. / For out of the heart come evil intentions, murder, adultery, fornication, theft, false witness, slander. / These are what defile a person, but to eat with unwashed hands does not defile." Mark 10:17-22 (par. Matt 19:16-22; Luke 18:18-23) - When someone asks Jesus, "Good Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?" Jesus' reply includes the statement, "You know the commandments: 'You shall not murder; You shall not commit adultery; You shall not steal; You shall not bear false witness; You shall not defraud; Honor your father and mother.' " (Mark 10:19) The parallel text in Matthew 19:18-19 drops the command not to "defraud" but adds a citation of Lev 19:18: "You shall not murder; You shall not commit adultery; You shall not steal; You shall not bear false witness; Honor your father and mother; also, You shall love your neighbor as yourself." The parallel text in Luke 18:20 is similar, but slightly shorter and in a different order: "You know the commandments: 'You shall not commit adultery; You shall not murder; You shall not steal; You shall not bear false witness; Honor your father and mother.'" Romans 13:8-10 - In a discussion of ethical duties, Paul says: "Owe no one anything, except to love one another; for the one who loves another has fulfilled the law. / The commandments, 'You shall not commit adultery; You shall not murder; You shall not steal; You shall not covet '; and any other commandment, are summed up in this word, 'Love your neighbor as yourself.' / Love does no wrong to a neighbor; therefore, love is the fulfilling of the law." (also citing Lev 19:18) James 2:8-11 - "You do well if you really fulfill the royal law according to the scripture, 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.' (again Lev 19:18) / But if you show partiality, you commit sin and are convicted by the law as transgressors. / For whoever keeps the whole law but fails in one point has become accountable for all of it. / For the one who said, 'You shall not commit adultery,' also said, 'You shall not murder.' Now if you do not commit adultery but if you murder, you have become a transgressor of the law." Questions for Reflection and Discussion: If the Ten Commandments are to be displayed in courthouses or other public places in the United States, whose version should be used? How would Christians feel if it were the Jewish version? How do Jews or Catholics feel when it is the Protestant version (as is often the case)? Should the original Hebrew text be displayed or an English translation? If so, which one: KJV, NRSV, NIV, etc.? Even if one tries to avoid these issues by displaying only numbers to symbolize the commandments, what numbers should be used: Hebrew, Roman, or Arabic? And how many commandments should be put on each of the two tablets: 5+5 or 3+7 or 6+4? Or should they all be on one tablet? These are not just theoretical questions, as the following illustrations clearly show: Return to the HOME PAGE of Felix Just, S.J. This page was last updated on February 1, 2009	Ten Commandments
‘Now what I want is, Facts’ is the opening line of which Charles Dickens novel?	Decalogue Stone Photo Gallery Introduction: It is with great pleasure that I offer this photo gallery to visitors to this website. The Hidden Mountain Decalogue Tablet is one of the most important ancient artifacts ever found in North America. It's existence offers mute evidence to the fact that ancient Old World civilizations not only explored but settled in ancient North America millennia before the arrival of Columbus. It is not only one of the most important ancient artifacts in North America, but also one of the least known and under-appreciated artifacts as well. This artifact needs to receive much more attention if the truth about North America's past is ever to be reconstructed accurately. The photos of this artifact displayed at this website have been provided by (and are used with the permission of) Mr. Douglas Jones, President of the New Mexico Epigraphic Society. The New Mexico Epigraphic Society has been tireless in its efforts to locate and preserve vital ancient artifacts and inscriptions which attest to the true history of ancient North America. Those wishing to utilize or copy any of these proprietary photos for any purpose should contact Mr. Jones for permission to do so. Please direct inquiries to: Douglas Jones--President, New Mexico Epigraphic Society, PO Box 50007, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87181-0007, or email him at: [email protected] . Description of the Photos: These photos are of an artifact found at the base of Hidden Mountain, New Mexico near the city of Los Lunas. The main inscription is found on a large rock slab, and it proclaims the Ten Commandments in ancient Paleo-Hebrew characters. There are other inscriptions in the region which are also inscribed in ancient Paleo-Hebrew letters. I had the chance to visit and see these important ancient inscriptions several years ago in the company of Douglas Jones, President of the New Mexico Epigraphic Society. The Decalogue Tablet was in its original state at that time. Unfortunately, vandals defaced this artifact in 2006 so some of the original Hebrew characters have been obliterated. However, many photographs of the original Hebrew characters exist. Historical Context of the Decalogue Tablet: The most vital element of this artifact is the fact that it contains an inscription of the Ten Commandments in ancient Paleo-Hebrew. Much evidence exists which confirm this artifact is genuine. Some efforts have been made to allege the artifact is not genuine, but contrary arguments (some quite fanciful) have been debunked by solid scholarship. The authenticity of the artifact and its Hebrew inscription was even confirmed during a court trial in Albuquerque involving an epigraphic hoax re: other supposed "artifacts" in December, 1986 ("An Epigraphic Hoax on Trial in New Mexico," Epigraphic Society Occasional Publications, Volume 17, 1988, pp. 206-219). You may be assured the Hidden Mountain artifact is exactly what it appears to be: an ancient Hebrew inscription of the Ten Commandments in an ancient North American context. The artifact's inscription gives us critical evidence that it can only belong, in this author's opinion, to the reign of King Solomon of the ancient biblical kingdom of Israel. The Paleo-Hebrew script was used by the ancient Israelites during the centuries which included the time of the United Kingdom of Israel under kings Saul, David and Solomon and the latter kings of the divided Monarchy when the tribes of Israel split into the two often rival kingdoms of Israel and Judah. After the people of these two Israelite kingdoms went into exile, the Hebrew language later used the "square script" style with which modern readers are likely familiar. Because the artifact's inscription was made by Hebrews who understood and used the Paleo-Hebrew script, the artifact had to be inscribed at some point in history when the Paleo-Hebrew script was used. In other words, it dates to biblical times. The fact that the inscription proclaims the Ten Commandments to any and all who read it strongly argues that it was made during a time when the Israelites were not only obedient to the precepts of the Ten Commandments, but also considered it to be a cornerstone of their society. There were several times in the Bible when the Israelites were faithful to the Ten Commandments. Such times would include the time of Joshua and several Judges in the pre-monarchial period (the book of Joshua, Judges 3:14 and 30, 5:31, etc.), as well as during the reigns of Kings David and Solomon during the United Monarchy and during several righteous kings of ancient Judah. In the pre-monarchial period, the Israelites were entirely occupied with subduing the Promised Land and fighting off other local enemies. The later righteous kings of Judah lacked the resources to fund such a large overseas expedition, and I Kings 22:48 and II Chronicles 20:36 record God stopped Judah's effort to build a large overseas fleet from being built or deployed. King David's reign was characterized by many wars, and he had no time for mounting expeditions to other continents. During other times in Israelite history, evil kings led the nations into idolatry and the Ten Commandments would not have been prominently inscribed by any Israelite sailors of their time on the other side of the globe! There is only one time when the making of this inscription makes historical sense: the reign of King Solomon. His reign had many years of unbroken peace (I Kings 4:21-25) and incredible wealth (I Kings 10:10-26). He also had an expansive heart and his mind had the scientific curiosity to learn more about the world (I Kings 4:29-33). King Solomon had the means, the opportunity and the motive to sponsor large maritime expeditions to other continents. Solomon continued King David's alliance with King Hiram of the Phoenician city-states. Indeed, King Solomon's Israelites and the Phoenician city-states joined their navies into a common fleet (I Kings 10:11 and 22, II Chronicles 8:18). Solomon even had a special fleet outfitted to go on very extended voyages. I Kings 9:27 and II Chronicles 9:21-24 relate that this expeditionary fleet of Solomon's would be gone on voyages lasting three years, returning with plants, animals, etc. from other continents. During these years, King Solomon ruled in a Golden Age which was characterized by Israel's reverence to the Ten commandments. The Israelites used Paleo-Hebrew characters during this period of time. King Solomon's reign was the high-point of what historians call the Golden Age of the Phoenician Empire (which was really the Golden Age of the Kingdom of Israel, allied to the much smaller city-states known later as "Phoenicians"). This time context makes complete sense for the Hidden Mountain inscription to be made. In ancient times, the Hidden Mountain site would have been accessible by ships sailing from Israel. After sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, the Israelite-Phoenician fleet could sail through the Gulf of Mexico, up the Rio Grande River and to Hidden Mountain site via a large river (now dried up) that flows right past Hidden Mountain.This dried-up river used to be a large one in ancient times when the American Southwest had a wet climate. The dry river-course is surprisingly large and could handle vessels of considerable size. I was quite surprised at the size of this dry river-bed when I saw it personally. The Hidden Mountain site could have been used as a base of operations for the ancient Israelites' efforts to find raw materials for King Solomon's massive building projects. Solomon's scientific curiosity would have also caused his fleets to explore and map as much of the world as possible. The Hidden Mountain site could also have served as a North American site to which Israelites could converge and celebrate the biblical Feasts that God commanded (the Passover, the Feast of Tabernacles, etc.). The overriding piece of evidence about the founders of the Hidden Mountian site is the inscribed text. It confirms that its makers were obedient to God's laws at a time when a wealthy king of Israel had the motive, the wealth, the peace-time environment and the fleets to reach and colonize ancient North America during the Paleo-Hebrew period. To gain an insight into the sizeable presence of the ancient Israelites (and other cultures) in North America, please refer to extensive documentation on this subject provided in this author's books, The Origins and Empire of Ancient Israel and Israel's Lost Empires (see book links). Later Use of the Hidden Mountain Site: The Bible records that the Golden Age of Solomon was historically brief It lasted mere decades. King Solomon himself engaged in idolatrous activities in the latter part of his reign when he was deteriorating (I Kings 11). The Hidden Mountain site would hardly have been forgotten. The Phoenicians surely would have continued to exploit the mineral wealth of the New World for centuries afterward. My above-cited books record evidence that Greek historians recorded that the Carthaginians (who continued the Phoenician-Israelite tradition in North Africa after the kingdom of Israel fell) exploited the wealth and resources of the New World. If the Romans had not burnt the expansive library of Carthage when they conquered the city, mankind would have had access to all the Carthaginian sailing charts to the New World, maps of its rivers, coasts, cities, etc. Several photographs at the photo gallery support this viewpoint. One photo shows a petroglyph which appears to be an image of the Carthaginian goddess, Tanith (see a very similar Tanith representation on p. 67 in Barry Fell's book, Saga America). Another petroglyph at the Hidden Mountain location depicts camels. Camels would have been known to both the Israelites of Solomon's time (camels are mentioned often in the Bible) and the later Carthaginians of North Africa. The presence of an image of Tanith indicates the site was used by devotees of this Baal worship religion in later centuries (Tanith was the Carthaginian name for the goddess, Ishtar or Astaroth, associated with Baal worship in the Bible). In more recent times, the Hidden Mountain site may have been seen as a kind of holy site or meeting place for Native American tribes as Indian clan signs are present in the Hidden Mountain location. Unfortunately, modern graffiti can also now be found there as well. Thos who wish to know more about the Hidden Mountain site can contact Mr. Douglas Jones of the New Mexico Epigraphic Society at the above address. Those wishing to support the New Mexico Epigraphic Society's effort to locate and preserve ancient artifacts and inscriptions can also make donations to the Society.	i don't know
In British currency, how many pre-decimal pennies were in a pound?	contact Me 020 308 69996 British Coins and Collecting Accessories Predecimal.com - Just me specialising in British coins from about 1660 onwards and offering collectors' accessories, books and free knowledge on this interesting and fulfilling field. This website also contains the biggest British Coin related forum in the world, with over 120,000 posts it's quite possibly the largest British numismatic reference of any kind. It's searchable, free and everyone is welcome. Back in stock, and back on offer. All orders of £30 or over will receive a free pack of these coin envelopes. I'll add them automatically to your order. This website is run by Chris Perkins - British Numismatic Trade Association Member (the BNTA), professional numismatist, former broadcaster, author of the 32nd to 42nd annual editions of "Collectors' Coins GB", and of "Collectors' Coins - Decimal Issues of the UK", co-author of a number of other books! Please see Rotographic.com for more details on my range of books. With a base in Germany I am also able to offer a large range of collectors accessories at the best possible 'direct from the factory' prices. Who am I? And what assurances do I offer regarding all buying and selling of items through this website? Click here. PDF - Click Me! Full range of Lindner products available on predecimal.com! Lindner products combine excellent quality and value. Click on the Lindner image above to download the full (older, but still current) Lindner PDF catalogue (18mb). Browse through it and enter the reference numbers, without spaces, of what you require in the 'Search Products' box in the search box at the top of the website. Purchase items in the usual way. Note that the PDF prices are in Euros - The prices on predecimal.com are the GBP equivalent, or in some cases, actually even cheaper! Silver proof, as issued £5 Crown coin to mark the Christening of Princess Charlotte. I bo... £72.00£64.80 Silver proof, as issued £5 Crown coin to mark the 2nd Birthday of Prince George.&nbs... £90.00£81.00 Original red card box with some light wear on the edges/top, staining on the bottom and looseness wh... £550.00£449.40 Rainbow toned with big areas of dark irredescent purple and pinks (not at all apparent in the scans)... £180.00£144.00 Very attractive natural tone, prooflike obverse fields. Higer value coins are always sent fully insured. £95.00£85.50 A really beautiful coin with natural toned bright lustre and very little actual wear ro report. LVI ... £200.00£160.00 Good protrait, some weak areas on the reverse. TERTIO edge. REDUCED from £300.Higher values coins are always sent fully insured. £270.00£240.00 A few available, of the very best quality. £8.00£6.80 Stunning full lustre, of highest possible quality. A few available. £9.00£8.10 Choice coin with beautiful proof like fields. The odd minor stain, but I am being very picky, it&#39... £295.00£288.90 Anyone that has glanced at a history book for more than five minutes will probably be aware&nbs... £2.00£1.80 I purchased about 700 of these Indian 1/12th Anna coins. Each is uncirculated, but of the 700, only ... £1.50£0.99 I purchased about 700 of these Indian 1/12th Anna coins. Each is uncirculated, but of the 700, only ... £1.50£0.99 Eire 1968 penny from the last date that were produced before Irish decimalisation. All Irish pre-dec... £1.20£0.99 Round, 28mm card coin tickets, blank on both sides. A shade off-white in colour, these coin tickets... £1.75£0.99 (Quantity 50)REDUCED IN PRICE FROM JUNE 2016.NEW IMPROVED TYPE: With a slightly higher band for... £2.60£2.99 The British pre-decimal penny was a handsome 3.1cm (1.5in) large Bronze coin from 1860 - 1967, when ... £10.00£8.96 Very odd even 'lustrous' tone. No hairlines so most probably dipped or treated with somethin... £100.00	two hundred and forty
The Kirin is a supernatural spirit in the mythology of which country?	Pre-decimal British coinage \| Uncyclopedia \| Fandom powered by Wikia Whoops! Maybe you were looking for LSD ? “If I give you a sovereign, can I see your thruppenny bits?” ~ Noel Coward Fifty pre-decimal pennies from 1959. This much money would have been sufficient to purchase a four-bedroomed house and a Morris Oxford V . Prior to decimalisation, when Great Britain and Ireland adopted a confusing monetary system based around a pound made up of one hundred pennies, a far more logical system known as LSD was used. L, S and D are the first letters of the names given to the different units of coin - L obviously stands for pounds and D stands for pennies (or pence). So far, everything is straightforward. Oddly however, S stands for shillings. Though pre-decimal currency is thought confusing by people under the age of 40 and foreigners , it really was much easier than the current system - and will undoubtedly be reintroduced if right-thinking British people get their way - as we shall see here. For the religious among us who choose to believe lies, the so-called experts at Wikipedia have an article about Pre-decimal British coinage . Contents [ show ] Farthing A farthing was equal to one quarter of a penny and would have been the weekly wage expected by the average working man up until the late 1920s when the Great Depression caused wages to fall dramatically. Very few women worked in those days (those that did were generally engaged in traditional female employment and were looked down upon by society); those that did were paid less than this amount because, strange as it may seem in these times of equality , it was then considered that a woman's work was worth less than a man's. However, as there was no coin worth less than a farthing, a group of four women would have to share one farthing between themselves and grocery shop as a group, splitting the purchases amongst themselves after buying. Although the farthing was insufficient to purchase anything at all post-1950, the coin was kept in circulation because the British population with their nostalgic love of pointless tradition had a great fondness for it and the cute picture of a wren on the back. Farthings were 13 inches wide, 4 inches thick and weighed 60lb. Halfpenny Two farthings made a halfpenny which had a depiction of a galleon in full sail on the obverse as a reminder of our proud nation's glorious naval tradition which led to the Empire and all the good things that came of it. A halfpenny was what your grandad got for his weekly pocket money when he was seven years old back in 1920 and, as he's so fond of telling you, was enough money to see a western of a Saturday afternoon and still have enough change left over for a bag of chips and a packet of Woodbines on the way home. A halfpenny was much smaller than a farthing in order to be more portable, measuring just 10 inches across and 2.5 inches thick with a weight of only 36lb. Penny This old dear is having a well-earned breather after carrying her penny halfway to the village shop. When she gets there, she'll spend it on catfood , cabbages , whisky and her BNP membership fee. Four farthings or two halfpennies made a penny, an incredible sum of money to the working classes , and enough to buy a modern house with sufficiently modern facilities as to be hygienic enough that only four of your twelve children would die before their first birthdays. 240 pennies made a pound, with each coin measuring just under 41 inches wide and 11 inches thickness with a weight of 134lb. As previously mentioned, penny was abbreviated to d. As seen in the photograph, one penny was the state weekly pension for many years. However, as Britain has become more prosperous, the pension has risen time and time again with many elderly people now living luxuriously on pensions of as much as twenty times this amount. Threepence The threepence coin, known as a threepenny bit. The uniquely-shaped threepence coin, known as threepenny bit, was a convex regular polytope with a symmetry group of four-dimensional space, being a uniform star-polychoron the cells of which were 720 intersecting congruent pentagonal prisms of 120 vertices, 1200 edges, 1800 square faces and 720 pentagonal faces to connect the pentagonal prism cells to one another. Sixty cells came together at every vertex, and the squares were also faces of a uniform compound created of 75 tesseracts while the pentagons were also the faces of a standard star-polychoron. It measured a mere 8 inches across (its span of 7.32 lightyears in the 5th dimension was with typical British chippiness ignored by most citizens). It was 10 inches thick and weighed 96lb. . During the 1960's, it was not unknown for the threepenny bit to be given to children in Scotland for use for their church collection. Sixpence Equal to Britain's entire defence budget in 1935, the sixpence was an enormously popular coin because, unlike those previously mentioned, it was made of a nice shiny metal and therefore looked all pretty and silvery . Interestingly, the modern 5p piece - which everybody hates and moans about because they say it's too small and gets stuck in the corners of your purse - is exactly the same dimensions as the old sixpence which was possibly the best-loved coin ever. There were 40 sixpences in a pound. Shilling Those who were tricked into taking the King's shilling would rapidly find themselves in the Navy, like these two unfortunates. Modern Navy uniforms are more revealing than these antique versions. Two sixpences or 12d made a shilling. The word shilling gave us the term shillinglaw, a practise by which naval recruitment officers would enter alehouses and place a shilling into the flagon of any healthy-looking males. If the drinker was unwary enough as to accidentally swallow the coin, he would be deemed to have "taken the King's shilling" and as such was officially now signed up as a member of the Navy . He would then be hauled off to the nearest docks and put aboard a warship where his new career as a sailor would begin. So that it might be swallowed more easily, the shilling was a far smaller coin than those other mentioned here with a diameter of just 6 inches, a thickness of 2 inches and a weight of 14lb. 20 shillings made a pound. Florin A florin was equal to two shillings or 24d and was introduced during Victorian times in preparation for decimalisation, there being ten of them to a pound - in the usual British fashion, decimalisation didn't happen for another century due to having to pass through the House of Lords before being put into practice - and anything passing through the Lords, the members of which are generally well into their later years, can take a very long time indeed. A florin was slightly larger than a shilling, being 35 inches in width and 10 inches thick with a weight of 49lb. Half Crown The previous coins are all worth twice the amount of the coin below them in value with the exception of the threepence which was worth three times the coin below it. This was considered illogical and likely to lead to confusion, so the half crown was worth two shillings and sixpence or 30d, written as 2/6, and as such there were eight of them to a pound. The British population were outraged when the coin was discontinued with the advent of decimalisation in 1971 as it had been a feature of the British way of life since time immemorial along with other popular venerable traditions such as cholera and smallpox . Made of wrought iron , the half crown was 32 inches across, 10 inches thick and weighed in at 42lb. Rather than being melted down for metal to make the new decimalised coinage in 1971, half crowns were put into use as manhole covers. These coins were also sellotaped to a Christmas or Birthday Card sent to you by relatives you didn't see very often, under the impression they'd given you a great deal of money to spend in the sales on new toys or the latest Bunty Annual. Double Florin This was introduced in Queen Victoria's Jubilee year of 1887, supposedly in an attempt to prepare for decimalisation. As it was worth 4/- or 48d it's not clear where the arithmetic of this plan was going. They gave up minting it in 1890 but it was never withdrawn as legal tender, and since decimalisation its face value has been exactly 20p. However, as it is 22.6 grams of Sterling silver and rather rare you'd have to be Terry Fuckwitt to try spending one as a 20p piece. Equally, if someone tried to give you a Victorian double florin instead of a 20p piece you'd have to be Terry Fuckwitt to refuse it. Crown Once again, the system returns to a coin being worth double the value of the coin below it as a crown was worth two half crowns - 60d, or one quarter of a pound. Crowns are still minted and remain legal tender today, and so as not to confuse anyone have a value of five pounds. Contrary to popular belief, the crown is not so-called after the symbol of the British monarchy but due to the fact that its size (18 inches wide, 4 inches thick) made it ideal as emergency headgear should one be caught out in a shower. Since they were made of gold-coloured metal, placing one upon the head would make the wearer look as though they were wearing a crown. A 1911 sovereign. Modern versions do not have the depiction of St. George killing the dragon after protests by anti-bloodsport campaigners persuaded the Royal Mint to change the design in 1988. Compare this £1 coin to the image on the left of the page. When first introduced, the £1 was known as a Thatcher because it was thick, brassy and thought it was a sovereign. Half Sovereign The half sovereign was worth ten shillings, 120d or two crowns. Half sovereigns are popular when made into rings, as worn by the wives and girlfriends of the sort of men mentioned in the section on sovereigns as females find the smaller size - just 19 inches wide, 9 inches thick with a weight of 73lb - more comfortable to wear. Sovereign Sovereigns are worth far more than their face value nowadays as they've become popular when set into rings to make a very tasteful and attractive item of jewelry available from high class jewellers . These rings are commonly worn by chavs and large, bald-headed men because, in addition to their aesthetic value, they serve as very effective knuckle-dusters. Sovereigns were 45 inches across, 19 inches thick and weighed 105lb - explaining why the people who wear them as rings tend to drag their knuckles on the ground while walking. The Queen is still paid in sovereigns. Every Wednesday, she and Prince Philip travel by a special Rolls-Royce bus run by London Transport just for them to Pall Mall Post Office where they collect their pensions which, combined, amount to some sixteen million sovereigns - a small price for the nation to pay in return for the hard work they do. Her Majesty then visits the same back-street hairdresser she has been going to since 1903 for her weekly shampoo, set and blue rinse while Philip puts a bet on at the bookies and then has haddock and a small portion of mushy peas for his lunch since he finds the crispy bits in chips uncomfortable to chew with his false teeth. This done, the bus conveys them to Morrison's supermarket where they purchase tinned food for their corgis and, if the gas bill doesn't have to be paid that week, treat themselves to a nice cup of tea and a bun. Guinea This gold coin was meant to be worth one pound Sterling, but being real gold its actual value fluctuated all over the place thanks to the venal machinations of international currency speculators - not like today at all, eh? Eventually its value was fixed at 21/- and it was largely replaced by the Sovereign. However prices in guineas were still used by furniture salesmen, car dealers and bookmakers, all of whom wanted to mislead their customers as much as possible. Decimalisation in 1971 finally banned pricing things in guineas, since which time the sharks have had to find other ways of confusing and fleecing the unwary. Pronunciation Many a German spy was captured and imprisoned during World War 2 when they nonchalantly strolled into a village shop to purchase those items essential to a Nazi abroad such as lager , Volkswagen spares and the Daily Mail . They'd probably have got away with it too, had the British not cunningly decided to pronounce the names of certain coins of the realm in peculiar ways that Johnny Foreigner would have no hope of ever coming to grips with. Every shopkeeper in the country knew that, should any shifty-looking types enter their premises and pronounce the names of any of the coins phonetically, they should immediately phone the Home Guard. To pronounce the names properly and thus avoid looking like a foreigner, simply refer to this simple guide: Farthing - mag Halfpenny - hape-nee The penny was pronounced as the spelling suggests, but just to be on the safe side two pennies (2d) would be pronounced tuppence Threepence - thruppnee bit or throopnee bit, depending on region Sixpence - tanner Half Crown - arfer craan, affa crone or even arf dollar, depending on region Pound - quid Such a system would reveal even fluent English speakers, as nobody but a true Britisher could ever linguistically cope with, " two shillings and thruppunce," "tuppunce hap-nee" or "'alf a bob" without becoming hopelessly tongue-tied and revealing their true origins. Maundy Money Also known by pedants and pub bores by its full name The Queen's Maundy Money and donated by her to deserving poor folks in a religious ceremony dating back to 600AD which is traditionally carried out on Maundy Thursday, the Thursday before Easter . Originally, the ceremony involved the Archbishop of Canterbury washing poor people's feet, to mark the washing of the Disciples' feet by Christ ; this was rapidly changed to the charitable donation of money when it was decided that royalty should carry out the tradition as no British person would ever wish to see the hands of their beloved monarch touch something so vile as a poor person. Special Maundy coinage is produced yearly by the Royal Mint in the form of silver coins with denominations of one penny, two pennies, three pennies and four pennies (known as a groat). The amount donated is decided not by the recipient's need but in accordance with the monarch's age - thus in 2006, when Queen Elizabeth turned 80, 80 pence was donated to 80 poor people in a ceremony held at Guildford Cathedral . That year, in a display of astonishing generosity from the aristocracy, the selected poor also received a commemorative £5 coin marking Her Majesty's birthday and a special 50p coin to mark the 150th anniversary of the Victoria Cross medal. As the grateful recipients filed out of the cathedral amongst much pomp and splendour, one lucky elderly gent was heard to mutter, "£6.30. That's going to keep the heating bills paid this winter. Thanks, you tight ol' cow." See Also	i don't know
Hoss, Little Joe and Ben are characters in which US tv series?	Bonanza (TV Series 1959–1973) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The adventures of Ben Cartwright and his sons as they run and defend their ranch while helping the surrounding community. Creator: Little Joe falls in love with Alice Harper played by a young Bonnie Bedelia who he meets while rescuing her gambler brother John from a poker game gone bad. The two eventually marry and are expecting... 8.6 Hoss scares a bear that has treed a green-clad little man, subsequently finds a buried strongbox filled with bags of gold dust and, when both the treasure and its owner disappear, unsuccessfully ... 8.5 Clint Watson and his two sons are hired by Ben Cartwright to deliver nitroglycerin to Virginia City. The journey entails hardship, recrimination and tragedy. 8.5 a list of 42 titles created 24 Aug 2011 a list of 26 titles created 26 Apr 2012 a list of 46 titles created 11 Jun 2012 a list of 47 titles created 07 Aug 2012 a list of 31 titles created 1 month ago Search for " Bonanza " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 2 Golden Globes. Another 9 wins & 14 nominations. See more awards » Videos Marshal Matt Dillon keeps the peace in the rough and tumble Dodge City. Stars: James Arness, Milburn Stone, Amanda Blake The Wild West adventures of the residents and staff of Barkley Ranch in California's San Joaquin Valley. Stars: Richard Long, Peter Breck, Lee Majors Gil Favor is trail boss of a continuous cattle drive; he is assisted by Rowdy Yates. The crew runs into characters and adventures along the way. Stars: Clint Eastwood, Paul Brinegar, Steve Raines Stories of the journeys of a wagon train as it leaves post-Civil War Missouri on its way to California through the plains, deserts and Rocky Mountains. The first treks were led by gruff, ... See full summary » Stars: Frank McGrath, Terry Wilson, Robert Horton Bret and Bart Maverick (and in later seasons, their English cousin, Beau) are well dressed gamblers who migrate from town to town always looking for a good game. Poker (5 card draw) is ... See full summary » Stars: Jack Kelly, James Garner, Roger Moore Frontier hero Daniel Boone conducts surveys and expeditions around Boonesborough, running into both friendly and hostile Indians, just before and during the Revolutionary War. Stars: Fess Parker, Patricia Blair, Darby Hinton A Civil War veteran with a sawed-off rifle as a holstered weapon makes a living as a bounty hunter in the Wild West of the 1870s. Stars: Steve McQueen, Wright King, Olan Soule After the Civil War, nomadic adventurer Cheyenne Bodie roamed the west looking for fights, women and bad guys to beat up. His job changed from episode to episode. Stars: Clint Walker, Clyde Howdy, Chuck Hicks The cases of maverick undercover New York City detective Tony Baretta. Stars: Robert Blake, Tom Ewell, Michael D. Roberts Dressed-up dandy (derby and cane), gambler and lawman roams the West charming women and defending the unjustly accused. His primary weapon was his wit (and cane) rather than his gun. Stars: Gene Barry, Allison Hayes, Allen Jaffe The Shiloh Ranch in Wyoming Territory of the 1890s is owned in sequence by Judge Garth, the Grainger brothers, and Col. MacKenzie. It is the setting for a variety of stories, many more ... See full summary » Stars: Doug McClure, James Drury, Lee J. Cobb The adventures of a gentlemanly gunfighter for hire. Stars: Richard Boone, Kam Tong, Hal Needham Edit Storyline The Cartwright's one-thousand square mile Ponderosa Ranch is located near Virginia City, Nevada, site of the Comstock Silver Lode, during and after the Civil War. Each of the sons was born to a different wife of Ben's; none of the mothers is still alive. Adventures are typical western ones, with lots of personal relationships/problems thrown in as well. Written by Ed Stephan <[email protected]> 12 September 1959 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Saturday=night ratings were dismal and the show was soon targeted for cancellation. Given one last chance, it was moved to Sunday nights at 9:00 p.m. The new time slot caused the series to soar, and it eventually reached #1 by the mid-'60s. See more » Goofs The story of Bonanza starts in 1859 Nevada but the clothing worn by the cast is invariably 20th century . For example belt loops did not appear on men's trousers and jeans until many decades later. See more » Quotes [Hoss reluctantly agrees to serve as a temporary deputy sheriff] Deputy Sheriff : I'll swear you in. Do you? See more » Crazy Credits In the opening sequence, when the actors ride on their horses towards the camera and are introduced, the order in which they are introduced is never consistent - this was most likely done to prevent a single actor from becoming the "main" star of the show. See more » Connections Learn from one of the best TV Westerns! 1 March 2005 \| by mbuchwal (United States) – See all my reviews Feature film makers have many lessons to learn from this classic western serial. Although each episode was made on a small budget when compared to the Hollywood "A" features of today, all of the production values of great classic movies of the golden age -- painterly composition and design, emotionally effective acting, lyrical music, suspenseful storytelling, beautiful timing, strong dramatic dialogue, elegantly choreographed action, powerful themes, colorful period costumes, folksy comic relief -- all of these values were at a consistently high level from show to show, with never an awkward effect or a misfit scene. Each of the featured characters was drawn in a unique and stylish way, suggesting the storybook characterization that distinguishes the best of the Hollywood golden age. Every one of the episodes stands well as a feature length movie in its own right and would look as good on the big screen as on TV. There's plenty of feeling, no padding or softness, and no mindless experimentation with technique or vulgarity such as has ruined so many westerns made since 1970. It's difficult to understand why an approach which succeeded for so long was abandoned in the 1970's by both television and feature film makers. Many producers turned instead in the direction indicated by spaghetti westerns. Compared to classic westerns like "Bonanza," spaghetti westerns were much less lyrical and took more of a gutter eye view of the old west, stripping it of its romantic appeal and substituting what to a misguided new generation seemed a dirtier and therefore more authentic realism. In retrospect, Hollywood gave up way too much for the little that it got in return. The success of a vast body of works similar in appeal to "Bonanza" (including many of the other action adventure TV serials made from the '40s to the '60s) is proof that there is a widespread taste that is radically different from the one which has predominated in Hollywood since the '70s. Let's hope that one day we'll see the return of Bonanza's classic values to the screen. 43 of 51 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Bonanza
Harold and Louise were the parents of which member of The Beatles?	Bonanza American Character Action Figure Bonanza American Character Action Figure Here is my Latest Collection of Bonanza TV Series.. from 1966.. released by American Character.. Not For Sale at this time.. Looking for complete sets.. Date(s): July 5, 2012. Album by Kato Richard. 1 - 18 of 18 Total. 3260 Visits.	i don't know
In the book by Miguel de Cervantes, who was Don Quixote’s squire?	SparkNotes: Don Quixote: Character List Character List Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Don Quixote - The novel’s tragicomic hero. Don Quixote’s main quest in life is to revive knight-errantry in a world devoid of chivalric virtues and values. He believes only what he chooses to believe and sees the world very differently from most people. Honest, dignified, proud, and idealistic, he wants to save the world. As intelligent as he is mad, Don Quixote starts out as an absurd and isolated figure and ends up as a pitiable and lovable old man whose strength and wisdom have failed him. Read an in-depth analysis of Don Quixote. Sancho Panza - The peasant laborer—greedy but kind, faithful but cowardly—whom Don Quixote takes as his squire. A representation of the common man, Sancho is a foil to Don Quixote and virtually every other character in the novel. His proverb-ridden peasant’s wisdom and self-sacrificing Christian behavior prove to be the novel’s most insightful and honorable worldview. He has an awestruck love for Don Quixote but grows self-confident and saucy, ending the novel by advising his master in matters of deep personal philosophy. Read an in-depth analysis of Sancho Panza. Rocinante - Don Quixote’s barn horse. Rocinante is slow but faithful, and he is as worn out as Don Quixote is. Dapple - Sancho’s donkey. Dapple’s disappearance and reappearance is the subject of much controversy both within the story and within the literary criticism concerning Don Quixote. Cide Hamete Benengeli - The fictional writer of Moorish decent from whose manuscripts Cervantes supposedly translates the novel. Cervantes uses the figure of Benengeli to comment on the ideas of authorship and literature explored in the novel and to critique historians. Benengeli’s opinions, bound in his so-called historical text, show his contempt for those who write about chivalry falsely and with embellishment. Dulcinea del Toboso - The unseen force driving all of Don Quixote’s adventures. Dulcinea, a peasant woman whom Don Quixote envisions as his ladylove, has no knowledge of his chivalric dedication to her. Though constantly mentioned and centrally important to the novel, she never appears as a physical character. Read an in-depth analysis of Dulcinea del Toboso. Cervantes - The supposed translator of Benengeli’s historical novel, who interjects his opinions into the novel at key times. Cervantes intentionally creates the impression that he did not invent the character of Don Quixote. Like Benengeli, Cervantes is not physically present but is a character nonetheless. In his prologues, dedications, and invention of Benengeli, Cervantes enhances the self-referential nature of the novel and forces us to think about literature’s purpose and limitations. The Duke and Duchess - The cruel and haughty contrivers of the adventures that occupy Don Quixote for the majority of the novel’s Second Part. Bored and snobby, the Duke and Duchess feign interest in Don Quixote and Sancho but continually play pranks on them for their personal entertainment. The Duke and Duchess spend so much money and effort on their ploys that they seem as mad as Don Quixote. Altisidora - The Duchess’s bratty maid. Altisidora pretends to love Don Quixote, mocking his concept of romantic love. Sampson Carrasco - A sarcastic student from Don Quixote’s village. Sampson mocks Don Quixote at first but loses to him in combat and then dedicates himself to revenge. Self-important and stuffy, Sampson fails to grasp the often playful nature of Don Quixote’s madness. The priest - A friend of Don Quixote’s. The priest disapproves of fictional books that, in his opinion, negatively influence society. Nonetheless, he enjoys tales of chivalry so much that he cannot throw them away. Moreover, despite his social conscience, he enjoys Don Quixote’s madness at times. The barber - Don Quixote’s friend who recognizes Quixote’s madness but intervenes only to help the priest carry out his plans. The barber strenuously disapproves of Don Quixote’s chivalry. Teresa Panza - Sancho’s good-hearted wife. Teresa speaks in proverbs, exhibiting more wisdom than most other characters. Unambitious but a bit greedy, she endures Sancho’s exploits and supports him with her prayers. Cardenio - An honorable man who is driven mad by the infidelities of his wife, Lucinda, and the treachery of a duke, Ferdinand. Cardenio is the quintessential romantic lover. Lucinda - Cardenio’s wife. Silent and beautiful, Lucinda is a model of the courtly woman. Docile and innocent, she obliges her parents and her lover. Ferdinand - An arrogant young duke who steals Lucinda from Cardenio with no remorse. Dorothea - Ferdinand’s faithful and persistent love. Dorothea flouts tradition to hunt down Ferdinand when he takes her chastity but refuses to marry her. Deceptive and cunning, smart and aggressive, Dorothea is not the typical female character of her time. Countess Trifaldi - A fictitious maidservant in distress who is impersonated by the Duke’s steward. The countess’s sob story sends Don Quixote and Sancho off on their expedition on the wooden horse. She is more ridiculous and fantastic than anyone except Don Quixote. Gines de Pasamonte - An ungrateful galley slave whom Don Quixote frees. Gines appears mostly for comic relief, but his justifications for his crimes force us to be more critical of Don Quixote’s justifications for his crimes. Roque Guinart - A chivalrous bandit. Inherently conflicted, Roque believes in justice and generosity but kills an underling who challenges him for being so generous to others. More Help	Sancho Panza
American Buff, Pilgrim and Cotton Patch are breeds of which bird?	Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes \| PenguinRandomHouse.com Add to Cart About Don Quixote Widely regarded as the world’s first modern novel, Don Quixote chronicles the famous picaresque adventures of the noble knight-errant Don Quixote de la Mancha and his faithful squire, Sancho Panza, as they wend their way across sixteenth-century Spain. Milan Kundera calls Cervantes “the founder of the Modern Era and Lionel Trilling “observes that it can be said that all prose fiction is a variation on the theme of Don Quixote.” This Modern Library Paperback Classics edition reproduces the acclaimed Tobias Smollett translation; as Salman Rushdie declares, “To my mind, this is the only English rendering of the Quixote that reads like a great novel, a novel of immense daring, much wildness and many colours. It releases Don Quixote from the grey academic prison of many more recent translations, unleashing him upon the English language in all his brilliant, foolish glory”. This edition also contains new endnotes. About Don Quixote "Don Quixote is practically unthinkable as a living being," said novelist Milan Kundera. "And yet, in our memory, what character is more alive?" Widely regarded as the world’s first modern novel, Don Quixote chronicles the famous picaresque adventures of the noble knight-errant Don Quixote de La Mancha and his faithful squire, Sancho Panza, as they travel through sixteenth-century Spain. This Modern Library edition presents the acclaimed Samuel Putnam translation of the epic tale, complete with notes, variant readings, and an Introduction by the translator. The debt owed to Cervantes by literature is immense. From Milan Kundera: "Cervantes is the founder of the Modern Era. . . . The novelist need answer to no one but Cervantes." Lionel Trilling observed: "It can be said that all prose fiction is a variation on the theme of Don Quixote." Vladmir Nabokov wrote: "Don Quixote is greater today than he was in Cervantes’s womb. [He] looms so wonderfully above the skyline of literature, a gaunt giant on a lean nag, that the book lives and will live through [his] sheer vitality. . . . He stands for everything that is gentle, forlorn, pure, unselfish, and gallant. The parody has become a paragon." And V. S. Pritchett observed: "Don Quixote begins as a province, turns into Spain, and ends as a universe. . . . The true spell of Cervantes is that he is a natural magician in pure story-telling." Get the news you want from Penguin Random House Praise "Cervantes’s masterpiece is lucky to have found so perfect a translator as the flamboyant Smollett. The rambunctious personalities of author and translator are ideally matched." About Miguel de Cervantes Carlos Fuentes is the author of more than a dozen novels, including The Years with Laura D?az, The Old Gringo, and The Death of Artemio Cruz. About Miguel de Cervantes Carlos Fuentes is the author of more than a dozen novels, including The Years with Laura D?az, The Old Gringo, and The Death of Artemio Cruz. Product Details	i don't know
‘Mercredi’ is French for which day of the week?	French Calendar Vocabulary - Days, Months, Seasons Days are not capitalized in French. The French week starts on Monday, rather than Sunday. You may or may not need to use the masculine definite article le : If you're talking about the day of a unique event, do not use an article: Je l'ai vu dimanche (I saw him on Sunday) Il va arriver mercredi (He'll arrive on Wednesday).	Wednesday
22 ‘What’ Avenue’ is the title of a song by Iron Maiden?	French Days of the Week Song Days of the Week Song French Days of the Week Song One of the best ways to learn French is to do with with songs. By listening to a song you will memorize the vocabulary much faster! Here you can listen to the “French Days of the Week” music, sung by native speaking French children. First watch the movie then you can read through the French and English words below. As a supplement to this lesson you may also review this audio lesson which also covers the days of the week. French & English Lyrics Lundi, Mardi, Mercredi, Jeudi, Vendredi, Samedi, Dimanche Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday (chorus) Les jours de la semaine sont très disciplinés Ils s’en vont en week-end mais sans se dépasser The days of the week are very disciplined. They go towards the weekend but never go ahead of the weekend.(Chorus) Les jours de la semaine sont bien organisés. Chaque fois ils reviennent sans jamais se tromper. The days of the week are very well organized. Each time time they come back without fail.(Chorus) Les jours de la semaine ne peuvent plus s’arrêter. Ce sont toujours les mêmes et vous les connaissez. The days of the week cannot stop. They are always the same and you know them. Sign Up For A FREE Trial French Lesson On Skype And Get Instant Access To My French Pronunciation Crash Course. Get the French Pronunciation Crash Course! Bonjour! My name is David Issokson. I'm an online French teacher. My mission is to help as many people as possible to learn how to speak this beautiful language that's brought me so much happiness in my life. Sign Up For A FREE Trial French Lesson On Skype! You'll Also Get a Headstart With My FREE French Essentials Ebook This book covers all of the most important elements of french pronunciation for the new speaker. It's FREE and yours if you sign up below. Fill in the info below and sign up for a FREE French lesson on Skype. Click to see some student reviews. Members - Crash Course - You Are Logged Out You are not currently logged in. Username: » Lost your Password? Private Lessons Testimonials "David is clearly a very experienced and knowledgeable teacher. He places emphasis on pronunciation and encourages me to recall my vocabulary in a way that is useful for speaking French day-to-day. His French lessons via Skype are both fun and interesting, and he adapts on-the-fly, so that he can always challenge me at the appropriate level." Maria, Cambridge, UK" Maria, Cambridge, UK "David is a great teacher who cares about his students and makes every effort for them to learn French on Skype where he types lessons notes. David has a proactive approach to learning and offers speaking conversation, grammar and reading classes. Check it out :)" Lachlan M., Sydney, Australia "David Issokson is a wonderful French teacher. I've had a number, and he is the best by far. He makes learning the language enjoyable, fun even, while covering the essentials." —Sandra Gulland, Ontario Canada "It is said that 'The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires.' David is a great teacher who inspires. He has great patient and explains french pronunciation very nicely. He is very friendly with pleasant personality. I am sure anyone will love to learn french from David." – Dibakar Datta, Brown University, USA	i don't know
Which ‘A’ is a bright blue colour, often associated with a clear, unclouded sky?	Bluer - definition of bluer by The Free Dictionary Bluer - definition of bluer by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bluer (blo͞o) n. 1. The hue of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between green and indigo, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 420 to 490 nanometers; any of a group of colors that may vary in lightness and saturation, whose hue is that of a clear daytime sky; one of the additive or light primaries; one of the psychological primary hues. 2. a. A pigment or dye imparting this hue. b. Bluing. a. An object having this hue. b. Dress or clothing of this hue: The ushers wore blue. 4. a. A person who wears a blue uniform. b. blues A dress blue uniform, especially that of the US Army. 5. often Blue a. A member of the Union Army in the Civil War. b. The Union Army. 7. Any of various small blue butterflies of the family Lycaenidae. 8. adj. blu·er, blu·est 1. Of the color blue. 2. Bluish or having parts that are blue or bluish, as the blue spruce and the blue whale. 3. Having a gray or purplish color, as from cold or contusion. 4. Wearing blue. 5. Being a trail, as for skiing, marked with a sign having a blue square, indicating an intermediate level of difficulty. 6. Relating to or being a blue state. 7. a. Gloomy; depressed. See Synonyms at depressed . b. Dismal; dreary: a blue day. 8. Puritanical; strict. 10. Indecent; risqué: a blue joke; a blue movie. tr. & intr.v. blued, blu·ing, blues To make or become blue. Idioms: blue in the face At the point of extreme exasperation: I argued with them until I was blue in the face. into the blue At a far distance; into the unknown: spontaneously take a trip into the blue. out of the blue 1. From an unexpected or unforeseen source: criticism that came out of the blue. 2. At a completely unexpected time: a long-unseen friend who appeared out of the blue. [Middle English blue, bleu, from Old French bleu, of Germanic origin; see bhel-1 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] blue′ly adv. (bluː) n 1. (Colours) any of a group of colours, such as that of a clear unclouded sky, that have wavelengths in the range 490–445 nanometres. Blue is the complementary colour of yellow and with red and green forms a set of primary colours. 2. (Dyeing) a dye or pigment of any of these colours 3. (Textiles) blue cloth or clothing: dressed in blue. 4. (Education) a. a sportsperson who represents or has represented Oxford or Cambridge University and has the right to wear the university colour (dark blue for Oxford, light blue for Cambridge): an Oxford blue. b. the honour of so representing one's university 5. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) Brit an informal name for Tory 6. (Animals) any of numerous small blue-winged butterflies of the genera Lampides, Polyommatus, etc: family Lycaenidae 7. archaic short for bluestocking 8. slang a policeman 9. (Archery) archery a blue ring on a target, between the red and the black, scoring five points 10. (Billiards & Snooker) a blue ball in snooker, etc 11. (Dyeing) another name for blueing 12. slang Austral and NZ an argument or fight: he had a blue with a taxi driver. 13. (Law) slang Also: bluey Austral and NZ a court summons, esp for a traffic offence 14. informal Austral and NZ a mistake; error 15. out of the blue apparently from nowhere; unexpectedly: the opportunity came out of the blue. 16. into the blue into the unknown or the far distance adj, bluer or bluest 17. (Colours) of the colour blue 18. (of the flesh) having a purple tinge, as from cold or contusion 19. depressed, moody, or unhappy 20. dismal or depressing: a blue day. 21. indecent, titillating, or pornographic: blue films. 22. (Animals) bluish in colour or having parts or marks that are bluish: a blue fox; a blue whale. 23. rare aristocratic; noble; patrician: a blue family. See blue blood 24. US relating to, supporting, or representing the Democratic Party. Compare red 118 vb, blues, blueing, bluing or blued 25. to make, dye, or become blue 26. (Dyeing) (tr) to treat (laundry) with blueing 27. (tr) slang to spend extravagantly or wastefully; squander [C13: from Old French bleu, of Germanic origin; compare Old Norse blār, Old High German blāo, Middle Dutch blā; related to Latin flāvus yellow] ˈbluely adv informal Austral a nickname for a person with red hair blue n. 1. the pure color of a clear sky; the primary color between green and violet in the visible spectrum, an effect of light with a wavelength between 450 and 500 nm. 3. something having a blue color. 4. a person wearing blue or belonging to a group identified by some blue symbol. 5. (often cap.) a member of the Union army in the American Civil War, or the army itself. Compare gray 1 (def. 11). 7. any of several blue-winged butterflies of the family Lycaenidae. 8. Brit. and Canadian. (often cap.) Tory (def. 1). 9. the blue, 10. of the color blue. 11. (of the skin) discolored by cold, contusion, fear, or vascular collapse. 12. depressed in spirits; dejected; melancholy. 13. holding or offering little hope; dismal; bleak: a blue outlook. 14. adhering to or stemming from rigid moral or religious observance; puritanical. 15. indecent; suggestive or obscene; risqué: a blue joke. 16. marked by blasphemy: The air was blue with oaths. v.t. 17. to make blue; dye a blue color. 18. to tinge with bluing. v.i. 19. to become or turn blue. Idioms: 1. blue in the face, at an extreme point of frustration, irritation, discouragement, etc.: to argue till one is blue in the face. 2. out of the blue, suddenly and unexpectedly. [1250–1300; Middle English blewe < Anglo-French blew, bl(i)u blue, livid, Old French blo, blau < Germanic *blǣwaz] blue′ly, adv. Blue and delicate as spring sky reflected in an old window —Elizabeth Spencer (Eyes) blue as chicory in bloom —Ed McBain (Sky … ) blue as a robin’s egg —Lee Smith Blue as a brochure sea —William McIlvanney Blue as a jay bird’s wing —Ellen Glasgow (Eyes as) blue as a peacock’s neck —Flannery O’Connor (Sky … ) blue as a staring Northern eye —Elizabeth Enright Blue as autumn mist —Thomas Hardy (Eyes as) blue as corn-flowers —Lawrence Durrell (Sea and sky are a matched set,) blue as delftware —T. Coraghessan Boyle (Eyes) blue as heaven —Lord Byron Other famous poets to link heaven and the color blue include Christina Rossetti with “Saphires shining blue as heaven” and Percy Bysshe Shelley with “Blue as the overhanging heaven.” For everyday usage there’s “Blue as the sky.” Blue as hyacinths —Richard Ford Blue as melancholy —Anon (Sky) blue as the core of a match flame —George Garrett Blue as the decks of the sea —Dame Edith Sitwell Blue as the glimpses of sea beyond —John Greenleaf Whittier Blue as the nose that graduate drunkards wear —Don Marquis Blue as the sky —American colloquialism, attributed to New England Blue as with the cold —Israel Zangwill Blue like a corpse —Nikolai V. Gogol Blue [of a repelling place] … like the color of the lips of an asthmatic plumber dying of lead poisoning who has put himself out of his misery with cyanide —Gerald Kersh Blue like the last thundercloud of a tempest dispersed —Alexander Pushkin Pale blues like old people’s eyes —Edna O’Brien blue I will have been blueing/bluing you will have been blueing/bluing he/she/it will have been blueing/bluing we will have been blueing/bluing you will have been blueing/bluing they will have been blueing/bluing Past Perfect Continuous Noun 1. blue - blue color or pigment; resembling the color of the clear sky in the daytime; "he had eyes of bright blue" azure , cerulean , lazuline , sky-blue , sapphire - a light shade of blue powder blue - a pale blue color with grey in it purplish blue , royal blue - a shade of blue tinged with purple ultramarine - a vivid blue to purple-blue color 2. blue - blue clothing; "she was wearing blue" article of clothing , clothing , habiliment , wearable , vesture , wear - a covering designed to be worn on a person's body 3. blue - any organization or party whose uniforms or badges are blue; "the Union army was a vast blue" organization , organisation - a group of people who work together Union Army - the northern army during the American Civil War 4. sky - the atmosphere and outer space as viewed from the earth 5. dye , dyestuff - a usually soluble substance for staining or coloring e.g. fabrics or hair 6. blue - the sodium salt of amobarbital that is used as a barbiturate; used as a sedative and a hypnotic amobarbital - a barbiturate with sedative and hypnotic effects; used to relieve insomnia and as an anticonvulsant 7. blue - any of numerous small butterflies of the family Lycaenidae lycaenid , lycaenid butterfly - any of various butterflies of the family Lycaenidae genus Lycaena , Lycaena - type genus of the Lycaenidae; small slender butterflies with upper surface of wings usually metallic blue or green or copper Verb discolour , discolor , color , colour - change color, often in an undesired manner; "The shirts discolored" Adj. 1. blue - of the color intermediate between green and violet; having a color similar to that of a clear unclouded sky; "October's bright blue weather"- Helen Hunt Jackson; "a blue flame"; "blue haze of tobacco smoke" chromatic - being or having or characterized by hue 2. blue - used to signify the Union forces in the American Civil War (who wore blue uniforms); "a ragged blue line" northern - in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line; "Northern liberals"; "northern industry"; "northern cities" 3. blue - filled with melancholy and despondency ; "gloomy at the thought of what he had to face"; "gloomy predictions"; "a gloomy silence"; "took a grim view of the economy"; "the darkening mood"; "lonely and blue in a strange city"; "depressed by the loss of his job"; "a dispirited and resigned expression on her face"; "downcast after his defeat"; "feeling discouraged and downhearted" dejected - affected or marked by low spirits; "is dejected but trying to look cheerful" 4. dirty - (of behavior or especially language) characterized by obscenity or indecency; "dirty words"; "a dirty old man"; "dirty books and movies"; "boys telling dirty jokes"; "has a dirty mouth" 5. blue - suggestive of sexual impropriety; "a blue movie"; "blue jokes"; "he skips asterisks and gives you the gamy details"; "a juicy scandal"; "a naughty wink"; "naughty words"; "racy anecdotes"; "a risque story"; "spicy gossip" sexy - marked by or tending to arouse sexual desire or interest; "feeling sexy"; "sexy clothes"; "sexy poses"; "a sexy book"; "sexy jokes" 6. blue - belonging to or characteristic of the nobility or aristocracy; "an aristocratic family"; "aristocratic Bostonians"; "aristocratic government"; "a blue family"; "blue blood"; "the blue-blooded aristocracy"; "of gentle blood"; "patrician landholders of the American South"; "aristocratic bearing"; "aristocratic features"; "patrician tastes" noble - of or belonging to or constituting the hereditary aristocracy especially as derived from feudal times; "of noble birth" 7. blue - morally rigorous and strict; "the puritan work ethic"; "puritanic distaste for alcohol"; "she was anything but puritanical in her behavior" nonindulgent , strict - characterized by strictness, severity, or restraint 8. blue - causing dejection; "a blue day"; "the dark days of the war"; "a week of rainy depressing weather"; "a disconsolate winter landscape"; "the first dismal dispiriting days of November"; "a dark gloomy day"; "grim rainy weather" cheerless , depressing , uncheerful - causing sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy; "the economic outlook is depressing"; "something cheerless about the room"; "a moody and uncheerful person"; "an uncheerful place" blue adjective smutty decent , respectable plural noun 1. depression , gloom , melancholy , unhappiness , despondency , the hump (Brit. informal), dejection , moodiness , low spirits , the dumps (informal), doldrums , gloominess , glumness Interfering in-laws are the prime sources of the blues. Related words adjective cyanic Shades of blue aqua, aquamarine, azure, Cambridge blue, cerulean, clear blue, cobalt blue, Copenhagen blue, cyan, duck-egg blue, electric blue, gentian blue, heliotrope, indigo, lapis lazuli, midnight blue, navy blue, Nile blue, Oxford blue, peacock blue, periwinkle, perse, petrol blue, pewter, royal blue, sapphire, saxe blue, sky blue, steel blue, teal, turquoise, ultramarine, Wedgwood blue blue adjective 1. In low spirits: Idiom: down at the mouth. 2. Dark and depressing: أَزْرَق أزْرَقالسَّماءُ أو البَحْراللون الأزرقحَزين، كَئيب син bloga nuotaikabrėžinysdepresijafizinio darbo darbininkaskaip perkūnas iš giedro dangaus zilsdrūmsjūramateriāls zilā krāsānomākts mavi mavi boya efkârlı gökyüzü ya da denizhüzünlü نیلانیلى blue with cold → amoratado de frío once in a blue moon → de Pascuas a Ramos you can shout till you're blue in the face → puedes gritar hasta hartarte to go like a blue streak (US) → ir como un rayo to talk like a blue streak (US) → hablar muy deprisa 3. (Chem) → añil m 4. the blue (= sky) → el cielo ; (= sea) → el mar he said out of the blue → dijo de repente , dijo inesperadamente 5. blues (Mus) → blues m; (= feeling) → melancolía f, tristeza f he's got the blues → está deprimido 6. Dark/Light Blue (Brit) (Univ) → deportista mf representante de Oxford / Cambridge C. VT 1. [+ washing] → añilar , dar azulete a 2. (Brit) (= squander) → despilfarrar blue blood N → sangre f azul blue book N (US) (Scol) → cuaderno m de exámenes blue cheese N → queso m de pasta verde blue chips NPL = blue-chip securities see blue-chip blue jeans NPL → tejanos mpl, vaqueros mpl blue pencil N → lápiz m negro (en la censura) see also blue-pencil Blue Peter N (Naut) → bandera f de salida blue whale N → ballena f azul blue whiting N → bacaladilla f blue a blue dress → une robe bleue to have blue eyes → avoir les yeux bleus once in a blue moon (= hardly ever) → tous les trente-six du mois (= unhappy) [person] → cafardeux/euse, triste (= pornographic) [film] → porno inv; [joke] → cochon (ne) n (= colour) → bleu m out of the blue [happen, come] → à l'improviste , sans qu'on s'y attende It came out of the blue → C'est arrivé à l'improviste., C'est arrivé sans qu'on s'y attende . see also blues blue baby n → enfant mf bleu (e) blue adj (+er) → blau ; blue with cold → blau vor Kälte ; until you’re blue in the face (inf) → bis zum Gehtnichtmehr (inf), → bis zum Erbrechen (inf); once in a blue moon → alle Jubeljahre (einmal); like a blue streak (inf) → wie ein geölter Blitz (inf); into the wide or wild blue yonder → weit weit weg (inf: = miserable) → melancholisch , trübsinnig ; to feel blue → den Moralischen haben (inf); to look blue → traurig aussehen (inf: = obscene) language → derb , nicht salonfähig ; joke → schlüpfrig ; film → Porno- , Sex- ; the air was blue (with oaths) → da habe ich/hat er etc vielleicht geflucht (inf) (Pol) → konservativ n → Blau nt; the boys in blue (inf: = police) → die Polizei pl, → die Grünen pl (dated inf) (liter, = sky) → Himmel m; out of the blue (fig inf) → aus heiterem Himmel (inf) (Pol) → Konservative (r) mf (inf) the blues pl (= depression) → der Moralische (inf); to have the blues → den Moralischen haben (inf) (Mus) the blues pl → der Blues ; a blues sing → ein Blues (Univ Sport) Student von Oxford oder Cambridge, der bei Wettkämpfen seine Universität vertritt (oder vertreten hat); (= colours) blaue Mütze, Symbol dafür, dass man seine Universität in Wettkämpfen vertreten hat vt (inf, = spend) → auf den Kopf hauen (inf) → (on für) blue n → Baby nt → mit angeborenem Herzfehler Bluebeard n → Sternhyazinthe f; (Scot: = harebell) → Glockenblume f blue beret n → Blau- or Heidelbeere f bluebird (US: = list of prominent people) → ˜ Who ’s Who nt (US: = used-car price list) → Gebrauchtwagenpreisliste f, → ˜ Schwacke- Liste f bluebottle n → Blauschimmelkäse m blue-chip adj → erstklassig ; shares also → Blue-Chip-; investment → sicher ; blue company → Blue-Chip-Firma f, seriöses Unternehmen mit guter Finanzlage blue-collar adj blue worker/union/jobs → Arbeiter m → /Arbeitergewerkschaft f → /Stellen pl → für Arbeiter blue-eyed adj → blauäugig ; somebody’s blue boy (fig) → jds Liebling (sjunge) m blue helmet n → Blauhelm m bluejacket n (dated inf) → Matrose m; to join the blues → zu den blauen Jungs gehen (dated inf) blue jeans n (US: Typ) → Blaupause f blue vt (= edit, revise) → korrigieren ; (= delete) → ausstreichen blue peter n (Naut) → Blauer Peter blueprint n → Blaupause f; (fig) → Plan m, → Entwurf m; do I have to draw you a blue? (inf) → muss ich dir erst ’ne Zeichnung machen ? (inf) blue rib(b)and n with her blue → mit ihrem silberblau getönten Haar bluestocking adj (Navy) blue fleet/ship → Hochseeflotte f → /-schiff nt blue whale a. (light blue) → azzurro/a, celeste ; (darker) → blu inv bright blue → bluette inv once in a blue moon → a ogni morte di papa you can talk till you're blue in the face → puoi parlare fino a domani to be in a blue funk (old) → avere una fifa nera b. (obscene, film, book) → porno inv; (joke) → sporco/a, sconcio/a c. (fam) (sad) to feel blue → sentirsi giù 2. n (colour) (see adj) → azzurro , celeste m, blu m inv the blue (sky) → l'azzurro out of the blue (fig) → all'improvviso blue (bluː) adjective 1. of the colour of a cloudless sky. blue paint; Her eyes are blue. blou أزْرَق син azul modrý blau blå μπλε , γαλάζιος azul sinine آبی sininen bleu כחל , כחול नीला plavo kék biru blár litur blu , azzurro 青い 파란색의 mėlynas zils biru blauw blå niebieski اوبیز azul albastru голубой, синий modrý moder plav blå ฟ้า; น้ำเงิน mavi 天藍色的 синій; блакитний نیلا xanh 天蓝色的 2. sad or depressed. I'm feeling blue today. af, depressief حَزين، كَئيب унил deprimido sklíčený, smutný niedergeschlagen sein i dårligt humør; deprimeret μελαγχολικός triste , deprimido , melancólico kurvameelne محزون؛ دلگیر surullinen déprimé דכאון, דיכאון दुखी भावना potišten rosszkedvű sedih dapur depresso 憂うつな 우울한 liūdnas, prislėgtas drūms; nomākts sedih zwaarmoedig nedfor , «deppa», utafor przygnębiony نیولی خپه deprimido trist подавленный, в состоянии хандры sklesnutý potrt tužan nere, deppig เศร้าใจ efkârlı , hüzünlü, kederli 沮喪的 понурий, засмучений افسردہ ، اداس chán nản 沮丧的 noun 1. the colour of a cloudless sky. That is a beautiful blue. blou اللون الأزرق син, лазурен azul modř, modrá barva das Blau blå το γαλάζιο χρώμα azul sinine رنگ آبی sininen bleu כחל , כחול नीला रंग modrina (kék) ég warna langit cerah himinblámi blu , azzurro 青色 하늘색 mėlynumas, žydrumas zila krāsa langit biru blauw blå lazur نیلی رنګ azul albastru голубой, синий цвет modrá farba sinjina plavetnilo blå färg, blått สีฟ้า; สีน้ำเงิน mavi 天藍色 синій колір آسمانی رنگ màu xanh 天蓝色 2. a blue paint, material etc. We'll have to get some more blue. blou دِهانٌ أزْرَق синьо azul modř, modrá barva das Blau blå(t) υλικό μπλε χρώματος (π.χ. μπογιά) azul sinine رنگدانۀ آبی sininen bleu צבע כחל, כחול एक नीला पेंट या सामग्री plava boja kék (szín) cat biru blá málning blu 青の絵具 청색 물감 mėlyni dažai materiāls zilā krāsā cat biru blauw blått błękit نیلی رنګدانه azul albastru голубой, синий цвет modrá farba modra barva plava farba blå, blått สีฟ้า; สีน้ำเงิน mavi boya 藍顏料 синя фарба روغن کا رنگ phẩm xanh, sơn xanh 蓝颜料 3. the sky or the sea. The balloon floated off into the blue. bloute السَّماءُ أو البَحْر море, небе azul modro, modrojas das Blau ud i det blå ουρανός , θάλασσα cielo ; mar taevas, meri آسمان؛ دریا meri tai taivas ciel הַיָם, הַשָׁמַים आसमान या समुद्र plavetnilo (kék) ég, (kék) tenger langit himin-/hafblámi cielo ; mare 空, 海 하늘, 바다 mėlynė zilgme; jūra biru lucht , zee himmelen błękit اسمان ، سیند azul cer небо ; море diaľka modrina plavetnilo det blå ท้องฟ้าหรือทะเล gökyüzü ya da deniz 藍天，碧海 небо; море آسمان یا سمندر bầu trời, biển cả 蓝天，碧海 ˈblueness noun blouerigheid زُرْقَه син цвят azul modř die Bläue det at være blåfarvet; det at være i dårligt humør το μπλε χρώμα ως ιδιότητα azul , lo azul sina حزن؛ اندوه sinisyys bleu עצבות , דכדוך नीलापन plavetnilo, modrina kékség biru blámi; blár litur azzurro 青さ 푸름 mėlynumas zilums kebiruan blauwheid det å være blåfarget; nedtrykthet błękit غم ، اندیښنه azul albăstreală синева modrosť sinjina plavetnilo blåhet ความเป็นสีฟ้าหรือสีน้ำเงิน mavilik 藍色 синява, блакитність نیلاہٹ sự buồn chán 蓝色 ˈbluish adjective quite blue; close to blue. a bluish green. blou مائِلٌ إلى الزُّرْقَه синкав azulado modravý, namodralý bläulich blålig; blå- γαλαζωπός azulado sinakas مایل به آبی sinertävä bleuâtre כחלחל नीलापन लिए plavo kékes kebiru-biruan bláleitur bluastro , azzurrognolo 青みがかった 푸르스름한 melsvas zilgans kebiru-biruan blauwachtig blålig niebieskawy نیلی ته ورته azulado albăstrui, albăstriu голубоватый, синеватый modravý modrikast plavkast blåaktig ซึ่งเป็นสีฟ้าหรือสีน้ำเงิน mavimtrak 帶藍色的 синюватий نیلاہٹ بھرا hơi xanh 带蓝色的 ˈbluebottle noun a kind of large house-fly with a blue abdomen. brommer ذُبابَةٌ زَرْقاء вид голяма синя муха varejeira masařka der Brummer spyflue κρεατόμυγα moscón lihakärbes نوعی خرمگس lihakärpänen mouche bleue זְבוּב הַתּכֶלֶת मक्खी muha zujara húslégy lalat besar fiskifluga, maðkafluga, húsfluga moscone azzurro あおばえ 청파리 mėsinė musė zilā muša langau biru bromvlieg spyflue mucha mięsna یوډول خرمچ varejeira muscă albastră трупная муха mäsiarka mesarska muha vrsta muve spyfluga แมลงวันหัวเขียว mavi at sineği 青蠅 м'ясна муха نیلے رنگ کی مکھی nhặng xanh 蓝丽蝇，绿头大苍蝇 ˈbluecollar adjective (of workers) wearing overalls and working in factories etc. Blue collar workers are demanding the same pay as office staff. blouboordjie أصْحابُ الياقَةِ الزَّرْقاء: العَمّال работнически operário dělnický blauer Arbeitsanzug industri-; fabriks-; special- εργάτης εργοστασίου obrero sinikrae- کارگران فنی و نیمه فنی sinikauluksinen col bleu צַווָארוֹן כָּחוֹל शारीरिक श्रम करने वाले श्रमिक fizički, industrijski fizikai munkás pekerja kasar verkamanna-, iðnverkamanna- operaio 筋肉労働者の 육체 노동의 fizinio darbo darbininkas fiziska darba [] pekerja kolar biru hand- , handen- arbeider- pracownik fizyczny مسلکی او نیمه مسلکی کارکوونکی operário salahor, care munceşte cu braţele производственный рабочий, синий воротничок robotnícky delovni pajac radnički arbetar- ซึ่งเป็นชนชั้นแรงงาน işçi sınıfından 藍領(勞工)階級 робітничої професії فیکٹری میں کام کرنے والے lao động chân tay 蓝领（工人）阶级的，体力劳动的 ˈblueprint noun a detailed photographic plan of work to be carried out. the blueprints for a new aircraft. bloudruk مُخَطَّطٌ تَفْصيلي подробен план/проект/описание planta plán, nákres die Blaupause blåtryk προσχέδιο anteproyecto sinikoopia, plaan نقشۀ کلی pohjapiirros bleu תרשים अन्तिम रूप-रेखा nacrt tervrajz rancangan áætlun, uppdráttur progetto 青写真 청사진 brėžinys, planas plāns; projekts merangka tindak blauwdruk plan ; blåkopi, lyskopi projekt بشپړه نقشه plano plan, schiţă светокопия (technicky) modrák načrt plan planritning, utkast พิมพ์เขียว ozalit kopya 藍圖 детальний проект, план کام کرنے کے لئے مفصل نقشہ bản kế hoạch 蓝图 once in a blue moon very seldom. He visits his mother once in a blue moon. selde نادِرٌ، قَلَّمـا يَحْدُث много рядко raramente jednou za uherský rok alle Jubeljahre sjældent μια στο τόσο de higos a brevas haruharva به ندرت؛ تقریباً هرگز hyvin harvoin tous les trente-six du mois פָּעַם בְּיוֹבֵל कभी-कभार vrlo rijetko hébe-hóba jarang sekali mjög sjaldan di rado , ogni morte di papa ごくまれに 아주 드물게 labai retai ļoti reti sangat jarang een hoogstenkele keer en gang hvert jubelår bardzo rzadko, raz od wielkiego święta په ندرت سره، تقریباْ هیڅ raramente din an în Paşti очень редко raz za uhorský rok na vsake kvatre enkrat veoma retko sällan eller aldrig ไม่บ่อย kırk yılda bir, pek ender 千載難逢 дуже рідко کبھی کبھار hiếm khi 千载难逢 out of the blue without warning. He arrived out of the blue, without phoning first. uit die bloute فَجْأه، على غَيْرِ انتِظار изведнъж de surpresa z čista jasna, znenadání aus heiterem Himmel uden varsel απροειδοποίητα , ξαφνικά como caído del cielo, de improviso nagu välk selgest taevast ناگهان؛ غیرمنتظره äkkiarvaamatta à l'improviste פתאום बिना कोई खोज-खबर दिए iznenada hirtelen tiba-tiba úr heiðskíru lofti, öllum að óvörum all'improvviso 出し抜けに 불시에 kaip perkūnas iš giedro dangaus pēkšņi; bez brīdinājuma tiba-tiba datang onverwacht uten varsel niespodziewanie , ni stąd ni zowąd نا څاپه ، غیرمتراقبه de surpresa pe neaşteptate внезапно , без предупреждения znenazdania kar na lepem iznenada utan förvarning, helt oväntat ไม่ได้บอกล่วงหน้า ansızın , beklenmedik bir zamanda, pat diye 突然地 несподівано; як грім з неба اچانک ، دفعۃً hoàn toàn bất ngờ 突然地 the blues low spirits; depression. He's got the blues today but he's usually cheerful. depressiwiteit, terneergedruktheid كآبه отчаяние depressão smutná/mrzutá nálada die Schwermut melankoli; tungsind μελαγχολία , κατήφεια melancolía , depresión masendus افسرده؛ غمگین masentuneisuus cafard בְּלוּז अवसाद, मायूसी melankolija rossz hangulat tekanan jiwa þunglyndi depressione 気のふさぎ 우울함 bloga/prislėgta nuotaika, depresija grūtsirdība; depresija sugul zwaarmoedigheid melankoli , tungsinn chandra خپه، انديښمن depressão deprimare, tristeţe хандра zlá nálada potrtost tuga deppighet, [vara] deppig ความเศร้าเสียใจ hüzün , iç sıkıntısı 憂鬱，垂頭喪氣 меланхолія, нудьга رنجیدہ ہونا، مایوس ہونا sự buồn chán 忧郁，垂头丧气 blue → أَزْرَق modrý blå blau γαλάζιος azul sininen bleu plav blu 青い 파란 blauw blå niebieski azul голубой blå สีฟ้า mavi xanh da trời 蓝色的 blue	Azure
Axilla is the scientific term for which part of the body?	Blued - definition of blued by The Free Dictionary Blued - definition of blued by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/blued (blo͞o) n. 1. The hue of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between green and indigo, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 420 to 490 nanometers; any of a group of colors that may vary in lightness and saturation, whose hue is that of a clear daytime sky; one of the additive or light primaries; one of the psychological primary hues. 2. a. A pigment or dye imparting this hue. b. Bluing. a. An object having this hue. b. Dress or clothing of this hue: The ushers wore blue. 4. a. A person who wears a blue uniform. b. blues A dress blue uniform, especially that of the US Army. 5. often Blue a. A member of the Union Army in the Civil War. b. The Union Army. 7. Any of various small blue butterflies of the family Lycaenidae. 8. adj. blu·er, blu·est 1. Of the color blue. 2. Bluish or having parts that are blue or bluish, as the blue spruce and the blue whale. 3. Having a gray or purplish color, as from cold or contusion. 4. Wearing blue. 5. Being a trail, as for skiing, marked with a sign having a blue square, indicating an intermediate level of difficulty. 6. Relating to or being a blue state. 7. a. Gloomy; depressed. See Synonyms at depressed . b. Dismal; dreary: a blue day. 8. Puritanical; strict. 10. Indecent; risqué: a blue joke; a blue movie. tr. & intr.v. blued, blu·ing, blues To make or become blue. Idioms: blue in the face At the point of extreme exasperation: I argued with them until I was blue in the face. into the blue At a far distance; into the unknown: spontaneously take a trip into the blue. out of the blue 1. From an unexpected or unforeseen source: criticism that came out of the blue. 2. At a completely unexpected time: a long-unseen friend who appeared out of the blue. [Middle English blue, bleu, from Old French bleu, of Germanic origin; see bhel-1 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] blue′ly adv. (bluː) n 1. (Colours) any of a group of colours, such as that of a clear unclouded sky, that have wavelengths in the range 490–445 nanometres. Blue is the complementary colour of yellow and with red and green forms a set of primary colours. 2. (Dyeing) a dye or pigment of any of these colours 3. (Textiles) blue cloth or clothing: dressed in blue. 4. (Education) a. a sportsperson who represents or has represented Oxford or Cambridge University and has the right to wear the university colour (dark blue for Oxford, light blue for Cambridge): an Oxford blue. b. the honour of so representing one's university 5. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) Brit an informal name for Tory 6. (Animals) any of numerous small blue-winged butterflies of the genera Lampides, Polyommatus, etc: family Lycaenidae 7. archaic short for bluestocking 8. slang a policeman 9. (Archery) archery a blue ring on a target, between the red and the black, scoring five points 10. (Billiards & Snooker) a blue ball in snooker, etc 11. (Dyeing) another name for blueing 12. slang Austral and NZ an argument or fight: he had a blue with a taxi driver. 13. (Law) slang Also: bluey Austral and NZ a court summons, esp for a traffic offence 14. informal Austral and NZ a mistake; error 15. out of the blue apparently from nowhere; unexpectedly: the opportunity came out of the blue. 16. into the blue into the unknown or the far distance adj, bluer or bluest 17. (Colours) of the colour blue 18. (of the flesh) having a purple tinge, as from cold or contusion 19. depressed, moody, or unhappy 20. dismal or depressing: a blue day. 21. indecent, titillating, or pornographic: blue films. 22. (Animals) bluish in colour or having parts or marks that are bluish: a blue fox; a blue whale. 23. rare aristocratic; noble; patrician: a blue family. See blue blood 24. US relating to, supporting, or representing the Democratic Party. Compare red 118 vb, blues, blueing, bluing or blued 25. to make, dye, or become blue 26. (Dyeing) (tr) to treat (laundry) with blueing 27. (tr) slang to spend extravagantly or wastefully; squander [C13: from Old French bleu, of Germanic origin; compare Old Norse blār, Old High German blāo, Middle Dutch blā; related to Latin flāvus yellow] ˈbluely adv informal Austral a nickname for a person with red hair blue n. 1. the pure color of a clear sky; the primary color between green and violet in the visible spectrum, an effect of light with a wavelength between 450 and 500 nm. 3. something having a blue color. 4. a person wearing blue or belonging to a group identified by some blue symbol. 5. (often cap.) a member of the Union army in the American Civil War, or the army itself. Compare gray 1 (def. 11). 7. any of several blue-winged butterflies of the family Lycaenidae. 8. Brit. and Canadian. (often cap.) Tory (def. 1). 9. the blue, 10. of the color blue. 11. (of the skin) discolored by cold, contusion, fear, or vascular collapse. 12. depressed in spirits; dejected; melancholy. 13. holding or offering little hope; dismal; bleak: a blue outlook. 14. adhering to or stemming from rigid moral or religious observance; puritanical. 15. indecent; suggestive or obscene; risqué: a blue joke. 16. marked by blasphemy: The air was blue with oaths. v.t. 17. to make blue; dye a blue color. 18. to tinge with bluing. v.i. 19. to become or turn blue. Idioms: 1. blue in the face, at an extreme point of frustration, irritation, discouragement, etc.: to argue till one is blue in the face. 2. out of the blue, suddenly and unexpectedly. [1250–1300; Middle English blewe < Anglo-French blew, bl(i)u blue, livid, Old French blo, blau < Germanic *blǣwaz] blue′ly, adv. Blue and delicate as spring sky reflected in an old window —Elizabeth Spencer (Eyes) blue as chicory in bloom —Ed McBain (Sky … ) blue as a robin’s egg —Lee Smith Blue as a brochure sea —William McIlvanney Blue as a jay bird’s wing —Ellen Glasgow (Eyes as) blue as a peacock’s neck —Flannery O’Connor (Sky … ) blue as a staring Northern eye —Elizabeth Enright Blue as autumn mist —Thomas Hardy (Eyes as) blue as corn-flowers —Lawrence Durrell (Sea and sky are a matched set,) blue as delftware —T. Coraghessan Boyle (Eyes) blue as heaven —Lord Byron Other famous poets to link heaven and the color blue include Christina Rossetti with “Saphires shining blue as heaven” and Percy Bysshe Shelley with “Blue as the overhanging heaven.” For everyday usage there’s “Blue as the sky.” Blue as hyacinths —Richard Ford Blue as melancholy —Anon (Sky) blue as the core of a match flame —George Garrett Blue as the decks of the sea —Dame Edith Sitwell Blue as the glimpses of sea beyond —John Greenleaf Whittier Blue as the nose that graduate drunkards wear —Don Marquis Blue as the sky —American colloquialism, attributed to New England Blue as with the cold —Israel Zangwill Blue like a corpse —Nikolai V. Gogol Blue [of a repelling place] … like the color of the lips of an asthmatic plumber dying of lead poisoning who has put himself out of his misery with cyanide —Gerald Kersh Blue like the last thundercloud of a tempest dispersed —Alexander Pushkin Pale blues like old people’s eyes —Edna O’Brien blue I will have been blueing/bluing you will have been blueing/bluing he/she/it will have been blueing/bluing we will have been blueing/bluing you will have been blueing/bluing they will have been blueing/bluing Past Perfect Continuous Noun 1. blue - blue color or pigment; resembling the color of the clear sky in the daytime; "he had eyes of bright blue" azure , cerulean , lazuline , sky-blue , sapphire - a light shade of blue powder blue - a pale blue color with grey in it purplish blue , royal blue - a shade of blue tinged with purple ultramarine - a vivid blue to purple-blue color 2. blue - blue clothing; "she was wearing blue" article of clothing , clothing , habiliment , wearable , vesture , wear - a covering designed to be worn on a person's body 3. blue - any organization or party whose uniforms or badges are blue; "the Union army was a vast blue" organization , organisation - a group of people who work together Union Army - the northern army during the American Civil War 4. sky - the atmosphere and outer space as viewed from the earth 5. dye , dyestuff - a usually soluble substance for staining or coloring e.g. fabrics or hair 6. blue - the sodium salt of amobarbital that is used as a barbiturate; used as a sedative and a hypnotic amobarbital - a barbiturate with sedative and hypnotic effects; used to relieve insomnia and as an anticonvulsant 7. blue - any of numerous small butterflies of the family Lycaenidae lycaenid , lycaenid butterfly - any of various butterflies of the family Lycaenidae genus Lycaena , Lycaena - type genus of the Lycaenidae; small slender butterflies with upper surface of wings usually metallic blue or green or copper Verb discolour , discolor , color , colour - change color, often in an undesired manner; "The shirts discolored" Adj. 1. blue - of the color intermediate between green and violet; having a color similar to that of a clear unclouded sky; "October's bright blue weather"- Helen Hunt Jackson; "a blue flame"; "blue haze of tobacco smoke" chromatic - being or having or characterized by hue 2. blue - used to signify the Union forces in the American Civil War (who wore blue uniforms); "a ragged blue line" northern - in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line; "Northern liberals"; "northern industry"; "northern cities" 3. blue - filled with melancholy and despondency ; "gloomy at the thought of what he had to face"; "gloomy predictions"; "a gloomy silence"; "took a grim view of the economy"; "the darkening mood"; "lonely and blue in a strange city"; "depressed by the loss of his job"; "a dispirited and resigned expression on her face"; "downcast after his defeat"; "feeling discouraged and downhearted" dejected - affected or marked by low spirits; "is dejected but trying to look cheerful" 4. dirty - (of behavior or especially language) characterized by obscenity or indecency; "dirty words"; "a dirty old man"; "dirty books and movies"; "boys telling dirty jokes"; "has a dirty mouth" 5. blue - suggestive of sexual impropriety; "a blue movie"; "blue jokes"; "he skips asterisks and gives you the gamy details"; "a juicy scandal"; "a naughty wink"; "naughty words"; "racy anecdotes"; "a risque story"; "spicy gossip" sexy - marked by or tending to arouse sexual desire or interest; "feeling sexy"; "sexy clothes"; "sexy poses"; "a sexy book"; "sexy jokes" 6. blue - belonging to or characteristic of the nobility or aristocracy; "an aristocratic family"; "aristocratic Bostonians"; "aristocratic government"; "a blue family"; "blue blood"; "the blue-blooded aristocracy"; "of gentle blood"; "patrician landholders of the American South"; "aristocratic bearing"; "aristocratic features"; "patrician tastes" noble - of or belonging to or constituting the hereditary aristocracy especially as derived from feudal times; "of noble birth" 7. blue - morally rigorous and strict; "the puritan work ethic"; "puritanic distaste for alcohol"; "she was anything but puritanical in her behavior" nonindulgent , strict - characterized by strictness, severity, or restraint 8. blue - causing dejection; "a blue day"; "the dark days of the war"; "a week of rainy depressing weather"; "a disconsolate winter landscape"; "the first dismal dispiriting days of November"; "a dark gloomy day"; "grim rainy weather" cheerless , depressing , uncheerful - causing sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy; "the economic outlook is depressing"; "something cheerless about the room"; "a moody and uncheerful person"; "an uncheerful place" blue adjective smutty decent , respectable plural noun 1. depression , gloom , melancholy , unhappiness , despondency , the hump (Brit. informal), dejection , moodiness , low spirits , the dumps (informal), doldrums , gloominess , glumness Interfering in-laws are the prime sources of the blues. Related words adjective cyanic Shades of blue aqua, aquamarine, azure, Cambridge blue, cerulean, clear blue, cobalt blue, Copenhagen blue, cyan, duck-egg blue, electric blue, gentian blue, heliotrope, indigo, lapis lazuli, midnight blue, navy blue, Nile blue, Oxford blue, peacock blue, periwinkle, perse, petrol blue, pewter, royal blue, sapphire, saxe blue, sky blue, steel blue, teal, turquoise, ultramarine, Wedgwood blue blue adjective 1. In low spirits: Idiom: down at the mouth. 2. Dark and depressing: أَزْرَق أزْرَقالسَّماءُ أو البَحْراللون الأزرقحَزين، كَئيب син bloga nuotaikabrėžinysdepresijafizinio darbo darbininkaskaip perkūnas iš giedro dangaus zilsdrūmsjūramateriāls zilā krāsānomākts mavi mavi boya efkârlı gökyüzü ya da denizhüzünlü نیلانیلى blue with cold → amoratado de frío once in a blue moon → de Pascuas a Ramos you can shout till you're blue in the face → puedes gritar hasta hartarte to go like a blue streak (US) → ir como un rayo to talk like a blue streak (US) → hablar muy deprisa 3. (Chem) → añil m 4. the blue (= sky) → el cielo ; (= sea) → el mar he said out of the blue → dijo de repente , dijo inesperadamente 5. blues (Mus) → blues m; (= feeling) → melancolía f, tristeza f he's got the blues → está deprimido 6. Dark/Light Blue (Brit) (Univ) → deportista mf representante de Oxford / Cambridge C. VT 1. [+ washing] → añilar , dar azulete a 2. (Brit) (= squander) → despilfarrar blue blood N → sangre f azul blue book N (US) (Scol) → cuaderno m de exámenes blue cheese N → queso m de pasta verde blue chips NPL = blue-chip securities see blue-chip blue jeans NPL → tejanos mpl, vaqueros mpl blue pencil N → lápiz m negro (en la censura) see also blue-pencil Blue Peter N (Naut) → bandera f de salida blue whale N → ballena f azul blue whiting N → bacaladilla f blue a blue dress → une robe bleue to have blue eyes → avoir les yeux bleus once in a blue moon (= hardly ever) → tous les trente-six du mois (= unhappy) [person] → cafardeux/euse, triste (= pornographic) [film] → porno inv; [joke] → cochon (ne) n (= colour) → bleu m out of the blue [happen, come] → à l'improviste , sans qu'on s'y attende It came out of the blue → C'est arrivé à l'improviste., C'est arrivé sans qu'on s'y attende . see also blues blue baby n → enfant mf bleu (e) blue adj (+er) → blau ; blue with cold → blau vor Kälte ; until you’re blue in the face (inf) → bis zum Gehtnichtmehr (inf), → bis zum Erbrechen (inf); once in a blue moon → alle Jubeljahre (einmal); like a blue streak (inf) → wie ein geölter Blitz (inf); into the wide or wild blue yonder → weit weit weg (inf: = miserable) → melancholisch , trübsinnig ; to feel blue → den Moralischen haben (inf); to look blue → traurig aussehen (inf: = obscene) language → derb , nicht salonfähig ; joke → schlüpfrig ; film → Porno- , Sex- ; the air was blue (with oaths) → da habe ich/hat er etc vielleicht geflucht (inf) (Pol) → konservativ n → Blau nt; the boys in blue (inf: = police) → die Polizei pl, → die Grünen pl (dated inf) (liter, = sky) → Himmel m; out of the blue (fig inf) → aus heiterem Himmel (inf) (Pol) → Konservative (r) mf (inf) the blues pl (= depression) → der Moralische (inf); to have the blues → den Moralischen haben (inf) (Mus) the blues pl → der Blues ; a blues sing → ein Blues (Univ Sport) Student von Oxford oder Cambridge, der bei Wettkämpfen seine Universität vertritt (oder vertreten hat); (= colours) blaue Mütze, Symbol dafür, dass man seine Universität in Wettkämpfen vertreten hat vt (inf, = spend) → auf den Kopf hauen (inf) → (on für) blue n → Baby nt → mit angeborenem Herzfehler Bluebeard n → Sternhyazinthe f; (Scot: = harebell) → Glockenblume f blue beret n → Blau- or Heidelbeere f bluebird (US: = list of prominent people) → ˜ Who ’s Who nt (US: = used-car price list) → Gebrauchtwagenpreisliste f, → ˜ Schwacke- Liste f bluebottle n → Blauschimmelkäse m blue-chip adj → erstklassig ; shares also → Blue-Chip-; investment → sicher ; blue company → Blue-Chip-Firma f, seriöses Unternehmen mit guter Finanzlage blue-collar adj blue worker/union/jobs → Arbeiter m → /Arbeitergewerkschaft f → /Stellen pl → für Arbeiter blue-eyed adj → blauäugig ; somebody’s blue boy (fig) → jds Liebling (sjunge) m blue helmet n → Blauhelm m bluejacket n (dated inf) → Matrose m; to join the blues → zu den blauen Jungs gehen (dated inf) blue jeans n (US: Typ) → Blaupause f blue vt (= edit, revise) → korrigieren ; (= delete) → ausstreichen blue peter n (Naut) → Blauer Peter blueprint n → Blaupause f; (fig) → Plan m, → Entwurf m; do I have to draw you a blue? (inf) → muss ich dir erst ’ne Zeichnung machen ? (inf) blue rib(b)and n with her blue → mit ihrem silberblau getönten Haar bluestocking adj (Navy) blue fleet/ship → Hochseeflotte f → /-schiff nt blue whale a. (light blue) → azzurro/a, celeste ; (darker) → blu inv bright blue → bluette inv once in a blue moon → a ogni morte di papa you can talk till you're blue in the face → puoi parlare fino a domani to be in a blue funk (old) → avere una fifa nera b. (obscene, film, book) → porno inv; (joke) → sporco/a, sconcio/a c. (fam) (sad) to feel blue → sentirsi giù 2. n (colour) (see adj) → azzurro , celeste m, blu m inv the blue (sky) → l'azzurro out of the blue (fig) → all'improvviso blue (bluː) adjective 1. of the colour of a cloudless sky. blue paint; Her eyes are blue. blou أزْرَق син azul modrý blau blå μπλε , γαλάζιος azul sinine آبی sininen bleu כחל , כחול नीला plavo kék biru blár litur blu , azzurro 青い 파란색의 mėlynas zils biru blauw blå niebieski اوبیز azul albastru голубой, синий modrý moder plav blå ฟ้า; น้ำเงิน mavi 天藍色的 синій; блакитний نیلا xanh 天蓝色的 2. sad or depressed. I'm feeling blue today. af, depressief حَزين، كَئيب унил deprimido sklíčený, smutný niedergeschlagen sein i dårligt humør; deprimeret μελαγχολικός triste , deprimido , melancólico kurvameelne محزون؛ دلگیر surullinen déprimé דכאון, דיכאון दुखी भावना potišten rosszkedvű sedih dapur depresso 憂うつな 우울한 liūdnas, prislėgtas drūms; nomākts sedih zwaarmoedig nedfor , «deppa», utafor przygnębiony نیولی خپه deprimido trist подавленный, в состоянии хандры sklesnutý potrt tužan nere, deppig เศร้าใจ efkârlı , hüzünlü, kederli 沮喪的 понурий, засмучений افسردہ ، اداس chán nản 沮丧的 noun 1. the colour of a cloudless sky. That is a beautiful blue. blou اللون الأزرق син, лазурен azul modř, modrá barva das Blau blå το γαλάζιο χρώμα azul sinine رنگ آبی sininen bleu כחל , כחול नीला रंग modrina (kék) ég warna langit cerah himinblámi blu , azzurro 青色 하늘색 mėlynumas, žydrumas zila krāsa langit biru blauw blå lazur نیلی رنګ azul albastru голубой, синий цвет modrá farba sinjina plavetnilo blå färg, blått สีฟ้า; สีน้ำเงิน mavi 天藍色 синій колір آسمانی رنگ màu xanh 天蓝色 2. a blue paint, material etc. We'll have to get some more blue. blou دِهانٌ أزْرَق синьо azul modř, modrá barva das Blau blå(t) υλικό μπλε χρώματος (π.χ. μπογιά) azul sinine رنگدانۀ آبی sininen bleu צבע כחל, כחול एक नीला पेंट या सामग्री plava boja kék (szín) cat biru blá málning blu 青の絵具 청색 물감 mėlyni dažai materiāls zilā krāsā cat biru blauw blått błękit نیلی رنګدانه azul albastru голубой, синий цвет modrá farba modra barva plava farba blå, blått สีฟ้า; สีน้ำเงิน mavi boya 藍顏料 синя фарба روغن کا رنگ phẩm xanh, sơn xanh 蓝颜料 3. the sky or the sea. The balloon floated off into the blue. bloute السَّماءُ أو البَحْر море, небе azul modro, modrojas das Blau ud i det blå ουρανός , θάλασσα cielo ; mar taevas, meri آسمان؛ دریا meri tai taivas ciel הַיָם, הַשָׁמַים आसमान या समुद्र plavetnilo (kék) ég, (kék) tenger langit himin-/hafblámi cielo ; mare 空, 海 하늘, 바다 mėlynė zilgme; jūra biru lucht , zee himmelen błękit اسمان ، سیند azul cer небо ; море diaľka modrina plavetnilo det blå ท้องฟ้าหรือทะเล gökyüzü ya da deniz 藍天，碧海 небо; море آسمان یا سمندر bầu trời, biển cả 蓝天，碧海 ˈblueness noun blouerigheid زُرْقَه син цвят azul modř die Bläue det at være blåfarvet; det at være i dårligt humør το μπλε χρώμα ως ιδιότητα azul , lo azul sina حزن؛ اندوه sinisyys bleu עצבות , דכדוך नीलापन plavetnilo, modrina kékség biru blámi; blár litur azzurro 青さ 푸름 mėlynumas zilums kebiruan blauwheid det å være blåfarget; nedtrykthet błękit غم ، اندیښنه azul albăstreală синева modrosť sinjina plavetnilo blåhet ความเป็นสีฟ้าหรือสีน้ำเงิน mavilik 藍色 синява, блакитність نیلاہٹ sự buồn chán 蓝色 ˈbluish adjective quite blue; close to blue. a bluish green. blou مائِلٌ إلى الزُّرْقَه синкав azulado modravý, namodralý bläulich blålig; blå- γαλαζωπός azulado sinakas مایل به آبی sinertävä bleuâtre כחלחל नीलापन लिए plavo kékes kebiru-biruan bláleitur bluastro , azzurrognolo 青みがかった 푸르스름한 melsvas zilgans kebiru-biruan blauwachtig blålig niebieskawy نیلی ته ورته azulado albăstrui, albăstriu голубоватый, синеватый modravý modrikast plavkast blåaktig ซึ่งเป็นสีฟ้าหรือสีน้ำเงิน mavimtrak 帶藍色的 синюватий نیلاہٹ بھرا hơi xanh 带蓝色的 ˈbluebottle noun a kind of large house-fly with a blue abdomen. brommer ذُبابَةٌ زَرْقاء вид голяма синя муха varejeira masařka der Brummer spyflue κρεατόμυγα moscón lihakärbes نوعی خرمگس lihakärpänen mouche bleue זְבוּב הַתּכֶלֶת मक्खी muha zujara húslégy lalat besar fiskifluga, maðkafluga, húsfluga moscone azzurro あおばえ 청파리 mėsinė musė zilā muša langau biru bromvlieg spyflue mucha mięsna یوډول خرمچ varejeira muscă albastră трупная муха mäsiarka mesarska muha vrsta muve spyfluga แมลงวันหัวเขียว mavi at sineği 青蠅 м'ясна муха نیلے رنگ کی مکھی nhặng xanh 蓝丽蝇，绿头大苍蝇 ˈbluecollar adjective (of workers) wearing overalls and working in factories etc. Blue collar workers are demanding the same pay as office staff. blouboordjie أصْحابُ الياقَةِ الزَّرْقاء: العَمّال работнически operário dělnický blauer Arbeitsanzug industri-; fabriks-; special- εργάτης εργοστασίου obrero sinikrae- کارگران فنی و نیمه فنی sinikauluksinen col bleu צַווָארוֹן כָּחוֹל शारीरिक श्रम करने वाले श्रमिक fizički, industrijski fizikai munkás pekerja kasar verkamanna-, iðnverkamanna- operaio 筋肉労働者の 육체 노동의 fizinio darbo darbininkas fiziska darba [] pekerja kolar biru hand- , handen- arbeider- pracownik fizyczny مسلکی او نیمه مسلکی کارکوونکی operário salahor, care munceşte cu braţele производственный рабочий, синий воротничок robotnícky delovni pajac radnički arbetar- ซึ่งเป็นชนชั้นแรงงาน işçi sınıfından 藍領(勞工)階級 робітничої професії فیکٹری میں کام کرنے والے lao động chân tay 蓝领（工人）阶级的，体力劳动的 ˈblueprint noun a detailed photographic plan of work to be carried out. the blueprints for a new aircraft. bloudruk مُخَطَّطٌ تَفْصيلي подробен план/проект/описание planta plán, nákres die Blaupause blåtryk προσχέδιο anteproyecto sinikoopia, plaan نقشۀ کلی pohjapiirros bleu תרשים अन्तिम रूप-रेखा nacrt tervrajz rancangan áætlun, uppdráttur progetto 青写真 청사진 brėžinys, planas plāns; projekts merangka tindak blauwdruk plan ; blåkopi, lyskopi projekt بشپړه نقشه plano plan, schiţă светокопия (technicky) modrák načrt plan planritning, utkast พิมพ์เขียว ozalit kopya 藍圖 детальний проект, план کام کرنے کے لئے مفصل نقشہ bản kế hoạch 蓝图 once in a blue moon very seldom. He visits his mother once in a blue moon. selde نادِرٌ، قَلَّمـا يَحْدُث много рядко raramente jednou za uherský rok alle Jubeljahre sjældent μια στο τόσο de higos a brevas haruharva به ندرت؛ تقریباً هرگز hyvin harvoin tous les trente-six du mois פָּעַם בְּיוֹבֵל कभी-कभार vrlo rijetko hébe-hóba jarang sekali mjög sjaldan di rado , ogni morte di papa ごくまれに 아주 드물게 labai retai ļoti reti sangat jarang een hoogstenkele keer en gang hvert jubelår bardzo rzadko, raz od wielkiego święta په ندرت سره، تقریباْ هیڅ raramente din an în Paşti очень редко raz za uhorský rok na vsake kvatre enkrat veoma retko sällan eller aldrig ไม่บ่อย kırk yılda bir, pek ender 千載難逢 дуже рідко کبھی کبھار hiếm khi 千载难逢 out of the blue without warning. He arrived out of the blue, without phoning first. uit die bloute فَجْأه، على غَيْرِ انتِظار изведнъж de surpresa z čista jasna, znenadání aus heiterem Himmel uden varsel απροειδοποίητα , ξαφνικά como caído del cielo, de improviso nagu välk selgest taevast ناگهان؛ غیرمنتظره äkkiarvaamatta à l'improviste פתאום बिना कोई खोज-खबर दिए iznenada hirtelen tiba-tiba úr heiðskíru lofti, öllum að óvörum all'improvviso 出し抜けに 불시에 kaip perkūnas iš giedro dangaus pēkšņi; bez brīdinājuma tiba-tiba datang onverwacht uten varsel niespodziewanie , ni stąd ni zowąd نا څاپه ، غیرمتراقبه de surpresa pe neaşteptate внезапно , без предупреждения znenazdania kar na lepem iznenada utan förvarning, helt oväntat ไม่ได้บอกล่วงหน้า ansızın , beklenmedik bir zamanda, pat diye 突然地 несподівано; як грім з неба اچانک ، دفعۃً hoàn toàn bất ngờ 突然地 the blues low spirits; depression. He's got the blues today but he's usually cheerful. depressiwiteit, terneergedruktheid كآبه отчаяние depressão smutná/mrzutá nálada die Schwermut melankoli; tungsind μελαγχολία , κατήφεια melancolía , depresión masendus افسرده؛ غمگین masentuneisuus cafard בְּלוּז अवसाद, मायूसी melankolija rossz hangulat tekanan jiwa þunglyndi depressione 気のふさぎ 우울함 bloga/prislėgta nuotaika, depresija grūtsirdība; depresija sugul zwaarmoedigheid melankoli , tungsinn chandra خپه، انديښمن depressão deprimare, tristeţe хандра zlá nálada potrtost tuga deppighet, [vara] deppig ความเศร้าเสียใจ hüzün , iç sıkıntısı 憂鬱，垂頭喪氣 меланхолія, нудьга رنجیدہ ہونا، مایوس ہونا sự buồn chán 忧郁，垂头丧气 blue → أَزْرَق modrý blå blau γαλάζιος azul sininen bleu plav blu 青い 파란 blauw blå niebieski azul голубой blå สีฟ้า mavi xanh da trời 蓝色的 blue	i don't know
Which ‘A’ is a liqueur originally distilled from wine and wormwood?	Home Distillation of Alcohol (Homemade Alcohol to Drink) Absinthe There are three basic styles for making absinthe. 1. Add wormwood to a wine and distill off. Soak some wormwood in neutral spirit to colour, and add the two together. 2. Soak wormwood in some neutral alcohol 3. Adding oil extract to neutral alcohol. Of these, (1) is the traditional technique, but (2) is commonly used by "cheaper" manufacturers. Style (3) is usually shunned. Wal writes ... Pernod is Absinthe without the wormwood for legal reasons. If you want to know what it tasted once, macerate wormwood (artemisia absinthium) in the bottle. An article on Absinthe (Scientific American, June 1989, pp112-117) describes a 1855 recipe from Pontarlier, France. Here is a scaled down version you can try: Macerate 25g wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), 50g anise, and 50g fennel (all finely divided) in 950ml 85%abv in a 2l flask. (Note: no heat was specified for extraction). Add 450ml distilled water. Do a pot still distillation, collecting 950ml of distillate. Separate 400ml of the distillate, add 10g Roman wormwood (Artemisia pontica), 10g hyssop, 5g lemon balm, and macerate at 60C. Filter and reunite with the remaining 550ml and dilute to 74%abv to produce 1litre of Absinthe. Note: I think you use crushed aniseed and fennel seed, as it is the seed that has the strongest flavor. You can see that it is the anise flavor that predominates. Modern "Pernod" and "Ricard" are basically absinthes without the wormwood. They are now known as a "pastis" (regional for "melange" or mixture). As a substitute for wormwood, the modern drink uses increased amounts of aniseed. Pernod includes aniseed, fennel, hyssop, lemon balm along with lesser amounts of angelica root, star-anise, dittany, juniper, nutmeg, veronica. Different absinthe manufacturers used slightly different ingredients, sometimes using nutmeg and calamus, both of which have purported psychoactive effects. In Culpeper's 'The Complete Herbal', 1653, there is a recipe that looks like the ancestor of Absinthe and which is still relevant, unlike some of the others which include vipers, swallows, roosters and snails! I have redacted it to a 20l (5US gal) quantity. See - 'Compounds, Spirit and Compound Distilled Waters' http://www.bootlegbooks.com/NonFiction/Culpeper/Herbal/chap375.html 'Spiritus et Aqua Absynthii magis composita Or spirit and water of Wormwood, the greater composition' Absinthe (1653) 5g Cardamon 5g Cubeb pepper (Piper cubeba) Macerate chopped ingredients for at least 12 hours and then distill. Add 1 cup of sugar/litre of distillate. Absinthe was originally about 60%abv, while the above 1653 recipe was intended to be a single pot distillation. ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM (Wormwood) Synonyms : Wormwood; Common Wormwood Definition : Artemisia Absinthium consists of the dried leaves and flowering tops of Artemisia absinthium L. (Fam. Compositae), a shrubby al herb growing in the United States and Canada. It is cultivated in N. Africa, Europe and the U.S.A. The flowering tops are collected during the late summer Artemisia Absinthium yields about 1% of volatile oil containing thujone (absinthol), thujyl alcohol and iso-valeric acid . It contains, in addition absinthin and a bitter glycoside. Jack recommends the following as very good ... In one litre of undiluted clear spirit (95%) soak for twenty days (shaking once a day) the following: 28 grams wormwood (artemisia absinthium) 28 grams aniseed 4.5 grams licorice root (cut) 1.25 grams citrus peel Just soak the above until the color you want is reached, then filter and bottle. If artemisia absinthium cannot be found, artemisia pontica (roman wormwood), tanacetum vulgare (tansy), salvia officinalis (sage), thuja occidentalis (white cedar), or artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) may also be used in it's place. This is a traditional absinthe recipe from the turn of the century. As for those worried about the medical effects- recent research has found that the old disease "absinthism" has symptoms and progression remarkably similar to plain old alchoholism, and the amount of thujone (active ingredient in wormwood) in a glass of absinthe is less than one-tenth the amount needed to cause convulsions in rats (when injected). For those interested in making absinthe but unable to find the above plants, thujone is found in most of the Compositae (daisy) family- a little research should find alternates to the above plants. enjoy! Larry cautions ... Jacks Absinthe recipe will not only taste lousy, but is potentially dangerous, because the maceration time he recommends is 19 days too long. All vintage absinthe recipes indicate to macerate the herbs in 85% alcohol for Less than 24 hours, and then distill. If you macerate longer than this, you infuse the alcohol with too many of the harmful properties of the wormwood, and not only will your drink taste nauseatingly bitter, but it can also make you ill. Also note that modern Pernod is not Absinthe without the wormwood. Pastis is a descendant from Absinthe (Pernod & Ricards way of dealing with the Absinthe ban of 1915), but is an entirely different drink with a different recipe made by different processes. Modern Pernod has more in common with Ouzo than Absinthe. As a side note you can find some wonderful and safe Absinthe recipes at: http://www.feeverte.net/bedel/ . Xneon writes : I combed the web for a few days compileing all that i had found with a few modifications we have produced a GREAT recipie!!! Take add 750ml water and potstill for BEST results (i will not try it any other way I used a 1 gallon stove top potstill took a heads of 1/2 oz and then collected about 1000-1200ml blended to 65% and added 1 drop of green food coloring for effect (i just havent steeped any woormwood for color yet) Volodia writes ... Make you own absinthe,although the use of wormwood in spirits is banned because of its thujone content, although some sources say the quantity is slight and the danger is exaggerated. Similarly Zubrowka or bison grass flavored vodka is modified for the U.S. market because of it contains coumarin which is a blood thinner. I would have thought that because of the high cholesterol diet of the average American this would be useful! Bison grass or sweet grass (hierochloe odorata) is readily available in the U.S. and makes a great flavored vodka - watch that you don't bleed to death though!	Absinthe
Which ‘A’ is an account of the life of a person, written by that person?	Absinthe Distilleries around the world, Swiss, German and French Click to see products The Combier Distillery The Combier Distillery, located in the centre of the Loire Valley is where the Jade Liqueurs absinthes are made. The distillery still uses two original copper alambics (shown in photo), dating back to around 1870, that were purchased from the Pernod fils distillery after the French absinthe ban and are now employed to create the Jade absinthe reproductions. Click to see products The Matter-Luginbühl Distillery The founder of the Matter-Luginbühl distillery, Ernst Luginbühl-Bögli originally raised cows in Kallnach, a small German-speaking Swiss town, located between Neuchatel and Bern. Because of his location, he had many commercial contacts in the Val-de-Travers, only 50 kilometers away. This region was not only known for watches and absinthe, but famous for cattle - the town of Boveresse was even named in their honour. The family story says that at the end of the 1920's, when searching for ideas for products, Ernst traded a prime Simmental cow for an old local absinthe recipe. It was said to have turned up recently in a search of old business papers, in the midst of the recent Swiss absinthe legalization publicity. The distillery also offer to distil local farmer's excess fruits into low-yield eau-de-vies, complete with custom bottling and personal labels. The familiar taste of the Kallnacher Absinthe makes us wonder if they had put their old recipe into use earlier than they claim and might have been responsible some of the 'clandestine, farmer-made' la Bleues that have surfaced over the past years. They are now responsible for distilling our limited run Blanche Traditionelle "Brut d'alambic" still-proof series; the 2006 International Wine and Spirit Competition gold medal winner Absinthe Duplais, Absinthe Brevans, with its Giger-art label; Mansinthe, created for the rocker-absintheur, Marilyn Manson, A O Spare and our very own Enigma Verte Suisse. Click to see products Gaudentia Persoz Gaudentia uses the 50-liter alambic seen in this photo, which was hand-made for her by her husband and the old recipe has been updated and modified to please more modern tastes. Her alambic is heated by direct flame, as opposed to bain-marie, which contributes to its 'clandestine la Bleue' style. Named La Ptite Absinthe du Val-du-Travers (the 'e' has been left out of the spelling of 'Petite') - it was once one of the 'code-names' that Swiss locals used to be served an illegal absinthe in a bar without attracting un-due attention from the authorities. Click to see products Artemisia Distillery - Claude-Alain Bugnon Claude-Alain Bugnon was the first clandestine distiller granted legal status by the Swiss government in the spring of 2005. For years he had been responsible for a certain quantity of bootlegged absinthe that brought so much attention and status to this small region. His main product is La Clandestine Click to see products The Paul Devoille Distillery The Distillerie Paul Devoille is located in Fougerolles, Haut Saone in North East France, close to the Alsace region. It was founded in 1859 by Xavier Devoille, the father of Paul, and is considered one of the top 10 distilleries in France for fruit eau-de-vie. It was purchased in 1985 by René de Miscault and is now run by his son, Hugues. Fougerolles is the French capital of cherry eau-de-vie, known as 'kirsch,' however, distilleries like Devoille produced absinthe in great quantities from the end of the 19th century up to 1915, mostly in bulk following specific recipes for regional absinthes. The demand for absinthe was so great at the time that more famous distilleries could not keep up with production, and absinthe was 'imported' from Fougerolles to other French cities (including Pontarlier) to be bottled and labeled with local names. LDF commissioned Hugues to make an exclusive absinthe in 2004 and Enigma verte de Fougerolles became an instant success and was soon followed by Enigma Blanche de Fougerolles, the first absinthe made directly following a known historic and openly published recipe found in 19th century French distiller's manuals. Click to see products The Kübler Distillery - Blackmint The Kübler Distillery, founded in 1863 by the great grandfather of Yves Kübler, became one of the most famous Swiss absinthe distilleries in the Val-de-Travers. Yves took up the trail of the Green Fairy once more in 1990 when he acquired an old vineyard house, installed an imposing copper retort still and established the Distillerie Blackmint. Using an old family recipe, Kübler first distilled a pastis-like aniseed aperitif - "La Rincette" (made without the then illegal ingredient, wormwood) and went to work in secret on a genuine absinthe. On 10 October 2001, exactly 91 years and three days after the start of the Swiss prohibition, his first objective was reached: Yves Kübler distilled and sold his first 500 litres of "Extrait d'Absinthe Kübler". Kübler uses only hand-harvested wormwood from local fields. Click to see products Eichelberger Distillery The Eichelberger (in English - Acorn Mountain) Distillery is located in southeast Germany in the picturesque and forested Bavarian region called Oberpfälzer Seenland, in the town of Taxöldern. The distillery is a family run, hobbyist enterprise owned by Dr. Lili and Rudi Wild. This tiny, yet modern distillery is capable of distilling only 30 liters at a time, but always with utmost care and attention to quality. The Wilds are passionate advocates of fine liqueurs and eau-de-vie, and were enthusiastic when approached with the idea of making a 'specialist's' absinthe under their distillery's name, which has now become the first modern, true distilled German absinthe. Fischer Distillery Founded in Vienna, Austria in 1875 by Friedrich Fischer and family run for 5 generations. The distillery still uses alambics that were installed in 1914. Though no concrete evidence exists that absinthe was produced in this distillery, it is believed that absinthe was indeed made in Austria, and that it was never banned 1923 at the same time as Germany, as once thought. This distillery produces a range of fine eaux-de-vies (schnapps), along with being responsible for the first completely distilled and naturally colored absinthe, ever made in Austria, Absinthe Montmartre. Click to see products Habitation Saint-Etienne - Simon Distillery The historic Habitation Saint-Etienne was purchased by the Hayot family, who were already owners of the Simon Distillery (one of the last eight distilleries still functioning in Martinique), in 1994. Their dream was to restore this 19th distillery and sugar cane plantation back to its former glory. The specialized 'creole-style' copper stills found there were moved to the Simon Distillery and restored after years of neglect and damage from hurricanes. The Habitation Saint-Etienne now serves for blending and aging fine 'agricole rhums,' perserving the style that gave Saint-Etienne its century-long reputation. It now produces 10% of the entire local market for white rhum and 15% for 'old' rhum. Their rhum blanc 'Cuvée de l'an 2000' was the first white rhum ever in the world to be proposed as a 'vintage' rhum. Their 'vieux' rhums continue to win medals and are among the best of their type. Liqueurs de France is proud to become their new UK distributor and offer a sample of their exceptional products to our customers who have come to appreciate our commitment to only the finest. Click to see products Absintherie Bourbonnaise, Vichy The Absintherie Bourbonnaise distillery opened its doors on May 17, 2011, to coincide with the repeal of the French Absinthe Prohibition Act of 1915. The primary goal of the owner of the distillery is to revive authentic absinthe recipes and to ioffer contract distillation to client's own recipes. Absintherie Bourbonnaise was established by absintheur Phil Fumoux whose previous activities have included collecting and selling absinthe antiques and creating the 'Frenchman' range of replica absinthe items.	i don't know
Which Greek god was the twin brother of Artemis?	Artemis Artemis See More Artemis Pictures > Artemis was the goddess of chastity, virginity, the hunt, the moon, and the natural environment. She was the daughter of Zeus and Leto , twin sister of Apollo . She was born on the island of Ortygia (Delos), where Leto had found shelter after being hunted by the lawful wife of Zeus , Hera . As soon as Artemis was born, she helped her mother give birth to her twin brother, thereby becoming the protector of childbirth and labour. She asked her father to grant her eternal chastity and virginity, and never gave in to any potential lovers; devoted to hunting and nature, she rejected marriage and love. She was the protector of nature and the hunt; both wild and tame animals were under her protection. She also protected the agriculture and animal herding. Artemis appeared in a number of myths . In the myth of Actaeon , he was a hunting companion of Artemis ; at some point, he saw the goddess naked bathing in a spring and tried to rape her. As a punishment, Artemis transformed him into a stag and his hounds killed him. In the myth of Orion which has various versions, Orion was also a hunting companion of Artemis and the only person to have won her heart. However, he was accidentally killed either by the goddess or by a scorpion which was sent by Gaea . In another myth, Callisto was one of the followers of Artemis and thus she had remained a virgin. Zeus , however, changing his form to resemble Artemis , managed to seduce and rape her, impregnating her. Callisto gave birth to Arcas, but later, she was transformed into a bear either by Hera or Artemis . Arcas almost killed his mother, but Zeus stopped him and placed Callisto in the heavens as a constellation. According to other sources, both Callisto and Arcas were turned into the Ursa Minor and the Ursa Major constellations. Artemis Is also called Diana, Diana.	Apollo
In the religious calendar which ‘A’ is the first day of Lent?	ARTEMIS - Greek Goddess of Hunting & Wild Animals (Roman Diana) Artemis Artemis, Athenian red-figure bell krater C5th B.C., Museum of Fine Arts Boston ARTEMIS was the Olympian goddess of hunting, the wilderness and wild animals. She was also a goddess of childbirth, and the protectress of the girl child up to the age of marriage--her twin brother Apollon was similarly the protector of the boy child. Together the two gods were also bringers of sudden death and disease--Artemis targetted women and girls, Apollon men and boys. In ancient art Artemis was usually depicted as a girl or young maiden with a hunting bow and quiver of arrows. MYTHS Artemis' mother Leto was hounded throughout her pregnancy by the jealous goddess Hera but eventually found refuge on the floating island of Delos. There she gave birth to Artemis who assisted her mother as midwife with the birth of her younger twin-brother Apollon.<< More >> Kallisto (Callisto) was a handmaiden of the goddess who Zeus seduced by assuming her form. When Artemis discovered the girl was pregnant she transformed her into a bear and exiled her to the wilds. << More >> The handsome giant Orion was a companion of the goddess but her jealous brother Apollon tricked her into killing him with a distant bow-shot. In her grief Artemis placed him amongst the stars as the constellation Orion.<< More >> When the Aloadai (Aloadae) giants tried to storm Olympos, Artemis assumed the form of a doe and raced between them causing the pair to cast their spears, miss, and strike each other dead.<< More >> The hunter Aktaion (Actaeon) spied upon the goddess as she was bathing with her nymphs at a spring. Angered, she transformed him into a stag and had him torn apart by his own hounds.<< More >> The giant Kalydonian (Calydonian) Boar was sent by Artemis to ravage the lands of King Oineus as punishment for neglecting her in his sacrifices to the gods.<< More >> As the Greek fleet was preparing to sail for Troy, King Agamamnon offended Artemis and she becalmed the waters preventing their departure. To appease the goddess the king was forced to sacrifice his own daughter Iphigeneia, but she snatched the girl safely away from the altar and replaced her with a doe.<< More >> Artemis was a divine ally of the Trojans during the Trojan War. In a clash between the rival factions of gods she confronted Hera, but the Queen of the Gods tore the bow from her hands, beat her about the head, and sent her fleeing back to Olympos in tears. << More >> Many other myths are detailed over the following pages. SYMBOLS & ATTRIBUTES Artemis' most distinctive attributes were her bow and arrows but she was also sometimes equipped with a quiver, pair of hunting spears, torch, lyre, and/or water-jug. The goddess was clothed in a knee-length girl's dress or a full-length woman's robe (chiton), with a cloak (chlamys, himation), headgear (a crown, tiara, headband, bonnet or animal-pelt cap), and occasionally the pelt of a deer draped across her shoulders. << More >> Below are some examples of her attributes as depicted in ancient Greek art:- 1. Bow & arrows; 2. Quiver; 3. Hunting spears; 4. Torch; 5. Lyre; 6. Crown; 7. Head-band; 8. Bonnet; 9. Animal-pelt cap; 10. Deer-skin cape. SACRED ANIMALS & PLANTS Artemis' sacred animal was the deer. She drove a chariot drawn by a pair of the beasts and was often depicted holding or hunting a deer or with a deer-skin cape draped over her shoulders. << More >> In myth the most celebrated of her sacred animals was the golden-horned Cerynitian Hind which Herakles was sent to fetch as one of his Twelve Labours. << More >> The bear was also sacred to Artemis as well as a variety of water- and ground-birds such as partridges, quails and guinea-fowl. Her sacred plants were the cypress-tree and the palm-tree. << More >> Below are examples of the goddess' animal companions as depicted in ancient Greek art:- 1. Stag; 2. Heron; 3. Doe-drawn chariot. ARTEMIS PAGES ON THEOI.COM This site contains a total of 15 pages describing the goddess, including general descriptions, mythology, and cult. The content is outlined in the Index of Artemis Pages (left column or below). FAMILY OF ARTEMIS PARENTS [1] ZEUS & LETO (Hesiod Theogony 918, Hesiod Works & Days 770, Homer Iliad 1.9 & 21.495, Homer Odyssey 6.100 & 11.318, Homeric Hymn 27 to Artemis, Orphic Hymn 35, Pindar Nemean Ode 6 & 8, Pindar Processional Song on Delos, Callimachus Hymn to Artemis & Hymn to Delos, Apollodorus 1.21 & 3.46, Pausanias 8.9.1 & 8.53.1. Hyginus Fabulae 9 & 140, et al) [2] DEMETER (Aeschylus, Pausanias 8.37.3) OFFSPRING NONE (she was a virgin goddess) Artemis was a daughter of Zeus, King of the Gods, and the Titaness Leto and the twin-sister of the god Apollon (Apollo). Her mother was hounded by Zeus' jealous wife Hera throughout her pregnancy and was forced to wander the world in search of safe refuge. She was the first of the twins born and, being a precocious divine child, assisted her mother with the birth of her younger twin brother. << More >> Artemis was a granddaughter of four of the elder Titans: Kronos (Cronus), Rheia, Koios (Coeus) and Phoibe (Phoebe). She was a half-sister of many of the other Olympian gods including Athena, Ares, Hermes, Dionysos and Persephone. Artemis was a virgin goddess but unlike her sister Athena she was often portrayed as a girl child rather than as an adult woman. Below are two graphics depicting Artemis' family tree, the first with names transliterated from the Greek and the second with the common English spellings:- ENCYCLOPEDIA Artemis-Diana, Greco-Roman marble statue C1st A.D., Musée du Louvre ARTEMIS, one of the great divinities of the Greeks. Her name is usually derived from artemês, uninjured, healthy, vigorous; according to which she would be the goddess who is herself inviolate and vigorous, and also grants strength and health to others. (Plat. Cratyl. p. 406, b. ; Strab. xiv. p. 635; Eustath. ad Hom. pp. 32, 577, 1732.) According to the Homeric account and Hesiod (Theog. 918) she was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, whence Aeschylus (Sept. 148) calls her lêtôgeneia. She was the sister of Apollo, and born with him at the same time in the island of Delos. According to a tradition which Pausanias (viii. 37. § 3) found in Aeschylus, Artemis was a daughter of Demeter, and not of Leto, while according to an Egyptian story (Herod. ii. 156) she was the daughter of Dionysus and Isis, and Leto was only her nurse. But these and some other legends are only the results of the identification of the Greek Artemis with other local or foreign divinities. The place of her birth is for the same reason not the same in all traditions : some say that it was the grove of Ortygia near Ephesus (Tacit. Annal. iii. 61; Schol. ad Pind. Nem. i. 1), others that it was Crete (Diod. v. 72), and others again, that she was the sister of Apollo, but born somewhat earlier, so that she was able to assist Leto in giving birth to Apollo. (Orph Hymn. 34. 5; Spanheim, ad Callim. p. 476, &c.) In the description of the nature and character of this goddess, it is necessary to distinguish between the different points of view from which the Greeks regarded her, and also between the really Greek Artemis and certain foreign divinities, who for some resemblance or another were identified by the Greeks with their own Artemis. 1. Artemis as the sister of Apollo, is a kind of female Apollo, that is, she as a female divinity represented the same idea that Apollo did as a male divinity. This relation between the two is in many other cases described as the relation of husband and wife, and there seems to have been a tradition which actually described Artemis as the wife of Apollo. (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1197.) In the character of sister of Apollo, Artemis is like her brother armed with a bow, quiver, and arrows, and sends plague and death among men and animals : she is a thea apollousa. Sudden deaths, but more especially those of women, are described as the effect of her arrows. (Hom. Il. vi. 205, 427, &c., xix. 59, xxi. 483, &c.; Od. xi. 172, &c., 324, xv. 478, xviii. 202, xx. 61, &c., v. 124, &c.) She also acts sometimes in conjunction with her brother. (Od. xv. 410; Il. xxiv. 606.) As Apollo was not only a destructive god, but also averted the evils which it was in his power to inflict, so Artemis was at the same time a thea sôteira; that is, she cured and alleviated the sufferings of mortals. Thus, for instance, she healed Aeneas, when he was wounded and carried into the temple of Apollo. (Il. v. 447.) In the Trojan war she sided, like Apollo, with the Trojans. The man whom she looked graciously upon was prosperous in his fields and flocks, his household was thriving, and he died in old age. (Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 129, &c.) She was more especially the protectress of the young, whence the epithets paidotrophos, kourotrophos, and philomeirax (comp. Diod. v. 73); and Aeschylus (Agam. 142) calls her the protectress of young sucking-animals, and of the game ranging through the forests of the mountains. Artemis thus also came to be regarded as the goddess of the flocks and the chase: she is the huntress among the immortals ; she is called the stag-killer (elaphêbolos), the lover of the tumult connected with the chase (keladeinê), and agrotera. (Il. xxi. 511, 485, &c.; Hom. Hymn. in Dian. 10.) Artemis is moreover, like Apollo, unmarried; she is a maiden divinity never conquered by love. (Soph. Elect. 1220.) The priests and priestesses devoted to her service were bound to live pure and chaste, and trangressions of their vows of chastity were severely punished. (Paus. vii. 19. § 1. viii. 13. § 1.) She was worshipped in several places together with her brother; and the worship of both divinities was believed to have come from the Hyperboreans, and Hyperborean maidens brought sacrifices to Delos. (Herod. ii. 32, 35.) The laurel was sacred to both divinities, and both were regarded as the founders and protectors of towns and streets. (Paus. i. 38. § 6, iii. 24. § 6, viii. 36, in fin. ; Aeschyl. Sept. 450; Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 34.) There are, however, some points also, in which there is no resemblance between Artemis and Apollo : she has nothing to do with music or poetry, nor is there any trace of her having been regarded as an oracular divinity like Apollo. Respecting the real and original character of Artemis as the sister of Apollo, we encounter the same difficulties as those mentioned in the article Apollo, viz. as to whether she was a purely spiritual and ethical divinity, as Müller thinks, or whether she was the representative of some power in physical nature; and the question must be decided here in the same manner as in the case of Apollo. When Apollo was regarded as identical with the sun or Helios, nothing was more natural than that his sister should be regarded as Selene or the moon, and accordingly the Greek Artemis is, at least in later times, the goddess of the moon. Buttmann and Hermann consider this idea of Artemis being the moon as the fundamental one from which all the others are derived. But, at any rate, the idea of Artemis being the goddess of the moon, must be confined to Artemis the sister of Apollo, and is not applicable to the Arcadian, Taurian, or Ephesian Artemis. 2. The Arcadian Artemis is a goddess of the nymphs, and was worshipped as such in Arcadia in very early times. Her sanctuaries and temples were more numerous in this country than in any other part of Greece. There was no connexion between the Arcadian Artemis and Apollo, nor are there any traces here of the ethical character which is so prominent in Artemis, the sister of Apollo. These circumstances, together with the fact, that her surnames and epithets in Arcadia are nearly all derived from the mountains, rivers, and lakes, shew that here she was the representative of some part or power of nature. In Arcadia she hunted with her nymphs on Taygetus, Erymanthus, and Maenalus; twenty nymphs accompanied her during the chase, and with sixty others, daughters of Oceanus, she held her dances in the forests of the mountains. Her bow, quiver, and arrows, were made by Hephaestus, and Pan provided her with dogs. Her chariot was drawn by four stags with golden antlers. (Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 13, 81, 90, &c.; Apollod. ii. 5. § 3; Pind. Ol. iii. 51.) Her temples and sanctuaries in Arcadia were usually near lakes or rivers, whence she was called limnêtis or limnaia. (Paus. ii. 7. § 6, iii. 23. § 6, iv. 4. § 2, 31. § 3, viii. 53. § 5.) In the precincts of her sanctuaries there were often sacred wells, as at Corinth. (Paus. ii. 3. § 5, iii. 20. § 7.) As a nymph, Artemis also appears in connexion with river gods, as with Alpheius, and thus it is intelligible why fish were sacred to her. (Diod. v. 3.) 3. The Taurian Artemis. The legends of this goddess are mystical, and her worship was orgiastic and connected, at least in early times, with human sacrifices. According to the Greek legend there was in Tauris a goddess, whom the Greeks for some reason identified with their own Artemis. and to whom all strangers that were thrown on the coast of Tauris, were sacrificed. (Eurip. Iph. Taur. 36.) Iphigeneia and Orestes brought her image from thence, and landed at Brauron in Attica, whence the goddess derived the name of Brauronia. (Paus. i. 23. § 9, 33. § 1, iii. 16, in fin.) The Brauronian Artemis was worshipped at Athens and Sparta, and in the latter place the boys were scourged at her altar in such a manner that it became sprinkled with their blood. This cruel ceremony was believed to have been introduced by Lycurgus, instead of the human sacrifices which had until then been offered to her. (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Braurônia and Diamastigôsis.) Her name at Sparta was Orthia, with reference to the phallus, or because her statue stood erect. According to another tradition, Orestes and Iphigeneia concealed the image of the Taurian goddess in a bundle of brushwood, and carried it to Aricia in Latium. Iphigeneia, who was at first to have been sacrificed to Artemis, and then became her priestess, was afterwards identified with the goddess (Herod. iv. 103; Paus. i. 43. § 1), who was worshipped in some parts of Greece, as at Hermione, under the name of Iphigeneia. (Paus. ii. 35. § 1.) Some traditions stated, that Artemis made Iphigeneia immortal, in the character of Hecate, the goddess of the moon. A kindred divinity, if not the same as the Taurian Artemis, is Artemis tauropolos, whose worship was connected with bloody sacrifices, and who produced madness in the minds of men, at least the chorus in the Ajax of Sophocles, describes the madness of Ajax as the work of this divinity. In the legends about the Taurian Artemis, it seems that separate local traditions of Greece are mixed up with the legends of some Asiatic divinity, whose symbol in the heaven was the moon, and on the earth the cow. 4. The Ephesian Artemis was a divinity totally distinct from the Greek goddess of the same name. She seems to have been the personification of the fructifying and all-nourishing powers of nature. It is an opinion almost universally adopted, that she was an ancient Asiatic divinity whose worship the Greeks found established in Ionia, when they settled there, and that, for some resemblance they discovered, they applied to her the name of Artemis. As soon as this identity of the Asiatic goddess with the Greek Artemis was recognised, other features, also originally peculiar to the Greek Artemis, were transferred to her; and thus she is called a daughter of Leto, who gave birth to her in the neighbourhood of Ephesus. Her original character is sufficiently clear from the fact, that her priests were eunuchs, and that her image in the magnificent temple of Ephesus represented her with many breasts (polumastos). The whole figure of the goddess resembled a mummy : her head was surmounted with a mural crown (corona muralis), and the lower part of her body, which ended in a point, like a pyramid upside down, was covered with figures of mystical animals. (Strab. xiv. p. 641; Paus. iv. 31. § 6, vii. 5. § 2., The symbol of this divinity was a bee, and her highpriest bore the name of king (essên). Her worship was said to have been established at Ephesus by the Amazons. (Paus. ii. 7. § 4, viii. 12. § 1; Hesych. and Suid. s. v. essên.) Respecting some other divinities, or attributes of divinities, which were likewise regarded as identical with Artemis in Greece, see Britomartis, Dictynna, and EileithyiaI. The Romans identified their goddess Diana with the Greek Artemis, and at a comparatively early time they transferred to their own goddess all the peculiar features of the Greek Artemis. The worship of Artemis was universal in all Greece, in Delos, Crete, Sicily, and southern Italy, but more especially in Arcadia and the whole of the Peloponnesus. The sacrifices offered to the Brauronian Artemis consisted of stags and goats; in Thrace dogs were offered to Artemis. Among the animals sacred to the Greek Artemis we may mention the stag, boar, dog, and others; the fir-tree was likewise sacred to her. It is impossible to trace the various relations in which Artemis appears to us to one common source, or to one fundamental idea : the very manner in which such a complicated mythus was formed renders the attempt futile, or, to say the least, forced. In the case of Artemis, it is evident, that new elements and features were added in various places to the ancient local mythus; the worship of one divinity is identified with that of another, and the legends of the two are mixed up into one, or those of the one are transferred to the other, whose legends then sink into oblivion. The representations of the Greek Artemis in works of art are different accordingly as she is represented either as a huntress, or as the goddess of the moon; yet in either case she appears as a youthful and vigorous divinity, as becomes the sister of Apollo. As the huntress, she is tall, nimble, and has small hips; her forehead is high, her eyes glancing freely about, and her hair tied up behind in such a manner, that some locks float down her neck; her breast is covered, and the legs up to the knees are naked, the rest being covered by the chlamys. Her attributes are the bow, quiver, and arrows, or a spear, stags, and dogs. As the goddess of the moon, she wears a long robe which reaches down to her feet, a veil covers her head, and above her forehead rises the crescent of the moon. In her hand she often appears holding a torch. Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES Artemis, Athenian-red figure lekythos C5th B.C., State Hermitage Museum I) THE HOMERIC HYMNS Homeric Hymn 9 to Artemis (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th to 4th B.C.) : "Mousa (Muse), sing of Artemis, sister of the far-shooter (hekatos), Parthenos the virgin who delights in arrows (iokheaira), who was fostered with Apollon. She waters her horses from Meles deep in reeds [a river in Lydia], and swifty drives her all-golden chariot through Smyrna to vine-clad Klaros (Claros) where Apollon god of the silver bow (argyrotoxos), sits waiting for far-shooting delighter in arrows (hekatebolon iokheaira). And so hail to you, Artemis, in my song and to all goddesses as well. Of you first I sing and with you I begin; now that I have begun with you, I will turn to another song." Homeric Hymn 27 to Artemis : "I sing of Artemis with shafts are of gold (khryselakatos), strong-voiced (keladeine), the revered virgin (parthenon aidoin), dear-shooting (elaphebolos), delighter in arrows (iokheaira), own sister to Apollon of the golden sword (khrysaor). Over the shadowy hills and windy peaks she draws her golden bow, rejoicing in the chase, and sends out grievous shafts. The tops of the high mountains tremble and the tangled wood echoes awesomely with the outcry of beasts: earth quakes and the sea also where fishes shoal. But the goddess with a bold heart turns every way destroying the race of wild beasts: and when she is satisfied and has cheered her heart, then the huntress who delights in arrows (theroskopos iokheaira) slackens her supple bow and goes to the great house of her dear brother Phoibos Apollon, to the rich land of Delphoi, there to order the lovely dance of the Mousai (Muses) and Kharites (Charites, Graces). There she hangs up her curved bow and her arrows, and heads and leads the dances, gracefully arrayed, while all they utter their heavenly voice, singing how neat-ankled Leto bare children supreme among the immortals both in thought and deed. Hail to you, children of Zeus and rich-haired Leto! And now I will remember you and another song also." Homeric Hymn 5 to Aphrodite 18 ff : "Artemis with shafts of gold (khryselakatos) loves archery and the slaying of wild beasts in the mountains, the lyre also and dancing and strong-voiced song and shady woods and the cities of upright men." II) HELLENISTIC HYMNS Callimachus, Hymn 3 to Artemis (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "Of Artemis we hymn--no light thing is it for singers to forget her - whose study is the bow and the shooting of hares and the spacious dance and sport upon the mountains. [The story of her birth and childhood follow, see The Childhood of Artemis for this part of the hymn.] . . . The fourth time [Artemis shot her bow]--not long was it ere thou didst shoot at the city of unjust me, those who to one another and those who towards strangers wrought many deeds of sin, forward men, on whom thou wilt impress thy grievous wrath. On their cattle plague feeds, on their tilth feeds frost, and the old men cut their hair in mourning over their sons, and their wives either are smitten or die in childbirth, or, if they escape, bear birds whereof none stands on upright ankle. But on whomsoever thou lookest smiling and gracious, for them the tilth bears the corn-ear abundantly, and abundantly prospers the four-footed breed, and abundant waxes their prosperity: neither do they go to the tomb, save when they carry thither the aged. Nor does faction wound their race--faction which ravages even the well-established houses: but brother's wife and husband's sister set their chairs around one board . . . Lady, of that number be whosoever is a true friend of mine, and of that number may I be myself, O Queen. And may song be my study forever. In that song shall be the Marriage of Leto; therein thy name shall often-times be sung; therein shall Apollon be and therein all thy labours, and therein thy hounds and thy bow and thy chariot, which lightly carry thee in thy splendour, when thou drivest to the house of Zeus . . . But when the Nymphai (Nymphs) encircle thee in the dance, near the springs of Aigyptian (Egyptian) Inopos [on the island of Delos] or Pitane [in Aiolia or Lakonia]--for Pitane too is thine--or in Limnai [in Lakonia] or where, goddess, thou camest from Skythia (Scythia) to dwell, in Alai Araphenides [i.e. Brauron in Attika], renouncing the rites of the Tauroi [of Skythia], then may not my kine cleave a four-acred fallow field for a wage at the hand of an alien ploughman; else surely lame and weary of neck would they come to the byre, yea even were they of Stymphaian breed, nine years of age, drawing by the horns; which kine are far the best for cleaving a deep furrow; for the god Helios never passes by that beauteous dance, but stays his car to gaze upon the sight, and the lights of day are lengthened. Which now of islands, what hill finds most favour with thee? What haven? What city? Which of the Nymphai (Nymphs) dost thou love above the rest, and what heroines hast thou taken for thy companions? Say, goddess, thou to me, and I will sing thy saying to others. Of islands, Dolikhe [Ikaria] hath found favour with thee, of cities Perge [in Pamphylia], of hills Taygetos [in Lakedaimonia], the havens of Euripos [in Euboia]. And beyond others thou lovest the Nymphe of Gortyn, Britomartis, slayer of stags, the goodly archer . . . Yea and Kyrene (Cyrene) thou madest thy comrade, to whom on a time thyself didst give two hunting dogs, with whom the maiden daughter of Hypseus beside the Iolkian tomb won the prize.And the fair-haired [Prokris (Procris)] wife of Kephalos (Cephalus), son of Deioneus, O Lady, thou madest thy fellow in the chase and fair Antikleia [mother of Odysseus], they say, thou dist love even as thine own eyes. These were the first who wore the gallant bow and arrow-holding quivers on their shoulders; their right shoulders bore the quiver strap, and always the right breast showed bare. Further thou dist greatly commend swift-footed Atalanta, the slayer of boards, daughter of Arkadian Iasios (Arcadian Iasius), and taught her hunting with dogs and good archery . . . Lady of many shrines, of many cities, hail! Khitone (Goddess of the Tunic), sojourner in Miletos; for thee did Neleus [i.e. the founder of Miletos] make his Guide, when he put off with his ships from the land of Kekrops (Cecrops) [i.e. Attika]. Khesias (Chesias) (Lady of Khesion) and Imbrasia (Lady of Imbrasos), throned in the highest, to thee in thy shrine did Agamemnon dedicate the rudder of his ship, a charm against ill weather, when thou didst bind the winds for him, what time the Akhaian (Achaean) ships sailed to vex the cities of the Teukroi [i.e. the Trojans], wroth for Rhamnusian Helene. For thee surely Proitos (Proetus) established two shrines, one of Artemis Kore (Core) (Maidenhood) for that thou dist gather for him his maiden daughters, when they were wandering over the Azanian hills; the other he founded in Lousa to Artemis Hemere (the Gentle), because thou tookest from his daughters the spirit of wildness. For thee, too, the Amazones (Amazons), whose mind is set on war, in Ephesos (Ephesus) beside the sea established an image beneath an oak trunk, and Hippo [an Amazon queen] performed a holy rite for thee, and they themselves, O Oupis (Opis) Queen, around the image danced a war-dance--first in shields and armour, and again in a circle arraying a spacious choir. And the loud pipes thereto piped shrill accompaniment, that they might foot the dance together (for not yet did they pierce the bones of the fawn [to create flutes], Athene's handiwork, a bane to the deer). And the echo reached unto Sardis and to the Berekynthian range [in Phrygia]. And they with their feet geat loudly and therewith their quivers rattled. And afterwards around that image was raised a shrine of broad foundations. That it shall dawn behold nothing more divine, naught richer. Easily would it outdo Pytho [Delphoi]. Wherefore in this madness insolent Lygdamis threatened that he would lay it waste, and brought against it a host of Kimmerians (Cimmerians) which milk mares, in number as the sand; who have their homes hard by the Straights of the cow, daughter of Inakhos (Inachus). Ah! Foolish among kings, how greatly he sinned! For not destined to return again to Skythia was either he or any other of those whose wagons stood in the Kaytrian plain [of Lydia]; for thy shafts are ever more set as a defense before Ephesos. O Mounikhia (Munichia) (Lady of Mounykhia), Limenoskope (Watcher of Harbours), hail, Pheraia (Pheraea) (Lady of Pherai)! Let none disparage Artemis. For Oineus (Oeneus) dishonoured her altar and no pleasant struggles came upon his city. Nor let any contend with her in shooting of stags or in archery. For the son of Atreus [Agamemnon] vaunted him not that he suffered small requital. Neither let any woo the Maiden; for not Otos (Otus), nor Orion wooed her to their own good. Nor let any shun the yearly dance; for not tearless to Hippo [an Amazon queen] was her refusal to dance around the altar. Hail, great queen, and graciously greet my song." III) THE ORPHIC HYMNS Orphic Hymn 2 to Prothhyraea (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) : "To Prothyraia [Artemis], Fumigation from Storax. O venerable Goddess, hear my prayer, for labour pains are thy peculiar care. In thee, when stretched upon the bed of grief, the sex, as in a mirror, view relief. Guard of the race, endued with gentle mind, to helpless youth benevolent and kind; benignant nourisher; great nature's key belongs to no divinity but thee. Thou dwellest with all immanifest to sight, and solemn festivals are thy delight. Thine is the task to loose the virgin's zone and thou in every work art seen and known. With births you sympathise, though pleased to see the numerous offspring of fertility. When racked with labour pangs, and sore distressed the sex invoke thee, as the soul's sure rest; for thou Eileithyia alone canst give relief to pain, which art attempts to ease, but tries in vain. Artemis Eileithyia, venerable power, who bringest relief in labour's dreadful hour; hear, Prothyraia and make the infant race thy constant care." Orphic Hymn 36 to Artemis : "To Artemis, Fumigation from Manna. Hear me, Zeus' daughter, celebrated queen, Bromia and Titanis, of a noble mien: in darts rejoicing, and on all to shine, torch-bearing Goddess, Diktynna (Dictynna) divine. Over births presiding, and thyself a maid, to labour pangs imparting ready aid: dissolver of the zone, and wrinkled care, fierce huntress, glorying in the sylvan war: swift in the course, in dreadful arrows skilled, wandering by night, rejoicing in the field: of manly form, erect, of bounteous mind, illustrious Daimon, nurse of humankind: immortal, earthly, bane of monsters fell, 'tis thine, blest maid, on woody mounts to dwell: foe of the stag, whom woods and dogs delight, in endless youth you flourish fair and bright. O universal queen, august, divine, a various form, Kydonian power, is thine. Dread guardian Goddess, with benignant mind, auspicious come, to mystic rites inclined; give earth a store of beauteous fruits to bear, send gentle peace, and health with lovely hair, and to the mountains drive disease and care." PHYSICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF ARTEMIS Artemis hunting deer, Greco-Roman mosaic from Utica C3rd A.D., Bardo National Museum Classical literature provides only a few, brief descriptions of the physical characteristics of the gods. Homer, Odyssey 6. 102 ff (trans. Shewring) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) : "With head and forehead Artemis overtops the rest [of her companion Nymphai], and though all are lovely, there is no mistaking which is she." Homer, Odyssey 6. 151 ff : "[Odysseus addresses Nausikaa (Nausicaa):] ‘You are most like Artemis, daughter of sovereign Zeus; you are tall as she is, lovely as she is, you have her air.’" Homer, Odyssey 17. 37 & 19. 54 : "Penelope came from her room, looking like Artemis [i.e. in chastity] or like golden Aphrodite [i.e. in beauty]." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3. 879 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) : "Artemis, standing in her golden chariot after she has bathed in the gently water of Parthenios or the streams of Amnisos, and driving off with her fast-trotting deer over the hills and far away to some rich-scented sacrifice. Attendant Nymphai (Nymphs) have gathered at the source of Amnisos or flocked in from the glens and upland springs to follow her; and fawning beasts whimper in homage and tremble as she passes by." Callimachus, Hymn 3 to Artemis 10 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "Give me [Artemis] arrows and a bow . . . and give me to gird me in a tunic with embroidered border reaching to the knee, that I may slay wild beasts." Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 19. 5 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "[Amongst the figures depicted on the chest of Kypselos (Cypselus) dedicated at Olympia:] Artemis has wings on her shoulders . . . in her right hand she grips a leopard, in her left a lion." Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 37. 1 : "[From a description of a cult statue:] Artemis wrapped in the skin of a deer, and carrying a quiver on her shoulders, while in one hand she holds a torch, in the other two serpents; by her side a bitch, of a breed suitable for hunting, is lying down." Ovid, Metamorphoses 3. 138 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "She [Artemis] stood taller, a head taller than them all [her attendant Nymphai (Nymphs)]." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 48. 302 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "[Artemis] and maiden Aura mounted the car [Artemis' chariot], took reins and whip and drove the horned team [of deer] like a tempest. The unveiled daughters of everflowing Okeanos (Oceanus) her servants made haste to accompany the Archeress: one moved her swift knees as her queen's forerunner, another tucked up her tunic and ran level not far off, a third laid a hand on the basket of the swiftmoving car and ran alongside. Archeress diffusing radiance from her face stood shining above her attendants . . . The goddess [Artemis] leapt out of her car [of her chariot]; Oupis (Opis) took the bow from her shoulders, and Hekaerge the quiver; the daughters of Okeanos took off the well-strung hunting nets, and another took charge of the dogs; Loxo loosed the boots from her feet." ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN ART Statius, Achilleid - Latin Epic C1st A.D. Statius, Silvae - Latin Poetry C1st A.D. BYZANTINE Photius, Myriobiblon - Byzantine Greek Scholar C9th A.D. Suidas, The Suda - Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D. OTHER SOURCES Source status of Artemis pages:- Fully quoted: Homer (Iliad & Odyssey), Hesiod; Homeric Hymns, Homerica, Apollodorus, Pausanias, Strabo, Herodotus, Orphic Hymns, Quintus Smyrnaeus, Callimachus, Aelian (On Animals), Ovid (Metamorphoses), Hyginus (Fabulae & Astronomica), Apuleius, Aesop; Partially or not quoted (Greek): Pindar, Greek Lyric (Fragments), Greek Elegaic (Fragments), Apollonius Rhodius, Diodorus Siculus, Antoninus Liberalis, Euripides, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Plato, Theocritus, Lycophron, Plutarch, Philostratus & Callistratus, Nonnus, Oppian, Tryphiodorus, et. al.; Partially or not quoted (Latin): Ovid (Fasti), Cicero, Statius, Colluthus, Propertius, Valerius Flaccus, et. al.	i don't know
Which sign of the Zodiac is represented by the ram?	Zodiac Signs Home > Astrology > Zodiac > Signs Signs of the Zodiac A number, 1-12, marks each sign's place in the zodiac and each sign is identified by both an image and a symbol as well as its constellation in the heavens. A person's star sign is determined by the location of the Sun in relation to the zodiac at the time of their birth. The spring signs of Aries the ram, Taurus the bull, and Gemini the twins are the first group of the signs of the zodiac. 1. Aries (March 21-April 19) Image: the ram Element: Fire Aries begins on the vernal equinox, which marks the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere. Aries is a small constellation that represents the ram that Jason and the Argonauts sought to capture for its Golden Fleece. Those born under the sign of Aries are called Arians13. 2. Taurus (April 20–May 20) Image: the bull Element: earth Mythology recognizes Taurus as the white bull disguise that Zeus assumed when presenting himself to Europa 12. A person born under the sign of Taurus is called a Taurean13. 3. Gemini (May 21–June 21) Image: the twins Element: Air Gemini represents the sons of Zeus, the twins Castor and Pollux, whose names are given to the constellation's two brightest stars. Those born under the sign of Gemini are called Geminians13. The summer signs of the zodiac are Cancer the crab, Leo the lion, and Virgo the virgin. 4. Cancer (June 22–July 22) Image: the crab Element: water Cancer begins on the summer solstice, the time of year when the sun reaches its northernmost point. The sign of Cancer represents the crab crushed under the foot of Hercules. Cancer is most noted for the globular star cluster of Praesepe, the Beehive cluster. Cancerians are also called "moon children"7. 5. Leo, the lion (July 23–August 22) Image: the lion Element: fire Egyptian, Babylonian, Arab, and Greek mythology all represent this well-defined constellation as a lion. The western part of the constellation, a curved line known as the Sickle, represents the lion's head15. In Greek mythology, Leo is the Nemean lion slain by Hercules. The Nemean lion was invulnerable to all weapons until Hercules strangled it with his bare hands. Zeus put the lion in the sky as a constellation14. Those born under the sign of Leo are simply known as "Leos". 6. Virgo (August 23–September 22) Image: the virgin Element: the earth Virgo, the last of the summer signs, is a large constellation, represented by a maiden who holds a sheaf of grain. Virgo is also identified with goddesses of fertility such as such as Ishtar or Persephone. Those born under the sign of Virgo are called Virgoans13. The signs of autumn are Libra the balance, Scorpio the scorpion and Sagittarius the archer. 7. Libra (September 23–October 23) Image: the balance or scales Element: Air Sometimes identified with Astraea, the Roman goddess of justice15, Libra brings balance as she marks the second equinox of the year, the autumnal equinox. Her image is either a woman holding a balance or the balanced scale alone. One born under the sign of Libra is called a Libran13. 8. Scorpio (October 24–November 21) Image: the scorpion Element: water Scorpius is one of the most vivid constellations in the sky with the bright red star Antares positioned in its heart16. In astrology, the constellation Scorpius is called Scorpio. Its image refers to the Greek myth of the scorpion that stung Orion, a tale that explains why the constellation of Orion sets as Scorpius rises in the sky15. Those born under the sign of Scorpio are simply called "Scorpios". 9. Sagittarius (November 22–December 21) Image: the archer Element: fire From the Latin sagitta for arrow8, Sagittarius is the last of the autumn signs of the zodiac. Sagittarius is set in a large constellation that represents a centaur (half man, half horse) carrying a bow and arrow11. His arrow points at the red heart of Scorpio. One who is born under the sign of Sagittarius is called a Sagittarian2. The winter signs of the zodiac are Capricorn the goat, Aquarius the water bearer, and Pisces the fish. 10. Capricorn (December 22–January 19) Image: the goat Element: earth At the time when it's at the southernmost point, the Sun enters the sign of Capricorn, heralding the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere and summer in the Southern Hemishphere. Identified with the Greek god, Pan, the constellation Capricornus (the Sea Goat) is called Capricorn only in Astrology6. Those born under the sign of Capricorn are called Capricornians13. 11. Aquarius (January 20–February 18) Image: the water bearer Element: Air From Latin "of water", when used as a noun Aquarius means "water carrier" or "water bearer"8. The dim constellation of Aquarius depicts a man pouring water from a jar, which flows into the mouth of the fish, Fomalhuat, the brightest star in the constellation of Pisces16. Those born under the sign of Aquarius are called Aquarians13. 12. Pisces (February 19–March 20). Image: the fish Element: water Pisces, the final constellation of the zodiac, represents two fish5. In Sanskrit, Pisces was the name of the daughter of the goddess of dawn, also called Meenakshi. The short version of the name, Meena means "having eyes shaped like a fish"17. In one version of a Greek myth, Aphrodite and Eros jumped into a river to escape the monster Typhon and were changed into fish. In another version, two fish carried them to safety. Those born under the sign of Pisces are called Pisceans13. Related Categories:	Aries
According to the Bible, which ‘A’ was the last battle between good and evil before the Day of Judgement?	Aries Sun Sign - Zodiac Signs - Article by Astrology.com Aries Sun Sign - Zodiac Signs by Astrology.com November 20, 2009 03:22 PM EST Share Share Share Aries is the first sign of the zodiac, and that's pretty much how those born under this sign see themselves: first. Aries are the leaders of the pack, first in line to get things going. Whether or not everything gets done is another question altogether, for an Aries prefers to initiate rather than to complete. Do you have a project needing a kick-start? Call an Aries, by all means. The leadership displayed by Aries is most impressive, so don't be surprised if they can rally the troops against seemingly insurmountable odds -- they have that kind of personal magnetism. An Aries won't shy away from new ground, either. Those born under this sign are often called the pioneers of the zodiac, and it's their fearless trek into the unknown that often wins the day. Aries is a bundle of energy and dynamism, kind of like a Pied Piper, leading people along with its charm and charisma. The dawning of a new day -- and all of its possibilities -- is pure bliss to an Aries. The symbol of Aries is the Ram, and that's both good and bad news. Impulsive Aries might be tempted to ram their ideas down everyone's throats without even bothering to ask if they want to know. It's these times when you may wish Aries' symbol were a more subdued creature, more lamb than ram perhaps. You're not likely to convince the Ram to soften up; these folks are blunt and to the point. Along with those qualities comes the sheer force of the Aries nature, a force that can actually accomplish a great deal. Much of Aries' drive to compete and to win comes from its Cardinal Quality. Cardinal Signs love to get things going, and Aries exemplifies this even better than Cancer, Libra or Capricorn. Aries is ruled by Mars. Taking a peek at Roman mythology, we find that Mars was the God of War. Our man Mars was unafraid to do battle, and much the same can be said for Aries. These folks are bold, aggressive and courageous. They can summon up the inner strength required to take on most anyone, and they'll probably win. Aries do not lack energy or vitality, and they can stay in the game longer than most anyone else. Now that's a winning edge. Rams are also, for the most part, independent and well aware of their own interests in a given situation. This sometimes myopic view may not be for everyone, but it does help Aries get things going. Further, their competitive natures ensure that they will play the game with zeal and vigor. At times, their approach may be construed as arrogant and domineering, but it takes a lot of focus to be a leader (or so an Aries would say). Sadly, Aries won't usually be around for the final victory (defeat? never). These folks will more than likely have bolted to the next project before the first one is done. The element associated with Aries is Fire. Think action, enthusiasm and a burning desire to play the game. Aries love physicality, so they won't sit on the sidelines for long, if at all. They'll jump into the fray full force and will contribute much in the process. Talk about eager beavers! Sure, some of their decisions may later prove to have been hasty, but you'll never find an Aries who regretted taking a shot. Making things happen is what it's all about to these folks. Aries are also unafraid of stepping onto new terrain. The challenge inherent in taking on the unknown is heaven on Earth for Rams. Sure, they may appear arrogant when they take on the world, but they'll be quick to tell you it's the only way to go. While a common Aries refrain might well be 'me first,' there's no point in arguing with them since, in their minds, they are first. Is this unbridled ego? Maybe, but that might be what it takes to blaze a new trail. Oh, and on the subject of arguing, it's the Ram who will have the last word, so save your breath. Aries plays as hard as they work. These folks are happiest in a spirited soccer match or engaging in the martial arts. In the game of love, the Ram's ardor is unquestioned, although Aries can also be playful and romantic with their mate. With Aries ruling the head, face and brain, those born under this sign need to be on the lookout for headaches and are well-served to take the occasional deep breath. The Ram's color is bright red, a sure sign of the fire that breathes within. The great strength of the Aries-born is in their initiative, courage and determination. These folks love to get things going and are fearless along the way. Their dynamism and competitive spirit add considerably to any of their endeavors. Sponsored Link	i don't know
In humans, which ‘A’ is another term for memory loss?	Dementia – Signs, Symptoms, Causes, Tests, Treatment, Care \| alz.org While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don't ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Professional evaluation may detect a treatable condition. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies . It also provides time to plan for the future. Sign up for our weekly e-newsletter Receive helpful tips on managing symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Subscribe now Causes Dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. This damage interferes with the ability of brain cells to communicate with each other. When brain cells cannot communicate normally, thinking, behavior and feelings can be affected. The brain has many distinct regions, each of which is responsible for different functions (for example, memory, judgment and movement). When cells in a particular region are damaged, that region cannot carry out its functions normally. Take our interactive Brain Tour . Different types of dementia are associated with particular types of brain cell damage in particular regions of the brain. For example, in Alzheimer's disease, high levels of certain proteins inside and outside brain cells make it hard for brain cells to stay healthy and to communicate with each other. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the brain cells in this region are often the first to be damaged. That's why memory loss is often one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer's. While most changes in the brain that cause dementia are permanent and worsen over time, thinking and memory problems caused by the following conditions may improve when the condition is treated or addressed: Depression Back to top Diagnosis of dementia There is no one test to determine if someone has dementia. Doctors diagnose Alzheimer's and other types of dementia based on a careful medical history, a physical examination, laboratory tests, and the characteristic changes in thinking, day-to-day function and behavior associated with each type. Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it's harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose "dementia" and not specify a type. If this occurs it may be necessary to see a specialist such as a neurologist or gero-psychologist. Learn more: Memory Tests Dementia help and support are available If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with dementia, you are not alone. The Alzheimer's Association is one of the most trusted resources for information, education, referral and support. Visit our Virtual Library Dementia treatment and care Treatment of dementia depends on its cause. In the case of most progressive dementias, including Alzheimer's disease, there is no cure and no treatment that slows or stops its progression. But there are drug treatments that may temporarily improve symptoms. The same medications used to treat Alzheimer's are among the drugs sometimes prescribed to help with symptoms of other types of dementias . Non-drug therapies can also alleviate some symptoms of dementia. Ultimately, the path to effective new treatments for dementia is through increased research funding and increased participation in clinical studies. Right now, volunteers are urgently needed to participate in more than 180+ actively enrolling clinical studies and trials about Alzheimer's and related dementias. Back to top Dementia risk and prevention Some risk factors for dementia, such as age and genetics , cannot be changed. But researchers continue to explore the impact of other risk factors on brain health and prevention of dementia. Some of the most active areas of research in risk reduction and prevention include cardiovascular factors, physical fitness, and diet. Cardiovascular risk factors: Your brain is nourished by one of your body's richest networks of blood vessels. Anything that damages blood vessels anywhere in your body can damage blood vessels in your brain, depriving brain cells of vital food and oxygen. Blood vessel changes in the brain are linked to vascular dementia. They often are present along with changes caused by other types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. These changes may interact to cause faster decline or make impairments more severe. You can help protect your brain with some of the same strategies that protect your heart – don't smoke; take steps to keep your blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar within recommended limits; and maintain a healthy weight. Physical exercise: Regular physical exercise may help lower the risk of some types of dementia. Evidence suggests exercise may directly benefit brain cells by increasing blood and oxygen flow to the brain. Diet: What you eat may have its greatest impact on brain health through its effect on heart health. The best current evidence suggests that heart-healthy eating patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, also may help protect the brain. A Mediterranean diet includes relatively little red meat and emphasizes whole grains, fruits and vegetables, fish and shellfish, and nuts, olive oil and other healthy fats.	Amnesia
Which ‘A’ is the white of an egg?	12 Surprising Human Memory Facts - The CEU Group 12 Surprising Human Memory Facts Home / 12 Surprising Human Memory Facts no comments 12 Surprising Memory Facts Do you remember what you ate for breakfast this morning? If the image of a plate of eggs and bacon popped into your mind, that memory was the result of an incredibly complex power—one that reassembled various memory impressions from a web-like patter of cells scattered throughout our brain. Daily, our brain processes information while all of the different systems work together perfectly to provide a cohesive thought. Thanks to memory, we are able to store, preserve and reproduce information. Here are 12 interesting facts about the human memory—if you can remember them! Scientific research has shown that the human brain starts remembering things from the womb—memory begins to work 20 weeks after conception. Memory has two components—short term and long term. Most short-term memories only last 20 to 30 seconds. Memory is influenced by a variety of factors. Memory based on what you saw vs what you hear is called visual and auditory memory. The storage capacity of the human brain is virtually limitless. Caffeine doesn’t maintain memory performances, it only increases alertness. It is believed that an adult can remember twenty to one hundred thousand words. Sleep is important to memory. Although scientists don’t know exactly how it affects the brain, it has been shown that sleep aids storage and retrieval of long-term memories. Many people associate memory loss with aging. However, the memory loss we see the older we get is generally because we tend to exercise our brains less as we age. Your memory can associate a scent with a certain event or occurrence. A smell can trigger the memory in your mind associated with it. The hippocampus is the part of the brain largely responsible for the formation of new memories and directly interacts with our sense of smell. There is such a thing as “false memory”. Researchers are beginning to understand that the human mind can create, exaggerate, distort, or re-invent a memory after a traumatic experience or something that impacted them greatly. The mind must be exercised just like any other muscle in the body. The harder you think about a memory, the more likely you are to remember it accurately. Thinking will create a stronger link between active neurons. We are more likely to remember the information that is provided if it is in a weird, difficult-to-read font. Can you Believe these Famous Individuals Ability to Remember? Alexander the Great was able to remember all of the names of his soldiers—there were approximately 30,000 people in his army. Mozart was able to play and write down all of the notes from a song he had heard but once. Winston Churchill knew by heart almost all of William Shakespeare’s works. Bill Gates can remember hundreds of different codes of the programming language that he designed. Our memory helps make us who we are. From remembering childhood events, to where we left our keys, memory plays an important part of our lives. Want to stay up to date with our latest blog posts? Follow us on Facebook! Don’t forget to download The JoyCE App -your key to tracking your CE credits! Share this Post	i don't know
What is the title of the 1984 film about the life of composer Mozart?	Amadeus (1984) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The incredible story of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , told by his peer and secret rival Antonio Salieri - now confined to an insane asylum. Director: Peter Shaffer (original stage play), Peter Shaffer (original screenplay) Stars: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 25 titles created 03 Jul 2011 a list of 21 titles created 11 Jan 2013 a list of 22 titles created 26 Jun 2014 a list of 21 titles created 28 Jan 2015 a list of 37 titles created 5 months ago Search for " Amadeus " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 8 Oscars. Another 33 wins & 14 nominations. See more awards » Videos In Chicago in September 1936, a young con man seeking revenge for his murdered partner teams up with a master of the big con to win a fortune from a criminal banker. Director: George Roy Hill A criminal pleads insanity after getting into trouble again and once in the mental institution rebels against the oppressive nurse and rallies up the scared patients. Director: Milos Forman Gandhi's character is fully explained as a man of nonviolence. Through his patience, he is able to drive the British out of the subcontinent. And the stubborn nature of Jinnah and his commitment towards Pakistan is portrayed. Director: Richard Attenborough A sexually frustrated suburban father has a mid-life crisis after becoming infatuated with his daughter's best friend. Director: Sam Mendes When his secret bride is executed for assaulting an English soldier who tried to rape her, William Wallace begins a revolt against King Edward I of England. Director: Mel Gibson 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8.3/10 X In future Britain, Alex DeLarge, a charismatic and psycopath delinquent, who likes to practice crimes and ultra-violence with his gang, is jailed and volunteers for an experimental aversion therapy developed by the government in an effort to solve society's crime problem - but not all goes according to plan. Director: Stanley Kubrick In Casablanca, Morocco in December 1941, a cynical American expatriate meets a former lover, with unforeseen complications. Director: Michael Curtiz The story of T.E. Lawrence , the English officer who successfully united and led the diverse, often warring, Arab tribes during World War I in order to fight the Turks. Director: David Lean Atticus Finch, a lawyer in the Depression-era South, defends a black man against an undeserved rape charge, and his children against prejudice. Director: Robert Mulligan Following the death of a publishing tycoon, news reporters scramble to discover the meaning of his final utterance. Director: Orson Welles A Polish Jewish musician struggles to survive the destruction of the Warsaw ghetto of World War II. Director: Roman Polanski A young recruit in Vietnam faces a moral crisis when confronted with the horrors of war and the duality of man. Director: Oliver Stone Edit Storyline Antonio Salieri believes that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's music is divine and miraculous. He wishes he was himself as good a musician as Mozart so that he can praise the Lord through composing. He began his career as a devout man who believes his success and talent as a composer are God's rewards for his piety. He's also content as the respected, financially well-off, court composer of Austrian Emperor Joseph II. But he's shocked to learn that Mozart is such a vulgar creature, and can't understand why God favored Mozart to be his instrument. Salieri's envy has made him an enemy of God whose greatness was evident in Mozart. He is ready to take revenge against God and Mozart for his own musical mediocrity. Written by Khaled Salem Did You Know? Trivia The piece of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's music with the oboe and clarinet themes, whose score Salieri so deeply admires in the early scenes, is the Adagio, or third movement, of the Serenade No. 10 in B-flat, KV361, also known as "Gran Partita". See more » Goofs Near the end when the bed-ridden Mozart is dictating a movement of his Requiem to Salieri, he tells him to write the bass instruments' notes as the "tonic and dominant" pitches in the key of A minor. But the notes that play, and the notes that actually appear in the score, are the tonic and sub-dominant. See more » Quotes	Amadeus
Which ‘A’ is another name for an enemy or opponent?	Mozart's Requiem: The Real Story of Mozart, Salieri, and Amadeus - In Mozart's Footsteps - Uncommon Musical Travel Posted on August 11, 2010 by David Nelson The movie Amadeus made Mozart a household name. It did more to bring his music into everyday life than a thousand concerts and compact disks. Peter Shaffer’s screenplay is an inspired piece of storytelling. It tells of how Antonio Salieri plotted to defeat Mozart. It is full of imagination and intrigue. Unfortunately, it is not 100% true. Let us separate fact from fiction regarding Mozart’s death. The ceiling of Mozart's bedroom. The apartment is now part of "Mozarthaus Vienna", a three-story museum right behind St. Stephen's Cathedral. For many years it was believed that Mozart was poisoned. These rumors started as early as New Year’s Eve, 1791. An obituary in the Berlin’s Musikalische Wochenblatt reported Mozart is—dead. He was sickly when he returned home from Prague and remained ailing since then . . . Because his body swelled up after his death, it is even believed that he was poisoned. At times Mozart even believed this. When he was working on the Requiem he told his wife, “I feel it very acutely. It won’t be long now: I’ve surely been given poison! I can’t let go of that thought.” Constanze never believed it. Rauhensteingasse 8, where Mozart died, with St. Stephen's in the background. The story strengthened when Salieri “confessed” that he poisoned Mozart. Salieri was delusional in the last years of his life. But few of the people who heard his “confession” believed him. Shortly before his death, Salieri put the record straight. He said, although this is my last illness, I can assure you on my word of honor that there is no truth to that absurd rumor; you know that I am supposed to have poisoned Mozart. The Russian dramatist Aleksander Pushkin must have believed the rumors. In 1830, he wrote a short play in which Salieri does poison Mozart. It is aptly titled “Mozart and Salieri.” If Mozart was not poisoned, then how did he die? The cause of death was first thought to be “feverish prickly heat.” Later it was thought to be a “liver condition with terminal uremia.” Currently two theories exist. A 1972 report suggests rheumatic fever. A more recent study proposes that Mozart had the following sequence of illnesses in his final three weeks: streptococcal infection, Schönlein-Henoch Syndrome, renal failure, venesection(s), cerebral hemorrhage, terminal broncho-pneumonia. A Fiaker (Viennese Horse-Drawn Carriage) in front of the Crucifix Chapel, site of Mozart's consecration. Finally, let’s look at the Requiem. Was the commission conceived by Salieri as a way to drive Mozart mad? No. Was it some malicious plot to make Mozart believe he was writing a requiem for himself? No. Was it commissioned by an anonymous messenger? Yes, and that is where we need to begin. Count Franz Walsegg-Stuppach was a music lover and wealthy landowner from Lower Austria. On February 14, 1791, his young wife died. He came up an idea. He would commission Mozart to write a requiem mass that he would pass off as his own. It would be performed on the anniversary of his wife’s death. Walsegg-Stuppach asked a neighbor to be an anonymous messenger and contact the composer. The neighbor was Turkish. The foreign accent may have confused Mozart. Even after Mozart’s death, the Walsegg-Stuppach persisted with his deception. He copied the music (which had been completed by Mozart’s students) into his own handwriting. On December 11, 1793, he conducted it. It was entitled, “Requiem, composto del Conte Walsegg”! Sites to visit: Rauensteingasse 8 The site where Mozart died on December 5, 1791. Now a modern (and rather ugly!) department store with a plaque dedicated to Mozart. St. Stephen’s Cathedral Mozart’s memorial was at the Crucifix Chapel, at the exit of the catacombs tour. There is a small memorial you can see from the outside of the building. Domgasse 5 A three-floor museum called “Mozarthaus Vienna”. Mozart lived here 1784-1787. It was his home that was depicted in “Amadeus” although he died in another home (Rauhensteingasse 9, above). This museum is one of my Top 5 Musical Sites in Vienna. Michaelerkirche (St. Michael’s Church, across from the entrance to the Hofburg) The parts of the Requiem that Mozart completed were performed here just five days after his death. You can see two plaques commemorating this to the right as you enter the church. Prater Vienna’s largest park. Mozart and his wife were walking here when he told her that he felt he had been poisoned. Vienna has some of the most famous coffee houses in the world, but you can still go to Starbucks across from the Hofburg! Share this: Your email address will not be published. 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Globe, Omaha Fiesole and Chianti are all varieties of which vegetable?	Baked Artichoke Recipe Baked Artichoke Recipe written by Heather Restrepo So there are a variety of types when it comes to artichokes (Red-Babyanzio, Big-heart, Siena, Mercury, Omaha, Fiesole, Chianti, etc.) But perhaps the most common is the Classic Green Globe artichoke. This is probably the type of artichoke you will find at your local grocer. Having moved to Hawaii as a teen, that is when I was first introduced to this intimidating looking veggie. I would never have predicted that I could ever encompass the foodie-love-affair that I now have with them! The Classic Green Globe artichoke is by far my favorite because of its’ buttery-tasting heart and bottom. There is also a good amount of meat within the petals – SCORE if you ask me! Many people enjoy perfectly grilled, baked, or steamed artichokes at fancy restaurants, which are usually served with a garlic aioli type of sauce (find my aioli recipe here ). Nonetheless, making them at home is not as scary as you might think! I find that steaming artichokes gives them a bitter taste compared to baking, plus popping them in the oven is so much easier than messing with a steamer! So, here is my go-to recipe for BAKED artichokes: INGREDIENTS: 2 tbsp. Grass-fed Butter (un-salted) 1 tsp. Garlic Powder NOTE: You will need a baking dish with a lid/cover. To start – Preheat the oven to 425 degrees. Give the artichoke a good rinse in cold water, and use a kitchen brush to lightly scrub the outside. Then cut about a half-inch from the stem and discard the bottom piece. I also cut about a half-inch from the very top, just to open it up and allow the seasoning to get inside for cooking. OPTIONAL: Some people like to trim the tops of the leaves to get rid of the thorns, but I find that they become soft during cooking so I don’t bother. Then, carefully cut the artichoke vertically in half. Line a baking dish with parchment paper and place the halves on top. Then lightly coat both pieces with a halved lemon. Take the other half of the lemon and squeeze along the inside of the artichoke, as well as between the leaves. Then sprinkle the sea salt and garlic powder all-over both sides and a bit between the leaves. Next, lightly drizzle your oil all over the artichoke pieces (in between the leaves also). Then place a tbsp. of grass-fed butter in each of the heart pockets. Cover the baking dish with lid, and place in to the oven. Allow to cook until sizzling., usually about 1 hour. (Ovens will vary, so check often after 30-40 minutes of cooking) After cooking, allow to cool, remove the choke with a spoon (the hairy inside part), and then enjoy the meat on petals, and heart/bottom! x. Heather	Artichoke
British sportswoman Charlotte Cooper, born in 1870, was famous in which sport?	Fresh Artichoke Primer with Step-by-Step Directions Spring (main crop) and fall (secondary crop). Selection Fresh artichokes should be compact, firm, plump, heavy for their size, and either globular or conical, with fleshy, tightly clinging green leaves (bracts). Good color, with no browning on the leaves, is a good indicator of freshness. Over-the-hill artichokes have hard-tipped leaves that are opening or spreading. Leaves of over-the-hill artichokes are tough and woody when cooked and may have too strong a flavor. Avoid discolored artichokes. Storage Sprinkle unwashed artichokes lightly with water, and seal in airtight plastic bags. Refrigerate at 32 to 34F. Preparation Artichokes can be minimally prepared (through step 5) or trimmed all the way to the heart (through step 8). The preparation takes a little time but is not difficult. The important thing to remember is to prepare in advance a heavily acidulated ice water bath to plop the artichokes into as soon as they are peeled. This helps to prevent discoloration as the cut surfaces are exposed to air. In addition, you will need a very sharp French knife, small paring knife, and kitchen shears. Use caution as you begin to handle each artichoke as the leaves are armed with a sharp little tip. Step 1: Prepare lemon juice and coat cut surfaces as you go: Set a metal or glass bowl near the work surface and add the juice of 2 freshly squeezed lemons (½ cup). Juice an additional lemon and reserve that juice in case you need it. As you cut into the artichoke, immediate dip the cut portion into the lemon juice. Continue dipping into lemon juice (acidulate) as you complete the trimming. Step 2: Trim stem and lower leaves: With a small paring knife, remove ¼-½-inch of the bottom of the stem. Peel the entire stem and outer green from the bottom torn leaves. Acidulate the peeled surfaces. Step 3: Remove top: Lay the artichoke on its side on a stable cutting board. With a large French knife, slice 1½ inch from the top of the artichoke. Acidulate the cut surface. Step 4:Trim leaves: With a kitchen shears, trim the top of each remaining leaf by ½-1 inch. Acidulate the cut surfaces. Step 5: Remove choke, option 1 (for whole artichokes): Tear the center leaves from the artichoke. Using a sharp edged spoon, scrape out the fuzzy filaments, just to their base. Acidulate the cut surfaces. Step 6: Cut into quarters (optional): Cut the artichoke in half lengthwise through the stem. Acidulate the cut surfaces. Step 7: Remove choke, option 2 (for quartered artichokes): with a paring knife, cut just under the base of the fuzzy choke, to 1-2-1-inch depth. Pull the choke from the artichoke quarter. Repeat with each quarter. Acidulate the cut surfaces. Cooking Artichokes can be steamed, boiled, grilled, or roasted. Artichokes are cooked through when you can easily pull off an outer leaf and pierce the heart with a fork. Cooking time will vary from 20 to 45 minutes, depending on the size of the artichokes and the method used. Recently, I have had great results steaming large artichoke quarters for 15 minutes, marinating them while still hot in a lemon-based vinaigrette for 1-48 hours (in the frig after 1 hour), and then roasting at 400° (with a little of the vinaigrette to keep them from drying out) for 15-20 minutes. Pre-steaming and then marinating is the only method I have found that drives the auxiliary flavors into the flesh of the artichoke. Marinating the uncooked artichoke will not create this result. Eating There is no arguing with the time-honored way to eat an artichoke. It consists of pulling each leaf separately from the whole, dipping it in melted butter, scraping the underside of the leaf against your lower teeth to remove a tiny smidge of succulent goodness, and then setting aside the inedible portion of the leaf. The deeper you go, the more tender the leaves and the more of each you can actually eat. The reward for your patience is the tender heart of the plant (along with the interior of the stem), which is usually cut into quarters before devouring with the remains of the butter. Even with the heart though, we’re only talking a few small bites. The ritual is a big part of the pleasure. Great Partners Aioli, apricot, bacon, basil, bread, butter, capers, chives, cream, Dijon mustard, duck, eggs, garlic, hazelnuts, hollandaise, leeks, lemon, mango, mayonnaise, mint, mushrooms, olive oil, olives (black), onions, orange, Parmesan, parsley, pasta, pastry, pepper, pesto, pizza dough, potatoes, red pepper flakes, risotto, rosemary, sage, sorrel, thyme, toast, toasted bread crumbs, tomatoes, walnuts, and yogurt. Additional Pairings	i don't know
Nicholas Breakspear, born in the 12th Century, was the first English what?	BBC News - Nicholas Breakspear: The only English Pope Nicholas Breakspear: The only English Pope By Jon Welch BBC News Online Nicholas Breakspear became Pope Adrian IV in 1154 The 'fallible' Pope In the Vatican the preliminaries are over. Group discussions have been concluded, oaths of secrecy have been sworn and mobile phones have been handed in to ensure total secrecy. The 115 scarlet-clad cardinal-electors of the Roman Catholic Church who will choose the next Pope have shut themselves away from the outside world and started their deliberations in earnest. The conclave has begun. It could be several days before white smoke billows from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel, signalling that a new Pontiff has been elected. Although it is far from clear who will be chosen to succeed Pope Benedict XVI, it is a pretty safe bet that he won't be English. We need to look back nearly 850 years to find the last - and only - English Pope, Adrian IV. In theory, any baptised male Catholic can be elected Pope. In practice, the job always goes to a cardinal. Today, just two Britons hold that rank. One is Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, the emeritus Archbishop of Westminster, who has not been identified as a likely contender. At 80, he is no longer eligible to take part in the voting. The other is the disgraced Cardinal Keith O'Brien, who stood down as leader of the Catholic Church in Scotland last month and faces a Vatican inquiry into his sexual conduct. He has stayed away from the conclave. But for four-and-a-half years in the 12th Century, the top job in the Roman Catholic Church was held by a man from humble beginnings in Hertfordshire. 'Rose from nothing' Born Nicholas Breakspear in about 1100 at Abbots Langley, near St Albans, he was the son of an educated but poor man. "He rose from almost nothing to become Pope, and he did it all on his talents," said historian Anne Duggan, co-editor of Adrian IV, The English Pope. "It was an extraordinary achievement for an unknown from England." Breakspear's father, Robert de Camera, was a clerk in lower orders in the service of the abbot of St Albans. He entered the monastery, probably on his wife's death, leaving Nicholas to fend for himself. The successor to Pope Benedict XVI will be elected by cardinals in Rome Nicholas also sought admission to the abbey, but was refused, perhaps because of his lack of education. Undeterred, he went to France, studying at Arles in Provence and then joining the St Ruf monastery where he prospered, becoming abbot. Travelling to Rome on abbey business, he was noticed by the Pope, Eugenius III who kept him there, appointing him Bishop of Albano, in what is now the Province of Rome, in 1150. What are the pressures on a 21st Century Pope? Highly regarded by the Pope, he was given important jobs, including organising the Church in Catalonia after the defeat of the Saracens, and then in Scandinavia as papal legate. "If Breakspear had not become Pope, it is likely that he would still be remembered for his energetic work in Scandinavia in the early 1150s," said Fr Nicholas Schofield, archivist for the Diocese of Westminster. "As legate, he reorganised the Swedish church, sent missionaries into Finland and set up a huge bishopric embracing Norway, Iceland, Greenland, the Faroes, Shetland, the Orkneys and Sudreys (including the Isle of Man). "He is supposed to have written catechisms in Swedish and Norwegian as well as a history of his mission, although none of these have survived. Not a bad achievement." Power struggles When he returned from Scandinavia in 1154, Eugenius had died, and Breakspear became the 170th Pope, remaining in the post until his death in 1159. His reign was short but eventful. There were power struggles in and around Rome and tension between the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa. Pope Adrian made peace with the city of Rome, resisting the emperor's attempts to secure control over the city and the papal territories in what is now central Italy. A plaque marks the site of Breakspear Farm where Nicholas Breakspear is thought to have been born He also formed an alliance with the King of Sicily. But Prof Duggan, an expert in medieval history at King's College, London, said his most important achievement for Catholics generally was establishing the principle that serfs could freely and lawfully marry without the consent of their lords. For centuries, Pope Adrian had a bad name in Ireland because of the papal bull Laudabiliter that appeared to give Ireland in perpetuity to the English king, but Prof Duggan said a text relating to this had been falsified. But Fr Schofield said the eventual invasion of Ireland by Henry II in October 1171 fitted in with the Pope's promotion of ecclesiastical reform. 'Centuries of domination' "The Irish church was still based around the authority of powerful abbots rather than diocesan bishops," he said. They do get a sense of how important he was” End Quote Ella McCarthy Nicholas Breakspear Catholic School "Pope Adrian would have been keen to standardise its structure according to the Roman model. "English monarchs up until the Reformation based their title of 'Lord of Ireland' on the pope's bull and, as far as many are concerned, the Hertfordshire pontiff was responsible for eight centuries of English domination in Ireland." Breakspear is thought to have been born at Breakspear Farm between Abbots Langley and Bedmond. There was a farm on the site up until the 1960s when it was demolished to make way for a development of new houses. A plaque commemorates the spot as Breakspear's birthplace. Today the village has several streets named after him, including Popes Road, Adrian Road and Breakspeare Road. 'Choked on fly' His memory lives on, too, at Nicholas Breakspear Catholic School in St Albans, where pupils undertake a unit of work on him. During the school's annual pilgrimage to Rome, they also visit his tomb and say prayers. "They do get a sense of how important he was. He came from the same place as they did, and they are in Rome where he was, so it's very nice," said Ella McCarthy, head of religious education. Pupils at Nicholas Breakspear Catholic School have visited Pope Adrian IV's tomb in Rome She said pupils were often amused to hear stories that he died choking on a fly while drinking wine. Prof Duggan is sceptical about these claims, however. "There's a possibility that he choked - you never know - but these reports tend to be very unreliable. He certainly did die unexpectedly young," she said. As to why there had been no other British Popes, she said Italian candidates had generally been favoured because of the predominance of Italians among the cardinals. There was a line of German popes in the 11th Century, due to the influence of the Romano-German emperors. "As the papacy extricated itself from that influence and stabilised an electoral procedure that went a long way towards excluding external control, candidates from France and from Italy were again chosen," she said. "For much of the later Middle Ages, the balance oscillated between the French and the Italians." More on This Story	Pope
Haneda Airport is in which Asian country?	Homily at St Alban's Abbey for the 850th anniversary of election of Nicholas Breakspear as Pope Adrian IV \| Roman Catholic Diocese of Westminster Homily at St Alban's Abbey for the 850th anniversary of election of Nicholas Breakspear as Pope Adrian IV posted on 04 December 2004 Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor preaching at an ecumenical service in St Alban's Abbey Church on the weekend said: My dear Brothers and Sisters in Christ, I am delighted to be with you today in this great Abbey to celebrate the 850th anniversary of the Election of Nicholas Breakspear as Pope Adrian IV. There have been few non-Italian Popes in history but this one Englishman, elected in 1154, was perhaps among the greatest of them. He was born in Abbots Langley here in Hertfordshire in the year 1100 of humble stock. His father, Robert Breakspear, had taken minor orders at the monastery here of St. Albans, where Nicholas received his education. He had further studies in Paris and then entered the house of the Canons Regular of Saint-Rufus at Avignon. He was professed, ordained priest and later became prior and finally succeeded as Abbot of that monastery. As sometimes happens in monasteries, the canons found the new Abbot's rule too strict and they appealed to the Pope of that time, not once, but twice. Eventually Pope Eugenius told the canons who were protesting to go home and elect another Abbot, but he wisely retained Nicholas Breakspear, creating him Cardinal Bishop of Albano near Rome. Two years ago, Pope John Paul kindly invited me to go as Papal Legate to Sweden for the anniversary of the Cathedral there. To my surprise I found that the last Papal Legate to have gone to Sweden on behalf of the Pope was in fact Nicholas Breakspear, who went there in 1152. He did marvellous work, reconciling the differences between the Scandinavian Monarchs and achieved a lasting peace. When Nicholas returned to Rome in 1154 he was hailed there as Apostle of the North and the Cardinals elected him Pope by acclamation. He took the name Adrian IV. It is not my purpose this evening to go into all the details of Pope Adrian's reign of five years. They were difficult times with many threats of war and instability. Given the challenges that faced him, it was impressive how well he governed the papal states and how far-reaching were his foreign policy initiatives. In the towns of the patrimony of the Holy See which was about half of Italy at the time, he was known as kindly and just, bestowing on all the people many benefits. Adrian IV was a fully Roman Pope, one who cared deeply about his responsibility for the papal states and his ordinary oversight of the universal Church. But he did not cease to be English, nor forget his roots. He liked to have Englishmen around him and appointed a number of them to high rank - and who can blame him for that? When he died in 1159 his sarcophagus bore the simple inscription, Hadranus Papa IV. An old friend, John of Salisbury, wrote about him: Amidst all the troubles �� to this is added the death of our lord Adrian, which has disturbed all Christian nations and peoples but it has moved our England, from whom he sprung, with a deeper grief, and watered it with profuser tears. All good people wept for him but none more than I. What lessons can we learn from the life of Nicholas Breakspear? First of all, it seems to me, we who are part of Europe, should remember what Europe was like in the 12th century and in particular what the Church was like at that time. If ever there was a century in which the association of England with the rest of Christendom in Europe, was total, it was during this century. One could not see the Church in England at that time separate from the international body of which it formed an integral part. The Archbishops of Canterbury, from William the Conqueror to Edward II were either foreigners or English born clerics with foreign experience, just as the religious orders of the time were linked closely to mother houses across the Channel. The great Cathedrals of Canterbury, Wells and York belonged to the same international spiritual company as Cologne, Chartres, Milan. Henry II's tussles with Thomas a Becket were a local emanation of a much wider conflict over secular ecclesiastical jurisdiction throughout Europe. Throughout the 12th century, Europe was a place of remarkable fluidity, an age of pilgrims, crusaders, itinerant friars and wandering scholars. Students travelled from all over Europe to the French schools at Liege, Orleans, Montpellier and Paris. The ecclesiastical high-fliers trekked to Rome; pilgrims and crusaders travelled to the Holy Land or joined the Christian re-conquest of Spain. Nicholas Breakspear exemplifies, perhaps, the best of that age because he travelled all over Europe and was at home wherever he went. He is, perhaps, the ultimate English European and someone we could look to in Britain as we debate now and on what terms Britain wishes to be part of the European Union. He was a loyal son of St. Albans whose career spanned Europe and he is no less English for being at home in Avignon and Rome. He was a Hertfordshire lad who became a French Abbot and later a papal ambassador and, ultimately, Pope of the universal Church. No wonder we have as our reading today from Genesis the Lord saying to Abraham, Go from your country and your kindred and your father's house to the land that I will show you. I will make of you a great nation and I will bless you and make your name great so that you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you and the one who curses you I will curse and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed. (Gen. 1-3) It is a Europe, a different Europe, in which we now dwell. But it seems to me as we gather here today that we Christians in Europe, like Breakspear in the 12th Century, also have to face troubles, instability, and great forces of change. More and more should we seek, like Pope Adrian, in any way that is open to us to keep alive and promote the flame of faith in Jesus Christ in our time, in our Europe. It may be true that the Church is no longer as it was in the 12th century, as it were, the city on the hill, with everyone within its universal embrace. But it is surely the leaven in the mass of which our Lord speaks, the hidden seed which bears fruit through the lives and witness of Christians in this great Continent. Just as Nicholas Breakspear was not afraid to travel far from his father's house in his vocation as monk, and eventually Pope, so we should not be afraid to launch out into the deep, to find new paths and new ways of witnessing to Jesus Christ by word, by deed, in our own time and in our own place. Perhaps also we can learn from the example of the one English Pope a crucial aspect of the papacy, namely, one of humble service to the unity of all Christians. In the gospel read today, we hear the Lord saying to Peter, Do you love me more than these? Peter said to Him, Yes, Lord, you know that I love you. And Jesus said to him, Feed my lambs. And he asked him a second time, and a third time, Simon, son of John, do you love me? Peter felt hurt because he said to him the third time, Do you love me? And he said to Him, Lord, you know everything, you know that I love you. Jesus said to him, Feed my sheep. At the very foundation of the establishment of the Office of Peter is the call to love and service. More and more, perhaps, as we strive to overcome our divisions, keep on the road of reconciliation, truth and unity, may we possibly see one day the Pope, as surely this present Pontiff indicates, as a Pope for all Christians - yes, in diversity, but also in unity. It may seem far away but, as the Prophet Joel says, Your old men shall dream dreams and your young men shall see visions. Why shouldn't we hope for one flock and one shepherd, knowing that the Shepherd is Jesus Christ Who draws us together in unity and peace. But it seems to me that there is one other lesson we can learn from Nicholas Breakspear. When on 4th December 1154 Nicholas was elected Pope, he took, as we know, the name of Adrian IV. We are told that he took that name because he remembered that the first Pop Contact Details:	i don't know
Bob Pettit is associated with which sport?	Legends profile: Bob Pettit \| NBA.com One of the best forwards in NBA history, Bob Pettit was an 11-time All-Star and a two-time MVP. NBA Photos/NBAE via Getty Images Legends profile: Bob Pettit Posted Mar 3 2013 8:07PM When Bob Pettit came out of college in 1954, no one thought he was talented enough to make it as a professional basketball player. Although he had been a prolific scorer at Louisiana State University, the tall, thin forward was deemed too slight at 200 pounds to survive the pounding of an NBA season. However, the scouts failed to factor in Pettit's willingness to work harder than anyone else on the court in order to succeed. And succeed he did. After 11 years with the Milwaukee and St. Louis Hawks, he retired having become the first player in the league to top 20,000 points. The greatest forward of his era, Pettit was an All-Star in each of his 11 seasons, an All-NBA First Team selection 10 times, and an All-NBA Second Team pick once. He never finished below seventh in the NBA scoring race, and he left the sport with two Most Valuable Player Awards and an NBA championship ring. BOB PETTIT Drafted by: Milwaukee Hawks, 1954 (first round); franchise moved to St. Louis for 1955-56 season (1948) Height: 6-9 Weight: 215 lbs. Honors: Elected to Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (1970); NBA champion (1958); NBA MVP (1956, '59); 10-time All-NBA First Team (1955-64); All-NBA second team (1965); Rookie of the Year (1955); One of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History (1996). After Pettit's playing days had ended, rival Bill Russell offered this tribute: "Bob made 'second effort' a part of the sport's vocabulary. He kept coming at you more than any man in the game. He was always battling for position, fighting you off the boards." Born in 1932, Robert E. Lee Pettit Jr. learned about second effort long before he reached the professional ranks. His basketball career had gotten off to a discouraging start after he was cut from the Baton Rouge (Louisiana) High School team, first as a freshman and then as a sophomore. But with encouragement from his father, a county sheriff, the younger Pettit worked endlessly to improve his game, firing countless shots at the basket set up in his backyard. When he tried out for the high school team as a junior, Pettit was already 6-foot-4, and he finally made the squad. One year later, in 1950, he led Baton Rouge High School to its first state championship in more than two decades. He later said that the state title game was one of two contests that he could really remember clearly. The other was Game 6 of the 1958 NBA Finals against the Boston Celtics, a game in which he poured in 50 points. "You can't really compare the games," Pettit told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. "But at the time, winning the state title meant so much." <p>Your browser does not support iframes.</p> After Pettit's outstanding high school performance, he was rewarded with a scholarship to Louisiana State University. His willingness to work hard to score points and collect rebounds earned him All-America honors twice, and he averaged 27.4 points during his college career. By the time he reached his senior year at LSU, he had added five inches to his height. Pettit was selected in the first round of the 1954 NBA Draft by the Milwaukee Hawks. He had more than his share of doubters, who wondered if the slender 6-9 youngster had the strength and endurance that was required for survival in the NBA. Although he seemed thin at 200 pounds, Pettit was by no means frail. Being in superb physical condition, he was more than a match for the rigors of the NBA, and he proved it in his first season by winning the league's Rookie of the Year Award by averaging 20.4 ppg and 13.8 rpg. He also played in his first All-Star Game that season and earned the first of 10 consecutive selections to the All-NBA First Team. Despite Pettit's Rookie of the Year performance, Milwaukee finished in last place in the Western Division with a 26-46 record. During the offseason owner Ben Kerner moved the team to St. Louis. The Hawks showed some improvement during their first year in St. Louis, winning 33 games during 1955-56. Most of the credit for the improved showing had to be given to Pettit, who was named the NBA Most Valuable Player after leading the league in scoring (25.7 ppg) and rebounding (16.2 rpg). He also earned the MVP Award at the 1956 NBA All-Star Game, in which he racked up 20 points, 24 rebounds and 7 assists. The Hawks underwent a major retooling for the 1956-57 season. In the offseason St. Louis acquired Ed Macauley and rookie Cliff Hagan from the Boston Celtics for the draft rights to Bill Russell. Then guard Slater Martin came to the club in an early season deal with the New York Knicks. Alex Hannum arrived a few weeks later after being released by the Fort Wayne Pistons. The team also went through three coaches during that season. Hannum took over as player-coach with 31 games left on the schedule, and the team began to hit its stride. Hannum later credited Pettit's attitude for the club's success. "I was an old-timer when he was a rookie, and I saw him mature into a great player," said Hannum in the Houston Chronicle. "He's a winner, whether it was in playing cards or on the court. I always said it was no fun to play poker against Bob Pettit, because he always played to win, not just to have fun." <p>Your browser does not support iframes.</p> St. Louis posted a less than stellar 34-48 record in 1956-57, but that was enough to earn the club a tie with Fort Wayne and the Minneapolis Lakers for first place in the weak Western Division. The Hawks earned the division title by besting those two rivals in a series of tie-breaking playoff games. St. Louis then made short work of the Lakers with a three-game sweep in the Western Division finals. The Hawks moved on to face the Celtics in the 1957 NBA Finals. No one expected St. Louis to put up much of a fight against a Boston team that had posted the best record in the league. But St. Louis notched a surprise win in Game 1, eking out a 125-123 victory in double overtime. Boston evened the series the following night, and the two teams split a pair of games in St. Louis. After four games the series was tied at two games apiece. Boston came out on top in Game 5, winning 124-109. Two nights later, Hagan tipped in a Pettit miss at the buzzer and the Hawks edged the Celtics 96-94 to force a seventh and deciding game. Game 7 was a heart-stopping thriller and one of the most exciting games in the history of the NBA Finals. The Saturday afternoon contest was seen by a large national television audience. It was a closely played affair, with the Celtics taking command and the Hawks fighting back. St. Louis trailed by two points late, but Pettit sank a pair of free throws in the closing seconds to send the game into overtime. It took a basket from Jack Coleman with time winding down in the first extra period to keep the Hawks' hopes alive as the game moved to a second overtime. With just seconds left, Celtics forward Jim Loscutoff sank a free throw to give Boston a two-point lead. Pettit tossed up a shot as the buzzer sounded, but his offering skipped off the rim, giving the Celtics a 125-123 win and the championship. Although the Hawks were defeated, Pettit excelled during the 1957 playoff run -- averaging 29.8 pg and 16.8 rpg. Tempered in the heat of the previous season's playoffs, St. Louis came back the next year to win 41 games (a franchise record) and claim the division crown. Pettit scored 24.6 ppg and pulled down 17.4 rpg, and he earned All-Star Game MVP honors with a performance that included 28 points and 26 rebounds. <p>Your browser does not support iframes.</p> In the postseason, the Hawks and the Celtics squared off in the NBA Finals for the second straight year. The Hawks took Game 1 with a two-point win, but a Celtics victory in Game 2 tied the series. The tide turned in favor of St. Louis when Russell suffered an ankle injury in Game 3; the Hawks won that game, lost Game 4, then squeezed by the Celtics in Game 5, 102-100. In Game 6, played in St. Louis, Russell made a brief appearance but was hampered by his injury and did not play well. Pettit was remarkable, setting a then NBA Playoff record by scoring 50 points. The Hawks won by a point, 110-109, to dethrone the Celtics and claim the crown. St. Louis finished at the top of the Western Division in each of the next three seasons. In 1959 Pettit was named NBA Most Valuable Player for the second time in his career, after he led the league in scoring (29.2 ppg) and placed second to Russell in rebounding (16.4 rpg). He put up similar numbers in each of the next two years, finishing fourth in the NBA in scoring in both 1959-60 (26.1 ppg) and 1960-61 (27.9 ppg). Despite the relentless output from Pettit, the Hawks were unable to recapture the league title during those years. They lost their chance to repeat as champions in 1959 when the Lakers ousted them in the Western Division finals. In 1960 St. Louis challenged Boston in the Finals once again but lost the series in seven games. The Hawks and the Celtics played for the championship for the fourth time in five years in 1961, and Boston took that series in five games. St. Louis slipped a bit the following year, but Pettit had his finest season ever. While the Hawks were struggling to a 29-51 record and a fourth-place finish in the Western Division, Pettit was filling up the basket at an incredible rate. He averaged a career-high 31.1 ppg in 1961-62, and he collected rebounds at the astonishing rate of 18.7 rpg. He was also called upon by Kerner to act as the team's head coach late in the season and in six games he piloted the squad to a 4-2 record. The Hawks bounced back the following season as Kerner hired former New York Knicks great Harry "the Horse" Gallatin to coach the team. St. Louis finished second to the Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Division, and Pettit posted his usual sparkling numbers: 28.4 ppg and 15.1 rpg. The Hawks flew by the Pistons in the opening round of the postseason but were then ousted by the Lakers in a tough seven-game series. The 1963-64 campaign was a near repeat of the previous season. St. Louis finished in second place in the division once again, then was bumped in the division finals in seven games, this time at the hands of the San Francisco Warriors. Pettit contributed 27.4 ppg and 15.3 rpg during the regular season. At season's end, he earned his 10th and final selection to the All-NBA First Team. <p>Your browser does not support iframes.</p> A knee ailment limited Pettit to 50 games in 1964-65. It was the first time in his career that he had been sidelined for more than a handful of games because of an injury. (It was not the first injury of his career, however. He played part of the 1957-58 season with a cast on his hand, which didn't prevent him from scoring 28 points in that year's All-Star Game.) Despite the injury to his knee, Pettit averaged 22.5 ppg. The Hawks scratched out another second-place finish in the Western Division but were eliminated in the semifinal round of the playoffs. Pettit was 32 years old at the end of the 1964-65 campaign, and he decided to call it quits. He retired having accumulated 20,880 points(26.4 ppg), the most ever scored in the NBA at that time, and his 12,849 rebounds ranked him second all-time. He never averaged fewer than 20 points, nor did he miss an All-Star Game in any of his 11 seasons. His rebounding totals were no less impressive: he never fell below 10 rebounds per game for a season and his career average was 16.2 -- still third best in league history behind Wilt Chamberlain and Russell. He was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1970, and was named to the NBA 50th Anniversary All-Time Team in 1996. SEARCH NEWS	Basketball
Who plays Susan Delfino in the US tv series Desperate Housewives?	Bob Pettit: By The Numbers - LSUsports.net - The Official Web Site of LSU Tigers Athletics Photo by: LSUsports.net , LSU Athletics Publications Bob Pettit: By The Numbers Published: February 26, 2016, 08:15 AM (CT) Johnny Jones Tipoff Luncheon - Feb. 29 NOTE: Saturday at 4:30 p.m. the public is invited to the plaza area at the front of the LSU men’s basketball practice facility at the Pete Maravich Assembly Center where the statue of Bob Pettit will be unveiled. In advance of the unveiling, LSUsports.net would like to present some of the LSU highlights of Bob Pettit, a timeline of his basketball career and a few things maybe you didn’t know.) LSU Basketball Career Bob Pettit is one of just two players to score 60 points in a basketball game joining Pete Maravich. He posted 60 points against Holy Cross in his second year against Holy Cross (12/7/53). Here are some of his top scoring games: 60 – vs. Louisiana College (12/7/53) 57 – vs. Georgia (1/9/54) 44 – vs. Georgia Tech (2/13/54) 43 – vs. Georgia (1/8/54) 40 – vs. Ole Miss (1/30/52) Top Scorers In LSU History 3,667 – Pete Maravich (1967-70) 1,941 – Shaquille’ O’Neal (1989-92) 1,916 – Bob Pettit (1,951-54) Top Rebounders in LSU History 1,276 – Rudy Macklin (1976-81) 1,217 – Shaquille O’Neal (1989-92) 1,168 – Al Sanders (1969-72) 1,039 – Bob Pettit (1951-54) In his 70 career games, Pettit raised his shooting percentage from 43.2 percent as a sophomore to 49 percent each of his last two seasons. Even more impressive was after making 118 free throws and shooting 59.9 percent in 1952, by the time he left in 1954 he made 223-of-308 free throws and 72.4 percent. Only Pete Maravich made more free throws in a season, had a higher single season scoring average and his rebound average best of 17.3 in 1954 is 1.5 better than the 15.8 his teammate Ned Clark would post in 1955. In fact, all three seasons of Pettit’s scoring and rebounding averages are in their respective top 10s for a year in school history. He’s on six of LSU’s top 10 career lists and probably would have been on more if they kept things like assists and such officially back then. Even more remarkable, his was the first jersey retired for any player in any sports at LSU. To be the first is also a remarkable honor. He was also that year inducted into the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame after graduating from LSU. NBA Career And if you know Bob Pettit’s LSU career, some of the numbers and times in his NBA career just add to this marvelous mystique as a player: 1954 NBA Draft – 2nd overall pick, 1st round, Milwaukee Hawks Signed a contract for $11,000 – all-time high for an NBA rookie at that time 1955 – NBA Rookie of the Year – averaging 20.4 points, 13.8 rebounds 1955 – Second rookie to win All-NBA honors The Hawks, after finishing last that year would move to St. Louis. In his second season Pettit adjusted his game so that he would get to the free-throw line for easy points for his team and foul trouble for his opponents. Pettit told one writer: “Offensive rebounds were worth eight to 12 points a night for me. Then I’d get another eight to 10 at the free throw line. All I had to do was make a few jump shots and I was on my way to a good night.” 1956 – NBA MVP leading NBA in scoring (25.7 ppg) and rebounds (16.2 rpg) 1956 – NBA All-Star Game MVP (20 points, 24 rebounds, 7 assists) 1957 – Hawks tie for Western Division title; Lose title in 7 games to Celtics 1958 – All-Star Game MVP – 28 points, 26 rebounds 1958 – Hawks win NBA Championship, beating Celtics in 6 games 1959 – All-Star Game MVP; Regular season NBA MVP 29.2 ppg, 16.4 rpg 1960 – Advanced to NBA Finals, falling in 7 games to Celtics 1961 – Averaged 27.9 ppg, 20.3 rpg … joined Wilt Chamberlain and Jerry Lucas as only players to average 20-20 in the NBA. 1961 – Advanced to NBA Finals, falling in 5 games to Celtics 1962 – Career high 31.1 ppg, 18.7 rpg 1962 – Named Player-Coach of team last six games: 4-2 record 1962 – Fourth All-Star Game MVP 1964 – 10th selection to All-Star Game 1965 – Retires after 11 seasons at age 32 1970 – Inducted into Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame 1973 – Inducted into Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame When he retired, he was the first NBA player to eclipse 20,000 points and nearly 30 percent of his points (6,182) came at the foul line. He finished with 11 all-star game appearances, two regular season MVPs, four All-Star MVPs, an NBA title and 10 first-team All-NBA selections. -- Pettit became a very successful businessman after his retirement and also was one of the first color analysts to work with John Ferguson on the old TVS network broadcasts of SEC Basketball. Eddie Einhorn put those packages together and in if you closely to an old tape of the famed UCLA-Houston game in 1968 in the Astrodome before over 50,000 fans, sitting courtside with a younger Dick Enberg calling that game on TVS was one Bob Pettit. (Note: Einhorn passed away on Thursday night. After making college basketball on Saturday afternoon's appointment viewing 50 years ago, he had spent the last 25 years as a minority owner of the Chicago White Sox.) Now a statue remains to be unveiled Saturday and the public is invited to add another milestone to the long-lasting legacy of this legend. What a career! What a life! Bob Pettit statue to be unveiled Feb. 27 is about a full-court pass from @shaq 's on north end of Maravich C... https://t.co/N8cyal6Kb0	i don't know
What was the name of the boat in which English car and speedboat racer Donald Campbell was killed in 1967?	Bluebird reborn: Legendary speedboat that killed tragic Donald Campbell is rebuilt from wreckage \| Daily Mail Online Bluebird reborn: Legendary speedboat that killed tragic Donald Campbell is rebuilt from wreckage comments The legendary record breaking Bluebird superboat in which speed-king Donald Campbell died after crashing at 328mph is to live again - 45 years after the tragic accident that sealed both their fates. The wreck of the jet-powered Bluebird K7, which sank to the bottom of Lake Coniston in January 1967 before being found and raised by divers in 2001, is now being re-assembled piece by piece. The aim is to put the phoenix-like reconstructed craft back on the water in a year's time - and run it at speeds of up to 100mph. State-of-the-art: The Bluebird K7 is reconstructed by a team of experts. This still image is taken from a sequence using 3-D graphics to recreate Donald Campbell's tragic final journey Grainy black and white film footage of the crash involving one of the UK's most famous speed-record champions has become an iconic image of a bygone age of British derring do and pluck, tinged with tragedy. Now the remarkable story of the Bluebird's phoenix-like rebirth is chronicled in a new television documentary called 'Bluebird: The Spirit Reborn' to be broadcast on Christmas Eve (Friday 24th December at 19.30 on Sky News and Sky News HD). A team from Sky News has not only followed the Bluebird project for an exclusive behind the scenes look at the re-build, it has also used hi-tech 3-D computer graphics to recreate second-by-second the crash and help pinpoint exactly what went wrong in the fatal record attempt run. Iconic: This image of Donald Campbell's Bluebird hydroplane was taken on Coniston Water, Cumbria, on the day it flipped over and crashed as he tried to break his own world water speed record Backed by the pilot's daughter, Gina Campbell, a small team of diving enthusiasts and volunteer engineers based in a workshop in North Shields on Tyneside is putting the original Bluebird back together using 90 per cent of the original parts and fabric - even removing and then replacing thousands of individual rivets. The team also have a pilot to take the finished boat back onto the water at Coniston for its 100mph run. Campbell smashed the world water speed record seven times in Bluebird K7 which was built in 1954. But in his final attempt when he pushed the by now ageing craft - designed to do no more than 250mph - beyond its endurance to 328mph. It lifted out of the water like an aeroplane, flipped over, and smashed into the water at 183mph, throwing 50 tons of spray into the air before it sank 40 metres underwater to remain there for 34 years. The Sky News documentary notes of the reconstructed graphic of the accident: 'For the first time we can see what happened to Donald Campbell and his boat. 'On that morning in January 1967, Donald Campbell set out to make the two runs necessary to establish a new water speed record. 'According to new analysis of this footage of the first run, alarm bells should have been ringing at this point. The film clearly shows Bluebird’s front end lifting briefly out of the water after he’d hit 310 miles an hour. Minutes later, Campbell would ask even more of her but his luck was about to run out.' Crash: This graphic shows the moment Bluebird flipped as Donald Campbell reached speeds of over 300mph Shattered: Bluebird disintegrated into hundreds of pieces as it crashed into the water It adds: 'Campbell broke with protocol now and began his second run without getting the all clear from his course marshal. The ageing Bluebird had been originally designed for no more than 250 miles an hour, Campbell would push her to a destabilising 328mph on water still choppy from his first run. 'Exactly ten seconds before the final impact, she began a series of increasingly violent bounces. Campbell was in real trouble. On the third bounce the jet engine cut out, without its thrust it was impossible to keep Bluebird’s nose down. We now know that the boat came down on her side, hitting the surface at 183 miles an hour. Water punched through the cockpit, tearing it apart.' The boat somersaulted spectacularly before sinking to the bottom of the lake. Campbell's daughter Gina is enthused by the project to rebuild her father's craft: 'I'm envisaging an enormous public response to coming to hear it and to see it. I think it will send the shivers up a lot of people's spines, I can almost feel it now, in fact I am tingling. It will be a thrill to see and to hear and to smell. 'She was a beautiful, beautiful piece of machinery.' Resurrection: The remains of Sir Donald Campbell's Bluebird are brought to the surface of Coniston Water in the Lake District March 8, 2001 She said her father was inspirational: 'I was 17 when my dad died, I had wonderful years with him. I still feel him around me in various things I do.' Bluebird project leader Bill Smith says he too gets 'goose-bumps' recollecting his part in the team which in 2001 found and raised the wreckage of the legendary but ill-fated craft: 'It was just as though somebody, in the pitch dark at the bottom of the lake with my nerves strung like wire, grabbed me by the foot. What a fright! Your blood runs cold.' He then spotted 'a crumpled mass of tin with blue paint' and then the Union Jack on the tail-fin and realised he'd finally found Bluebird. Three months later the team recovered the body of Donald Campbell who is buried in Coniston cemetery. Tragic: Donald Campbell's wife Tonia Bern leans on the fairing to talk with her husband in the narrow cockpit of the Bluebird car, which was shown to the public for the first time in Goodwood, Sussex Rebuild: Bluebird project leader Bill Smith says he too gets 'goose-bumps' recollecting his part in the team which in 2001 found and raised the wreckage of the legendary but ill-fated craft Engineer Mr Smith of bluebirdproject.com which is backed by voluntary donations said: 'No one in their right mind would repair such a thing'. He notes: 'It was almost lost. All you had were the pictures and a little bit of black and white footage of the crash and what we want to give back is something that has been built to the absolutely highest possible standard.' Although they had the drawings from 1954, they swiftly realised Campbell made modifications on the hoof which required detective work:' 'A good example would be that down in the foot well is a little guard alongside of the throttle pedal, presumably to keep his trousers out of the workings. That was never drawn but we found it in the wreckage and put it back.' Donald Campbell died trying to live up to the achievements of his speed record breaking father, Sir Malcolm Campbell, and Bluebird shares its name with the series of high speed aerodynamic cars in which both Campbell's smashed records. Bluebird historian and author Neil Sheppard believes that Donald Campbell had become 'trapped' in his obsession to reach 300 miles an hour:'I think he was under enormous pressure. 'But a speed of 328 miles an hour is the very edge of the envelope of that boat and at that speed a set of circumstances set itself in motion from which he couldn’t escape.' Robbie Robinson, who was part of Campbell's original support team and first on the scene when Bluebird crashed tells the Sky documentary team: 'When they finally pulled it out and you could see the devastation at the front end of the boat and how it had been just ripped apart. That was quite disturbing.' But he said: 'It’s the reincarnation of Bluebird. What it really means is it will be this permanent memorial to the man, Donald Campbell, that I knew and respected so much, to rise again like the phoenix.' :: 'Bluebird: The Spirit Reborn' to be broadcast on Christmas Eve,Friday 24th December at 19.30 on Sky News and Sky News HD. Repeated Wednesday 29th and Friday 31st December at 19.30. :: See the boat's reconstruction: bluebirdproject.com	Bluebird K7
What type of foodstuff is a cascabel?	LAKE DUMBLEYUNG AUSTRALIA DONALD CAMPBELL AND BLUEBIRD K7 JET BOAT Campbell has been trying to realise his record-breaking attempt for months at various locations in Australia . Each time he has been frustrated. The weather at his first choice of location, Lake Bonney in South Australia, proved too unpredictable. Then, he moved to Lake Dumbleyung, near Perth, on 16 December, only to be delayed by wild ducks which could not fly away because they were moulting. The weather was the next setback, as persistent easterly winds raised waves up to 2ft (61cm) high, making any attempt impossible. With time running out for him to achieve his goal of breaking both speed records in the same year, he began considering a move to a third lake just south of Perth. The four timekeepers at Bluebird's (K7) record breaking run at Lake Dumbleyung were: Warren Mathews, Don Reimann -deceased, Don Noack, and Rod Style Sr. 'LET'S GO SKIPPER' Then suddenly, on the last possible day, the winds eased and the lake became flat calm. Conditions were rated 95% suitable, and the chief mechanic, Leo Villa, radioed to Mr Campbell, "I think it's worth a try - let's go, skipper!" Several hundred people gathered on the shores of the lake to watch, among them Mr Campbell's wife, Tonia Bern. When she heard that he had done it, she dived into the lake and swam out to embrace him as he brought Bluebird in. As he stepped ashore, Mr Campbell told his supporters, "It's amazing that we clinched it. I never thought we had the chance of a snowball on the desert of cracking it today." Mr Campbell broke the land speed record in July on Lake Eyre salt flat in central Australia, with a speed of 403.1mph (648.72km/h). Bluebird K7 Lake Dumbleyung 1964 However, the record was short-lived: on 27 October an American, Art Arfon, drove his jet car across Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah at an average speed of 536.71mph (863.75km/h). Donald Campbell attempted to break his own speed record a little over two years later, on 4 January 1967 . A split second before his jet-powered boat, the Bluebird K7, broke the record, travelling at more than 300mph (483km/h) on Coniston Water , the boat's nose lifted and it was catapulted 50ft (15m) into the air. Mr Campbell was killed instantly as the boat hit the water and disintegrated. He was 46 years old. His body was not recovered for another 34 years, until 2001. His remains were buried near Coniston Water. Donald Campbell is still the only person to break both land and water speed records in the same year. He remains the last British man to break the world water speed record. In 1978, it passed to Australia, when Ken Warby reached a speed of 317.6mph (511.1km/h). BLUEBIRD K7 The K7 was a very successful boat that set 7 World Water-Speed records between 1955 and 1964. The first record run was at Ullswater where Donald set a record of 202Mph. In the same year this was raised to 216mph at Lake Mead. There followed a sequence of record raising runs at Lake Coniston where he attained 248mph in 1958 and on each successful attempt Donald collected the ï¿½5,000 prize money offered to anyone who broke the record by Billy Butlin, of holiday camp fame. The prize money was a good way to finance the project and may explain so many incremental records. Donald finally raised the water speed record to 276mph at Lake Dumbleyung, Australia in 1964, having earned a theoretical ï¿½35,000 prize money. DUMBLEYUNG Dumbleyung is a small wheatbelt town located 275 km south east of Perth. No one knows exactly how the town got its name but it is likely that it is a corruption of the local Aboriginal word 'dambeling' which probably meant 'large stretch of water'. An alternative theory argues that it may well be derived from 'dumbung' which either meant a native pear tree or an Aboriginal game played with bent sticks and a hard piece of fruit. The explorers Henry Landor and Henry Maxwell Lefroy are usually credited with the discovery of Dumbleyung Lake , although it appears to have been shown on a map in 1839 with the name Kondening Lake. Grazing leases around the lake were first granted to George Kersley in 1875. In recent times, the increased soil salination has made the area unsuitable for grazing. Today the lake is mainly used for aquatic recreation. Despite the extreme salinity of the lake, it provides a habitat for many varieties of water birds, and since 1963 has been protected by the Dumbleyung Lake Nature Reserve. Although in many ways Dumbleyung is a typical wheatbelt town there is one event in its history which makes it uniquely important and separates it from the dozens of other towns in the area. Lake Dumbleyung full of water Dumbleyung Lake, also widely known as Lake Dumbleyung, is a salt lake in Western Australia. It is located at 33ï¿½ 20' S, 117ï¿½ 39' E, in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. At 13 kilometres long and 6.5 kilometres wide, it covers an area of 52 kmï¿½. On New Years Eve 1964, after a particularly wet winter had seen the lake fill to overflowing, Donald Campbell set the world water speed record when he raced his boat Bluebird across the lake at the remarkable speed of 444.66 km/h (276.3 mph). This made him the fastest man both on land and on water. A unique double. A memorial to Donald Campbell's achievements is located on Pussy Cat Hill on the lake shoreline. Offering excellent views over the lake, it is clearly signposted 'Scenic Drive - Lake Dumbleyung' on the road from Wagin to Dumbleyung. Lake Dumbleyung, undoubtedly the area's great attraction, is the largest natural body of inland water in West Australia. It is approximately 13 km long by 6.5 km wide with a catchment area which extends approximately 64 km north towards Kulin, 64 km south towards Narrangerup and 55 km east to Tarin Rock. In the years when it overflows the water takes a course through the Wagin Lakes into the Beaufort River, thence the Blackwood and into the sea at Augusta. The first recorded sighting of the lake was in 1843 when two explorers Henry Landor and Henry Maxwell Lefroy travelled through the area looking for pastoral lands and a large body of water which had been mentioned by the local Aborigines. Landor and Lefroy described Lake Dumbleyung in their journal entry for 17 January 1843. 'After riding 10 miles, we came in sight of Dambeling, the largest of the lakes - 13 miles by 7 or 8. It is like the others, shallow with many low islands in varied and beautiful form. On the northern and eastern shores, there is a good grazing country down to the lake, ending in precipitous banks and extending over the hills 2 or 3 miles distant from the lake. The water is salt and the shore long, flat and muddy, on which we saw the impressions of two stray horses and a foal...' The first grazing leases around Lake Dumbleyung were granted in 1875 to George Kersley who overlanded sheep from Beverley and took up a lease of 20 000 acres which included half of the lake. Early accounts describe the lake as having grass covered banks and the saltbush provided valuable grazing for Kerseley's stock. The pastoralists were followed by the sandalwood cutters who came through the area searching for the aromatic timber. It was also common for farmers to cut the timber as it was a ready source of income during hard times or periods of inactivity. Other early accounts describe a road across the lake used by Katanning settlers to cart produce to the goldfields in the 1890s. This was the opportunity for local farmers to make a fortune as quickly as the miners. They would load their wagons with flour, sugar, oatmeal, jam and baking flour and when they got to the goldfields actually auction their produce. While the lake is used for aquatic recreation today, in the early 1900s there were race tracks on it and it was used for picnics. During the 1920s and 1930s, although the lake did not fill to overflowing, there were years when it had enough water for swimming and boating. A record wet year in 1946 saw the lake fill completely. In recent times the lake has suffered greatly from the salination which has affected the whole of the wheatbelt. It now has a very distinctive saline smell. The shorelines, which the early settlers described as being so rich and fertile, are now characterised by forests of dead trees standing like forlorn skeletons. Most of the lake is part of a water bird conservation area. In March 1985 a total of 24 839 birds were counted on the lake. The town of Dumbleyung seems to run a rather poor second to the lake but it is not without its charm. It came into existence just prior to World War I. The township was proclaimed in 1906 and the railway arrived a year later. From 1907-1912 Dumbleyung was the railway terminus which meant that it became an important meeting place. The Dumbleyung Hotel was built in 1913 and by 1915 Dumbleyung was the major rural service town in the region. Things to see - Lake Dumbleyung and Donald Campbell memorial On New Years Eve 1964, after a particularly wet winter had seen the lake fill to overflowing, Donald Campbell set the world water speed record when he raced his boat Bluebird across the lake at the remarkable speed of 444.66 km/h (276.3 mph). This made him the fastest man both on land and on water. A unique double. A memorial to Donald Campbell's achievements is located on Pussy Cat Hill on the lake shoreline. Offering excellent views over the lake, it is clearly signposted 'Scenic Drive - Lake Dumbleyung' on the road from Wagin to Dumbleyung. Lake Dumbleyung, undoubtedly the area's great attraction, is the largest natural body of inland water in West Australia. It is approximately 13 km long by 6.5 km wide with a catchment area which extends approximately 64 km north towards Kulin, 64 km south towards Narrangerup and 55 km east to Tarin Rock. Heritage Trail and History An interesting journey through the region can be taken by following the Dumbleyung Historic Schools Trail Heritage Brochure. The brochure details four separate drives which include the sites of 26 schools and cover a total of 374 km There is an excellent book on the area titled A History of Dumbleyung written by Terry Klemm. It is available from the Shire of Dumbleyung office on the corner of Harvey and Dawson Streets. NATIONAL MOTOR MUSEUM, BEAULIEU - 50th ANNIVERSARY BLUEBIRD CN7 A celebration Evening is to be held on Saturday 19th July 2014 at the National Motor Museum , Beaulieu . On 17 July 1964, despite mechanical problems and unpredictable weather, Donald Campbell and his team persevered to set a new British Land Speed Record of 403.10mph in Bluebird CN7, at Lake Eyre in Southern Australia. Fifty years on, this iconic vehicle is an integral element of a new display, For Britain & For The Hell Of It at the National Motor Museum, telling the story of British Land Speed Record achievement. What better way to mark the 50th anniversary than to spend an evening in the company of both the iconic Bluebird CN7, and Donald Campbellï¿½s widow, Tonia Bern-Campbell . The evening will include a first public screening of the digitally re-mastered film ï¿½How Long a Mileï¿½ï¿½, on Donald Campbellï¿½s world record breaking year of 1964 when he took both the land and water speed records ï¿½ a unique double that has never been equalled. The screening will be followed by an exclusive dinner in the National Motor Museum and a talk by Tonia Bern-Campbell, recalling that magical time. There will also be an opportunity to explore the Museum including the new For Britain & For The Hell Of It display. This evening is a must for any Campbell or Bluebird enthusiast. Tickets for the evening are now available, to book your individual tickets or a table, contact Leithï¿½s at Beaulieu on 01590 614605 or email: [email protected] For more information & ticket prices visit http://www.beaulieu.co.uk/cn7 The blue bird legend continues. The classic lines of this electric racing car were inspired by Reid Railton and his designs for the Napier Lion and Rolls Royce engined Blue Bird LSR cars in the 1930s, the Blueplanet BE3 features instant battery recharging using the patent Bluebirdï¿½ cartridge exchange system under license from BMS . This LSR is also solar assisted. She is designed for speeds in excess of 350mph using clean electricity. Imagine the spectacle of this beautiful vehicle speeding across the salt at Bonneville , or flying past on the sand at the Daytona or Pendine beaches. To hire this vehicle for your venue please contact BMS and ask for Leslie or Terry. The BE3 team need at least 3 months advance notice of events.	i don't know
The Winter War from 1939 – 1940 was a military conflict between Russia (Soviet Union) and which other country?	1/4: Fire and Ice: The Winter War of Finland and Russia - YouTube 1/4: Fire and Ice: The Winter War of Finland and Russia Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 25, 2012 The Winter War was a military conflict between the Soviet Union and Finland. It began with a Soviet offensive on 30 November 1939 and ended on 13 March 1940 with the Moscow Peace Treaty. This was Finland's first war during WW2, followed by: The Continuation War (against the USSR, 25 June 1941 -- 19 September 1944) and The Lapland War (against Nazi Germany, from September 1944 to April 1945). Category	Finland
A curassow is what type of creature?	Soviet-Finnish war remembered — RT News Tags Anniversary , Conflict , Military , Russia , Europe Joseph Stalin had long wanted to regain Finland – part of the Russian Empire before the Revolution. At the end of November 1939 the Soviet army attacked, expecting a quick victory, but the campaign quickly turned into an icy hell for the poorly prepared Red Army, crippled by the recent purges among officers. The Soviets eventually broke the Finnish defense, but they paid a high price. While some 25,000 Finns were killed, the USSR initially claimed its losses stood at 49,000. It was later revealed the number could be almost three times that. Finland was forced to accept peace terms signed in Moscow on March 12, 1940. The USSR pushed its border west, gaining a large slice of Finnish territory and much of the country's industrial capacity. However, the war dealt a massive blow to the USSR's reputation as world opinion largely supported the Finnish cause. The country was expelled from the League of Nations. In spite of this, historian Yuri Kilin says Finland too had been nursing plans of an attack against the Bolsheviks. “Although Finland didn't start the war, it had long wanted to capture some Soviet land. The maps were drawn as early as 1919. Finland was never just an innocent victim. It simply didn't plan to attack the USSR alone,” he said. In 1941, soon after Nazi Germany invaded the USSR, the Finns regained their land and moved into Soviet territory. They set up several concentration camps in the city of Petrozavodsk. Out of its 20,000 civilians, 4,000 perished. Lydia Sinukova was 14 at the time, and was one of the prisoners. Now 82 she still remembers the shock she felt then. She recalled: “We woke up in the morning and there was barbed wire all around the city. People were panicking. My mother soon fell ill and was taken to a hospital for prisoners. Two weeks later I was given a scrap of paper saying she had died.” After World War II the 1940 border was restored. Now, 70 years after the Winter War, enthusiasts take part in reconstructions of the events, saying the key is to remember and come to terms with this bitter part of Russia's past.	i don't know
Which of Henry Vlll’s wives was known as the Flanders Mare?	So THIS is why Henry VIII called wife No.4 the Flanders Mare! Anne of Cleves is an upside down image of the king in portraits \| Daily Mail Online So THIS is why Henry VIII called wife No.4 the Flanders Mare! Anne of Cleves is an upside down image of the king in portraits From the look on his face, Henry VIII is certainly upset about something. Turn the portrait upside down and you will see what’s on his mind. Hidden in the king’s features is none other than Anne of Cleves – the bride he considered so ugly that he never consummated their marriage. Upside down: Henry in the inverted picture and Whistler's Anne of Cleves portrait The double portrait from the 1940s is the work of artist Rex Whistler and is to be revealed on tomorrow’s episode of Antiques Roadshow. Show expert Rupert Maas said: ‘It’s just great fun. Anne wasn’t a very attractive woman according to popular history – although I’m not sure she was quite as hideous as this.’ Anne was the fourth of Henry’s six wives, sent over from Germany after he saw a flattering portrait by Holbein. On arrival, he called her the ‘Flanders Mare’. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share They divorced six months after marrying in 1540. He married twice more while she remained in England and was given a generous settlement. Henry and Anne are one of many double-acts Whistler made into reversible portraits. Mr Maas said: ‘Whistler preferred the old masters to modernism, which is why he drew and painted in an old-fashioned style.’ A bit more flattering: The Hans Holbein portraits of the couple from 1539 The artist, who died in 1944, gave the portrait to the current owner when she was seven after she sat for him. The Roadshow programme from Enniskillen, Northern Ireland will be shown on BBC1 tomorrow at 8pm.	Anne of Cleves
What colour are the stars on the national flag of China?	SparkNotes: Henry VIII: Henry and his Wives Henry and his Wives Henry and his Wives, page 2 page 1 of 2 Summary Henry VIII is perhaps most notorious in English history for his six marriages. He has the distinction in the history of that nation for being the most-married monarch of all time. We have already seen the course of his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was plagued by infant mortality and finished off with a sensational political revolution. His second wife, Anne Boleyn, saw an unfortunate end as well. After the birth of the princess Elizabeth in 1533, Anne suffered a miscarriage and two stillbirths. Henry showed his disappointment openly and determined to rid himself of yet another wife. In May 1536, Anne was charged with multiple instances of adultery–very likely false charges–one of her alleged lovers being her own brother. She was also charged with conspiring to have Henry killed. She and five men were put to death after a quick and unfairly conducted trial on May 19. Henry remarried very quickly after Anne's execution. Jane Seymour, a quiet- mannered lady of the court, had caught the king's attention while Anne was still queen. She only responded to Henry's persistent overtures after Anne's execution, and the two married on May 30, 1536. Jane bore Henry a son, the future King Edward VI, in October the following year. She died in childbirth, however, and Henry was extremely grieved. By March 1539, Henry showed himself inclined to marry once again. Thomas Cromwell suggested a possible marriage alliance with the Protestant German duchy of Cleves. Henry sent his best portrait artist, Hans Holbein the Younger, to capture Anne of Cleves's likeness; the painting the Flemish artist brought back to him pleased Henry greatly. Cromwell was asked to conclude the marriage treaty. When Anne of Cleves arrived in England in January 1540, however, Henry was shocked by her plain appearance (Holbein's painting had been too flattering) and her poor manners. He disparagingly referred to her as "the Mare of Flanders," and they were divorced within six months of their marriage, which was never consummated. Anne lived the rest of her days in content obscurity on a large estate that was given to her upon the divorce. Cromwell, who had coordinated the disastrous affair, lost Henry's favor entirely. Henry's fifth bride was the vivacious Katherine Howard, niece of Thomas Howard, the Duke of Norfolk. After the king married her in August 1540, Norfolk took advantage of his niece's position to gain him and his chief political friend, Stephen Gardiner, the orthodox bishop of Winchester, greater influence with King Henry. Katherine was very free with herself where it came to handsome young men of the court, however, and following in Anne Boleyn's footsteps, she was sent to the scaffold in February 1542, executed for treason. In July 1543, Henry tied the knot for the sixth and final time. He married the twice-widowed Katherine Parr, a mild-mannered woman who treated her ailing husband and king with great devotion, also serving as a caring, surrogate mother for Prince Edward and Princess Elizabeth. Katherine outlived Henry, who died in 1547. Analysis Henry's many marriages have served as some of the best proof of his egoistic, tyrannical temperament in historical accounts of his life and personality. That he discarded a wife of twenty years (Catherine) because her sons died in infancy, sent two wives to the scaffold for their alleged and real adultery, and treated the unfortunate Anne of Cleves so rudely because of her plainness (when he had grown old, obese, and terribly unattractive himself)–these facts speak for themselves, and do not merit Henry much sympathy. Much of the tragedy in the personal stories of all his wives, excepting Jane Seymour and Katherine Parr, can be attributed to Henry's egoistic disregard for the human cost of his actions. 1	i don't know
What was the name of the camp which was set up in Chile when 30 miners where trapped underground?	The untold story of how the buried Chilean miners survived \| New York Post The untold story of how the buried Chilean miners survived Modal Trigger After 17 days, a small hole finally reached the miners, who gave the thumbs up to the rescuers above. AP Jorge Galleguillos, a veteran miner at the San José Mine in Chile’s Atacama Desert, was working 2,000 feet below the Earth’s surface when he saw what he thought was a butterfly. His co-worker, Franklin Lobos, disagreed. “It was white rock,” he said, referring to the “translucent, milky quartz that glimmers when it catches the light.” It was also a harbinger. “Deep Down Dark: The Untold Stories of 33 Men Buried in a Chilean Mine, and the Miracle That Set Them Free” by Héctor Tobar (Farrar, Straus and Giroux) Because as they drove not 65 feet (20 meters) past that spot, that one falling rock became “a massive explosion,” and the area around them “filled with dust.” Unknown to them, this was but one part of an incredible collapse occurring throughout the mine. The men, along with 31 others, were about to undergo an ordeal the likes of which few suffer, and fewer survive. The next time they saw daylight, they would be global heroes, and their lives would never be same. The collapse of the San José Mine on Aug. 5, 2010, became international news, as 33 men were trapped underground for 69 days, battling starvation and hopelessness as the world waited anxiously for news of their rescue. Héctor Tobar, author of the new book “Deep Down Dark: The Untold Stories of 33 Men Buried in a Chilean Mine, and the Miracle That Set Them Free” (Farrar, Straus and Giroux), was the only journalist given access to the men and their families, and returns with a riveting account of a remarkable disaster. Translation: ‘We’re f—ed’ The 33 men were trapped 2,000 feet beneath the Earth’s surface for 69 days.EPA The San José Mine was more than 100 years old, and a century of “digging and blasting” had all but worn away its internal structure. The mine was known for “primitive working conditions and perfunctory safety practices,” including escape tunnels that were “useless in an emergency because they lack the ladders necessary for the miners to use them.” On the afternoon of the 5th, the miners heard the explosion, and were enveloped in dust, as the ramps leading to the surface collapsed. It sounded like “a massive skyscraper was crashing down behind them.” The names of the 33 miners were painted on a rock at the camp where relatives waited for news of the rescue effort.AP “A single block of diorite, as tall as a 45-story building, has broken off from the rest of the mountain and is falling through the layers of the mine … causing a chain reaction as the mountain above it collapses, too.” This piece, the men would later learn, was about 550 feet tall and weighed 770,000 tons — “twice the weight of the Empire State Building.” In the ensuing quake, several men were “knocked off their feet by a blast wave” as “the walls began to shake and stones the size of oranges [began] falling around them.” When the quaking was done, the men found themselves trapped and one miner uttered, “Estamos cagados.” “Loose translation,” writes Tobar, “We’re f—ed.” A quick inspection showed that “all the connections to the surface have been cut: the electricity, the intercom system, the flow of water and compressed air.” The men, not yet knowing the extent or cause of the devastation and believing they’d be rescued in a few hours or days at most, retreated to the Refuge, a classroom-size, steel-reinforced safe room that holds provisions meant to feed 25 men for two days. The inventory of the food included “1 can of salmon, 1 can of peaches, 1 can of peas, 18 cans of tuna, 24 liters of condensed milk (8 of which are spoiled), 93 packages of cookies,” not counting a few that some of the men ate on the sly, “and some expired medicines.” There were also “a mere 10 bottles of water,” although there were thousands of liters keeping the engines of their machinery cool. While dirty, oily and occasionally used for bathing, it was drinkable enough to keep them alive. Smell of the grave In order to ration food, the miners would eat one scoop of tuna fish and two cookies once a day, at noon.AP Food rationing, they soon learned, would be harsh, since, “If each man eats one or two cookies and a spoonful of tuna each day, the provisions might stretch out a week.” A miner named Mario Sepúlveda, one of the leaders throughout the ordeal, would line up “37 plastic cups in rows and spoon one teaspoon of canned fish into each cup, then pour in some water, making a broth. He [then passed] out two cookies to each man. ‘Enjoy your meal,’ he says. ‘This is delicious stuff. Make it last.’ That single meal, at noon, likely contains fewer than 300 calories and is meant to hold them all until the next noon.” The T 130 drilling machine that was used to create an escape holeReuters They’ll soon broaden the menu to include soup they’ll cook, using the industrial water, “in a truck’s air filter from a single can of tuna, with . . . no salt and only a few peas and some motor oil for flavoring.” An overview of the San Jose Mine on Oct. 8, 2010, a week before the miners were rescuedEPA In time, the rumbling of their collective stomachs will grow so loud that, in the echo of the mine, some will mistake it for the sound of the mountain collapsing. Most of the men slept in the Refuge, where, after several days, “the fetid scent begins to gather and cook, transforming the air into a stew of body odor,” leading one miner to later say, “I’ve smelled corpses before, and after a while, it smelled worse than that.” As days pass, a society develops. The men hold daily prayer meetings. They play checkers using a board made from cardboard, and dominoes one miner created by “pulling apart and cutting up the white plastic frame of the reflective traffic-hazard triangle in his truck.” They occasionally think they hear drilling, but no rescue appears. Sometimes, the humor turns gallows, as when one miner tells the sole Bolivian in the group, “You better hope they come for us. Because if they don’t, since you’re Bolivian, you’ll be the first one we’re going to eat.” Some men (including, reportedly, the joke’s subject) appreciated the levity. Others could not, realizing that if one of them died, they might have to consider such action. Slice of peach for 33 Rescuers workers finally drilled a small hole to the miners after 17 days, but their ordeal was far from over.EPA Above ground, meanwhile, several potential rescuers descended 2.8 miles (4.5 kilometers) into the mine, only to be stopped by the monolith. Seeing it, one veteran miner wept, knowing that his colleagues were doomed. Officials also discovered that the building-size slab was still shifting, making “a new collapse possible at any moment.” Mining and drilling experts sought to figure out where they could drill without collapsing the already weakened mountain. In time, drilling experts from around the world would join the effort. Just outside the mine entrance, the miners’ families set up a camp — calling it Camp Esperanza, or “Hope” — where they could stay while awaiting word of their loved ones and keeping pressure on government officials. Chile’s then-President Sebastian Pinera holds up a plastic bag containing a message from the miners that reads, “We are OK in the refuge, the 33 miners” on Aug. 22, 2010.AP For some of the miners, this led to complications. Yonni Barrios, a “paunchy, soft-spoken Romeo,” lived with his girlfriend, except when they were fighting. Then, he stayed with his wife, who lived less than a block away. Both women planted their flags at the camp, and their battle for Barrios’ heart went public. (The girlfriend won.) “Camp Hope,” the site where more than 2,000 family members, workers and press were stayingAP The story quickly went global, and the Chilean media put the miners’ chances for survival at “less than 2%.” The trapped miners gather together on Oct. 13, 2010, as the rescue mission begins.Reuters After two weeks underground, many of the miners were having trouble walking, and their ribs began sticking through their skin. The sound of daily drilling was by now unmistakable, but the miners had no idea how long rescue would take. They would eventually hear over a dozen drills fail to find their target, disappointments that came to feel like “a second death.” By now, there was just enough food to give each man one cookie every two days. In time, they stretched that out to three days to make the food last longer. At one point, “a single slice of peach, about the size of a thumb” was found, and meticulously divided into 33 slivers “about the size of a fingernail.” Another time, one of the men experienced temporary blindness, “the first signs of a common side effect of hunger, caused by vitamin-A deficiency.” On day 17, a drill that had been growing louder suddenly stopped, the sound replaced by “a whistle of escaping air” — one of the drills had broken through. The miners ran to see and began banging on it furiously with wrenches “like little kids hitting a piñata.” The men, “laughing and cheering,” celebrated by “passing around a plastic bottle filled with dirty water as if it were champagne.” They tied notes to the drill bit, informing those on the surface that all 33 of them were still alive. After 17 days of hell, the men finally had hope. But the end of their ordeal was still far away. Animals in a cage While underground, the 33 men made a pact that the rights to their tale would be owned by all of them, in 33 equal parts.AP As food, clean water, a phone line and other supplies were passed down the 4.5-inch hole, the men’s joy was dashed when they learned that getting them to the surface, including finding a way to reach them and bring them up that didn’t risk collapsing the already fragile mine, could take as long as four months. “If they are indeed stuck until Christmas,” writes Tobar, “they will have been trapped underground twice as long as any human being in history.” The Fenix traveled down a hole only 28 inches in diameter to bring up the miners one by one.EPA While the men managed to support each other during their times of dire starvation, there was a greater danger in strong, healthy men dealing with this collective frustration in the pits of hell, and their confrontations grew increasingly heated. With their fortunes in the hands of the mystery people above, one miner wrote, “Now I know how an animal in captivity feels, always depending on a human hand to feed it.” Above ground, meanwhile, they were becoming international celebrities, as media around the world interviewed their families, and a Chilean millionaire began an effort to raise funds ensuring that all the men were millionaires by the time they reached the surface. (While they all received gifts from many donors, their fortunes never became that grand.) There was also trouble brewing regarding press coverage of individual miners, including the braggings of Sepúlveda, who mentioned in a letter to his family that he was “the absolute leader,” causing bitterness among the men. Sepúlveda also raised suspicions by joking about eating each other, jokes that, as the men’s strength increased, took on a violent edge, leading some to fear for their safety. One of the rescued miners emerges from the Fenix capsule.AP While the surreal nature of knowing they were rich and famous while still trapped underground messed with their heads, they did keep it together in one crucial area, making a pact that the rights to their tale would be owned by all of them, in 33 equal parts. This pact would lead to some disagreements down the road, but ultimately it would hold. The rescue couldn’t take place through the hole already drilled, but required a new hole 28 inches in diameter. The problems faced in drilling the first hole were now multiplied, since this hole needed to be wide enough for the men to fit through. In time, many nations would send help, including the US, with a special 26,000-pound drill coming from a company in Pennsylvania, and a top American driller participating in the final rescue effort. It was agreed that three separate drilling efforts would proceed simultaneously, in an effort to rescue the men as quickly as possible. Finally, daylight The first miner rescued ascended to the surface a little before midnight on Oct. 12. Twenty-four hours later, all 33 miners were out.Getty Images On Sept. 17, one of the drills broke through to the men via a 17-inch hole, and that was widened over the next several weeks to the required 28 inches. From there, a few days were needed to remove the drill bit from the hole, and then a rescuer was sent down in a tube, dubbed the Fenix, built specially for this purpose. The first man, Florencio Avalos, began his ascent a little before midnight on Oct. 12. He reached the top around 30 minutes later, met by his family, news cameras from around the world, and the president and first lady of Chile. One of the miners celebrates along with the cheering crowd after stepping out of the Fenix capsule.Getty Images Around 24 hours later, Luis Urzua became the last man to hit the surface. As he did, the 69-day nightmare of the San José Mine officially reached its end. Many of the miners struggled to readjust, feeling withdrawn and suffering flashbacks and nightmares. After darkness fell, Barrios, for one, would sometimes wake “in the middle of the night and put on his old helmet,” just sitting there with his helmet lamp on, suddenly screaming and punching the couch cushions. For several, such as Alex Vega, the cure was surprising. After two years of “emotional suffering” including “nightmares about being buried alive,” Vega realized he needed to “confront this fear” head on — which for him meant returning to the mines. Every day for a week, he drove 980 feet (300 meters) deep, “wandering about the stone passageways, and then back up and out of those dank caverns and into the sunshine.” His nightmares never returned.	Camp Hope
The litas is the basic monetary unit of which country?	Celebrations as last trapped Chile miner is rescued - BBC News BBC News Celebrations as last trapped Chile miner is rescued 14 October 2010 Close share panel Media captionThe capsule carrying Luis Urzua emerged to cheers, songs and applause The last of the 33 miners trapped deep underground in northern Chile for more than two months has been rescued. Luis Urzua, the shift supervisor who was credited with helping the men survive the first 17 days before rescue teams made contact, was greeted by his family and President Sebastian Pinera. The six rescuers sent down to assist the miners have all been winched up. The rescued miners have been taken to hospital. All have severe dental infections, and some have eye problems. One man has been diagnosed with pneumonia, although his condition is not thought to be serious. Health Minister Jaime Manalich stressed that all appeared to be in far better condition than expected. The men had been trapped underground since 5 August, when a rockfall caused a tunnel to collapse. "They were experiencing a kind of rebirth," President Pinera said in a televised address after Mr Urzua's ascent. "When the last miner exited the depths of the mine, I was moved as every Chilean was." 'Mission completed' The rescue operation began shortly after 2315 on Tuesday (0215 GMT on Wednesday) with a technical expert, Manuel Gonzalez, being lowered down the 624m (2,047ft) shaft. At the scene By Vanessa BuschschluterBBC News, San Jose mine, Chile Camp Hope, a rather drab and dry affair in the middle of the Atacama desert, erupted in an explosion of colour and sound the moment the capsule carrying Luis Urzua, the last of the 33 miners to be rescued, broke the surface. Champagne corks popped, balloons in the red, white and blue of the Chilean flag were released, and a rain of confetti and champagne descended on families, police and journalists alike. Sisters, mothers, fathers and brothers, everyone hugged and danced in front of the screen relaying the images from the rescue shaft some 500m up the hill. Their shouts of joy carried through the clear and cold night. As has become tradition, they then sang the national anthem, arms interlocked, their T-shirts with pictures of the drill which dug the rescue shaft, soaked in champagne. Mr Gonzalez was supposed to return to the surface and report on the condition of the rescue shaft, before handing over to a paramedic. However, a live video feed from the refuge where the miners were gathered showed Mr Avalos getting into the "Phoenix" capsule. He was chosen to lead the way because he was one of the fittest of the miners. Mr Avalos reached the surface at 0010 (0310 GMT) and was greeted by his family, rescuers, President Pinera and the first lady, Cecilia Morel. Bystanders cheered and clapped, and then started chanting "Chile". President Pinera, his wife and Mining Minister Laurence Golborne were also waiting at the head of the shaft at 2155 (0055 GMT on Thursday), when the rescue capsule carrying Mr Urzua emerged to jubilant cheers, songs and applause. The 54-year-old then embraced the president and said: "We have done what the entire world was waiting for. The 70 days that we fought so hard were not in vain." "We had strength, we had spirit, we wanted to fight, we wanted to fight for our families, and that was the greatest thing." Media captionPresident Pinera praises the miners, the families and the rescuers. Mr Pinera replied: "I congratulate you because you did your duty, leaving last like a ship's captain." "You are not the same, and the country is not the same after this. You were an inspiration. Go hug your wife and your daughter." He then led the crowd in singing the Chilean national anthem. Below ground, the six rescue workers held up a banner saying "Mission completed". They will now be winched to the surface. Those freed earlier were: Jimmy Sanchez, 19, the youngest of the group who had only been working at the mine for five months and had been showing signs of anxiety Mario Gomez, at 63 the oldest miner, who sent up a letter shortly after the miners were found to be alive, saying that the mining company "has got to modernise" Jose Ojeda, whose scribbled note - which read "All 33 of us are safe in the shelter" - informed the world the miners were still alive 17 days after the rockfall that trapped them Bolivian Carlos Mamani, the only non-Chilean, who was greeted by his president, Evo Morales Mario Sepulveda, who brought a bag of stones from the mine as souvenirs Juan Illanes, a former soldier who urged his fellow miners to maintain discipline while trapped Claudio Yanez, who became engaged to his partner of 11 years, Cristina Nunez, during the ordeal Yonni Barrios, whose wife only found out about his mistress when they both attended a vigil for him Edison Pena, who became known as "the runner" because he ran up to 5km (3 miles) a day through the mine tunnels to keep himself fit Victor Zamora, not a miner but a driver who had gone underground to repair a vehicle and was trapped by the rockfall Omar Reygadas, a bulldozer operator who, after leaving the capsule, knelt on the ground clutching a Bible Esteban Rojas, who while underground told his girlfriend of 25 years that he now wanted to marry her Jose Henriquez, an evangelical preacher who had the job of keeping up his colleagues' spirits Claudio Acuna, one of the "palomeros" who handled packages for the group; he celebrated his birthday down the mine Franklin Lobos, a former professional soccer player in a Chilean league who received a signed t-shirt sent to the mine by Barcelona star David Villa Richard Villarroel, whose partner Dana Castro is heavily pregnant Raul Bustos, whose wife described him as the "luckiest unlucky man on Earth"; he lost his builder's business during Chile's earthquake in February Alex Vega, Jorge Galleguillos, Carlos Barrios, Victor Segovia, Daniel Herrera, Pablo Rojas, Dario Segovia, Osman Araya, Samuel Avalos, Carlos Bugueno, Renan Avalos, Juan Aguilar, Pedro Cortez and Ariel Ticona Following their reunions with relatives, the miners were flown by helicopter to hospital in the nearby city of Copiapo. Order of rescue Florencio Avalos (31), Mario Sepulveda (39), Juan Illanes (51), Carlos Mamani (23), Jimmy Sanchez (19), Osman Araya (30), Jose Ojeda (46), Claudio Yanez (34), Mario Gomez (63), Alex Vega (31), Jorge Galleguillos (56), Edison Pena (34), Carlos Barrios (27), Victor Zamora (33), Victor Segovia (48), Daniel Herrera (27), Omar Reygadas (56), Esteban Rojas (44), Pablo Rojas (45), Dario Segovia (48), Yonni Barrios (50), Samuel Avalos (43), Carlos Bugueno (27), Jose Henriquez (54), Renan Avalos (29), Claudio Acuna, (35), Franklin Lobos (53), Richard Villarroel (27), Juan Aguilar (49), Raul Bustos (40), Pedro Cortez (24), Ariel Ticona (29), Luis Urzua (54) Send your reaction Outside the hospital, barriers have been set up to cope with the crowds of onlookers and journalists. During their journey to the surface, the miners wore a "bio-harness" designed for astronauts, which monitors their heart rate, breathing, temperature and oxygen consumption. They were also given sunglasses to protect their eyes from the glare of the desert after more than two months underground. Earlier, President Pinera told the BBC that it had been a day Chileans would never forget. "To see the miners coming from the bowel of the mountain to the surface and hug their wives, their daughters with so much emotion and joy has been something. It has proven the value of faith, the value of commitment, the value of teamwork." Mr Pinera said he hoped people would now associate Chile with the mission to get the miners out, rather than its years of military rule. He also vowed to change safety standards to protect miners.	i don't know
Jah, Afrocentrism, Ital, Zion and Cannabis use are the main doctrines of which religious movement?	Rastafari movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Rastafari movement This box: view • talk • edit The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic , Abrahamic , new religious movement [1] that accepts Haile Selassie I , the former Emperor of Ethiopia , as the incarnation of God, called Jah [2] or Jah Rastafari. Haile Selassie is also seen as part of the Holy Trinity and as the returned messiah promised in the Bible. Other characteristics of Rastafari include the spiritual use of cannabis , [3] [4] rejection of western society (called " Babylon "), and various Afrocentric social and political aspirations, [3] [5] such as the teachings of Jamaican publicist, organizer, and black separatist Marcus Garvey (also often regarded as a prophet), whose political and cultural vision helped inspire Leonard Howell to develop the foundations of this new world view. The Rastafari movement predominantly emerged in Jamaica in the 20th century, and it proclaims Africa (also " Zion ") as the original place where the body of the first man was found, which established independency among blacks. The name Rastafari comes from Ras (literally "Head," an Ethiopian title equivalent to Duke ), and Tafari Makonnen, the pre-coronation name of Haile Selassie I. Rastafari is commonly called "Rastafarianism", but this term is considered derogatory and offensive by Rastas themselves. [6] Contents Rastafari are monotheists , worshiping one, singular, God whom they call Jah . Rastas see Jah as being in the form of the Holy Trinity , that is, God being the God the Father , God the Son and God the Holy Spirit . Rastas say that Jah, in the form of the Holy Spirit, lives within the human, and for this reason they often refer to themselves as "I and I". Rastas usually accept the Christian doctrine that God incarnated onto the Earth in the form of Jesus Christ , to give his teachings to humanity. However, they often feel his teachings were corrupted by Babylon . Many Rastas, in accordance with their assertion that "word, sound is power", also object specifically to the English pronunciation of his name (/dʒi:zəs/) as impure, preferring instead to use the forms in Hebrew (Yehoshuah) or Amharic ('Iyesus). Integral to the basic Rastafari world-view is that Jah, as the Messiah or Christ, was incarnated again, this time as the Ethiopian Emperor, Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari). A few Rastas also claim that Melchizedek , an Old Testament figure, was a previous incarnation of Jah.[ citation needed ] [ edit ] The Holy Trinity Rasta doctrines concerning the Holy Trinity are mostly related to the name Haile Selassie meaning Power of the Trinity in Ge'ez , but the exact significance of this tends to vary. Many Rastas claim that Haile Selassie I represents God the Father and God the Son/Yahoshua/Jesus and the Holy Trinity, while all human beings potentially embody the Holy Spirit . An 18th century Ethiopian image of Jesus [ edit ] Jesus Christ Most Rastas agree, as do the majority of Christians, that Jesus Christ is an incarnation of God on Earth. They consider that Jesus gave Jah's teachings to humanity, but they were distorted by Babylon . For this reason, it was prophesied in the Book of Revelation that Jesus would return. Rastas hold that this was fulfilled when Haile Selassie was born, whom they see as a reincarnation of Jesus, and therefore Jah, onto the Earth . Rastas say that Jesus was black , and that white society (or Babylon) has commonly depicted him as white for centuries in order to suppress the truth and gain dominion over all peoples. Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia , considered by Rastas to be the incarnation of Jesus Christ . Haile Selassie (1892-1975) was the emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. Rastas claim that he was the reincarnation of Jesus Christ and therefore an incarnation of Jah onto the Earth. They also claim that he will lead the righteous into creating a perfect world, called " Zion ". Zion would be the ultimate paradise for Rastafarians. Rastas say that Selassie's coming was prophesied in the Book of Revelation (the final book of the Bible). Psalm 87:4-6 is also interpreted as predicting the coronation of Haile Selassie I. During his coronation, Selassie was given many of the same titles used in the Bible, such as "King of Kings", "Elect of God" and "Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah." This is one of the primary reasons he is held to be God incarnate. Rastas also refer to Selassie as "His Imperial Majesty" and "Jah Rastafari". The very name "Rastafari" comes from his own name. Of great importance is that Rastafari [3] do not accept that God could die and thus insist that Selassie's 1975 supposed death was a hoax, and that he will return to liberate his followers. A few Rastas today consider this a partial fulfillment of prophecy found in the apocalyptic 2 Esdras 7:28. Haile Selassie was the 225th in an unbroken line of Ethiopian monarchs who descended from the Biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba .[ citation needed ] For Rastafari, Selassie I remains their god and their king. [7] They see Selassie as being worthy of worship, and as having stood with great dignity in front of the world's press and in front of representatives of many of the world's powerful nations, especially during his appeal to the League of Nations in 1936, when he was still the only independent black monarch in Africa. [7] From the beginning the Rastas decided that their personal loyalty lay with Africa's only black monarch, Selassie, and that they themselves were in effect as free citizens of Ethiopia, loyal to its Emperor and devoted to its flag. Selassie's ancestors In the 10th century BC, the Solomonic Dynasty of Ethiopia is said to have been founded by Menelik I , the son of Solomon and Makeda, the Queen of Sheba , who had visited Solomon in Israel. 1 Kings 10:13 claims "And King Solomon gave unto the Queen of Sheba all her desire, whatsoever she asked, beside that which Solomon gave her of his royal bounty. So she turned and went to her own country, she and her servants." On the basis of the Ethiopian national epic, the Kebra Negast , Rastas interpret this verse as meaning she conceived his child, and from this, conclude that African people are among the true children of Israel, or Jews. Beta Israel black Jews have lived in Ethiopia for centuries, disconnected from the rest of Judaism; their existence has given some impetus to Rastafari, as they feel it validates their assertion that Ethiopia is Zion. [ edit ] Zion vs. Babylon Rastas assert that Mount Zion (i.e., Africa, especially Ethiopia) is a land that Jah promised to them. To achieve this, they reject modern western "society", calling it Babylon , which they see as entirely corrupt. [3] [8] [5] "Babylon" is considered to have been in rebellion against "Earth's Rightful Ruler" (Jah) ever since the days of the biblical king Nimrod . [ edit ] Paradise Many Rastas are physical immortalists who maintain that the chosen few will continue to live forever in their current bodies. This is commonly called "Everliving" life, particularly in the context of "Life Everliving with Jah" as king and Amharic the official language. This replaces the term "everlasting", as "last" in "everlasting" implies an end (as in the term "at last"), whereas Rastas say their life will never have an end. A good expression of this doctrine is in Lincoln Thompson's song Thanksgiving. After asking "What's destroying life?" he says, "Tell I if you know." Paraphrasing the Bible, he continues, "There are too many dead bodies lying around me...in a true reality, down in the grave there is no life. In silence there you'll be, with no-one to hear nor see, and no matter what you saw, when you are dead you cannot praise Jah." Another may be seen in the lyrics to the Third World's anthem, "96 Degrees in the Shade": As sure as the Sun shine Way up in the sky, Today I stand here a victim - The truth is I'll never die... Perhaps the most well known example of this is Bob Marley's refusal to write a will despite suffering from the final stages of an advanced metastasized cancer (and the resulting controversy surrounding the distribution of his estate after his death) on the grounds that writing a will would mean he was giving in to death and forgoing his chance at everliving life. There are some descriptions of something like paradise, but on earth, in Rastafari poetry and reggae lyrics. Bunny Wailer's song "Dreamland" and Marley's "Rainbow Country" are well known paraphrases for a better life in a literal or spiritual Africa. [ edit ] Afrocentrism and Black Pride One of the key focuses of Rastas is on Afrocentrism . They teach that Africa , in particular Ethiopia , is where Zion, or paradise, shall be created. As such Rastafari orients itself around African culture. Rastafari holds that evil society, or "Babylon" has always been white dominated, and has committed such acts of aggression against the African people as the slave trade . Despite this Afrocentrism and focus on people of the black race, members of other races, including whites, are found and accepted by Blacks among the movement, for most believe rasta is for all people. Historical focus on Afrocentrism and black pride Rastafari developed among poor Jamaicans of African descent who felt they were oppressed and that society was apathetic to their problems. Marcus Garvey , who is viewed as a prophet of Jah, was a keen proponent of the " back to Africa " movement, advocating that all people of the black race should return to their ancestral homeland of Africa. Many early Rastas for a time believed in black supremacy. Widespread advocacy of this belief was shortlived, at least partly because of Haile Selassie's explicit condemnation of racism in an October 1963 speech before the United Nations . Most Rastas now espouse the doctrine that racial animosities must be set aside, with world peace and harmony being common themes. One of the three major modern houses of Rastafari, the Twelve Tribes of Israel, has specifically condemned all types of racism, and declared that the teachings of the Bible are the route to spiritual liberation for people of any racial or ethnic background. During his famous UN address (which provided the lyrics for the Carlton Barrett and Bob Marley song " War "), Haile Selassie made the following statement: On the question of racial discrimination, the Addis Ababa Conference taught, to those who will learn, this further lesson: that until the philosophy which holds one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned; that until there are no longer first class and second class citizens of any nation; that until the color of a man's skin is of no more significance than the color of his eyes; that until the basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all without regard to race; that until that day, the dream of lasting peace and world citizenship and the rule of international morality will remain but a fleeting illusion, to be pursued but never attained. And... until bigotry and prejudice and malicious and inhuman self-interest have been replaced by understanding and tolerance and good-will; until all Africans stand and speak as free beings, equal in the eyes of all men, as they are in the eyes of Heaven; until that day, the African continent will not know peace. He concluded this speech with the words, "We must become members of a new race, overcoming petty prejudice, owing our ultimate allegiance not to nations but to our fellow men within the human community." Some Rastafari learn Amharic , which some consider to be the original language , because this was the language of Haile Selassie I and in order to further their identity as Ethiopian. There are reggae songs written in Amharic. [ edit ] Scripture The Bible Rastafari is a strongly syncretic Abrahamic religion that draws extensively from the Bible . Adherents look particularly to the New Testament Book of Revelation , as this (5:5) is where they find the prophecies about the divinity of Haile Selassie. Rastas claim that they, and the rest of the black race, are descendants of the ancient twelve tribes of Israel , cast into captivity outside Africa as a result of the slave trade . Some assert that only half of the Bible has been written, and that the other half, stolen from them along with their culture, is written in a man's heart.[ citation needed ] This concept also embraced the idea that even the illiterate can be Rastas by reading God's Word in their hearts. Rastas also see the lost half of the Bible, and the whole of their lost culture to be found in the Ark of the Covenant , a repository of African wisdom, which is allegedly located in Ethiopia. Rastafari are criticised, particularly by Christian groups[ who? ], for taking Biblical quotes out of context, for picking and choosing what they want from the Bible, and for bringing elements into Rastafari that do not appear in the Bible.[ citation needed ] A great interest in the Amharic Orthodox version of the Bible, authorized by Haile Selassie I in the 1950s, has arisen among Rastas. Selassie himself wrote in the preface to this version that "unless [one] accepts with clear conscience the Bible and its great Message, he cannot hope for salvation," thus confirming and coinciding with what the Rastafari themselves had been preaching since the beginning of the movement. [9] The Kebra Nagast There are two types of Rasta religious ceremonies. Reasoning A reasoning is a simple event where the Rastas gather, smoke cannabis ("ganja"), and discuss ethical, social, and religious issues. The person honored by being allowed to light the herb says a short prayer beforehand, and the ganja is passed in a clockwise fashion except in time of war when it is passed counterclockwise. Grounation A binghi or grounation is a holy day; the name binghi is derived from Nyabinghi , believed to be an ancient, and now extinct, order of militant blacks in eastern Africa that vowed to end oppression. Binghis are marked by much dancing, singing, feasting, and the smoking of ganja, and can last for several days. In public gatherings, Rastafarians often say the following standard prayer, with several variants, comparable to the Lord's Prayer: "Princes and princesses shall come forth out of Egypt, Ethiopia now stretch forth her hands before JAH. O Thou God of Ethiopia, Thou God of Thy Divine Majesty, Thy Spirit come into our hearts, to dwell in the parts of righteousness. Lead and help InI to forgive, that InI may be forgiven. Teach InI Love and loyalty as it is in Zion, Endow us with Thy wisemind, knowledge and Overstanding to do thy will, thy blessings to use, that the hungry might be fed, the sick nourished, the aged protected, and the infant cared for. Deliver InI from the hands of our enemy, that InI may prove fruitful for these Last Days, when our enemy have passed and decayed in the depths of the sea, in the depths of the earth, or in the belly of a beast. O give us a place in Thy Kingdom forever and ever, so we hail our God JAH Selassie I, Jehovah God, Rastafari, Almighty God, Rastafari, great and powerful God JAH, Rastafari. Who sitteth and reigneth in the heart of man and woman, hear us and bless us and sanctify us, and cause Thy loving Face to shine upon us thy children, that we may be saved, SELAH." When lighting a chalice, the following, shorter invocation is often used: "Glory be to the Faada and to the Maker of Iration, as it were ina the Iginnin, are now an shall be foriva, world without end, SELAH." Some important dates when grounations may take place are: January 7 - Orthodox ( Ethiopian ) Christmas April 21 - The anniversary of Emperor Haile Selassie I's visit to Jamaica. Also known as Grounation Day . [ edit ] Church Haile Selassie I Generally, Rastas assert that their own body is the true church or temple of God, and so see no need to make temples or churches out of physical buildings. However, some Rastafarians have created temples, or as some call spiritual meeting centers in international communities with large Rastafarian populations. Main article: Ital Many Rastas eat limited types of meat in accordance with the dietary Laws of the Old Testament ; they do not eat shellfish or pork. Others abstain from all meat and flesh whatsoever, asserting that to touch meat is to touch death , and is therefore a violation of the Nazirite vow. (A few make a special exception allowing fish, while abstaining from all other forms of flesh.) However, the prohibition against meat only applies to those who are currently fulfilling a Nazirite vow ("Dreadlocks Priesthood"), for the duration of the vow. Many Rastafari maintain a vegan or vegetarian diet all of the time. Another name is ital The purpose of fasting (abstaining from meat and dairy) is to cleanse the body in accordance to serving in the presence of the "Ark of the Covenent". Usage of alcohol is also generally deemed unhealthy to the Rastafarian way of life, partly because it is seen as a tool of Babylon to confuse people, and partly because placing something that is pickled and fermented within oneself is felt to be much like turning the body (the Temple) into a "cemetery". In consequence, a rich "alternative" cuisine has developed in association with Rastafari tenets, eschewing most synthetic additives, and preferring more natural vegetables and fruits such as coconut and mango. This cuisine can be found throughout the Caribbean and in some restaurants throughout the western world. Some of the Houses (or "Mansions" as they have come to be known) of the Rastafari culture, such as the Twelve Tribes of Israel, do not specify diet beyond that which, to quote Christ in the New Testament, "Is not what goes into a man's mouth that defile him, but what come out of it". Wine is seen as a "mocker" and strong drink is "raging"; however, simple consumption of beer or the very common "Roots Wine" are not systematically a part of Rastafarian culture this way or that. Separating from Jamaican culture, different interpretations on the role of food and drink within the religion remains up for debate. At official state banquets Haile Selassie would encourage guests to "eat and drink in your own way".[ citation needed ] See also: Spiritual use of cannabis For Rastas, smoking cannabis , usually known as healing of the nation, ganja, or herb, is a spiritual act, often accompanied by Bible study; they consider it a sacrament that cleans the body and mind, heals the soul, exalts the consciousness, facilitates peacefulness, brings pleasure, and brings them closer to Jah. The burning of the herb is often said to be essential "for it will sting in the hearts of those that promote and perform evil and wrongs." By the 8th century, cannabis had been introduced by Arab traders to Central and Southern Africa, where it is known as dagga , [10] and many Rastas say it is a part of their African culture that they are reclaiming. [11] It is sometimes also referred to as "the healing of the nation", a phraseology adapted from Revelation 22:2. [12] Smoking Ganja has become a stereotype among others, but while they do consider cannabis to have beneficial qualities, it is not compulsory to use it. The migration of many thousands of Hindus from India to the Caribbean in the 20th century may have brought this culture to Jamaica. Many academics point to Indo-Caribbean origins for the ganja sacrament resulting from the importation of Indian migrant workers in a post-abolition Jamaican landscape. “Large scale use of ganja in Jamaica…dated from the importation of indentured Indians…”(Campbell 110). Dreadlocked mystics, often ascetic , known as the Sadhus , have smoked cannabis in India for centuries. [13] According to many Rastas, the illegality of cannabis in many nations is evidence that persecution of Rastafari is a reality. They are not surprised that it is illegal, seeing it as a powerful substance that opens people's minds to the truth — something the Babylon system, they reason, clearly does not want. [14] They contrast their herb to alcohol and other drugs, which they feel destroy the mind. [15] They hold that the smoking of cannabis enjoys Biblical sanction, and is an aid to meditation and religious observance. Among Biblical verses Rastas quote as justifying the use of cannabis: Genesis 1:11 "And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so." Genesis 1:29 "And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat." Genesis 3:18 "... thou shalt eat the herb of the field." Proverbs 15:17 "Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith." [2] Psalms 104:14 "He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man." According to some Rastafaris [16] and other scholars, the etymology of the word "cannabis" and similar terms in all the languages of the Near East may be traced to the Hebrew qaneh bosm קנה-בשם, which is one of the herbs God commanded Moses to include in his preparation of sacred anointing perfume in Exodus 30:23; the Hebrew term also appears in Isaiah 43:24; Jeremiah 6:20; Ezekiel 27:19; and Song of Songs 4:14. Deuterocanonical and canonical references to the patriarchs Adam , Noah , Abraham and Moses "burning incense before the Lord" are also applied, and many Rastas today refer to cannabis by the term ishence — a slightly changed form of the English word "incense". It is also said that cannabis was the first plant to grow on King Solomon 's grave.[ citation needed ] In 1998, then- Attorney General of the United States Janet Reno , gave a legal opinion that Rastafari do not have the religious right to smoke ganja in violation of the United States' drug laws . The position is the same in the United Kingdom, where, in the Court of Appeal case of R. v. Taylor [2002] 1 Cr. App. R. 37, it was held that the UK's prohibition on cannabis use did not contravene the right to freedom of religion conferred under the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms . On January 2, 1991, at an international airport in his homeland of Guam, a US territory, Ras Iyah Ben Makahna (Benny Guerrero) was arrested for possession and importation of marijuana and seeds. He was charged with importation of a controlled substance. The case was heard by the US 9th Circuit Court November 2001, and in May 2002 the court had decided that the practice of Rastafari sanctions the smoking of marijuana, but nowhere does the religion sanction the importation of marijuana. Guerrero's lawyer Graham Boyd pointed out the court's ruling was "equivalent to saying wine is a necessary sacrament for some Christians but you have to grow your own grapes." [17] In July 2008, however, the Italian Supreme Court ruled that Rastafarians must be allowed to possess greater amounts of cannabis legally, owing to its use by them as a sacrament. [18] [19] [ edit ] Symbols The flag of Ethiopia as was used during Selassie's reign. It combines the colours of pan-African unity with the conquering lion of Judah. [ edit ] The Lion The lion is a symbol of Haile Selassie. Jesus Christ is described as "the lion of Judah" in the Bible, and for this reason, Haile Selassie is seen as the reincarnation of Jesus the messiah of the christens . See also: Dreadlocks The wearing of dreadlocks is very closely associated with the movement, though not universal among, or exclusive to, its adherents. Rastas maintain that dreadlocks are supported by Leviticus 21:5 ("They shall not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off the corner of their beard , nor make any cuttings in the flesh.") and the Nazirite vow in Numbers 6:5 ("All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no razor come upon his head: until the days be fulfilled, in the which he separateth himself unto the LORD, he shall be holy, and shall let the locks of the hair of his head grow."). It has often been suggested (e.g., Campbell 1985) that the first Rasta dreadlocks were copied from Kenya in 1953, when images of the independence struggle of the feared mau mau insurgents , who grew their "dreaded locks" while hiding in the mountains, appeared in newsreels and other publications that reached Jamaica. However, a more recent study by Barry Chevannes [20] has traced the first dreadlocked Rastas to a subgroup first appearing in 1949, known as Youth Black Faith. A man with dreadlocks. There have been ascetic groups within a variety of world faiths that have at times worn similarly matted hair. In addition to the Nazirites of Judaism and the Sadhus of Hinduism, it is worn among some sects of Sufi Islam, notably the Baye Fall sect of Mourides , [21] and by some Ethiopian Orthodox monks in Christianity, [22] among others. Some of the very earliest Christians may also have worn this hairstyle; particularly noteworthy are descriptions of James the Just , "brother of Jesus" and first Bishop of Jerusalem, whom Hegesippus (according to Eusebius and Jerome) described as a Nazirite who never once cut his hair. The length of a Rasta's dreads is a measure of wisdom, maturity, and knowledge in that it can indicate not only the Rasta's age, but also his/her time as a Rasta. Also, according to the Bible, Samson was a Nazarite who had "seven locks". Rastas argue that these "seven locks" could only have been dreadlocks, [23] as it is unlikely to refer to seven strands of hair. Dreadlocks have also come to symbolize the Lion of Judah (its mane) and rebellion against Babylon. In the United States , several public schools and workplaces have lost lawsuits as the result of banning dreadlocks. Safeway is an early example, and the victory of eight children in a suit against their Lafayette, Louisiana school was a landmark decision in favor of Rastafari rights. Rastafari associate dreadlocks with a spiritual journey that one takes in the process of locking their hair (growing dreadlocks). It is taught that patience is the key to growing dreadlocks, a journey of the mind, soul and spirituality. Its spiritual pattern is aligned with the Rastafari movement. The way to form natural dreadlocks is to allow hair to grow in its natural pattern, without cutting, combing or brushing, but simply to wash it with pure water. For the Rastas the razor , the scissors and the comb are the three Babylonian or Roman inventions. [24] So close is the association between dreadlocks and Rastafari, that the two are sometimes used synonymously. In reggae music, a follower of Rastafari may be referred to simply as a dreadlocks or Natty (Knotty) Dread, whilst those non-believers who cut their hair are referred to as baldheads. As important and connected with the movement as the wearing of dreadlocks is, though, it is not deemed necessary for, or equivalent to, true faith. Popular slogans, often incorporated within Reggae lyrics, include: "Not every dread is a Rasta and not every Rasta is a dread..."; "It's not the dread upon your head, but the love inna your heart, that mek ya Rastaman" (Sugar Minott); and as Morgan Heritage sings: "You don't haffi dread to be Rasta...," and "Children of Selassie I, don't lose your faith; whether you do or don't have your locks 'pon your head..." Many non-Rastafari of black African descent wear dreads as an expression of pride in their ethnic identity, or simply as a hairstyle, and take a less purist approach to developing and grooming them, adding various substances such as beeswax in an attempt to assist the locking process. The wearing of dreads also has spread among people of other ethnicities, including those whose hair is not naturally suited to the style, and who sometimes go to great lengths to form them. Dreads worn for stylish reasons are sometimes referred to as "bathroom locks," to distinguish them from the kind that are purely natural. Rasta purists also sometimes refer to such dreadlocked individuals as "wolves," as in "a wolf in sheep's clothing," especially when they are seen as trouble-makers who might potentially discredit or infiltrate Rastafari. [25] Rastaman in Barbados Rastafari culture does not encourage mainstream political involvement. In fact, in the early stages of the movement most Rastas did not vote , out of principle. Ras Sam Brown formed the Suffering People's Party for the Jamaican elections of 1962. Although he received fewer than 100 votes, simply standing for election was seen as a powerful act. In the election campaign of 1972, People's National Party leader Michael Manley used a prop, a walking stick given to him by Haile Selassie, which was called the "Rod of Correction", in a direct appeal to Rastafari values. In the famous free One Love Peace Concert on April 22, 1978, Peter Tosh lambasted the audience, including attending dignitaries, with political demands that included decriminalising cannabis . He did this while smoking a spliff , a criminal act in Jamaica. Five months after this event, Tosh was badly beaten by the Jamaican authorities. At this same concert, Bob Marley led both then-Prime Minister Michael Manley and opposition leader Edward Seaga onto the stage; and a famous picture was taken with all three of them holding their hands together above their heads in a symbolic gesture of peace during what had been a very violent election campaign. Main article: Rastafarian vocabulary Rastas assert that their original African languages were stolen from them when they were taken into captivity as part of the slave trade , and that English is an imposed colonial language . Their remedy has been the creation of a modified vocabulary and dialect , reflecting their desire to take language forward and to confront the society they call Babylon . Some examples are: " I-tal " is derived from the word vital and is used to describe the diet of the movement which is taken mainly from Hebrew dietary laws. "Overstanding" replaces "understanding" to denote an enlightenment which places one in a better position. "Irie" (pronounced eye-ree) is a term used to denote acceptance, positive feelings, or to describe something that is good. "Upfulness" is a positive term for being helpful "Livication" is substituted for the word "dedication" because Rastas associate ded-ication with death. "Downpression" is used in place of "oppression," the logic being that the pressure is being applied from a position of power to put down the victim. " Zion " is used to describe the Paradise of Jah or Ethiopia. One of the most distinctive modifications in " Iyaric " is the substitution of the pronoun "I-and-I" for other pronouns, usually the first person. "I", as used in the examples above, refers to Jah; therefore, "I-and-I" in the first person includes the presence of the divine within the individual. As "I-and-I" can also refer to "us," "them," or even "you," it is used as a practical linguistic rejection of the separation of the individual from the larger Rastafari community, and Jah himself. "-isms" Rastafari say that they reject "-isms". They see a wide range of "-isms and schisms" in modern society, for example communism and capitalism, and want no part in them. They especially reject the word Rastafarianism, because they see themselves as "having transcended -isms and schisms". This has created conflict between some Rastas and some members of the academic community studying Rastafari, who insist on calling this faith Rastafarianism in spite of disapproval this generates within the Rastafari movement. Nevertheless, the practice continues among scholars. However, the study of Rastafari using its own terms has occurred. [26] Aruba and the Dutch Antilles - Cuba - Dominica - Dominican Republic - Haiti - Hawaii - Martinique and Guadeloupe - Puerto Rico - St. Lucia - United States - United Kingdom Music has long played an integral role in Rastafari, and the connection between the movement and various kinds of music has become well known, due to the international fame of reggae musicians like Bob Marley and Peter Tosh . Niyabinghi chants are played at worship ceremonies called grounations , that include drumming, chanting and dancing, along with prayer and ritual smoking of cannabis . The name Nyabinghi comes from an East African movement from the 1850s to the 1950s that was led by people who militarily opposed European imperialism .[ citation needed ] This form of nyabinghi was centered around Muhumusa , a healing woman from Uganda who organized resistance against German colonialists. In Jamaica, the concepts of Nyabinghi were appropriated for similar anti-colonial efforts, and it is often danced to invoke the power of Jah against an oppressor. The drum is a symbol of the Africanness of Rastafari, and some mansions assert that Jah's spirit of divine energy is present in the drum. African music survived slavery because many slaveowners encouraged it as a method of keeping morale high. Afro-Caribbean music arose with the influx of influences from the native peoples of Jamaica, as well as the European slaveowners. Another style of Rastafari music is called burru drumming, first played in the Parish of Clarendon, Jamaica , and then in West Kingston . Burru was later introduced to the burgeoning Rasta community in Kingston by a Jamaican musician named Count Ossie . He mentored many influential Jamaican ska, rock steady, and reggae musicians. Through his tutelage, they began combining New Orleans R&B , folk mento , jonkanoo , kumina , and revival zion into a unique sound. The burru style, which centers on three drums - the bass, the alto fundeh , and the repeater - would later be copied by hip hop DJs. [27] Maroons , or communities of escaped slaves, kept purer African musical traditions alive in the interior of Jamaica, and were also contributing founders of Rastafari. Main article: Reggae Reggae was born amidst poor blacks in Trenchtown , the main ghetto of Kingston, Jamaica , who listened to radio stations from the United States . Jamaican musicians, many of them Rastas, soon blended traditional Jamaican folk music and drumming with American R&B, and jazz into ska , that later developed into reggae under the influence of soul. Reggae began to enter international consciousness in the early 1970s, and Rastafari mushroomed in popularity internationally, largely due to the fame of Bob Marley , who actively and devoutly preached Rastafari, incorporating nyabinghi and Rastafarian chanting into his music, lyrics and album covers. Songs like "Rastaman Chant" led to the movement and reggae music being seen as closely intertwined in the consciousness of audiences across the world (especially among oppressed and poor groups of African Americans and Native Americans , First Nations Canadians , Australian Aborigines and New Zealand Māori , and throughout most of Africa ). Other famous reggae musicians with strong Rastafarian elements in their music include Peter Tosh , Freddie McGregor , Toots & the Maytals , Burning Spear , Black Uhuru , Prince Lincoln Thompson , Bunny Wailer , Prince Far I , Israel Vibration , The Congos , Mikey Dread , Don Carlos, The Viceroys, The Itals, Cornell Campbell, The Meditations, Wailing Souls, Norris Reid, Michael Phrophet, The Heptones, Dennis Brown, Twinkle Brothers, and hundreds more. Reggae music expressing Rasta doctrine The first reggae single that sang about Rastafari and reached Number 1 in the Jamaican charts was Bongo Man by Little Roy in 1969. [28] Early Rasta reggae musicians (besides Marley ) whose music expresses Rastafari doctrine well are Peter Tosh , Bunny Wailer (in Blackheart Man), Prince Far I , Linval Thompson , Ijahman Levi (especially the first 4 albums), Misty-in-Roots (Live), The Congos (Heart of the Congos), The Rastafarians , The Abyssinians, Culture , Big Youth , and Ras Michael And The Sons Of Negus. The Jamaican jazz percussionist Count Ossie , who had played on a number of ska and reggae recordings, recorded albums with themes relating to Rasta history, doctrine, and culture. Rastafari doctrine as developed in the '80s was further expressed musically by a number of other prominent artists, such as Burning Spear , Steel Pulse , Third World , The Gladiators , Black Uhuru , Aswad , and Israel Vibration . Rastafari ideas have spread beyond the Jamaican community to other countries including Russia, where artists such as Jah Division write songs about Jah, and South Africa where [Lucky Dube] first learned reggae music from [Peter Tosh] recordings. Afro-American hardcore punk band Bad Brains are notable followers of the Rastafari movement and have written songs ("I Against I", etc.) that promote the doctrine. In the 21st century, Rastafari sentiments are spread through roots reggae and dancehall, subgroups of reggae music, with many of their most important proponents promoting the Rastafari religion, such as Capleton , Sizzla , Anthony B , Barrington Levy , Turbulence , Jah Mason , Pressure , Midnite , Natural Black , Daweh Congo , Luciano , Cocoa Tea , Richie Spice or H.I.M. Sound System . Several of these acts have gained mainstream success and frequently appear on the popular music charts. Most recently artists such as Damian Marley (son of Bob Marley) have blended hip-hop with reggae to re-energize classic Rastafari issues such as social injustice, revolution and the honour and responsibility of parenthood using contemporary musical style. Berlin-based dub techno label " Basic Channel " has subsidiary labels called "Rhythm & Sound" and "Burial Mix" whose lyrics strongly focus on many aspects of Rastafari culture and ideology, including the acceptance of Haile Selassie I. Notable tracks include "Jah Rule", "Mash Down Babylon", "We Be Troddin'", and "See Mi Yah". Jamaican reggae artist Jah Cure also praises Jah and the Rastafari movement in many of his songs, as do two Sinéad O'Connor rastafari/reggae CDs – "Throw Down Your Arms" and "Theology". [ edit ] History [ edit ] Ethiopian world view Before Garvey, there had been two major circumstances that proved conducive to the conditions that established a fertile ground for the incubation of Rastafari in Jamaica: the history of resistance, exemplified by the Maroons , and the forming of an Afrocentric, Ethiopian world view with the spread of such religious movements as Bedwardism , which flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s. These groups had long carried a tradition of what musician Bob Marley referred to as 'resisting against the system.' Main article: Marcus Garvey Marcus Garvey Rastas see Marcus Mosiah Garvey as a prophet, with his philosophy fundamentally shaping the movement, and with many of the early Rastas having started out as Garveyites . He is often seen as a second John the Baptist . One of the most famous prophecies attributed to him involving the coronation of Haile Selassie I was the 1927 pronouncement "Look to Africa, for there a king shall be crowned," although an associate of Garvey's, James Morris Webb , had made very similar public statements as early as 1921. [29] [30] Marcus Garvey promoted Black Nationalism , black separatism , and Pan-Africanism : the belief that all black people of the world should join in brotherhood and work to decolonise the continent of Africa — then still controlled by the white colonialist powers. He promoted his cause of black pride throughout the 1920s and 1930s, and was particularly successful and influential among lower-class blacks in Jamaica and in rural communities. Although his ideas have been hugely influential in the development of Rastafari culture, Garvey never identified himself with the movement, and even wrote an article critical of Haile Selassie for leaving Ethiopia at the time of the Fascist occupation. [31] In addition, his Universal Negro Improvement Association disagreed with Leonard Howell over Howell's teaching that Haile Selassie was the Messiah. [31] Rastafari nonetheless may be seen as an extension of Garveyism. In early Rasta folklore, it is the Black Star Liner (actually a shipping company bought by Garvey to encourage repatriation to Liberia ) that takes them home to Africa. [ edit ] Early written foundations Although not strictly speaking a 'Rastafari' document, the Holy Piby written by Robert Athlyi Rogers from Anguilla in the 1920s, is acclaimed by many Rastafarians as a formative and primary source. Robert Athlyi Rogers founded an Afrocentric religion known as "Athlicanism" in the US and West Indies in the 1920s. Rogers' religious movement, the Afro-Athlican Constructive Church, saw Ethiopians (in the Biblical sense of all Black Africans) as the chosen people of God, and proclaimed Marcus Garvey, the prominent Black Nationalist, an apostle. The church preached self-reliance and self-determination for Africans. The Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy , written during the 1920s by a preacher called Fitz Balintine Pettersburg , is a surrealistic stream-of-consciousness polemic against the white colonial power structure that is also considered formative, a palimpsest of Afrocentric thought. The first document to appear that can be labelled as truly Rastafari was Leonard P. Howell 's The Promise Key , written using the pen name G.G. [for Gangun-Guru] Maragh, in the early 1930s. In it, he claims to have witnessed the Coronation of the Emperor and Empress on 2 November 1930 in Addis Ababa , and proclaims the doctrine that H.I.M. Ras Tafari is the true Head of Creation and that the King of England is an imposter. This tract was written while Howell was jailed on charges of sedition. [ edit ] Emergence Selassie I in the 1930s Emperor Haile Selassie I , whom some of the Rastafarians call Jah , was crowned "King of Kings, Elect of God, and Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah" in Addis Ababa on November 2, 1930. The event created great publicity throughout the world, including in Jamaica, and particularly through two consecutive Time magazine articles about the coronation (he was later named Time's Person of the Year for 1935, the first Black person to appear on the cover), as well as two consecutive National Geographic issues around the same time. Haile Selassie almost immediately gained a following as both God and King amongst poor Jamaicans, who came to be known as Rastafarians, and who looked to their Bibles, and saw what they believed to be the fulfilling of many prophecies from the book of Revelation . As Ethiopia was the only African country to be free from colonialism, and Haile Selassie was the only black leader accepted among the kings and queens of Europe, the early Rastas viewed him with great reverence. Over the next two years, three Jamaicans who all happened to be overseas at the time of the coronation, each returned home and independently began, as street preachers, to proclaim the divinity of the newly crowned Emperor as the returned Christ, [32] arising from their interpretations of Biblical prophecy and based partly on Haile Selassie's status as the only African monarch of a fully independent state, with the titles King of Kings and Conquering Lion of Judah ( Revelation 5:5). First, on 8 December 1930, Archibald Dunkley , formerly a seaman, landed at Port Antonio and soon began his ministry; in 1933, he relocated to Kingston where the King of Kings Ethiopian Mission was founded. Joseph Hibbert returned from Costa Rica in 1931 and started spreading his own conviction of the Emperor's divinity in Benoah district, Saint Andrew Parish , through his own ministry, called Ethiopian Coptic Faith; he too moved to Kingston the next year, to find Leonard Howell already teaching many of these same doctrines, having returned to Jamaica around the same time. With the addition of Robert Hinds , himself a Garveyite and former Bedwardite, these four preachers soon began to attract a following among Jamaica's poorer classes, who were already beginning to look to Ethiopia for moral support. Main article: Leonard Howell Leonard Howell, who has been described as the "first Rasta", [33] became the first to be persecuted , charged with sedition for refusing loyalty to the King of England George V . The British government would not tolerate Jamaicans loyal to Haile Selassie in what was then regarded as their colony. When he was released, he formed a commune which grew as large as 2,000 people [34] at a place called Pinnacle, at St. Catherine in Jamaica . [ edit ] Visit of Selassie I to Jamaica Haile Selassie I had already met with several Rasta elders in Addis Ababa in 1961, giving them gold medals, and had allowed West Indians of African descent to settle on his personal land in Shashamane in the 1950s. The first actual Rastafarian settler, Papa Noel Dyer , arrived in September 1965, having hitch-hiked all the way from England. Haile Selassie visited Jamaica on April 21, 1966. Somewhere between one and two hundred thousand Rastafari from all over Jamaica descended on Kingston airport having heard that the man whom they considered to be God was coming to visit them. They waited at the airport smoking a great amount of cannabis and playing drums . When Haile Selassie arrived at the airport he delayed disembarking from the aeroplane for an hour until Mortimer Planno , a well-known Rasta, personally welcomed him. From then on, the visit was a success. Rita Marley , Bob Marley's wife, converted to the Rastafari faith after seeing Haile Selassie; she has stated that she saw stigmata appear on his person, and was instantly convinced of his divinity. The great significance of this event in the development of the Rastafari movement should not be underestimated. Having been outcasts in society, they gained a temporary respectability for the first time. By making Rasta more acceptable, it opened the way for the commercialisation of reggae , leading in turn to the further global spread of Rastafari. Because of Haile Selassie's visit, April 21 is celebrated as Grounation Day . It was during this visit that Selassie I famously told the Rastafari community leaders that they should not emigrate to Ethiopia until they had first liberated the people of Jamaica. This dictum came to be known as " liberation before repatriation ." [ edit ] Walter Rodney In 1968, Walter Rodney , a Guyanese national, author, and professor at the University of the West Indies, published a pamphlet titled The Groundings with My Brothers which among other matters, including a summary of African history, discussed his experiences with the Rastafarians. It became a benchmark in the Caribbean Black Power movement. Combined with Rastafarian teachings, both philosophies spread rapidly to various Caribbean nations, including Guyana , Trinidad and Tobago , Dominica , and Grenada . [ edit ] Rastafari today Today, the Rastafari movement has spread throughout much of the world, largely through interest generated by reggae music—most notably, that of Jamaican singer/songwriter Bob Marley . By 1997, there were around one million Rastafari faithful worldwide. [35] About five to ten percent of Jamaicans identify themselves as Rastafari.[ citation needed ] By claiming Haile Selassie I as the returned messiah, Rastafari may be seen as a new religious movement that has arisen from Judaism and Christianity . Rastafari is not a highly organized religion; it is a movement and an ideology. Many Rastas say that it is not a "religion" at all, but a "Way of Life". [36] Most Rastas do not claim any sect or denomination, and thus encourage one another to find faith and inspiration within themselves, although some do identify strongly with one of the " mansions of Rastafari " — the three most prominent of these being the Nyahbinghi, the Bobo Ashanti and the Twelve Tribes of Israel. In 1996, the International Rastafari Development Society was given consultative status by the United Nations . [37] By the end of the twentieth century, women played a greater role in the expression of the Rastafari movement. In the early years, and in a few of the stricter "mansions" (denominations), menstruating women were subordinated and excluded from religious and social ceremonies.[ citation needed ] To a large degree, women feel more freedom to express themselves now, thus they contribute greatly to the movement.[ citation needed ] Today, Rasta was made by Blacks yet it is not racist and believes in unity, rastas include other diverse ethnic groups including Native American, White, Māori, Indonesian, Thai, etc. Additionally, in the 1990s, the word Rastaman became part of the vocabulary of the Post-Soviet states . After the fall of the USSR , a youth subculture of cannabis users formed, primarily in Russia and Ukraine , many of whom began to call themselves Rastamany (" растаманы ", in plural). [38] They adopted a number of symbols of Rastafari culture, including Reggae music (especially honouring Bob Marley), the green-gold-red colours, and sometimes dreadlocks, [39] but not Afrocentrism (most are ethnically Slavic ). Many of them protest against what they call "Babylon".This has been a touchy subject where many Blacks believe some aspects are being omitted and their culture is being robbed, since a big part of being Rasta is unearthing African roots and recognizing the black struggle. Many also feel that people who are not black should be humbled and accept the culture instead of trying to alter it. A Russian Reggae scene has developed that is only partially similar to common reggae. Rastamany have their own folklore , publish literature and records , as well as create websites and form online communities . St Agnes Place contained a Rastafari place of worship in London until it was evicted in 2006. [40] A small but devoted Rasta community developed in Japan in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Rasta shops selling natural foods, Reggae recordings, and other Rasta-related items sprang up in Tokyo, Osaka, and other cities. For several years, "Japan Splashes" or open-air Reggae concerts were held in various locations throughout Japan. For a review by two sociologists of how the Japanese Rasta movement can be explained in the context of modern Japanese society, see Dean W. Collinwood and Osamu Kusatsu, "Japanese Rastafarians: Non-Conformity in Modern Japan," The Study of International Relations, No. 26, Tokyo: Tsuda College, March 2000 (research conducted in 1986 and 1987). Many Rastafarian Marketplaces and small shops have sprung up in Kensington Market in Toronto. Canada has a large amount of Rastafarians mainly consisting of Black people and persons of Native Canadian heritage.[ citation needed ] [ edit ] Rastafari and other Abrahamic faiths Some Rastafari choose to classify their movement as Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , Protestant Christianity , or Judaism . Of those, the ties to the Ethiopian Church are the most widespread, although this is controversial to many Ethiopian clergy.[ citation needed ] Rastafari typically hold that standard translations of the Bible incorporate changes, or were edited for the benefit of the power structure.[ citation needed ]	Rastafari
During World War 2, what did the Local Defence Volunteers later became known as?	Marcus Garvey - World Afropedia Marcus Garvey Jump to: navigation , search Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 127. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., ONH (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940) [1] was a Afrikan revolutionary, publisher , journalist , entrepreneur , and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League ( UNIA-ACL ). [2] He founded the Black Star Line , part of the Back-to-Africa movement , which promoted the return of the Afrikan diaspora to their ancestral lands. Prior to the twentieth century, leaders such as Prince Hall , Martin Delany , Edward Wilmot Blyden , and Henry Highland Garnet advocated the involvement of the African diaspora in African affairs. Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement and economic empowerment focusing on Africa known as Garveyism . [2] Promoted by the UNIA as a movement of African Redemption, Garveyism would eventually inspire others, ranging from the Nation of Islam to the Rastafari movement (which proclaims Garvey as a prophet). The intent of the movement was for those of African ancestry to "redeem" Africa and for the European colonial powers to leave it. His essential ideas about Africa were stated in an editorial in the Negro World titled "African Fundamentalism" where he wrote: "Our union must know no clime, boundary, or nationality… to let us hold together under all climes and in every country…" [3] Contents 7.2 Books Early years Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr. was born in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica to Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Sr., a mason , and Sarah Jane Richards, a domestic worker. Of eleven siblings, only Marcus and his sister Indiana survived until maturity. [4] Garvey's father was known to have a large library, and it was from his father that Marcus gained his love for reading. He also attended the elementary schools in St. Ann's Bay during his youth. [2] [5] In the early 1900's, Garvey entered into an apprenticeship with his uncle, Alfred Burrowes, who also had an extensive library, of which young Marcus made good use. [6] [7] In 1910 Garvey left Jamaica and began traveling throughout the Central American region. He lived in Costa Rica for several months, where he worked as a time-keeper on a banana plantation . He began work as editor for a daily newspaper titled La Nacionale in 1911. Later that year, he moved to Colón, Panama , where he edited a biweekly newspaper before returning to Jamaica in 1912. After years of working in the Caribbean , Garvey left Jamaica to live in London from 1912 to 1914, where he attended Birkbeck College taking classes in Law and Philosophy , worked for the African Times and Orient Review , published by Dusé Mohamed Ali , and sometimes spoke at Hyde Park 's Speakers' Corner . Garvey's philosophy was influenced by Booker T. Washington , Martin Delany , and Henry McNeal Turner . [8] It is said that Dusé Mohamed Ali influence shaped Garvey's speeches, and led him to organize the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in Jamaica in 1914 (Vincent, 1971). It has been suggested that the UNIA motto, "One God, One Aim, One Destiny", originated from Dusé Ali's Islamic influence on Garvey (Rashid, 2002). [9] [10] Garvey named the organization the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities (Imperial) League. [11] After corresponding with Booker T. Washington , Garvey arrived in the U.S. on 23 March 1916 aboard the S.S. Tallac to give a lecture tour and to raise funds to establish a school in Jamaica modeled after Washington's Tuskegee Institute . Garvey visited Tuskegee, and afterward, visited with a number of black leaders. After moving to New York, he found work as a printer by day. He was influenced by Hubert Harrison [12] . At night he would speak on street corners, much like he did in London's Hyde Park. It was then that Garvey perceived a leadership vacuum among people of African ancestry. On 9 May 1916, he held his first public lecture in New York City at St Mark's Church in-the-Bowery and undertook a 38-state speaking tour. In May 1917, Garvey and thirteen others formed the first UNIA division outside Jamaica and began advancing ideas to promote social, political, and economic freedom for Afrikans. On 2 July, the East St. Louis riots broke out. On 8 July, Garvey delivered an address, titled " The Conspiracy of the East St. Louis Riots ", at Lafayette Hall in Harlem . During the speech, he declared the riot was "one of the bloodiest outrages against mankind". By October, rancor within the UNIA had begun to set in. A split occurred in the Harlem division, with Garvey enlisted to become its leader; although he technically held the same position in Jamaica. Garvey next set about the business of developing a program to improve the conditions of those of African ancestry "at home and abroad" under UNIA auspices. On 17 August 1918, publication of the widely distributed Negro World newspaper began. Garvey worked as an editor without pay until November 1920. By June 1919 the membership of the organization had grown to over two million. On 27 June 1919, the Black Star Line of Delaware was incorporated by the members of the UNIA, with Garvey as President. By September, it obtained its first ship. Much fanfare surrounded the inspection of the S.S. Yarmouth and its rechristening as the S.S. Frederick Douglass on 14 September 1919. Such a rapid accomplishment garnered attention from many. Edwin P. Kilroe , Assistant District Attorney in the District Attorney's office of the County of New York, began an investigation into the activities of the UNIA, but apparently didn't find any evidence of wrongdoing or mismanagement. After being called to Kilroe's office numerous times, Garvey wrote an editorial on Kilroe's activities for the Negro World. Garvey was arrested and indicted for criminal libel in relation to the article, but charges were dismissed after Garvey published a retraction. While in his Harlem office at 56 West 156th Street on 14 October 1919, Garvey received a visit from George Tyler , who told him that Kilroe "had sent him" to get Garvey. Tyler then pulled a .38-caliber revolver and fired four shots, wounding Garvey in the right leg and scalp. Garvey was taken to the hospital and Tyler arrested. The next day, it was let out that Tyler had committed suicide by leaping from the third tier of the Harlem jail as he was being taken to his arraignment. By August 1920, the UNIA claimed four million members. That month, the International Convention of the UNIA was held. With delegates from all over the world in attendance, over 25,000 people filled Madison Square Garden on 1 August 1920 to hear Garvey speak. Another of Garvey's ventures was the Negro Factories Corporation . His plan called for creating the infrastructure to manufacture every marketable commodity in every big U.S. industrial center, as well as in Central America, the West Indies, and Africa. Related endeavors included a grocery chain, restaurant, publishing house, and other businesses. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 127. Convinced that blacks should have a permanent homeland in Africa, Garvey sought to develop Liberia . The Liberia program, launched in 1920, was intended to build colleges, universities, industrial plants, and railroads as part of an industrial base from which to operate. An area of around 500,000 square miles, on the banks of the Cavalla River in southern Liberia was selected as the site of the first Garveyite immigrant settlement [13] Personal life Marcus Garvey was married twice: to Jamaican Pan-African activist Amy Ashwood (married 1919, divorced 1922), who worked with him in the early years of UNIA ; then to the Jamaican journalist and publisher Amy Jacques (married 1922). The latter was mother to his two sons, Marcus III (born 17 September 1930) and Julius. Influence The UNIA flag uses three colors: red, black and green. Schools, colleges, highways, and buildings in Africa, Europe, the Caribbean, and the United States have been named in his honor. The UNIA red, black, and green flag has been adopted as the Black Liberation Flag. Since 1980, Garvey's bust has been housed in the Organization of American States ' Hall of Heroes in Washington, D.C. Malcolm X 's parents, Earl and Louise Little, met at a UNIA convention in Montreal . Earl was the president of the UNIA division in Omaha , Nebraska and sold the Negro World newspaper, for which Louise covered UNIA activities. [14] Kwame Nkrumah named the national shipping line of Ghana the Black Star Line in honor of Garvey and the UNIA. Nkrumah also named the national soccer team the Black Stars as well. The black star at the center of Ghana's flag is also inspired by the Black Star.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 127. Flag of Ghana During a trip to Jamaica, Martin Luther King and his wife Coretta Scott King visited the shrine of Marcus Garvey on 20 June 1965 and laid a wreath. [15] In a speech he told the audience that Garvey "was the first man of color to lead and develop a mass movement. He was the first man on a mass scale and level to give millions of Negroes a sense of dignity and destiny. And make the Negro feel he was somebody." [16] Dr. King was a posthumous recipient of the first Marcus Garvey Prize for Human Rights on 10 December 1968 issued by the Jamaican Government and presented to King's widow . In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Marcus Garvey on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans . [17] The Obama Administration declined to pardon Garvey in 2011, writing that its policy is not to consider requests for posthumous pardons. [18] Rastafari and Garvey Vocabulary · Persecution · Dreadlocks · Reggae · Ethiopian Christianity · Index of Rastafari articles Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 127. Rastafarians consider Garvey a religious prophet , and sometimes even the reincarnation of Saint John the Baptist . This is partly because of his frequent statements uttered in speeches throughout the 1920s, usually along the lines of "Look to Africa, when a black king shall be crowned for the day of deliverance is at hand!" [19] His beliefs deeply influenced the Rastafari, who took his statements as a prophecy of the crowning of Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia . Early Rastas were associated with his Back-to-Africa movement in Jamaica. This early Rastafari movement was also influenced by a separate, proto-Rasta movement known as the Afro-Athlican Church that was outlined in a religious text known as the Holy Piby — where Garvey was proclaimed to be a prophet as well. Garvey himself never identified with the Rastafari movement, [20] and was, in fact, raised as a Methodist who went on to become a Roman Catholic .Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 127. Memorials There are a number of memorials worldwide which honor Marcus Garvey. Most of them are in Jamaica, England and the United States; others are in Canada and several nations in Africa. A Jamaican 20 dollar coin shows Garvey on its face. Mosiah Garvey with his trusted court - a council of Presidents of the most powerful UNIA divisions in the USA aboard the Samarca right before his deportation December 2, 1927. A marker in front of the house of his birth at 32 Market Street, St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica. [21] A major street in his name in Nairobi, Kenya . Likeness on the Jamaican 50 cent note, 50 cent coin, 20 dollar coin and 25 cent coin. A building in his name housing the Jamaican Ministry of Foreign Affairs located in New Kingston. A Marcus Garvey statue at National Heroes Park in Kingston, Jamaica. A major highway in his name in Kingston. A street named after him in Enugu, Nigeria . The album Marcus Garvey and Garvey's Ghost (a dub version of the "Marcus Garvey" album by reggae legend Burning Spear . Reggae band The Gladiators recorded the song "Marcus Garvey Time", proclaiming him as a prophet with lyrics like, "Every thing he has said has come to pass". Deejay/Producer Mikey Dread acknowledges him as an inspiration and calls him a national hero on the 1982 track "In Memory (Jacob, Marcus & Marley)". Song by Reggae artist Anthony B titled "Honour to Marcus". Boston indie band Piebald wrote a song, "If Marcus Garvey Dies, Then Marcus Garvey Lives", for their 1999 release "If It Weren't For Venetian Blinds, It Would Be Curtains for us All" Ska band Hepcat recorded the song "Marcus Garvey" on their album Scientific. Rapper Jay-Z references Marcus Garvey as a "Martyr" in the song "Mr. Carter" by Lil Wayne Referenced in rapper Kendrick Lamar 's 2011 song "HiiiPower" The National Association of Jamaican And Supportive Organizations Inc. (NAJASO) founded 4 July 1977 in Washington DC), based in the United States, named Annual Scholarship tenable at the University of the West Indies since 1988,the Marcus Garvey Scholarship. Marcus Garvey Scholarship tenable at the University of the West Indies sponsored by The National Association of Jamaican And Supportive Organizations, Inc (NAJASO) since 1988. Marcus Garvey Festival every year on the third weekend of August at Basu Natural Farms, in Pembroke Township, Illinois. The Universal Hip Hop Parade held annually in Brooklyn on the Saturday before his birthday to carry on his use of popular culture as a tool of empowerment and to encourage the growth of Black institutions . Marcus Garvey Day, held annually 17 August in Toronto . See also ↑ 32 Market Street , 25 January 2008 Further reading Works by Marcus Garvey The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey. Edited by Amy Jacques Garvey . 412 pages. Majority Press; Centennial edition, 1 November 1986. ISBN 0-912469-24-2 . Avery edition. ISBN 0-405-01873-8 . Message to the People: The Course of African Philosophy by Marcus Garvey. Edited by Tony Martin. Foreword by Hon. Charles L. James, president- general, Universal Negro Improvement Association . 212 pages. Majority Press, 1 March 1986. ISBN 0-912469-19-6 . The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey. Compiled and edited by Tony Martin. 123 pages. Majority Press, 1 June 1983. ISBN 0-912469-02-1 . Hill, Robert A., editor. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers. Vols. I-VII, IX. University of California Press, ca. 1983- (ongoing). 1146 pages. University of California Press, 1 May 1991. ISBN 0-520-07208-1 . Hill, Robert A., editor. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: Africa for the Africans 1921-1922. 740 pages. University of California Press, 1 February 1996. ISBN 0-520-20211-2 . Books Burkett, Randall K. Garveyism as a Religious Movement: The Institutionalization of a Black Civil Religion. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press and American Theological Library Association, 1978. Campbell, Horace. Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1987. Clarke, John Henrik, editor. Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa. With assistance from Amy Jacques Garvey. New York: Vintage Books, 1974. Cronon, Edmund David. Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press , 1955, reprinted 1969 and 2007. Garvey, Amy Jacques, Garvey and Garveyism . London: Collier-MacMillan, 1963, 1968. Grant, Colin . Negro with a Hat, The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey and his Dream of Mother Africa., London: Jonathan Cape, 2008. Hill, Robert A., editor. Marcus Garvey, Life and Lessons: A Centennial Companion to the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. Hill, Robert A. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers. Vols. I–VII, IX. University of California Press, ca. 1983– (ongoing). James, Winston. Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-Century America. London: Verso, 1998. Kornweibel Jr., Theodore. Seeing Red: Federal Campaigns Against Black Militancy 1919-1925. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998. Lemelle, Sidney, and Robin D. G. Kelley. Imagining Home: Class, Culture, and Nationalism in the African Diaspora. London: Verso, 1994. Lewis, Rupert. Marcus Garvey: Anti-Colonial Champion. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1988. Lewis, Rupert, and Bryan, Patrick, eds. Garvey: His Work and Impact. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1988. Lewis, Rupert, and Maureen Warner-Lewis. Garvey: Africa, Europe, The Americas. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1986, 1994. Manoedi, M. Korete. Garvey and Africa. New York: New York Age Press, 1922. Martin, Tony. Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggle of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976. Martin, Tony. Literary Garveyism: Garvey, Black Arts, and the Harlem Renaissance. Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983. Martin, Tony. African Fundamentalism: A Literary and Cultural Anthology of Garvey's Harlem Renaissance. Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983, 1991. Martin, Tony. Marcus Garvey: Hero. Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983. Martin, Tony. The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond. Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983. Martin, Tony. The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey. Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983. Smith-Irvin, Jeannette. Marcus Garvey's Footsoldiers of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1989. Solomon, Mark. The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African-Americans, 1917–1936. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1998. Stein, Judith. The World of Marcus Garvey: Race and Class in Modern Society. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986. Tolbert, Emory J. The UNIA and Black Los Angeles. Los Angeles: Center of Afro-American Studies, University of California, 1980. Vincent, Theodore. Black Power and the Garvey Movement. Berkeley, Calif.: Ramparts Press, 1971.	i don't know
In 1991, a spoof Nobel Prize, called The Ig Nobel Prize, for achievements that cannot or should not be repeated was instigated by which US university?	(Letter from skylight, Opposing Viewpoint) Does Hu Jia deserve the Nobel Peace Prize? \| Hidden Harmonies China Blog Hidden Harmonies China Blog Uncategorized Nobel peace prize Hu Jia Guest Six chinese has recieved the Nobel Prize (seven if you include Dalai Lama). This year there is some speculation that the Nobel Peace Prize may be awarded to a Russian or a Chinese. According to the director of a Norwegian peace institute, Stein Tonneson, the chinese environmental activist Hu Jia is a top Chinese contender. The Nobel peace prize committee is made up of former Norwegian parliamentarians and is supposed to be independent of the government or party politics. Although it has managed its impartiality sucessfully, it has at times, been influenced by politics or pressure from powerful nations. For instance, Gandhi, the non-violent Indian independence fighter was strangely never awarded the peace prize, apparently due to fear of British displeasure at the time. Chinese winners of the Nobel prize: * Tsung-Dao Lee, Physics, 1957 – Chinese American * Edmond H. Fischer, Physiology or Medicine, 1992 -Swiss-American(born in China) * Daniel C. Tsui, Physics, 1998 – Chinese American Gao Xingjian, Literature, 2000 – French Emigre * Chen Ning Yang, Physics, 1957 – Chinese American – See Photo Above * Samuel C.C. Ting, Physics, 1976 – Michigan-born Chinese American (* Dalai Lama, Peace, 1989 – Tibetan-born residing in India) Asians winners of the Nobel Peace Prize: * Sato, Eisaku – 1974 – former Prime Minister of Japan * Mother Teresa – 1979 – Indian citizen * Aung San Suu Kyi – 1991 – Burmese opposition leader * Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes, Ramos-Horta, José – 1996 – East Timor * Kim Dae Jung – 2000 – Republic of Korea * Muhammad Yunus – 2006 – Bangladesh Hu Jia is a 35 year old Beijinger who has worked for humanitarian, environmental and Hiv/AIDS issues since the early 1990’s. He addressed the European Parliament on November 26th, 2007 using his web-camera while under house arrest since spring 2006. In his testimony to the European parliament he said: “It is ironic that one of the people in charge of organizing the Olympic Games is the head of the Bureau of Public Security, which is responsible for so many human rights violations. It is very serious that the official promises are not being kept before the games.” Only one month later, on December 27th he was arrested at his home accused of “subverting state authority”. On April 4th, 2008, he was sentenced to three and a half years in prison on a charge of “inciting subversion of state authority” for posting articles about the human rights situation in the run-up to the Olympic Games on overseas Chinese websites. Post navigation September 28, 2008 at 3:51 pm I do not know who the other contenders are, and I think that many of the Nobel prizes have become a somewhat debased coinage, but if the question is “should we approve of Hu Jia’s actions?” My answer is a whole-hearted “YES”. wukong says: September 28, 2008 at 4:11 pm It would be laughable to say Hu Jia has contributed much or any to world peace. But Nobel Peace Prize isn’t about world peace, it’s very much a political award. So if those former Norwegian parliamentarians (and western politicians in large) feel a particular need this year to sick it to the China “regime”, Hu Jia will fit the bill nicely. No, the Nobel Peace Prize should be given to the CCP, for overcoming incredible near-insurmountable odds to maintain a harmonious society in the face of domestic and foreign opposition and sabotage. You think I’m joking? S.K. Cheung says: September 28, 2008 at 4:50 pm I am not familiar with Hu’s exploits, and have no idea if he’s deserving. But if he wins, would he be the first to receive the award while incarcerated? That would represent a historic “first”…the CCP should be able to get some PR mileage out of that one. S.K. Cheung says: that’s a good one. sophie says: http://www.anti-cnn.com/forum/cn/thread-39512-1-4.html 1. a letter that Hu Jia wrote to the German Chancellor Merkel. In the letter he seems representing ‘hundreds of millions of Chinese Buddhists wish Dalai Lama back to China… ‘ 2. Hujia accepted about USD 180,000 from NED (the National Endowment of Democracy). this info. is available on NED website. Beijing Zhiaixing Information Counseling Center $179,113* To operate a diverse program promoting accountability and human rights. The work of the Institute will include legal aid, investigative reporting, activist training, and human rights documentation related to HIV/AIDS and other public health threats. 3.He also testified on human rights in China, given on 26 November 2007 via conference call to the European Parliament’s Human Rights Subcommittee. Chinese are hardly know Hu Jia. He is only well-known outside China. If Chinese know what he has done as mentioned above, most of them will consider him a traitor, as comments in this link showed. Be honest, i tend to think the same. but, when i mentioned what he had done to a french friend, he’s like ‘what is wrong he did those’…i didn’t know how to answer. ChinkTalk says: September 28, 2008 at 5:37 pm I agree with Kai. The Chinese Communist government has done more for world peace than any other countries in the world. Despite the Western accusations of human rights, corruptions, Darfu,Tibet etc, – while I do agree that there are serious problems, but no one nation is innocent of faults, I sure would like a finer examination of how the Chinese were treated under British rule in Hong Kong, – China has done more for world stability than other countries. The Italians have the decency to pay Lybia $5B for its colonial days. Shouldn’t the British pay something to the Hong Kong Chinese. I thought the “peace” prize is recognition for work on bridging opposing forces – like in the case of Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, not one that instigates conflict. If one gets a peace prize for simply “fighting” for social justice, environement, etc. than I should get the “peace” prize by going out everyday and complain about every injustice that happens along the way. The more difficult task is really bringing peace to the Middle East for example. There is no democracy involved in the Nobel prizes because they are determined by five anonymous members in secrecy. skylight says: SKC, Two persons have recieved the Nobel Peace Prize while incarcerated: 1. Carl von Ossietzky in 1935 had been imprisoned in Nazi Germany. He had fought in WWII and was highly critical of the German militarism, established the German Peace Society, and later warned against Nazism. The award to the German pacifist lead to violent outbursts from the German government, who issued a prohibition against any German receiving the Nobel Peace Prize. He was sent to a concentration camp in 1933 while suffering from Turbeclosis. The German government declared publicly that Ossietzky was free to go to Norway to accept the prize, but secret police documents indicate that Ossietzky was refused a passport. In May 1936 he was sent to the police hospital in Berlin because of his serious tuberculosis. He died in Berlin’s hospital Nordend, still in police custody, on May 4, 1938, of tuberculosis and from the after-effects of the abuse he suffered in the concentration camps. 2. Aung San Suu Kyi in 1991, won after she had been arrested. She was put under house arrest since July 1989. In 1990, her party won the general election and earned the right to become Prime Minister, but she was prevented from assuming the role by the Burmese military junta. “It is not power that corrupts but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it….Fearlessness may be a gift but perhaps more precious is the courage acquired through endeavour, courage that comes from cultivating the habit of refusing to let fear dictate one’s actions, courage that could be described as ‘grace under pressure’ – grace which is renewed repeatedly in the face of harsh, unremitting pressure….It is not easy for a people conditioned by fear under the iron rule of the principle that might is right to free themselves from the enervating miasma of fear. Yet even under the most crushing state machinery courage rises up again and again, for fear is not the natural state of civilized man.” -Freedom from Fear speech (1990) by Aung San Suu Kyi. skylight says: September 28, 2008 at 6:02 pm @Chinktalk The Nobel Prize Foundation is a private institution in 1900 on the will of Alfred Nobel, the person who invented dynamite, who later became a strong pacifist. All Nobel Prizes in sciences and arts are awarded in Sweden, including the highly regarded Nobel price in Economics, while the Peace Prize is awarded in Norway. I don’t think it was ever meant to a democratic institution, whatever you mean by that (another United Nations with veto for the superpowers etc??). You can learn more about the process of nomination etc. at their informative website: September 28, 2008 at 6:09 pm Wow, that was a good quote from Aung San Suu Kyi. Thanks for posting it skylight. The Nobel Peace Prize is a little shaky in it’s prestigiousness for me. Most of the others, like chemistry, physics, economics, etc. is sort of understandable. When I read how these prizes, the apt of looking at it changes over time, and how much of an honor it is for their professions, it’s a joy to read who won and why. However, I agree with some people how the peace prize is …words are hard to describe. Some of my friends cringe when Al Gore won it. Plus, there’s so many organizations/people that probably do deserve the honor, but I guess there wasn’t enough attention to them from the media/political/corporate/NGO world, or not the pick of the straw. S.K. Cheung says: September 28, 2008 at 6:23 pm To Sophie: so a PRC citizen who criticizes China is a traitor? Geez, that’s a pretty strict standard. Either that, or it doesn’t take much to be considered a traitor in your eyes. S.K. Cheung says: thanks for the info. Potential PR opportunity lost for China. Otto Kerner says: I did initially misread the headline as “Does Hu Jintao deserve the Nobel Peace Prize?” sophie says: September 28, 2008 at 7:37 pm To S.K. Cheung, I didn’t express myself properly. ‘Traitor’ is not a right word. Let me explain a bit more: From general Chinese point of view, people recognize that China still have a long way to go in terms of human right, democracy… and are working on it. if you visit Chinese forum, you can see many people openly critizise the government in a much harsh way. But what people don’t accept is that his associating with outside forces/organizations. Chinese people want to decide their own destiny, they don’t want to be lectured, forced… I have lived abroad for 10 years. i know this Chinese point of view is difficult for people in the West to understand. skylight says: September 28, 2008 at 8:08 pm Sophie is absolutely right, Hu Jia’s crime seems to be that he collected human rights violation information and distributed it to both people in China and people overseas. Obviously it is not only “Chinese people” who don’t accept this behavior, but also the Beijing Court which provided as evidence against Hu Jia that he had written five politically charged articles which was posted overseas (One of the articles cited in the sentence is this one: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/04/AR2008040402982_pf.html ) and he had given two interviews with foreign media. September 28, 2008 at 8:34 pm All I can say is that having watched the videos made by Hu Jia of him and his family (including his newly born child) being followed and intimidated by the Ministry of State Security, I can only think that he is an extremely brave man and deserving of the highest praise. World peace prize? I don’t know, but I know he has my admiration. MoneyBall says: September 28, 2008 at 9:18 pm If he does win, it’s a symbolic move on the Nordic side, and a reward for Hu’s bravery, not for any substantive works. I dont know what he has achieved, if anything, on improving the wellbeings of local Chinese, besides some rather superficial rhetorics entirely aimed to appeal to the western audience. The fact that, it seems true now, he was on the payroll of NED, wont sit well among Chinese, even the liberal ones like me. I admire dissidents, but not the professional ones. But wherever he comes from, it’s not right to throw him in jail, sometimes CCP’s stupidity knows no boundary. wukong says: September 28, 2008 at 9:20 pm @Sophie If Hu Jia was indeed funded by NED, than he’s a unregistered foreign agent. In US, he would be jailed for god knows know many years, especially since he’s Chinese. Wen Ho Lee anyone? DS says: September 28, 2008 at 9:38 pm People like Hu Jia and Wan Yan Hai are much like the tank man 19 years ago. Brave but mostly symbolic. They should be supported because they are fighting for the basic rights. It was wrong for the government to arrest them. If they were really bad apples, they would be exposed in the public arena quickly. But they are honorable people. You don’t have to agree with their views (I don’t), but they are doing what their hearts tell them to do. However, the Nobel price seems a bit too much, and may even back fire. Greypowered says: September 28, 2008 at 9:41 pm Sophie, This specific Chinese point of view wouldn’t be so difficult to accept by many in the West if there weren’t these other Chinese point of views, people like Hu Jia, who feel that they need external help to make their voice heard, because, otherwise, they simply get completely censored, if not brutally silenced. And he isn’t the only one. Without these insider Chinese human rights activists, most of us, in the West, wouldn’t know anything about human rights abuses in China. And I get the feeling, from your initial post, that many Chinese themselves have a hard time understanding why some, among them, would want to turn to the outside for support in their fight for more justice and freedom. The only reason they seem to see for this kind of behavior is national treason on the part of these activists, who, obviously, must be paid by outside secret organizations trying to undermine the Chinese regime. I understand that many Chinese wish that all debates about these various political, social, economic and ethical problems in their country would take place behind closed doors, away from Western eyes and ears, because of the European colonial past (and American recent behavior abroad), which, in their view, denies Westerners any legitimacy to comment on the present Chinese evolution, give advice or even support to segments of the political spectrum inside the country. However, this seems to me totally unrealistic, considering that China is at the same time claiming its place and role on the international stage on an equal footing with the other nations, especially Japan, India, the US and the EU. If China wants to participate in global politics and economics, it will also have to be ready for criticisms from the other countries’ citizens and even some bashing, as a major world power. I mean, all major world powers get bashed every once in a while. Ask the Americans, who have been ashamed to even acknowledge their nationality in many European countries since 2001, or Russians, who have been feeling constantly humiliated by Western attitude towards their own evolution since the end of the USSR, and even more now that they are reclaiming respect for their national pride with their hands on the oil/gaz tap. TonyP4 says: The late uncle Deng should got one or two. Who else can lift 300 million out of poverty in less than 30 years? TonyP4 says: September 28, 2008 at 10:23 pm Hi Sophie, 30 years ago, many Chinese starved to death. Thank God, not any more. Is this the basic human right? I’ve written the following just for fun a while ago when arguing with some Chinese bashers, so it is not 100% correct and the English is terrible. ——————- China, the human right lover * Contrary to popular belief but a fact. 30 years ago, many Chinese died of starvation, did not have a roof over their head… Not now anymore. Are these the basic human rights? * Why you’re lied to. The media wants to create controversy to sell their stuffs. The politician wants to establish common enemy, so you ignore more important problems. The offense companies have more reason to expand. They assume their citizens do not think. * Why US is human right violator. How many human beings of the world we killed in last year by our offense? How many citizens die of obesity as we encourage “good” food? How many poor remain to be poor for generations due to our generous welfare system? How many children to be killed every year due to our lack of gun control law? How many teenage mothers we encourage starting from the top politicians? How many Indians stay in the reservation forever by providing them with no work but unlimited alcohol? How we use up the world’s oil and blame China who uses less than ¼ of ours per capita? How we blame China for the negligible military expenditure compared to ours? When millions are donated to the politicians by special interest groups, how can they make unbiased decisions for their citizens? The list is endless. * China has its own problems and we have our own. Let each work on her problems and we’ll have a better world. MoneyBall says: September 28, 2008 at 10:28 pm @Greypowered, Getting help from outside is one thing, accepting money from outside is another. It destroys your credibility. If I know the admins here get money from any political institutions, I will quit coming here immediately. wukong says: September 28, 2008 at 10:43 pm @DS The Tankman represents the unyielding Chinese spirit, he’s a true hero. He wasn’t out to be famous, he was holding a plastic grocery bag when he tried to stop the column of tanks. On the other hand, Hu’s an opportunistic megalomaniac with delusion of grandeur. He spoke of representing “hundreds of millions of Chinese Buddhists wishing for Dalai Lama’s return”, and he’s also collecting some handsome dough from NED on behalf of AIDS victims. Isn’t he something? BTW, the Tankman was never run over by the tank. In fact in the full video that was rarely shown on western TV, the tank swerved a couple of times to avoid hitting the guy. In the end, the Tankman was led away by a bystander. The tank driver is no less a hero than the tankman. S.K. Cheung says: September 29, 2008 at 12:25 am To Sophie #16: yes, the thought process to which you refer does seem distinctly Chinese. And one I discarded long long ago. Others haven’t, and that is their prerogative. The day that Chinese in China are allowed to express Hu-style opinions freely, and not only in the anonymous confines of the internet, then there will be no further need to air dirty Chinese laundry to the world. But that day hasn’t come yet. I agree with Moneyball and DS, that a Nobel seems a bit much. But the CCP response to his transgressions, whatever they were(speaking to foreign media? Publishing overseas and online? Gasp!), also seem a bit much. ChinkTalk says: September 29, 2008 at 1:31 am Greypowered #22 -“Without these insider Chinese human rights activists, most of us, in the West, wouldn’t know anything about human rights abuses in China. I find it funny when the Students of a Free Tibet – White Canadians, Americans and British, unfurled a banner on the Great Wall of China advocating human rights for Tibet when some freely admitted that they had never been to Tibet. Jim says: September 29, 2008 at 2:01 am Greypowered makes an excellent point when saying that China, in wanting to join the international stage, needs to face international criticism. That’s the whole point of criticism: to suggest the existance of discrepancies and fallacies, to illuminate them. It’s a necessary part of the ongoing need to find balances. It is brutal; it has to be or it would not work. So we understand China’s wish to be uncensored: as Sophie says, “Chinese people want to decide their own destiny, they don’t want to be lectured, forced…” Nobody wants their dirty laundry aired. But should we let the US’s domestic and foreign policy unchecked by international pressure? Or closer to Chinese hearts, should we just let the Japanese government to internally decide whether to acknowledge war atrocities, without external criticism? What would South Africa be like now if the apartheid regime had not faced international rebuke and sanctions for years, and if people like Mandela had not received external support? Bob says: @Jim – “in wanting to join the international stage” Well, a handful of elitist (snicker) western countries do not an international stage make. Side note: Wow, I love the new edit function. Good job admin! yo says: September 29, 2008 at 2:18 am I agree with the sentiments of others who say it’s symbolic. Does Hu Jia promote peace in the world, I don’t think so. Looks like the committee who awards these things are looking for a poster child like Al Gore with global warning. I agree with Al Gore, but he was just the spokesman and not deserving of the award. @Bob yeah, I just noticed the edit function too, and I’m using it to add this note in. Great job admin! S.K. Cheung says: September 29, 2008 at 2:20 am To Yo: I know Al Gore was the famous face, but I thought the prize actually went to some global warming committee of the WHO or UN, or something. ChinkTalk says: September 29, 2008 at 2:22 am Jim #29 – “Greypowered makes an excellent point when saying that China, in wanting to join the international stage, needs to face international criticism. That’s the whole point of criticism: to suggest the existance of discrepancies and fallacies, to illuminate them. It’s a necessary part of the ongoing need to find balances. It is brutal; it has to be or it would not work. ” I really like to see a Western leader stand up and criticize Canada for the treatment of our Natives. Why Phil Fontaine does not get the Nobel Peace Prize. How many people know who Phil Fontaine is. I used to hate being Chinese, I used to hate China and refused to have anything to do with Chinese. But now I come to realize that it is just unfair and unjust the way China is being treated compared to Western nations. If the West wants to talk about equality and justice – show it by action not just by talking. yo says: September 29, 2008 at 2:27 am SKC, No, he got the prize too. A PR stunt if you ask me. I remember because on Hannity and Colmes, Sean Hannity was trashing the Nobel prize and saying how a terrorist got the noble prize before so Al gore getting it means nothing…he later goes on to say that if he received the noble prize, he we give it to the troops who are deserving. 🙂 Michelle says: September 29, 2008 at 2:29 am Chinktalk 28: “White Canadians, Americans and British, unfurled a banner on the Great Wall of China advocating human rights for Tibet when some freely admitted that they had never been to Tibet.” huh? So if we haven’t gone somewhere we can’t protest about conditions there? Lots of people protest against the Iraq/US war without having been to either place. Is that funny? DS says: September 29, 2008 at 2:39 am @Wukong: I am regretting the light reference to the tank man. He is one of the greatest heroes of our time, and should be referred to only under most extraordinary circumstances. I have not read about Hu Jia enough and put my mouth ahead of my brain. You are probably right in this instance. One point I am trying to bring forward is that China is strong and admired enough now to tolerate some different voices. I understand the enormous pride and ultra sensitivity with regard to external criticisms. However, hypothetically, no matter how efficient a government is and how caring its people are, no one is perfect. There might be places that are missed, and sufferings ignored. If one was to pick up an issue and work on it, it may not be a bad thing, although their manners may be irritating. If someone gets money from the outside and uses it on the things promised, why is it a bad thing? I donated money to the earthquake with genuine intention to help. Certainly, if someone breaks the law in managing the money, he/she should be punished accordingly. It is my view, naïve perhaps, that different voices in a large and strong country like China are healthy over the long run, because they keep a government honest. For the ultimate good of the Chinese people, I believe these things should be encouraged. Some people may do things that look insulting to the others, but the final yardstick is to see whether they serve the interest of the country. I might have missed some intricacies in this complex balancing act. Please advise if you have time. S.K. Cheung says: To Yo: didn’t know that. Thanks for the info. Ah, Hannity. People like him keep Stewart and Colbert employed. Here’s hoping Hannity has another good 50 years. By then, I’ll be more concerned about bodily functions than political satire. yo says: September 29, 2008 at 2:42 am @Michelle You can, you just lack credibility, especially if you went out of your way to travel 1,000 miles to prove your point. In regards to Tibet, credibility imo is even more important because the sources of information available have credibility issues on both sides. In regards to your Iraq comment, the same charge was leveled at Barrack Obama so it’s an issue. S.K. Cheung says: To DS: well said. “I understand the enormous pride and ultra sensitivity with regard to external criticisms” – maybe you can share that understanding with me someday, cuz I certainly don’t get it. jack says: September 29, 2008 at 2:44 am @ThinkTalk I find it funny when the Students of a Free Tibet – White Canadians, Americans and British, unfurled a banner on the Great Wall of China advocating human rights for Tibet when some freely admitted that they had never been to Tibet. What they love is not the “free Tibet” itself, but the concept of “in love with freedom of Tibet”. yo says: September 29, 2008 at 2:47 am @SKC lol, I found out about the hannity comment on the daily show 🙂 Actually, I’m moving away from the daily show and going back to traditional sources of news. I feel very intellectual reading the new york times 🙂 now all i need is my latte. @ALL Speaking of lattes, I don’t know if I missed it, but I would like to request a post about how this whole milk scandal is playing out in China, what are people saying, how is the blogosphere reacting? S.K. Cheung says: September 29, 2008 at 2:55 am To Yo, say it ain’t so! Traditional news doesn’t have a moment of Zen, or the Word. Best 5 minutes in TV, IMO. If you’re in China, you might want to lay off the lattes for a while. Unless you’ve got really strong kidneys 🙂 Daniel says: September 29, 2008 at 3:15 am Hey yo, There’s already posts and tons of online discussions regarding the milk scandal and the reactions from some netizens about it. Apparently one of FM’s own, written by bxbq, is quite a “mouthful” I guess. On another note, any major figure…let alone a powerful country, is going to face a lot of criticisms from all sides, even if some of them have questionable content or just plain nonsense. For example, well, let me explain sometimes how some vocal people think. Many already mention this where there’s nothing wrong with people who live thousands miles away and talk quite critically about other places, but I have to agree in part that it is hard to really trust someone who either hasn’t actively been a part of that place or hasn’t took a lot of time to study it. Not to say that their opinions don’t matter but it’s like common sense in regarding certain cases. Others are very specialized, where their knowledge and experiences are really valuable for some topics but not necessary for others. For example, I noticed how others mentioned the rote-memory system of education and the criticisms regarding it. I don’t know exactly why, but I did read this one articles by a non-Chinese teacher who appears to have been on the Mainland for sometime. I’m not sure what she taught but she wrote a bit of the rote-memory and other quirks but offer reasonable explainations. Her opinions were that it would be very hard to remember all those characters without using some methods of rote-memory, and possibly the teachers applied this to other subjects. The other part was the expectations of the students, and of themselves, were a little different (not wrong just different) than teaching other places which may play a part in these cases. Sometimes, especially those in developed societies because a lot of occupations/activities are very specialized and to find people who are “well-rounded’ is actually a little bit harder because upbringing and personal beliefs can affect that. Whenever they see things in places they aren’t too familiar with, of course, as analytical as well are, there’s going to be some judgement yet at times, they will recognize strongly certain aspects because of their lifestyles, which if not taken into account other issues, may not present a balanced view of things. People do that a lot in their own societies, so imagine what it is like in other places. Not everyone is like this, but this is just some of the problems people might have in analyzing places or why some people are like that. Usually, I trust the older folks and their a tad bit more, especially for a lot of the topics this blog expresses about. Daniel says: September 29, 2008 at 3:19 am Retype: Usually, I trust the older folks and their judgement a tad bit more, especially for a lot of the topics this blog expresses about. There’s a lot you can learn about from them that many of us would have ignore or take for granted. This could help when we try to take issues in consideration of how they actually work for people in the past and the differences with today. Michelle says: September 29, 2008 at 3:49 am yo: “In regards to Tibet, credibility imo is even more important because the sources of information available have credibility issues on both sides.” I agree to some extent, going there is important. However, if I went to Tibet, I wouldn’t see much of anyone’s ordinary life, I recon. I don’t think having been there necessarily ups your credibility – many people have gone there and don’t know about the history and culture of the place and just go around on some tour because either that’s what they want or that’s what they have to do. I think it would be very funny indeed if you can get those protestors to admit that they haven’t read about Tibet’s past and present and don’t know how it’s run, etc. On the flip side – Would you agree that Chinese people who have not been to Tibet also have limited credibility when talking about Tibet, as as you say there are credibility issues on both sides? I would argue not necessarily, which is why i don’t wholeheartedly agree with the original quote. Anyhow, I think I can say people who have lived there for a while have more credibility usually. Not tourists. ChinkTalk says: Do you know who Phil Fontaine is? Michelle says: September 29, 2008 at 4:00 am Daniel: “Sometimes, especially those in developed societies because a lot of occupations/activities are very specialized and to find people who are “well-rounded’[is difficult] Slightly off topic, but… As far as trends in education go, this particular problem (increased specialisation, reduced broad foundation) has been discussed for a while in ed and higher ed circles in the US. I think both the US and China are suffering from this problem – young adults know quite little about the world in general because they have focused on only one thing without much broader perspective. I was pretty blown away when living in Europe at how non-tedious the late teens, early 20s set is. There are differences in the education systems of US and China, but I don’t think this (students not well rounded) as one of them. As for what you said on rote learning, quite interesting – do you have the link? Michelle says: September 29, 2008 at 4:13 am Sophie, Skylight, I agree with you. If Hu Jia did political work without accepting funding from foreign government, that should be fine. However if he does it with foreign government’s funding, collusion, that makes him a foreign agent. I can’t blame the Chinese government, as such activity is also illegal in US. We have a law called “Foreign Agent Registration Act”, forbidding anyone acting in collusion with foreign governments (without declaring so, a catch-20 of sort.) S.K. Cheung says: September 29, 2008 at 4:15 am To Michelle and Daniel: I think at the extremes, a generalist knows nothing about everything, and a specialist knows everything about nothing. IMO, as with anything in life, one needs to find the balance, somewhere in the middle. I don’t know if you could say the Chinese or US education system is fundamentally better/worse in comparison to each other. But hopefully, their respective systems produce graduates that meet their respective societal needs and expectations. I can say that Canadian society (as a huge generalization) would value a well-rounded individual moreso than someone who is just book-smart. I’m nowhere near qualified to speak to what Chinese society would hold more dear. S.K. Cheung says: September 29, 2008 at 4:17 am To Daniel: “a powerful country, is going to face a lot of criticisms from all sides” – the Cantonese phrase is “big tree attracts more wind”, don’t know if that works in Mandarin. ChinkTalk says: September 29, 2008 at 4:19 am @Skylight I stand corrected on the Nobel commitee members. Thanks for the link. I should have checked my facts before speaking about it. Michelle says: September 29, 2008 at 4:31 am “I don’t know if you could say the Chinese or US education system is fundamentally better/worse in comparison to each other. ” Regarding education and employment, I have heard reasons why US employers value Chinese employees and vice versa, and it’s quite interesting but ultimately based largely on stereotype. On a related note: the Chinese and American work ethic (i.e. work yourself to death cuz that’s just what you do) seems valued amoung non-US/ Chinese companies in my experience, no surprise. Daniel says: September 29, 2008 at 6:54 am Oh boy, hmm…I think I may have to go further with what I said. I might have to take some time to google up a good link because I think where I heard that rote-memory lessons was part of an interview of an article…within a blog I think but maybe not. I was looking up something relating to Chinese education and after surfing a while I found that. The part about specialization is a little more broad and complex, more than students…in a way, more than what I typed. In fact, you can say that this is one of the benefits of a “modern-developed world”. The capability for people to have something to do, the specialization in work, school or any type of organization and activity can help ensure bettery productivity, regulation some may say, etc. There’s nothing wrong with it. This type of specialization attitude extends to many areas. One of the main points I should have typed further was how within some societies…especially the well-developed ones, the organization and local environment was such where a lot of people would be occupied their time, energy and thoughts with performing their duties, providing for themselves or love ones, leisure, the pursuit of leisure…afterwards most would be too tired to do anything else, maybe an occasional vacation, etc. In a sense, you don’t really have to or don’t have much to think beyond that. As a result, as times, whenever people try to formulate judgements on places not familar with them, sometimes they tend to look at a perspective with whatever their occupations, family beliefs and personal experiences…which can be quite specialize to a point where other important factors are left out which could help in having a balanced view of things. If you all think about it, people with such conditions will form a large backbone, possibly the majority, of a thriving society. Oh Michelle, I was on a forum where there was a huge discussion between the Chinese work ethic and stereotypes of that…it was very um…a lot to digest. The stereotypes were also very diverse I guess…I read a lot of reasons why many employers would and would not want to employ Chinese workers. Daniel says: This isn’t “the” link but a link I found while quickly googling up. Some of the sentiments is a little similar. (It’s pretty late at night for my place, so maybe sometime perhaps?) http://gweipo.blogspot.com/2007/03/rote-learning-some-resources-for-debate.html There’s actually more reasons why education is like that, a mixture of cultural/historical/conventional influences. Honestly, unless the admin or staff say so, I’m not worry at all with going off-topic considering how many of the posts and comments turn out to be at the end. Michelle says: September 29, 2008 at 8:21 am Daniel, Thanks for that. I do think that we are at risk (in current ESL trends at least) of swinging the pendulum too much in the other direction. While memorising, for example, lists of vocabulary will not allow students to use the learned words naturally, it is the best way to take the first step. The problem is when students / teachers equate this memorisation with actual, full learning, which it is not. The other problem is when students / teachers jettison rote learning, which makes learning inefficient in terms of time. Gweipo has a good point about subjects like maths too, you just have to learn it or you’ll never get around to really understanding it, so rote learning is a crucial, fundamental first step. Sorry to everyone else for going off topic… 🙂 chorasmian says: September 29, 2008 at 8:33 am I think every Chinese human right advocator face the same dilemma. If they don’t accept external funding, they can’t make their voice loud enough. If they accept it, they will lose their crdibility in their countryman dramatically. Though Wang Dan try to balance in between, I am afraid he fail in both sides. TommyBahamas says: “so rote learning is a crucial, fundamental first step.” Totally agree, : jettison rote learning, makes learning inefficient in terms of time.” Michelle, Obviously you know what you are talkig about. I hope you don’t mind sharing your insights further on ESL, or foreign language acquisition.. I have two Chinese friends who learned mandarin from their Chinese girlfriends for the same period of time. They are both talkative male. Today, one is fluent while the other still sucks. Is it talent or methodology? I tend to think it’s the former. Musicians, I have notice, tend to be better language students given similar time & effort, but I don’t know how true, and if there are statistics on it? Greypowered says: @Bob #30 “Well, a handful of elitist (snicker) western countries do not an international stage make.” Well, I’m sure that countries like Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, India, South Korea and Indonesia will love to be termed a “handful of elitist (snicker) Western countries”! Because, as far as I know, they are important political and economic actors of the International stage and no, they don’t consider themselves Westerners! The expressions “international stage” or “international community” basically refer to the 190 something members of the UN and other supra-national organizations that are certainly not a restricted club of “elitist” (snicker) Western countries”. And the fact is that China isn’t only criticized by citizens of a handful European or North-American countries. Even thought it might not appear in the local Western and Chinese media, these criticisms exist in other regions of the world. werew says: September 29, 2008 at 2:27 pm Shows that Nobel Peace Prize is only a western thing. All Hu Jia did was complain about China to the west that pretty much fits the western idea of Chinese human right violation and he got a lot of attention from the western media. There are a lot more more famous to the Chinese and more influential Chinese activists/lawyers that fight government corruption that the western media never picked up on since fighting corruption doesn’t strike as strong a cord with western audience as “fighting for freedom of speech, freedom of etc.” Theo says: September 29, 2008 at 3:00 pm Mother Teresa (Agnes Bojaxhiu) was Albanian, not Asian. Hu Jia’s efforts to publicise HIV are admirable but its early days to think in terms of a Nobel Prize. There are other more worthy contenders in Asia. skylight says: September 29, 2008 at 5:33 pm @Theo If Hu Jia (perhaps together with his wife, Zeng Jinyan who is also writing a blog) is awarded the prize, he will definitely be one of the youngest recievers of the peace prize. Perhaps the Nobel committee might want to send a signal/tribute to the importance of internet and blogging as tools to promote diverse discussions and opinions in societies with limited official press diversity. Zeng Jinyan work (and dissident bloggers in general I guess) has been called “Tiananmen 2.0” by some commentators. They use information technology to create awareness. Hu Jia himself majored in Infomation engineering at University. If the committee is thinking along these lines, I think a prize to Hu Jia and his wife could be deserved. In this regard, Hu Jia’s and Zeng Jinyan’s diary film, recorded on his digital video camera, could also be considered pathbreaking among bloggers. Some persons mentioned that Hu Jia could be considered a foreign agent since he recieved support for his AIDS work from NED. I agree that it could impact his credibility somewhat, but I really think it is neglible, because if you draw this too far, where do you end? What about chinese who have recieved university scholarships from the US government? Are they also foreign agents? Many chinese government institutions have joint projects and work with US government institutions, where they also recieve funding, are they also foreign agents? Where do you draw the line? Someone also mentioned earthquake relief, which I believe also came from foreign governments. I guess you have to look at the intention and specific issue they are supporting? If you consider AIDS work/AIDS telephone hotline to be destabilizing towards the state, and you believe this is the intention of NED and Hu Jia, then I guess you could consider him an foreign agent. Finally, Hu Jia is closely related to many of these famous lawyers that “werew” mentioned, and he has worked for the release of the blind lawyer, Chen Guangcheng. A prize to Hu Jia would also be an acknowledgement of their work. The article that was published in Washington Times, was actually written by Beijing laywer Teng Biao, but Teng Biao was not put in jail, because he stayed within the “line”, while Hu Jia is pushing the envelope. September 29, 2008 at 6:03 pm Putting Hu Jia in jail could also be another example of attempting to “kill a monkey, to scare the chicken” by the authorities. Many Beijing “dissidents”, such as Wang Lixiong, expressed shock and fear at the unexpected 3 1/2 year verdict of Hu Jia, when he said that if this can happen to Hu Jia, it could happen to all of us. if that is the case, then the added “symbolic” value of giving Hu Jia the prize could also be an additional reason to award him the prize. Charles Liu says: September 29, 2008 at 6:11 pm Chorasmian, for a long time I didn’t know Hu Jia took money from the NED/State Dept (h/t Sophie #7), and wrote off Chinese bloggers questionion why Hu Jia was able to afford a nice appartment in Beijing. Again, US government also sanctions against citizens colluding with foreign government, via the FARA. Most recently a naturalized US citizen from Hong Kong, Chi Mak, received 25 years in jail under this law. wukong says: September 29, 2008 at 6:30 pm @skylight # 63 According to an interview in China Youth Daily in 2001 (when he wasn’t considered dangerous to state stability) … You mean before he became a NED agent. Wahaha says: How would Americans have thought of Martin Luther King Jr. if MLK Jr. had sought for help from Soviet unions ? Wahaha says: “People like Hu Jia and Wan Yan Hai are much like the tank man 19 years ago.” That is an insult to those students who died on June 4th. Those students died for the love of their country. Hu Jia only wants to sell his agenda or his hatred towards CCP. There was a thread on anti-cnn about Hu Jia, he was considered a traitor and worthless piece of $h!t. Charles Liu says: Ooo, Wahaha, have to disagree with you on this. While I fully support his activism, I also understand why the Chinese government doesn’t want to see foreign money/agenda involved in China’s domestic political affairs. I not sure if “hatred” applies to Hu Jia – to those who paid for it, perhaps. Same thing with FLG, it bugs the heck out of me that my government funneled 6 million dollars to FLG via NOGs in the run up to Bejing Olympics to vilify China in US public opinion arena (the “Human Rights Torch Relay” sold to Amnesty Internationa chapters behind AI Secretariat’s back, rehashed 70’s era “live organ harvesting” anti-Soviet propaganda.) skylight says: September 29, 2008 at 7:45 pm @Charles Liu OMG! Are you serious in comparing Hu Jia with Chi Mak? If Hu Jia was a US born and educated citizen who later became a “naturalized” Chinese citizen as a middle-aged man at the age of 45, and then started working for the Chinese government, working at a top secret PLA military project, with secret-level governmental clearing, you might have been able to compare them. September 29, 2008 at 9:13 pm You people are stupid is all I can say, LOL. We’re all being watched, bet you a dollar at 1913 inflation rates, hehe. I for one declare that I don’t a give a flying *** and rat’s ass about China!!! I will never do any sort of spying for that country which perpetrated the massacre in 1989!!! DOWN WITH CHINA! This site is stupid too. I’m only here to keep an eye on these people here… And that’s the (sad?) truth. I don’t have anything to do with CCTV or Phoenix TV, both known consipraing entities of the CCP. None in my family are in the CCP, or affiliated in anyway with CCP. Communism is evil!!! And has absolutely nothing to do with the international banker elites @ all(all of whom knows the best way for humanity, we should follow them without question). I also vow to never discuss the knowledge I gained while going through the wonderful U.S public school system and state funded public universities. This I promise. Matter of fact. I shall inject my brain with melemaine, thus purging all cognitive abilities from my head. Wahaha says: ” I’m only here to keep an eye on these people here…” Hahahahahahahahahahahaha …… Dow Jones donw 778 pts, Communism is invading USA. Watch out your own @$$ and make sure you will wipe it clear. Wahaha says: “Ooo, Wahaha, have to disagree with you on this. While I fully support his activism, ….” admin’s note: personal insults are not welcome here no matter who the person is. skylight says: September 29, 2008 at 10:33 pm Appearently Hu Jia is in bad health condition and he has a weak liver. According to a writer Hu Jin (see article in link below), becoming “famous” abroad can provide some protection for chinese dissidents, because the government will be more careful with them. Perhaps if Hu Jia is awarded the peace prize, the authorities will treat him better in prison, because then the whole world (including China) will know who Hu Jia is. I didnt insult Charles Liu. Wahaha says: September 29, 2008 at 11:03 pm “Ooo, Wahaha, have to disagree with you on this. While I fully support his activism, ….” If a person has been able to see the changes in China in last 15 years and accept payments from others to bash this government, he has his own agenda agaisnt this government. America helped Chinese in WWII, but if a person keep reminding others the bad things seveal American Marine did in China, that person has his own agenda against America. If Michael Moore had been paid by France or Germany to make the documentary film about Iraq War, he wouldve been a traiter or a garbage in the eyes of Americans. September 29, 2008 at 11:12 pm @Wahaha Sorry I was not clear. You didn’t insult Charles Liu but you insulted Hujia. As a general rule, we don’t moderate/delete comments, but personal insults, name calling, or using foul language will get our attention. Thanks for your understanding. As a side note, we allow commentators to edit their posted comments in a 20 min time window. Wahaha says: I think Hujia deserves every bit of insult he has got from chinese. If someone demonizes Roman Catholic because priests molest children, do you think he has agenda ? Charles Liu says: September 30, 2008 at 12:02 am Wahaha, perhaps you can translate some reactions from Chinese blogsphere on Hu Jia, since FM is a bridge blog. One of my complaint about the expat “bridge blogs” is they only “bridge” certain POVs according to their sensitivity (which is always the “riot police beating innocent oppressed mass”, “girl drown after raped by party secretay’s son”). Basically to them THAT is the China everyone should know. Which is why I was so happy to find a place like FM to hang my hat. Jerry says: September 30, 2008 at 12:55 am @Kai, #4 If you are trying to mimic George Carlin, he never would have said, “You think I’m joking?” If you are serious, this is just trite, cheap West-baiting. So cliché! If so, come on, say what you mean. Wahaha says: September 30, 2008 at 12:57 am Charles Liu, 1) Hujia is a traitor, he doesnt represent the opinions of Chinese or how chinese think of chinese government. He should spend the rest of his life in jail, that is how Chinese reacted in the link posted in #7. 2) I have no problem that others bash chinese government, like the Sanlu scandal. but please dont use individual incident to prove their points, which is pointless as China has 1.3 billion people. If you want saying something bad about chinese government, using percentage. 3) Dont pretend being naive innocent little boy and a political moron when bashing China. JD says: September 30, 2008 at 1:22 am If Hu Jia is a traitor and should spend the rest of his life in jail, what should be done with the Xinhua and propaganda department officials who intentionally misinform the Chinese people? Obviously, they’re the real China bashers, the real traitors. September 30, 2008 at 1:39 am @Wahaha, #86 Why must he “…represent the opinions of Chinese or how Chinese think of Chinese government”? (yeah, I capitalized Chinese) I believe his works should stand on their own merit, good or bad. As far as I know, the Peace Prize is not a beauty or popularity contest. Wahaha, you diminish your credibility by engaging in schaudenfreude (look it up) in #77. Disparaging remarks don’t help your cause either. In #67, MLK was disparaged for his stand on the Vietnam War. I remember it clearly. He did not take aid from the Soviets, although I somehow remember that some accused him of doing so. Paul Robeson visited the Soviet Union; he was ridiculed and persecuted for it. In #68, you accuse Hu Jia, “Hu Jia only wants to sell his agenda or his hatred towards CCP.” To be honest, your remarks sound pretty hateful and angry to me. I am with Charles in #69. I am against our government funding Falun Gong. I accept that you are very angry. But you take so many random, disparaging shots. “3) Dont pretend being naive innocent little boy and a political moron when bashing China.” That surely diminishes my motivation for taking you seriously. Rather than hurling insults, throwing tantrums and screaming at people, please take a breath and let’s discuss how we feel and believe. Let’s talk about the deeper issues. I know something is troubling you. I am willing to listen. I will let you rant all you want. But I will not discuss your rants and tantrums with you. When you want to discuss the issues, please let me know. Bob says: September 30, 2008 at 2:22 am @Jerry – “In #67, MLK was disparaged for his stand on the Vietnam War. I remember it clearly. He did not take aid from the Soviets, although I somehow remember that some accused him of doing so. Paul Robeson visited the Soviet Union; he was ridiculed and persecuted for it.” Rather than disparaging Wahaha, maybe you should consider if an English reading comprehension course is right for yourself. This is what Wahaha wrote in #67: “How would Americans have thought of Martin Luther King Jr. if MLK Jr. had sought for help from Soviet unions ?” Ever heard of subjunctive mood? Yes we all know MLK did NOT take aid from the Soviet Unions, but the counterfactual hypothesis suggested — that MLK took Soviet money — is very much parallel to the Hu Jia situation. Now by your own admission in your next statement, “Paul Robeson visited the Soviet Union; he was ridiculed and persecuted for it,” you seem to agree that alliance with a (not-so-friendly) foreign government to go against one’s own is a cardinal sin commonly condemned by one’s countrymen/women. EDIT: frankly I don’t see how the fundamental opinions of Wahaha and Charles Liu differ that much as far as Hu Jia’s accepting NED money is concerned. DS says: and kenichi fukui, chemistry 1981 ryoji noyori 2001 chemistry koichi tanaka japan 2002 the japanese were very good recently on chemistry. and the year with arafat if middle east counts as asia. and orhan pamuk of turkey last year. S.K. Cheung says: September 30, 2008 at 4:45 am Could someone somewhere please teach Wahaha a synonym verb for “bash”. So freakin tiresome already! “…the Sanlu scandal…is pointless as China has 1.3 billion people” – oh really? Chinese people don’t care that their government may have been complicit in the poisoning of their children? You might want to reconsider that. Now, if you don’t like people to make a point by using a real-life example, what kind of example would your prefer? The imaginary ones? “If someone demonizes Roman Catholic because priests molest children, do you think he has agenda ?” – I would hope so. That aiding and abetting the abuse of children by people in positions of authority is wrong. And I’m guessing that Hu, by demonizing the CCP because the CCP robs people of their rights, is speaking out against that wrong. I must have asked this a thousand times in the past few months: so what’s your point? Charles Liu says: @Wahaha Amusing, highly amusing! Yes, Bob, I know about the subjunctive mood, hypotheses and rhetorical questions. Disparaging Wahaha? I must be missing something here. That was not my intention, at all. I am under no obligation to withhold response to any comment here, even if it is a counter-factual hypothesis (or mere speculation), a hypothetical question or a rhetorical question. Bob, during my upbringing as a Jew, I was taught to recognize arrogance, condescension, and disparagement, no matter how subtle. Your attempts amuse and delight me. Thanks. Wahaha, I know it was subtle and implied, but my examples about MLK and Paul Robeson, two great African-Americans, answers your rhetorical question/hypothesis in the positive. US public opinion can ridicule those who question the government and those in power. Martin and Paul suffered for their stands. Personally, I don’t care what “Americans” think about MLK or Paul Robeson. I don’t care what “Chinese” think about Hu Jia. America is not a monolith. Neither is China. BTW, Bob, thanks for the offer of the reading comprehension class. Geez, I just don’t have time right now. Maybe you could fill in for me? 😀 You may ask, Bob, “Jerry, are you ever angry, arrogant, condescending, and elitist? Jerry, do you ever skewer or bash anybody (Thanks for the word, SK)?” To which I would respond, “You bet! I am fatally-flawed.” Thanks for helping me look in the mirror. rory says: September 30, 2008 at 9:34 am @ChinkTalk #8: At the risk of causing a stir, would you like to elaborate on any wrongdoings perpetrated on Hong Kong Chinese by the British during colonial rule, and how these wrongdoings have outweighed the benefits of British rule enough to merit reparations? I don’t mean to condone British imperialism in any way, but I don’t see how Hong Kong got a particularly raw deal out of it. Monty Python’s ‘What have the Romans ever done for us?’ sketch comes to mind… September 30, 2008 at 1:10 pm “If Hu Jia is a traitor and should spend the rest of his life in jail, what should be done with the Xinhua and propaganda department officials who intentionally misinform the Chinese people? Obviously, they’re the real China bashers, the real traitors.” Obviously you dont know what has happened in China after Sanlu Scandal. _______________________________________________________________ SKC, Reread what I said pls, Sanlu scandal is kind of things that affect large percentage of Chinese. _________________________________________________________ Jerry, Your comment — Dont pretend being naive innocent little boy and a political moron when bashing China.” That surely diminishes my motivation for taking you seriously…. While some west media bash China for “occupation” of Tibet, they 100% support Georgia’s stands on Ossetia, that is, pretending being a naive boy; and they pretend they dont know what is real intention why their politicians and meda made human right such a big issue about China, they are pretending being political morons. Wahaha says: September 30, 2008 at 1:32 pm “If someone demonizes Roman Catholic because priests molest children, do you think he has agenda ?” – I would hope so. That aiding and abetting the abuse of children by people in positions of authority is wrong. And I’m guessing that Hu, by demonizing the CCP because the CCP robs people of their rights, is speaking out against that wrong. I must have asked this a thousand times in the past few months: so what’s your point? You dont know my point ? You know my point, that is, you shouldnt demonizes Roman Catholic cuz there are several priests molested children as there are hundreds of thousands of priest. that is why I demand “using percentage.” BTW, what is wrong and what is right ? In WWII, british agent blowed a a ship in Norway with 4 children and dozens of innocent people on board, as the ship carried nuc material. and God knows how many innocent people ally bombs killed during WWII. Like Michael Fay incident, Most singaporeans supported the decision by singapore government. do you think singapore government did right thing ? Hemulen says: September 30, 2008 at 2:22 pm Hu Jia is a traitor because he has accepted money from NED? Interesting. Sun Yat-sen accepted money from the Japanese while he was struggling against the Qing. Maybe he was a traitor too? Mao Zedong received money from the Soviet Union while he was in Yan’an. A traitor? Perhaps the difference between Hu Jia and these two gentlemen is the fact that they came to power and Hu Jia is just another dissident in jail who it is easy to piss on. There is a saying in Chinese that aptly describes this mentality: 胜则王败则寇. Every time a Chinese dissident gets hailed in the west, I am astonished to see how much crap Chinese netizens are prepared to heap on them. Interesting political culture, interesting indeed. TonyP4 says: September 30, 2008 at 2:34 pm I do not agree everything with CCP. Look at the results in last 30 years. I think they’re doing quite good. They have many problems to deal with like corruption, QC, pollution. Give them time and I think they’re on the right track. A lot just happen logically or predictably. * 1989 student protest. A sad incidence that happened when the government was at the brink of being overturned. Most progresses stopped for several years after that and it is still being used an excuse by the west. No Chinese including the students want that to happen again. * Tibet. It is not like the Soviet breakup. I believe it will be part of China forever. The more unrest, the more suffering for Tibetans, sorry for the fact. 99.9% of the protesters from the west have not been to Tibet and their ancestors are opium dealers ( and now they experience how opium and drugs hurt their citizens and their children). * All the problems including tinted food, toys, pollution and corruption can be tracked down to the system is not matured to handle the fast growth of the economy. Making money fast is not the only top priority. Freedom should be allowed more and keeping pace with the economy. ChinkTalk says: September 30, 2008 at 2:52 pm Rory #96 – Please don’t be afraid to question – constructive debate is good. Unfortunately I am very weak in Hong Kong or Chinese affairs and I am actually learning a lot from this blog. One thing I do know is that there is no universal suffrage in Hong Kong under the British. My direct experience with people from Hong Kong here in Canada is that they are all very afraid of self expression, even doctors and other educated people, on the contrary, people from China that I have met, they are very direct in their opinions and clear in their demands. This is my own personal interpretation and I could be completely wrong: if the Chinese from China who are supposily lived under authoritarian rule are much more expressive than the Hong Kong Chinese, then there must be something wrong with the way the Hong Kong Chinese have been brought up. That is why I asked for a finer examination of British rule in Hong Kong – since I do not know myself. I leave it to more knowledgeable people who can enlighten me too. So far in my life, I have not met one British person that treated me as an equal and this is in Canada, and the British are the immigrants. I could imagine how they would treat the Hong Kong Chinese under their colonial rule. Besides, are there any benevolent colonial masters. I applaud the Italians – will the British have the guts to reveal the truth. TonyP4 says: September 30, 2008 at 3:06 pm Continue from my last post. It is the same in US. Every time we have a disaster, we have a new law to make sure it will not happen again. It tweaks the system. There are a lot to be tweaked in China. Hope the system is tweaked before disaster happens. Borrow the idea on how Brits handled corruption in Hong Kong by setting up a special agent to handle corruption that has the highest authority. It is particularly important in China with one-party government. raffiaflower says: September 30, 2008 at 3:08 pm Sun accepted $$ from the Japanese, but it wasn’ t state funding (if my history is correct). He had individual Japanese sympathisers who believed in helping China’s cause. In fact, Japan, and the West did nothing to ease China’s painful path into the modern world, but continued in exploiting its misery. So,for those who are puzzled at the constant bristling of Chinese people (wherever they are) at the slightest criticism, that’s because Westerners have not earned that right to judge China right or wrong. In fact, that historical pattern of patronising seems repetitious, and the proposal to award Hu Jia fits right in. Mao accepted $$ from Soviet Union but he was a bona fide political leader and was ready to work with Chiang Kai-shek to unify China. This would have happened in the march on Shanghai if Chiang had not broken his word and given in to the pressure of the foreigners and Chinese capitalists. Both worked for something they believed in called China. What does this man called Hu Jia work for? Doing work for AIDS victims earns brownie points for good karma. But surely he taints his halo when he accepts the blandishments of an agency from a government that is essentially hostile and committed to undermining another country’s system. Is he a passionate crusader or a professional activist? More likely the latter, if the funding has gone to purchase a nice apartment rather than expanding humanitarian activities. What meaning will this so-called Peace prize have, when many people – much more probably, than those he has actually helped – reject the idea that he has contributed to the wellbeing of the society he comes from? The West will be giving little more than a medal to an adopted mascot. Hemulen says: September 30, 2008 at 3:34 pm @raffiaflower The financial problem [of the revolutionaries] saw Japanese adventurers, businessmen, and politicians working smoothly together to further republicanism in China and big business in Japan. Sun Yat-sen was able to procure three loans from Japan [in 1911]. The first could be traced largely to the enthusiasm of his friends and to quick action on the part of Mitsui officials in Shanghai. The second reflected more careful planning in Tokyo. The third, only partly completed, represented a major attempt at [Japanese] control of the Hanyehping Company. Jansen, Marius B. The Japanese and Sun Yat-Sen. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. 146. TonyP4 says: September 30, 2008 at 3:44 pm Joke of the day: Give Nobel ‘peace’ prize to the best Chinese basher. The west decides China is the evil empire (Soviet has been dethroned, sorry), so any one against it is a saint. Hemulen says: Yes, Chiang Kai-shek gave in to the pressure of capitalists and foreigners. Just like the Communists, he was trained with Soviet money, and then switched allegiance. And the Communists continued to be supported by a foreign organization, the Comintern. chorasmian says: September 30, 2008 at 7:41 pm @Hemulen, Personally, I don’t think Hu Jia is a traitor, though it is unwise for him to accept external political funding. Regarding Sun Yet-sen and Mao Ze Dong, yes, they are traitors/criminals to the government at that time because they try to overthrow them. Your opinion actually support the court decision on Hu Jia’s case, “inciting the overthrow of state power”. Hemulen says: September 30, 2008 at 8:44 pm @chorasmian Your opinion actually support the court decision on Hu Jia’s case, “inciting the overthrow of state power”. We can debate whether it is a good thing to receive money from the NED, but it is a huge imaginative leap you are making here. Just because some people who receive overseas funding are subversive, doesn’t mean that all people who receive overseas funding are subversive. The reason I gave Sun and Mao is that they are usually held up as patriotic heroes in China. Hu’s “Beijing Zhiaixing Information Counseling Center”, which received money, is an HIV awareness center. If you want to say that “might is right,” just say it. But calling Hu Jia a “traitor” will only make people more sympathetic to him. chorasmian says: September 30, 2008 at 10:20 pm @Hemulen In general, I agree with you on this issue. I think Hu Jia is a patriot but chose an unwise approach. And I can understand his motivation as I mentioned on #57. I just want to say you gave a bad example to support your argument. Perhaps I should rephrase that sentence to “Your argument actually….”. For me, it is more interesting to find out why Chinese refuse funding from NED, but welcomed US governent funding Tsinghua university before 1949 and many other organizations currently. I can bet that the reason is universal in the world. Additionally, I don’t have enough information about NED to make my personal judgement. I don’t label any organization as “anti-China” easily. However, I have to say, NED has low reputation in Chinese society. If there is any misunderstanding in that, it needs a better PR consultant urgently. Otherwise, it will find every project it supports rejected by Chinese. Further more, I want to remind you that some Chinese do regard Mao as a devil. For me, he was a mixture of Budha and Devil. I guess many educated Chinese have similar view as mine. But don’t ask me the percentage, I can’t prove it. Karma says: September 30, 2008 at 10:26 pm @Hemulen, The NED has been subversive with respect to China (at least communist China). It is not a HUGE IMAGINATIVE LEAP to see Hu Jia as a traitor. The leap may be wrong, but it is not HUGE. In the end, Hu Jia may simply have been a little opportunistic in taking $ from NED for a cause that he personally believes is good for China. Or the NED may have simply found an opportunistic pawn willing to comply with a foreign agent to weaken China. Both are possible, with the second much more likely in my humble opinion…. Charles Liu says: September 30, 2008 at 11:06 pm Hemulen, while I support Hu Jia’s AIDS activism, I think he didn’t look at the democracy money he got from NED/US State Dept carefully. I don’t think it is unreasonable for the Chinese government to say accepting US foreign policy money is in violation of China’s state subversion law – after all, US have very similiar law oursevles. It has been the NED’s agenda to influence/pressure the Chinese government by gathering a “string of pearls” in any and all dissident voices against the Chinese government. Here’s a comment from another blogger, Twofish in another Hu Jia conversation: “I once had a chat with Carl Gershman, the head of the National Endowment for Democracy. Nice guy, very well-meaning. Totally clueless unfortunately, and I left the chat thinking that with someone like him in charge of US democracy efforts 1) the Chinese government has nothing to worry about and 2) anyone that really wants to see democracy in China does. His bright idea was that you take all of the anti-Communist groups (i.e. Tibetan nationalists, Uighur nationalists, Taiwan independence, and Chinese overseas exiles) together talking with each other to try to put pressure on the Chinese government. The point I was making to him was that this was extremely “unwise” (I was polite enough to avoid using the word freaking stupid) since by putting all of these groups together you are going to end up with a nationalistic backlash that is going to increase support for the CCP and political repression far beyond would it otherwise would have been. Also, I asked him what the plan was assuming that he was successful and the Communist Party does fall, and he had no idea. Personal I think that Carl Gershman is extremely dangerous, not because he has this secret plot to destroy China. Quite the opposite, he is a nice, well-meaning person that has no idea what he is really doing. A four year old with a machine gun is infinite more dangerous than a hired assassin.” I find it exteremely distrubing that Gershman/NED basically believes the same thing as FLG, that Heaven should eliminate the CCP, but what happens when there’s statelessness and chaos, they don’t know and they don’t care. Wahaha says: “I find it exteremely distrubing that Gershman/NED basically believes the same thing as FLG, that Heaven should eliminate the CCP, but what happens when there’s statelessness and chaos, they don’t know and they don’t care.” If they know, will they care ? more likely that is what they want. RUMman says: October 1, 2008 at 1:04 am Ha ha ha. . . Posters here ‘applaud’ the Italians for facing up to colonialism. The Italian reparations are all about oil. They won’t be paying any money to their non-oil producing former colonies any time soon. And when will the Chinese pay reparations to all the places they have colonized? Can Mongolia expect a pay out? Taiwan? Vietnam? Yunnan (it only became Chinese during the Ming)? Xinjiang? Korea was effectively Chinese controlled at certain times. . . so I guess they deserve a pay out too. Tibet of course. . Taiwan is trickier. Definitely colonized by the Dutch, then anti-Qing loyalists, then the Manchurian Qing, then the Japanese, then the KMT. Who should pay reparations and to whom? Chinese crack me up with their endless crapping on like little victims of colonialist imperialism, blithely ignoring the fact that they are easily Asia’s largest imperialist and colonialist power. The borders of the PRC are largely those of the Qing ‘EMPIRE’. Pretty simple stuff. Hongkonger says: “I once had a chat with Carl Gershman, the head of the National Endowment for Democracy. Nice guy, very well-meaning. Totally clueless unfortunately, ” Funny you should say that. Just last night, I had the most wonderful dinner in Chungking Mansion in TST Hong Kong, of Indian curry dishes w/lots of ice cold Carlsberg>My buddy, who used to work for the airport security team in the USA (I won’t say which so-called worldclass city.) said the same about the head of this US airport Security force > “He was so full of hot air, an ace brown-nosing lazy SOB>” I was not at all surprised. HK, even though was an ex-British colony, has in fact become too Americanized to my likings, these days. yo says: @michelle, Oh man, this is in regards to your comment waaay up top. I think going there ups your credibility. Even in a limited capacity as a “tourist”, preconceived notions and stereotypes can be smashed into pieces. Have you seen Anthony Bourdain 🙂 In regards to your question, let’s not forget the original issue that they were protesters going waaay out of their way to spread their “gospel”. There is an expectation that this person is at least some expert if they wish to be so preachy. However, as with all pontificators, it’s a facade. Not going to Tibet for them is like some guy trying to give you medical advice, but it turns out he never went to medical school. I would agree with the person who brought this up that it is funny because it makes the protesters look like fools. It’s the expectation here that they couldn’t live up to. Now, does that mean you or I can’t have an informed opinion on the issue because we never went to Tibet, no!, by any stretch of the imagination. Number one, I’m not pretending to be any sort of expert on the issue or pontificating my opinions as truth. What we can do is to follow reliable information, it’s out there, albeit hard to find. However, the best thing to do, and I think you agree, is to go there and see first hand. On a related issue, IMO, mainlanders in China inherently have an advantage in the credibility issue because they either went to Tibet or live under the communist system so their insight on how the government operates(the good and the bad) is important. To clarify however, this does not inherently make them credible. Wahaha says: October 1, 2008 at 3:37 am RMBman, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state, which country was under China’s political control before ? Mongolia colonized China, and after hundreds of years, it became part of China. China never colonized Mongolia. Great Wall was built to keep them out. If Chinese had been as ambitious before Qing dynasty as Westerners were, China would not have be colonized. so I dont know what you ha ha ha for. Wahaha says: “….I think Hu Jia is a patriot…” He is Gordon Chang in China. I wish he will win the Nobel price and never go back to China. or become a french. October 1, 2008 at 4:11 am To Wahaha: “Reread what I said pls, Sanlu scandal is kind of things that affect large percentage of Chinese.”- and your point is…… “You dont know my point ?” – I hardly ever do. And to me that’s a good thing. “you shouldnt demonizes Roman Catholic cuz there are several priests molested children as there are hundreds of thousands of priest. that is why I demand “using percentage.””- once again, you have got to be pooping me! First of all, 0.0000000001% of RC priests molesting kids would be 0.0000000001% too many. Second of all, although admittedly it is a few bad apples, such bad apples have been around for decades. And if, after that amount of time, you’re still unable to rid yourself of these bad apples, then that organization deserves every single last drop of demonization that’s coming their way. Now, to bring it back to the topic of the post, if China’s had 59 years and still not gotten very far in the areas that Hu criticizes, well, demonize away I say. As for your “demands”, you’re welcome to two guesses as to whether they would have any bearing on me. That should improve your “percentage” chance of getting the answer. Wahaha says: “First of all, 0.0000000001% of RC priests molesting kids..” There are 1 billion priests on earth ? if not, how 1% of ONE priest molested a child ? BTW, two days ago, a chinese deliverboy was killed for $20. explain how such things happen in a country while every individual’s right was respected ? explain how 7 million New Yorkers have no right to walk at night in central park ? explain why million of people have to tolerate the ugly graffiti ? S.K. Cheung says: Dude, are you trying to change the subject? The sentence can be read as “X percent… would be X percent too many”, which is essentially what I wrote with some mathematical license. Does that help with your comprehension? Wahaha says: If killing one child molestor can save 1 child, I support it. You are living in Disneyland. If Chinese economy is delayed by 10 years, that mean 100 million newborn will not have chance to live better for the rest of their life. S.K. Cheung says: October 1, 2008 at 4:37 am 1-X% would refer to all the other clergy within the RC church (the ones who don’t molest, presumably). Absolutely, if they’ve been standing idly by, they should be held to account. And let’s not equate the “suffering” of being demonized to the suffering of the victims. Gosh, I hope you’re not THAT out there. And Hu’s not demonizing CHinese people. His beef is with the system they’re subjected to. Works for me. S.K. Cheung says: Wait a second, I’d settle for defrocking and jail time. Oh, and in case the last reference escaped you, you’re a wing-nut. Wahaha says: Whether Hu is demonzing Chinese and China or not is determined by Chinese, not by politicians on the other side of earth. S.K. Cheung says: …but they might have far fewer kidney stones. Oh, and I should rephrase my last bit (my bad): you’re living in wing-nut-land. S.K. Cheung says: If your question is Hu’s intent, you’ll have to visit him in jail and ask him. Wahaha says: If this is what West media had talked about, they would have been welcomed by Chinese. How about toxic rice Scandal in democratic Japan ? How about $700 billion for those bankers on Wall street while not even 1 billion for those Hurricane victims ? Wahaha says: Let me tell you : Compare the benefits and interest to a pie, Under democracy, riches cut off 90% and people are given the right for the remaining 10%. In current China, those who have power cut off 10% and give people 90%. That is why China was able to pull 400 million people out of extreme poverty (where did the money come from ?) that is why in poor democratic country, there are always dozens of billionaires plus millions of hopeless poor people. Wahaha says: “If your question is Hu’s intent, you’ll have to visit him in jail and ask him.” I believe he wants to see the collapse of CCP at any cost, and you do too. S.K. Cheung says: October 1, 2008 at 4:57 am Well, as of earlier today, the bail out is on hold, as far as I know. And I disagree with the bail-out. And this would make for juicy fodder on a Blog for America. But this blog ain’t that. I wasn’t aware of toxic rice in Japan. As I said when the Sanlu thing first broke, food safety is a global issue. A country’s model of governance does not vaccinate it against food contamination. But how a country responds in preventing “the next time” does reflect on its model of governance. So what has China done so far? Based on comments from other threads, not a lot. S.K. Cheung says: October 1, 2008 at 5:02 am “I believe he wants to see the collapse of CCP at any cost, and you do too.” – I hope it didn’t take you 4 months on this blog to realize that I think the CCP is the best thing since melamine-laced milk powder. As for #130, another example of your many random examples. Jerry says: @S. K. Cheung, #132 @Wahaha, #129 Wahaha, you have brought up the Japanese tainted rice scandal. Here is a recent snippet from an article from Atimes. Japan http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/JI24Dh01.html So here is my question. How does this compare with how the Chinese have handled the Sanlu scandal? SK and Wahaha, it seems that this unfortunate Japanese scandal has been handled more expeditiously, more openly, and more accountably than the Chinese government’s handling of the Sanlu scandal. Please feel free to comment. SK, you wrote As I said when the Sanlu thing first broke, food safety is a global issue. A country’s model of governance does not vaccinate it against food contamination. But how a country responds in preventing “the next time” does reflect on its model of governance. So what has China done so far? Based on comments from other threads, not a lot. I concur, SK. Wahaha, please refer to the comments out at http://blog.hiddenharmonies.org/2008/09/25/evolving-a-self-correcting-mechanism-for-the-chinese-society-thoughts-on-the-tainted-milk-crisis-and-other-chinese-scandals/ . S.K. Cheung says: To Jerry: didn’t know about the rice thing. Thanks for the info. Interesting that Japanese government calls it “tainted”, whereas Wahaha calls it “toxic”. I guess to some, it’s to-may-to, and to others, it’s to-MA-to. I don’t know if your link is the final word on that story, but doesn’t mention anything about people getting sick on the rice, or dying. That would also seem to distinguish it ever so slightly from the Sanlu deal. I guess to some, China doesn’t have a problem since, see, Japan has a somewhat similar (though less deadly, and more transparently addressed) problem. Jerry says: October 1, 2008 at 6:09 am @S. K. Cheung, #135 I had not heard about the rice scandal until I heard about it from you and Wahaha. So I went to Atimes to get their take. They are a very reliable source for Asian news. As you say, like Ella Fitzgerald and Louie Armstrong sang, “You say to-may-to. I say to-MA-to. … To-may-to, to-MA-to, po-tay-to, po-TA-to, let’s call the whole thing off.” I don’t know anything outside of that article. I will probably start investigating soon. Better to do that than to just start conjecturing at this blog. Bob says: October 1, 2008 at 7:35 am On the matter of accepting foreign assistance to subvert one’s own government, the comparison between Hu Jia and Sun/Mao is spurious. The regimes during Sun and Mao (pre-PRC) eras were unstable and tumultuous. The nation’s sovereignty was often at stake. More importantly, the governments were without the support of majority. On the other hand, despite its problems — vast, persistent, severe, any way you want to describe, the support of the current PRC government by the mass is unmistakable, therefore Hu Jia’s solicitation and acceptance of foreign aid in his quest to address China’s problems would not be taken well by the majority of Chinese. Assuming he’s not an egomaniac, but someone with noble intentions for worthy causes, he ought to understand the approach he has undertaken simply won’t work. To bring back again the hypothesis of MLK with Soviet support at the height of the Cold War, would anyone insist King would have been as celebrated as he is? Please, don’t kid yourself, Jerry. Also, Jerry, your Jewish upbringing is quite irrelevant to the topic at hand. Just leave it out. I’d venture to say Nobel is probably spinning in his grave after he learned the “Peace” Prize named after him has been hijacked and become a joke. raffiaflower says: October 1, 2008 at 8:02 am Hemulen, thanks for the pointer. But I think it supports what I said: the Japanese $$ and support was from individuals who believed in the Chinese cause, not from the government. Mitsui was a zaibatsu (Japan Inc) and its support of Sun would also help in its commercial penetration of Western-colonized SouthEast Asia. through the overseas Chinese network. Much more $$ for Sun’s cause came from SEA, in fact, and I am sure you know that the house he occupied in Penang is still there today. Yes. CCP was supported in its early days by Comintern. But those were formative years, when factions were in contention over the struggle to lead (save?) China. Again, the $$ they accepted was to further a national cause then. Today, China’s one-party authoritarian govt is a fact. It is flawed, like all governments. But when someone opts to make cause with hostile forces to subvert it, the term is quisling. Hu Jia wants his 15 minutes of fame. He should to to America and get himself painted by Andy Warhol for immortality. Only thing, Warhol is dead. Jerry says: Interesting remarks about Sun and Mao and the comparison with Hu Jia. You also wrote: “To bring back again the hypothesis of MLK with Soviet support at the height of the Cold War, would anyone insist King would have been as celebrated as he is? Please, don’t kid yourself, Jerry.” It is amazing to me how people form assumptions. It also amuses me how some people phrase their hypotheses. Oy vey! I don’t know why you would assume I would kid myself, but thank you anyway. 😀 You are probably right about his celebrity. He may have received the Nobel Peace Prize, but he probably would not be as celebrated as he was then and now in the USA. He probably would be treated much the same as Paul Robeson was. Nonetheless, both of these distinguished men, IMHO, were great people, great leaders and great Americans. Greatness is not a popularity contest, at least in my book. Regarding your comment, “Also, Jerry, your Jewish upbringing is quite irrelevant to the topic at hand. Just leave it out.”: I will comment as I see fit. But I am glad to know your opinion. I disagree with your comment about Alfred Nobel rolling over in his grave. It always seems quite ironic to me that Nobel, who was the inventor of dynamite and an arms manufacturer, is the namesake of the Nobel Peace Prize. I consider it a very worthy legacy, then and now. One last comment. You wrote about Hu Jia, “Assuming he’s not an egomaniac, but someone with noble intentions for worthy causes, he ought to understand the approach he has undertaken simply won’t work.” That is ironic; you could have been writing about MLK in the 1950’s and 60’s. MLK continually met resistance from rabid racists, politicians and African-American leaders. African-Americans told Dr. King the very same thing you wrote, “he ought to understand the approach he has undertaken simply won’t work.” Robert Kennedy authorized the FBI wiretapping of MLK. Yet MLK and other African-American leaders ended up forming an unlikely alliance with President Lyndon Baines Johnson, from the then Southern racist state of Texas. From that alliance sprang the 1964 Civil Rights Act. I am glad that Dr. King persisted. I am glad that he did not give in to the naysayers. A bi gezunt. Mazel tov. Jerry says: @raffiaflower, #103 Raffiaflower, you wrote the following: So,for those who are puzzled at the constant bristling of Chinese people (wherever they are) at the slightest criticism, that’s because Westerners have not earned that right to judge China right or wrong. I am not puzzled at Chinese bristling. I can think of a number of reasons. Westerners have not earned the right? I think I know what you mean. But as a statement, it is a bit harsh. I will criticize/judge China, USA, Israel, whoever, wherever, whatever, as I see fit and appropriate. Please feel free to criticize, too. Maybe you could clarify or elaborate? You also wrote, “Is he a passionate crusader or a professional activist? More likely the latter, if the funding has gone to purchase a nice apartment rather than expanding humanitarian activities.” Is this conjecture on your part or fact? What meaning will this so-called Peace prize have, when many people – much more probably, than those he has actually helped – reject the idea that he has contributed to the wellbeing of the society he comes from? The West will be giving little more than a medal to an adopted mascot. I respect your opinion. Nonetheless, “… many people – much more probably, than those he has actually helped” sounds like conjecture to me. I accept that you and a number of other people don’t like him. How many, I do not know. You seem to view the West as a cohesive bloc or a monolith. Not so. I know virtually nothing about him. Heck, the first time I heard his name was in this blog. Let me be honest. I am here to learn. I tend to dismiss attempts at negative or positive marketing. The world has been overwhelmed by marketing, IMHO. ChinkTalk says: Jerry – what are some of the criticisms that you have made on Israel? TonyP4 says: Random thoughts. * Politically correct, Mao is 70% Buddha and 30% devil, but the reverse is more acceptable in history. Or, he is 90% Buddha in his beginning of his career but 90% Devil in his later part of his life. It is only me talking. To me, what he had done are just according to human nature. We all like to do good in life when we’re young. Once we’re powerful, we try to control not losing it at all cost. * I do not think China is a conqueror that much. Through out history, it protected its border from the ‘barbarians’ outside the great wall and the ‘barbarians’ ruled China for a long time in recent history. China liked other courtries to acknowledge it was the greatest kingdom by sending them gifts every year and very few times they colonized. If not so, most SE Asian countries are speaking Mandarin now. Some part of Africa too. Or, even America according to the “other” history theory. * From last 300 years, China has been bullied until 1949. It is not a conqueror for sure in recent history. * The rich folks in US always give back to the society like the two richest. The US citizens may help the poor in the world more than most other countries. The poor in US have better share of the welfare – a lot of times the welfare is too good to discourage folks to work. You can argue US is a better democratic country by that yardstick and most ‘democratic’ countries in Asia are not. Wahaha says: October 1, 2008 at 2:16 pm Jerry, After the Sanlu scandal, lot of officials lost their jobs. and widespread check of foods is going on now in China, from candy to milk, as long as the foods are related to milk. good enough ? no, but nothing happened ? you wouldve know more if you couldve read chinese. Also, no offense, you think you have the right to criticize others as you see fit and appropriate. Sorry, chinese dont think so, I dont think Japanese think so either. That is Asian culture : you have to be nearly perfect to earn the right of criticizing others. SKC, Toxic rice scandal, OK ? I didnt make up story, OK ? Bob says: October 1, 2008 at 6:35 pm Jerry, you keep missing the point, which is, if MLK had been known to have ties with the old Soviets, he would not have been viewed kindly by the Americans. Whether you, a bleeding heart liberal, like it or not, reality trumps idealism. RUMman says: October 1, 2008 at 8:24 pm Wahaha says: “RMBman, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state, which country was under China’s political control before ? Mongolia colonized China, and after hundreds of years, it became part of China. China never colonized Mongolia. Great Wall was built to keep them out. If Chinese had been as ambitious before Qing dynasty as Westerners were, China would not have be colonized.” Didn’t they colonize Vietnam, Yunnan, Tibet, East Turkestan, Mongolia and many more . . . ? Like I said. . .pretty simple stuff. Prior to the dissolution of the Qing empire the non-Han parts of the empire were promised autonomy by Sun Yat-sen and co. Never happened though did it? ‘China’ was redefined as comprising the entire Qing Empire. This was essentially a Han land grab, and a betrayal of the Mongolians, Tibetans and Uigurs. Meanwhile, Yunnan only because ‘Chinese’ after the Ming moved Han settlers there to quell the minorities who had no interest in being ruled by Han. An interesting little piece of history. That imperial policy of changing the demographics of restive colonial territories through settlement of Han is now being repeated in Tibet and Xinjiang. I’m just pointing out some history, for the benefit of Chinese who are only capable of bitching at being on the short end of imperialism, while overlooking China’s own imperialist and colonialist history. Even Qing China, seen by Chinese purely as a victim of evil western colonialism, was itself an ambitious colonial power. While the Qing lost territory along the coast they also gained vast tracts of land in Xinjiang. I don’t expect you to accept any of these facts as truth. The truth hurts you too much. Wahaha says: RUMman, China didnt colonize Mongolia, right ? Han chinese colonized minorities in YuNan ? I guess han chinese and minority lived next to each other for over one thousand years, and it surprised you that some han chinese live in Yunan by 1700s. When was passport invented ? maybe 500 AD in your mind, skylight says: October 1, 2008 at 9:12 pm @Wahaha #143 That’s not Asian culture, that’s backwardness. You always talk about how backward Tibet is, if there is a backward trait in today’s China, it is that critisim and dissent is not allowed. Although Japan and Korea is not totally democratic, at least critisism and dissent is allowed publically. That is modern and civilized society. @RUMman #147 October 1, 2008 at 10:09 pm @RUMman, Now that I have read your abridged version of Chinese History in #147, when you do come out with your abridged version of World History – may even of the History of the Universe – can you please let me know? Time being of essence, I am very interested in condensing everything I need to learn into just a few seconds of reading. Thanks! P.S. When you are ready for a slightly more nuianced reading of cultural movements and assimilation in Asia (at least during the modern times), I suggest starting with a book called Cultural Genocide and Asian State Peripheries by Professor Sautman. RUMman says: October 1, 2008 at 10:56 pm Touchy touchy. . . Allen, I wasn’t attempting ‘an abridged version of Chinese history’. I am merely pointing out aspects of Chinese history that do not gel with the idea of ‘China as the victim of foreign imperialism and colonialism’, which seems to be the only reading of Chinese history acceptable to Chinese. If my comments are not sufficiently nuanced, tough luck. Historical commentary from Chinese is generally far less nuanced. If I manage to be more nuanced than that I’m happy. Oh yes, and of course Zheng He also engaged in a little gunboat diplomacy. Did he not capture or execute a ‘pirate’ or two somewhere around Sumatra? Wasn’t the ‘pirate’ in question some local ruler who refused to pay tribute? Something along those lines anyway. But of course no. . that can’t have happened. Only an evil western nation would have done such a thing. RUMman says: Wahaha said: “RUMman, China didnt colonize Mongolia, right ? Han chinese colonized minorities in YuNan ? I guess han chinese and minority lived next to each other for over one thousand years, and it surprised you that some han chinese live in Yunan by 1700s. When was passport invented ? maybe 500 AD in your mind,” Typical nonsensical response. . . – The ROC claimed sovereignty over Mongolia until several years ago. The PRC only gave their claim over Mongolia up as a blow job to the Soviets. Mongolia is fortunate to be independent rather than a Chinese colony a la Xinjiang or Tibet. – The Ming most certainly colonized Yunnan. This land-grab was one of the big projects of Ming times. Accomplishing this involved sending Han settlers to Yunnan to make the local people a minority in their own homeland. Apologies if it makes you uncomfortable, but try to remember that the minority peoples of Yunnan probably suffered a lot more discomfort than yourself. – I don’t get the passport comment. I must be thick. I’m endlessly amazed at the inability of many Chinese to see things from anyone’s perspective but their own. So many of them actually seem to believe China has been an endlessly benevolent power that was mercilessly exploited by evil foreigners. They are utterly unable to conceive that China has often been that exploitative foreign power. The very ‘national’ borders of China are those of a disappeared Manchurian empire. Elementary stuff, yet impossible for most Chinese to get. The occasional one does though. wukong says: October 1, 2008 at 11:24 pm @RUMman Since you are lecturing Chinese on Chinese history here, here are some historical and geological facts that might interest you. Su Dong Po (苏东坡）is considered one of the all time greatest poets in Chinese history, his poems are still taught in high schools today. He was from Song Dynasty, that was before Mongol Yuan and later Ming Dynasty. When he lost favor with the royal court, he was exiled to Hainan Island by the emperor. Needless to say, Hainan is out in the sea south to Guandang, and far far south to Yunnan. Also modern Vietnam was a once a Chinese province for a thousand year, first conquered by a Qin genereal during the First Emperor’s reign, that was even before the notion of “Han” Chinese was ever coined. When Qin generals and Tang viceroy went to Vietnam, they marched through Yunnan province. Southern China has been home for Chinese for thousands of years, Chinese didn’t “discover” Yunnan all of sudden, hold a Thanksgiving meal with natives then kill them off. Southern China were Chinese land. skylight says: October 1, 2008 at 11:24 pm @Allen Although Hong Kong-based Barry Sautman’s writings are interesting and controversial, some of his very politically related posturing in newspaper articles and academic articles arises some doubts regarding the academic quality of his work. He is the most quoted western academic together with Goldstein, Grunfeldt and Parenti in official Chinese government documents and statements. Two recommended books regarding Tibetan-Chinese interaction: 1. Tibet and Nationalist China’s Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928-49 by Hsiao-Ting Lin (Stanford University) You dont get the passport comment ? You need a passport to go to another country, BTW, Mongolia invaded China and united Mongolia and China, know what that means ? Put down your self-proclaimed superiority. Mind your own business, that is taking care of the native aboriginals in Canada, Australia and US, OK ? and that is also an advise to skylight. wukong says: October 1, 2008 at 11:33 pm Interesting you brought up Zheng He. If Chinese had any colonial mentality, when Zheng He “discovered” Africa, he would’ve claim the whole continent as a Chinese colony and made himself the governor, he would have started a slave trade, killed off 90% of them and made the rest few speak Chinese. After the feat was done, heck, China might even get to lecture Europeans about the evil of colonialism. wukong says: October 1, 2008 at 11:55 pm Al Gore accepted some campaign donation from Buddhist monks (Asian American I presume) when he was running for president, and it was made a big issue by the media and talk radio alike. He had to return the money. Similarly a couple of months ago, Hilliary had to return donations collected by some Chinese American who was found to have a warrant on him. But if he wasn’t an Asian, it wouldn’t have been made a big news as it was. The implied but never spoken elephant in the room is Chinese face equals foreign influence. Touchy touchy. . . You are right. I was touchy. What I really meant to say was: I am sure there are a lot of “misconceptions” in any people’s history…. I myself am not prepared to argue that Chinese do not have misconceptions of their history – nor the proposition that China is the beneficial power while the West is the malignant power. But I’d agree that it is probably as wrong for a Chinese citizen to uncritically see China as a “beneficial” power as it is for a Westerner to see Western civilization as a “savior” of the world… As a great power (or future great power), China must refrain from wallowing in such Cum-ba-ya ideologies. Such “blindness” can only lead China to unintentionally harm the rest of the world… Jerry says: I like bananas and you like banahnahs, I say Havana and I get Havahnah Bananas, banahnahs Havana, Havahnah, Let’s call the whole thing off. You can see a clip from the movie, “Shall We Dance”, in which Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers sing the song and do an amazing dance while wearing roller-skates. I wish I could walk as well as they dance on roller-skates. Smoooooth! I think that the conversation at the start of the clip says it all for me. ( http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZ3fjQa5Hls ) I miss you George, Ira, Fred and Ginger. And you, too, Gene Kelly. Thanks, Bob and SKC, for inspiring my musical and terpsichorean response. BTW, why do you feel that I am obliged to acknowledge your point in a manner which is acceptable to you? Bob, my question is a rhetorical pejorative. You don’t have to respond. But if you want to, please be my guest. And, Bob, when I get comments like yours, I am known to say, “Thanks. A little recognition goes a long way.” October 2, 2008 at 1:22 am @Bob #146, Jerry, you keep missing the point, which is, if MLK had been known to have ties with the old Soviets, he would not have been viewed kindly by the Americans. Whether you, a bleeding heart liberal, like it or not, reality trumps idealism. I agree. The merits of MLK aside, if international politics had been injected, I can guarantee that MLK would not have been viewed kindly by the American people. P.S. Of course if we are big enough, we can always rise above politics to discuss the merits of the issues despite of the specter of politics. (can sometimes be a tall order for me though!) Jerry says: October 2, 2008 at 1:52 am @Allen, #161. I believe that he would be viewed unkindly if he had ties to the Soviet Union. Maybe my reply to Bob (#139) was too subtle, “He probably would be treated much the same as Paul Robeson was.” I had said earlier (#95), “Wahaha, I know it was subtle and implied, but my examples about MLK and Paul Robeson, two great African-Americans, answers your rhetorical question/hypothesis in the positive.” Previously, in #88 to Wahaha, I had remarked, “Paul Robeson visited the Soviet Union; he was ridiculed and persecuted for it.” Dr. King was assailed and roundly criticized by a number of Americans for his opposition to the Vietnam War. That we do know. I personally don’t like the word “guaranteed” unless referring to death, taxes and change. And my daughter asking me for money. 😀 ChinkTalk says: October 2, 2008 at 5:55 am Jerry – not unlike your rhetorical pejorative, when Chinese people say “guarantee”, it means “pretty sure”, when Chinese people say “wish you a happy birthday and that you are going to be 10,000 years old”, it means “I wish that you will live a many years”. Chinese expressions are very complex and it takes many years to understand. Playing with semantics is one thing but to truly understand the Chinese psyche vis-a-vis the true intend of that expression is quite different. S.K. Cheung says: October 2, 2008 at 6:17 am To Wahaha #145: I never said you made up the story. I was just commenting on word choice. And you backed it up with that article (which had some other interesting info not found in Jerry’s link, so thanks for that). And yes, that article suggests that Japan also has room to improve on transparency. And for that matter, I think most governments the world over could use lessons on transparency. Even China (no kidding, eh?). What I don’t get is, (and this is not just directed at you) why the fascination over comparing. Japan’s got funny rice, China has kidney-stone milk, Canada’s had disaster deli-meat, the US has had shitty spinach and the-trots tomatoes. But the fact that other countries have had problems doesn’t absolve each jurisdiction of their fudiciary duty to fix their own. Do Chinese feel less troubled by their kidney-stone kids because other countries have also screwed the pooch? I’d rather we discuss each issue on its merits, or lack thereof. Alas, people are gonna talk about what they’re gonna talk about, and one of the cool things about this blog is that Admin allows such latitude. S.K. Cheung says: October 2, 2008 at 6:25 am To Bob: “I’d venture to say Nobel is probably spinning in his grave after he learned the “Peace” Prize named after him has been hijacked and become a joke.” Alternatively, you might also consider acknowledging the possibility that more people approve of the selections than share your opinion, so that Nobel might continue to R.I.P. quite comfortably. Jerry says: October 2, 2008 at 6:25 am @ChinkTalk, #163 Thanks for the explanation. And you are right, “guaranteed” means something very different in my head and mind. Which is why I rarely promise or guarantee anything. Here is a brief explanation of why I don’t get emotionally close to Chinese people here in Taipei (no guys, I don’t want to start a war over Taiwanese vs. Chinese). The gap in thinking, reasoning, handling emotions, direct vs. indirect communication, language and culture is just too big right now. Will the gap lessen? I hope so. But I don’t play “what if” or “when” games. Speculation bores me. This so-called “bleeding heart liberal” is one hard-nosed, realistic Jew who will put up emotional and psychic walls in a heartbeat. When sustaining a relationship is too much like work, I will walk away with little remorse. C’est la vie. A bi gezunt, I tell myself. Jerry says: October 2, 2008 at 6:55 am @S. K. Cheung, #164 All of the issues named in your post are inexcusable as you say. And I was guilty of comparing of the Japanese response and Chinese response. And I would probably do it again because I want to see if there are better ways to deal with a food or drug QC issue before it becomes a scandal. And to goad governments into better dealing with issues. I still remember Johnson & Johnson’s Tylenol poisonings in 1982. J&J pulled all the Tylenol off all the shelves in the US. Their stellar handling set the gold standard. And the problem was someone adulterating/poisoning the Tylenol after it was on store shelves (no conclusive proof, but overwhelming evidence that it was done on store’s shelves or storerooms). But J&J did the right thing. They did not make the excuse that it was not their problem. All I know is that if my child was affected by one of the scandals in Japan, China, US, Europe or wherever, I would be one pissed-off parent. There is no excuse that would make me happy at that point. S.K. Cheung says: October 2, 2008 at 7:18 am To Jerry: I should clarify. Comparing for the sake of learning, to me, is fine. If CHina came up with a system to radically improve food safety, Canadians would be stupid not to at least examine it for applicability for ourselves. But comparing for the sake of de-emphasizing your own problems, or worse yet, to serve as an excuse for not addressing them, to me is truly pathetic. I vaguely recall the Tylenol thing. A shining example of a corporation doing the right thing. Perhaps it belongs in a museum. As I said elsewhere about Sanlu, if my child was affected, I would expect to see heads on ends of sticks, placed there with the use of dull knives. Jerry says: @S. K. Cheung, #168 @Wahaha, #143 SK, thanks for your clarification. I agree with your statement repudiating comparison for the sake of excusing inaction or for the sake of de-emphasis of the issue. Also, if comparison yields the discovery of a better way, we would be stupid for not further investigating And, yes, the Guardian article had additional info to add to Atime’s article. Thanks, Wahaha and SKC. The Japanese government and Mikasa have apparently engaged, for 10 years, in malfeasance and misfeasance. Not really a surprise. More a disappointment and inexcusable. “wow, democratic Japan tried to cover the scandal ?” Yes, Wahaha, governments of all stripes can cover-up their malfeasance and misfeasance. Your point? Or is this just a jab? You might want to read the article and link further below in this post. SK, you said, “As I said elsewhere about Sanlu, if my child was affected, I would expect to see heads on ends of sticks, placed there with the use of dull knives.” LMAO. Well said. SK and Wahaha, here is a snippet from an article in the Greater Good magazine, published by UC Berkelely. I find this article intriguing. Volume IV, Issue 3: Winter 2007-08 The Power Paradox True power requires modesty and empathy, not force and coercion, argues Dacher Keltner. But what people want from leaders—social intelligence—is what is damaged by the experience of power. … The power paradox “Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely”, said the British historian Lord Acton. Unfortunately, this is not entirely a myth, as the actions of Europe’s monarchs, Enron’s executives, and out-of-control pop stars reveal. A great deal of research—especially from social psychology—lends support to Acton’s claim, albeit with a twist: Power leads people to act in impulsive fashion, both good and bad, and to fail to understand other people’s feelings and desires. For instance, studies have found that people given power in experiments are more likely to rely on stereotypes when judging others, and they pay less attention to the characteristics that define those other people as individuals. Predisposed to stereotype, they also judge others’ attitudes, interests, and needs less accurately. One survey found that high-power professors made less accurate judgments about the attitudes of low-power professors than those low-power professors made about the attitudes of their more powerful colleagues. Power imbalances may even help explain the finding that older siblings don’t perform as well as their younger siblings on theory-of-mind tasks, which assess one’s ability to construe the intentions and beliefs of others. Power even prompts less complex legal reasoning in Supreme Court justices. A study led by Stanford psychologist Deborah Gruenfeld compared the decisions of U.S. Supreme Court justices when they wrote opinions endorsing either the position of a majority of justices on the bench—a position of power—or the position of the vanquished, less powerful minority. Sure enough, when Gruenfeld analyzed the complexity of justices’ opinions on a vast array of cases, she found that justices writing from a position of power crafted less complex arguments than those writing from a low-power position. A great deal of research has also found that power encourages individuals to act on their own whims, desires, and impulses. When researchers give people power in scientific experiments, those people are more likely to physically touch others in potentially inappropriate ways, to flirt in more direct fashion, to make risky choices and gambles, to make first offers in negotiations, to speak their mind, and to eat cookies like the Cookie Monster, with crumbs all over their chins and chests. Perhaps more unsettling is the wealth of evidence that having power makes people more likely to act like sociopaths. High-power individuals are more likely to interrupt others, to speak out of turn, and to fail to look at others who are speaking. They are also more likely to tease friends and colleagues in hostile, humiliating fashion. Surveys of organizations find that most rude behaviors—shouting, profanities, bald critiques—emanate from the offices and cubicles of individuals in positions of power. My own research has found that people with power tend to behave like patients who have damaged their brain’s orbitofrontal lobes (the region of the frontal lobes right behind the eye sockets), a condition that seems to cause overly impulsive and insensitive behavior. Thus the experience of power might be thought of as having someone open up your skull and take out that part of your brain so critical to empathy and socially-appropriate behavior. Power may induce more harmful forms of aggression as well. In the famed Stanford Prison Experiment, psychologist Philip Zimbardo randomly assigned Stanford undergraduates to act as prison guards or prisoners—an extreme kind of power relation. The prison guards quickly descended into the purest forms of power abuse, psychologically torturing their peers, the prisoners. Similarly, anthropologists have found that cultures where rape is prevalent and accepted tend to be cultures with deeply entrenched beliefs in the supremacy of men over women. This leaves us with a power paradox. Power is given to those individuals, groups, or nations who advance the interests of the greater good in socially-intelligent fashion. Yet unfortunately, having power renders many individuals as impulsive and poorly attuned to others as your garden variety frontal lobe patient, making them prone to act abusively and lose the esteem of their peers. What people want from leaders—social intelligence—is what is damaged by the experience of power. When we recognize this paradox and all the destructive behaviors that flow from it, we can appreciate the importance of promoting a more socially-intelligent model of power. Social behaviors are dictated by social expectations. As we debunk longstanding myths and misconceptions about power, we can better identify the qualities powerful people should have, and better understand how they should wield their power. As a result, we’ll have much less tolerance for people who lead by deception, coercion, or undue force. No longer will we expect these kinds of antisocial behaviors from our leaders and silently accept them when they come to pass. We’ll also start to demand something more from our colleagues, our neighbors, and ourselves. When we appreciate the distinctions between responsible and irresponsible uses of power—and the importance of practicing the responsible, socially-intelligent form of it—we take a vital step toward promoting healthy marriages, peaceful playgrounds, and societies built on cooperation and trust. ——————————————————————————– Dacher Keltner, Ph.D., is a co-editor of Greater Good and a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley Hmmm … October 2, 2008 at 2:46 pm Wukong said: “Since you are lecturing Chinese on Chinese history here, here are some historical and geological facts that might interest you. Su Dong Po (苏东坡）is considered one of the all time greatest poets in Chinese history, his poems are still taught in high schools today. He was from Song Dynasty, that was before Mongol Yuan and later Ming Dynasty. When he lost favor with the royal court, he was exiled to Hainan Island by the emperor. Needless to say, Hainan is out in the sea south to Guandang, and far far south to Yunnan. Also modern Vietnam was a once a Chinese province for a thousand year, first conquered by a Qin genereal during the First Emperor’s reign, that was even before the notion of “Han” Chinese was ever coined. When Qin generals and Tang viceroy went to Vietnam, they marched through Yunnan province. Southern China has been home for Chinese for thousands of years, Chinese didn’t “discover” Yunnan all of sudden, hold a Thanksgiving meal with natives then kill them off. Southern China were Chinese land.” I resent the suggestion that as a non-Chinese I somehow have a less adequate understanding of Chinese history than a Chinese. Plenty of good work on Chinese history is done by non-Chinese (excepting idiots like Menzies who make most serious ethnic Chinese historians cringe), and plenty of awful work is done by Chinese. To suggest that the Ming colonization of Yunnan did not happen is ridiculous. Is that what you are suggesting? What do you mean by the Vietnam comment? Are you suggesting China owes the Vietnamese a hefty reparations bill? What of the comments about how officials were dispatched to Hainan. You realize I could make similar comments about how the Prime Minister of Great Britain used to dispatch his officials to Hong Kong – which is in what is now China you know. Does this mean Hong Kong has ‘always been an inalienable part of British territory’? I think not. China, while different things at different times through history, was until a little under a century ago ALWAYS an EMPIRE. There was previously no Chinese ‘country’ with sovereignty over the current borders of the PRC, and the current borders of the PRC are, more or less, those of the last Chinese empire (which was actually manchurian but never mind that). Your ramblings about how Hainan was controlled by a Chinese empire in the Song and therefore Yunnan must have been ‘Chinese’ before the Ming are about as silly as a European (whether from Spain, Portugal, Holland, Britian or somewhere else, arguing about what bits of the globe belong to ‘their country’). Most of what is now ‘China’ became part of ‘China’ through a process of imperial expansion and colonization. I’m not going to argue the rights and wrongs of China’s subjugation of its neighbors, but the Chinese habit of seeing themselves solely as the victims of colonialism and imperialism has to stop. Wahaha says: Let us talk about if Americans, Australians and Canadians should go back to Europe. Give me a reason why they shouldnt. or Stop talking about Tibet or YuNan, then, we are in peace. Wahaha says: Jerry, It was a jab. Power is a paradox for 99.999% of the people. On one side, people want as much power in their hands as possible; on the other side, they want government has the power to solve their problems. People cant have both. What is tricky and deceptive in a democratic system is that people are given all the power to determine how to distribute 10% of the pie AFTER the riches have taken 90% of the pie. In a country with lot of poor people, 10% of the pie is not enough to make everyone happy BUT EVERYONE GETS HIS FAIR SHARE OF 10% OF THE PIE, so most of them feel “happy” but are hopelessly stuck in their current positions in society, as in India. In China, those who have powers cut 10% of the pie off first (corruption), people are given 90% of the pie (that is why China was able to put 400 million people out of poverty, it needs lot of money), the problem is people dont have a say on how to distribute the 90% of the pie. SKC, dont try to argue with me, name a country with lot of poor people in which what I said is not true. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 3:52 pm Wahaha, your response is very ‘Chinese’ (specifically very PRC). I don’t believe I suggested that China should ‘get out of Yunnan’, ‘get out of Tibet’ or anything similar. I merely pointed out that ‘China’ has historically been an empire rather than a ‘nation’, the current Chinese nation has the borders of a disappeared empire, and as an empire ‘China’ has engaged in plenty of imperialism and colonialism of its own. Is understanding this information not fundamental to understanding China? Your response is “Americans, Australians and Canadians should go back to Europe”. Wonderful. You merely demonstrate my point that Chinese are, on the whole, woefully incapable of self-reflection about their own history. Merely pointing out the elementary truth that China has its own history of aggressive imperialism and colonialism draws a highly defensive and hostile response. Wahaha says: RUMman, You are talking about chinese history. If Chinese had constantly talked to you about your country’s history of colonizing other continents, how would you have felt ? do you feel you have to defend your country ? would you be nice to him ? We dont see us as the sole victim of colonization as you claimed. To us, it is more like you are allowed to burn my house but I am not allowed to light a cigarette in front of you. We are all human. Before criticizing others, you should think if you would accept the similar criticism. If not, then that is “bashing”. (and you obviously dont want to talk about your country, which is easy for everyone.. to criticize others.) TonyP4 says: October 2, 2008 at 4:16 pm From Wikipedia, Around the third century BC, the central area of Yunnan around present day Kunming was known as Dian. The Chu general Zhuang Qiao (庄跤) entered the region from the upper Yangtze River and set himself up as “King of Dian”. He and his followers brought into Yunnan an influx of Chinese influence, the start of a long history of migration and cultural expansion. ———– As a tourist, I found the folks are beautiful and happy. Cultures have been maintained. Lot of Chinese herb for sale. Beautiful scenery. A must to visit after seeing the Chinese essence: Beijing, Shanghai, Xian and Quilin. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 4:40 pm Wahaha, if you talked about my country’s history of colonization other continents, I would not care. I would not try to defend ‘my own country’. I hold more than one passport, I didn’t grow up saluting any national flag at school, and I see nationalism as a disease that mainly afflicts fools. So if somebody talked about “my country’s” history of colonizing other continents, yes, I would be nice to him. Provided his comments were reasonable (i.e. historically accurate, reasonably unbiased), what is the problem? When we study history in my country we learn the smell of our own shit. Chinese apparently don’t. And no, I’m not ‘bashing’ China. I’m simply pointing out an aspect of China that Chinese, by and large, prefer to ignore. wukong says: Tell me some shit you smelled. “Dance with wolves” ? “Provided his comments were reasonable..” ? more like ” Provided I think his comments were reasonable..” You think your comment about how “China colonized Yunan.” is reasonable ? not in our minds. TonyP4 says: According to my “other history theory”, Eskimos and Indians are Chinese (could be exile from China ) , so by simple logic America is first populated by Chinese and colonized by Brits. If you do not believe me, test their DNA. Haha! RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 4:57 pm Wukong, I’m not ‘accusing’ China of anything. Read up on your Ming history. Your analogy is also a very poor one. I know nothing much about Alaska but I assume it was ’empty ‘before the Eskimos arrived (OK, probably it was quite like that since humans supposedly settled America through Alaska, so I guess someone was there, but whatever. . .). In any case it’s something we probably know little about since the only records would be archeological. In contrast, the Ming colonization of Yunnan was a well documented exercise in subordinating and controlling an established non-‘Chinese’ local population. The Ming Dynasty saw a deliberate policy of incorporating Yunnan into ‘China’ by swamping the region with Han settlers. This was done to control the restive local population. Looking back, it seems to have worked quite well. Unless somebody says something intelligent I’m probably finished here. I’m merely pointing out a few facts. There is not a whole lot to debate. Ask all white Canadians to go back to Europe, accuse me of lying, find some earlier example that ‘proves’ Yunnan was ‘part of China since ancient times’, up to you. . . I’m not interested in responding to silly stuff. Alternatively just digest the truth. It’s good for the system. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 5:04 pm Wahaha, my comment on the colonization of Yunnan is reasonable to serious scholars of Ming history. I realize you are a bunch of non-historians. Still, it isn’t hard to learn about this stuff. Wahaha says: October 2, 2008 at 5:33 pm RUMman, Dont try to foolishly make a case that “Chinese try to ignore the….”, that is what Westerners have done on their own history of colonization. It is shamelss to accuse others while he himself has done 10 times worse. West has been on the driver seat for 4 or 5 hundreds of years, now we dont want to follow the direction you want, then we have to put up with the BS ? if we dont, we become fanatic nationalists ? BTW, I dont see many chinese here talking about what happened 19 centuries. It is more like that you cant face the ugly things your ancestors did 150 years ago, and even a little talk about that is too much for you to take. We cant face the truth ? how insightful !!! ChinkTalk says: October 2, 2008 at 5:57 pm RUMman, as one Canadian to another, please don’t pull a Spielberg on this blog, don’t pickup your marbles and go home because you don’t have it your way and call it a protest against Darfur. Personally I enjoy your comments and marvel at your knowledge of Chinese history, you sure know more than I do. I think that Wahaha and Wukong and the rest are not being unreasonable with you, they are merely presenting their points of views as you were. This is how democracy works isn’t it. I agree with you that the Chinese always claimed to be victimized; I can tell you that after learning about the head taxes and the rape of Nanking, I do feel being prodded because of my race; I can tell you from personal experience that I have had human feces thrown at my door and that I was denied service while the next person who is white was given the spot. But Chinese people should not feel victimized, they should be united to work for the benefit of the world, so that the world could see that Chinese people are not the demons as being portrayed by the Western media. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 5:59 pm Wahaha, you are talking a load of crap there. In a nation like New Zealand education on local history is essentially the story of colonization, often taught with parallels to instances elsewhere in the world (e.g. reactions of NZ Maori to colonization versus those of the Aztecs and Maya). Incidentally it would be interesting to do a similar comparative study on Taiwanese aboriginals, looking first at their interactions with Dutch colonizers, and then at their later interactions with Chinese colonizers, and comparing this with say New Zealand, or Australia, or America. But I’m digressing. . Nothing shameless about me Wahaha. Your accusations towards me are groundless. And your talk about my ancestors is laughable. 150 years ago my ancestors were busy being colonized by the British. Things aren’t black and white amigo. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 6:01 pm ChinaTalk, I’m not Canadian. . sorry. I’m born in New Zealand but lived partly in the EU and carry an EU passport as well. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 6:08 pm Oh, and ChinaTalk, I’ve been denied service in China occasionally as well. I wouldn’t call it typical. Very rare. On one occasion I was spat at and denied service in a restaurant – this was in Chaozhou. A younger relative came out and apologized for his grandmother’s behavior, but I still wasn’t served (not that I really wanted to be – the next lot of spit would probably have been in the food!). But I consider those experiences atypical and don’t dwell on them too much. They seem to be very much individual things – like the black guy in Haiti who expelled snot all over my bag while the other people in the street watched and laughed. This stuff just happens. I only get concerned when it becomes a group behavior. Wahaha says: Tell me how many Maori were killed and how they were brutalized. Tell me something about the independece movement in Te keha, New Zealand. You think your ancestors did wrong, right ? now it is good time to correct the mistake and give part of New Zealand back to Maori. (it is reasonable, isnt it ?) RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 7:07 pm What information do you want Wahaha? Am I supposed to write a Cultural Revolution style self criticism? There is an independence movement in New Zealand. It has always been fairly small, and I would say it is rather less vocal now than it was a couple of decades ago. Only a small minority of Maori have anything to do with it. Partly as a result of that independence movement, New Zealand also has a body devoted to resolving historical grievances, the Waitangi Tribunal. While it hasn’t been perfect, I’d say that in world terms the work of the Waitangi Tribunal has launched an extremely successful attempt at resolving the historical injustices of colonization. It has certainly been held up as a model elsewhere. Parts of New Zealand have been ‘handed back to Maori’ through the Waitangi Tribunal. Essentially, exactly what you are so shrilly demanding has been going on for decades already. It is also worth nothing that colonization in New Zealand was a very different process to that in most other places. The ‘brutalization’ (using your choice of words) of the Maori was minimal. New Zealand was of marginal importance to the British and to avoid wasting military resources on the colony they generally sought peaceful coexistence with the Maori. Since initial European settlement far more Maori died in tribal warfare with other Maori than died at the hands of Europeans. Though having said that, European introduced diseases that decimated the Maori – but while sad, this seems more unfortunate than deliberate. skylight says: October 2, 2008 at 7:31 pm @RUMman Many countries and peoples have been colonized in the past, India for instance was colonized for several hundreds of years by the British, but I rarely see the same type of anger as displayed by Indians towards the “west”. Why? skylight says: Has Indians moved on….while many Chinese are still stuck in the victim mode? Would be interesting to hear Indian perspectives on these differences. TonyP4 says: October 2, 2008 at 8:22 pm How Chinese were treated in the last 300 years by the west make any Chinese angry. Any country in history forced another country to buy opium – a drug pusher by a country? Burned the palace. Stole Chinese treasures (hope some one will trace how many in the museums in the west can be traced back to the loots in this period… The list is endless. The day when China launched its first missile is the day we can say “no more bully from the west.” Are you angry if your country was treated like this? Wahaha says: skylight, Are you pretending being politically naive ? Indians didnt move on, they are stuck in the lowest layer of the society, just there were no meda to report their complains, no organization like NED to support them, no1 one stirred the pot, no1 repeatly remind them the terrible experience their ancestors suffered, so they “move on”. RUMman, LOL, your textbooks are no better than the textbook used in Tibet, what you have heard from your media about Maori is no better than CCTV on Tibet, maybe even worse. Check this : http://www.geocities.com/barddiva/Maoris.htm BTW, it took me only 2 minute to find that, just google “Maori, poverty, new Zealand”. I knew nothing about Maori expect couple of pictures and I know Maori people are in poverty, go figure. Wahaha says: Skylight, Are you pretending being naive ? Native aboriginals are living in the lowest layer of society. they are happy ? You didnt hear complains cuz there was no media to report their complains, there was no NED to fund their movement, there was no1 to stir the pot, there was no1 to remind them again and again what happened to their ancestors. Wahaha says: October 2, 2008 at 8:57 pm RUMman, LOL, your textbooks are no better than that in Tibet, your media is no better than CCTV. Read this : It took me only two minutes to find the link, cuz even though I knew nothing about Maori, I knew they are among the poorest people in New Zealand, so I googled “poverty, maori, new zealand:. Wahaha says: http://www.geocities.com/barddiva/Maoris.htm Now you know your textbooks are no better than those in Tibet, your media is no better than CCTV, maybe even worse. I knew nothing about Maori, but i knew they lived in poverty, and I googled “poverty, Maori, new zealand”, it took me only two minutes to find the link, go figure. I guess they just “move on” , as skylight said. wukong says: October 2, 2008 at 9:10 pm The fact the China was a victim of colonial western imperialism powers, and pointing out that fact, don’t automatically make Chinese having a victim mentality or feel victimized. At least I think I don’t. What irks me most is the so-called mainstream westerners riding on moral high horse, constantly harp on China’s negativities and lecture Chinese on “values”. I am sick of the duplicity and pretension. As I see it, China is minding her own business, China is asking the right to be left alone, and that wish should be respected. If you enjoy the smell of your own shit, fine; but please don’t come over to my house and rip open the sewage pipe because you think it’s some universal value that everybody should enjoy the smell of their own shit. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 9:16 pm Wahaha, it is easy to play ‘google’ and come up with a link saying anything you like. I can assure you that article is filled with inaccuracies and half-truths, and its level of analysis is anything but nuanced. It is a polemical piece rather than a serious attempt at analysis. Also what textbooks ‘in Tibet’ are you referring to? What does the comment that the New Zealand media “is not better than CCTV, maybe even worse” actually mean? You mean it is equally censored? Excuse me while I laugh. . . Wahaha, you know zilch about New Zealand, and googling “poverty, Maori, New Zealand” clearly isn’t teaching you much. For as long as you approach this discussion as an east-west pissing contest we are unlikely to get anywhere. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 9:31 pm Wukong, hypocrisy is something I personally object to wherever I see it. While my personal opinions are irrelevant, I see no reason to respect “China’s desire to be left alone” (but is China really some borg like mass with this desire?). My opinions and beliefs are as valid as anyone else’s. I object to the way Chinese continually harp on about being victims of imperialism and colonialism, while blithely ignoring the way ‘China’ (such as it existed then) has historically oppressed others. I regularly hear PRC citizens make the most ridiculous statements. The idea that China has never initiated an aggressive war is a very popular one. It is popular to the point where even westerners parrot it. Menzies’ history (or one of the related articles – it may have been by that other guy writing similar stuff about earlier voyages – a guy whose name I now forget) contained laughable examples of these daft assumptions about Chinese history pushed to its extreme. From memory there was a passage commenting on a Norse account of a fight between Vikings and a group Menzies decided were ‘Chinese’. Menzies (or that other guy) then commented something like “Why had the Chinese attacked the vikings? This was very uncharacteristic. I can only surmise that they had been attacked first.” What a ridiculous pile of drivel to flow from a pen of a ‘historian’, but it shows how deep the daft assumptions about China run. Wahaha says: RUMman, you didnt read the link, did you ? You cant assume me anything, the things described in the link happen in Australia, Canada and US. I am 100% sure that article tells the truth. It is not pissing contest, it is simply the truth to wake people like you and skylight up and that should explain why Chinese are very angry at West media. If you believe your media has told the truth about sensitive issues, then you are politically as smart as a 5th grade. Your logic is ridiculous : You claimed that Chinese should complain about the colonization by west. byt the same logic, shouldnt west take care of native aboriginals before criticizing China ? October 2, 2008 at 10:30 pm This thread is going crazy. We throw around emotionally-charged rhetoric such as colonization without really agreeing on what it is. I don’t know everything about colonialism, but I do know that the movement of people and the assimilation of people per se is not colonization – otherwise, take any “country” (maybe even city) in the world, and going far back enough in history, I’ll be able to divide it into fragments of purported “colonies.” @RUMman, when Chinese speak of “colonization,” we mean very specifically the interaction between the rest of the World and the West since the 17 century. That interaction has left a delicate and emotional scar in the psyche of many in the rest of the world. Why has it left such a scar in people’s conscience? I don’t know. Part of it probably has to do with Western technological superiority. For the first time, a small group of people is able to wipe entire peoples on entire continents and shame China – the previous superpower of world for centuries – the land that was the original driving force for Western explorations. More will be written about colonialism – especially once China becomes strong again – and the history of the world become more balanced and less Western centric. So I won’t belabor here. Now as to your broadened definition of “colonization” that incorporates all movements of people and culture – that is something fundamentally different. It is a fact of life – of nature – perhaps of progress. If we are going to call that “colonialism,” then I think we are trivializing what the West has brought to the world in the last few centuries. So is China a colonial power? I don’t think so. Even when China was exploring the world (Zheng He), the emperor always sent his best ambassadors along and constrained their behaviors with careful edicts. This of course contrast greatly with the Western model where adventurism and a thirst for fortunes ruled the day: where often it is the least educated that are sent out, and where the goal is to plunder the world in the name of their Royal Highness and their God. Whatever you think of my characterization, I don’t think you can argue that Chinese influence and expansion has ever left a scar on the rest of the world that rival what Western expansionism has left us over the past few centuries. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 10:32 pm Wahaha, I read the link. I’ve lived in New Zealand half my life, been through the New Zealand educational system, completed a master’s degree in history (including writing a dissertation on dealing with colonization and indigenous issues in Mexico), and I am happy to call the article you linked to a piece of polemic. And shall we stop discussing whose media is less biased? That wasn’t the original topic and I have little interest in going there. The fact that most Chinese who feel the western media is ‘biased’ are basing their opinions on a few miscaptioned photos (a common enough occurrence in newsrooms) makes the whole thing a bit of a joke in my book. Chinese students in New Zealand protested the ‘biased’ New Zealand media, yet failed to identify any instances of bias other than those on that anti-CNN site – and none of those examples involved the New Zealand media. In other words these nationalistic protesters are mostly a bunch of ridiculous ‘sheeple’. You finished by saying: “Your logic is ridiculous: You claimed that Chinese should complain about the colonization by west. byt the same logic, shouldnt west take care of native aboriginals before criticizing China ?” Sorry, but I have no idea what you mean by this last comment. It makes no sense to me. Of course New Zealand IS taking care of its aboriginals. It does pretty well in this area. New Zealand is genuinely bicultural – if anything excessively so (the emphasis on Maori culture leads to Pacific Island and Asian contributions to the country getting overlooked). I can tell you right now that if the Olympics had been held in New Zealand the Maori element of the ceremony would have consisted of a lot more than a bunch of white kids dressed up as Maori, or perhaps some ‘Maori’ songs being sung in by Europeans in English.. Didn’t the New Zealand team enter the stadium led by an athlete in a Maori ceremonial cloak (and the cloak would almost certainly have been the real deal – i.e. a genuine tribal heirloom rather than something thrown together for the occasion)? Respect for Maori and their culture in New Zealand is very real. Suggestions to the contrary are just daft. S.K. Cheung says: October 2, 2008 at 10:39 pm To Wahaha: there is no answer to your 10%/90% example, because, as with many of your examples, it is arbitrary. On what basis do you say that western elites take 90%, and Chinese elites 10%? It is true that there is a concentration of wealth…but that is not an effect of democracy. That is an effect of a free market. And as far as I can tell, you would be one of the few here to deny that China has her own hands full with the rich/poor disparity. My beef is not with China’s financial system, but her political one. So my question is, if China’s rich/poor disparity is no better than that of a western nation, what other benefit is her political system providing exactly? I readily acknowledge that I am very fortunate to live in a wealthy country. And China’s not there yet (at least the masses); though I did read somewhere once that Audi sells more cars in China than in North America. So some people in China has some dough. I can’t wait until China’s corrupt system allows the top heavy wealth to filter down to the little guy; by then, it will be hard even for someone like you to not extricate your head from the sand and acknowledge the need to reform the political system. “it is good time to correct the mistake and give part of New Zealand back to Maori. (it is reasonable, isnt it ?)” – sure. But: 1. did the Maori ask for it back? Or are they satisfied with the status quo? 2. if NZ does that, then Tibetans get Tibet back? RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 10:43 pm Allen. . . oh for goodness sake. So you define ‘colonialism’ as specifically involving ‘the west’? Well that kind of limits the scope for discussion doesn’t it? By that definition then obviously the west and only the west is to blame! Nice and simple isn’t it? We didn’t even have to engage our brains even a little bit to get to our conclusion. ‘Colonialism’ and ‘Imperialism’ (I originally used both terms) existed before ‘the west’. And yes, they can take different forms. And yes, China has most certainly been a colonial and imperial power. Obviously not in the exact same mold as the west, but a colonial and imperial power nonetheless. In the days of the British Empire I’m sure many Brits saw colonization as “movements of people and culture – that is something fundamentally different. It is a fact of life – of nature – perhaps of progress”. Ask a Uigur and I’m sure you’ll find that Chinese imperialism and colonialism has left a scar or two. S.K. Cheung says: October 2, 2008 at 10:50 pm All this dredging of history is fascinating (actually, not really). I’m just not sure how comparing yesterday’s sins furthers today’s discussion, or enlightens anyone on tomorrow’s solutions. And if Chinese people want to compare western historical sins so as to de-emphasize their current problems, that is truly pathetic. October 2, 2008 at 11:05 pm @SKC #204, No no no … Chinese people do not want to hide behind Western sins from their current problems. Colonialism has been brought up in this thread to describe China as it is today. I felt that the identity of being Chinese is attacked here. I just want to point out what to me is obvious: that Chineseness naturally inevitably came about through movement of people and spread of culture in East and South Asia, but that movement is not the same quality or caliber that resulting from the movement of people and spread of ideas fostered by Western colonialism of the last few centuries. As for China’s problems today … sure we can discuss those without dredging up history – unless people want to bring up how imperialistic China is, comparing China of today to the West of the past, again… October 2, 2008 at 11:16 pm @RUMman #203, Fair enough. Chalk this up to our differences in perspectives. As I mentioned, many of these perspectives will change in the next generation, with a different context of geopolitics. For now, I am sure our difference in historical perspectives will NOT affect our effort to discuss issues relating to the present! 😉 skylight says: @Allen #200 On colonial literature… I don’t think we have to wait a long time for good colonial literature, there are many books written by Western, African, Asian and Latin American authors on colonialism. Colonialism is not a western phenomenon, it exists in all societies. After decolonization in the 1960’s, the notion that colonialism was good has been discredited worldwide. Two favorite books among intellectual Tibetans inside Tibet are the following two books written in the 1950-60’s: 1. Franz Fanon, “Wretched of the Earth” 2. Albert Memmi, “The Colonizer and the Colonized” It is not a coincidence that these books are popular among Tibetans. On scars… Since you asked for examples of scars, I can assure you that the brutal behavior of Peoples Liberation Army in Kham and Amdo in the 1950’s, exterminating whole villages, raping and plundering, leaving only some old people and children, left many unhealed scars to this day. Even today there has been no investigation or authoritative account of how many Tibetans were killed altogether or sent to labor death camps (before the cultural revolution). I think this can be compared to most modern examples of “western” brutality. S.K. Cheung says: October 2, 2008 at 11:45 pm To Allen: “No no no … Chinese people do not want to hide behind Western sins from their current problems.” – I hope you’re right. I know you don’t; but, to borrow from one of my all-time favourite flicks, “some people have their enthusiasms”. I agree that the uniqueness of “Chineseness” should be obvious. Everything that we are today is a function of everything that’s gone on before…and that applies to individuals as well as cultures. And our past may inform us on how we might proceed into the future. But to belabour the past to me is a waste of time. There should be enough to do worrying about what we can change to be wasting neurons reliving what we can’t. ChinkTalk says: October 2, 2008 at 11:53 pm RUMman – glad to hear your are of New Zealand origin, the few NZlanders that I have met including a few Maoris, they are very nice people and they never look at me as something below them like the British do. The shit on my door was a once in a lifetime thing but the denial of service happens quite often. Usually they just ignore you or walk away. Mind you this is not done only to the Chinese people but visible minorities, and last year, they did a survey and found that is the consensus of visible minorities. Skylight – my roommate of two years was from India and I can tell you that at least from that group of people I was with, there is no love for the British. India is being courted by the West to counter China, special opportunities are afforded to Indians, like shared space program, shared nuclear technologies, etc, while I believe the Indians themselves are very capable of doing things themselves but the added advantage certainly helps. I have respect for you because you believe in facts like the five Nobel judges that you have pointed out to me, do you think that the Indians have moved on factually. Bob says: October 3, 2008 at 12:16 am @skylight — “Even today there has been no investigation or authoritative account of how many Tibetans were killed altogether” Oh really? Didn’t your source Tibet.org officially announce the 1.2+ million figure already? I seriously don’t know what you are looking for here. CM Lee says: October 3, 2008 at 12:43 am Allow me to input my 2-cent. When people talked about the past, I don’t believe that they necessary want to relive it, but rather history is often used as a mirror to reflect what is the present and future as SKC so succinctly stated. Also, history is a mirror that reflects the author’s own mentality, bias and preconceived notion about specific events, past, current and future. Much like looking at Escher’s drawings: are the steps of the stair going up or down? Are there birds flying to the left or to the right? History is very subjective. No one can say his/her recounting of events past is 100% neutral/ accurate, heck, even the present can be hard enough to record with neutrality not to mention being accurate what with all the modern tools for instantaneous reporting. To wit: Can any one say for sure who fired the first shot over the Russia/ Georgia conflict? Can any one say for sure what exactly is the cause for the war in Iraq? Can any one conclude with authority who actually won the US election in 2000? and on…So posts that laced heavily with histories are wonderful readings for me. Not only the threads broaden the subjects discussed but also the opportunity to understand the authors. Without bringing history into discussion, what are we to talk about? Where is square one? When is the appropriate time frame of reference? ChinkTalk says: October 3, 2008 at 1:56 am Nobel Peace Prize? A PR agent for human rights fundamentalists. Those naive nodic fools have no idea of international politics. I’m sure CCP is praying they pick up Hu Jia – as if a Dala Lama is not enough for CCP to get the hearts of Chinese people – Hu Jia would be a further boost. Or is it a Nobel Destruction Prize? There is really a problem with the judgement of those nordic nutshells. A prize for Gao Xingjian has made it a laughing stock. S.K. Cheung says: October 3, 2008 at 2:21 am To Li Qiang: dude, it a “peace” prize. Folks like you are the fools who keep injecting “international politics” into it. The peace prize is about international politics. Li Qiang says: October 3, 2008 at 2:51 am oh SKC you sound like an innocent goose! Injecting international poltics to Nobel Peace Prize? No need as they are the most politicised insititution – attention seekers on behalf of peace and human rights let me put it simply! Can’t see how peaceful it is to award the Prize to a professional activist. They just want to ignite CCP, don’t they? As if there is no meaningful things to do… TonyP4 says: October 3, 2008 at 3:12 am ChinkTalk, I’ve to agree that the Tibetan girls are hot – almost melted my screen not to mention my heart. They are natural beauties compared to the made-made ‘beauties’ in Hollywood. Contrary to the west media, they’re free to sing, keep their culture, are happy, and the landscape is beautiful. S.K. Cheung says: October 3, 2008 at 8:07 am @SKC #221, About that list: sure – there are some do-gooders – but there are also many other do-gooders that are not on the list. Getting on the list is then more about politiking then good doing… And to be honest, I don’t know most of the people on this list. These are not the movers and shakers who made a difference who really moved the world in real, giant steps toward peace (the last century hasn’t been that peaceful, has it). Unlike the nobel prize in the sciences, the nobel peace prize is a flimsy award awarded based on how popular one looks to the morales of the nobel “committee” at the time… not for real progress toward “peace.” What has happened in China in the last 3 decades is unprecedented in human history and will inexorably move the world in real terms and in gigantic steps to peace, stability, and prosperity. I am not talking just about beauty contests here. Let’s chalk this also to one of those things we just don’t see eye of eye. I know many who grew up wanting to be a nobel laureate in physics, medicine, etc. – but not one who want that prize in peace! 😉 Jerry says: @S. K. Cheung @Allen, #222 Allen, “but there are also many other do-gooders that are not on the list.” I agree with you whole-heartedly. Like any award, they can choose just a few. “These are not the movers and shakers who made a difference who really moved the world in real, giant steps toward peace (the last century hasn’t been that peaceful, has it).” I am curious, who do you consider the movers and shakers, and what did they do to make real, giant steps toward peace? In my study of history, it seems that there are many little steps by many people. Occasionally these steps lead to a large leap, like the Berlin Wall coming down. Or the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Yes, Martin Luther King, LBJ, John Lewis, Rosa Parks, Thurgood Marshall and NAACP President Roy Wilkins played a big part in getting that act. But there were 1,000s of marchers, 1,000s of protestors, 1,000s of people at sit-ins, SCLC members, average African-American and white people who took 10,000s of steps. Without those people, it just does not get done. The movers and shakers, well those are the guys who get the credit, some due and some undue. Just a for instance, let’s go back to 1955. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus. The Montgomery (Alabama) Bus Boycott started. The 1000s of boycotters refused to ride the bus and got very creative with their own means of transportations. And, yes, boycotters were often the targets of violence by racist whites. In 1956, the Federal Court ruled that Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional. Many 1,000s of people played their parts in doing small things which led to a change in the laws. Interestingly, there was also pressure to change the laws from white women in Montgomery. “Huh?”, you may ask. Well, their housekeepers could not make it to work or had to have shorter days. Unexpected consequences. Let’s take Jack Welch, former head of GE. A mover and shaker if there ever was one. Or we could take any captain of industry. You know how to turn these “rock stars” into simpering fools? Simply, have their secretaries walk out on them in some sort of sympathy strike. A Jack Welch is virtually paralyzed without his secretaries. Who is going to answer the phones, greet his guests, bring him coffee, do the typing, organize his day, schedule his meetings, listen to his problems, and whatever small task needs to be done? “Movers and shakers” equals “rock stars” in my book. A big illusion. What has happened in China in the last 3 decades is unprecedented in human history and will inexorably move the world in real terms and in gigantic steps to peace, stability, and prosperity. I am not talking just about beauty contests here. And that includes the unprecedented, ongoing, environmental destruction. Regarding inexorably moving “the world in real terms and in gigantic steps to peace, stability, and prosperity”, we’ll just have to see. Color me a cynic and skeptic. I just don’t believe in guarantees. Except the ones I mentioned earlier. Nonetheless, I do like your optimism. Too bad nobody dreams of being the recipient of the Peace Prize. That was one of the finest moments in Anwar Sadat’s and Yitzhak Rabin’s lives. And their quest for peace cost them their lives. Well, I remember them more than any of the recipients of the other Nobel Prizes. Except Joseph Stiglitz and Linus Pauling. Let’s agree to disagree. 🙂 The Trapped! says: October 3, 2008 at 10:53 am @ Allen, Jerry It’s sad to hear that no one around Allen wants to win peace prize, (hope it’s not because it’s the prize that DL won because I do not want any Tibetan including DL to be the one who makes Nobel Peace Prize discreditable to 1/5 of world population.) The fact that Peace Prize became more controversial over other prize makes me wonder on several facts. Unlike other prize winners, most peace prize winners always had to deal with very controversial situation, like controversy in inter-faith campaign, inter-ethnicity campaign and so on; and these always consist of upsetting certain individuals or group of people. It would be impossible for Martin Luther to achieve what he achieved without upsetting some, actually many, whites and same goes to Nelson Mandela. The Nobel Committee definitely has pressure from lots of directions and sometimes had to bend to the power like they did in the case of dismissing Gandhi as candidate. Same things are again here said in case of DL winning the prize. If Chinese government then was as influential as now is, the story of today will be the other way round–Nobel Committee dismissed DL due to Chinese pressure. However, I still think that it’s great that , despite of such pressures from all sides, the committee is trying to find an appropriate one. Unless it’s really true that Hu is US agent, I think there is no need to resist the prize because it’s great to have a domestic Nobel Peace Laureate anyway. This is a country with 1/5 world population, but when we count Nobel Prize winners, even our ten fingers are not needed. Shall we always keep insisting on this to be western plot against China? How many Chinese writers/works are actually recommended for Literature Prize candidate by Chinese own people? About the impact of the development of China on world peace, I do not want to go either Jerry or Allen’s side, I rather see something in between. People can be optimistic, but guaranteed words with non-guaranteed action will make people lopsided. It’s true that China has the power to stir the world as well steady the world. However, China has long way to go before becoming the missionary of peace. I am not feeling that danger that Jerry feels. I think, over environment and other issue, China is moving towards right direction. So, I think Chinese now need real confidence–a real belief that world peace is what we need and that is what we are going to do and that is what we can do. This confidence has to eliminate unnecessary feeling of being attacked and being bullied. TommyBahamas says: October 3, 2008 at 11:01 am S.K. Cheung Says: unlike some Chinese, I see no problem recognizing an activist who works for peace and human rights. Such an activist can be professional, amateur, telepathic, shape-shifitng, horse whisperer…don’t matter none to me. Don’t forget Indonesia’s present day Tree man….J R RTolkein didn’t make it all up afterall. Walking talking trees do exist~! As for Shapeshiting lizards, well, I wouldn’t be so quick to dismiss David Icke just because we haven’t see them …. just as I have never seen instantneous human combustion, flying saucers , Angels or ghosts, either. October 3, 2008 at 5:45 pm @Jerry #223, Yes – I suppose progress often do take place in incremental steps. And I am sure there are many valiant efforts by many “small” people who do the world tons of good that go unrecognized … which is sad… As for who I think made great strides toward peace in the last century, seeing how the vast number of humanity (in Asia, Africa, as well as Latin America) continue to be shackled by the chains of poverty despite the unprecedented advances in science and technology, I Just don’t see how the last century can be described as a century of peace. I see do-gooders, but not anyone who really tried to challenge the system and status quo in a fundamental way. I don’t think the award should have been awarded at all…. @The Trapped #224, can’t really disagree much with you there. I hope the next century will bring peace and prosperity to a much greater share of the people in the world than the last…. And I hope the peace prize by the middle to end of the century will mean something for everyone, not a political tool for some – albeit often meant to do some good… Wahaha says: https://www.aotearoa.maori.nz/v2/content/view/106/37/ Thank you very much for reading the links. I didnt ask NZ give land back to Maori, all we ask is stopping educating us about Tibet when native seperatists in your countries were treated the same way as in Tibet. RUMman says: October 3, 2008 at 9:47 pm Wahaha, First, and most important. I don’t recall attempting to ‘educate’ you about Tibet. I have never had anything much to say about Tibet. I’ve said that it was an Imperial possession of China, was lost, as was later recolonized (or “gloriously liberated” if you must). I don’t see anything controversial there. I don’t recall saying much beyond that. I may have said something and forgotten it, but really the issue is not one that looms large for me me. Of course I have been physically assaulted in my own country by Chinese nationalists who accused me of being a pro-Tibet protester (I am not and never have been). Lots of Chinese seem to wrongly assume that I wish to educate them about Tibet, and wish to use violence to prevent me from doing that. Really though, my interest in Tibet doesn’t extend too far beyond ensuring my own physical safety against the type of nationalistic Chinese xenophobes who rampage through foreign cities assaulting non-Chinese people. I’d probably feel safer if you would just set aside the idea that i am trying to educate you about Tibet. Second, I don’t see that separatists in New Zealand were or are being treated the same way as in Tibet. You have googled and found a couple of links that paint the New Zealand government in a bad light viz a viz its treatment of Maori resource ownership and radical supporters of Maori separatistism (those detailed in the police raids in question included quite a few non-Maori political activists). Regarding the foreshore and seabed issue: this is an ongoing political debate. I admit I have not been following it very closely, but it seems to be very openly discussed and debated in that press. Of course it is only even an issue because Maori already have ownership rights in these areas – i.e. because efforts have already been made to look after their interests. Regarding the government’s “anti-terror raids”: the government copped plenty of flak for that episode. It did not go down well at all with most New Zealanders. Many people were disgusted at how the government had infringed on liberties. I think most people saw the whole episode as a bit of a joke though. The idea of Maori separatist terrorists, led by Tame Ite of all people, was just too daft to contemplate. If you had a more in depth knowledge of Maori politics in New Zealand you would appreciate my point. These issues are all freely discussed in the New Zealand media. Personally I would put the NZ government’s ‘anti terror raids’ in the context of an alarming global move towards greater police powers, led by the U.S. in the wake of September 11. I think the New Zealand police got cocky after anti-terror legislation was passed and went after an old enemy of theirs (Tame Iti has been a political campaigner for years, and he revels in making a spectacle of himself and getting arrested – also a very good debater though). Furthermore, I think they have embarrassed themselves through their stupid handling of the whole thing and are unlikely to repeat the mistake. The prime minister was also involved (and suffered the negative consequences), though from what I recall her role was merely having knowledge that the police were planning raids. New Zealanders by and large did not support the government and police in conducting those raids. Your approach to discussing Maori issues (cherry picking negative news stories and linking to them with no context) is not especially helpful. How about educating yourself on European-Maori relations? You could even compare it with Chinese-Aboriginal relations (and Dutch Aboriginal relations) in Taiwan. It would make an interesting comparison. I’m not sure what you would find by doing this, but having spent time in the Taiwanese mountains I noted many similarities between Taiwan aboriginal and NZ Maori culture. If you were genuinely interested in the area, and not just trying to persuade me not to criticize China (a pretty pathetic goal on your part), you would do something like trying to educate yourself as suggested above. Moving on to a more general point. . . Biculturalism (Maori-Pakeha) in New Zealand is absolutely real. It lies at the core of national identity. I don’t believe that the same cannot be said for China. Despite the stuff about 56 minorities, all participating equally in a wonderful nation, the place is clearly Han dominated. The Olympics opening ceremony for example was all about Han culture. The Tibetans, Uigurs and others didn’t get a look in (unless you count the Han kids in fancy dress). A New Zealand Olympics opening ceremony would certainly be very different. And of course New Zealand has a less complex situation in many ways, with one indigenous people and a group of later arrivals. The crucial point that I am driving at here is this. Unlike New Zealand, which appears confidently bicultural these days, China clearly feels extremely insecure about its Tibetan and Uigur regions. Some insecurity is not surprising given the imperialist and colonialist history. It would be nice to see it go away though. I don’t know about you, but I don’t think demanding a westerner who has lived a large chunk of their life in China “stop educating us about Tibet” (when he wasn’t talking about Tibet anyway, and is clearly reasonably informed on historical and ethnic issues in China) is really the way forward in terms of reducing China’s post-imperial post-colonial guilt complex. Of course I don’t think it does much to help China either. Just my 0.50 RMB. October 3, 2008 at 10:47 pm RUMman – I am sorry to hear that your were physically harmed by the Chinese in your own country – personally I have never heard of Chinese as a group attacking people – are you saying that this is in New Zealand that you are attacked. Do you by any chance have any news references to things like that happening. I am not disputing what you are saying, it is just that it usually is a rare occasion that you hear things like that. One difference between aboriginals in Canada or New Zealand compared to Tibetans or Uigurs is that the aborignals in Canada and New Zealand do not have foreign funding or interference as the case in China. If China is at fault, it should own up to it. Whether China colonized Tibet or Uigur is open to scholarly intepretation and I am not qualify to judge. But I find that many accusations are unfairly made towards China. One thing is certain, the British colonized Hong Kong. And I believe their treatment of the Hong Kong Chinese should be open to transparent and independant examination. Just my 2 cents Cdn – inflation you know. October 3, 2008 at 11:37 pm @RUMman, And of course New Zealand has a less complex situation in many ways, with one indigenous people and a group of later arrivals. That’s the problem …. to you there is one indigenous people … but if you look at the history of Polynesia in more detail, you will see that in Polynesia, wars, conquests, imperialism (if you will, according to your definition) all took place in its history. There is no one indigenous people. There were many. It’s an insult to gloss over that. Now, to be fair, it may appear to be one people today because European Imperialism has so traumatized the society there that all the indigenous people now see themselves as one people. Jared Diamond had a very interesting chapter on precisely what I described above in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel (which won a Pulitzer Prize and the Aventis Prize for Best Science Book in 1998). My point is that if you look carefully enough, and given the right political flames, any nation or people can be divided, and subdivided, according to the whims of politics. Even the so-called “Hans” which so dominate Chinese politics can be subdivided into many, many groups that after the fall of the Qing empire had fought viciously against each other. So have the Tibetans – with many factions fighting against each other over history – with many distinct ethnicities or sub population developing unique dialects and local customs. I don’t see a natural boundary when to stop subdividing. I have seen in so many places today where identity based politics has been used as pawns for political purposes. I don’t want to see that for China. I want to see a unified China. Just the humble opinion of one Chinese among many… S.K. Cheung says: October 4, 2008 at 12:02 am To RUMman: well said. You’ve isolated the reason why the links provided by some are fairly pointless…it’s just dredging through the internet to find at least one other person who might share their view, with no context, and sometimes no relevance. S.K. Cheung says: October 4, 2008 at 12:40 am To Allen: “I don’t see a natural boundary when to stop subdividing.” – I agree. But there probably are practical boundaries, or realistic boundaries. Bottom line, those who would be sub-divided are probably best equipped to tell you when you are infringing on the nuclear group. “Identity-based politics” is not necessarily a bad thing if the issues being championed are shared by those who share an identity. Furthermore, those who would be pawns should be so allowed, if it is of their choosing. Far be it for others to tell them what they can or cannot be. RUMman says: October 4, 2008 at 12:53 am @Allen(230), Sorry, but I don’t get your point at all. Look, sorry to say this but you just seem completely uninformed about New Zealand. The topic is New Zealand, not the Pacific (which obviously has multiple indigenous people), so lets keep it narrow. I am not ‘insulting’ anyone by saying that New Zealand has one indigenous people. I am simply repeating mainstream Maori views on the subject (well, the mainstream views of everyone really). The issue of whether New Zealand had one or more than one indigenous people is slightly controversial. There is a school of thought that claims the Maori arrival in New Zealand displaced another indigenous people – the Moriori. Maori do not like people arguing this theory since it runs totally against their own oral histories and belief systems. There is not much evidence to support this theory and the reality seems to be that Moriori were the indigenous people of the Chatam Islands. You say that your point is that any nation or people can be subdivided. Fine. The Maori can certainly be subdivided into tribes, and after first European contact those tribes fought one another more than they fought the Europeans. However, despite that the Maori most certainly see themselves as a single people, and as THE ONLY indigenous people of New Zealand. You could say that Maori became more homogeneous in response to European contact (the Maori king movement saw them set up a monarchy to provide great unity in resisting European encroachment), but I wouldn’t take that to imply that they were not ‘one indigenous people’ even before the Europeans arrived. RUMman says: October 4, 2008 at 1:14 am @ChinkTalk (229), yes I was attacked in New Zealand. Immediately after the event there were several short news pieces mentioning the violence. The main coverage was fairly upbeat. I can’t see the links I previously read on this. Maybe they rotated off the relevant news sites. Here is one with part of the story: http://home.nzcity.co.nz/news/article.aspx?id=84495&cat=1039&fm=newsmain,narts How come you never heard of Chinese as a group attacking people? Isn’t that what the PLA specializes in? I mean seriously. . . You sound like Gavin Menzies pondering on why ‘Chinese’ fought a battle with Vikings, and concluding “they must have been attacked first”. The attack on me was filmed. The cameraman initially promised to help identify the attackers. He later reneged on his promise. Apparently the Sichuan Earthquake made it ‘inappropriate’ for him to keep his promise because Chinese people are extremely sensitive and if he helped find for the criminals who assaulted me he might have been seen as a ‘Chinese traitor’ who was ‘attacking China’. RUMman says: October 4, 2008 at 1:24 am @Chinktalk(229), A lot of the news reports on the violence seem to have disappeared. Maybe rotated off websites. Here is one. http://home.nzcity.co.nz/news/article.aspx?id=84495&cat=1039&fm=newsmain,narts The reporting was mostly fairly upbeat. A cameraman filmed some of the attack on me. He had promised to circulate the film to help identify the attackers. Unfortunately the Sichuan Earthquake meant he was unable to make good on his promise. Apparently tracking down Chinese hooligans could have been interpreted as an ‘attack on China’ and he could have been seen as a ‘Chinese traitor’. After all, Chinese are very sensitive. October 4, 2008 at 5:28 am @RUMman #233, I don’t disagree with what you wrote – which I don’t think is inconsistent with what I wrote – except that I might take issue with your observation that I seem “uninformed”! 🙁 skyight says: October 4, 2008 at 11:19 am I agree that Allen sometimes seems uninformed, because after WWII, nations of the world formed something called United Nations, and all nations agreed that colonialism was bad. Today, Colonialism is bad word. Although China was closed in coma from 1950-1978, they should try to understand more of these world developments. I think it is only P.R.C China where colonialism is still regarded as good by many people. ChinkTalk says: RUMman – the following is a copy of your link: Violence mars peaceful rally Allegations of violent behaviour have marred today’s otherwise peaceful pro-China rally in Auckland 27 April 2008 A central city square was transformed into a sea of red and yellow flags as nearly a thousand pro-China supporters rallied in Auckland today. Despite the rain the crowd in Aotea Square was in high spirits, chanting Chinese national songs. One of the event organisers, Jim He, says today was about promoting peace and the Beijing Olympics. He says as a Chinese New Zealander he fully supports the Chinese government and the Olympic Games. Only two pro-Tibetan protesters attended and at one point were pushed and shoved by some members of the crowd. Since the rally however, there have been allegations of violent behaviour. One man who says he witnessed a disturbing incident is Chris Mankin, who was driving towards Aotea Square, where the rally took place, when he saw a number of pro-China supporters attacking people in their cars. He says one man drove a flag poll through the window of a car hitting the driver while others shook the car. He says the group then turned on him when he told them to stop. It is not clear why the fight broke out, but event organisers say a small, radical group of China supporters attacked the car after being shouted at by its occupants. A complaint has been made to the police, but they are not commenting on the matter. RUMman – I must state that I am against violence of any sort, so the actions of the pro-China Olympics supporters should be condemned for attacking you and others. Could you give us a bit of information about the whole situation, were you one of the persons inside the cars or one of the protesters. I mean even if you were one of the protesters, you should not have been attacked. So there were over a thousand pro-China supporters and only two protesters, and the pro-China supporters suddenly just turned violent and started attacking people. Would you be so kind as to give us your account of the situation. I have never met anybody that were directly in one of the China-Olympics demonstrations so I am quite intriqued. Thanks. ChinkTalk says: October 4, 2008 at 2:29 pm skylight – thanks for mentioning about the United Nations, I found this article in Wikipedia on the Leaque of Nations, it’s interesting read because it seems to be deja vu on what is going on right now in world affairs, there are some similarities. Are we looking at WWIII soon. Mukden Incident Main article: Mukden Incident Japanese troops entering Shenyang 18 September 1931The Mukden Incident, also known as the “Manchurian Incident” or the “Far Eastern Crisis”, was one of the League’s major setbacks and acted as the catalyst for Japan’s withdrawal from the organization. Under the terms of an agreed lease, the Japanese government had the right to station its troops in the area around the South Manchurian Railway, a major trade route between the two countries, in the Chinese region of Manchuria.[89] In September 1931, a section of the railway lightly damaged by officers and troops of the Japanese Kwantung Army,[90][91] as a pretext for an invasion of Manchuria.[90][92] The Japanese army, however, claimed that Chinese soldiers had sabotaged the railway and in apparent retaliation (acting contrary to the civilian government’s orders[91]) occupied the entire region of Manchuria. They renamed the area Manchukuo, and on 9 March 1932, set up a puppet government with Pu Yi, the former emperor of China, as its executive head.[93] Internationally, this new country was recognised only by the governments of Italy and Germany; the rest of the world still considered Manchuria legally part of China. In 1932, Japanese air and sea forces bombarded the Chinese city of Shanghai, sparking the short war of the January 28 Incident. The League of Nations agreed to a request for help from the Chinese government, but the long voyage by ship delayed League officials from investigating the matter. When they arrived, the officials were confronted with Chinese assertions that the Japanese had invaded unlawfully, while the Japanese claimed they were acting to keep peace in the area. Despite Japan’s high standing in the League, the subsequent Lytton Report declared Japan to be in the wrong and demanded Manchuria be returned to the Chinese. Before the report could be voted upon by the Assembly, Japan announced its intention to push further into China. The report passed 42-1 in the Assembly in 1933 (only Japan voted against), but instead of withdrawing its troops from China, Japan withdrew its membership from the League. According to the Covenant of the League of Nations, the League should have responded by placing economic sanctions on Japan, or gathered an army and declared war. Neither of these actions was undertaken. The threat of economic sanctions would have been almost useless because the United States was not a League member.[citation needed] Any economic sanctions the League placed on its member states would have been ineffective, as a country barred from trading with other member states could simply turn and trade with the United States. The League could have assembled an army but major powers like as Britain and France were too preoccupied with their own affairs, such as keeping control of their extensive colonies, especially after the turmoil of World War I.[citation needed] Japan was therefore left in control of Manchuria, until the Soviet Union’s Red Army took over the area and returned it to China at the end of World War II. Please let me know what you think. RUMman says: October 4, 2008 at 5:10 pm @ChinkTalk Some details in that report are slightly wrong. I did not count myself but from other reports I think there were around half a dozen pro-Tibet protesters, definitely more than just two. However, I heard that the main group of pro-Tibet people stayed away that day. Meanwhile, the number of Chinese seems to have been between 3000 and 5000 (range of figures given in media). I was not one of the people inside the cars. I never saw that incident. I just heard about it. There were various different incidents. From memory: – The small group of pro-Tibet protesters were attacked. They were surrounded by the crowd, banners stolen, punched etc., and forced to leave. – That incident in the car. – Another incident (think it was a separate one anyway) where a group attacked a Taxi when the driver (Indian guy) shouted “Free Tibet” or something. – Incident where an old man who was not protesting but happened to be walking past tried to discuss Tibet with Chinese protesters. They poked him in the face with their poles. I don’t think he was actually hurt but it sounds unpleasant. – Incident where I got attacked. I was not protesting or trying to discuss anything with anyone. I was simply there to observe the event. I was attacked when I tried to take a picture of a stolen Tibetan flag being trampled on. Chinese standing near me took exactly the same picture and were not assaulted. I was asked to leave by a protest marshal because, in his words, the area was “not safe for New Zealanders”. In other words, the assault clearly had a major racist dimension. – Incident outside McDonalds where some Polynesian females threw a paper cup at Chinese protesters and then started a shoving match. This was reported in Chinese media as ‘Tibetan protesters assaulting Chinese’. However, so far as I am aware the Polynesians were simply bums who spend time sitting on the street and sometimes starting fights. The Chinese victims of the assault never mentioned their assailants being pro-Tibet protesters. You can read about some of this here. October 4, 2008 at 10:04 pm @Ctalk, I see it as a victory for China that the whole world (except Japan) acknowledged that Japan was illegally occupying and colonizing China. Clearly this made the Japanese claim to this area very weak in the eyes of the world. It lost its legitimacy to this area when the world spoke through the League of Nations. It is really incredible that Japan left the League of Nations in protest! Today no nation would leave United Nations although it disagreed with its resolutions. BTW: Did you know United Nations passed three resolutions on Tibet, in 1959, 1961 and 1965, but unlike in the case of Japan and China, the resolutions didn’t help the Tibetans against their “liberators”. skylight says: October 4, 2008 at 10:42 pm @RUMman Really enjoyed your report from New Zealand. The snow lion flag is beautiful in my opinion, even Chairman Mao approved of the Snow lion flag and said to Dalai Lama that that Tibetans should keep the snow lion flag! I see no reason why Tibetans cannot carry their flag together with Chinese red star flag. ————————————————————————————————————————————— During one of the several discussions that the Dalai Lama and Mao Tse-tung had, Mao (suddenly) said, ‘Don’t you have a flag of your own, if you have one, you can hoist it here (on the Guest House)’.” Takla was surprised to hear Mao Tse-tung speaking thus. “One day, Mao unexpectedly came to visit the Dalai Lama at his residence… During their conversation, Mao suddenly said, ‘I heard that you have a national flag, do you? They do not want you to carry it, isn’t that right’?” “Since Mao asked this with no warning that the topic was to be discussed, the Dalai Lama just replied, ‘We have an Army flag.’ I thought that was a shrewd answer because it didn’t say whether Tibet had a national flag. Mao perceived that the Dalai Lama was concerned by his question and immediately told him, ‘That is no problem. You may keep your national flag.’ Mao definitely said ‘national’ flag.” Mao added that in the future the Communist Party of China could also let Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia have their own flags. He then asked the Dalai Lama if it would be fine for him to hoist the national flag of the People’s Republic of China in addition to the Tibetan flag. Phunwang says that the young Lama nodded his head and said yes. “This was the most important thing that Mao told the Dalai Lama, and I was amazed to hear it,” -Written by Phunwang in his biography “Tibetan Revolutionary” describing talks between Chairman Mao and Dalai Lama in 1955, Phunwang was the first Tibetan Communist cadre who also acted as translator between Chairman Mao and Dalai Lama. ———————————————————————————————————————————————— October 5, 2008 at 4:56 pm @Ctalk You have to look at the specific case, you cannot compare all independence/autonomy movements. Just like you cannot say North Korea, Cuba and P.R.China is the same just because they officially have Communist system. I dont know much about Basque case, but I think Tibet is better compared to countries such as Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ireland, Algeria, Mongolia. RUMman says: @ChinkTalk, First. . .on New Zealand thing. . . I guess ‘protest marshal’ was just the term I came up with. For some weird reason the police were nearly totally absent from the Aotea Square demonstration, even though anyone following the news around the world could have known there was potential for trouble. The police told me that they had left security up to the protest organizers. Thus there were a group of ‘protest marshals’, wearing armbands and ID tags. They were sort of organizing things rather than participating. That is, they didn’t hold banners or anything themselves. When I arrived things were quite intense and the ‘protest marshals’ were trying to make a sort of barrier between the crowd and the pro-Tibet protesters, apparently asking the pro-Tibet protesters to leave, plus of course protecting me from the crowd, and then ordering me to leave because the area was “not safe for New Zealanders”. I’m not sure what they did the rest of the time. They probably did things like help set up the stage, tell early arrivals where to go, and help clean up rubbish after the thing finished. The ‘protest marshals’ did quite a good job, so congratulations are probably deserved. They were doing police work though. Civilians should not be doing police work. Especially, non-NZ nationals should not be doing police work in New Zealand (some of the ‘protest marshals’ were students without permanent residency). Also bear in mind that the ‘protest marshals’ knew many of the people throwing punches at the Tibet protesters. This made it hard for them to be truly neutral. Some of the follow up was odd. You had individuals who had viciously assaulted the pro-Tibet protesters apologizing on websites like Sky Kiwi to the protest marshals they had inadvertently jostled. Maybe the ‘protest marshals’ and the assailants knowing each other was actually a good thing in terms of ensuring things did not escalate further, but obviously it meant the pro-Tibet protesters were unfairly treated. The people attacking them should have been restrained, arrested, and charged with assault. Instead the pro-Tibet protesters were forced to leave. After that, Caucasians in general were told to leave. So the protest marshals did quite well, but really police were what was needed. Second. . . on the Basque thing. . . I do not have much knowledge of the Basque situation, the history etc. The article you linked to was about a bomb attack. I don’t have a lot of sympathy for bombers. As a general matter of principle though, I do have sympathy for minority nationalities that want to break away from larger countries. I do not see the real problem. If full independence is not possible surely some kind of compromise can be worked out (maybe something like the devolution that has been happening in the UK)? The Basque thing has been going on for decades now. It is showing no signs of stopping. Perhaps the Spanish government could be doing more for Basque separatists? October 5, 2008 at 8:56 pm @RUMman – I saw similar marshals at the protests in London – armband wearing students running in formation along the route of the march, saying that they were there to ‘protect’ their fellow Chinese from the pro-Tibet demonstrators. Thankfully the Metropolitan police were there in strength, but I quite agree with you, I too was deeply disturbed to see such obvious evidence of foreign citizens organising themselves and presuming to act in the role of police on British soil – we saw the results of this at the protests in South Korea. ChinkTalk says: skylight – “I dont know much about Basque case, but I think Tibet is better compared to countries such as Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ireland, Algeria, Mongolia.” Would you please explain to me the similarities between these countries you mentioned compared to Tibet. RUMman – ” The police told me that they had left security up to the protest organizers.” and “The ‘protest marshals’ did quite a good job, so congratulations are probably deserved. They were doing police work though. Civilians should not be doing police work. Especially, non-NZ nationals should not be doing police work in New Zealand (some of the ‘protest marshals’ were students without permanent residency).” I agree that civilians should not be doing police work, but I think you have indicated that the New Zealand police left the security up to the organizers, so at least the organizers are trying to maintain certain amount order. Granted the “protest marshals” should have prevented attacks on you and the pro-Tibet protesters, but as you have mentioned these “protest marshals” are students and not trained police officers. But on the other hand, a disabled Chinese girl who was carrying the Olympics flame was attacked by pro-Tibet assailants when she was supposedly protected by trained Western police. RUMman says: October 5, 2008 at 11:07 pm Not to trivialize the assault on the disabled Chinese fencer, but was not the target of the attack the torch rather than her? I’m not saying she was not assaulted in the process of the pro-Tibet moron trying to grab to torch. She was. I’m just saying that, idiotic as the pro-Tibet moron was, his ultimate target appears to have been the torch. He was not specifically trying to hurt the girl, drive her away, or anything like that. I never heard what happened to that guy. Hopefully he ended up in court charged with something or other? But getting back to my point, the situation with that guy seems a little different to what happened in Aotea Square. The situation in Aotea Square became an all out assault on anyone the crowd believed to be pro-Tibet, which unfortunately appeared to translate, at least for a while, into ‘white people’. After the pro-Tibet protesters’ flags etc. had been stolen and trampled on, the Chinese crowd continued assaulting the pro-Tibet protesters themselves. The behavior was not about grabbing and controlling symbols (i.e. Olympic torches, flags, banners, etc), it was about punching, kicking, and driving away the non-Chinese ‘enemy’. The violence was being meted out on people, not symbols. skylight says: October 6, 2008 at 6:15 am @Ctalk If you meet a person from those countries, they might be able to explain the similarities to you better than I am able to do. raffiaflower says: October 6, 2008 at 10:07 am hi jerry, thanks for the comment. I did not respond tout de suite bcos it’s been a long holiday break. I was sort of shooting blanks @ random, and aiming at no one in particular. Certainly everyone should be free to criticise, and be criticised. There is much to debate about the actions of the chinese govt, which is what this blog is about, as there is about the bush administration, or the israeli. But i say if someone wants to damn china on human rights, then it’s par for the course that comparisons are made with their own behaviour, past or present. The moral authority over someone else’s behaviour is compromised especially if you refused to help when they needed it in the toughest hours. Like this: an absentee parent comes back into the life of a grown-up child left to fend for herself early on but has found her forward bearings. Parent runs down every aspect of the child – her grooming, her housekeeping, her child raising ways, holding her to the older’s standards. Child resents it, right? The younger person probably won’t mind input, if it’s constructive and not self-referential, especially when the parent has led less than an exemplary life herself. This is what I mean by the condescension and arrogance of the west. As for my conjecture about hu jia, you may wish to read up, google or speak to frens in china. As for the people he’s helped and those he’s not, put it this way: china has 1.3 billion and hu jia claims to speak for the human rights of many. Figure out the math. The west is no monolith, just as Chinese govt and Chinese people – native born or overseas – are also not a single entity. I am not from China, and have nothing against Hu Jia. Unfortunately, any engagement with a Western individual must usually be predicated on the premise that, as a Chinese person, you are already flawed and inferior in thought and behaviour, brainwashed, nationalistic, and must play the role of beggar maid to King Cophetua. The alternative is, you can become a banana, and bash China with all the zeal of the convert! But, moi, je reste bien dans ma peau, Jerry. Let me relate this personal Chinese-Western encounter, during my working period in Hong Kong. This came from an associate from an English-speaking country: “ The way we write, express ourselves, think, we will always be different from you.’’ That is, superior. Whatever. Cue to exit job, and dump all my work on that person. :-0 BMY says: October 6, 2008 at 10:58 am I don’t think Hu Jia is a traitor. He chose the audience who give him a fame and many people dislike him because of the audience he chose. I beleive there are many people on the grounds who have done much more help on AIDS and poor people but don’t have fame like Hu Jia has. Regardless, I don’t see how Hu Jia post a threat to the state security . To arrest this man is unlawful and stupid. ChinkTalk says: October 6, 2008 at 2:07 pm RUMman- do you think the 3,000 to 5,000 (per your estimate) pro-China Olympics Chinese people are all racists? skylight – I do know people from some of those countries and they do not see themselves in any way similar to Tibetans. October 6, 2008 at 2:21 pm @Chinktalk – I’m going to take a wild guess and say that whoever said that New Zealanders (and apparently that means white people, since some of the people in the crowd were also NZ citizens) should get out of the square thought that they might be attacked just because they were white. RUMman is not the one who said this. ChinkTalk says: October 6, 2008 at 2:43 pm FORAP – to me, it all boils down to propaganda from the pro-China group vis-a-vis the propaganda from the pro-West group. So far I think no one is completely wrong but no one is completely right either. And that is why instead of looking for differences maybe we should start searching for similarities. I do admire RUMman and skylight because they have lived in China and they have lived with the Chinese people. I guess I was playing the devil’s advocate in order to maintain some balance in relation to perspective and truth. We all exaggerate and tell little white lies (or shade the truth) to strengthen our positions. That is fine by me, we are only human. The Nobel Peace prize should be awarded to someone who can find similarities for peace rather than stoke differences. skylight says: @Ctalk Happy to learn that you know some people from those countries. Would you please explain to me the differences they see between their own countries and Tibet? RUMman says: George W. Bush (USA) 800.00 Vladimir Putin (RUS) 800.00 October 6, 2008 at 7:58 pm Gotta love international bookies’ bet on Nobel figgin’ Peace Prize winnar. If the Western democracy snobs had a lesson to learn, they should look at no further than the Dalai Lama case. What positive effects has it achieved since the exile Tibetan god-king was awarded the prize? Zero, zilch, nada. Rename the thingy as Agent Provocateur of the Year Award, Hu Jia may have my vote. skylight says: October 6, 2008 at 8:21 pm @Bob, I think you have too high expectations from an award. An award alone will not create peace or resolve conflicts. However, for many previously “unknown” prize winners, it can work as a catalyst and it can become a “door opener” for the winner, give him/her easier access to world leaders, make him/her more known around the world and to get a larger audience for his/her message. Such effects have been noted by many previous Nobel Peace Prize winners, including the Dalai Lama, Desmond Tutu, Shirin Ebadi etc. Remember, in the 1970s and early 1980s, Dalai Lama and the Tibet issue was almost unknown to the world. This changed in 1989 for the world. Almost 20 years later, in March 2008 it changed for China and Chinese people. Bob says: October 6, 2008 at 8:35 pm @skylight, I think you have too high expectation from the “world,” which, apart from a handful of hippies, either don’t actually give a shit or cannot do a jack about Tibet. At the end of the day, Tibet issues — whatever they are, real or phantom — can only be resolved by the Chinese themselves, Tibetan-Chinese included, definitely. ChinkTalk says: skylight – I should not be speaking for them, I will let them know about this blog and ask for their input. skylight says: October 6, 2008 at 11:06 pm @Bob Firstly, you need awareness and education, then recognition, and finally action and real change. It is a long process, don’t despair! The Chinese government position is that there is no “Tibet issue”, both in public and in private meetings with Dalai Lamas envoys. They say that all tibetans are living happy and liberated and are enjoying human rights. That is why I believe it is so difficult to solve the issue today with the Chinese government, because of this total disconnect of perceptions on the ground. Clearly, we need more awareness among Chinese about the truth of the Tibet issue. S.K. Cheung says: October 7, 2008 at 3:47 am To Raffiaflower: “But i say if someone wants to damn china on human rights, then it’s par for the course that comparisons are made with their own behaviour, past or present” – present behaviour, absolutely. But past behaviour? If such past behaviour is objectionable, shouldn’t it serve as a cautionary tale that’s not worthy of repeating, rather than justifying exactly such a repeat of history? I mean, wouldn’t it be ridiculous if a country said “well, China had their cultural revolution, so now we should have one too” ? Jerry says: @raffiaflower, #253 @S.K. Cheung, #266 But i say if someone wants to damn china on human rights, then it’s par for the course that comparisons are made with their own behaviour, past or present. The moral authority over someone else’s behaviour is compromised especially if you refused to help when they needed it in the toughest hours. If a Westerner wants to get on a soapbox and lecture to, ridicule, pontificate at and/or rail at the Chinese or their government for human rights violation, then I too would wonder about their moral authority or moral high ground. People who lecture, ridicule, pontificate and rail make it very difficult for me to swallow their message, whatever that may be. But I would dismiss neither the Chinese nor Western human rights violations. Two wrongs don’t make a right. Here is what I see happening, at times, here at this blog. A responsible, valid criticism is made of China on some issue. Then I see a response coming back which criticizes the critic, his country, and makes comparison with a similar issue in his country. Sometimes the criticism is needlessly personal, sometimes bordering on the hysterical. This does not advance the cause of the suffering in either country. It may be par for the course. But as SK points out in #266, shouldn’t past objectionable behavior be a cautionary tale from which we can learn. The failure to learn from history has caused much suffering by many people. Regarding moral authority, I think very few possess it. We are all human. Hu Jia is a non-starter for me. It was very interesting to see all of the rhetoric and energy when his name was invoked. I am sure there was truth along with the hyperbole I read. I certainly don’t know what is what when it comes to Hu Jia. Unfortunately, any engagement with a Western individual must usually be predicated on the premise that, as a Chinese person, you are already flawed and inferior in thought and behaviour, brainwashed, nationalistic, and must play the role of beggar maid to King Cophetua. At this blog, it seems that there is a certain amount of similar flak thrown at Westerners. Ah, c’est la vie. Vive le Tour!! I am sorry that Westerners treat you poorly. This came from an associate from an English-speaking country: “ The way we write, express ourselves, think, we will always be different from you.’’ That is, superior. Whatever. Cue to exit job, and dump all my work on that person. :-0 Isn’t ignorance, hubris and blind stupidity wonderful? I hope he/she suffered from a nervous breakdown from the extra work. LMAO Regarding bananas, I assume that you are referring to Western-born offspring of Chinese/Asian parents. Based on the many discussions with my friends in the US, China is not their only target. They drive their parents nuts, too. In fact, I would say that the parents suffer far more than China. 😀 ChinkTalk says: October 7, 2008 at 2:17 pm skylight – “I dont know much about Basque case, but I think Tibet is better compared to countries such as Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ireland, Algeria, Mongolia.” The following is a quote from the attached link in which in reference to the current global financial turmoil, the Czech FM made a very keen observation on how we are moving towards the Communist system with the state participation in private enterprises. Iceland just borrowed 4 billion Euros from Russia. I don’t know why Iceland does not approach Britain, France, or Germany for the money, since they are the established Western democracies. I guess asking the US for money is out of the question at the moment. But I do believe the US will come out of this fine. My point is that you are linking Tibet with some of the former Soviet Union countries, but now IT APPEARS that some countries are warming up to the communal system, including the US, Britan, France and Germany. “Showing how hard it is to agree a common line with ease in Europe, Czech Finance Minister Miroslav Kalousek was quoted by a newspaper as saying Europe’s politicians were going mad with ideas of such big rises in deposit insurance. “Politicians in Europe are going crazy. We didn’t live through 40 years of real socialism only to return to it on the soil of the European Union,” he was quoted by daily Hospodarske Noviny as saying.” October 7, 2008 at 2:41 pm The West has a “do as I say not as I do” mentality. Remember the West was insisting that China let its currency float freely. Here is a quote from Atimes. “China’s financial system, even after three decades of reforms, remains pretty much closed by standards of a free economy. In consequence, it has been less savaged than many other countries as the financial crisis has rippled out from the United States to Europe and more or less the rest of the world” ( http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/JJ08Cb01.html ” Does the US know beforehand that this financial tsunami is going to happen, I don’t know. But does the Chinese government know and that is why they resisted so hard the floating of their currency. I don’t know. But I do know that Enron, the hedge fund wonderboy at one time, needed 5 billion US to be rescued by the Clinton administration, was run by a couple of Nobel Prize Laureates in economics. So much for the prestige of the Nobel. And with the Asian financial crisis, the West advised the Asian countries that needed help to let their private enterprises alone and allow them to fend for themselves, and now the US and Europe is doing exactly the opposite to what they have advised the Asian countries. October 7, 2008 at 7:38 pm @Ctalk, It’s a bit difficult to follow your arguments from Tibet and human rights to the current financial crisis. In my opinion you have a superficial view of the financial crisis, and your suggestions that the financial crisis is a “West vs. Asia” or “West vs. Communal systems of governance” doesn’t sync with reality. Bob says: October 7, 2008 at 10:52 pm @skylight #265 If memory serves me correctly, Tibet issues 西藏問題 have always been acknowledged by the top leaders of PRC. Under Mao, to cater for special situation in Tibet, land reform etc. was postponed long after it had taken place in much of the rest of PRC. Post Cultural Revolution, CCP Secretary General Hu Yaobang directed orders to let Tibetans have more religious freedom than most Han Chinese did. Examples are abundant, but I’ll leave them at those. You are right the Chinese need more awareness and the truth about Tibet. For instance, the connection between Dalai Lama and former Nazi members wasn’t all that well known in China back then. Stuff like the practice of polyandry would also be an interesting topic. ChinkTalk says: October 8, 2008 at 2:26 am skylight – “and your suggestions that the financial crisis is a “West vs. Asia” or “West vs. Communal systems of governance” doesn’t sync with reality.” I don’t think it would be out of touch with reality if one suggests that there is a “West vs Communism” metality in the West. I am not convinced that most Western people care about human rights for the Tibetan people, much of these hooplas are for grandstanding against China. Anti-sinoism if you like. If people really care about human rights, it should not be just for the Tibetans, but also for the Aboriginals of North America, the Palestinians, the Basques, and also against Racism, Gay rights, Women’s rights etc. It appears to me that if the country is pro-West, there is no human rights problems there eventhough there are atrocities commited. Countless women are abused and murdered in North America. Human rights should be universal and not just used against your opponents. Blake says: October 8, 2008 at 4:01 am Hu Jia has very close ties with the CIA and its funding arm the National Endowment for Democracy. In the USA, if a citizen conspires with a foreign intelligence agency attempting to destabilize the government, we call it treason. Why should we expect China’s government to behave any differently? S.K. Cheung says: October 8, 2008 at 4:10 am To Blake: because all this guy did appears to have been to speak to some media, and write a few articles. I mean, i know the pen’s mightier than the sword, but jeez louise, is China so inherently unstable that….yada yada…I’m sure you know where I’m going with this. Blake says: October 8, 2008 at 4:27 am S.K. Cheung, For years Hu Jia worked with the CIA/NED backed Chinese Democracy Movement, the group that led the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989…although Hu Jia wasn’t involved with them at the time. Do a little research. He has done much more than just write a few articles. He actively conspired with foreign intelligence agencies attempting to destabilize China’s government. If a US citizen did what he did, they would be arrested and charged with treason. Make no mistake, Hu Jia is an instrument of Western Imperialism. S.K. Cheung says: October 8, 2008 at 4:40 am If the guy did half as much as you suggest he may have done, do you think all he’d get in China is jail for his troubles? Or if China had evidence of the activities you suggest….scrap that, I don’t think China subscribes to rules of evidence anyhow. Wow, “western imperialism”, scary sounding stuff. Must keep you up at nights… Blake says: October 8, 2008 at 4:51 am S.K. Cheung, All of this is easy enough to verify. Do a little research. The NED makes no secret of the fact that they are the funding arm for the CIA, in fact, that is the why they were created in the first place and they admit it on their website. Also, they openly admit supporting the Chinese Democracy Movement which is one of Hu Jia’s main causes. This isn’t a secret, or even well-hidden. However, most Americans are completely ignorant about it because they just sheepishly believe whatever the government tells them to believe. S.K. Cheung says: And again, if all this is as true as you claim, wouldn’t Hu have met the business end of a CCP firing squad long ago? We should be asking if Hu deserves the Nobel posthumously. Blake says: October 8, 2008 at 5:46 am S.K. Cheung, And again, you obviously haven’t even bothered to check the facts for yourself. Don’t take my word for it, and do some research. Wikipedia has much of the information you will need, and you can verify it with information on the NED’s own website. This is not difficult information to find and verify…it just takes a minimal amount of effort. As for why Hu Jia hasn’t been executed, ironically, this probably has a lot to do with his ties to the NED. Reporters Without Borders, also a NED-supported organization, has done a good job at portraying Hu Jia as an oppressed human rights worker and blogger. Executing Hu Jia would result in a flurry of anti-Chinese propaganda from the West. S.K. Cheung says: October 8, 2008 at 6:12 am You’re right. Haven’t bothered. Wow, NED should nominate themselves for the Peace Prize, since they seem to have 2 horses in the race this year, based on your assertions. So what you’re saying is, China won’t execute someone whom they have reason to believe has committed treason against her, because of what the west might think? This from a country who spares no effort in casting broad definitions of “internal matters”. That’s priceless. Blake says: S.K. Cheung, Make that (at least) three. Gao Zhisheng also has close ties with the NED. Believe it or not, the Chinese government does care what the West thinks. After all, we are their best customers. They probably figure executing Hu Jia would be more damaging to their government than leaving him alive. I would like to add that I don’t think Hu Jia deserves execution or even arrest…I’m just explaining why the Chinese government feels it is justified in its actions. However, I don’t think Hu Jia should even be considered for a Nobel Prize. Personally, I think some of the NED’s efforts have had a positve effect in China. Compared to conditions before the Tiananmen Square Protests in 1989, China is a much improved society. Of course they still have a ways to go. I’m truly thankful to live in a country where a conversation like this can even take place. For all of China’s recent progress, If I were Chinese, I don’t think I would post comments like these about the Chinese government. Luckily, I live in a country where I don’t have to worry about being hauled off to prison just for something I said. Just a minute, there’s someone at the door…. Blake says: October 8, 2008 at 7:56 am Just the pizza guy. Of the names on the BetSafe.com list, I like Save the Children. What could be more important than providing food for the millions of children that starve to death each year? Gandhi would also be a good choice, but he is not on the list. Jerry says: October 8, 2008 at 11:27 am @ChinkTalk, #269 But I do know that Enron, the hedge fund wonderboy at one time, needed 5 billion US to be rescued by the Clinton administration, was run by a couple of Nobel Prize Laureates in economics. So much for the prestige of the Nobel. CT, some questions. I know that Enron under Skillings and Lay were no group of choirboys and choirgirls, they were criminals. I don’t understand some of these connections you wrote about. Would you mind clarifying and explaining. Enron, hedge fund wonderboy? $5 billion bailout by Clinton administration? Run by Nobel Economic Prize laureates? Any citations for these statements? Bob says: October 8, 2008 at 4:55 pm Guess what, Roger Yonchien Tsien 錢永健 is the newest member to the growing list of Nobel Prize winners of Chinese descent. Tsien is one of the three recipients to share this year’s Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on green fluorescent protein. Word has it he is a (distant) nephew of Tsien Hsue-shen 钱学森 known as the “Father of Chinese Rocketry.” ChinkTalk says: @Jerry Like RUMman #240 -“There were various different incidents. From memory.” I recalled only from memory based on what I read from local newspapers. I will search for them from appropriate sites. S.K. Cheung says: October 9, 2008 at 6:28 am To Blake: “I’m truly thankful to live in a country where a conversation like this can even take place” – frankly, I think this would be a great gauge of China’s progress. I think China will be a much better place when this conversation can take place there, unfettered. BTW, that’s a good one with the guy at the door thing…. 🙂 Dan says: October 10, 2008 at 2:19 am I agree with Kai. The Chinese Communist government has done more for world peace than any other countries in the world. Despite the Western accusations of human rights, corruptions, Darfu,Tibet etc, – while I do agree that there are serious problems, but no one nation is innocent of faults, I sure would like a finer examination of how the Chinese were treated under British rule in Hong Kong, – China has done more for world stability than other countries. The Italians have the decency to pay Lybia $5B for its colonial days. Shouldn’t the British pay something to the Hong Kong Chinese. I thought the “peace” prize is recognition for work on bridging opposing forces – like in the case of Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, not one that instigates conflict. If one gets a peace prize for simply “fighting” for social justice, environement, etc. than I should get the “peace” prize by going out everyday and complain about every injustice that happens along the way. The more difficult task is really bringing peace to the Middle East for example. There is no democracy involved in the Nobel prizes because they are determined by five anonymous members in secrecy. Bob says: October 10, 2008 at 2:36 am On the eve of announcement of the 2008 Nobel Peace Prize winner, I read some background material. [per Wikipedia] According to Nobel’s will, the Peace Prize should be awarded “to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.” This reaffirms my statement earlier in this blog that Nobel would be agonizing in his grave over the hijacked political move by the current committee in Norway if Hu Jia turned out to be the recipient. Neither the manner in which Hu Jia has conducted to advance his causes nor the decision to award him the Nobel Peace Prize is in fundamental agreement with the goal of betterment of fraternity between nations. Simply put, Nobel Peace Prize is by no means the same as Human Rights Activist (or some other friggin’ names similar to this bloated term) Award. Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 3:17 am “Simply put, Nobel Peace Prize is by no means the same as Human Rights Activist (or some other friggin’ names similar to this bloated term) Award.” What did Al Gore and the IPCC do to promote world peace? Were there any angry protests at the time? Of course not, but it’s good that the question is brought up. The peace prize stopped being a peace prize a long time ago, but I still think it’s an honor to get it. Recommended reading: http://www.zompist.com/ask.html#26 “To put this in some perspective, this is the same prize that’s also been awarded to Yasser Arafat and Henry Kissinger. An alien scanning the prize list might be forgiven for assuming that Gore won the prize for causing climate change and then backing off later on. (…) It’s also clear from the list that the prize isn’t so much for peace as for humanitarianism— cf. the awards to Mother Theresa, the ILO, Martin Luther King, and the Red Cross.” Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 3:21 am If Hu Jia gets the peace prize and China begins to complain, I will, as a Swedish national whose heart is bleeding for my Norwegian compatriots, stage a one-day boycott of all goods Chinese and protest this blatant incursion into their internal affairs and right of self-determination. 🙂 saimneor says: October 10, 2008 at 3:30 am Is it a big deal? I mean I can understand people think NP Chemistry and Physics are important, partially because the modern science has its roots from the Renaissance and was developed almost exclusively in the West for many years, until the east start to learn from it. If Alfred Nobel is considered as the poster child of that development, his judgment can be trusted. But peace? It seems the Swedish people may reach a bit too far. Can one nation’s value system be applied to many different people with entirely different culture and tradition? The level of pride in this prize has pushed the value down, way down. You need to develop a world view first, before you can recognize achievements in world peace, otherwise it becomes a display of your own arrogance. So I do not think chinese will complain too much. They will probably laugh at it more often. Bob says: Saimneor, “Peace” was Nobel’s own brainchild and one of the five original prizes designated in Nobel’s will. Only “Economics” was added later on by the Swedes. saimneor says: Not arguing with Alfred. I am pointing out the recognition of a prize is linked to the (current) evaluation process. We are not buying simply because someone said so. At least they can not force me to respect them. Wukailong says: The peace prize is Norwegian. Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 3:54 am “Can one nation’s value system be applied to many different people with entirely different culture and tradition?” It of course depends on what you mean by Chinese or other people’s culture being “entirely different”. That’s quite a bold statement, actually. 🙂 I’m not sure I respect the Nobel establishment that much (always thought their evening party is a bit silly, and the Swedish Academy takes itself way too seriously), so I’m with you on not being forced to respect them. You don’t have to. S.K. Cheung says: October 10, 2008 at 4:39 am To Saimneor: “At least they can not force me to respect them.” – and no one is asking you to. But there are many many others who do. And that’s their choice. Which is why, even if all 1.3 billion CHinese don’t give a hoot, the Nobels will still be the most famous prizes in the world. And let’s face it, if no one cared, would this thread be heading towards 3 bills in comments? Jerry says: October 10, 2008 at 4:55 am @S.K. Cheung #296 Good points, SK. The Nobel Prizes bring people to my attention I probably would never know otherwise. Yes, they can’t give a prize to every worthy candidate. But they do the best they can. “And let’s face it, if no one cared, would this thread be heading towards 3 bills in comments?” Amen! BTW, the Asian stock markets are getting hammered today. Even the Nikkei 225, which is down 13.50% right now. Speculation as to whether Morgan Stanley will make it to Tuesday when they are going to get an infusion from UFJ Mitsubishi. What a world. What a ride. Shalom. L’chaim. Au revoir. saimneor says: October 10, 2008 at 5:33 am SKC, Wasn’t the topic about how chinese people respond to such a result? So if 1.3 billion chinese do not care, you find your answer right there. On the other hand, there are 5+ billion people living outside of Europe or North America. If these people don’t give a damn, would it be appropriate to not call it a prize to recognize “world” peace, maybe “west world” peace is more appropriate. Oh wait, let’s see; I am not sure how Russian considers NP for Politics, oops, Peace, or some of the eastern European countries. Anyway, if it is a true respectable prize for world peace, wouldn’t the Islam world, the chinese, and all of those anti-west countries have a say? after all, they are the majority in world population. It may be too much for you to realize the people US calls terrorists or axis of evil may also have an opinion on world peace issues; they are human after all. Jerry says: October 10, 2008 at 5:35 am @S.K. Cheung Correction in #297. As of 2pm JST, the Nikkei was down 9.02%, losing -826.41. Earlier this morning it was down 1,000, a 10+% drop. Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 6:00 am @saimneor: “Anyway, if it is a true respectable prize for world peace, wouldn’t the Islam world, the chinese, and all of those anti-west countries have a say? after all, they are the majority in world population.” If the prize was awarded by some international commission where every country was present, this would be a valid question. Now it isn’t – it’s awarded by a small Norwegian committee whose discussions are not open to the public. No Norwegian, Swede, Chinese, American or anyone else except that group has any say in this. Also, the prize is not for pleasing governments. S.K. Cheung says: To Saimneor: notice that my supposition was “even if”; yours are just “ifs”. And there’s a difference. BTW, it’s the Nobel Peace Prize, not the world peace prize. And it’s their prize to award; so if people don’t like it, they should stop whining, pony up, and make their own. What’s stopping you? And finally, it’s unusual for people who “don’t give a damn” about something to continue to talk about it incessantly. And look, I just took us to 3 bills; care to make it 301 comments about something you obviously care so little about? S.K. Cheung says: Do people limit their discussions at FM on responding to the OP? I think not. Are you sure that all 1.3 billion Chinese don’t care? Hmmm… On the other hand, there are 5+ billion people living outside of Europe or North America. If these people don’t give a damn, would it be appropriate to not call it a prize to recognize “world” peace, maybe “west world” peace is more appropriate. Are you sure that all 5+ billion feel and believe like you do? Hmmm… Where can we find a list of the various Nobel jurors? How do we know where each juror was born and where they live now? Does the Nobel Foundation claim that the NP is a world prize? Just curious? October 10, 2008 at 6:09 am SKC, If you are so concern about the number of messages, you should stop posting. Without your 40+ messages, we are still below the 260 mark. S.K. Cheung says: October 10, 2008 at 6:12 am To Jerry: well, at this point, watching the market is like watching a car accident. Kind of gruesome. Kind of painful. But darnit you still gotta look. I’ve said many times before, I’m no economist. And thankfully, I’m in it for the long haul. But I never understood people hanging on every blip of the ebb and flow of wall street, or any market index. If it goes up, great, but it’s probably gonna come down some at some point; if it goes down, shucks, but wait long enough and it’ll probably bounce back. And over the long haul, you’ll probably be ahead. Selling now just means you’ve locked in your losses. If I had more spare change, I’d be buying right now. Jerry says: thanks for the advice. I think I’ll file it in the usual spot… Jerry says: October 10, 2008 at 6:13 am @saimneor #304 Touchy, touchy, saimneor!! I think SK is just making an observation and a point here, not a critique. S.K. Cheung says: October 10, 2008 at 6:16 am To Jerry #303: LOL. Saimneor is not just speaking for all Chinese; he’s now speaking for all non-European non-North American humans! Very impressive, this guy. saimneor says: Jerry, “Do people limit their discussions at FM on responding to the OP? I think not.” If I am writing a message to respond the to the OP and SKC find it strange, can I at least tell him the purpose of my writing? You think I should not? Are you sure that all 1.3 billion Chinese don’t care? Hmmm… I never said they do or they do not. It was a hypothetical scenario SKC brought up for discussion. Is it really hard to understand? Are you sure that all 5+ billion feel and believe like you do? Hmmm… Are you sure their opinions were asked? Is there a representative in that committe represent these people? Again, I did not say these people will or will not support NP. You can see the word “if”. It is for discussion. Does the Nobel Foundation claim that the NP is a world prize? They better not. And I think their faithful followers should know that too. saimneor says: October 10, 2008 at 6:22 am SKC #309 You are right, I am pointing out the possible limitations of this prize, in a message thread discussing this issue. My personal opinions only, don’t be too excited. care to make it 301 comments about something you obviously care so little about? It is also frustrating for me to realize some people here do not understand even if the discussion is related to a prize I do not care about. I care about the discussion topic. You would think expressing ideas is not such a dangerous thing nowadays; am I correct? Jerry says: Oops, here I go, increasing the count with an off-topic response. SK, I have to watch too. It’s fascinating. I use Bloomberg (What can I say, he is part of the tribe?). http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks/wei_region3.html I am a long hauler, too. I am no economist, either. Just watching. Jerry says: October 10, 2008 at 6:30 am @saimneor #311 I sensed that the conditional subjunctive speculation in #298 was more a statement than a conditional. If I did so in error, then I am sorry. Thanks for the clarifications. saimneor says: October 10, 2008 at 6:37 am Jerry#313, To clarify, the if statement in #298 is meant to discuss this issue under the context created by SKC in #296. SKC said: even if all 1.3 billion CHinese don’t give a hoot, the Nobels will still be the most famous prizes in the world. So, SKC said if the chinese don’t care, NP is still famous. I was saying if chinese don’t care, we know the answer to OP’s question. You can read it different ways. I am not presenting a fact of any kind Jerry says: @S.K. Cheung #309 What a flurry. LOL back at you. I saw the “if” and even your “even if”. It is just the way saimneor couched his conditional “if”. It didn’t look like a conditional to me, and it did not pass the “duck” test. Hence I treated them as statements. Hell, I can’t even speak for my Jewish friends, let alone over half the world. 😀 Or my daughter, for that matter. LOL I gotta stop. October 10, 2008 at 6:46 am To Saimneor: far be it for me to tell you what to do. If I don’t care about something, I’m not gonna be talking about it…it’s part of me not caring. But you do what you gotta do, and I will too. Bob says: 1. a letter that Hu Jia wrote to the German Chancellor Merkel. In the letter he seems representing ‘hundreds of millions of Chinese Buddhists wish Dalai Lama back to China… ‘” Whoa, can’t believe I missed it. I have thus far refrained from calling him a traitor, but this letter takes the cake. My verdict: guilty as charged. saimneor says: October 10, 2008 at 6:52 am People, I do not mind we all have different opinions. But at least we should all be logical. If “IF” is not starting a conditional clause, replace it with any word you think more appropriate; and the result is what I want to say. No one is trying to mislead you. It was simply a reply of what S.K. Cheung said two posts above that one. And, again, S.K.Cheung was trying to tell me I should not post any more on this thread because I do not care enough about the NP Peace. You are right. But I do care about talking about it. I do care about this thread. Can I care about the effect of something (that I personally do not care about) on other people? saimneor says: October 10, 2008 at 6:56 am SKC #316, Can I care about the effect of something (that I personally do not care about) on other people? Can I at least point out the limitations of that something and tell you the reason I do not care about it? Using your own logic, if you do not care that I write about something I do not care, why do you post multiple times requesting me to stop? You should not write about something you do not care, remember? Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 7:03 am Guys, I think the discussion about the “if” can be finished now… 🙂 @Bob: Perhaps he is guilty as charged, though I’m not sure under which law, and I’ve been trying in vain to find the verdict. I guess it’s a state secret? I didn’t know that China had hundreds of millions of practicing Buddhists, btw, but perhaps Hu Jia was sentenced for spreading faulty information about religion? Bob says: Hey Swedish national, if I can find it online, I am sure you can too. Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 7:55 am @Bob: I’ve found the China Daily report, but not the full verdict. Here’s the article for those interested: “Hu Jia was sentenced here Thursday by the Beijing First Intermediate People’s Court to three and half years imprisonment, with one year deprivation of political rights, for subverting the state. The verdict said Hu, an unemployed father aged 34 and the holder of a college degree, libeled the Chinese political and social systems, and instigated subversion of the state, which is a crime under Chinese law. Considering Hu’s confession of crime and acceptance of punishment, the court said it had decided the ruling with leniency and announced a less harsh prison sentence. The court heard that from August 2006 to October 2007, Hu published articles on overseas-run websites, made comments in interviews with foreign media, and repeatedly instigated other people to subvert the state’s political power and socialist system. In his two website articles, ‘China Political Law-enforcement Organs Create Large-scale Horror ahead of CPC National Congress’, and ‘One Country Doesn’t Need Two Systems’, Hu spread malicious rumors, and committed libel in an attempt to subvert the state’s political power and socialist system, the court said in the verdict. The articles written by Hu and his interviews were widely relayed by overseas-run websites, the court said. The court said the verdict was based on Article 105, 56 and 55 of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China. Both his lawyer and Hu himself defended the accused. Hu’s family, among others, heard the court debate and attended the court while Hu’s sentence was pronounced.” Nobel Prizes for Literature and Peace are known for disagreement due to their nature of complication and confusion as, unlike other prizes, these are perceived differently due to the piercers’ cultural or political background. However, the Literature part is over with prize going to France. “French President Nicolas Sarkozy congratulated the writer, saying that Le Clezio, embodies the grandeur of France, its culture, and its values in a globalized world.” Hope the Peace Prize can go to someone who has no problem with any side, which is always the problem, so that s/he can also receive a warm congratulation without assaulting and demonizing attack from individuals and institutions! Bob says: This just in — Martti Ahtisaari of Finland is the deserving one: “for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts” Thank God the humanity is saved. Peace. @Bob: You beat me! 🙂 I was just trying to find out who got the price, but the net is awfully slow right now… Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 9:42 am Now when it’s over for this year, it’s interesting to note how discussions in this thread seem to have been carried out under the assumption that Hu Jia had basically already gotten the prize. Certainly the discussion was whether he deserved it or not, but it quickly turned into the intentions of the Nobel committee and what its backers (ideological and political) are. I’m not going to point at anybody, just point out that I tend to do the same thing on a personal level – assume a person will react a certain way, and then find the underlying motives for doing so, without first waiting for the person’s decision. raffiaflower says: October 10, 2008 at 10:02 am “Shouldn’t past objectionable behavior be a cautionary tale from which we can learn. The failure to learn from history has caused much suffering by many people.” – Jerry says. It certainly should be. In this area, the Chinese govt has shown it has learnt well, abandoning political dogma for economic pragmatism to improve lives. It continues to move up the learning curve by making incremental changes, but they are made to suit local conditions, as has been said ad nauseam. Shouldn’t the past objectionable behaviour of the West – bullying, lecturing and hectoring China – be a lesson for it to learn from, instead of behaving in the same manner even today? The anti-Chinese riots through the torch relay were a good example that West has not learnt from its own behaviour. Pontification is a two-way thing. On the Chinese side, it seems there are as many holier-than-thou Westerners lecturing China a thing or two on how to behave, Endless comparisons made: since human rights are universal, comparisons are bound to be made. If Western leaders and media are so vocal on alleged Chinese violations in Tibet, why have they kept sotto voce in occupied territories where it is much worse. I have asked SKC before: what about Britain rounding up innocent children abandoned in state orphanages and shipping them off to Australia, a gross abuse of human rights that went on right till the mid-1960s, in the name of “social stability’’ and “for their own good”? China remains at a state of social development that is behind that of advanced democracies, and does things for the same reason. Whatever the time frame, many of these things are objectionable. But there are people in China – and foreigners such as John Kamm, and many others who work to help animals, orphans, etc – who work within, and with, the system to make the little changes. Hu Jia chose to engage with forces outside the system. Legally, that’s not on. That has also been a betrayal of social values such as self-reliance, and has drawn emotive responses. Wulaikong, yes, I would say there are hundreds of millions of practising Buddhists in China. The latest issue of Businessweek claims there are 130 ml Christians. ( I must learn to trust thoroughly fact-checked impartial Western media that represent the fourth estate) and possibly – just possibly – Buddhism may have a few more adherents. The last time I went, Jing An temple in Shanghai was on a drive for funds to build a golden Buddha, and donations were doing quite well. Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 6:41 pm Here is an interesting excerpt about the Nobel Prize from Time magazine , The literature and peace prizes regularly inspire controversy. Jean Paul Sartre rejected his 1964 prize in literature, though his family tried to reclaim the award money after his death. Pablo Neruda wanted a Nobel Prize so much that he reportedly wined and dined Swedish writers and academics at his seaside villa; he finally won one in 1971. Bob Dylan has been nominated six times, Jerry Lewis once. In 2004, the literature prize went to Austrian feminist Elfriede Jelinek, a move so controversial that one assembly member resigned in protest. Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho shared a 1973 Peace Prize for negotiating the end of the Vietnam War. Tho rejected his award, saying that there was no peace in his country. Kissinger’s acceptance caused uproar; apparently the former National Security Advisor’s role in a secret war against Cambodia and the overthrow of the Chilean government didn’t sit well with some people. Some Nobel Prizes have gone to discoveries that turned out to be wrong. The 1926 Nobel Prize in medicine went to Johannes Fibiger, for discovering that roundworms caused cancer (they don’t). A year later, psychiatrist Julius Wagner-Jauregg won for injecting patients with malaria to treat syphilitic dementia (not a good idea). Past laureates have espoused eugenics, opposed public schooling, joined the Nazi party, and claimed that September 11 attacks were an inside job. But the majority of prizes have gone to sound discoveries (x-rays, quantum physics, penicillin) and respected leaders (Martin Luther King, Albert Einstein, Nelson Mandela). This year’s winners will come away with a medal, 10 million kroner (about $1.4 million), and the satisfaction of being inducted into one of the most exclusive clubs in history. S.K. Cheung says: To Saimneor #319: my logic is that if you don’t care about something, stop whining about it. This is what I wrote in #316: “But you do what you gotta do” – not sure how you took that as me requesting anything of you. But just to be clear: I couldn’t care less what you do, or don’t do. Hope that’s clear enough for you. Jerry says: @ saimneor #319 SK, LMAO. I just did not have the heart to respond last night to saimneor (#319), “And, again, S.K.Cheung was trying to tell me I should not post any more on this thread because I do not care enough about the NP Peace.” The convolution and distortion was just too much. 😀 I trust that your clarifications will do the trick. —————- saimneor , even if (please note that I am saying “even if”) SK told you what you allege he told you (#319), you are under no obligation to follow such instructions. SK never told you that you could not post anymore. SK has no power to force you to stop posting. SK does not have the right to tell you that you can not post anymore. Furthermore, I doubt that SK would ever say that to you. Thanks. Now we are at 331 posts. This comment does not imply that I am disturbed by the number of posts. Just making a notation. October 11, 2008 at 4:54 am @saimneor, I’d follow Jerry’s advice. When I tell people to shut up here, no one ever listens. So if no one listens to me, I sure hope you don’t listen to someone else – least of all SKC 😉 , who is quite a softie actually once you get to know him! 🙂 Nobody says: Time Magazine: But the majority of prizes have gone to sound discoveries (x-rays, quantum physics, penicillin) and respected leaders (Martin Luther King, Albert Einstein, Nelson Mandela). BUT some MANY years Later…..sometimes too late….. 9/11 Truth Norway: 9/11 Truth nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize 2008 9/11 Truth nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize 2008 4 October 2008 Reason for the nomination of David Ray Griffin and the 9/11 Truth Movement to the Nobel Peace Prize 2008 Supported by 10 professors, or current or former MPs The wars of the 21st century – what the U.S. President has called ‘The global war on terror’ – are justified with a tragic event: the attacks against New York and Washington 11 September 2001. This event would come to justify pre-emptive war on enemies who seemed to be everywhere and nowhere. From 2001 terrorism was presented as the biggest threat to Western society, and the foremost evidence of this threat, we were told, were the events of 11 September. In recent years, however, the 9/11 Truth Movement and their outstanding academic David Ray Griffin presented strong evidence that the attacks of 11 September were not carried out by Islamist terrorists, as we have been told, but by a U.S. ‘war lite’ as an excuse to go to war against Afghanistan and Iraq (wars that were already approved). David Ray Griffin and the 9/11 Truth Movement have presented convincing evidence showing that this ‘war elite’ carried out these attacks to establish a new enemy after the Cold War, and to start wars in line with their economic and political interests. We believe the most important contribution to peace in the 21st century is the disclosure of these elite political games and the removal of the false reasons for its aggressive wars. This Griffin and the 9/11 Truth Movement have done in an excellent way. If the attack on 11 September was a U.S. ‘false flag operation’ to justify wars in the Middle East, the disclosure of that fact should be honored with the Nobel Peace Prize. We therefore nominate this David Ray Griffin and the 9/11 Truth Movement to share the Nobel Peace Prize for 2008. In that era the U.S. administration called ‘The global war on terror’ David Ray Griffin and the 9/11 Truth Movement have provided the most significant contribution to peace, and for this they should be given the Nobel Peace Prize for 2008. S.K. Cheung says: October 11, 2008 at 4:29 pm To Jerry #331: ahhh, someone else who appreciates the difference between “if” and “even if”. Nice to know they’re still out there 🙂 To Jerry and Allen: you’re both making me sound very powerless. And here I was plotting all this time for world domination… back to the drawing board go I. S.K. Cheung says: October 11, 2008 at 4:45 pm To Nobody: “BUT some MANY years Later” – I agree. Just looking at this year’s various awards, seems that the winners won for things they did decades ago, but whose discoveries have proved their significance with the test of time. So really, Hu Jia doesn’t even meet that criteria. If his activism bears fruit in 20 years, then he might be in the running. Nobody says: Agreed. Time will tell…. Over 50 senior military, intelligence, and government officials are now on record questioning 9/11. Read media statements from members of congress, a former director of the FBI, a former chief economist of President George W. Bush, an assistant secretary of the Treasury under President Reagan, the former head of advanced space programs for the Department of Defense under Reagan, a British cabinet minister under Prime Minister Tony Blair, and more. In reports on respected websites (links provided), each of these prominent leaders now claims that there are serious problems with the official government story of 9/11. Over 100 respected and distinguished professors claiming a 9/11 cover-up… Senior Military, Intelligence, and Government Officials Question 9/11 Commission Report And here I was plotting all this time for world domination… SKC, So, you wanna be the King of the World, huh? I think, before you get there, you have to either find Kate Winslet and bed her, or take the road impossible to become a King-maker, like 3rd century 王導 for example. He was advisor to Three Emperors. Or be a SOB like 秦桧, the two-headed snake, traitor of the Han race, who masterminded the political execution of the inconquerable General Yue Fei 岳飛. Or be as smart as 诸葛亮. However, even they failed in dominating the world. Where military might failed, the power of mammon is a lot more promising, SKC. As seen in more recent history, around the 17th century’s end, there appeared a master of usury, a pawn shop owner turned King-Maker. It was non other than Mayer Amschel Bauer, the “founding father of international finance”. Mayer later changed his family name to Rothschild, the german name for red shield, the name of Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s father, Moses Bauer’s pawnshop. Mayer loaned money at interest to Wilhelm IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. And during and after the invasion and conquest by Napoleon, Wilhelm went into exile for several years, during which time, Mayer managed the King’s fortune. With wealth Mayer was able to have the power of first hand information. He made enormous fortunes from the Napoleonic war in the stock market. Later, the Rothschild family banking empire financed the World wars. SKC, I gather you are in finances. How friendly are you with George Soros? Have you ever been to a Rothschild or Rockefellas’ party? Do you even have the one time entry pass to Zion, that mountain city? If you don’t, may I sugguest you join me and the rest of the world, if you can, to eat, drink and be merry, for the world, as we know it, may not see the 22nd century. Happy dreams. Jerry says: Allen, I just hope that you don’t throw an injunction at us some time. 😀 —————- #334 Sorry, SK. I just hate stomping on your “world domination” dreams. How can you ever forgive me? 😉 —————- #336 Nobody, I agree that 9/11 deserves much more thorough investigation. Apparently, some people with whom I am familiar agree: Max Cleland, Louis Freeh, Ray McGovern, Scott Ritter, Richard Clarke. The 9/11 Commission was a farce. S.K. Cheung says: October 12, 2008 at 1:44 am To HKer, nice Titanic reference (I mean the movie of course). Well, I know i won’t be seeing the 22nd century. And my kids will be in guinness book themselves if they do. But hopefully it’ll be there for the grandkids. But yes, for now, eating, drinking (preferably Guinness), being merry, all very good ideas. S.K. Cheung says: forget world domination, I’ll settle for my kids obeying all my commands at this point. Jerry says: @S.K. Cheung #340 “forget world domination, I’ll settle for my kids obeying all my commands at this point.” I used to wish the same for me. SK, as the father of a 29 year old son and a 26 year old daughter, I wish you luck. Mazel tov. 😀 Please let me know where I went wrong with my kids. LOL S.K. Cheung says: October 12, 2008 at 2:13 am To Jerry: hey, 2 adult kids, alive, limbs intact, gainfully employed, not on crack, university educated…I’d say you’ve done alright. You should be writing a how-to book. I know I’d buy it. 🙂 Jerry says: @S.K. Cheung #342 LMAO “You should be writing a how-to book. I know I’d buy it.” SK, I’ll let you know when I publish it. Don’t hold your breath. 😀 To give you an idea why I probably won’t write it, let me tell you a short story. Nearly 2 years ago on her 25th birthday, I called my daughter. During the conversation, all of a sudden, she stopped and asked, “Dad, how did you ever put up with me when I was 17 years old?” To which I drolly answered, “Let’s not go there.” We both laughed. 😀 BTW, self-help books usually benefit the writer far more than the reader. At least financially. 😀 saimneor says: October 12, 2008 at 3:25 am @SKC #330 Here let me try this one last time. Let us define a statement S = saimneor should not comment on things he does not care. It is safe to say you do not care about S. Then why are you keep writing about it? As you said, you should “stop whining about it”. Or, your rules do not apply to yourself? ——————————————————————– Hey everyone else, thanks for the messages. I am not angry but I was frustrated by the lack of logic in a few posts. It does not affect anything else, just helps to increase the message count. Oli says: October 12, 2008 at 3:37 am Wow, so many smilies and 344 posts (what is the max record of posts ever anyway and is admin keeping one anyway?). Well, here’s adding mine to the count. 🙂 Also thought I might just chime in to say that I have nothing to say. Nope, nothing. Absolutely nothing. Nada. Rien. Ganz und gar ueberhaupt nichts, 没话好说. Is that saying something??? S.K. Cheung says: To anyone other than Saimneor: (like Jerry or Allen, for instance). Clearly, my #330 was not clear enough. Sad really. Alas, if at first you don’t succeed… First of all, as defined, I absolutely care about S. If Saimneor only had the common decency to practice S, my time currently would be better spent. On the other hand, I absolutely could not give 2 figs about the owner of S. And whether said owner chooses to practice his own statements, is also something of little interest to me. Now, since I apply my rules without bias, admittedly the last statement is in contravention thereof. However, as a polite individual, I feel EVEN HIS questions deserve an answer. Hopefully, he has the decency to not direct future posts at me, or end with questions, so that I may practice S v2.0 (where S v2.0 = SKC will ignore future frivolous and illogical statements from Saimneor). S.K. Cheung says: October 12, 2008 at 4:25 am To Jerry #343: I’ve heard that the true measure of a parent is what their child thinks of them when the “child” is 30, not 13. So you should be getting a couple of report cards in the next little while. Me, I’m closer to the first checkpoint. Yippee for me. If someone discovers a way to accelerate the frontal lobe maturation of teenagers, I want it. saimneor says: October 12, 2008 at 4:29 am Ok, this one is not “directly” sent to any one. In #330, the author wrote “But just to be clear: I couldn’t care less what you do, or don’t do. Hope that’s clear enough for you.”. I found a little contradiction with #346. Is it clear enough for you? S.K. Cheung says: Sad…pathetic really…to each his own. Just an observation about the trials and tribulations of life…directed at no one in particular. Jerry says: @S.K. Cheung #346, 347 #346 LMAO³, if that is possible. Ordinarily, SK, I would say, “What is the use.” I just can’t stop laughing. Don’t stop, I am having too much fun. 😀 You have a great career ahead of you as a satirist or a stand-up comedian. And, George Carlin is dead. Big shoes to fill, but I have faith in you. You might want to get in touch with Tina Fey, too. 😀 At least you take this with great humor. Very admirable. Yes, I thought it clear, too. But then again, there are those… 😀 Priceless, priceless and much better than a Mastercard ad. LOL —————- #347 My son, who turns 30 in December, has given me good grades. My daughter, who turns 27 on November 1 (hence I call her Boo [born day after Halloween] and since graduating from med school, Dr. Boo) has given me good grades too. Perhaps she has been influenced by the new Honda CRX I bought for her after graduation. And she wants to visit me in Taipei in January. And guess who she will probably want to buy her plane ticket. And, oh yeah, she also wants to go to HK. 😀 Regarding correcting frontal lobe deficiencies/immaturities in teenagers, that would be worth a Nobel Prize in Medicine. And there are always frontal lobotomies, I dare suggest. 😀 BTW, do you have a daughter? If so, my sympathy to you. Jerry says: October 12, 2008 at 5:37 am To Jerry: if you’re able to laugh in the third power, you’re clearly in a good mindspace. Something else you’ll have to teach me. So not only are your kids all-that of #342, but they also turn in assignments early? Jeez…I’m envious bordering on jealous, but not in the Othello sense. Good thing you corrected yourself though…I would’ve thought graduating from medical school would be deserving of more than a 20 year old car…not that there’s anything wrong with that 🙂 Considering she’s got the student loans, and you have the bejeweled NDA, I’d say you should spring for the tix. But I didn’t think doctors get time off. As for the “btw”, I’ve got 2. So I’ll be needing your good wishes in the second power, please. Who knows, maybe even in the third… Jerry says: October 12, 2008 at 6:17 am @S.K. Cheung #352 At least if you are not Othellic, I need not ask who plays Iago in your life. (Please note that I said “at least if”. LOL) BTW, since I mentioned Paul Robeson, he with that mellifluous bass voice, earlier in this thread (a lot earlier), he played Othello on Broadway in 1943. The marvelous Jose Ferrer played Iago. “I would’ve thought graduating from medical school would be deserving of more than a 20 year old car…not that there’s anything wrong with that”. My wonderful daughter felt the same way as you in the former. But regarding the latter, she would take issue. She would see plenty wrong. Her boyfriend, a future orthopedic surgeon (my daughter is an orthopedic surgery resident) would see nothing wrong, either. Boy is he in for a surprise! 😀 Yes, daddy will spring for the tix. About your dear daughters, and a possible third, I never regret having a daughter. She has told me I probably would have wanted two boys, but I have told her I would never think that way. Dads and daughters have a special bond. Yes, she has been more expensive than my son, but as she always tells me, “Dad, I am worth it!” 😀 She is priceless. Not going to trade her. Mazel tov. L’chaim. Bonne chance, mon ami. Hongkonger says: October 12, 2008 at 9:26 am To HKer, nice Titanic reference (I mean the movie of course). Well, I know i won’t be seeing the 22nd century. And my kids will be in guinness book themselves if they do….eating, drinking (preferably Guinness), being merry, all very good ideas. SKC, Have you seen Winslet in the movie”Smoke?” Tsk, tsk, tsk, see what I mean by having no expectation? It’s not your fault, we’ve all together been fooooled. I know, it is probably not possible to live forever, but 150? Man, that’s how long we are all supposed to live. Which means, to live to see AD 2100 is entirely possible, if all the money and energy wasted on wars and WMD are poured into finding ways to cure all diseases and to slow down the aging process. SKC, I dunno if I am pulling your leg or if some Englishman was yanking my Foomanchu-piggytail, but I was told that Imported GUINNESS draft in HK actually taste better than they do in Dublin…???? Is that possible???? October 12, 2008 at 11:37 am @HKer – I’ve been to the Guinness brewery in Dublin, and I’ve drunk the stuff they sell on the mainland and HK. Dublin was like pouring a delicious ice-cold silk down your throat, the stuff in China tasted like mud mixed with water. Dude, there’s no comparison! S.K. Cheung says: October 13, 2008 at 12:12 am To HKer and FOARP: I wouldn’t know. All I can say is the Guinness in Canada is yummy. But I mean the draught; I’m not so much into the stout, personally. Hongkonger says: October 13, 2008 at 12:16 am Totally agree with FOARP – “the stuff in China tasted like mud mixed with water.” Talk about Money for nothin’ & chicks for free… I can understand the “piss” they sell in China at (US$0.50 / 4.00RMB) for a 750ml of Qing Dao brewed and bottled in Guangdong couldn’t possibly compare with genuine german style brewsky from the Green Island(Qing Dao) for exports at US$2.00 / HK$15. The first time I bought a 350ml can of Guiness in Shenzhen, I had to chuck it after the second sip just to be sure it wasn’t some fake shit. The unfortunate thing is that it was the real thing – but watered down for the huge market! FOARP, I suspect what you might have tasted in HK was a china produced can-Guiness, right? These are my favourite brews, Stella Artois, Kilkenny and Guiness on tap, but they are between US$4.5 and $6.00 / HK$30-40 (Happy Hour or 2for 1 prices) a pint of smooth happy frothy. Otherwise they are around HK$60- HK$80 a pint, dudes. Yikes! S.K. Cheung says: October 13, 2008 at 4:48 am To Hker: yes, definitely, Guinness on tap is best. So, you’ve got good taste in brew, good taste in music…you’re one fine gentleman, sir! Hongkonger says: October 13, 2008 at 1:29 pm Jerry, SKC, #347 “Regarding correcting frontal lobe deficiencies/immaturities in teenagers, that would be worth a Nobel Prize in Medicine. And there are always frontal lobotomies, I dare suggest..” There’s a chinese saying, “穷人的孩子早当家.” It means – something like – “Precocious children are found in every poor and destitude family.” Generally speaking, I think the majority reason for teen-age crisis – in affluent society – is because of letting this age group of society having it too easy, or modern society imposing on (most of) them the wrong vocation. Reading the stories of highly successful individuals, most of them started out their real world adult repsonsibility while they were teenagers. Many also went back to school after they had their own families, and after theyhave become wealthy. raffiaflower says: October 14, 2008 at 4:49 am Poor saimneor. You caved in their posturing. :-0 It’s very hard for these westerners, or acculturated ones, to grasp views other than their own. Sometimes, deliberately so. 🙁 They cannot understand that matters such as human rights are part of the maturation process of a society, so there will be differences of view. Universal values, varying cultural perspective. Or that issues such as taiwan, tibet, etc, are framed within a sense of identity; personal or national, the matter of self is emotive. People within a group can very extremely self-critical about themselves, even open to criticism, but not when that criticism presents itself as arbitration of right and wrong. You should be more indulgent of them, saimneor. 🙂 Besides (shhh…h) I don’t think dear SK is Chinese. He’s…Manchurian. Or maybe a Manchurian candidate. 🙂 You did not c how he tore BXBQ apart with Dragon Lady nail shields on another thread! Something like empress dowager. Maybe the same DNA. 🙂 It’s Jerry you have to watch out for! The dear man is …right-wing! My American fren told me that the right-wing behaves this way: first, they will coddle, sweet-talk, to make you come round to their thinking. If you won’t budge, then they get a bit snarky, sniffy, and biting at your opinions. (Jerry dear was playful with semantics.) Finally, they will just ignore you completely! Say it ain’t so, Jerry! Actually, I like Jerry, he’s a dear, Saimneor. Even though he bats on the same team as Bernard Arnault and those ppl who want to conquer the world. ONE HANDBAG AT A TIME! Resistance is futile. I already own four Louis Vuitton pieces. Sigh. But then, I just read Day of Empire. Amy Chua writes about Tang empire: a love of foreign things did not necessarily mean a love of foreigners. There’s hope! Chin up, Saimneor! BTW: Too late to edit this, SK & Jerry, so I apologise for calling you dear. NYT recently ran a piece which opines the prefix is bad for the health, especially on seniors. The article came out after I called Cathy Horyn “dear’’ on her blog. Maybe she was upset… But really, I like you, guys. 🙂 Have to run and take my vertigo pills. Recovering from the southward plunge of the China mutuals. S.K. Cheung says: October 14, 2008 at 5:51 am To Raffia: well, it’s awfully nice of you to come to Saimneor’s defense, though I’m not sure he needs it, nor sought it. Yet all the same, here you are. I have my views. One set is all I need. Happy to entertain others, but I’m not about to adopt them, just because somebody says I should. So if somebody has another perspective, but it doesn’t make sense to me, then it’s going to get the level of consideration from me that I think it deserves. So I agree, if I choose to ignore something, it’s probably deliberate. Yes, some societies are more mature than others. So while we wait for CHina’s to grow up, perhaps some suggestions are in order. And if there are cultural barriers that prevent a uniform interpretation of human values, I’d be open to learning more about them. In the end, I may still disagree, which is my right. And Chinese may not care much about such disagreement, which is theirs. But at least in the course of that process, hopefully the level of mutual understanding has at least increased. It amuses me when Chinese complain that the “west” tries to be an arbiter of right and wrong. Perhaps the “west” may disagree with some things China. They may even say “we think you’re wrong”; but for Chinese to affiliate an arbiter status to such a statement is almost a tacit acknowledgment of some inferiority, the cause of which is baffling to me. For if CHina issued such a statement to “the west”, the response she’d receive would probably be along the lines of “go fly a kite”. I think it was Buxi who wrote many moons ago that, if someone is going to present a point of view in these parts, it had better make sense, or they should expect to be challenged. And to me, that edict works both ways. So if BXBQ takes a stroll through the furthest recesses of left field, he should expect to be lit up like a Christmas tree; and if I or anyone else ever venture into similar locales, we should expect no better, or worse. Oh, and the nails are stick on…only to be applied when the need arises. Otherwise, as Allen says, I’m a softie. But if you’d like to see those nails up close, write something goofy, and I’d be happy to oblige. Now, you’ve gone to the trouble of writing a bunch of stuff, but what have you really said (the answer, btw, is sweet jack all). What do you stand for? Which wing are you on? And what kind of a guy owns handbags? HKger says: SKC, And what kind of a guy owns handbags? Raffiaflower? Isn’t that the flower of some kind of fruit-bearing palm tree? Or is it a flower made of raffia fibers? Anyway, are you sure raffiaflower is of the male gender? He/she “talks” like a gal, if ya asked me. Either that or he’s gay. Now, before anyone releases from your expanded lungs the indignant gulp of breathe you’d drawn to spit vitriolic hot-air at me, let me say this. I adore women and I love gay people. As for SKC questions, I’m afraid, other than Italian men, Chinese businessmen too, carry manbags. Has anyone seen the movie, YPF? It is hilarious! Jerry says: @S.K. Cheung, #360, 361 #359 HKer, I am in Hanoi and out of touch for a bit. I jest, sir. I love my kids. Can they be precocious? You bet. Are they successful? You bet. Do I believe in coddling? No way. Do I believe in discipline? You bet. “Reading the stories of highly successful individuals, most of them started out their real world adult repsonsibility while they were teenagers.” I do not find the direct correlation which you do. I know people who come from all walks who are highly successful. People mature at different rates and at different ages. We call them early bloomers and late bloomers. Authors may tend to pick and choose examples which fit the points they want to make. “Generally speaking, I think the majority reason for teen-age crisis – in affluent society – is because of letting this age group of society having it too easy, or modern society imposing on (most of) them the wrong vocation.” I think that modern children are at risk for a lot of reasons, including parents who have to work harder to provide for the family, predatory television programs and internet sites, an education system that has been dumbed down and a social safety nets which have been dismembered, to name a few of the risks. Yes, there are parents who coddle their children or impose unreasonable expectations on their children. Society occasionally stigmatizes some career paths and tries to push children into paths which they consider more acceptable. —————- #360 Raffiaflower, am I a curmudgeon? At times, yes. Am I cynical and sarcastic? Yes I can be. Am I a right-winger? I doubt it. If that designation makes you happy, go with it. No one characteristic or category can completely describe me, my beliefs and my biases. And I can dish it out and I can take it. C’est la vie. A bi gezunt. It’s very hard for these westerners, or acculturated ones, to grasp views other than their own. Sometimes, deliberately so. They cannot understand that matters such as human rights are part of the maturation process of a society, so there will be differences of view. Universal values, varying cultural perspective. Or that issues such as taiwan, tibet, etc, are framed within a sense of identity; personal or national, the matter of self is emotive. People within a group can very extremely self-critical about themselves, even open to criticism, but not when that criticism presents itself as arbitration of right and wrong. We are all entitled to our beliefs and opinions. Just because a Westerner doesn’t coddle someone or elaborate all they think about an issue, it does not mean that we don’t see other’s viewpoints. Thank you for enlightening me that there will be differences of view. Please go ahead and continue to lecture in your pedagogical style. Your opinion shows a myopia regarding Western thinking and a willingness for unwarranted speculation. But you are entitled to think how you will. Far be it from me to tell you what to think or do. It is not my job to please you and or educate you. I know little about Arnault, but I would not mind some of his money. 😀 I like you too, raffiaflower. Like SK in #361, I have my beliefs and am happy to entertain others. I will adapt and change as I see fit. But I do appreciate the advice. I just hope that you won’t be offended if I decide not to change. Maybe someday I will learn to stop being so “snarky”? I would not hold your breath on that one. It just seems to arise from time to time. Damn! It’s like hell being human. Raffiaflower, it is very hard for me to take your post very seriously. Maybe it is just me? Maybe I am just missing something here? And if you ran out of time to edit the piece, how did you have time to add those lines after the “BTW”? —————- #361 ‘For if CHina issued such a statement to “the west”, the response she’d receive would probably be along the lines of “go fly a kite”.’ I have been known to use a little stronger than that, SK. 😀 Your comments are well-stated and cogent. Thanks, SK. Hongkonger says: October 14, 2008 at 3:04 pm Jerry, Some of the greatest regrets in life were the pains I caused my beloved parents when I was myself a teenager, many many many moons ago. It was like one suffers from a temporary lapsed of reason of 3- 5 years. Often good kids get bad parents, bad parents have good kids, and every now and then, one sees a social anomaly, i.e. a healthy family among the normally cracked, wounded and broken others. It is all the cast of the dice, chance, luck and misfortunes. There are no rhymes or reasons. Kinda like Chomsky’s PhD thesis, which was also the antithesis to Skinner’s Behaviorism. The nature vs nurture argument. (Ok, now, I know I don’t know what I am talking about.) #363, Authors may tend to pick and choose examples which fit the points they want to make. You are right. Now that you mentioned it, I suddenly remember reading, Rich Daddy poor Daddy. Man, what a generous load of crap were sandwiched between the covers of that book!. I have read maybe 5 self-help books in my life. THing is, none of them actually did me any good, other than made me feel bad about myself for not measuring up with the Joneses, and missing out on all of the finer things in life. I think I got more out of watching Jack Nicholson and Morgon Freeman in, “Kick the Bucket.” Incidently, the aforementioned book was the LAST Self-help book I read. And that was the best help it gave me. It helped me decide self-help books are totally useless. It sure help the authors get richer, though. S.K. Cheung says: October 14, 2008 at 7:38 pm To Jerry #363: “I have been known to use a little stronger than that, SK.” – yeah, me too. But this is a family establishment. And Admin hasn’t had to edit my saucy language yet…so I thought I’d keep it that way. And the phrase I’d normally use also starts with “go” 🙂 Jerry says: @S.K. Cheung, #365 #364 So many things just seem to be the luck of the draw. So many things in life for which to be grateful. I think of the old saying (not that I am into the theistic God, but I still like the intent), “There but for the grace of God go I.” It seems that so much is out of our control. And we have this amazing capacity to make the best of our circumstances. My dad will say, “Everything happens for the best.” My Uncle Charles will chime in, “And we make the best out of everything that happens.” But then again, there is Einsteinian physics, quantum mechanics. Perhaps this is where paradoxes live side-by-side, contiguously. Imagine congruities and incongruities co-existing. Such unlimited potential, perhaps. But, I digress, perhaps. 😉 I too gave up on self-help books, a long time ago. Imagine that, I am no longer of financial benefit to the Wayne Dyers, Robert Kiyosakis, Sharon Lechters, and Deepak Chopras of the world. How disloyal and uncaring of me. 😀 —————- #365 Yes, I too tend to temper myself. The “go …” admonition or rebuke sounds very familiar, very familiar. 😀 LOL	Harvard University
Which US state is known as the ‘Beef State’?	(Letter from skylight, Opposing Viewpoint) Does Hu Jia deserve the Nobel Peace Prize? \| Hidden Harmonies China Blog Hidden Harmonies China Blog Uncategorized Nobel peace prize Hu Jia Guest Six chinese has recieved the Nobel Prize (seven if you include Dalai Lama). This year there is some speculation that the Nobel Peace Prize may be awarded to a Russian or a Chinese. According to the director of a Norwegian peace institute, Stein Tonneson, the chinese environmental activist Hu Jia is a top Chinese contender. The Nobel peace prize committee is made up of former Norwegian parliamentarians and is supposed to be independent of the government or party politics. Although it has managed its impartiality sucessfully, it has at times, been influenced by politics or pressure from powerful nations. For instance, Gandhi, the non-violent Indian independence fighter was strangely never awarded the peace prize, apparently due to fear of British displeasure at the time. Chinese winners of the Nobel prize: * Tsung-Dao Lee, Physics, 1957 – Chinese American * Edmond H. Fischer, Physiology or Medicine, 1992 -Swiss-American(born in China) * Daniel C. Tsui, Physics, 1998 – Chinese American Gao Xingjian, Literature, 2000 – French Emigre * Chen Ning Yang, Physics, 1957 – Chinese American – See Photo Above * Samuel C.C. Ting, Physics, 1976 – Michigan-born Chinese American (* Dalai Lama, Peace, 1989 – Tibetan-born residing in India) Asians winners of the Nobel Peace Prize: * Sato, Eisaku – 1974 – former Prime Minister of Japan * Mother Teresa – 1979 – Indian citizen * Aung San Suu Kyi – 1991 – Burmese opposition leader * Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes, Ramos-Horta, José – 1996 – East Timor * Kim Dae Jung – 2000 – Republic of Korea * Muhammad Yunus – 2006 – Bangladesh Hu Jia is a 35 year old Beijinger who has worked for humanitarian, environmental and Hiv/AIDS issues since the early 1990’s. He addressed the European Parliament on November 26th, 2007 using his web-camera while under house arrest since spring 2006. In his testimony to the European parliament he said: “It is ironic that one of the people in charge of organizing the Olympic Games is the head of the Bureau of Public Security, which is responsible for so many human rights violations. It is very serious that the official promises are not being kept before the games.” Only one month later, on December 27th he was arrested at his home accused of “subverting state authority”. On April 4th, 2008, he was sentenced to three and a half years in prison on a charge of “inciting subversion of state authority” for posting articles about the human rights situation in the run-up to the Olympic Games on overseas Chinese websites. Post navigation September 28, 2008 at 3:51 pm I do not know who the other contenders are, and I think that many of the Nobel prizes have become a somewhat debased coinage, but if the question is “should we approve of Hu Jia’s actions?” My answer is a whole-hearted “YES”. wukong says: September 28, 2008 at 4:11 pm It would be laughable to say Hu Jia has contributed much or any to world peace. But Nobel Peace Prize isn’t about world peace, it’s very much a political award. So if those former Norwegian parliamentarians (and western politicians in large) feel a particular need this year to sick it to the China “regime”, Hu Jia will fit the bill nicely. No, the Nobel Peace Prize should be given to the CCP, for overcoming incredible near-insurmountable odds to maintain a harmonious society in the face of domestic and foreign opposition and sabotage. You think I’m joking? S.K. Cheung says: September 28, 2008 at 4:50 pm I am not familiar with Hu’s exploits, and have no idea if he’s deserving. But if he wins, would he be the first to receive the award while incarcerated? That would represent a historic “first”…the CCP should be able to get some PR mileage out of that one. S.K. Cheung says: that’s a good one. sophie says: http://www.anti-cnn.com/forum/cn/thread-39512-1-4.html 1. a letter that Hu Jia wrote to the German Chancellor Merkel. In the letter he seems representing ‘hundreds of millions of Chinese Buddhists wish Dalai Lama back to China… ‘ 2. Hujia accepted about USD 180,000 from NED (the National Endowment of Democracy). this info. is available on NED website. Beijing Zhiaixing Information Counseling Center $179,113* To operate a diverse program promoting accountability and human rights. The work of the Institute will include legal aid, investigative reporting, activist training, and human rights documentation related to HIV/AIDS and other public health threats. 3.He also testified on human rights in China, given on 26 November 2007 via conference call to the European Parliament’s Human Rights Subcommittee. Chinese are hardly know Hu Jia. He is only well-known outside China. If Chinese know what he has done as mentioned above, most of them will consider him a traitor, as comments in this link showed. Be honest, i tend to think the same. but, when i mentioned what he had done to a french friend, he’s like ‘what is wrong he did those’…i didn’t know how to answer. ChinkTalk says: September 28, 2008 at 5:37 pm I agree with Kai. The Chinese Communist government has done more for world peace than any other countries in the world. Despite the Western accusations of human rights, corruptions, Darfu,Tibet etc, – while I do agree that there are serious problems, but no one nation is innocent of faults, I sure would like a finer examination of how the Chinese were treated under British rule in Hong Kong, – China has done more for world stability than other countries. The Italians have the decency to pay Lybia $5B for its colonial days. Shouldn’t the British pay something to the Hong Kong Chinese. I thought the “peace” prize is recognition for work on bridging opposing forces – like in the case of Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, not one that instigates conflict. If one gets a peace prize for simply “fighting” for social justice, environement, etc. than I should get the “peace” prize by going out everyday and complain about every injustice that happens along the way. The more difficult task is really bringing peace to the Middle East for example. There is no democracy involved in the Nobel prizes because they are determined by five anonymous members in secrecy. skylight says: SKC, Two persons have recieved the Nobel Peace Prize while incarcerated: 1. Carl von Ossietzky in 1935 had been imprisoned in Nazi Germany. He had fought in WWII and was highly critical of the German militarism, established the German Peace Society, and later warned against Nazism. The award to the German pacifist lead to violent outbursts from the German government, who issued a prohibition against any German receiving the Nobel Peace Prize. He was sent to a concentration camp in 1933 while suffering from Turbeclosis. The German government declared publicly that Ossietzky was free to go to Norway to accept the prize, but secret police documents indicate that Ossietzky was refused a passport. In May 1936 he was sent to the police hospital in Berlin because of his serious tuberculosis. He died in Berlin’s hospital Nordend, still in police custody, on May 4, 1938, of tuberculosis and from the after-effects of the abuse he suffered in the concentration camps. 2. Aung San Suu Kyi in 1991, won after she had been arrested. She was put under house arrest since July 1989. In 1990, her party won the general election and earned the right to become Prime Minister, but she was prevented from assuming the role by the Burmese military junta. “It is not power that corrupts but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it….Fearlessness may be a gift but perhaps more precious is the courage acquired through endeavour, courage that comes from cultivating the habit of refusing to let fear dictate one’s actions, courage that could be described as ‘grace under pressure’ – grace which is renewed repeatedly in the face of harsh, unremitting pressure….It is not easy for a people conditioned by fear under the iron rule of the principle that might is right to free themselves from the enervating miasma of fear. Yet even under the most crushing state machinery courage rises up again and again, for fear is not the natural state of civilized man.” -Freedom from Fear speech (1990) by Aung San Suu Kyi. skylight says: September 28, 2008 at 6:02 pm @Chinktalk The Nobel Prize Foundation is a private institution in 1900 on the will of Alfred Nobel, the person who invented dynamite, who later became a strong pacifist. All Nobel Prizes in sciences and arts are awarded in Sweden, including the highly regarded Nobel price in Economics, while the Peace Prize is awarded in Norway. I don’t think it was ever meant to a democratic institution, whatever you mean by that (another United Nations with veto for the superpowers etc??). You can learn more about the process of nomination etc. at their informative website: September 28, 2008 at 6:09 pm Wow, that was a good quote from Aung San Suu Kyi. Thanks for posting it skylight. The Nobel Peace Prize is a little shaky in it’s prestigiousness for me. Most of the others, like chemistry, physics, economics, etc. is sort of understandable. When I read how these prizes, the apt of looking at it changes over time, and how much of an honor it is for their professions, it’s a joy to read who won and why. However, I agree with some people how the peace prize is …words are hard to describe. Some of my friends cringe when Al Gore won it. Plus, there’s so many organizations/people that probably do deserve the honor, but I guess there wasn’t enough attention to them from the media/political/corporate/NGO world, or not the pick of the straw. S.K. Cheung says: September 28, 2008 at 6:23 pm To Sophie: so a PRC citizen who criticizes China is a traitor? Geez, that’s a pretty strict standard. Either that, or it doesn’t take much to be considered a traitor in your eyes. S.K. Cheung says: thanks for the info. Potential PR opportunity lost for China. Otto Kerner says: I did initially misread the headline as “Does Hu Jintao deserve the Nobel Peace Prize?” sophie says: September 28, 2008 at 7:37 pm To S.K. Cheung, I didn’t express myself properly. ‘Traitor’ is not a right word. Let me explain a bit more: From general Chinese point of view, people recognize that China still have a long way to go in terms of human right, democracy… and are working on it. if you visit Chinese forum, you can see many people openly critizise the government in a much harsh way. But what people don’t accept is that his associating with outside forces/organizations. Chinese people want to decide their own destiny, they don’t want to be lectured, forced… I have lived abroad for 10 years. i know this Chinese point of view is difficult for people in the West to understand. skylight says: September 28, 2008 at 8:08 pm Sophie is absolutely right, Hu Jia’s crime seems to be that he collected human rights violation information and distributed it to both people in China and people overseas. Obviously it is not only “Chinese people” who don’t accept this behavior, but also the Beijing Court which provided as evidence against Hu Jia that he had written five politically charged articles which was posted overseas (One of the articles cited in the sentence is this one: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/04/AR2008040402982_pf.html ) and he had given two interviews with foreign media. September 28, 2008 at 8:34 pm All I can say is that having watched the videos made by Hu Jia of him and his family (including his newly born child) being followed and intimidated by the Ministry of State Security, I can only think that he is an extremely brave man and deserving of the highest praise. World peace prize? I don’t know, but I know he has my admiration. MoneyBall says: September 28, 2008 at 9:18 pm If he does win, it’s a symbolic move on the Nordic side, and a reward for Hu’s bravery, not for any substantive works. I dont know what he has achieved, if anything, on improving the wellbeings of local Chinese, besides some rather superficial rhetorics entirely aimed to appeal to the western audience. The fact that, it seems true now, he was on the payroll of NED, wont sit well among Chinese, even the liberal ones like me. I admire dissidents, but not the professional ones. But wherever he comes from, it’s not right to throw him in jail, sometimes CCP’s stupidity knows no boundary. wukong says: September 28, 2008 at 9:20 pm @Sophie If Hu Jia was indeed funded by NED, than he’s a unregistered foreign agent. In US, he would be jailed for god knows know many years, especially since he’s Chinese. Wen Ho Lee anyone? DS says: September 28, 2008 at 9:38 pm People like Hu Jia and Wan Yan Hai are much like the tank man 19 years ago. Brave but mostly symbolic. They should be supported because they are fighting for the basic rights. It was wrong for the government to arrest them. If they were really bad apples, they would be exposed in the public arena quickly. But they are honorable people. You don’t have to agree with their views (I don’t), but they are doing what their hearts tell them to do. However, the Nobel price seems a bit too much, and may even back fire. Greypowered says: September 28, 2008 at 9:41 pm Sophie, This specific Chinese point of view wouldn’t be so difficult to accept by many in the West if there weren’t these other Chinese point of views, people like Hu Jia, who feel that they need external help to make their voice heard, because, otherwise, they simply get completely censored, if not brutally silenced. And he isn’t the only one. Without these insider Chinese human rights activists, most of us, in the West, wouldn’t know anything about human rights abuses in China. And I get the feeling, from your initial post, that many Chinese themselves have a hard time understanding why some, among them, would want to turn to the outside for support in their fight for more justice and freedom. The only reason they seem to see for this kind of behavior is national treason on the part of these activists, who, obviously, must be paid by outside secret organizations trying to undermine the Chinese regime. I understand that many Chinese wish that all debates about these various political, social, economic and ethical problems in their country would take place behind closed doors, away from Western eyes and ears, because of the European colonial past (and American recent behavior abroad), which, in their view, denies Westerners any legitimacy to comment on the present Chinese evolution, give advice or even support to segments of the political spectrum inside the country. However, this seems to me totally unrealistic, considering that China is at the same time claiming its place and role on the international stage on an equal footing with the other nations, especially Japan, India, the US and the EU. If China wants to participate in global politics and economics, it will also have to be ready for criticisms from the other countries’ citizens and even some bashing, as a major world power. I mean, all major world powers get bashed every once in a while. Ask the Americans, who have been ashamed to even acknowledge their nationality in many European countries since 2001, or Russians, who have been feeling constantly humiliated by Western attitude towards their own evolution since the end of the USSR, and even more now that they are reclaiming respect for their national pride with their hands on the oil/gaz tap. TonyP4 says: The late uncle Deng should got one or two. Who else can lift 300 million out of poverty in less than 30 years? TonyP4 says: September 28, 2008 at 10:23 pm Hi Sophie, 30 years ago, many Chinese starved to death. Thank God, not any more. Is this the basic human right? I’ve written the following just for fun a while ago when arguing with some Chinese bashers, so it is not 100% correct and the English is terrible. ——————- China, the human right lover * Contrary to popular belief but a fact. 30 years ago, many Chinese died of starvation, did not have a roof over their head… Not now anymore. Are these the basic human rights? * Why you’re lied to. The media wants to create controversy to sell their stuffs. The politician wants to establish common enemy, so you ignore more important problems. The offense companies have more reason to expand. They assume their citizens do not think. * Why US is human right violator. How many human beings of the world we killed in last year by our offense? How many citizens die of obesity as we encourage “good” food? How many poor remain to be poor for generations due to our generous welfare system? How many children to be killed every year due to our lack of gun control law? How many teenage mothers we encourage starting from the top politicians? How many Indians stay in the reservation forever by providing them with no work but unlimited alcohol? How we use up the world’s oil and blame China who uses less than ¼ of ours per capita? How we blame China for the negligible military expenditure compared to ours? When millions are donated to the politicians by special interest groups, how can they make unbiased decisions for their citizens? The list is endless. * China has its own problems and we have our own. Let each work on her problems and we’ll have a better world. MoneyBall says: September 28, 2008 at 10:28 pm @Greypowered, Getting help from outside is one thing, accepting money from outside is another. It destroys your credibility. If I know the admins here get money from any political institutions, I will quit coming here immediately. wukong says: September 28, 2008 at 10:43 pm @DS The Tankman represents the unyielding Chinese spirit, he’s a true hero. He wasn’t out to be famous, he was holding a plastic grocery bag when he tried to stop the column of tanks. On the other hand, Hu’s an opportunistic megalomaniac with delusion of grandeur. He spoke of representing “hundreds of millions of Chinese Buddhists wishing for Dalai Lama’s return”, and he’s also collecting some handsome dough from NED on behalf of AIDS victims. Isn’t he something? BTW, the Tankman was never run over by the tank. In fact in the full video that was rarely shown on western TV, the tank swerved a couple of times to avoid hitting the guy. In the end, the Tankman was led away by a bystander. The tank driver is no less a hero than the tankman. S.K. Cheung says: September 29, 2008 at 12:25 am To Sophie #16: yes, the thought process to which you refer does seem distinctly Chinese. And one I discarded long long ago. Others haven’t, and that is their prerogative. The day that Chinese in China are allowed to express Hu-style opinions freely, and not only in the anonymous confines of the internet, then there will be no further need to air dirty Chinese laundry to the world. But that day hasn’t come yet. I agree with Moneyball and DS, that a Nobel seems a bit much. But the CCP response to his transgressions, whatever they were(speaking to foreign media? Publishing overseas and online? Gasp!), also seem a bit much. ChinkTalk says: September 29, 2008 at 1:31 am Greypowered #22 -“Without these insider Chinese human rights activists, most of us, in the West, wouldn’t know anything about human rights abuses in China. I find it funny when the Students of a Free Tibet – White Canadians, Americans and British, unfurled a banner on the Great Wall of China advocating human rights for Tibet when some freely admitted that they had never been to Tibet. Jim says: September 29, 2008 at 2:01 am Greypowered makes an excellent point when saying that China, in wanting to join the international stage, needs to face international criticism. That’s the whole point of criticism: to suggest the existance of discrepancies and fallacies, to illuminate them. It’s a necessary part of the ongoing need to find balances. It is brutal; it has to be or it would not work. So we understand China’s wish to be uncensored: as Sophie says, “Chinese people want to decide their own destiny, they don’t want to be lectured, forced…” Nobody wants their dirty laundry aired. But should we let the US’s domestic and foreign policy unchecked by international pressure? Or closer to Chinese hearts, should we just let the Japanese government to internally decide whether to acknowledge war atrocities, without external criticism? What would South Africa be like now if the apartheid regime had not faced international rebuke and sanctions for years, and if people like Mandela had not received external support? Bob says: @Jim – “in wanting to join the international stage” Well, a handful of elitist (snicker) western countries do not an international stage make. Side note: Wow, I love the new edit function. Good job admin! yo says: September 29, 2008 at 2:18 am I agree with the sentiments of others who say it’s symbolic. Does Hu Jia promote peace in the world, I don’t think so. Looks like the committee who awards these things are looking for a poster child like Al Gore with global warning. I agree with Al Gore, but he was just the spokesman and not deserving of the award. @Bob yeah, I just noticed the edit function too, and I’m using it to add this note in. Great job admin! S.K. Cheung says: September 29, 2008 at 2:20 am To Yo: I know Al Gore was the famous face, but I thought the prize actually went to some global warming committee of the WHO or UN, or something. ChinkTalk says: September 29, 2008 at 2:22 am Jim #29 – “Greypowered makes an excellent point when saying that China, in wanting to join the international stage, needs to face international criticism. That’s the whole point of criticism: to suggest the existance of discrepancies and fallacies, to illuminate them. It’s a necessary part of the ongoing need to find balances. It is brutal; it has to be or it would not work. ” I really like to see a Western leader stand up and criticize Canada for the treatment of our Natives. Why Phil Fontaine does not get the Nobel Peace Prize. How many people know who Phil Fontaine is. I used to hate being Chinese, I used to hate China and refused to have anything to do with Chinese. But now I come to realize that it is just unfair and unjust the way China is being treated compared to Western nations. If the West wants to talk about equality and justice – show it by action not just by talking. yo says: September 29, 2008 at 2:27 am SKC, No, he got the prize too. A PR stunt if you ask me. I remember because on Hannity and Colmes, Sean Hannity was trashing the Nobel prize and saying how a terrorist got the noble prize before so Al gore getting it means nothing…he later goes on to say that if he received the noble prize, he we give it to the troops who are deserving. 🙂 Michelle says: September 29, 2008 at 2:29 am Chinktalk 28: “White Canadians, Americans and British, unfurled a banner on the Great Wall of China advocating human rights for Tibet when some freely admitted that they had never been to Tibet.” huh? So if we haven’t gone somewhere we can’t protest about conditions there? Lots of people protest against the Iraq/US war without having been to either place. Is that funny? DS says: September 29, 2008 at 2:39 am @Wukong: I am regretting the light reference to the tank man. He is one of the greatest heroes of our time, and should be referred to only under most extraordinary circumstances. I have not read about Hu Jia enough and put my mouth ahead of my brain. You are probably right in this instance. One point I am trying to bring forward is that China is strong and admired enough now to tolerate some different voices. I understand the enormous pride and ultra sensitivity with regard to external criticisms. However, hypothetically, no matter how efficient a government is and how caring its people are, no one is perfect. There might be places that are missed, and sufferings ignored. If one was to pick up an issue and work on it, it may not be a bad thing, although their manners may be irritating. If someone gets money from the outside and uses it on the things promised, why is it a bad thing? I donated money to the earthquake with genuine intention to help. Certainly, if someone breaks the law in managing the money, he/she should be punished accordingly. It is my view, naïve perhaps, that different voices in a large and strong country like China are healthy over the long run, because they keep a government honest. For the ultimate good of the Chinese people, I believe these things should be encouraged. Some people may do things that look insulting to the others, but the final yardstick is to see whether they serve the interest of the country. I might have missed some intricacies in this complex balancing act. Please advise if you have time. S.K. Cheung says: To Yo: didn’t know that. Thanks for the info. Ah, Hannity. People like him keep Stewart and Colbert employed. Here’s hoping Hannity has another good 50 years. By then, I’ll be more concerned about bodily functions than political satire. yo says: September 29, 2008 at 2:42 am @Michelle You can, you just lack credibility, especially if you went out of your way to travel 1,000 miles to prove your point. In regards to Tibet, credibility imo is even more important because the sources of information available have credibility issues on both sides. In regards to your Iraq comment, the same charge was leveled at Barrack Obama so it’s an issue. S.K. Cheung says: To DS: well said. “I understand the enormous pride and ultra sensitivity with regard to external criticisms” – maybe you can share that understanding with me someday, cuz I certainly don’t get it. jack says: September 29, 2008 at 2:44 am @ThinkTalk I find it funny when the Students of a Free Tibet – White Canadians, Americans and British, unfurled a banner on the Great Wall of China advocating human rights for Tibet when some freely admitted that they had never been to Tibet. What they love is not the “free Tibet” itself, but the concept of “in love with freedom of Tibet”. yo says: September 29, 2008 at 2:47 am @SKC lol, I found out about the hannity comment on the daily show 🙂 Actually, I’m moving away from the daily show and going back to traditional sources of news. I feel very intellectual reading the new york times 🙂 now all i need is my latte. @ALL Speaking of lattes, I don’t know if I missed it, but I would like to request a post about how this whole milk scandal is playing out in China, what are people saying, how is the blogosphere reacting? S.K. Cheung says: September 29, 2008 at 2:55 am To Yo, say it ain’t so! Traditional news doesn’t have a moment of Zen, or the Word. Best 5 minutes in TV, IMO. If you’re in China, you might want to lay off the lattes for a while. Unless you’ve got really strong kidneys 🙂 Daniel says: September 29, 2008 at 3:15 am Hey yo, There’s already posts and tons of online discussions regarding the milk scandal and the reactions from some netizens about it. Apparently one of FM’s own, written by bxbq, is quite a “mouthful” I guess. On another note, any major figure…let alone a powerful country, is going to face a lot of criticisms from all sides, even if some of them have questionable content or just plain nonsense. For example, well, let me explain sometimes how some vocal people think. Many already mention this where there’s nothing wrong with people who live thousands miles away and talk quite critically about other places, but I have to agree in part that it is hard to really trust someone who either hasn’t actively been a part of that place or hasn’t took a lot of time to study it. Not to say that their opinions don’t matter but it’s like common sense in regarding certain cases. Others are very specialized, where their knowledge and experiences are really valuable for some topics but not necessary for others. For example, I noticed how others mentioned the rote-memory system of education and the criticisms regarding it. I don’t know exactly why, but I did read this one articles by a non-Chinese teacher who appears to have been on the Mainland for sometime. I’m not sure what she taught but she wrote a bit of the rote-memory and other quirks but offer reasonable explainations. Her opinions were that it would be very hard to remember all those characters without using some methods of rote-memory, and possibly the teachers applied this to other subjects. The other part was the expectations of the students, and of themselves, were a little different (not wrong just different) than teaching other places which may play a part in these cases. Sometimes, especially those in developed societies because a lot of occupations/activities are very specialized and to find people who are “well-rounded’ is actually a little bit harder because upbringing and personal beliefs can affect that. Whenever they see things in places they aren’t too familiar with, of course, as analytical as well are, there’s going to be some judgement yet at times, they will recognize strongly certain aspects because of their lifestyles, which if not taken into account other issues, may not present a balanced view of things. People do that a lot in their own societies, so imagine what it is like in other places. Not everyone is like this, but this is just some of the problems people might have in analyzing places or why some people are like that. Usually, I trust the older folks and their a tad bit more, especially for a lot of the topics this blog expresses about. Daniel says: September 29, 2008 at 3:19 am Retype: Usually, I trust the older folks and their judgement a tad bit more, especially for a lot of the topics this blog expresses about. There’s a lot you can learn about from them that many of us would have ignore or take for granted. This could help when we try to take issues in consideration of how they actually work for people in the past and the differences with today. Michelle says: September 29, 2008 at 3:49 am yo: “In regards to Tibet, credibility imo is even more important because the sources of information available have credibility issues on both sides.” I agree to some extent, going there is important. However, if I went to Tibet, I wouldn’t see much of anyone’s ordinary life, I recon. I don’t think having been there necessarily ups your credibility – many people have gone there and don’t know about the history and culture of the place and just go around on some tour because either that’s what they want or that’s what they have to do. I think it would be very funny indeed if you can get those protestors to admit that they haven’t read about Tibet’s past and present and don’t know how it’s run, etc. On the flip side – Would you agree that Chinese people who have not been to Tibet also have limited credibility when talking about Tibet, as as you say there are credibility issues on both sides? I would argue not necessarily, which is why i don’t wholeheartedly agree with the original quote. Anyhow, I think I can say people who have lived there for a while have more credibility usually. Not tourists. ChinkTalk says: Do you know who Phil Fontaine is? Michelle says: September 29, 2008 at 4:00 am Daniel: “Sometimes, especially those in developed societies because a lot of occupations/activities are very specialized and to find people who are “well-rounded’[is difficult] Slightly off topic, but… As far as trends in education go, this particular problem (increased specialisation, reduced broad foundation) has been discussed for a while in ed and higher ed circles in the US. I think both the US and China are suffering from this problem – young adults know quite little about the world in general because they have focused on only one thing without much broader perspective. I was pretty blown away when living in Europe at how non-tedious the late teens, early 20s set is. There are differences in the education systems of US and China, but I don’t think this (students not well rounded) as one of them. As for what you said on rote learning, quite interesting – do you have the link? Michelle says: September 29, 2008 at 4:13 am Sophie, Skylight, I agree with you. If Hu Jia did political work without accepting funding from foreign government, that should be fine. However if he does it with foreign government’s funding, collusion, that makes him a foreign agent. I can’t blame the Chinese government, as such activity is also illegal in US. We have a law called “Foreign Agent Registration Act”, forbidding anyone acting in collusion with foreign governments (without declaring so, a catch-20 of sort.) S.K. Cheung says: September 29, 2008 at 4:15 am To Michelle and Daniel: I think at the extremes, a generalist knows nothing about everything, and a specialist knows everything about nothing. IMO, as with anything in life, one needs to find the balance, somewhere in the middle. I don’t know if you could say the Chinese or US education system is fundamentally better/worse in comparison to each other. But hopefully, their respective systems produce graduates that meet their respective societal needs and expectations. I can say that Canadian society (as a huge generalization) would value a well-rounded individual moreso than someone who is just book-smart. I’m nowhere near qualified to speak to what Chinese society would hold more dear. S.K. Cheung says: September 29, 2008 at 4:17 am To Daniel: “a powerful country, is going to face a lot of criticisms from all sides” – the Cantonese phrase is “big tree attracts more wind”, don’t know if that works in Mandarin. ChinkTalk says: September 29, 2008 at 4:19 am @Skylight I stand corrected on the Nobel commitee members. Thanks for the link. I should have checked my facts before speaking about it. Michelle says: September 29, 2008 at 4:31 am “I don’t know if you could say the Chinese or US education system is fundamentally better/worse in comparison to each other. ” Regarding education and employment, I have heard reasons why US employers value Chinese employees and vice versa, and it’s quite interesting but ultimately based largely on stereotype. On a related note: the Chinese and American work ethic (i.e. work yourself to death cuz that’s just what you do) seems valued amoung non-US/ Chinese companies in my experience, no surprise. Daniel says: September 29, 2008 at 6:54 am Oh boy, hmm…I think I may have to go further with what I said. I might have to take some time to google up a good link because I think where I heard that rote-memory lessons was part of an interview of an article…within a blog I think but maybe not. I was looking up something relating to Chinese education and after surfing a while I found that. The part about specialization is a little more broad and complex, more than students…in a way, more than what I typed. In fact, you can say that this is one of the benefits of a “modern-developed world”. The capability for people to have something to do, the specialization in work, school or any type of organization and activity can help ensure bettery productivity, regulation some may say, etc. There’s nothing wrong with it. This type of specialization attitude extends to many areas. One of the main points I should have typed further was how within some societies…especially the well-developed ones, the organization and local environment was such where a lot of people would be occupied their time, energy and thoughts with performing their duties, providing for themselves or love ones, leisure, the pursuit of leisure…afterwards most would be too tired to do anything else, maybe an occasional vacation, etc. In a sense, you don’t really have to or don’t have much to think beyond that. As a result, as times, whenever people try to formulate judgements on places not familar with them, sometimes they tend to look at a perspective with whatever their occupations, family beliefs and personal experiences…which can be quite specialize to a point where other important factors are left out which could help in having a balanced view of things. If you all think about it, people with such conditions will form a large backbone, possibly the majority, of a thriving society. Oh Michelle, I was on a forum where there was a huge discussion between the Chinese work ethic and stereotypes of that…it was very um…a lot to digest. The stereotypes were also very diverse I guess…I read a lot of reasons why many employers would and would not want to employ Chinese workers. Daniel says: This isn’t “the” link but a link I found while quickly googling up. Some of the sentiments is a little similar. (It’s pretty late at night for my place, so maybe sometime perhaps?) http://gweipo.blogspot.com/2007/03/rote-learning-some-resources-for-debate.html There’s actually more reasons why education is like that, a mixture of cultural/historical/conventional influences. Honestly, unless the admin or staff say so, I’m not worry at all with going off-topic considering how many of the posts and comments turn out to be at the end. Michelle says: September 29, 2008 at 8:21 am Daniel, Thanks for that. I do think that we are at risk (in current ESL trends at least) of swinging the pendulum too much in the other direction. While memorising, for example, lists of vocabulary will not allow students to use the learned words naturally, it is the best way to take the first step. The problem is when students / teachers equate this memorisation with actual, full learning, which it is not. The other problem is when students / teachers jettison rote learning, which makes learning inefficient in terms of time. Gweipo has a good point about subjects like maths too, you just have to learn it or you’ll never get around to really understanding it, so rote learning is a crucial, fundamental first step. Sorry to everyone else for going off topic… 🙂 chorasmian says: September 29, 2008 at 8:33 am I think every Chinese human right advocator face the same dilemma. If they don’t accept external funding, they can’t make their voice loud enough. If they accept it, they will lose their crdibility in their countryman dramatically. Though Wang Dan try to balance in between, I am afraid he fail in both sides. TommyBahamas says: “so rote learning is a crucial, fundamental first step.” Totally agree, : jettison rote learning, makes learning inefficient in terms of time.” Michelle, Obviously you know what you are talkig about. I hope you don’t mind sharing your insights further on ESL, or foreign language acquisition.. I have two Chinese friends who learned mandarin from their Chinese girlfriends for the same period of time. They are both talkative male. Today, one is fluent while the other still sucks. Is it talent or methodology? I tend to think it’s the former. Musicians, I have notice, tend to be better language students given similar time & effort, but I don’t know how true, and if there are statistics on it? Greypowered says: @Bob #30 “Well, a handful of elitist (snicker) western countries do not an international stage make.” Well, I’m sure that countries like Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, India, South Korea and Indonesia will love to be termed a “handful of elitist (snicker) Western countries”! Because, as far as I know, they are important political and economic actors of the International stage and no, they don’t consider themselves Westerners! The expressions “international stage” or “international community” basically refer to the 190 something members of the UN and other supra-national organizations that are certainly not a restricted club of “elitist” (snicker) Western countries”. And the fact is that China isn’t only criticized by citizens of a handful European or North-American countries. Even thought it might not appear in the local Western and Chinese media, these criticisms exist in other regions of the world. werew says: September 29, 2008 at 2:27 pm Shows that Nobel Peace Prize is only a western thing. All Hu Jia did was complain about China to the west that pretty much fits the western idea of Chinese human right violation and he got a lot of attention from the western media. There are a lot more more famous to the Chinese and more influential Chinese activists/lawyers that fight government corruption that the western media never picked up on since fighting corruption doesn’t strike as strong a cord with western audience as “fighting for freedom of speech, freedom of etc.” Theo says: September 29, 2008 at 3:00 pm Mother Teresa (Agnes Bojaxhiu) was Albanian, not Asian. Hu Jia’s efforts to publicise HIV are admirable but its early days to think in terms of a Nobel Prize. There are other more worthy contenders in Asia. skylight says: September 29, 2008 at 5:33 pm @Theo If Hu Jia (perhaps together with his wife, Zeng Jinyan who is also writing a blog) is awarded the prize, he will definitely be one of the youngest recievers of the peace prize. Perhaps the Nobel committee might want to send a signal/tribute to the importance of internet and blogging as tools to promote diverse discussions and opinions in societies with limited official press diversity. Zeng Jinyan work (and dissident bloggers in general I guess) has been called “Tiananmen 2.0” by some commentators. They use information technology to create awareness. Hu Jia himself majored in Infomation engineering at University. If the committee is thinking along these lines, I think a prize to Hu Jia and his wife could be deserved. In this regard, Hu Jia’s and Zeng Jinyan’s diary film, recorded on his digital video camera, could also be considered pathbreaking among bloggers. Some persons mentioned that Hu Jia could be considered a foreign agent since he recieved support for his AIDS work from NED. I agree that it could impact his credibility somewhat, but I really think it is neglible, because if you draw this too far, where do you end? What about chinese who have recieved university scholarships from the US government? Are they also foreign agents? Many chinese government institutions have joint projects and work with US government institutions, where they also recieve funding, are they also foreign agents? Where do you draw the line? Someone also mentioned earthquake relief, which I believe also came from foreign governments. I guess you have to look at the intention and specific issue they are supporting? If you consider AIDS work/AIDS telephone hotline to be destabilizing towards the state, and you believe this is the intention of NED and Hu Jia, then I guess you could consider him an foreign agent. Finally, Hu Jia is closely related to many of these famous lawyers that “werew” mentioned, and he has worked for the release of the blind lawyer, Chen Guangcheng. A prize to Hu Jia would also be an acknowledgement of their work. The article that was published in Washington Times, was actually written by Beijing laywer Teng Biao, but Teng Biao was not put in jail, because he stayed within the “line”, while Hu Jia is pushing the envelope. September 29, 2008 at 6:03 pm Putting Hu Jia in jail could also be another example of attempting to “kill a monkey, to scare the chicken” by the authorities. Many Beijing “dissidents”, such as Wang Lixiong, expressed shock and fear at the unexpected 3 1/2 year verdict of Hu Jia, when he said that if this can happen to Hu Jia, it could happen to all of us. if that is the case, then the added “symbolic” value of giving Hu Jia the prize could also be an additional reason to award him the prize. Charles Liu says: September 29, 2008 at 6:11 pm Chorasmian, for a long time I didn’t know Hu Jia took money from the NED/State Dept (h/t Sophie #7), and wrote off Chinese bloggers questionion why Hu Jia was able to afford a nice appartment in Beijing. Again, US government also sanctions against citizens colluding with foreign government, via the FARA. Most recently a naturalized US citizen from Hong Kong, Chi Mak, received 25 years in jail under this law. wukong says: September 29, 2008 at 6:30 pm @skylight # 63 According to an interview in China Youth Daily in 2001 (when he wasn’t considered dangerous to state stability) … You mean before he became a NED agent. Wahaha says: How would Americans have thought of Martin Luther King Jr. if MLK Jr. had sought for help from Soviet unions ? Wahaha says: “People like Hu Jia and Wan Yan Hai are much like the tank man 19 years ago.” That is an insult to those students who died on June 4th. Those students died for the love of their country. Hu Jia only wants to sell his agenda or his hatred towards CCP. There was a thread on anti-cnn about Hu Jia, he was considered a traitor and worthless piece of $h!t. Charles Liu says: Ooo, Wahaha, have to disagree with you on this. While I fully support his activism, I also understand why the Chinese government doesn’t want to see foreign money/agenda involved in China’s domestic political affairs. I not sure if “hatred” applies to Hu Jia – to those who paid for it, perhaps. Same thing with FLG, it bugs the heck out of me that my government funneled 6 million dollars to FLG via NOGs in the run up to Bejing Olympics to vilify China in US public opinion arena (the “Human Rights Torch Relay” sold to Amnesty Internationa chapters behind AI Secretariat’s back, rehashed 70’s era “live organ harvesting” anti-Soviet propaganda.) skylight says: September 29, 2008 at 7:45 pm @Charles Liu OMG! Are you serious in comparing Hu Jia with Chi Mak? If Hu Jia was a US born and educated citizen who later became a “naturalized” Chinese citizen as a middle-aged man at the age of 45, and then started working for the Chinese government, working at a top secret PLA military project, with secret-level governmental clearing, you might have been able to compare them. September 29, 2008 at 9:13 pm You people are stupid is all I can say, LOL. We’re all being watched, bet you a dollar at 1913 inflation rates, hehe. I for one declare that I don’t a give a flying *** and rat’s ass about China!!! I will never do any sort of spying for that country which perpetrated the massacre in 1989!!! DOWN WITH CHINA! This site is stupid too. I’m only here to keep an eye on these people here… And that’s the (sad?) truth. I don’t have anything to do with CCTV or Phoenix TV, both known consipraing entities of the CCP. None in my family are in the CCP, or affiliated in anyway with CCP. Communism is evil!!! And has absolutely nothing to do with the international banker elites @ all(all of whom knows the best way for humanity, we should follow them without question). I also vow to never discuss the knowledge I gained while going through the wonderful U.S public school system and state funded public universities. This I promise. Matter of fact. I shall inject my brain with melemaine, thus purging all cognitive abilities from my head. Wahaha says: ” I’m only here to keep an eye on these people here…” Hahahahahahahahahahahaha …… Dow Jones donw 778 pts, Communism is invading USA. Watch out your own @$$ and make sure you will wipe it clear. Wahaha says: “Ooo, Wahaha, have to disagree with you on this. While I fully support his activism, ….” admin’s note: personal insults are not welcome here no matter who the person is. skylight says: September 29, 2008 at 10:33 pm Appearently Hu Jia is in bad health condition and he has a weak liver. According to a writer Hu Jin (see article in link below), becoming “famous” abroad can provide some protection for chinese dissidents, because the government will be more careful with them. Perhaps if Hu Jia is awarded the peace prize, the authorities will treat him better in prison, because then the whole world (including China) will know who Hu Jia is. I didnt insult Charles Liu. Wahaha says: September 29, 2008 at 11:03 pm “Ooo, Wahaha, have to disagree with you on this. While I fully support his activism, ….” If a person has been able to see the changes in China in last 15 years and accept payments from others to bash this government, he has his own agenda agaisnt this government. America helped Chinese in WWII, but if a person keep reminding others the bad things seveal American Marine did in China, that person has his own agenda against America. If Michael Moore had been paid by France or Germany to make the documentary film about Iraq War, he wouldve been a traiter or a garbage in the eyes of Americans. September 29, 2008 at 11:12 pm @Wahaha Sorry I was not clear. You didn’t insult Charles Liu but you insulted Hujia. As a general rule, we don’t moderate/delete comments, but personal insults, name calling, or using foul language will get our attention. Thanks for your understanding. As a side note, we allow commentators to edit their posted comments in a 20 min time window. Wahaha says: I think Hujia deserves every bit of insult he has got from chinese. If someone demonizes Roman Catholic because priests molest children, do you think he has agenda ? Charles Liu says: September 30, 2008 at 12:02 am Wahaha, perhaps you can translate some reactions from Chinese blogsphere on Hu Jia, since FM is a bridge blog. One of my complaint about the expat “bridge blogs” is they only “bridge” certain POVs according to their sensitivity (which is always the “riot police beating innocent oppressed mass”, “girl drown after raped by party secretay’s son”). Basically to them THAT is the China everyone should know. Which is why I was so happy to find a place like FM to hang my hat. Jerry says: September 30, 2008 at 12:55 am @Kai, #4 If you are trying to mimic George Carlin, he never would have said, “You think I’m joking?” If you are serious, this is just trite, cheap West-baiting. So cliché! If so, come on, say what you mean. Wahaha says: September 30, 2008 at 12:57 am Charles Liu, 1) Hujia is a traitor, he doesnt represent the opinions of Chinese or how chinese think of chinese government. He should spend the rest of his life in jail, that is how Chinese reacted in the link posted in #7. 2) I have no problem that others bash chinese government, like the Sanlu scandal. but please dont use individual incident to prove their points, which is pointless as China has 1.3 billion people. If you want saying something bad about chinese government, using percentage. 3) Dont pretend being naive innocent little boy and a political moron when bashing China. JD says: September 30, 2008 at 1:22 am If Hu Jia is a traitor and should spend the rest of his life in jail, what should be done with the Xinhua and propaganda department officials who intentionally misinform the Chinese people? Obviously, they’re the real China bashers, the real traitors. September 30, 2008 at 1:39 am @Wahaha, #86 Why must he “…represent the opinions of Chinese or how Chinese think of Chinese government”? (yeah, I capitalized Chinese) I believe his works should stand on their own merit, good or bad. As far as I know, the Peace Prize is not a beauty or popularity contest. Wahaha, you diminish your credibility by engaging in schaudenfreude (look it up) in #77. Disparaging remarks don’t help your cause either. In #67, MLK was disparaged for his stand on the Vietnam War. I remember it clearly. He did not take aid from the Soviets, although I somehow remember that some accused him of doing so. Paul Robeson visited the Soviet Union; he was ridiculed and persecuted for it. In #68, you accuse Hu Jia, “Hu Jia only wants to sell his agenda or his hatred towards CCP.” To be honest, your remarks sound pretty hateful and angry to me. I am with Charles in #69. I am against our government funding Falun Gong. I accept that you are very angry. But you take so many random, disparaging shots. “3) Dont pretend being naive innocent little boy and a political moron when bashing China.” That surely diminishes my motivation for taking you seriously. Rather than hurling insults, throwing tantrums and screaming at people, please take a breath and let’s discuss how we feel and believe. Let’s talk about the deeper issues. I know something is troubling you. I am willing to listen. I will let you rant all you want. But I will not discuss your rants and tantrums with you. When you want to discuss the issues, please let me know. Bob says: September 30, 2008 at 2:22 am @Jerry – “In #67, MLK was disparaged for his stand on the Vietnam War. I remember it clearly. He did not take aid from the Soviets, although I somehow remember that some accused him of doing so. Paul Robeson visited the Soviet Union; he was ridiculed and persecuted for it.” Rather than disparaging Wahaha, maybe you should consider if an English reading comprehension course is right for yourself. This is what Wahaha wrote in #67: “How would Americans have thought of Martin Luther King Jr. if MLK Jr. had sought for help from Soviet unions ?” Ever heard of subjunctive mood? Yes we all know MLK did NOT take aid from the Soviet Unions, but the counterfactual hypothesis suggested — that MLK took Soviet money — is very much parallel to the Hu Jia situation. Now by your own admission in your next statement, “Paul Robeson visited the Soviet Union; he was ridiculed and persecuted for it,” you seem to agree that alliance with a (not-so-friendly) foreign government to go against one’s own is a cardinal sin commonly condemned by one’s countrymen/women. EDIT: frankly I don’t see how the fundamental opinions of Wahaha and Charles Liu differ that much as far as Hu Jia’s accepting NED money is concerned. DS says: and kenichi fukui, chemistry 1981 ryoji noyori 2001 chemistry koichi tanaka japan 2002 the japanese were very good recently on chemistry. and the year with arafat if middle east counts as asia. and orhan pamuk of turkey last year. S.K. Cheung says: September 30, 2008 at 4:45 am Could someone somewhere please teach Wahaha a synonym verb for “bash”. So freakin tiresome already! “…the Sanlu scandal…is pointless as China has 1.3 billion people” – oh really? Chinese people don’t care that their government may have been complicit in the poisoning of their children? You might want to reconsider that. Now, if you don’t like people to make a point by using a real-life example, what kind of example would your prefer? The imaginary ones? “If someone demonizes Roman Catholic because priests molest children, do you think he has agenda ?” – I would hope so. That aiding and abetting the abuse of children by people in positions of authority is wrong. And I’m guessing that Hu, by demonizing the CCP because the CCP robs people of their rights, is speaking out against that wrong. I must have asked this a thousand times in the past few months: so what’s your point? Charles Liu says: @Wahaha Amusing, highly amusing! Yes, Bob, I know about the subjunctive mood, hypotheses and rhetorical questions. Disparaging Wahaha? I must be missing something here. That was not my intention, at all. I am under no obligation to withhold response to any comment here, even if it is a counter-factual hypothesis (or mere speculation), a hypothetical question or a rhetorical question. Bob, during my upbringing as a Jew, I was taught to recognize arrogance, condescension, and disparagement, no matter how subtle. Your attempts amuse and delight me. Thanks. Wahaha, I know it was subtle and implied, but my examples about MLK and Paul Robeson, two great African-Americans, answers your rhetorical question/hypothesis in the positive. US public opinion can ridicule those who question the government and those in power. Martin and Paul suffered for their stands. Personally, I don’t care what “Americans” think about MLK or Paul Robeson. I don’t care what “Chinese” think about Hu Jia. America is not a monolith. Neither is China. BTW, Bob, thanks for the offer of the reading comprehension class. Geez, I just don’t have time right now. Maybe you could fill in for me? 😀 You may ask, Bob, “Jerry, are you ever angry, arrogant, condescending, and elitist? Jerry, do you ever skewer or bash anybody (Thanks for the word, SK)?” To which I would respond, “You bet! I am fatally-flawed.” Thanks for helping me look in the mirror. rory says: September 30, 2008 at 9:34 am @ChinkTalk #8: At the risk of causing a stir, would you like to elaborate on any wrongdoings perpetrated on Hong Kong Chinese by the British during colonial rule, and how these wrongdoings have outweighed the benefits of British rule enough to merit reparations? I don’t mean to condone British imperialism in any way, but I don’t see how Hong Kong got a particularly raw deal out of it. Monty Python’s ‘What have the Romans ever done for us?’ sketch comes to mind… September 30, 2008 at 1:10 pm “If Hu Jia is a traitor and should spend the rest of his life in jail, what should be done with the Xinhua and propaganda department officials who intentionally misinform the Chinese people? Obviously, they’re the real China bashers, the real traitors.” Obviously you dont know what has happened in China after Sanlu Scandal. _______________________________________________________________ SKC, Reread what I said pls, Sanlu scandal is kind of things that affect large percentage of Chinese. _________________________________________________________ Jerry, Your comment — Dont pretend being naive innocent little boy and a political moron when bashing China.” That surely diminishes my motivation for taking you seriously…. While some west media bash China for “occupation” of Tibet, they 100% support Georgia’s stands on Ossetia, that is, pretending being a naive boy; and they pretend they dont know what is real intention why their politicians and meda made human right such a big issue about China, they are pretending being political morons. Wahaha says: September 30, 2008 at 1:32 pm “If someone demonizes Roman Catholic because priests molest children, do you think he has agenda ?” – I would hope so. That aiding and abetting the abuse of children by people in positions of authority is wrong. And I’m guessing that Hu, by demonizing the CCP because the CCP robs people of their rights, is speaking out against that wrong. I must have asked this a thousand times in the past few months: so what’s your point? You dont know my point ? You know my point, that is, you shouldnt demonizes Roman Catholic cuz there are several priests molested children as there are hundreds of thousands of priest. that is why I demand “using percentage.” BTW, what is wrong and what is right ? In WWII, british agent blowed a a ship in Norway with 4 children and dozens of innocent people on board, as the ship carried nuc material. and God knows how many innocent people ally bombs killed during WWII. Like Michael Fay incident, Most singaporeans supported the decision by singapore government. do you think singapore government did right thing ? Hemulen says: September 30, 2008 at 2:22 pm Hu Jia is a traitor because he has accepted money from NED? Interesting. Sun Yat-sen accepted money from the Japanese while he was struggling against the Qing. Maybe he was a traitor too? Mao Zedong received money from the Soviet Union while he was in Yan’an. A traitor? Perhaps the difference between Hu Jia and these two gentlemen is the fact that they came to power and Hu Jia is just another dissident in jail who it is easy to piss on. There is a saying in Chinese that aptly describes this mentality: 胜则王败则寇. Every time a Chinese dissident gets hailed in the west, I am astonished to see how much crap Chinese netizens are prepared to heap on them. Interesting political culture, interesting indeed. TonyP4 says: September 30, 2008 at 2:34 pm I do not agree everything with CCP. Look at the results in last 30 years. I think they’re doing quite good. They have many problems to deal with like corruption, QC, pollution. Give them time and I think they’re on the right track. A lot just happen logically or predictably. * 1989 student protest. A sad incidence that happened when the government was at the brink of being overturned. Most progresses stopped for several years after that and it is still being used an excuse by the west. No Chinese including the students want that to happen again. * Tibet. It is not like the Soviet breakup. I believe it will be part of China forever. The more unrest, the more suffering for Tibetans, sorry for the fact. 99.9% of the protesters from the west have not been to Tibet and their ancestors are opium dealers ( and now they experience how opium and drugs hurt their citizens and their children). * All the problems including tinted food, toys, pollution and corruption can be tracked down to the system is not matured to handle the fast growth of the economy. Making money fast is not the only top priority. Freedom should be allowed more and keeping pace with the economy. ChinkTalk says: September 30, 2008 at 2:52 pm Rory #96 – Please don’t be afraid to question – constructive debate is good. Unfortunately I am very weak in Hong Kong or Chinese affairs and I am actually learning a lot from this blog. One thing I do know is that there is no universal suffrage in Hong Kong under the British. My direct experience with people from Hong Kong here in Canada is that they are all very afraid of self expression, even doctors and other educated people, on the contrary, people from China that I have met, they are very direct in their opinions and clear in their demands. This is my own personal interpretation and I could be completely wrong: if the Chinese from China who are supposily lived under authoritarian rule are much more expressive than the Hong Kong Chinese, then there must be something wrong with the way the Hong Kong Chinese have been brought up. That is why I asked for a finer examination of British rule in Hong Kong – since I do not know myself. I leave it to more knowledgeable people who can enlighten me too. So far in my life, I have not met one British person that treated me as an equal and this is in Canada, and the British are the immigrants. I could imagine how they would treat the Hong Kong Chinese under their colonial rule. Besides, are there any benevolent colonial masters. I applaud the Italians – will the British have the guts to reveal the truth. TonyP4 says: September 30, 2008 at 3:06 pm Continue from my last post. It is the same in US. Every time we have a disaster, we have a new law to make sure it will not happen again. It tweaks the system. There are a lot to be tweaked in China. Hope the system is tweaked before disaster happens. Borrow the idea on how Brits handled corruption in Hong Kong by setting up a special agent to handle corruption that has the highest authority. It is particularly important in China with one-party government. raffiaflower says: September 30, 2008 at 3:08 pm Sun accepted $$ from the Japanese, but it wasn’ t state funding (if my history is correct). He had individual Japanese sympathisers who believed in helping China’s cause. In fact, Japan, and the West did nothing to ease China’s painful path into the modern world, but continued in exploiting its misery. So,for those who are puzzled at the constant bristling of Chinese people (wherever they are) at the slightest criticism, that’s because Westerners have not earned that right to judge China right or wrong. In fact, that historical pattern of patronising seems repetitious, and the proposal to award Hu Jia fits right in. Mao accepted $$ from Soviet Union but he was a bona fide political leader and was ready to work with Chiang Kai-shek to unify China. This would have happened in the march on Shanghai if Chiang had not broken his word and given in to the pressure of the foreigners and Chinese capitalists. Both worked for something they believed in called China. What does this man called Hu Jia work for? Doing work for AIDS victims earns brownie points for good karma. But surely he taints his halo when he accepts the blandishments of an agency from a government that is essentially hostile and committed to undermining another country’s system. Is he a passionate crusader or a professional activist? More likely the latter, if the funding has gone to purchase a nice apartment rather than expanding humanitarian activities. What meaning will this so-called Peace prize have, when many people – much more probably, than those he has actually helped – reject the idea that he has contributed to the wellbeing of the society he comes from? The West will be giving little more than a medal to an adopted mascot. Hemulen says: September 30, 2008 at 3:34 pm @raffiaflower The financial problem [of the revolutionaries] saw Japanese adventurers, businessmen, and politicians working smoothly together to further republicanism in China and big business in Japan. Sun Yat-sen was able to procure three loans from Japan [in 1911]. The first could be traced largely to the enthusiasm of his friends and to quick action on the part of Mitsui officials in Shanghai. The second reflected more careful planning in Tokyo. The third, only partly completed, represented a major attempt at [Japanese] control of the Hanyehping Company. Jansen, Marius B. The Japanese and Sun Yat-Sen. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. 146. TonyP4 says: September 30, 2008 at 3:44 pm Joke of the day: Give Nobel ‘peace’ prize to the best Chinese basher. The west decides China is the evil empire (Soviet has been dethroned, sorry), so any one against it is a saint. Hemulen says: Yes, Chiang Kai-shek gave in to the pressure of capitalists and foreigners. Just like the Communists, he was trained with Soviet money, and then switched allegiance. And the Communists continued to be supported by a foreign organization, the Comintern. chorasmian says: September 30, 2008 at 7:41 pm @Hemulen, Personally, I don’t think Hu Jia is a traitor, though it is unwise for him to accept external political funding. Regarding Sun Yet-sen and Mao Ze Dong, yes, they are traitors/criminals to the government at that time because they try to overthrow them. Your opinion actually support the court decision on Hu Jia’s case, “inciting the overthrow of state power”. Hemulen says: September 30, 2008 at 8:44 pm @chorasmian Your opinion actually support the court decision on Hu Jia’s case, “inciting the overthrow of state power”. We can debate whether it is a good thing to receive money from the NED, but it is a huge imaginative leap you are making here. Just because some people who receive overseas funding are subversive, doesn’t mean that all people who receive overseas funding are subversive. The reason I gave Sun and Mao is that they are usually held up as patriotic heroes in China. Hu’s “Beijing Zhiaixing Information Counseling Center”, which received money, is an HIV awareness center. If you want to say that “might is right,” just say it. But calling Hu Jia a “traitor” will only make people more sympathetic to him. chorasmian says: September 30, 2008 at 10:20 pm @Hemulen In general, I agree with you on this issue. I think Hu Jia is a patriot but chose an unwise approach. And I can understand his motivation as I mentioned on #57. I just want to say you gave a bad example to support your argument. Perhaps I should rephrase that sentence to “Your argument actually….”. For me, it is more interesting to find out why Chinese refuse funding from NED, but welcomed US governent funding Tsinghua university before 1949 and many other organizations currently. I can bet that the reason is universal in the world. Additionally, I don’t have enough information about NED to make my personal judgement. I don’t label any organization as “anti-China” easily. However, I have to say, NED has low reputation in Chinese society. If there is any misunderstanding in that, it needs a better PR consultant urgently. Otherwise, it will find every project it supports rejected by Chinese. Further more, I want to remind you that some Chinese do regard Mao as a devil. For me, he was a mixture of Budha and Devil. I guess many educated Chinese have similar view as mine. But don’t ask me the percentage, I can’t prove it. Karma says: September 30, 2008 at 10:26 pm @Hemulen, The NED has been subversive with respect to China (at least communist China). It is not a HUGE IMAGINATIVE LEAP to see Hu Jia as a traitor. The leap may be wrong, but it is not HUGE. In the end, Hu Jia may simply have been a little opportunistic in taking $ from NED for a cause that he personally believes is good for China. Or the NED may have simply found an opportunistic pawn willing to comply with a foreign agent to weaken China. Both are possible, with the second much more likely in my humble opinion…. Charles Liu says: September 30, 2008 at 11:06 pm Hemulen, while I support Hu Jia’s AIDS activism, I think he didn’t look at the democracy money he got from NED/US State Dept carefully. I don’t think it is unreasonable for the Chinese government to say accepting US foreign policy money is in violation of China’s state subversion law – after all, US have very similiar law oursevles. It has been the NED’s agenda to influence/pressure the Chinese government by gathering a “string of pearls” in any and all dissident voices against the Chinese government. Here’s a comment from another blogger, Twofish in another Hu Jia conversation: “I once had a chat with Carl Gershman, the head of the National Endowment for Democracy. Nice guy, very well-meaning. Totally clueless unfortunately, and I left the chat thinking that with someone like him in charge of US democracy efforts 1) the Chinese government has nothing to worry about and 2) anyone that really wants to see democracy in China does. His bright idea was that you take all of the anti-Communist groups (i.e. Tibetan nationalists, Uighur nationalists, Taiwan independence, and Chinese overseas exiles) together talking with each other to try to put pressure on the Chinese government. The point I was making to him was that this was extremely “unwise” (I was polite enough to avoid using the word freaking stupid) since by putting all of these groups together you are going to end up with a nationalistic backlash that is going to increase support for the CCP and political repression far beyond would it otherwise would have been. Also, I asked him what the plan was assuming that he was successful and the Communist Party does fall, and he had no idea. Personal I think that Carl Gershman is extremely dangerous, not because he has this secret plot to destroy China. Quite the opposite, he is a nice, well-meaning person that has no idea what he is really doing. A four year old with a machine gun is infinite more dangerous than a hired assassin.” I find it exteremely distrubing that Gershman/NED basically believes the same thing as FLG, that Heaven should eliminate the CCP, but what happens when there’s statelessness and chaos, they don’t know and they don’t care. Wahaha says: “I find it exteremely distrubing that Gershman/NED basically believes the same thing as FLG, that Heaven should eliminate the CCP, but what happens when there’s statelessness and chaos, they don’t know and they don’t care.” If they know, will they care ? more likely that is what they want. RUMman says: October 1, 2008 at 1:04 am Ha ha ha. . . Posters here ‘applaud’ the Italians for facing up to colonialism. The Italian reparations are all about oil. They won’t be paying any money to their non-oil producing former colonies any time soon. And when will the Chinese pay reparations to all the places they have colonized? Can Mongolia expect a pay out? Taiwan? Vietnam? Yunnan (it only became Chinese during the Ming)? Xinjiang? Korea was effectively Chinese controlled at certain times. . . so I guess they deserve a pay out too. Tibet of course. . Taiwan is trickier. Definitely colonized by the Dutch, then anti-Qing loyalists, then the Manchurian Qing, then the Japanese, then the KMT. Who should pay reparations and to whom? Chinese crack me up with their endless crapping on like little victims of colonialist imperialism, blithely ignoring the fact that they are easily Asia’s largest imperialist and colonialist power. The borders of the PRC are largely those of the Qing ‘EMPIRE’. Pretty simple stuff. Hongkonger says: “I once had a chat with Carl Gershman, the head of the National Endowment for Democracy. Nice guy, very well-meaning. Totally clueless unfortunately, ” Funny you should say that. Just last night, I had the most wonderful dinner in Chungking Mansion in TST Hong Kong, of Indian curry dishes w/lots of ice cold Carlsberg>My buddy, who used to work for the airport security team in the USA (I won’t say which so-called worldclass city.) said the same about the head of this US airport Security force > “He was so full of hot air, an ace brown-nosing lazy SOB>” I was not at all surprised. HK, even though was an ex-British colony, has in fact become too Americanized to my likings, these days. yo says: @michelle, Oh man, this is in regards to your comment waaay up top. I think going there ups your credibility. Even in a limited capacity as a “tourist”, preconceived notions and stereotypes can be smashed into pieces. Have you seen Anthony Bourdain 🙂 In regards to your question, let’s not forget the original issue that they were protesters going waaay out of their way to spread their “gospel”. There is an expectation that this person is at least some expert if they wish to be so preachy. However, as with all pontificators, it’s a facade. Not going to Tibet for them is like some guy trying to give you medical advice, but it turns out he never went to medical school. I would agree with the person who brought this up that it is funny because it makes the protesters look like fools. It’s the expectation here that they couldn’t live up to. Now, does that mean you or I can’t have an informed opinion on the issue because we never went to Tibet, no!, by any stretch of the imagination. Number one, I’m not pretending to be any sort of expert on the issue or pontificating my opinions as truth. What we can do is to follow reliable information, it’s out there, albeit hard to find. However, the best thing to do, and I think you agree, is to go there and see first hand. On a related issue, IMO, mainlanders in China inherently have an advantage in the credibility issue because they either went to Tibet or live under the communist system so their insight on how the government operates(the good and the bad) is important. To clarify however, this does not inherently make them credible. Wahaha says: October 1, 2008 at 3:37 am RMBman, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state, which country was under China’s political control before ? Mongolia colonized China, and after hundreds of years, it became part of China. China never colonized Mongolia. Great Wall was built to keep them out. If Chinese had been as ambitious before Qing dynasty as Westerners were, China would not have be colonized. so I dont know what you ha ha ha for. Wahaha says: “….I think Hu Jia is a patriot…” He is Gordon Chang in China. I wish he will win the Nobel price and never go back to China. or become a french. October 1, 2008 at 4:11 am To Wahaha: “Reread what I said pls, Sanlu scandal is kind of things that affect large percentage of Chinese.”- and your point is…… “You dont know my point ?” – I hardly ever do. And to me that’s a good thing. “you shouldnt demonizes Roman Catholic cuz there are several priests molested children as there are hundreds of thousands of priest. that is why I demand “using percentage.””- once again, you have got to be pooping me! First of all, 0.0000000001% of RC priests molesting kids would be 0.0000000001% too many. Second of all, although admittedly it is a few bad apples, such bad apples have been around for decades. And if, after that amount of time, you’re still unable to rid yourself of these bad apples, then that organization deserves every single last drop of demonization that’s coming their way. Now, to bring it back to the topic of the post, if China’s had 59 years and still not gotten very far in the areas that Hu criticizes, well, demonize away I say. As for your “demands”, you’re welcome to two guesses as to whether they would have any bearing on me. That should improve your “percentage” chance of getting the answer. Wahaha says: “First of all, 0.0000000001% of RC priests molesting kids..” There are 1 billion priests on earth ? if not, how 1% of ONE priest molested a child ? BTW, two days ago, a chinese deliverboy was killed for $20. explain how such things happen in a country while every individual’s right was respected ? explain how 7 million New Yorkers have no right to walk at night in central park ? explain why million of people have to tolerate the ugly graffiti ? S.K. Cheung says: Dude, are you trying to change the subject? The sentence can be read as “X percent… would be X percent too many”, which is essentially what I wrote with some mathematical license. Does that help with your comprehension? Wahaha says: If killing one child molestor can save 1 child, I support it. You are living in Disneyland. If Chinese economy is delayed by 10 years, that mean 100 million newborn will not have chance to live better for the rest of their life. S.K. Cheung says: October 1, 2008 at 4:37 am 1-X% would refer to all the other clergy within the RC church (the ones who don’t molest, presumably). Absolutely, if they’ve been standing idly by, they should be held to account. And let’s not equate the “suffering” of being demonized to the suffering of the victims. Gosh, I hope you’re not THAT out there. And Hu’s not demonizing CHinese people. His beef is with the system they’re subjected to. Works for me. S.K. Cheung says: Wait a second, I’d settle for defrocking and jail time. Oh, and in case the last reference escaped you, you’re a wing-nut. Wahaha says: Whether Hu is demonzing Chinese and China or not is determined by Chinese, not by politicians on the other side of earth. S.K. Cheung says: …but they might have far fewer kidney stones. Oh, and I should rephrase my last bit (my bad): you’re living in wing-nut-land. S.K. Cheung says: If your question is Hu’s intent, you’ll have to visit him in jail and ask him. Wahaha says: If this is what West media had talked about, they would have been welcomed by Chinese. How about toxic rice Scandal in democratic Japan ? How about $700 billion for those bankers on Wall street while not even 1 billion for those Hurricane victims ? Wahaha says: Let me tell you : Compare the benefits and interest to a pie, Under democracy, riches cut off 90% and people are given the right for the remaining 10%. In current China, those who have power cut off 10% and give people 90%. That is why China was able to pull 400 million people out of extreme poverty (where did the money come from ?) that is why in poor democratic country, there are always dozens of billionaires plus millions of hopeless poor people. Wahaha says: “If your question is Hu’s intent, you’ll have to visit him in jail and ask him.” I believe he wants to see the collapse of CCP at any cost, and you do too. S.K. Cheung says: October 1, 2008 at 4:57 am Well, as of earlier today, the bail out is on hold, as far as I know. And I disagree with the bail-out. And this would make for juicy fodder on a Blog for America. But this blog ain’t that. I wasn’t aware of toxic rice in Japan. As I said when the Sanlu thing first broke, food safety is a global issue. A country’s model of governance does not vaccinate it against food contamination. But how a country responds in preventing “the next time” does reflect on its model of governance. So what has China done so far? Based on comments from other threads, not a lot. S.K. Cheung says: October 1, 2008 at 5:02 am “I believe he wants to see the collapse of CCP at any cost, and you do too.” – I hope it didn’t take you 4 months on this blog to realize that I think the CCP is the best thing since melamine-laced milk powder. As for #130, another example of your many random examples. Jerry says: @S. K. Cheung, #132 @Wahaha, #129 Wahaha, you have brought up the Japanese tainted rice scandal. Here is a recent snippet from an article from Atimes. Japan http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/JI24Dh01.html So here is my question. How does this compare with how the Chinese have handled the Sanlu scandal? SK and Wahaha, it seems that this unfortunate Japanese scandal has been handled more expeditiously, more openly, and more accountably than the Chinese government’s handling of the Sanlu scandal. Please feel free to comment. SK, you wrote As I said when the Sanlu thing first broke, food safety is a global issue. A country’s model of governance does not vaccinate it against food contamination. But how a country responds in preventing “the next time” does reflect on its model of governance. So what has China done so far? Based on comments from other threads, not a lot. I concur, SK. Wahaha, please refer to the comments out at http://blog.hiddenharmonies.org/2008/09/25/evolving-a-self-correcting-mechanism-for-the-chinese-society-thoughts-on-the-tainted-milk-crisis-and-other-chinese-scandals/ . S.K. Cheung says: To Jerry: didn’t know about the rice thing. Thanks for the info. Interesting that Japanese government calls it “tainted”, whereas Wahaha calls it “toxic”. I guess to some, it’s to-may-to, and to others, it’s to-MA-to. I don’t know if your link is the final word on that story, but doesn’t mention anything about people getting sick on the rice, or dying. That would also seem to distinguish it ever so slightly from the Sanlu deal. I guess to some, China doesn’t have a problem since, see, Japan has a somewhat similar (though less deadly, and more transparently addressed) problem. Jerry says: October 1, 2008 at 6:09 am @S. K. Cheung, #135 I had not heard about the rice scandal until I heard about it from you and Wahaha. So I went to Atimes to get their take. They are a very reliable source for Asian news. As you say, like Ella Fitzgerald and Louie Armstrong sang, “You say to-may-to. I say to-MA-to. … To-may-to, to-MA-to, po-tay-to, po-TA-to, let’s call the whole thing off.” I don’t know anything outside of that article. I will probably start investigating soon. Better to do that than to just start conjecturing at this blog. Bob says: October 1, 2008 at 7:35 am On the matter of accepting foreign assistance to subvert one’s own government, the comparison between Hu Jia and Sun/Mao is spurious. The regimes during Sun and Mao (pre-PRC) eras were unstable and tumultuous. The nation’s sovereignty was often at stake. More importantly, the governments were without the support of majority. On the other hand, despite its problems — vast, persistent, severe, any way you want to describe, the support of the current PRC government by the mass is unmistakable, therefore Hu Jia’s solicitation and acceptance of foreign aid in his quest to address China’s problems would not be taken well by the majority of Chinese. Assuming he’s not an egomaniac, but someone with noble intentions for worthy causes, he ought to understand the approach he has undertaken simply won’t work. To bring back again the hypothesis of MLK with Soviet support at the height of the Cold War, would anyone insist King would have been as celebrated as he is? Please, don’t kid yourself, Jerry. Also, Jerry, your Jewish upbringing is quite irrelevant to the topic at hand. Just leave it out. I’d venture to say Nobel is probably spinning in his grave after he learned the “Peace” Prize named after him has been hijacked and become a joke. raffiaflower says: October 1, 2008 at 8:02 am Hemulen, thanks for the pointer. But I think it supports what I said: the Japanese $$ and support was from individuals who believed in the Chinese cause, not from the government. Mitsui was a zaibatsu (Japan Inc) and its support of Sun would also help in its commercial penetration of Western-colonized SouthEast Asia. through the overseas Chinese network. Much more $$ for Sun’s cause came from SEA, in fact, and I am sure you know that the house he occupied in Penang is still there today. Yes. CCP was supported in its early days by Comintern. But those were formative years, when factions were in contention over the struggle to lead (save?) China. Again, the $$ they accepted was to further a national cause then. Today, China’s one-party authoritarian govt is a fact. It is flawed, like all governments. But when someone opts to make cause with hostile forces to subvert it, the term is quisling. Hu Jia wants his 15 minutes of fame. He should to to America and get himself painted by Andy Warhol for immortality. Only thing, Warhol is dead. Jerry says: Interesting remarks about Sun and Mao and the comparison with Hu Jia. You also wrote: “To bring back again the hypothesis of MLK with Soviet support at the height of the Cold War, would anyone insist King would have been as celebrated as he is? Please, don’t kid yourself, Jerry.” It is amazing to me how people form assumptions. It also amuses me how some people phrase their hypotheses. Oy vey! I don’t know why you would assume I would kid myself, but thank you anyway. 😀 You are probably right about his celebrity. He may have received the Nobel Peace Prize, but he probably would not be as celebrated as he was then and now in the USA. He probably would be treated much the same as Paul Robeson was. Nonetheless, both of these distinguished men, IMHO, were great people, great leaders and great Americans. Greatness is not a popularity contest, at least in my book. Regarding your comment, “Also, Jerry, your Jewish upbringing is quite irrelevant to the topic at hand. Just leave it out.”: I will comment as I see fit. But I am glad to know your opinion. I disagree with your comment about Alfred Nobel rolling over in his grave. It always seems quite ironic to me that Nobel, who was the inventor of dynamite and an arms manufacturer, is the namesake of the Nobel Peace Prize. I consider it a very worthy legacy, then and now. One last comment. You wrote about Hu Jia, “Assuming he’s not an egomaniac, but someone with noble intentions for worthy causes, he ought to understand the approach he has undertaken simply won’t work.” That is ironic; you could have been writing about MLK in the 1950’s and 60’s. MLK continually met resistance from rabid racists, politicians and African-American leaders. African-Americans told Dr. King the very same thing you wrote, “he ought to understand the approach he has undertaken simply won’t work.” Robert Kennedy authorized the FBI wiretapping of MLK. Yet MLK and other African-American leaders ended up forming an unlikely alliance with President Lyndon Baines Johnson, from the then Southern racist state of Texas. From that alliance sprang the 1964 Civil Rights Act. I am glad that Dr. King persisted. I am glad that he did not give in to the naysayers. A bi gezunt. Mazel tov. Jerry says: @raffiaflower, #103 Raffiaflower, you wrote the following: So,for those who are puzzled at the constant bristling of Chinese people (wherever they are) at the slightest criticism, that’s because Westerners have not earned that right to judge China right or wrong. I am not puzzled at Chinese bristling. I can think of a number of reasons. Westerners have not earned the right? I think I know what you mean. But as a statement, it is a bit harsh. I will criticize/judge China, USA, Israel, whoever, wherever, whatever, as I see fit and appropriate. Please feel free to criticize, too. Maybe you could clarify or elaborate? You also wrote, “Is he a passionate crusader or a professional activist? More likely the latter, if the funding has gone to purchase a nice apartment rather than expanding humanitarian activities.” Is this conjecture on your part or fact? What meaning will this so-called Peace prize have, when many people – much more probably, than those he has actually helped – reject the idea that he has contributed to the wellbeing of the society he comes from? The West will be giving little more than a medal to an adopted mascot. I respect your opinion. Nonetheless, “… many people – much more probably, than those he has actually helped” sounds like conjecture to me. I accept that you and a number of other people don’t like him. How many, I do not know. You seem to view the West as a cohesive bloc or a monolith. Not so. I know virtually nothing about him. Heck, the first time I heard his name was in this blog. Let me be honest. I am here to learn. I tend to dismiss attempts at negative or positive marketing. The world has been overwhelmed by marketing, IMHO. ChinkTalk says: Jerry – what are some of the criticisms that you have made on Israel? TonyP4 says: Random thoughts. * Politically correct, Mao is 70% Buddha and 30% devil, but the reverse is more acceptable in history. Or, he is 90% Buddha in his beginning of his career but 90% Devil in his later part of his life. It is only me talking. To me, what he had done are just according to human nature. We all like to do good in life when we’re young. Once we’re powerful, we try to control not losing it at all cost. * I do not think China is a conqueror that much. Through out history, it protected its border from the ‘barbarians’ outside the great wall and the ‘barbarians’ ruled China for a long time in recent history. China liked other courtries to acknowledge it was the greatest kingdom by sending them gifts every year and very few times they colonized. If not so, most SE Asian countries are speaking Mandarin now. Some part of Africa too. Or, even America according to the “other” history theory. * From last 300 years, China has been bullied until 1949. It is not a conqueror for sure in recent history. * The rich folks in US always give back to the society like the two richest. The US citizens may help the poor in the world more than most other countries. The poor in US have better share of the welfare – a lot of times the welfare is too good to discourage folks to work. You can argue US is a better democratic country by that yardstick and most ‘democratic’ countries in Asia are not. Wahaha says: October 1, 2008 at 2:16 pm Jerry, After the Sanlu scandal, lot of officials lost their jobs. and widespread check of foods is going on now in China, from candy to milk, as long as the foods are related to milk. good enough ? no, but nothing happened ? you wouldve know more if you couldve read chinese. Also, no offense, you think you have the right to criticize others as you see fit and appropriate. Sorry, chinese dont think so, I dont think Japanese think so either. That is Asian culture : you have to be nearly perfect to earn the right of criticizing others. SKC, Toxic rice scandal, OK ? I didnt make up story, OK ? Bob says: October 1, 2008 at 6:35 pm Jerry, you keep missing the point, which is, if MLK had been known to have ties with the old Soviets, he would not have been viewed kindly by the Americans. Whether you, a bleeding heart liberal, like it or not, reality trumps idealism. RUMman says: October 1, 2008 at 8:24 pm Wahaha says: “RMBman, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state, which country was under China’s political control before ? Mongolia colonized China, and after hundreds of years, it became part of China. China never colonized Mongolia. Great Wall was built to keep them out. If Chinese had been as ambitious before Qing dynasty as Westerners were, China would not have be colonized.” Didn’t they colonize Vietnam, Yunnan, Tibet, East Turkestan, Mongolia and many more . . . ? Like I said. . .pretty simple stuff. Prior to the dissolution of the Qing empire the non-Han parts of the empire were promised autonomy by Sun Yat-sen and co. Never happened though did it? ‘China’ was redefined as comprising the entire Qing Empire. This was essentially a Han land grab, and a betrayal of the Mongolians, Tibetans and Uigurs. Meanwhile, Yunnan only because ‘Chinese’ after the Ming moved Han settlers there to quell the minorities who had no interest in being ruled by Han. An interesting little piece of history. That imperial policy of changing the demographics of restive colonial territories through settlement of Han is now being repeated in Tibet and Xinjiang. I’m just pointing out some history, for the benefit of Chinese who are only capable of bitching at being on the short end of imperialism, while overlooking China’s own imperialist and colonialist history. Even Qing China, seen by Chinese purely as a victim of evil western colonialism, was itself an ambitious colonial power. While the Qing lost territory along the coast they also gained vast tracts of land in Xinjiang. I don’t expect you to accept any of these facts as truth. The truth hurts you too much. Wahaha says: RUMman, China didnt colonize Mongolia, right ? Han chinese colonized minorities in YuNan ? I guess han chinese and minority lived next to each other for over one thousand years, and it surprised you that some han chinese live in Yunan by 1700s. When was passport invented ? maybe 500 AD in your mind, skylight says: October 1, 2008 at 9:12 pm @Wahaha #143 That’s not Asian culture, that’s backwardness. You always talk about how backward Tibet is, if there is a backward trait in today’s China, it is that critisim and dissent is not allowed. Although Japan and Korea is not totally democratic, at least critisism and dissent is allowed publically. That is modern and civilized society. @RUMman #147 October 1, 2008 at 10:09 pm @RUMman, Now that I have read your abridged version of Chinese History in #147, when you do come out with your abridged version of World History – may even of the History of the Universe – can you please let me know? Time being of essence, I am very interested in condensing everything I need to learn into just a few seconds of reading. Thanks! P.S. When you are ready for a slightly more nuianced reading of cultural movements and assimilation in Asia (at least during the modern times), I suggest starting with a book called Cultural Genocide and Asian State Peripheries by Professor Sautman. RUMman says: October 1, 2008 at 10:56 pm Touchy touchy. . . Allen, I wasn’t attempting ‘an abridged version of Chinese history’. I am merely pointing out aspects of Chinese history that do not gel with the idea of ‘China as the victim of foreign imperialism and colonialism’, which seems to be the only reading of Chinese history acceptable to Chinese. If my comments are not sufficiently nuanced, tough luck. Historical commentary from Chinese is generally far less nuanced. If I manage to be more nuanced than that I’m happy. Oh yes, and of course Zheng He also engaged in a little gunboat diplomacy. Did he not capture or execute a ‘pirate’ or two somewhere around Sumatra? Wasn’t the ‘pirate’ in question some local ruler who refused to pay tribute? Something along those lines anyway. But of course no. . that can’t have happened. Only an evil western nation would have done such a thing. RUMman says: Wahaha said: “RUMman, China didnt colonize Mongolia, right ? Han chinese colonized minorities in YuNan ? I guess han chinese and minority lived next to each other for over one thousand years, and it surprised you that some han chinese live in Yunan by 1700s. When was passport invented ? maybe 500 AD in your mind,” Typical nonsensical response. . . – The ROC claimed sovereignty over Mongolia until several years ago. The PRC only gave their claim over Mongolia up as a blow job to the Soviets. Mongolia is fortunate to be independent rather than a Chinese colony a la Xinjiang or Tibet. – The Ming most certainly colonized Yunnan. This land-grab was one of the big projects of Ming times. Accomplishing this involved sending Han settlers to Yunnan to make the local people a minority in their own homeland. Apologies if it makes you uncomfortable, but try to remember that the minority peoples of Yunnan probably suffered a lot more discomfort than yourself. – I don’t get the passport comment. I must be thick. I’m endlessly amazed at the inability of many Chinese to see things from anyone’s perspective but their own. So many of them actually seem to believe China has been an endlessly benevolent power that was mercilessly exploited by evil foreigners. They are utterly unable to conceive that China has often been that exploitative foreign power. The very ‘national’ borders of China are those of a disappeared Manchurian empire. Elementary stuff, yet impossible for most Chinese to get. The occasional one does though. wukong says: October 1, 2008 at 11:24 pm @RUMman Since you are lecturing Chinese on Chinese history here, here are some historical and geological facts that might interest you. Su Dong Po (苏东坡）is considered one of the all time greatest poets in Chinese history, his poems are still taught in high schools today. He was from Song Dynasty, that was before Mongol Yuan and later Ming Dynasty. When he lost favor with the royal court, he was exiled to Hainan Island by the emperor. Needless to say, Hainan is out in the sea south to Guandang, and far far south to Yunnan. Also modern Vietnam was a once a Chinese province for a thousand year, first conquered by a Qin genereal during the First Emperor’s reign, that was even before the notion of “Han” Chinese was ever coined. When Qin generals and Tang viceroy went to Vietnam, they marched through Yunnan province. Southern China has been home for Chinese for thousands of years, Chinese didn’t “discover” Yunnan all of sudden, hold a Thanksgiving meal with natives then kill them off. Southern China were Chinese land. skylight says: October 1, 2008 at 11:24 pm @Allen Although Hong Kong-based Barry Sautman’s writings are interesting and controversial, some of his very politically related posturing in newspaper articles and academic articles arises some doubts regarding the academic quality of his work. He is the most quoted western academic together with Goldstein, Grunfeldt and Parenti in official Chinese government documents and statements. Two recommended books regarding Tibetan-Chinese interaction: 1. Tibet and Nationalist China’s Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928-49 by Hsiao-Ting Lin (Stanford University) You dont get the passport comment ? You need a passport to go to another country, BTW, Mongolia invaded China and united Mongolia and China, know what that means ? Put down your self-proclaimed superiority. Mind your own business, that is taking care of the native aboriginals in Canada, Australia and US, OK ? and that is also an advise to skylight. wukong says: October 1, 2008 at 11:33 pm Interesting you brought up Zheng He. If Chinese had any colonial mentality, when Zheng He “discovered” Africa, he would’ve claim the whole continent as a Chinese colony and made himself the governor, he would have started a slave trade, killed off 90% of them and made the rest few speak Chinese. After the feat was done, heck, China might even get to lecture Europeans about the evil of colonialism. wukong says: October 1, 2008 at 11:55 pm Al Gore accepted some campaign donation from Buddhist monks (Asian American I presume) when he was running for president, and it was made a big issue by the media and talk radio alike. He had to return the money. Similarly a couple of months ago, Hilliary had to return donations collected by some Chinese American who was found to have a warrant on him. But if he wasn’t an Asian, it wouldn’t have been made a big news as it was. The implied but never spoken elephant in the room is Chinese face equals foreign influence. Touchy touchy. . . You are right. I was touchy. What I really meant to say was: I am sure there are a lot of “misconceptions” in any people’s history…. I myself am not prepared to argue that Chinese do not have misconceptions of their history – nor the proposition that China is the beneficial power while the West is the malignant power. But I’d agree that it is probably as wrong for a Chinese citizen to uncritically see China as a “beneficial” power as it is for a Westerner to see Western civilization as a “savior” of the world… As a great power (or future great power), China must refrain from wallowing in such Cum-ba-ya ideologies. Such “blindness” can only lead China to unintentionally harm the rest of the world… Jerry says: I like bananas and you like banahnahs, I say Havana and I get Havahnah Bananas, banahnahs Havana, Havahnah, Let’s call the whole thing off. You can see a clip from the movie, “Shall We Dance”, in which Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers sing the song and do an amazing dance while wearing roller-skates. I wish I could walk as well as they dance on roller-skates. Smoooooth! I think that the conversation at the start of the clip says it all for me. ( http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZ3fjQa5Hls ) I miss you George, Ira, Fred and Ginger. And you, too, Gene Kelly. Thanks, Bob and SKC, for inspiring my musical and terpsichorean response. BTW, why do you feel that I am obliged to acknowledge your point in a manner which is acceptable to you? Bob, my question is a rhetorical pejorative. You don’t have to respond. But if you want to, please be my guest. And, Bob, when I get comments like yours, I am known to say, “Thanks. A little recognition goes a long way.” October 2, 2008 at 1:22 am @Bob #146, Jerry, you keep missing the point, which is, if MLK had been known to have ties with the old Soviets, he would not have been viewed kindly by the Americans. Whether you, a bleeding heart liberal, like it or not, reality trumps idealism. I agree. The merits of MLK aside, if international politics had been injected, I can guarantee that MLK would not have been viewed kindly by the American people. P.S. Of course if we are big enough, we can always rise above politics to discuss the merits of the issues despite of the specter of politics. (can sometimes be a tall order for me though!) Jerry says: October 2, 2008 at 1:52 am @Allen, #161. I believe that he would be viewed unkindly if he had ties to the Soviet Union. Maybe my reply to Bob (#139) was too subtle, “He probably would be treated much the same as Paul Robeson was.” I had said earlier (#95), “Wahaha, I know it was subtle and implied, but my examples about MLK and Paul Robeson, two great African-Americans, answers your rhetorical question/hypothesis in the positive.” Previously, in #88 to Wahaha, I had remarked, “Paul Robeson visited the Soviet Union; he was ridiculed and persecuted for it.” Dr. King was assailed and roundly criticized by a number of Americans for his opposition to the Vietnam War. That we do know. I personally don’t like the word “guaranteed” unless referring to death, taxes and change. And my daughter asking me for money. 😀 ChinkTalk says: October 2, 2008 at 5:55 am Jerry – not unlike your rhetorical pejorative, when Chinese people say “guarantee”, it means “pretty sure”, when Chinese people say “wish you a happy birthday and that you are going to be 10,000 years old”, it means “I wish that you will live a many years”. Chinese expressions are very complex and it takes many years to understand. Playing with semantics is one thing but to truly understand the Chinese psyche vis-a-vis the true intend of that expression is quite different. S.K. Cheung says: October 2, 2008 at 6:17 am To Wahaha #145: I never said you made up the story. I was just commenting on word choice. And you backed it up with that article (which had some other interesting info not found in Jerry’s link, so thanks for that). And yes, that article suggests that Japan also has room to improve on transparency. And for that matter, I think most governments the world over could use lessons on transparency. Even China (no kidding, eh?). What I don’t get is, (and this is not just directed at you) why the fascination over comparing. Japan’s got funny rice, China has kidney-stone milk, Canada’s had disaster deli-meat, the US has had shitty spinach and the-trots tomatoes. But the fact that other countries have had problems doesn’t absolve each jurisdiction of their fudiciary duty to fix their own. Do Chinese feel less troubled by their kidney-stone kids because other countries have also screwed the pooch? I’d rather we discuss each issue on its merits, or lack thereof. Alas, people are gonna talk about what they’re gonna talk about, and one of the cool things about this blog is that Admin allows such latitude. S.K. Cheung says: October 2, 2008 at 6:25 am To Bob: “I’d venture to say Nobel is probably spinning in his grave after he learned the “Peace” Prize named after him has been hijacked and become a joke.” Alternatively, you might also consider acknowledging the possibility that more people approve of the selections than share your opinion, so that Nobel might continue to R.I.P. quite comfortably. Jerry says: October 2, 2008 at 6:25 am @ChinkTalk, #163 Thanks for the explanation. And you are right, “guaranteed” means something very different in my head and mind. Which is why I rarely promise or guarantee anything. Here is a brief explanation of why I don’t get emotionally close to Chinese people here in Taipei (no guys, I don’t want to start a war over Taiwanese vs. Chinese). The gap in thinking, reasoning, handling emotions, direct vs. indirect communication, language and culture is just too big right now. Will the gap lessen? I hope so. But I don’t play “what if” or “when” games. Speculation bores me. This so-called “bleeding heart liberal” is one hard-nosed, realistic Jew who will put up emotional and psychic walls in a heartbeat. When sustaining a relationship is too much like work, I will walk away with little remorse. C’est la vie. A bi gezunt, I tell myself. Jerry says: October 2, 2008 at 6:55 am @S. K. Cheung, #164 All of the issues named in your post are inexcusable as you say. And I was guilty of comparing of the Japanese response and Chinese response. And I would probably do it again because I want to see if there are better ways to deal with a food or drug QC issue before it becomes a scandal. And to goad governments into better dealing with issues. I still remember Johnson & Johnson’s Tylenol poisonings in 1982. J&J pulled all the Tylenol off all the shelves in the US. Their stellar handling set the gold standard. And the problem was someone adulterating/poisoning the Tylenol after it was on store shelves (no conclusive proof, but overwhelming evidence that it was done on store’s shelves or storerooms). But J&J did the right thing. They did not make the excuse that it was not their problem. All I know is that if my child was affected by one of the scandals in Japan, China, US, Europe or wherever, I would be one pissed-off parent. There is no excuse that would make me happy at that point. S.K. Cheung says: October 2, 2008 at 7:18 am To Jerry: I should clarify. Comparing for the sake of learning, to me, is fine. If CHina came up with a system to radically improve food safety, Canadians would be stupid not to at least examine it for applicability for ourselves. But comparing for the sake of de-emphasizing your own problems, or worse yet, to serve as an excuse for not addressing them, to me is truly pathetic. I vaguely recall the Tylenol thing. A shining example of a corporation doing the right thing. Perhaps it belongs in a museum. As I said elsewhere about Sanlu, if my child was affected, I would expect to see heads on ends of sticks, placed there with the use of dull knives. Jerry says: @S. K. Cheung, #168 @Wahaha, #143 SK, thanks for your clarification. I agree with your statement repudiating comparison for the sake of excusing inaction or for the sake of de-emphasis of the issue. Also, if comparison yields the discovery of a better way, we would be stupid for not further investigating And, yes, the Guardian article had additional info to add to Atime’s article. Thanks, Wahaha and SKC. The Japanese government and Mikasa have apparently engaged, for 10 years, in malfeasance and misfeasance. Not really a surprise. More a disappointment and inexcusable. “wow, democratic Japan tried to cover the scandal ?” Yes, Wahaha, governments of all stripes can cover-up their malfeasance and misfeasance. Your point? Or is this just a jab? You might want to read the article and link further below in this post. SK, you said, “As I said elsewhere about Sanlu, if my child was affected, I would expect to see heads on ends of sticks, placed there with the use of dull knives.” LMAO. Well said. SK and Wahaha, here is a snippet from an article in the Greater Good magazine, published by UC Berkelely. I find this article intriguing. Volume IV, Issue 3: Winter 2007-08 The Power Paradox True power requires modesty and empathy, not force and coercion, argues Dacher Keltner. But what people want from leaders—social intelligence—is what is damaged by the experience of power. … The power paradox “Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely”, said the British historian Lord Acton. Unfortunately, this is not entirely a myth, as the actions of Europe’s monarchs, Enron’s executives, and out-of-control pop stars reveal. A great deal of research—especially from social psychology—lends support to Acton’s claim, albeit with a twist: Power leads people to act in impulsive fashion, both good and bad, and to fail to understand other people’s feelings and desires. For instance, studies have found that people given power in experiments are more likely to rely on stereotypes when judging others, and they pay less attention to the characteristics that define those other people as individuals. Predisposed to stereotype, they also judge others’ attitudes, interests, and needs less accurately. One survey found that high-power professors made less accurate judgments about the attitudes of low-power professors than those low-power professors made about the attitudes of their more powerful colleagues. Power imbalances may even help explain the finding that older siblings don’t perform as well as their younger siblings on theory-of-mind tasks, which assess one’s ability to construe the intentions and beliefs of others. Power even prompts less complex legal reasoning in Supreme Court justices. A study led by Stanford psychologist Deborah Gruenfeld compared the decisions of U.S. Supreme Court justices when they wrote opinions endorsing either the position of a majority of justices on the bench—a position of power—or the position of the vanquished, less powerful minority. Sure enough, when Gruenfeld analyzed the complexity of justices’ opinions on a vast array of cases, she found that justices writing from a position of power crafted less complex arguments than those writing from a low-power position. A great deal of research has also found that power encourages individuals to act on their own whims, desires, and impulses. When researchers give people power in scientific experiments, those people are more likely to physically touch others in potentially inappropriate ways, to flirt in more direct fashion, to make risky choices and gambles, to make first offers in negotiations, to speak their mind, and to eat cookies like the Cookie Monster, with crumbs all over their chins and chests. Perhaps more unsettling is the wealth of evidence that having power makes people more likely to act like sociopaths. High-power individuals are more likely to interrupt others, to speak out of turn, and to fail to look at others who are speaking. They are also more likely to tease friends and colleagues in hostile, humiliating fashion. Surveys of organizations find that most rude behaviors—shouting, profanities, bald critiques—emanate from the offices and cubicles of individuals in positions of power. My own research has found that people with power tend to behave like patients who have damaged their brain’s orbitofrontal lobes (the region of the frontal lobes right behind the eye sockets), a condition that seems to cause overly impulsive and insensitive behavior. Thus the experience of power might be thought of as having someone open up your skull and take out that part of your brain so critical to empathy and socially-appropriate behavior. Power may induce more harmful forms of aggression as well. In the famed Stanford Prison Experiment, psychologist Philip Zimbardo randomly assigned Stanford undergraduates to act as prison guards or prisoners—an extreme kind of power relation. The prison guards quickly descended into the purest forms of power abuse, psychologically torturing their peers, the prisoners. Similarly, anthropologists have found that cultures where rape is prevalent and accepted tend to be cultures with deeply entrenched beliefs in the supremacy of men over women. This leaves us with a power paradox. Power is given to those individuals, groups, or nations who advance the interests of the greater good in socially-intelligent fashion. Yet unfortunately, having power renders many individuals as impulsive and poorly attuned to others as your garden variety frontal lobe patient, making them prone to act abusively and lose the esteem of their peers. What people want from leaders—social intelligence—is what is damaged by the experience of power. When we recognize this paradox and all the destructive behaviors that flow from it, we can appreciate the importance of promoting a more socially-intelligent model of power. Social behaviors are dictated by social expectations. As we debunk longstanding myths and misconceptions about power, we can better identify the qualities powerful people should have, and better understand how they should wield their power. As a result, we’ll have much less tolerance for people who lead by deception, coercion, or undue force. No longer will we expect these kinds of antisocial behaviors from our leaders and silently accept them when they come to pass. We’ll also start to demand something more from our colleagues, our neighbors, and ourselves. When we appreciate the distinctions between responsible and irresponsible uses of power—and the importance of practicing the responsible, socially-intelligent form of it—we take a vital step toward promoting healthy marriages, peaceful playgrounds, and societies built on cooperation and trust. ——————————————————————————– Dacher Keltner, Ph.D., is a co-editor of Greater Good and a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley Hmmm … October 2, 2008 at 2:46 pm Wukong said: “Since you are lecturing Chinese on Chinese history here, here are some historical and geological facts that might interest you. Su Dong Po (苏东坡）is considered one of the all time greatest poets in Chinese history, his poems are still taught in high schools today. He was from Song Dynasty, that was before Mongol Yuan and later Ming Dynasty. When he lost favor with the royal court, he was exiled to Hainan Island by the emperor. Needless to say, Hainan is out in the sea south to Guandang, and far far south to Yunnan. Also modern Vietnam was a once a Chinese province for a thousand year, first conquered by a Qin genereal during the First Emperor’s reign, that was even before the notion of “Han” Chinese was ever coined. When Qin generals and Tang viceroy went to Vietnam, they marched through Yunnan province. Southern China has been home for Chinese for thousands of years, Chinese didn’t “discover” Yunnan all of sudden, hold a Thanksgiving meal with natives then kill them off. Southern China were Chinese land.” I resent the suggestion that as a non-Chinese I somehow have a less adequate understanding of Chinese history than a Chinese. Plenty of good work on Chinese history is done by non-Chinese (excepting idiots like Menzies who make most serious ethnic Chinese historians cringe), and plenty of awful work is done by Chinese. To suggest that the Ming colonization of Yunnan did not happen is ridiculous. Is that what you are suggesting? What do you mean by the Vietnam comment? Are you suggesting China owes the Vietnamese a hefty reparations bill? What of the comments about how officials were dispatched to Hainan. You realize I could make similar comments about how the Prime Minister of Great Britain used to dispatch his officials to Hong Kong – which is in what is now China you know. Does this mean Hong Kong has ‘always been an inalienable part of British territory’? I think not. China, while different things at different times through history, was until a little under a century ago ALWAYS an EMPIRE. There was previously no Chinese ‘country’ with sovereignty over the current borders of the PRC, and the current borders of the PRC are, more or less, those of the last Chinese empire (which was actually manchurian but never mind that). Your ramblings about how Hainan was controlled by a Chinese empire in the Song and therefore Yunnan must have been ‘Chinese’ before the Ming are about as silly as a European (whether from Spain, Portugal, Holland, Britian or somewhere else, arguing about what bits of the globe belong to ‘their country’). Most of what is now ‘China’ became part of ‘China’ through a process of imperial expansion and colonization. I’m not going to argue the rights and wrongs of China’s subjugation of its neighbors, but the Chinese habit of seeing themselves solely as the victims of colonialism and imperialism has to stop. Wahaha says: Let us talk about if Americans, Australians and Canadians should go back to Europe. Give me a reason why they shouldnt. or Stop talking about Tibet or YuNan, then, we are in peace. Wahaha says: Jerry, It was a jab. Power is a paradox for 99.999% of the people. On one side, people want as much power in their hands as possible; on the other side, they want government has the power to solve their problems. People cant have both. What is tricky and deceptive in a democratic system is that people are given all the power to determine how to distribute 10% of the pie AFTER the riches have taken 90% of the pie. In a country with lot of poor people, 10% of the pie is not enough to make everyone happy BUT EVERYONE GETS HIS FAIR SHARE OF 10% OF THE PIE, so most of them feel “happy” but are hopelessly stuck in their current positions in society, as in India. In China, those who have powers cut 10% of the pie off first (corruption), people are given 90% of the pie (that is why China was able to put 400 million people out of poverty, it needs lot of money), the problem is people dont have a say on how to distribute the 90% of the pie. SKC, dont try to argue with me, name a country with lot of poor people in which what I said is not true. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 3:52 pm Wahaha, your response is very ‘Chinese’ (specifically very PRC). I don’t believe I suggested that China should ‘get out of Yunnan’, ‘get out of Tibet’ or anything similar. I merely pointed out that ‘China’ has historically been an empire rather than a ‘nation’, the current Chinese nation has the borders of a disappeared empire, and as an empire ‘China’ has engaged in plenty of imperialism and colonialism of its own. Is understanding this information not fundamental to understanding China? Your response is “Americans, Australians and Canadians should go back to Europe”. Wonderful. You merely demonstrate my point that Chinese are, on the whole, woefully incapable of self-reflection about their own history. Merely pointing out the elementary truth that China has its own history of aggressive imperialism and colonialism draws a highly defensive and hostile response. Wahaha says: RUMman, You are talking about chinese history. If Chinese had constantly talked to you about your country’s history of colonizing other continents, how would you have felt ? do you feel you have to defend your country ? would you be nice to him ? We dont see us as the sole victim of colonization as you claimed. To us, it is more like you are allowed to burn my house but I am not allowed to light a cigarette in front of you. We are all human. Before criticizing others, you should think if you would accept the similar criticism. If not, then that is “bashing”. (and you obviously dont want to talk about your country, which is easy for everyone.. to criticize others.) TonyP4 says: October 2, 2008 at 4:16 pm From Wikipedia, Around the third century BC, the central area of Yunnan around present day Kunming was known as Dian. The Chu general Zhuang Qiao (庄跤) entered the region from the upper Yangtze River and set himself up as “King of Dian”. He and his followers brought into Yunnan an influx of Chinese influence, the start of a long history of migration and cultural expansion. ———– As a tourist, I found the folks are beautiful and happy. Cultures have been maintained. Lot of Chinese herb for sale. Beautiful scenery. A must to visit after seeing the Chinese essence: Beijing, Shanghai, Xian and Quilin. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 4:40 pm Wahaha, if you talked about my country’s history of colonization other continents, I would not care. I would not try to defend ‘my own country’. I hold more than one passport, I didn’t grow up saluting any national flag at school, and I see nationalism as a disease that mainly afflicts fools. So if somebody talked about “my country’s” history of colonizing other continents, yes, I would be nice to him. Provided his comments were reasonable (i.e. historically accurate, reasonably unbiased), what is the problem? When we study history in my country we learn the smell of our own shit. Chinese apparently don’t. And no, I’m not ‘bashing’ China. I’m simply pointing out an aspect of China that Chinese, by and large, prefer to ignore. wukong says: Tell me some shit you smelled. “Dance with wolves” ? “Provided his comments were reasonable..” ? more like ” Provided I think his comments were reasonable..” You think your comment about how “China colonized Yunan.” is reasonable ? not in our minds. TonyP4 says: According to my “other history theory”, Eskimos and Indians are Chinese (could be exile from China ) , so by simple logic America is first populated by Chinese and colonized by Brits. If you do not believe me, test their DNA. Haha! RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 4:57 pm Wukong, I’m not ‘accusing’ China of anything. Read up on your Ming history. Your analogy is also a very poor one. I know nothing much about Alaska but I assume it was ’empty ‘before the Eskimos arrived (OK, probably it was quite like that since humans supposedly settled America through Alaska, so I guess someone was there, but whatever. . .). In any case it’s something we probably know little about since the only records would be archeological. In contrast, the Ming colonization of Yunnan was a well documented exercise in subordinating and controlling an established non-‘Chinese’ local population. The Ming Dynasty saw a deliberate policy of incorporating Yunnan into ‘China’ by swamping the region with Han settlers. This was done to control the restive local population. Looking back, it seems to have worked quite well. Unless somebody says something intelligent I’m probably finished here. I’m merely pointing out a few facts. There is not a whole lot to debate. Ask all white Canadians to go back to Europe, accuse me of lying, find some earlier example that ‘proves’ Yunnan was ‘part of China since ancient times’, up to you. . . I’m not interested in responding to silly stuff. Alternatively just digest the truth. It’s good for the system. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 5:04 pm Wahaha, my comment on the colonization of Yunnan is reasonable to serious scholars of Ming history. I realize you are a bunch of non-historians. Still, it isn’t hard to learn about this stuff. Wahaha says: October 2, 2008 at 5:33 pm RUMman, Dont try to foolishly make a case that “Chinese try to ignore the….”, that is what Westerners have done on their own history of colonization. It is shamelss to accuse others while he himself has done 10 times worse. West has been on the driver seat for 4 or 5 hundreds of years, now we dont want to follow the direction you want, then we have to put up with the BS ? if we dont, we become fanatic nationalists ? BTW, I dont see many chinese here talking about what happened 19 centuries. It is more like that you cant face the ugly things your ancestors did 150 years ago, and even a little talk about that is too much for you to take. We cant face the truth ? how insightful !!! ChinkTalk says: October 2, 2008 at 5:57 pm RUMman, as one Canadian to another, please don’t pull a Spielberg on this blog, don’t pickup your marbles and go home because you don’t have it your way and call it a protest against Darfur. Personally I enjoy your comments and marvel at your knowledge of Chinese history, you sure know more than I do. I think that Wahaha and Wukong and the rest are not being unreasonable with you, they are merely presenting their points of views as you were. This is how democracy works isn’t it. I agree with you that the Chinese always claimed to be victimized; I can tell you that after learning about the head taxes and the rape of Nanking, I do feel being prodded because of my race; I can tell you from personal experience that I have had human feces thrown at my door and that I was denied service while the next person who is white was given the spot. But Chinese people should not feel victimized, they should be united to work for the benefit of the world, so that the world could see that Chinese people are not the demons as being portrayed by the Western media. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 5:59 pm Wahaha, you are talking a load of crap there. In a nation like New Zealand education on local history is essentially the story of colonization, often taught with parallels to instances elsewhere in the world (e.g. reactions of NZ Maori to colonization versus those of the Aztecs and Maya). Incidentally it would be interesting to do a similar comparative study on Taiwanese aboriginals, looking first at their interactions with Dutch colonizers, and then at their later interactions with Chinese colonizers, and comparing this with say New Zealand, or Australia, or America. But I’m digressing. . Nothing shameless about me Wahaha. Your accusations towards me are groundless. And your talk about my ancestors is laughable. 150 years ago my ancestors were busy being colonized by the British. Things aren’t black and white amigo. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 6:01 pm ChinaTalk, I’m not Canadian. . sorry. I’m born in New Zealand but lived partly in the EU and carry an EU passport as well. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 6:08 pm Oh, and ChinaTalk, I’ve been denied service in China occasionally as well. I wouldn’t call it typical. Very rare. On one occasion I was spat at and denied service in a restaurant – this was in Chaozhou. A younger relative came out and apologized for his grandmother’s behavior, but I still wasn’t served (not that I really wanted to be – the next lot of spit would probably have been in the food!). But I consider those experiences atypical and don’t dwell on them too much. They seem to be very much individual things – like the black guy in Haiti who expelled snot all over my bag while the other people in the street watched and laughed. This stuff just happens. I only get concerned when it becomes a group behavior. Wahaha says: Tell me how many Maori were killed and how they were brutalized. Tell me something about the independece movement in Te keha, New Zealand. You think your ancestors did wrong, right ? now it is good time to correct the mistake and give part of New Zealand back to Maori. (it is reasonable, isnt it ?) RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 7:07 pm What information do you want Wahaha? Am I supposed to write a Cultural Revolution style self criticism? There is an independence movement in New Zealand. It has always been fairly small, and I would say it is rather less vocal now than it was a couple of decades ago. Only a small minority of Maori have anything to do with it. Partly as a result of that independence movement, New Zealand also has a body devoted to resolving historical grievances, the Waitangi Tribunal. While it hasn’t been perfect, I’d say that in world terms the work of the Waitangi Tribunal has launched an extremely successful attempt at resolving the historical injustices of colonization. It has certainly been held up as a model elsewhere. Parts of New Zealand have been ‘handed back to Maori’ through the Waitangi Tribunal. Essentially, exactly what you are so shrilly demanding has been going on for decades already. It is also worth nothing that colonization in New Zealand was a very different process to that in most other places. The ‘brutalization’ (using your choice of words) of the Maori was minimal. New Zealand was of marginal importance to the British and to avoid wasting military resources on the colony they generally sought peaceful coexistence with the Maori. Since initial European settlement far more Maori died in tribal warfare with other Maori than died at the hands of Europeans. Though having said that, European introduced diseases that decimated the Maori – but while sad, this seems more unfortunate than deliberate. skylight says: October 2, 2008 at 7:31 pm @RUMman Many countries and peoples have been colonized in the past, India for instance was colonized for several hundreds of years by the British, but I rarely see the same type of anger as displayed by Indians towards the “west”. Why? skylight says: Has Indians moved on….while many Chinese are still stuck in the victim mode? Would be interesting to hear Indian perspectives on these differences. TonyP4 says: October 2, 2008 at 8:22 pm How Chinese were treated in the last 300 years by the west make any Chinese angry. Any country in history forced another country to buy opium – a drug pusher by a country? Burned the palace. Stole Chinese treasures (hope some one will trace how many in the museums in the west can be traced back to the loots in this period… The list is endless. The day when China launched its first missile is the day we can say “no more bully from the west.” Are you angry if your country was treated like this? Wahaha says: skylight, Are you pretending being politically naive ? Indians didnt move on, they are stuck in the lowest layer of the society, just there were no meda to report their complains, no organization like NED to support them, no1 one stirred the pot, no1 repeatly remind them the terrible experience their ancestors suffered, so they “move on”. RUMman, LOL, your textbooks are no better than the textbook used in Tibet, what you have heard from your media about Maori is no better than CCTV on Tibet, maybe even worse. Check this : http://www.geocities.com/barddiva/Maoris.htm BTW, it took me only 2 minute to find that, just google “Maori, poverty, new Zealand”. I knew nothing about Maori expect couple of pictures and I know Maori people are in poverty, go figure. Wahaha says: Skylight, Are you pretending being naive ? Native aboriginals are living in the lowest layer of society. they are happy ? You didnt hear complains cuz there was no media to report their complains, there was no NED to fund their movement, there was no1 to stir the pot, there was no1 to remind them again and again what happened to their ancestors. Wahaha says: October 2, 2008 at 8:57 pm RUMman, LOL, your textbooks are no better than that in Tibet, your media is no better than CCTV. Read this : It took me only two minutes to find the link, cuz even though I knew nothing about Maori, I knew they are among the poorest people in New Zealand, so I googled “poverty, maori, new zealand:. Wahaha says: http://www.geocities.com/barddiva/Maoris.htm Now you know your textbooks are no better than those in Tibet, your media is no better than CCTV, maybe even worse. I knew nothing about Maori, but i knew they lived in poverty, and I googled “poverty, Maori, new zealand”, it took me only two minutes to find the link, go figure. I guess they just “move on” , as skylight said. wukong says: October 2, 2008 at 9:10 pm The fact the China was a victim of colonial western imperialism powers, and pointing out that fact, don’t automatically make Chinese having a victim mentality or feel victimized. At least I think I don’t. What irks me most is the so-called mainstream westerners riding on moral high horse, constantly harp on China’s negativities and lecture Chinese on “values”. I am sick of the duplicity and pretension. As I see it, China is minding her own business, China is asking the right to be left alone, and that wish should be respected. If you enjoy the smell of your own shit, fine; but please don’t come over to my house and rip open the sewage pipe because you think it’s some universal value that everybody should enjoy the smell of their own shit. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 9:16 pm Wahaha, it is easy to play ‘google’ and come up with a link saying anything you like. I can assure you that article is filled with inaccuracies and half-truths, and its level of analysis is anything but nuanced. It is a polemical piece rather than a serious attempt at analysis. Also what textbooks ‘in Tibet’ are you referring to? What does the comment that the New Zealand media “is not better than CCTV, maybe even worse” actually mean? You mean it is equally censored? Excuse me while I laugh. . . Wahaha, you know zilch about New Zealand, and googling “poverty, Maori, New Zealand” clearly isn’t teaching you much. For as long as you approach this discussion as an east-west pissing contest we are unlikely to get anywhere. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 9:31 pm Wukong, hypocrisy is something I personally object to wherever I see it. While my personal opinions are irrelevant, I see no reason to respect “China’s desire to be left alone” (but is China really some borg like mass with this desire?). My opinions and beliefs are as valid as anyone else’s. I object to the way Chinese continually harp on about being victims of imperialism and colonialism, while blithely ignoring the way ‘China’ (such as it existed then) has historically oppressed others. I regularly hear PRC citizens make the most ridiculous statements. The idea that China has never initiated an aggressive war is a very popular one. It is popular to the point where even westerners parrot it. Menzies’ history (or one of the related articles – it may have been by that other guy writing similar stuff about earlier voyages – a guy whose name I now forget) contained laughable examples of these daft assumptions about Chinese history pushed to its extreme. From memory there was a passage commenting on a Norse account of a fight between Vikings and a group Menzies decided were ‘Chinese’. Menzies (or that other guy) then commented something like “Why had the Chinese attacked the vikings? This was very uncharacteristic. I can only surmise that they had been attacked first.” What a ridiculous pile of drivel to flow from a pen of a ‘historian’, but it shows how deep the daft assumptions about China run. Wahaha says: RUMman, you didnt read the link, did you ? You cant assume me anything, the things described in the link happen in Australia, Canada and US. I am 100% sure that article tells the truth. It is not pissing contest, it is simply the truth to wake people like you and skylight up and that should explain why Chinese are very angry at West media. If you believe your media has told the truth about sensitive issues, then you are politically as smart as a 5th grade. Your logic is ridiculous : You claimed that Chinese should complain about the colonization by west. byt the same logic, shouldnt west take care of native aboriginals before criticizing China ? October 2, 2008 at 10:30 pm This thread is going crazy. We throw around emotionally-charged rhetoric such as colonization without really agreeing on what it is. I don’t know everything about colonialism, but I do know that the movement of people and the assimilation of people per se is not colonization – otherwise, take any “country” (maybe even city) in the world, and going far back enough in history, I’ll be able to divide it into fragments of purported “colonies.” @RUMman, when Chinese speak of “colonization,” we mean very specifically the interaction between the rest of the World and the West since the 17 century. That interaction has left a delicate and emotional scar in the psyche of many in the rest of the world. Why has it left such a scar in people’s conscience? I don’t know. Part of it probably has to do with Western technological superiority. For the first time, a small group of people is able to wipe entire peoples on entire continents and shame China – the previous superpower of world for centuries – the land that was the original driving force for Western explorations. More will be written about colonialism – especially once China becomes strong again – and the history of the world become more balanced and less Western centric. So I won’t belabor here. Now as to your broadened definition of “colonization” that incorporates all movements of people and culture – that is something fundamentally different. It is a fact of life – of nature – perhaps of progress. If we are going to call that “colonialism,” then I think we are trivializing what the West has brought to the world in the last few centuries. So is China a colonial power? I don’t think so. Even when China was exploring the world (Zheng He), the emperor always sent his best ambassadors along and constrained their behaviors with careful edicts. This of course contrast greatly with the Western model where adventurism and a thirst for fortunes ruled the day: where often it is the least educated that are sent out, and where the goal is to plunder the world in the name of their Royal Highness and their God. Whatever you think of my characterization, I don’t think you can argue that Chinese influence and expansion has ever left a scar on the rest of the world that rival what Western expansionism has left us over the past few centuries. RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 10:32 pm Wahaha, I read the link. I’ve lived in New Zealand half my life, been through the New Zealand educational system, completed a master’s degree in history (including writing a dissertation on dealing with colonization and indigenous issues in Mexico), and I am happy to call the article you linked to a piece of polemic. And shall we stop discussing whose media is less biased? That wasn’t the original topic and I have little interest in going there. The fact that most Chinese who feel the western media is ‘biased’ are basing their opinions on a few miscaptioned photos (a common enough occurrence in newsrooms) makes the whole thing a bit of a joke in my book. Chinese students in New Zealand protested the ‘biased’ New Zealand media, yet failed to identify any instances of bias other than those on that anti-CNN site – and none of those examples involved the New Zealand media. In other words these nationalistic protesters are mostly a bunch of ridiculous ‘sheeple’. You finished by saying: “Your logic is ridiculous: You claimed that Chinese should complain about the colonization by west. byt the same logic, shouldnt west take care of native aboriginals before criticizing China ?” Sorry, but I have no idea what you mean by this last comment. It makes no sense to me. Of course New Zealand IS taking care of its aboriginals. It does pretty well in this area. New Zealand is genuinely bicultural – if anything excessively so (the emphasis on Maori culture leads to Pacific Island and Asian contributions to the country getting overlooked). I can tell you right now that if the Olympics had been held in New Zealand the Maori element of the ceremony would have consisted of a lot more than a bunch of white kids dressed up as Maori, or perhaps some ‘Maori’ songs being sung in by Europeans in English.. Didn’t the New Zealand team enter the stadium led by an athlete in a Maori ceremonial cloak (and the cloak would almost certainly have been the real deal – i.e. a genuine tribal heirloom rather than something thrown together for the occasion)? Respect for Maori and their culture in New Zealand is very real. Suggestions to the contrary are just daft. S.K. Cheung says: October 2, 2008 at 10:39 pm To Wahaha: there is no answer to your 10%/90% example, because, as with many of your examples, it is arbitrary. On what basis do you say that western elites take 90%, and Chinese elites 10%? It is true that there is a concentration of wealth…but that is not an effect of democracy. That is an effect of a free market. And as far as I can tell, you would be one of the few here to deny that China has her own hands full with the rich/poor disparity. My beef is not with China’s financial system, but her political one. So my question is, if China’s rich/poor disparity is no better than that of a western nation, what other benefit is her political system providing exactly? I readily acknowledge that I am very fortunate to live in a wealthy country. And China’s not there yet (at least the masses); though I did read somewhere once that Audi sells more cars in China than in North America. So some people in China has some dough. I can’t wait until China’s corrupt system allows the top heavy wealth to filter down to the little guy; by then, it will be hard even for someone like you to not extricate your head from the sand and acknowledge the need to reform the political system. “it is good time to correct the mistake and give part of New Zealand back to Maori. (it is reasonable, isnt it ?)” – sure. But: 1. did the Maori ask for it back? Or are they satisfied with the status quo? 2. if NZ does that, then Tibetans get Tibet back? RUMman says: October 2, 2008 at 10:43 pm Allen. . . oh for goodness sake. So you define ‘colonialism’ as specifically involving ‘the west’? Well that kind of limits the scope for discussion doesn’t it? By that definition then obviously the west and only the west is to blame! Nice and simple isn’t it? We didn’t even have to engage our brains even a little bit to get to our conclusion. ‘Colonialism’ and ‘Imperialism’ (I originally used both terms) existed before ‘the west’. And yes, they can take different forms. And yes, China has most certainly been a colonial and imperial power. Obviously not in the exact same mold as the west, but a colonial and imperial power nonetheless. In the days of the British Empire I’m sure many Brits saw colonization as “movements of people and culture – that is something fundamentally different. It is a fact of life – of nature – perhaps of progress”. Ask a Uigur and I’m sure you’ll find that Chinese imperialism and colonialism has left a scar or two. S.K. Cheung says: October 2, 2008 at 10:50 pm All this dredging of history is fascinating (actually, not really). I’m just not sure how comparing yesterday’s sins furthers today’s discussion, or enlightens anyone on tomorrow’s solutions. And if Chinese people want to compare western historical sins so as to de-emphasize their current problems, that is truly pathetic. October 2, 2008 at 11:05 pm @SKC #204, No no no … Chinese people do not want to hide behind Western sins from their current problems. Colonialism has been brought up in this thread to describe China as it is today. I felt that the identity of being Chinese is attacked here. I just want to point out what to me is obvious: that Chineseness naturally inevitably came about through movement of people and spread of culture in East and South Asia, but that movement is not the same quality or caliber that resulting from the movement of people and spread of ideas fostered by Western colonialism of the last few centuries. As for China’s problems today … sure we can discuss those without dredging up history – unless people want to bring up how imperialistic China is, comparing China of today to the West of the past, again… October 2, 2008 at 11:16 pm @RUMman #203, Fair enough. Chalk this up to our differences in perspectives. As I mentioned, many of these perspectives will change in the next generation, with a different context of geopolitics. For now, I am sure our difference in historical perspectives will NOT affect our effort to discuss issues relating to the present! 😉 skylight says: @Allen #200 On colonial literature… I don’t think we have to wait a long time for good colonial literature, there are many books written by Western, African, Asian and Latin American authors on colonialism. Colonialism is not a western phenomenon, it exists in all societies. After decolonization in the 1960’s, the notion that colonialism was good has been discredited worldwide. Two favorite books among intellectual Tibetans inside Tibet are the following two books written in the 1950-60’s: 1. Franz Fanon, “Wretched of the Earth” 2. Albert Memmi, “The Colonizer and the Colonized” It is not a coincidence that these books are popular among Tibetans. On scars… Since you asked for examples of scars, I can assure you that the brutal behavior of Peoples Liberation Army in Kham and Amdo in the 1950’s, exterminating whole villages, raping and plundering, leaving only some old people and children, left many unhealed scars to this day. Even today there has been no investigation or authoritative account of how many Tibetans were killed altogether or sent to labor death camps (before the cultural revolution). I think this can be compared to most modern examples of “western” brutality. S.K. Cheung says: October 2, 2008 at 11:45 pm To Allen: “No no no … Chinese people do not want to hide behind Western sins from their current problems.” – I hope you’re right. I know you don’t; but, to borrow from one of my all-time favourite flicks, “some people have their enthusiasms”. I agree that the uniqueness of “Chineseness” should be obvious. Everything that we are today is a function of everything that’s gone on before…and that applies to individuals as well as cultures. And our past may inform us on how we might proceed into the future. But to belabour the past to me is a waste of time. There should be enough to do worrying about what we can change to be wasting neurons reliving what we can’t. ChinkTalk says: October 2, 2008 at 11:53 pm RUMman – glad to hear your are of New Zealand origin, the few NZlanders that I have met including a few Maoris, they are very nice people and they never look at me as something below them like the British do. The shit on my door was a once in a lifetime thing but the denial of service happens quite often. Usually they just ignore you or walk away. Mind you this is not done only to the Chinese people but visible minorities, and last year, they did a survey and found that is the consensus of visible minorities. Skylight – my roommate of two years was from India and I can tell you that at least from that group of people I was with, there is no love for the British. India is being courted by the West to counter China, special opportunities are afforded to Indians, like shared space program, shared nuclear technologies, etc, while I believe the Indians themselves are very capable of doing things themselves but the added advantage certainly helps. I have respect for you because you believe in facts like the five Nobel judges that you have pointed out to me, do you think that the Indians have moved on factually. Bob says: October 3, 2008 at 12:16 am @skylight — “Even today there has been no investigation or authoritative account of how many Tibetans were killed altogether” Oh really? Didn’t your source Tibet.org officially announce the 1.2+ million figure already? I seriously don’t know what you are looking for here. CM Lee says: October 3, 2008 at 12:43 am Allow me to input my 2-cent. When people talked about the past, I don’t believe that they necessary want to relive it, but rather history is often used as a mirror to reflect what is the present and future as SKC so succinctly stated. Also, history is a mirror that reflects the author’s own mentality, bias and preconceived notion about specific events, past, current and future. Much like looking at Escher’s drawings: are the steps of the stair going up or down? Are there birds flying to the left or to the right? History is very subjective. No one can say his/her recounting of events past is 100% neutral/ accurate, heck, even the present can be hard enough to record with neutrality not to mention being accurate what with all the modern tools for instantaneous reporting. To wit: Can any one say for sure who fired the first shot over the Russia/ Georgia conflict? Can any one say for sure what exactly is the cause for the war in Iraq? Can any one conclude with authority who actually won the US election in 2000? and on…So posts that laced heavily with histories are wonderful readings for me. Not only the threads broaden the subjects discussed but also the opportunity to understand the authors. Without bringing history into discussion, what are we to talk about? Where is square one? When is the appropriate time frame of reference? ChinkTalk says: October 3, 2008 at 1:56 am Nobel Peace Prize? A PR agent for human rights fundamentalists. Those naive nodic fools have no idea of international politics. I’m sure CCP is praying they pick up Hu Jia – as if a Dala Lama is not enough for CCP to get the hearts of Chinese people – Hu Jia would be a further boost. Or is it a Nobel Destruction Prize? There is really a problem with the judgement of those nordic nutshells. A prize for Gao Xingjian has made it a laughing stock. S.K. Cheung says: October 3, 2008 at 2:21 am To Li Qiang: dude, it a “peace” prize. Folks like you are the fools who keep injecting “international politics” into it. The peace prize is about international politics. Li Qiang says: October 3, 2008 at 2:51 am oh SKC you sound like an innocent goose! Injecting international poltics to Nobel Peace Prize? No need as they are the most politicised insititution – attention seekers on behalf of peace and human rights let me put it simply! Can’t see how peaceful it is to award the Prize to a professional activist. They just want to ignite CCP, don’t they? As if there is no meaningful things to do… TonyP4 says: October 3, 2008 at 3:12 am ChinkTalk, I’ve to agree that the Tibetan girls are hot – almost melted my screen not to mention my heart. They are natural beauties compared to the made-made ‘beauties’ in Hollywood. Contrary to the west media, they’re free to sing, keep their culture, are happy, and the landscape is beautiful. S.K. Cheung says: October 3, 2008 at 8:07 am @SKC #221, About that list: sure – there are some do-gooders – but there are also many other do-gooders that are not on the list. Getting on the list is then more about politiking then good doing… And to be honest, I don’t know most of the people on this list. These are not the movers and shakers who made a difference who really moved the world in real, giant steps toward peace (the last century hasn’t been that peaceful, has it). Unlike the nobel prize in the sciences, the nobel peace prize is a flimsy award awarded based on how popular one looks to the morales of the nobel “committee” at the time… not for real progress toward “peace.” What has happened in China in the last 3 decades is unprecedented in human history and will inexorably move the world in real terms and in gigantic steps to peace, stability, and prosperity. I am not talking just about beauty contests here. Let’s chalk this also to one of those things we just don’t see eye of eye. I know many who grew up wanting to be a nobel laureate in physics, medicine, etc. – but not one who want that prize in peace! 😉 Jerry says: @S. K. Cheung @Allen, #222 Allen, “but there are also many other do-gooders that are not on the list.” I agree with you whole-heartedly. Like any award, they can choose just a few. “These are not the movers and shakers who made a difference who really moved the world in real, giant steps toward peace (the last century hasn’t been that peaceful, has it).” I am curious, who do you consider the movers and shakers, and what did they do to make real, giant steps toward peace? In my study of history, it seems that there are many little steps by many people. Occasionally these steps lead to a large leap, like the Berlin Wall coming down. Or the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Yes, Martin Luther King, LBJ, John Lewis, Rosa Parks, Thurgood Marshall and NAACP President Roy Wilkins played a big part in getting that act. But there were 1,000s of marchers, 1,000s of protestors, 1,000s of people at sit-ins, SCLC members, average African-American and white people who took 10,000s of steps. Without those people, it just does not get done. The movers and shakers, well those are the guys who get the credit, some due and some undue. Just a for instance, let’s go back to 1955. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus. The Montgomery (Alabama) Bus Boycott started. The 1000s of boycotters refused to ride the bus and got very creative with their own means of transportations. And, yes, boycotters were often the targets of violence by racist whites. In 1956, the Federal Court ruled that Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional. Many 1,000s of people played their parts in doing small things which led to a change in the laws. Interestingly, there was also pressure to change the laws from white women in Montgomery. “Huh?”, you may ask. Well, their housekeepers could not make it to work or had to have shorter days. Unexpected consequences. Let’s take Jack Welch, former head of GE. A mover and shaker if there ever was one. Or we could take any captain of industry. You know how to turn these “rock stars” into simpering fools? Simply, have their secretaries walk out on them in some sort of sympathy strike. A Jack Welch is virtually paralyzed without his secretaries. Who is going to answer the phones, greet his guests, bring him coffee, do the typing, organize his day, schedule his meetings, listen to his problems, and whatever small task needs to be done? “Movers and shakers” equals “rock stars” in my book. A big illusion. What has happened in China in the last 3 decades is unprecedented in human history and will inexorably move the world in real terms and in gigantic steps to peace, stability, and prosperity. I am not talking just about beauty contests here. And that includes the unprecedented, ongoing, environmental destruction. Regarding inexorably moving “the world in real terms and in gigantic steps to peace, stability, and prosperity”, we’ll just have to see. Color me a cynic and skeptic. I just don’t believe in guarantees. Except the ones I mentioned earlier. Nonetheless, I do like your optimism. Too bad nobody dreams of being the recipient of the Peace Prize. That was one of the finest moments in Anwar Sadat’s and Yitzhak Rabin’s lives. And their quest for peace cost them their lives. Well, I remember them more than any of the recipients of the other Nobel Prizes. Except Joseph Stiglitz and Linus Pauling. Let’s agree to disagree. 🙂 The Trapped! says: October 3, 2008 at 10:53 am @ Allen, Jerry It’s sad to hear that no one around Allen wants to win peace prize, (hope it’s not because it’s the prize that DL won because I do not want any Tibetan including DL to be the one who makes Nobel Peace Prize discreditable to 1/5 of world population.) The fact that Peace Prize became more controversial over other prize makes me wonder on several facts. Unlike other prize winners, most peace prize winners always had to deal with very controversial situation, like controversy in inter-faith campaign, inter-ethnicity campaign and so on; and these always consist of upsetting certain individuals or group of people. It would be impossible for Martin Luther to achieve what he achieved without upsetting some, actually many, whites and same goes to Nelson Mandela. The Nobel Committee definitely has pressure from lots of directions and sometimes had to bend to the power like they did in the case of dismissing Gandhi as candidate. Same things are again here said in case of DL winning the prize. If Chinese government then was as influential as now is, the story of today will be the other way round–Nobel Committee dismissed DL due to Chinese pressure. However, I still think that it’s great that , despite of such pressures from all sides, the committee is trying to find an appropriate one. Unless it’s really true that Hu is US agent, I think there is no need to resist the prize because it’s great to have a domestic Nobel Peace Laureate anyway. This is a country with 1/5 world population, but when we count Nobel Prize winners, even our ten fingers are not needed. Shall we always keep insisting on this to be western plot against China? How many Chinese writers/works are actually recommended for Literature Prize candidate by Chinese own people? About the impact of the development of China on world peace, I do not want to go either Jerry or Allen’s side, I rather see something in between. People can be optimistic, but guaranteed words with non-guaranteed action will make people lopsided. It’s true that China has the power to stir the world as well steady the world. However, China has long way to go before becoming the missionary of peace. I am not feeling that danger that Jerry feels. I think, over environment and other issue, China is moving towards right direction. So, I think Chinese now need real confidence–a real belief that world peace is what we need and that is what we are going to do and that is what we can do. This confidence has to eliminate unnecessary feeling of being attacked and being bullied. TommyBahamas says: October 3, 2008 at 11:01 am S.K. Cheung Says: unlike some Chinese, I see no problem recognizing an activist who works for peace and human rights. Such an activist can be professional, amateur, telepathic, shape-shifitng, horse whisperer…don’t matter none to me. Don’t forget Indonesia’s present day Tree man….J R RTolkein didn’t make it all up afterall. Walking talking trees do exist~! As for Shapeshiting lizards, well, I wouldn’t be so quick to dismiss David Icke just because we haven’t see them …. just as I have never seen instantneous human combustion, flying saucers , Angels or ghosts, either. October 3, 2008 at 5:45 pm @Jerry #223, Yes – I suppose progress often do take place in incremental steps. And I am sure there are many valiant efforts by many “small” people who do the world tons of good that go unrecognized … which is sad… As for who I think made great strides toward peace in the last century, seeing how the vast number of humanity (in Asia, Africa, as well as Latin America) continue to be shackled by the chains of poverty despite the unprecedented advances in science and technology, I Just don’t see how the last century can be described as a century of peace. I see do-gooders, but not anyone who really tried to challenge the system and status quo in a fundamental way. I don’t think the award should have been awarded at all…. @The Trapped #224, can’t really disagree much with you there. I hope the next century will bring peace and prosperity to a much greater share of the people in the world than the last…. And I hope the peace prize by the middle to end of the century will mean something for everyone, not a political tool for some – albeit often meant to do some good… Wahaha says: https://www.aotearoa.maori.nz/v2/content/view/106/37/ Thank you very much for reading the links. I didnt ask NZ give land back to Maori, all we ask is stopping educating us about Tibet when native seperatists in your countries were treated the same way as in Tibet. RUMman says: October 3, 2008 at 9:47 pm Wahaha, First, and most important. I don’t recall attempting to ‘educate’ you about Tibet. I have never had anything much to say about Tibet. I’ve said that it was an Imperial possession of China, was lost, as was later recolonized (or “gloriously liberated” if you must). I don’t see anything controversial there. I don’t recall saying much beyond that. I may have said something and forgotten it, but really the issue is not one that looms large for me me. Of course I have been physically assaulted in my own country by Chinese nationalists who accused me of being a pro-Tibet protester (I am not and never have been). Lots of Chinese seem to wrongly assume that I wish to educate them about Tibet, and wish to use violence to prevent me from doing that. Really though, my interest in Tibet doesn’t extend too far beyond ensuring my own physical safety against the type of nationalistic Chinese xenophobes who rampage through foreign cities assaulting non-Chinese people. I’d probably feel safer if you would just set aside the idea that i am trying to educate you about Tibet. Second, I don’t see that separatists in New Zealand were or are being treated the same way as in Tibet. You have googled and found a couple of links that paint the New Zealand government in a bad light viz a viz its treatment of Maori resource ownership and radical supporters of Maori separatistism (those detailed in the police raids in question included quite a few non-Maori political activists). Regarding the foreshore and seabed issue: this is an ongoing political debate. I admit I have not been following it very closely, but it seems to be very openly discussed and debated in that press. Of course it is only even an issue because Maori already have ownership rights in these areas – i.e. because efforts have already been made to look after their interests. Regarding the government’s “anti-terror raids”: the government copped plenty of flak for that episode. It did not go down well at all with most New Zealanders. Many people were disgusted at how the government had infringed on liberties. I think most people saw the whole episode as a bit of a joke though. The idea of Maori separatist terrorists, led by Tame Ite of all people, was just too daft to contemplate. If you had a more in depth knowledge of Maori politics in New Zealand you would appreciate my point. These issues are all freely discussed in the New Zealand media. Personally I would put the NZ government’s ‘anti terror raids’ in the context of an alarming global move towards greater police powers, led by the U.S. in the wake of September 11. I think the New Zealand police got cocky after anti-terror legislation was passed and went after an old enemy of theirs (Tame Iti has been a political campaigner for years, and he revels in making a spectacle of himself and getting arrested – also a very good debater though). Furthermore, I think they have embarrassed themselves through their stupid handling of the whole thing and are unlikely to repeat the mistake. The prime minister was also involved (and suffered the negative consequences), though from what I recall her role was merely having knowledge that the police were planning raids. New Zealanders by and large did not support the government and police in conducting those raids. Your approach to discussing Maori issues (cherry picking negative news stories and linking to them with no context) is not especially helpful. How about educating yourself on European-Maori relations? You could even compare it with Chinese-Aboriginal relations (and Dutch Aboriginal relations) in Taiwan. It would make an interesting comparison. I’m not sure what you would find by doing this, but having spent time in the Taiwanese mountains I noted many similarities between Taiwan aboriginal and NZ Maori culture. If you were genuinely interested in the area, and not just trying to persuade me not to criticize China (a pretty pathetic goal on your part), you would do something like trying to educate yourself as suggested above. Moving on to a more general point. . . Biculturalism (Maori-Pakeha) in New Zealand is absolutely real. It lies at the core of national identity. I don’t believe that the same cannot be said for China. Despite the stuff about 56 minorities, all participating equally in a wonderful nation, the place is clearly Han dominated. The Olympics opening ceremony for example was all about Han culture. The Tibetans, Uigurs and others didn’t get a look in (unless you count the Han kids in fancy dress). A New Zealand Olympics opening ceremony would certainly be very different. And of course New Zealand has a less complex situation in many ways, with one indigenous people and a group of later arrivals. The crucial point that I am driving at here is this. Unlike New Zealand, which appears confidently bicultural these days, China clearly feels extremely insecure about its Tibetan and Uigur regions. Some insecurity is not surprising given the imperialist and colonialist history. It would be nice to see it go away though. I don’t know about you, but I don’t think demanding a westerner who has lived a large chunk of their life in China “stop educating us about Tibet” (when he wasn’t talking about Tibet anyway, and is clearly reasonably informed on historical and ethnic issues in China) is really the way forward in terms of reducing China’s post-imperial post-colonial guilt complex. Of course I don’t think it does much to help China either. Just my 0.50 RMB. October 3, 2008 at 10:47 pm RUMman – I am sorry to hear that your were physically harmed by the Chinese in your own country – personally I have never heard of Chinese as a group attacking people – are you saying that this is in New Zealand that you are attacked. Do you by any chance have any news references to things like that happening. I am not disputing what you are saying, it is just that it usually is a rare occasion that you hear things like that. One difference between aboriginals in Canada or New Zealand compared to Tibetans or Uigurs is that the aborignals in Canada and New Zealand do not have foreign funding or interference as the case in China. If China is at fault, it should own up to it. Whether China colonized Tibet or Uigur is open to scholarly intepretation and I am not qualify to judge. But I find that many accusations are unfairly made towards China. One thing is certain, the British colonized Hong Kong. And I believe their treatment of the Hong Kong Chinese should be open to transparent and independant examination. Just my 2 cents Cdn – inflation you know. October 3, 2008 at 11:37 pm @RUMman, And of course New Zealand has a less complex situation in many ways, with one indigenous people and a group of later arrivals. That’s the problem …. to you there is one indigenous people … but if you look at the history of Polynesia in more detail, you will see that in Polynesia, wars, conquests, imperialism (if you will, according to your definition) all took place in its history. There is no one indigenous people. There were many. It’s an insult to gloss over that. Now, to be fair, it may appear to be one people today because European Imperialism has so traumatized the society there that all the indigenous people now see themselves as one people. Jared Diamond had a very interesting chapter on precisely what I described above in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel (which won a Pulitzer Prize and the Aventis Prize for Best Science Book in 1998). My point is that if you look carefully enough, and given the right political flames, any nation or people can be divided, and subdivided, according to the whims of politics. Even the so-called “Hans” which so dominate Chinese politics can be subdivided into many, many groups that after the fall of the Qing empire had fought viciously against each other. So have the Tibetans – with many factions fighting against each other over history – with many distinct ethnicities or sub population developing unique dialects and local customs. I don’t see a natural boundary when to stop subdividing. I have seen in so many places today where identity based politics has been used as pawns for political purposes. I don’t want to see that for China. I want to see a unified China. Just the humble opinion of one Chinese among many… S.K. Cheung says: October 4, 2008 at 12:02 am To RUMman: well said. You’ve isolated the reason why the links provided by some are fairly pointless…it’s just dredging through the internet to find at least one other person who might share their view, with no context, and sometimes no relevance. S.K. Cheung says: October 4, 2008 at 12:40 am To Allen: “I don’t see a natural boundary when to stop subdividing.” – I agree. But there probably are practical boundaries, or realistic boundaries. Bottom line, those who would be sub-divided are probably best equipped to tell you when you are infringing on the nuclear group. “Identity-based politics” is not necessarily a bad thing if the issues being championed are shared by those who share an identity. Furthermore, those who would be pawns should be so allowed, if it is of their choosing. Far be it for others to tell them what they can or cannot be. RUMman says: October 4, 2008 at 12:53 am @Allen(230), Sorry, but I don’t get your point at all. Look, sorry to say this but you just seem completely uninformed about New Zealand. The topic is New Zealand, not the Pacific (which obviously has multiple indigenous people), so lets keep it narrow. I am not ‘insulting’ anyone by saying that New Zealand has one indigenous people. I am simply repeating mainstream Maori views on the subject (well, the mainstream views of everyone really). The issue of whether New Zealand had one or more than one indigenous people is slightly controversial. There is a school of thought that claims the Maori arrival in New Zealand displaced another indigenous people – the Moriori. Maori do not like people arguing this theory since it runs totally against their own oral histories and belief systems. There is not much evidence to support this theory and the reality seems to be that Moriori were the indigenous people of the Chatam Islands. You say that your point is that any nation or people can be subdivided. Fine. The Maori can certainly be subdivided into tribes, and after first European contact those tribes fought one another more than they fought the Europeans. However, despite that the Maori most certainly see themselves as a single people, and as THE ONLY indigenous people of New Zealand. You could say that Maori became more homogeneous in response to European contact (the Maori king movement saw them set up a monarchy to provide great unity in resisting European encroachment), but I wouldn’t take that to imply that they were not ‘one indigenous people’ even before the Europeans arrived. RUMman says: October 4, 2008 at 1:14 am @ChinkTalk (229), yes I was attacked in New Zealand. Immediately after the event there were several short news pieces mentioning the violence. The main coverage was fairly upbeat. I can’t see the links I previously read on this. Maybe they rotated off the relevant news sites. Here is one with part of the story: http://home.nzcity.co.nz/news/article.aspx?id=84495&cat=1039&fm=newsmain,narts How come you never heard of Chinese as a group attacking people? Isn’t that what the PLA specializes in? I mean seriously. . . You sound like Gavin Menzies pondering on why ‘Chinese’ fought a battle with Vikings, and concluding “they must have been attacked first”. The attack on me was filmed. The cameraman initially promised to help identify the attackers. He later reneged on his promise. Apparently the Sichuan Earthquake made it ‘inappropriate’ for him to keep his promise because Chinese people are extremely sensitive and if he helped find for the criminals who assaulted me he might have been seen as a ‘Chinese traitor’ who was ‘attacking China’. RUMman says: October 4, 2008 at 1:24 am @Chinktalk(229), A lot of the news reports on the violence seem to have disappeared. Maybe rotated off websites. Here is one. http://home.nzcity.co.nz/news/article.aspx?id=84495&cat=1039&fm=newsmain,narts The reporting was mostly fairly upbeat. A cameraman filmed some of the attack on me. He had promised to circulate the film to help identify the attackers. Unfortunately the Sichuan Earthquake meant he was unable to make good on his promise. Apparently tracking down Chinese hooligans could have been interpreted as an ‘attack on China’ and he could have been seen as a ‘Chinese traitor’. After all, Chinese are very sensitive. October 4, 2008 at 5:28 am @RUMman #233, I don’t disagree with what you wrote – which I don’t think is inconsistent with what I wrote – except that I might take issue with your observation that I seem “uninformed”! 🙁 skyight says: October 4, 2008 at 11:19 am I agree that Allen sometimes seems uninformed, because after WWII, nations of the world formed something called United Nations, and all nations agreed that colonialism was bad. Today, Colonialism is bad word. Although China was closed in coma from 1950-1978, they should try to understand more of these world developments. I think it is only P.R.C China where colonialism is still regarded as good by many people. ChinkTalk says: RUMman – the following is a copy of your link: Violence mars peaceful rally Allegations of violent behaviour have marred today’s otherwise peaceful pro-China rally in Auckland 27 April 2008 A central city square was transformed into a sea of red and yellow flags as nearly a thousand pro-China supporters rallied in Auckland today. Despite the rain the crowd in Aotea Square was in high spirits, chanting Chinese national songs. One of the event organisers, Jim He, says today was about promoting peace and the Beijing Olympics. He says as a Chinese New Zealander he fully supports the Chinese government and the Olympic Games. Only two pro-Tibetan protesters attended and at one point were pushed and shoved by some members of the crowd. Since the rally however, there have been allegations of violent behaviour. One man who says he witnessed a disturbing incident is Chris Mankin, who was driving towards Aotea Square, where the rally took place, when he saw a number of pro-China supporters attacking people in their cars. He says one man drove a flag poll through the window of a car hitting the driver while others shook the car. He says the group then turned on him when he told them to stop. It is not clear why the fight broke out, but event organisers say a small, radical group of China supporters attacked the car after being shouted at by its occupants. A complaint has been made to the police, but they are not commenting on the matter. RUMman – I must state that I am against violence of any sort, so the actions of the pro-China Olympics supporters should be condemned for attacking you and others. Could you give us a bit of information about the whole situation, were you one of the persons inside the cars or one of the protesters. I mean even if you were one of the protesters, you should not have been attacked. So there were over a thousand pro-China supporters and only two protesters, and the pro-China supporters suddenly just turned violent and started attacking people. Would you be so kind as to give us your account of the situation. I have never met anybody that were directly in one of the China-Olympics demonstrations so I am quite intriqued. Thanks. ChinkTalk says: October 4, 2008 at 2:29 pm skylight – thanks for mentioning about the United Nations, I found this article in Wikipedia on the Leaque of Nations, it’s interesting read because it seems to be deja vu on what is going on right now in world affairs, there are some similarities. Are we looking at WWIII soon. Mukden Incident Main article: Mukden Incident Japanese troops entering Shenyang 18 September 1931The Mukden Incident, also known as the “Manchurian Incident” or the “Far Eastern Crisis”, was one of the League’s major setbacks and acted as the catalyst for Japan’s withdrawal from the organization. Under the terms of an agreed lease, the Japanese government had the right to station its troops in the area around the South Manchurian Railway, a major trade route between the two countries, in the Chinese region of Manchuria.[89] In September 1931, a section of the railway lightly damaged by officers and troops of the Japanese Kwantung Army,[90][91] as a pretext for an invasion of Manchuria.[90][92] The Japanese army, however, claimed that Chinese soldiers had sabotaged the railway and in apparent retaliation (acting contrary to the civilian government’s orders[91]) occupied the entire region of Manchuria. They renamed the area Manchukuo, and on 9 March 1932, set up a puppet government with Pu Yi, the former emperor of China, as its executive head.[93] Internationally, this new country was recognised only by the governments of Italy and Germany; the rest of the world still considered Manchuria legally part of China. In 1932, Japanese air and sea forces bombarded the Chinese city of Shanghai, sparking the short war of the January 28 Incident. The League of Nations agreed to a request for help from the Chinese government, but the long voyage by ship delayed League officials from investigating the matter. When they arrived, the officials were confronted with Chinese assertions that the Japanese had invaded unlawfully, while the Japanese claimed they were acting to keep peace in the area. Despite Japan’s high standing in the League, the subsequent Lytton Report declared Japan to be in the wrong and demanded Manchuria be returned to the Chinese. Before the report could be voted upon by the Assembly, Japan announced its intention to push further into China. The report passed 42-1 in the Assembly in 1933 (only Japan voted against), but instead of withdrawing its troops from China, Japan withdrew its membership from the League. According to the Covenant of the League of Nations, the League should have responded by placing economic sanctions on Japan, or gathered an army and declared war. Neither of these actions was undertaken. The threat of economic sanctions would have been almost useless because the United States was not a League member.[citation needed] Any economic sanctions the League placed on its member states would have been ineffective, as a country barred from trading with other member states could simply turn and trade with the United States. The League could have assembled an army but major powers like as Britain and France were too preoccupied with their own affairs, such as keeping control of their extensive colonies, especially after the turmoil of World War I.[citation needed] Japan was therefore left in control of Manchuria, until the Soviet Union’s Red Army took over the area and returned it to China at the end of World War II. Please let me know what you think. RUMman says: October 4, 2008 at 5:10 pm @ChinkTalk Some details in that report are slightly wrong. I did not count myself but from other reports I think there were around half a dozen pro-Tibet protesters, definitely more than just two. However, I heard that the main group of pro-Tibet people stayed away that day. Meanwhile, the number of Chinese seems to have been between 3000 and 5000 (range of figures given in media). I was not one of the people inside the cars. I never saw that incident. I just heard about it. There were various different incidents. From memory: – The small group of pro-Tibet protesters were attacked. They were surrounded by the crowd, banners stolen, punched etc., and forced to leave. – That incident in the car. – Another incident (think it was a separate one anyway) where a group attacked a Taxi when the driver (Indian guy) shouted “Free Tibet” or something. – Incident where an old man who was not protesting but happened to be walking past tried to discuss Tibet with Chinese protesters. They poked him in the face with their poles. I don’t think he was actually hurt but it sounds unpleasant. – Incident where I got attacked. I was not protesting or trying to discuss anything with anyone. I was simply there to observe the event. I was attacked when I tried to take a picture of a stolen Tibetan flag being trampled on. Chinese standing near me took exactly the same picture and were not assaulted. I was asked to leave by a protest marshal because, in his words, the area was “not safe for New Zealanders”. In other words, the assault clearly had a major racist dimension. – Incident outside McDonalds where some Polynesian females threw a paper cup at Chinese protesters and then started a shoving match. This was reported in Chinese media as ‘Tibetan protesters assaulting Chinese’. However, so far as I am aware the Polynesians were simply bums who spend time sitting on the street and sometimes starting fights. The Chinese victims of the assault never mentioned their assailants being pro-Tibet protesters. You can read about some of this here. October 4, 2008 at 10:04 pm @Ctalk, I see it as a victory for China that the whole world (except Japan) acknowledged that Japan was illegally occupying and colonizing China. Clearly this made the Japanese claim to this area very weak in the eyes of the world. It lost its legitimacy to this area when the world spoke through the League of Nations. It is really incredible that Japan left the League of Nations in protest! Today no nation would leave United Nations although it disagreed with its resolutions. BTW: Did you know United Nations passed three resolutions on Tibet, in 1959, 1961 and 1965, but unlike in the case of Japan and China, the resolutions didn’t help the Tibetans against their “liberators”. skylight says: October 4, 2008 at 10:42 pm @RUMman Really enjoyed your report from New Zealand. The snow lion flag is beautiful in my opinion, even Chairman Mao approved of the Snow lion flag and said to Dalai Lama that that Tibetans should keep the snow lion flag! I see no reason why Tibetans cannot carry their flag together with Chinese red star flag. ————————————————————————————————————————————— During one of the several discussions that the Dalai Lama and Mao Tse-tung had, Mao (suddenly) said, ‘Don’t you have a flag of your own, if you have one, you can hoist it here (on the Guest House)’.” Takla was surprised to hear Mao Tse-tung speaking thus. “One day, Mao unexpectedly came to visit the Dalai Lama at his residence… During their conversation, Mao suddenly said, ‘I heard that you have a national flag, do you? They do not want you to carry it, isn’t that right’?” “Since Mao asked this with no warning that the topic was to be discussed, the Dalai Lama just replied, ‘We have an Army flag.’ I thought that was a shrewd answer because it didn’t say whether Tibet had a national flag. Mao perceived that the Dalai Lama was concerned by his question and immediately told him, ‘That is no problem. You may keep your national flag.’ Mao definitely said ‘national’ flag.” Mao added that in the future the Communist Party of China could also let Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia have their own flags. He then asked the Dalai Lama if it would be fine for him to hoist the national flag of the People’s Republic of China in addition to the Tibetan flag. Phunwang says that the young Lama nodded his head and said yes. “This was the most important thing that Mao told the Dalai Lama, and I was amazed to hear it,” -Written by Phunwang in his biography “Tibetan Revolutionary” describing talks between Chairman Mao and Dalai Lama in 1955, Phunwang was the first Tibetan Communist cadre who also acted as translator between Chairman Mao and Dalai Lama. ———————————————————————————————————————————————— October 5, 2008 at 4:56 pm @Ctalk You have to look at the specific case, you cannot compare all independence/autonomy movements. Just like you cannot say North Korea, Cuba and P.R.China is the same just because they officially have Communist system. I dont know much about Basque case, but I think Tibet is better compared to countries such as Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ireland, Algeria, Mongolia. RUMman says: @ChinkTalk, First. . .on New Zealand thing. . . I guess ‘protest marshal’ was just the term I came up with. For some weird reason the police were nearly totally absent from the Aotea Square demonstration, even though anyone following the news around the world could have known there was potential for trouble. The police told me that they had left security up to the protest organizers. Thus there were a group of ‘protest marshals’, wearing armbands and ID tags. They were sort of organizing things rather than participating. That is, they didn’t hold banners or anything themselves. When I arrived things were quite intense and the ‘protest marshals’ were trying to make a sort of barrier between the crowd and the pro-Tibet protesters, apparently asking the pro-Tibet protesters to leave, plus of course protecting me from the crowd, and then ordering me to leave because the area was “not safe for New Zealanders”. I’m not sure what they did the rest of the time. They probably did things like help set up the stage, tell early arrivals where to go, and help clean up rubbish after the thing finished. The ‘protest marshals’ did quite a good job, so congratulations are probably deserved. They were doing police work though. Civilians should not be doing police work. Especially, non-NZ nationals should not be doing police work in New Zealand (some of the ‘protest marshals’ were students without permanent residency). Also bear in mind that the ‘protest marshals’ knew many of the people throwing punches at the Tibet protesters. This made it hard for them to be truly neutral. Some of the follow up was odd. You had individuals who had viciously assaulted the pro-Tibet protesters apologizing on websites like Sky Kiwi to the protest marshals they had inadvertently jostled. Maybe the ‘protest marshals’ and the assailants knowing each other was actually a good thing in terms of ensuring things did not escalate further, but obviously it meant the pro-Tibet protesters were unfairly treated. The people attacking them should have been restrained, arrested, and charged with assault. Instead the pro-Tibet protesters were forced to leave. After that, Caucasians in general were told to leave. So the protest marshals did quite well, but really police were what was needed. Second. . . on the Basque thing. . . I do not have much knowledge of the Basque situation, the history etc. The article you linked to was about a bomb attack. I don’t have a lot of sympathy for bombers. As a general matter of principle though, I do have sympathy for minority nationalities that want to break away from larger countries. I do not see the real problem. If full independence is not possible surely some kind of compromise can be worked out (maybe something like the devolution that has been happening in the UK)? The Basque thing has been going on for decades now. It is showing no signs of stopping. Perhaps the Spanish government could be doing more for Basque separatists? October 5, 2008 at 8:56 pm @RUMman – I saw similar marshals at the protests in London – armband wearing students running in formation along the route of the march, saying that they were there to ‘protect’ their fellow Chinese from the pro-Tibet demonstrators. Thankfully the Metropolitan police were there in strength, but I quite agree with you, I too was deeply disturbed to see such obvious evidence of foreign citizens organising themselves and presuming to act in the role of police on British soil – we saw the results of this at the protests in South Korea. ChinkTalk says: skylight – “I dont know much about Basque case, but I think Tibet is better compared to countries such as Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ireland, Algeria, Mongolia.” Would you please explain to me the similarities between these countries you mentioned compared to Tibet. RUMman – ” The police told me that they had left security up to the protest organizers.” and “The ‘protest marshals’ did quite a good job, so congratulations are probably deserved. They were doing police work though. Civilians should not be doing police work. Especially, non-NZ nationals should not be doing police work in New Zealand (some of the ‘protest marshals’ were students without permanent residency).” I agree that civilians should not be doing police work, but I think you have indicated that the New Zealand police left the security up to the organizers, so at least the organizers are trying to maintain certain amount order. Granted the “protest marshals” should have prevented attacks on you and the pro-Tibet protesters, but as you have mentioned these “protest marshals” are students and not trained police officers. But on the other hand, a disabled Chinese girl who was carrying the Olympics flame was attacked by pro-Tibet assailants when she was supposedly protected by trained Western police. RUMman says: October 5, 2008 at 11:07 pm Not to trivialize the assault on the disabled Chinese fencer, but was not the target of the attack the torch rather than her? I’m not saying she was not assaulted in the process of the pro-Tibet moron trying to grab to torch. She was. I’m just saying that, idiotic as the pro-Tibet moron was, his ultimate target appears to have been the torch. He was not specifically trying to hurt the girl, drive her away, or anything like that. I never heard what happened to that guy. Hopefully he ended up in court charged with something or other? But getting back to my point, the situation with that guy seems a little different to what happened in Aotea Square. The situation in Aotea Square became an all out assault on anyone the crowd believed to be pro-Tibet, which unfortunately appeared to translate, at least for a while, into ‘white people’. After the pro-Tibet protesters’ flags etc. had been stolen and trampled on, the Chinese crowd continued assaulting the pro-Tibet protesters themselves. The behavior was not about grabbing and controlling symbols (i.e. Olympic torches, flags, banners, etc), it was about punching, kicking, and driving away the non-Chinese ‘enemy’. The violence was being meted out on people, not symbols. skylight says: October 6, 2008 at 6:15 am @Ctalk If you meet a person from those countries, they might be able to explain the similarities to you better than I am able to do. raffiaflower says: October 6, 2008 at 10:07 am hi jerry, thanks for the comment. I did not respond tout de suite bcos it’s been a long holiday break. I was sort of shooting blanks @ random, and aiming at no one in particular. Certainly everyone should be free to criticise, and be criticised. There is much to debate about the actions of the chinese govt, which is what this blog is about, as there is about the bush administration, or the israeli. But i say if someone wants to damn china on human rights, then it’s par for the course that comparisons are made with their own behaviour, past or present. The moral authority over someone else’s behaviour is compromised especially if you refused to help when they needed it in the toughest hours. Like this: an absentee parent comes back into the life of a grown-up child left to fend for herself early on but has found her forward bearings. Parent runs down every aspect of the child – her grooming, her housekeeping, her child raising ways, holding her to the older’s standards. Child resents it, right? The younger person probably won’t mind input, if it’s constructive and not self-referential, especially when the parent has led less than an exemplary life herself. This is what I mean by the condescension and arrogance of the west. As for my conjecture about hu jia, you may wish to read up, google or speak to frens in china. As for the people he’s helped and those he’s not, put it this way: china has 1.3 billion and hu jia claims to speak for the human rights of many. Figure out the math. The west is no monolith, just as Chinese govt and Chinese people – native born or overseas – are also not a single entity. I am not from China, and have nothing against Hu Jia. Unfortunately, any engagement with a Western individual must usually be predicated on the premise that, as a Chinese person, you are already flawed and inferior in thought and behaviour, brainwashed, nationalistic, and must play the role of beggar maid to King Cophetua. The alternative is, you can become a banana, and bash China with all the zeal of the convert! But, moi, je reste bien dans ma peau, Jerry. Let me relate this personal Chinese-Western encounter, during my working period in Hong Kong. This came from an associate from an English-speaking country: “ The way we write, express ourselves, think, we will always be different from you.’’ That is, superior. Whatever. Cue to exit job, and dump all my work on that person. :-0 BMY says: October 6, 2008 at 10:58 am I don’t think Hu Jia is a traitor. He chose the audience who give him a fame and many people dislike him because of the audience he chose. I beleive there are many people on the grounds who have done much more help on AIDS and poor people but don’t have fame like Hu Jia has. Regardless, I don’t see how Hu Jia post a threat to the state security . To arrest this man is unlawful and stupid. ChinkTalk says: October 6, 2008 at 2:07 pm RUMman- do you think the 3,000 to 5,000 (per your estimate) pro-China Olympics Chinese people are all racists? skylight – I do know people from some of those countries and they do not see themselves in any way similar to Tibetans. October 6, 2008 at 2:21 pm @Chinktalk – I’m going to take a wild guess and say that whoever said that New Zealanders (and apparently that means white people, since some of the people in the crowd were also NZ citizens) should get out of the square thought that they might be attacked just because they were white. RUMman is not the one who said this. ChinkTalk says: October 6, 2008 at 2:43 pm FORAP – to me, it all boils down to propaganda from the pro-China group vis-a-vis the propaganda from the pro-West group. So far I think no one is completely wrong but no one is completely right either. And that is why instead of looking for differences maybe we should start searching for similarities. I do admire RUMman and skylight because they have lived in China and they have lived with the Chinese people. I guess I was playing the devil’s advocate in order to maintain some balance in relation to perspective and truth. We all exaggerate and tell little white lies (or shade the truth) to strengthen our positions. That is fine by me, we are only human. The Nobel Peace prize should be awarded to someone who can find similarities for peace rather than stoke differences. skylight says: @Ctalk Happy to learn that you know some people from those countries. Would you please explain to me the differences they see between their own countries and Tibet? RUMman says: George W. Bush (USA) 800.00 Vladimir Putin (RUS) 800.00 October 6, 2008 at 7:58 pm Gotta love international bookies’ bet on Nobel figgin’ Peace Prize winnar. If the Western democracy snobs had a lesson to learn, they should look at no further than the Dalai Lama case. What positive effects has it achieved since the exile Tibetan god-king was awarded the prize? Zero, zilch, nada. Rename the thingy as Agent Provocateur of the Year Award, Hu Jia may have my vote. skylight says: October 6, 2008 at 8:21 pm @Bob, I think you have too high expectations from an award. An award alone will not create peace or resolve conflicts. However, for many previously “unknown” prize winners, it can work as a catalyst and it can become a “door opener” for the winner, give him/her easier access to world leaders, make him/her more known around the world and to get a larger audience for his/her message. Such effects have been noted by many previous Nobel Peace Prize winners, including the Dalai Lama, Desmond Tutu, Shirin Ebadi etc. Remember, in the 1970s and early 1980s, Dalai Lama and the Tibet issue was almost unknown to the world. This changed in 1989 for the world. Almost 20 years later, in March 2008 it changed for China and Chinese people. Bob says: October 6, 2008 at 8:35 pm @skylight, I think you have too high expectation from the “world,” which, apart from a handful of hippies, either don’t actually give a shit or cannot do a jack about Tibet. At the end of the day, Tibet issues — whatever they are, real or phantom — can only be resolved by the Chinese themselves, Tibetan-Chinese included, definitely. ChinkTalk says: skylight – I should not be speaking for them, I will let them know about this blog and ask for their input. skylight says: October 6, 2008 at 11:06 pm @Bob Firstly, you need awareness and education, then recognition, and finally action and real change. It is a long process, don’t despair! The Chinese government position is that there is no “Tibet issue”, both in public and in private meetings with Dalai Lamas envoys. They say that all tibetans are living happy and liberated and are enjoying human rights. That is why I believe it is so difficult to solve the issue today with the Chinese government, because of this total disconnect of perceptions on the ground. Clearly, we need more awareness among Chinese about the truth of the Tibet issue. S.K. Cheung says: October 7, 2008 at 3:47 am To Raffiaflower: “But i say if someone wants to damn china on human rights, then it’s par for the course that comparisons are made with their own behaviour, past or present” – present behaviour, absolutely. But past behaviour? If such past behaviour is objectionable, shouldn’t it serve as a cautionary tale that’s not worthy of repeating, rather than justifying exactly such a repeat of history? I mean, wouldn’t it be ridiculous if a country said “well, China had their cultural revolution, so now we should have one too” ? Jerry says: @raffiaflower, #253 @S.K. Cheung, #266 But i say if someone wants to damn china on human rights, then it’s par for the course that comparisons are made with their own behaviour, past or present. The moral authority over someone else’s behaviour is compromised especially if you refused to help when they needed it in the toughest hours. If a Westerner wants to get on a soapbox and lecture to, ridicule, pontificate at and/or rail at the Chinese or their government for human rights violation, then I too would wonder about their moral authority or moral high ground. People who lecture, ridicule, pontificate and rail make it very difficult for me to swallow their message, whatever that may be. But I would dismiss neither the Chinese nor Western human rights violations. Two wrongs don’t make a right. Here is what I see happening, at times, here at this blog. A responsible, valid criticism is made of China on some issue. Then I see a response coming back which criticizes the critic, his country, and makes comparison with a similar issue in his country. Sometimes the criticism is needlessly personal, sometimes bordering on the hysterical. This does not advance the cause of the suffering in either country. It may be par for the course. But as SK points out in #266, shouldn’t past objectionable behavior be a cautionary tale from which we can learn. The failure to learn from history has caused much suffering by many people. Regarding moral authority, I think very few possess it. We are all human. Hu Jia is a non-starter for me. It was very interesting to see all of the rhetoric and energy when his name was invoked. I am sure there was truth along with the hyperbole I read. I certainly don’t know what is what when it comes to Hu Jia. Unfortunately, any engagement with a Western individual must usually be predicated on the premise that, as a Chinese person, you are already flawed and inferior in thought and behaviour, brainwashed, nationalistic, and must play the role of beggar maid to King Cophetua. At this blog, it seems that there is a certain amount of similar flak thrown at Westerners. Ah, c’est la vie. Vive le Tour!! I am sorry that Westerners treat you poorly. This came from an associate from an English-speaking country: “ The way we write, express ourselves, think, we will always be different from you.’’ That is, superior. Whatever. Cue to exit job, and dump all my work on that person. :-0 Isn’t ignorance, hubris and blind stupidity wonderful? I hope he/she suffered from a nervous breakdown from the extra work. LMAO Regarding bananas, I assume that you are referring to Western-born offspring of Chinese/Asian parents. Based on the many discussions with my friends in the US, China is not their only target. They drive their parents nuts, too. In fact, I would say that the parents suffer far more than China. 😀 ChinkTalk says: October 7, 2008 at 2:17 pm skylight – “I dont know much about Basque case, but I think Tibet is better compared to countries such as Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ireland, Algeria, Mongolia.” The following is a quote from the attached link in which in reference to the current global financial turmoil, the Czech FM made a very keen observation on how we are moving towards the Communist system with the state participation in private enterprises. Iceland just borrowed 4 billion Euros from Russia. I don’t know why Iceland does not approach Britain, France, or Germany for the money, since they are the established Western democracies. I guess asking the US for money is out of the question at the moment. But I do believe the US will come out of this fine. My point is that you are linking Tibet with some of the former Soviet Union countries, but now IT APPEARS that some countries are warming up to the communal system, including the US, Britan, France and Germany. “Showing how hard it is to agree a common line with ease in Europe, Czech Finance Minister Miroslav Kalousek was quoted by a newspaper as saying Europe’s politicians were going mad with ideas of such big rises in deposit insurance. “Politicians in Europe are going crazy. We didn’t live through 40 years of real socialism only to return to it on the soil of the European Union,” he was quoted by daily Hospodarske Noviny as saying.” October 7, 2008 at 2:41 pm The West has a “do as I say not as I do” mentality. Remember the West was insisting that China let its currency float freely. Here is a quote from Atimes. “China’s financial system, even after three decades of reforms, remains pretty much closed by standards of a free economy. In consequence, it has been less savaged than many other countries as the financial crisis has rippled out from the United States to Europe and more or less the rest of the world” ( http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/JJ08Cb01.html ” Does the US know beforehand that this financial tsunami is going to happen, I don’t know. But does the Chinese government know and that is why they resisted so hard the floating of their currency. I don’t know. But I do know that Enron, the hedge fund wonderboy at one time, needed 5 billion US to be rescued by the Clinton administration, was run by a couple of Nobel Prize Laureates in economics. So much for the prestige of the Nobel. And with the Asian financial crisis, the West advised the Asian countries that needed help to let their private enterprises alone and allow them to fend for themselves, and now the US and Europe is doing exactly the opposite to what they have advised the Asian countries. October 7, 2008 at 7:38 pm @Ctalk, It’s a bit difficult to follow your arguments from Tibet and human rights to the current financial crisis. In my opinion you have a superficial view of the financial crisis, and your suggestions that the financial crisis is a “West vs. Asia” or “West vs. Communal systems of governance” doesn’t sync with reality. Bob says: October 7, 2008 at 10:52 pm @skylight #265 If memory serves me correctly, Tibet issues 西藏問題 have always been acknowledged by the top leaders of PRC. Under Mao, to cater for special situation in Tibet, land reform etc. was postponed long after it had taken place in much of the rest of PRC. Post Cultural Revolution, CCP Secretary General Hu Yaobang directed orders to let Tibetans have more religious freedom than most Han Chinese did. Examples are abundant, but I’ll leave them at those. You are right the Chinese need more awareness and the truth about Tibet. For instance, the connection between Dalai Lama and former Nazi members wasn’t all that well known in China back then. Stuff like the practice of polyandry would also be an interesting topic. ChinkTalk says: October 8, 2008 at 2:26 am skylight – “and your suggestions that the financial crisis is a “West vs. Asia” or “West vs. Communal systems of governance” doesn’t sync with reality.” I don’t think it would be out of touch with reality if one suggests that there is a “West vs Communism” metality in the West. I am not convinced that most Western people care about human rights for the Tibetan people, much of these hooplas are for grandstanding against China. Anti-sinoism if you like. If people really care about human rights, it should not be just for the Tibetans, but also for the Aboriginals of North America, the Palestinians, the Basques, and also against Racism, Gay rights, Women’s rights etc. It appears to me that if the country is pro-West, there is no human rights problems there eventhough there are atrocities commited. Countless women are abused and murdered in North America. Human rights should be universal and not just used against your opponents. Blake says: October 8, 2008 at 4:01 am Hu Jia has very close ties with the CIA and its funding arm the National Endowment for Democracy. In the USA, if a citizen conspires with a foreign intelligence agency attempting to destabilize the government, we call it treason. Why should we expect China’s government to behave any differently? S.K. Cheung says: October 8, 2008 at 4:10 am To Blake: because all this guy did appears to have been to speak to some media, and write a few articles. I mean, i know the pen’s mightier than the sword, but jeez louise, is China so inherently unstable that….yada yada…I’m sure you know where I’m going with this. Blake says: October 8, 2008 at 4:27 am S.K. Cheung, For years Hu Jia worked with the CIA/NED backed Chinese Democracy Movement, the group that led the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989…although Hu Jia wasn’t involved with them at the time. Do a little research. He has done much more than just write a few articles. He actively conspired with foreign intelligence agencies attempting to destabilize China’s government. If a US citizen did what he did, they would be arrested and charged with treason. Make no mistake, Hu Jia is an instrument of Western Imperialism. S.K. Cheung says: October 8, 2008 at 4:40 am If the guy did half as much as you suggest he may have done, do you think all he’d get in China is jail for his troubles? Or if China had evidence of the activities you suggest….scrap that, I don’t think China subscribes to rules of evidence anyhow. Wow, “western imperialism”, scary sounding stuff. Must keep you up at nights… Blake says: October 8, 2008 at 4:51 am S.K. Cheung, All of this is easy enough to verify. Do a little research. The NED makes no secret of the fact that they are the funding arm for the CIA, in fact, that is the why they were created in the first place and they admit it on their website. Also, they openly admit supporting the Chinese Democracy Movement which is one of Hu Jia’s main causes. This isn’t a secret, or even well-hidden. However, most Americans are completely ignorant about it because they just sheepishly believe whatever the government tells them to believe. S.K. Cheung says: And again, if all this is as true as you claim, wouldn’t Hu have met the business end of a CCP firing squad long ago? We should be asking if Hu deserves the Nobel posthumously. Blake says: October 8, 2008 at 5:46 am S.K. Cheung, And again, you obviously haven’t even bothered to check the facts for yourself. Don’t take my word for it, and do some research. Wikipedia has much of the information you will need, and you can verify it with information on the NED’s own website. This is not difficult information to find and verify…it just takes a minimal amount of effort. As for why Hu Jia hasn’t been executed, ironically, this probably has a lot to do with his ties to the NED. Reporters Without Borders, also a NED-supported organization, has done a good job at portraying Hu Jia as an oppressed human rights worker and blogger. Executing Hu Jia would result in a flurry of anti-Chinese propaganda from the West. S.K. Cheung says: October 8, 2008 at 6:12 am You’re right. Haven’t bothered. Wow, NED should nominate themselves for the Peace Prize, since they seem to have 2 horses in the race this year, based on your assertions. So what you’re saying is, China won’t execute someone whom they have reason to believe has committed treason against her, because of what the west might think? This from a country who spares no effort in casting broad definitions of “internal matters”. That’s priceless. Blake says: S.K. Cheung, Make that (at least) three. Gao Zhisheng also has close ties with the NED. Believe it or not, the Chinese government does care what the West thinks. After all, we are their best customers. They probably figure executing Hu Jia would be more damaging to their government than leaving him alive. I would like to add that I don’t think Hu Jia deserves execution or even arrest…I’m just explaining why the Chinese government feels it is justified in its actions. However, I don’t think Hu Jia should even be considered for a Nobel Prize. Personally, I think some of the NED’s efforts have had a positve effect in China. Compared to conditions before the Tiananmen Square Protests in 1989, China is a much improved society. Of course they still have a ways to go. I’m truly thankful to live in a country where a conversation like this can even take place. For all of China’s recent progress, If I were Chinese, I don’t think I would post comments like these about the Chinese government. Luckily, I live in a country where I don’t have to worry about being hauled off to prison just for something I said. Just a minute, there’s someone at the door…. Blake says: October 8, 2008 at 7:56 am Just the pizza guy. Of the names on the BetSafe.com list, I like Save the Children. What could be more important than providing food for the millions of children that starve to death each year? Gandhi would also be a good choice, but he is not on the list. Jerry says: October 8, 2008 at 11:27 am @ChinkTalk, #269 But I do know that Enron, the hedge fund wonderboy at one time, needed 5 billion US to be rescued by the Clinton administration, was run by a couple of Nobel Prize Laureates in economics. So much for the prestige of the Nobel. CT, some questions. I know that Enron under Skillings and Lay were no group of choirboys and choirgirls, they were criminals. I don’t understand some of these connections you wrote about. Would you mind clarifying and explaining. Enron, hedge fund wonderboy? $5 billion bailout by Clinton administration? Run by Nobel Economic Prize laureates? Any citations for these statements? Bob says: October 8, 2008 at 4:55 pm Guess what, Roger Yonchien Tsien 錢永健 is the newest member to the growing list of Nobel Prize winners of Chinese descent. Tsien is one of the three recipients to share this year’s Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on green fluorescent protein. Word has it he is a (distant) nephew of Tsien Hsue-shen 钱学森 known as the “Father of Chinese Rocketry.” ChinkTalk says: @Jerry Like RUMman #240 -“There were various different incidents. From memory.” I recalled only from memory based on what I read from local newspapers. I will search for them from appropriate sites. S.K. Cheung says: October 9, 2008 at 6:28 am To Blake: “I’m truly thankful to live in a country where a conversation like this can even take place” – frankly, I think this would be a great gauge of China’s progress. I think China will be a much better place when this conversation can take place there, unfettered. BTW, that’s a good one with the guy at the door thing…. 🙂 Dan says: October 10, 2008 at 2:19 am I agree with Kai. The Chinese Communist government has done more for world peace than any other countries in the world. Despite the Western accusations of human rights, corruptions, Darfu,Tibet etc, – while I do agree that there are serious problems, but no one nation is innocent of faults, I sure would like a finer examination of how the Chinese were treated under British rule in Hong Kong, – China has done more for world stability than other countries. The Italians have the decency to pay Lybia $5B for its colonial days. Shouldn’t the British pay something to the Hong Kong Chinese. I thought the “peace” prize is recognition for work on bridging opposing forces – like in the case of Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, not one that instigates conflict. If one gets a peace prize for simply “fighting” for social justice, environement, etc. than I should get the “peace” prize by going out everyday and complain about every injustice that happens along the way. The more difficult task is really bringing peace to the Middle East for example. There is no democracy involved in the Nobel prizes because they are determined by five anonymous members in secrecy. Bob says: October 10, 2008 at 2:36 am On the eve of announcement of the 2008 Nobel Peace Prize winner, I read some background material. [per Wikipedia] According to Nobel’s will, the Peace Prize should be awarded “to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.” This reaffirms my statement earlier in this blog that Nobel would be agonizing in his grave over the hijacked political move by the current committee in Norway if Hu Jia turned out to be the recipient. Neither the manner in which Hu Jia has conducted to advance his causes nor the decision to award him the Nobel Peace Prize is in fundamental agreement with the goal of betterment of fraternity between nations. Simply put, Nobel Peace Prize is by no means the same as Human Rights Activist (or some other friggin’ names similar to this bloated term) Award. Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 3:17 am “Simply put, Nobel Peace Prize is by no means the same as Human Rights Activist (or some other friggin’ names similar to this bloated term) Award.” What did Al Gore and the IPCC do to promote world peace? Were there any angry protests at the time? Of course not, but it’s good that the question is brought up. The peace prize stopped being a peace prize a long time ago, but I still think it’s an honor to get it. Recommended reading: http://www.zompist.com/ask.html#26 “To put this in some perspective, this is the same prize that’s also been awarded to Yasser Arafat and Henry Kissinger. An alien scanning the prize list might be forgiven for assuming that Gore won the prize for causing climate change and then backing off later on. (…) It’s also clear from the list that the prize isn’t so much for peace as for humanitarianism— cf. the awards to Mother Theresa, the ILO, Martin Luther King, and the Red Cross.” Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 3:21 am If Hu Jia gets the peace prize and China begins to complain, I will, as a Swedish national whose heart is bleeding for my Norwegian compatriots, stage a one-day boycott of all goods Chinese and protest this blatant incursion into their internal affairs and right of self-determination. 🙂 saimneor says: October 10, 2008 at 3:30 am Is it a big deal? I mean I can understand people think NP Chemistry and Physics are important, partially because the modern science has its roots from the Renaissance and was developed almost exclusively in the West for many years, until the east start to learn from it. If Alfred Nobel is considered as the poster child of that development, his judgment can be trusted. But peace? It seems the Swedish people may reach a bit too far. Can one nation’s value system be applied to many different people with entirely different culture and tradition? The level of pride in this prize has pushed the value down, way down. You need to develop a world view first, before you can recognize achievements in world peace, otherwise it becomes a display of your own arrogance. So I do not think chinese will complain too much. They will probably laugh at it more often. Bob says: Saimneor, “Peace” was Nobel’s own brainchild and one of the five original prizes designated in Nobel’s will. Only “Economics” was added later on by the Swedes. saimneor says: Not arguing with Alfred. I am pointing out the recognition of a prize is linked to the (current) evaluation process. We are not buying simply because someone said so. At least they can not force me to respect them. Wukailong says: The peace prize is Norwegian. Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 3:54 am “Can one nation’s value system be applied to many different people with entirely different culture and tradition?” It of course depends on what you mean by Chinese or other people’s culture being “entirely different”. That’s quite a bold statement, actually. 🙂 I’m not sure I respect the Nobel establishment that much (always thought their evening party is a bit silly, and the Swedish Academy takes itself way too seriously), so I’m with you on not being forced to respect them. You don’t have to. S.K. Cheung says: October 10, 2008 at 4:39 am To Saimneor: “At least they can not force me to respect them.” – and no one is asking you to. But there are many many others who do. And that’s their choice. Which is why, even if all 1.3 billion CHinese don’t give a hoot, the Nobels will still be the most famous prizes in the world. And let’s face it, if no one cared, would this thread be heading towards 3 bills in comments? Jerry says: October 10, 2008 at 4:55 am @S.K. Cheung #296 Good points, SK. The Nobel Prizes bring people to my attention I probably would never know otherwise. Yes, they can’t give a prize to every worthy candidate. But they do the best they can. “And let’s face it, if no one cared, would this thread be heading towards 3 bills in comments?” Amen! BTW, the Asian stock markets are getting hammered today. Even the Nikkei 225, which is down 13.50% right now. Speculation as to whether Morgan Stanley will make it to Tuesday when they are going to get an infusion from UFJ Mitsubishi. What a world. What a ride. Shalom. L’chaim. Au revoir. saimneor says: October 10, 2008 at 5:33 am SKC, Wasn’t the topic about how chinese people respond to such a result? So if 1.3 billion chinese do not care, you find your answer right there. On the other hand, there are 5+ billion people living outside of Europe or North America. If these people don’t give a damn, would it be appropriate to not call it a prize to recognize “world” peace, maybe “west world” peace is more appropriate. Oh wait, let’s see; I am not sure how Russian considers NP for Politics, oops, Peace, or some of the eastern European countries. Anyway, if it is a true respectable prize for world peace, wouldn’t the Islam world, the chinese, and all of those anti-west countries have a say? after all, they are the majority in world population. It may be too much for you to realize the people US calls terrorists or axis of evil may also have an opinion on world peace issues; they are human after all. Jerry says: October 10, 2008 at 5:35 am @S.K. Cheung Correction in #297. As of 2pm JST, the Nikkei was down 9.02%, losing -826.41. Earlier this morning it was down 1,000, a 10+% drop. Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 6:00 am @saimneor: “Anyway, if it is a true respectable prize for world peace, wouldn’t the Islam world, the chinese, and all of those anti-west countries have a say? after all, they are the majority in world population.” If the prize was awarded by some international commission where every country was present, this would be a valid question. Now it isn’t – it’s awarded by a small Norwegian committee whose discussions are not open to the public. No Norwegian, Swede, Chinese, American or anyone else except that group has any say in this. Also, the prize is not for pleasing governments. S.K. Cheung says: To Saimneor: notice that my supposition was “even if”; yours are just “ifs”. And there’s a difference. BTW, it’s the Nobel Peace Prize, not the world peace prize. And it’s their prize to award; so if people don’t like it, they should stop whining, pony up, and make their own. What’s stopping you? And finally, it’s unusual for people who “don’t give a damn” about something to continue to talk about it incessantly. And look, I just took us to 3 bills; care to make it 301 comments about something you obviously care so little about? S.K. Cheung says: Do people limit their discussions at FM on responding to the OP? I think not. Are you sure that all 1.3 billion Chinese don’t care? Hmmm… On the other hand, there are 5+ billion people living outside of Europe or North America. If these people don’t give a damn, would it be appropriate to not call it a prize to recognize “world” peace, maybe “west world” peace is more appropriate. Are you sure that all 5+ billion feel and believe like you do? Hmmm… Where can we find a list of the various Nobel jurors? How do we know where each juror was born and where they live now? Does the Nobel Foundation claim that the NP is a world prize? Just curious? October 10, 2008 at 6:09 am SKC, If you are so concern about the number of messages, you should stop posting. Without your 40+ messages, we are still below the 260 mark. S.K. Cheung says: October 10, 2008 at 6:12 am To Jerry: well, at this point, watching the market is like watching a car accident. Kind of gruesome. Kind of painful. But darnit you still gotta look. I’ve said many times before, I’m no economist. And thankfully, I’m in it for the long haul. But I never understood people hanging on every blip of the ebb and flow of wall street, or any market index. If it goes up, great, but it’s probably gonna come down some at some point; if it goes down, shucks, but wait long enough and it’ll probably bounce back. And over the long haul, you’ll probably be ahead. Selling now just means you’ve locked in your losses. If I had more spare change, I’d be buying right now. Jerry says: thanks for the advice. I think I’ll file it in the usual spot… Jerry says: October 10, 2008 at 6:13 am @saimneor #304 Touchy, touchy, saimneor!! I think SK is just making an observation and a point here, not a critique. S.K. Cheung says: October 10, 2008 at 6:16 am To Jerry #303: LOL. Saimneor is not just speaking for all Chinese; he’s now speaking for all non-European non-North American humans! Very impressive, this guy. saimneor says: Jerry, “Do people limit their discussions at FM on responding to the OP? I think not.” If I am writing a message to respond the to the OP and SKC find it strange, can I at least tell him the purpose of my writing? You think I should not? Are you sure that all 1.3 billion Chinese don’t care? Hmmm… I never said they do or they do not. It was a hypothetical scenario SKC brought up for discussion. Is it really hard to understand? Are you sure that all 5+ billion feel and believe like you do? Hmmm… Are you sure their opinions were asked? Is there a representative in that committe represent these people? Again, I did not say these people will or will not support NP. You can see the word “if”. It is for discussion. Does the Nobel Foundation claim that the NP is a world prize? They better not. And I think their faithful followers should know that too. saimneor says: October 10, 2008 at 6:22 am SKC #309 You are right, I am pointing out the possible limitations of this prize, in a message thread discussing this issue. My personal opinions only, don’t be too excited. care to make it 301 comments about something you obviously care so little about? It is also frustrating for me to realize some people here do not understand even if the discussion is related to a prize I do not care about. I care about the discussion topic. You would think expressing ideas is not such a dangerous thing nowadays; am I correct? Jerry says: Oops, here I go, increasing the count with an off-topic response. SK, I have to watch too. It’s fascinating. I use Bloomberg (What can I say, he is part of the tribe?). http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks/wei_region3.html I am a long hauler, too. I am no economist, either. Just watching. Jerry says: October 10, 2008 at 6:30 am @saimneor #311 I sensed that the conditional subjunctive speculation in #298 was more a statement than a conditional. If I did so in error, then I am sorry. Thanks for the clarifications. saimneor says: October 10, 2008 at 6:37 am Jerry#313, To clarify, the if statement in #298 is meant to discuss this issue under the context created by SKC in #296. SKC said: even if all 1.3 billion CHinese don’t give a hoot, the Nobels will still be the most famous prizes in the world. So, SKC said if the chinese don’t care, NP is still famous. I was saying if chinese don’t care, we know the answer to OP’s question. You can read it different ways. I am not presenting a fact of any kind Jerry says: @S.K. Cheung #309 What a flurry. LOL back at you. I saw the “if” and even your “even if”. It is just the way saimneor couched his conditional “if”. It didn’t look like a conditional to me, and it did not pass the “duck” test. Hence I treated them as statements. Hell, I can’t even speak for my Jewish friends, let alone over half the world. 😀 Or my daughter, for that matter. LOL I gotta stop. October 10, 2008 at 6:46 am To Saimneor: far be it for me to tell you what to do. If I don’t care about something, I’m not gonna be talking about it…it’s part of me not caring. But you do what you gotta do, and I will too. Bob says: 1. a letter that Hu Jia wrote to the German Chancellor Merkel. In the letter he seems representing ‘hundreds of millions of Chinese Buddhists wish Dalai Lama back to China… ‘” Whoa, can’t believe I missed it. I have thus far refrained from calling him a traitor, but this letter takes the cake. My verdict: guilty as charged. saimneor says: October 10, 2008 at 6:52 am People, I do not mind we all have different opinions. But at least we should all be logical. If “IF” is not starting a conditional clause, replace it with any word you think more appropriate; and the result is what I want to say. No one is trying to mislead you. It was simply a reply of what S.K. Cheung said two posts above that one. And, again, S.K.Cheung was trying to tell me I should not post any more on this thread because I do not care enough about the NP Peace. You are right. But I do care about talking about it. I do care about this thread. Can I care about the effect of something (that I personally do not care about) on other people? saimneor says: October 10, 2008 at 6:56 am SKC #316, Can I care about the effect of something (that I personally do not care about) on other people? Can I at least point out the limitations of that something and tell you the reason I do not care about it? Using your own logic, if you do not care that I write about something I do not care, why do you post multiple times requesting me to stop? You should not write about something you do not care, remember? Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 7:03 am Guys, I think the discussion about the “if” can be finished now… 🙂 @Bob: Perhaps he is guilty as charged, though I’m not sure under which law, and I’ve been trying in vain to find the verdict. I guess it’s a state secret? I didn’t know that China had hundreds of millions of practicing Buddhists, btw, but perhaps Hu Jia was sentenced for spreading faulty information about religion? Bob says: Hey Swedish national, if I can find it online, I am sure you can too. Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 7:55 am @Bob: I’ve found the China Daily report, but not the full verdict. Here’s the article for those interested: “Hu Jia was sentenced here Thursday by the Beijing First Intermediate People’s Court to three and half years imprisonment, with one year deprivation of political rights, for subverting the state. The verdict said Hu, an unemployed father aged 34 and the holder of a college degree, libeled the Chinese political and social systems, and instigated subversion of the state, which is a crime under Chinese law. Considering Hu’s confession of crime and acceptance of punishment, the court said it had decided the ruling with leniency and announced a less harsh prison sentence. The court heard that from August 2006 to October 2007, Hu published articles on overseas-run websites, made comments in interviews with foreign media, and repeatedly instigated other people to subvert the state’s political power and socialist system. In his two website articles, ‘China Political Law-enforcement Organs Create Large-scale Horror ahead of CPC National Congress’, and ‘One Country Doesn’t Need Two Systems’, Hu spread malicious rumors, and committed libel in an attempt to subvert the state’s political power and socialist system, the court said in the verdict. The articles written by Hu and his interviews were widely relayed by overseas-run websites, the court said. The court said the verdict was based on Article 105, 56 and 55 of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China. Both his lawyer and Hu himself defended the accused. Hu’s family, among others, heard the court debate and attended the court while Hu’s sentence was pronounced.” Nobel Prizes for Literature and Peace are known for disagreement due to their nature of complication and confusion as, unlike other prizes, these are perceived differently due to the piercers’ cultural or political background. However, the Literature part is over with prize going to France. “French President Nicolas Sarkozy congratulated the writer, saying that Le Clezio, embodies the grandeur of France, its culture, and its values in a globalized world.” Hope the Peace Prize can go to someone who has no problem with any side, which is always the problem, so that s/he can also receive a warm congratulation without assaulting and demonizing attack from individuals and institutions! Bob says: This just in — Martti Ahtisaari of Finland is the deserving one: “for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts” Thank God the humanity is saved. Peace. @Bob: You beat me! 🙂 I was just trying to find out who got the price, but the net is awfully slow right now… Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 9:42 am Now when it’s over for this year, it’s interesting to note how discussions in this thread seem to have been carried out under the assumption that Hu Jia had basically already gotten the prize. Certainly the discussion was whether he deserved it or not, but it quickly turned into the intentions of the Nobel committee and what its backers (ideological and political) are. I’m not going to point at anybody, just point out that I tend to do the same thing on a personal level – assume a person will react a certain way, and then find the underlying motives for doing so, without first waiting for the person’s decision. raffiaflower says: October 10, 2008 at 10:02 am “Shouldn’t past objectionable behavior be a cautionary tale from which we can learn. The failure to learn from history has caused much suffering by many people.” – Jerry says. It certainly should be. In this area, the Chinese govt has shown it has learnt well, abandoning political dogma for economic pragmatism to improve lives. It continues to move up the learning curve by making incremental changes, but they are made to suit local conditions, as has been said ad nauseam. Shouldn’t the past objectionable behaviour of the West – bullying, lecturing and hectoring China – be a lesson for it to learn from, instead of behaving in the same manner even today? The anti-Chinese riots through the torch relay were a good example that West has not learnt from its own behaviour. Pontification is a two-way thing. On the Chinese side, it seems there are as many holier-than-thou Westerners lecturing China a thing or two on how to behave, Endless comparisons made: since human rights are universal, comparisons are bound to be made. If Western leaders and media are so vocal on alleged Chinese violations in Tibet, why have they kept sotto voce in occupied territories where it is much worse. I have asked SKC before: what about Britain rounding up innocent children abandoned in state orphanages and shipping them off to Australia, a gross abuse of human rights that went on right till the mid-1960s, in the name of “social stability’’ and “for their own good”? China remains at a state of social development that is behind that of advanced democracies, and does things for the same reason. Whatever the time frame, many of these things are objectionable. But there are people in China – and foreigners such as John Kamm, and many others who work to help animals, orphans, etc – who work within, and with, the system to make the little changes. Hu Jia chose to engage with forces outside the system. Legally, that’s not on. That has also been a betrayal of social values such as self-reliance, and has drawn emotive responses. Wulaikong, yes, I would say there are hundreds of millions of practising Buddhists in China. The latest issue of Businessweek claims there are 130 ml Christians. ( I must learn to trust thoroughly fact-checked impartial Western media that represent the fourth estate) and possibly – just possibly – Buddhism may have a few more adherents. The last time I went, Jing An temple in Shanghai was on a drive for funds to build a golden Buddha, and donations were doing quite well. Wukailong says: October 10, 2008 at 6:41 pm Here is an interesting excerpt about the Nobel Prize from Time magazine , The literature and peace prizes regularly inspire controversy. Jean Paul Sartre rejected his 1964 prize in literature, though his family tried to reclaim the award money after his death. Pablo Neruda wanted a Nobel Prize so much that he reportedly wined and dined Swedish writers and academics at his seaside villa; he finally won one in 1971. Bob Dylan has been nominated six times, Jerry Lewis once. In 2004, the literature prize went to Austrian feminist Elfriede Jelinek, a move so controversial that one assembly member resigned in protest. Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho shared a 1973 Peace Prize for negotiating the end of the Vietnam War. Tho rejected his award, saying that there was no peace in his country. Kissinger’s acceptance caused uproar; apparently the former National Security Advisor’s role in a secret war against Cambodia and the overthrow of the Chilean government didn’t sit well with some people. Some Nobel Prizes have gone to discoveries that turned out to be wrong. The 1926 Nobel Prize in medicine went to Johannes Fibiger, for discovering that roundworms caused cancer (they don’t). A year later, psychiatrist Julius Wagner-Jauregg won for injecting patients with malaria to treat syphilitic dementia (not a good idea). Past laureates have espoused eugenics, opposed public schooling, joined the Nazi party, and claimed that September 11 attacks were an inside job. But the majority of prizes have gone to sound discoveries (x-rays, quantum physics, penicillin) and respected leaders (Martin Luther King, Albert Einstein, Nelson Mandela). This year’s winners will come away with a medal, 10 million kroner (about $1.4 million), and the satisfaction of being inducted into one of the most exclusive clubs in history. S.K. Cheung says: To Saimneor #319: my logic is that if you don’t care about something, stop whining about it. This is what I wrote in #316: “But you do what you gotta do” – not sure how you took that as me requesting anything of you. But just to be clear: I couldn’t care less what you do, or don’t do. Hope that’s clear enough for you. Jerry says: @ saimneor #319 SK, LMAO. I just did not have the heart to respond last night to saimneor (#319), “And, again, S.K.Cheung was trying to tell me I should not post any more on this thread because I do not care enough about the NP Peace.” The convolution and distortion was just too much. 😀 I trust that your clarifications will do the trick. —————- saimneor , even if (please note that I am saying “even if”) SK told you what you allege he told you (#319), you are under no obligation to follow such instructions. SK never told you that you could not post anymore. SK has no power to force you to stop posting. SK does not have the right to tell you that you can not post anymore. Furthermore, I doubt that SK would ever say that to you. Thanks. Now we are at 331 posts. This comment does not imply that I am disturbed by the number of posts. Just making a notation. October 11, 2008 at 4:54 am @saimneor, I’d follow Jerry’s advice. When I tell people to shut up here, no one ever listens. So if no one listens to me, I sure hope you don’t listen to someone else – least of all SKC 😉 , who is quite a softie actually once you get to know him! 🙂 Nobody says: Time Magazine: But the majority of prizes have gone to sound discoveries (x-rays, quantum physics, penicillin) and respected leaders (Martin Luther King, Albert Einstein, Nelson Mandela). BUT some MANY years Later…..sometimes too late….. 9/11 Truth Norway: 9/11 Truth nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize 2008 9/11 Truth nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize 2008 4 October 2008 Reason for the nomination of David Ray Griffin and the 9/11 Truth Movement to the Nobel Peace Prize 2008 Supported by 10 professors, or current or former MPs The wars of the 21st century – what the U.S. President has called ‘The global war on terror’ – are justified with a tragic event: the attacks against New York and Washington 11 September 2001. This event would come to justify pre-emptive war on enemies who seemed to be everywhere and nowhere. From 2001 terrorism was presented as the biggest threat to Western society, and the foremost evidence of this threat, we were told, were the events of 11 September. In recent years, however, the 9/11 Truth Movement and their outstanding academic David Ray Griffin presented strong evidence that the attacks of 11 September were not carried out by Islamist terrorists, as we have been told, but by a U.S. ‘war lite’ as an excuse to go to war against Afghanistan and Iraq (wars that were already approved). David Ray Griffin and the 9/11 Truth Movement have presented convincing evidence showing that this ‘war elite’ carried out these attacks to establish a new enemy after the Cold War, and to start wars in line with their economic and political interests. We believe the most important contribution to peace in the 21st century is the disclosure of these elite political games and the removal of the false reasons for its aggressive wars. This Griffin and the 9/11 Truth Movement have done in an excellent way. If the attack on 11 September was a U.S. ‘false flag operation’ to justify wars in the Middle East, the disclosure of that fact should be honored with the Nobel Peace Prize. We therefore nominate this David Ray Griffin and the 9/11 Truth Movement to share the Nobel Peace Prize for 2008. In that era the U.S. administration called ‘The global war on terror’ David Ray Griffin and the 9/11 Truth Movement have provided the most significant contribution to peace, and for this they should be given the Nobel Peace Prize for 2008. S.K. Cheung says: October 11, 2008 at 4:29 pm To Jerry #331: ahhh, someone else who appreciates the difference between “if” and “even if”. Nice to know they’re still out there 🙂 To Jerry and Allen: you’re both making me sound very powerless. And here I was plotting all this time for world domination… back to the drawing board go I. S.K. Cheung says: October 11, 2008 at 4:45 pm To Nobody: “BUT some MANY years Later” – I agree. Just looking at this year’s various awards, seems that the winners won for things they did decades ago, but whose discoveries have proved their significance with the test of time. So really, Hu Jia doesn’t even meet that criteria. If his activism bears fruit in 20 years, then he might be in the running. Nobody says: Agreed. Time will tell…. Over 50 senior military, intelligence, and government officials are now on record questioning 9/11. Read media statements from members of congress, a former director of the FBI, a former chief economist of President George W. Bush, an assistant secretary of the Treasury under President Reagan, the former head of advanced space programs for the Department of Defense under Reagan, a British cabinet minister under Prime Minister Tony Blair, and more. In reports on respected websites (links provided), each of these prominent leaders now claims that there are serious problems with the official government story of 9/11. Over 100 respected and distinguished professors claiming a 9/11 cover-up… Senior Military, Intelligence, and Government Officials Question 9/11 Commission Report And here I was plotting all this time for world domination… SKC, So, you wanna be the King of the World, huh? I think, before you get there, you have to either find Kate Winslet and bed her, or take the road impossible to become a King-maker, like 3rd century 王導 for example. He was advisor to Three Emperors. Or be a SOB like 秦桧, the two-headed snake, traitor of the Han race, who masterminded the political execution of the inconquerable General Yue Fei 岳飛. Or be as smart as 诸葛亮. However, even they failed in dominating the world. Where military might failed, the power of mammon is a lot more promising, SKC. As seen in more recent history, around the 17th century’s end, there appeared a master of usury, a pawn shop owner turned King-Maker. It was non other than Mayer Amschel Bauer, the “founding father of international finance”. Mayer later changed his family name to Rothschild, the german name for red shield, the name of Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s father, Moses Bauer’s pawnshop. Mayer loaned money at interest to Wilhelm IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. And during and after the invasion and conquest by Napoleon, Wilhelm went into exile for several years, during which time, Mayer managed the King’s fortune. With wealth Mayer was able to have the power of first hand information. He made enormous fortunes from the Napoleonic war in the stock market. Later, the Rothschild family banking empire financed the World wars. SKC, I gather you are in finances. How friendly are you with George Soros? Have you ever been to a Rothschild or Rockefellas’ party? Do you even have the one time entry pass to Zion, that mountain city? If you don’t, may I sugguest you join me and the rest of the world, if you can, to eat, drink and be merry, for the world, as we know it, may not see the 22nd century. Happy dreams. Jerry says: Allen, I just hope that you don’t throw an injunction at us some time. 😀 —————- #334 Sorry, SK. I just hate stomping on your “world domination” dreams. How can you ever forgive me? 😉 —————- #336 Nobody, I agree that 9/11 deserves much more thorough investigation. Apparently, some people with whom I am familiar agree: Max Cleland, Louis Freeh, Ray McGovern, Scott Ritter, Richard Clarke. The 9/11 Commission was a farce. S.K. Cheung says: October 12, 2008 at 1:44 am To HKer, nice Titanic reference (I mean the movie of course). Well, I know i won’t be seeing the 22nd century. And my kids will be in guinness book themselves if they do. But hopefully it’ll be there for the grandkids. But yes, for now, eating, drinking (preferably Guinness), being merry, all very good ideas. S.K. Cheung says: forget world domination, I’ll settle for my kids obeying all my commands at this point. Jerry says: @S.K. Cheung #340 “forget world domination, I’ll settle for my kids obeying all my commands at this point.” I used to wish the same for me. SK, as the father of a 29 year old son and a 26 year old daughter, I wish you luck. Mazel tov. 😀 Please let me know where I went wrong with my kids. LOL S.K. Cheung says: October 12, 2008 at 2:13 am To Jerry: hey, 2 adult kids, alive, limbs intact, gainfully employed, not on crack, university educated…I’d say you’ve done alright. You should be writing a how-to book. I know I’d buy it. 🙂 Jerry says: @S.K. Cheung #342 LMAO “You should be writing a how-to book. I know I’d buy it.” SK, I’ll let you know when I publish it. Don’t hold your breath. 😀 To give you an idea why I probably won’t write it, let me tell you a short story. Nearly 2 years ago on her 25th birthday, I called my daughter. During the conversation, all of a sudden, she stopped and asked, “Dad, how did you ever put up with me when I was 17 years old?” To which I drolly answered, “Let’s not go there.” We both laughed. 😀 BTW, self-help books usually benefit the writer far more than the reader. At least financially. 😀 saimneor says: October 12, 2008 at 3:25 am @SKC #330 Here let me try this one last time. Let us define a statement S = saimneor should not comment on things he does not care. It is safe to say you do not care about S. Then why are you keep writing about it? As you said, you should “stop whining about it”. Or, your rules do not apply to yourself? ——————————————————————– Hey everyone else, thanks for the messages. I am not angry but I was frustrated by the lack of logic in a few posts. It does not affect anything else, just helps to increase the message count. Oli says: October 12, 2008 at 3:37 am Wow, so many smilies and 344 posts (what is the max record of posts ever anyway and is admin keeping one anyway?). Well, here’s adding mine to the count. 🙂 Also thought I might just chime in to say that I have nothing to say. Nope, nothing. Absolutely nothing. Nada. Rien. Ganz und gar ueberhaupt nichts, 没话好说. Is that saying something??? S.K. Cheung says: To anyone other than Saimneor: (like Jerry or Allen, for instance). Clearly, my #330 was not clear enough. Sad really. Alas, if at first you don’t succeed… First of all, as defined, I absolutely care about S. If Saimneor only had the common decency to practice S, my time currently would be better spent. On the other hand, I absolutely could not give 2 figs about the owner of S. And whether said owner chooses to practice his own statements, is also something of little interest to me. Now, since I apply my rules without bias, admittedly the last statement is in contravention thereof. However, as a polite individual, I feel EVEN HIS questions deserve an answer. Hopefully, he has the decency to not direct future posts at me, or end with questions, so that I may practice S v2.0 (where S v2.0 = SKC will ignore future frivolous and illogical statements from Saimneor). S.K. Cheung says: October 12, 2008 at 4:25 am To Jerry #343: I’ve heard that the true measure of a parent is what their child thinks of them when the “child” is 30, not 13. So you should be getting a couple of report cards in the next little while. Me, I’m closer to the first checkpoint. Yippee for me. If someone discovers a way to accelerate the frontal lobe maturation of teenagers, I want it. saimneor says: October 12, 2008 at 4:29 am Ok, this one is not “directly” sent to any one. In #330, the author wrote “But just to be clear: I couldn’t care less what you do, or don’t do. Hope that’s clear enough for you.”. I found a little contradiction with #346. Is it clear enough for you? S.K. Cheung says: Sad…pathetic really…to each his own. Just an observation about the trials and tribulations of life…directed at no one in particular. Jerry says: @S.K. Cheung #346, 347 #346 LMAO³, if that is possible. Ordinarily, SK, I would say, “What is the use.” I just can’t stop laughing. Don’t stop, I am having too much fun. 😀 You have a great career ahead of you as a satirist or a stand-up comedian. And, George Carlin is dead. Big shoes to fill, but I have faith in you. You might want to get in touch with Tina Fey, too. 😀 At least you take this with great humor. Very admirable. Yes, I thought it clear, too. But then again, there are those… 😀 Priceless, priceless and much better than a Mastercard ad. LOL —————- #347 My son, who turns 30 in December, has given me good grades. My daughter, who turns 27 on November 1 (hence I call her Boo [born day after Halloween] and since graduating from med school, Dr. Boo) has given me good grades too. Perhaps she has been influenced by the new Honda CRX I bought for her after graduation. And she wants to visit me in Taipei in January. And guess who she will probably want to buy her plane ticket. And, oh yeah, she also wants to go to HK. 😀 Regarding correcting frontal lobe deficiencies/immaturities in teenagers, that would be worth a Nobel Prize in Medicine. And there are always frontal lobotomies, I dare suggest. 😀 BTW, do you have a daughter? If so, my sympathy to you. Jerry says: October 12, 2008 at 5:37 am To Jerry: if you’re able to laugh in the third power, you’re clearly in a good mindspace. Something else you’ll have to teach me. So not only are your kids all-that of #342, but they also turn in assignments early? Jeez…I’m envious bordering on jealous, but not in the Othello sense. Good thing you corrected yourself though…I would’ve thought graduating from medical school would be deserving of more than a 20 year old car…not that there’s anything wrong with that 🙂 Considering she’s got the student loans, and you have the bejeweled NDA, I’d say you should spring for the tix. But I didn’t think doctors get time off. As for the “btw”, I’ve got 2. So I’ll be needing your good wishes in the second power, please. Who knows, maybe even in the third… Jerry says: October 12, 2008 at 6:17 am @S.K. Cheung #352 At least if you are not Othellic, I need not ask who plays Iago in your life. (Please note that I said “at least if”. LOL) BTW, since I mentioned Paul Robeson, he with that mellifluous bass voice, earlier in this thread (a lot earlier), he played Othello on Broadway in 1943. The marvelous Jose Ferrer played Iago. “I would’ve thought graduating from medical school would be deserving of more than a 20 year old car…not that there’s anything wrong with that”. My wonderful daughter felt the same way as you in the former. But regarding the latter, she would take issue. She would see plenty wrong. Her boyfriend, a future orthopedic surgeon (my daughter is an orthopedic surgery resident) would see nothing wrong, either. Boy is he in for a surprise! 😀 Yes, daddy will spring for the tix. About your dear daughters, and a possible third, I never regret having a daughter. She has told me I probably would have wanted two boys, but I have told her I would never think that way. Dads and daughters have a special bond. Yes, she has been more expensive than my son, but as she always tells me, “Dad, I am worth it!” 😀 She is priceless. Not going to trade her. Mazel tov. L’chaim. Bonne chance, mon ami. Hongkonger says: October 12, 2008 at 9:26 am To HKer, nice Titanic reference (I mean the movie of course). Well, I know i won’t be seeing the 22nd century. And my kids will be in guinness book themselves if they do….eating, drinking (preferably Guinness), being merry, all very good ideas. SKC, Have you seen Winslet in the movie”Smoke?” Tsk, tsk, tsk, see what I mean by having no expectation? It’s not your fault, we’ve all together been fooooled. I know, it is probably not possible to live forever, but 150? Man, that’s how long we are all supposed to live. Which means, to live to see AD 2100 is entirely possible, if all the money and energy wasted on wars and WMD are poured into finding ways to cure all diseases and to slow down the aging process. SKC, I dunno if I am pulling your leg or if some Englishman was yanking my Foomanchu-piggytail, but I was told that Imported GUINNESS draft in HK actually taste better than they do in Dublin…???? Is that possible???? October 12, 2008 at 11:37 am @HKer – I’ve been to the Guinness brewery in Dublin, and I’ve drunk the stuff they sell on the mainland and HK. Dublin was like pouring a delicious ice-cold silk down your throat, the stuff in China tasted like mud mixed with water. Dude, there’s no comparison! S.K. Cheung says: October 13, 2008 at 12:12 am To HKer and FOARP: I wouldn’t know. All I can say is the Guinness in Canada is yummy. But I mean the draught; I’m not so much into the stout, personally. Hongkonger says: October 13, 2008 at 12:16 am Totally agree with FOARP – “the stuff in China tasted like mud mixed with water.” Talk about Money for nothin’ & chicks for free… I can understand the “piss” they sell in China at (US$0.50 / 4.00RMB) for a 750ml of Qing Dao brewed and bottled in Guangdong couldn’t possibly compare with genuine german style brewsky from the Green Island(Qing Dao) for exports at US$2.00 / HK$15. The first time I bought a 350ml can of Guiness in Shenzhen, I had to chuck it after the second sip just to be sure it wasn’t some fake shit. The unfortunate thing is that it was the real thing – but watered down for the huge market! FOARP, I suspect what you might have tasted in HK was a china produced can-Guiness, right? These are my favourite brews, Stella Artois, Kilkenny and Guiness on tap, but they are between US$4.5 and $6.00 / HK$30-40 (Happy Hour or 2for 1 prices) a pint of smooth happy frothy. Otherwise they are around HK$60- HK$80 a pint, dudes. Yikes! S.K. Cheung says: October 13, 2008 at 4:48 am To Hker: yes, definitely, Guinness on tap is best. So, you’ve got good taste in brew, good taste in music…you’re one fine gentleman, sir! Hongkonger says: October 13, 2008 at 1:29 pm Jerry, SKC, #347 “Regarding correcting frontal lobe deficiencies/immaturities in teenagers, that would be worth a Nobel Prize in Medicine. And there are always frontal lobotomies, I dare suggest..” There’s a chinese saying, “穷人的孩子早当家.” It means – something like – “Precocious children are found in every poor and destitude family.” Generally speaking, I think the majority reason for teen-age crisis – in affluent society – is because of letting this age group of society having it too easy, or modern society imposing on (most of) them the wrong vocation. Reading the stories of highly successful individuals, most of them started out their real world adult repsonsibility while they were teenagers. Many also went back to school after they had their own families, and after theyhave become wealthy. raffiaflower says: October 14, 2008 at 4:49 am Poor saimneor. You caved in their posturing. :-0 It’s very hard for these westerners, or acculturated ones, to grasp views other than their own. Sometimes, deliberately so. 🙁 They cannot understand that matters such as human rights are part of the maturation process of a society, so there will be differences of view. Universal values, varying cultural perspective. Or that issues such as taiwan, tibet, etc, are framed within a sense of identity; personal or national, the matter of self is emotive. People within a group can very extremely self-critical about themselves, even open to criticism, but not when that criticism presents itself as arbitration of right and wrong. You should be more indulgent of them, saimneor. 🙂 Besides (shhh…h) I don’t think dear SK is Chinese. He’s…Manchurian. Or maybe a Manchurian candidate. 🙂 You did not c how he tore BXBQ apart with Dragon Lady nail shields on another thread! Something like empress dowager. Maybe the same DNA. 🙂 It’s Jerry you have to watch out for! The dear man is …right-wing! My American fren told me that the right-wing behaves this way: first, they will coddle, sweet-talk, to make you come round to their thinking. If you won’t budge, then they get a bit snarky, sniffy, and biting at your opinions. (Jerry dear was playful with semantics.) Finally, they will just ignore you completely! Say it ain’t so, Jerry! Actually, I like Jerry, he’s a dear, Saimneor. Even though he bats on the same team as Bernard Arnault and those ppl who want to conquer the world. ONE HANDBAG AT A TIME! Resistance is futile. I already own four Louis Vuitton pieces. Sigh. But then, I just read Day of Empire. Amy Chua writes about Tang empire: a love of foreign things did not necessarily mean a love of foreigners. There’s hope! Chin up, Saimneor! BTW: Too late to edit this, SK & Jerry, so I apologise for calling you dear. NYT recently ran a piece which opines the prefix is bad for the health, especially on seniors. The article came out after I called Cathy Horyn “dear’’ on her blog. Maybe she was upset… But really, I like you, guys. 🙂 Have to run and take my vertigo pills. Recovering from the southward plunge of the China mutuals. S.K. Cheung says: October 14, 2008 at 5:51 am To Raffia: well, it’s awfully nice of you to come to Saimneor’s defense, though I’m not sure he needs it, nor sought it. Yet all the same, here you are. I have my views. One set is all I need. Happy to entertain others, but I’m not about to adopt them, just because somebody says I should. So if somebody has another perspective, but it doesn’t make sense to me, then it’s going to get the level of consideration from me that I think it deserves. So I agree, if I choose to ignore something, it’s probably deliberate. Yes, some societies are more mature than others. So while we wait for CHina’s to grow up, perhaps some suggestions are in order. And if there are cultural barriers that prevent a uniform interpretation of human values, I’d be open to learning more about them. In the end, I may still disagree, which is my right. And Chinese may not care much about such disagreement, which is theirs. But at least in the course of that process, hopefully the level of mutual understanding has at least increased. It amuses me when Chinese complain that the “west” tries to be an arbiter of right and wrong. Perhaps the “west” may disagree with some things China. They may even say “we think you’re wrong”; but for Chinese to affiliate an arbiter status to such a statement is almost a tacit acknowledgment of some inferiority, the cause of which is baffling to me. For if CHina issued such a statement to “the west”, the response she’d receive would probably be along the lines of “go fly a kite”. I think it was Buxi who wrote many moons ago that, if someone is going to present a point of view in these parts, it had better make sense, or they should expect to be challenged. And to me, that edict works both ways. So if BXBQ takes a stroll through the furthest recesses of left field, he should expect to be lit up like a Christmas tree; and if I or anyone else ever venture into similar locales, we should expect no better, or worse. Oh, and the nails are stick on…only to be applied when the need arises. Otherwise, as Allen says, I’m a softie. But if you’d like to see those nails up close, write something goofy, and I’d be happy to oblige. Now, you’ve gone to the trouble of writing a bunch of stuff, but what have you really said (the answer, btw, is sweet jack all). What do you stand for? Which wing are you on? And what kind of a guy owns handbags? HKger says: SKC, And what kind of a guy owns handbags? Raffiaflower? Isn’t that the flower of some kind of fruit-bearing palm tree? Or is it a flower made of raffia fibers? Anyway, are you sure raffiaflower is of the male gender? He/she “talks” like a gal, if ya asked me. Either that or he’s gay. Now, before anyone releases from your expanded lungs the indignant gulp of breathe you’d drawn to spit vitriolic hot-air at me, let me say this. I adore women and I love gay people. As for SKC questions, I’m afraid, other than Italian men, Chinese businessmen too, carry manbags. Has anyone seen the movie, YPF? It is hilarious! Jerry says: @S.K. Cheung, #360, 361 #359 HKer, I am in Hanoi and out of touch for a bit. I jest, sir. I love my kids. Can they be precocious? You bet. Are they successful? You bet. Do I believe in coddling? No way. Do I believe in discipline? You bet. “Reading the stories of highly successful individuals, most of them started out their real world adult repsonsibility while they were teenagers.” I do not find the direct correlation which you do. I know people who come from all walks who are highly successful. People mature at different rates and at different ages. We call them early bloomers and late bloomers. Authors may tend to pick and choose examples which fit the points they want to make. “Generally speaking, I think the majority reason for teen-age crisis – in affluent society – is because of letting this age group of society having it too easy, or modern society imposing on (most of) them the wrong vocation.” I think that modern children are at risk for a lot of reasons, including parents who have to work harder to provide for the family, predatory television programs and internet sites, an education system that has been dumbed down and a social safety nets which have been dismembered, to name a few of the risks. Yes, there are parents who coddle their children or impose unreasonable expectations on their children. Society occasionally stigmatizes some career paths and tries to push children into paths which they consider more acceptable. —————- #360 Raffiaflower, am I a curmudgeon? At times, yes. Am I cynical and sarcastic? Yes I can be. Am I a right-winger? I doubt it. If that designation makes you happy, go with it. No one characteristic or category can completely describe me, my beliefs and my biases. And I can dish it out and I can take it. C’est la vie. A bi gezunt. It’s very hard for these westerners, or acculturated ones, to grasp views other than their own. Sometimes, deliberately so. They cannot understand that matters such as human rights are part of the maturation process of a society, so there will be differences of view. Universal values, varying cultural perspective. Or that issues such as taiwan, tibet, etc, are framed within a sense of identity; personal or national, the matter of self is emotive. People within a group can very extremely self-critical about themselves, even open to criticism, but not when that criticism presents itself as arbitration of right and wrong. We are all entitled to our beliefs and opinions. Just because a Westerner doesn’t coddle someone or elaborate all they think about an issue, it does not mean that we don’t see other’s viewpoints. Thank you for enlightening me that there will be differences of view. Please go ahead and continue to lecture in your pedagogical style. Your opinion shows a myopia regarding Western thinking and a willingness for unwarranted speculation. But you are entitled to think how you will. Far be it from me to tell you what to think or do. It is not my job to please you and or educate you. I know little about Arnault, but I would not mind some of his money. 😀 I like you too, raffiaflower. Like SK in #361, I have my beliefs and am happy to entertain others. I will adapt and change as I see fit. But I do appreciate the advice. I just hope that you won’t be offended if I decide not to change. Maybe someday I will learn to stop being so “snarky”? I would not hold your breath on that one. It just seems to arise from time to time. Damn! It’s like hell being human. Raffiaflower, it is very hard for me to take your post very seriously. Maybe it is just me? Maybe I am just missing something here? And if you ran out of time to edit the piece, how did you have time to add those lines after the “BTW”? —————- #361 ‘For if CHina issued such a statement to “the west”, the response she’d receive would probably be along the lines of “go fly a kite”.’ I have been known to use a little stronger than that, SK. 😀 Your comments are well-stated and cogent. Thanks, SK. Hongkonger says: October 14, 2008 at 3:04 pm Jerry, Some of the greatest regrets in life were the pains I caused my beloved parents when I was myself a teenager, many many many moons ago. It was like one suffers from a temporary lapsed of reason of 3- 5 years. Often good kids get bad parents, bad parents have good kids, and every now and then, one sees a social anomaly, i.e. a healthy family among the normally cracked, wounded and broken others. It is all the cast of the dice, chance, luck and misfortunes. There are no rhymes or reasons. Kinda like Chomsky’s PhD thesis, which was also the antithesis to Skinner’s Behaviorism. The nature vs nurture argument. (Ok, now, I know I don’t know what I am talking about.) #363, Authors may tend to pick and choose examples which fit the points they want to make. You are right. Now that you mentioned it, I suddenly remember reading, Rich Daddy poor Daddy. Man, what a generous load of crap were sandwiched between the covers of that book!. I have read maybe 5 self-help books in my life. THing is, none of them actually did me any good, other than made me feel bad about myself for not measuring up with the Joneses, and missing out on all of the finer things in life. I think I got more out of watching Jack Nicholson and Morgon Freeman in, “Kick the Bucket.” Incidently, the aforementioned book was the LAST Self-help book I read. And that was the best help it gave me. It helped me decide self-help books are totally useless. It sure help the authors get richer, though. S.K. Cheung says: October 14, 2008 at 7:38 pm To Jerry #363: “I have been known to use a little stronger than that, SK.” – yeah, me too. But this is a family establishment. And Admin hasn’t had to edit my saucy language yet…so I thought I’d keep it that way. And the phrase I’d normally use also starts with “go” 🙂 Jerry says: @S.K. Cheung, #365 #364 So many things just seem to be the luck of the draw. So many things in life for which to be grateful. I think of the old saying (not that I am into the theistic God, but I still like the intent), “There but for the grace of God go I.” It seems that so much is out of our control. And we have this amazing capacity to make the best of our circumstances. My dad will say, “Everything happens for the best.” My Uncle Charles will chime in, “And we make the best out of everything that happens.” But then again, there is Einsteinian physics, quantum mechanics. Perhaps this is where paradoxes live side-by-side, contiguously. Imagine congruities and incongruities co-existing. Such unlimited potential, perhaps. But, I digress, perhaps. 😉 I too gave up on self-help books, a long time ago. Imagine that, I am no longer of financial benefit to the Wayne Dyers, Robert Kiyosakis, Sharon Lechters, and Deepak Chopras of the world. How disloyal and uncaring of me. 😀 —————- #365 Yes, I too tend to temper myself. The “go …” admonition or rebuke sounds very familiar, very familiar. 😀 LOL	i don't know
Anime is film animation originating in which country?	Anime / Manga \| Know Your Meme Know Your Meme Dancing Brazilian Dog Inspires Remixes Also Trending: Updated Apr 05, 2016 at 06:15AM EDT by Triple Zed . Added Apr 25, 2012 at 03:55PM EDT by Herobrine . Like us on Facebook! PROTIP: Press 'i' to view the image gallery, 'v' to view the video gallery, or 'r' to view a random entry. This submission is currently being researched & evaluated! You can help confirm this entry by contributing facts, media, and other evidence of notability and mutation. Status Work is currently being made on this entry, if you would like to help out please request editorship. About Anime is the Japanese abbreviated pronunciation of “animation”, and Manga is a Japanese term used to refer to any comic. In English-speaking countries, anime refers to a style of animation originating in Japan, characterized by colorful graphics and often featuring themes intended for an adult audience, and manga it has been mainly associated to the comics made in Japan, and the style they often use. The intended meaning of the word ‘anime’ sometimes varies, depending on the context. History Manga Although manga can be tracked on 18th century, modern manga was born during United States’ occupation on Japan after WWII. Anime Anime first began in the early 20th century, when Japanese filmmakers experimented with the animation techniques also pioneered in France, Germany, the United States, and Russia. The oldest known anime in existence first screened in 1917 – a two-minute clip of a samurai trying to test a new sword on his target, only to suffer defeat. After the success of the Disney corporations “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs” in 1937, many Japanese animators were heavily inspired by it, and adopted many of it’s styles while developing their own. In the 1960s, manga artist and animator Osamu Tezuka, often heralded as one of the grandfathers of the industry due to his work on series such as Astro Boy and Kimba The White Lion, adapted many Disney animation techniques to help reduce costs and limit the number of frames in productions. The first ever anime tv series to air in Japan was Otogi Manga Calendar, and aired from 1961 to 1964 In The West Anime did not start to get popular in the west until the late 1980s/early 1990s, after the airing of the cult film Akira . Despite the film receiving a limited release in the U.S., due to the perceived lack of marketability, it became popular within many circles, and is considered the staple for anime in the west. As well as Akira, many works by Studio Ghibli often received success within the west, due to backing by Disney. However, anime did not truly start to become popular until the airing of Cowboy Bebop on Adult Swim starting on September 2, 2001. The show became a breakout success, and helped lead to other anime airing on TV in America, and getting a popular western fandom, such as Fullmetal Alchemist , Soul Eater , Sword Art Online and Attack on Titan . Online Relevance Anime and manga have a long history online, spanning across numerous websites and communities. Online streaming services have developed into the primary source for many anime fans, with many websites being created in order to host fan-subbed anime. As well as this, a number of legal anime websites have also developed, offering users a way to watch officially licensed anime, most notably Crunchyroll [1] and FUNimation [2] . A number of online forums dedicated to anime have also developed over the years, such as Anime News Network [3] , an online Anime and Japanese media news site, and My Anime List, a forum dedicated to anime and manga [4] . A number of other websites also have their own dedicated anime boards, such as 4Chan’s /a/ board [5] and r/Anime [6] Fandom	Japan
How many times zones does Russia have?	The origins behind Manga and Anime Popularization of Anime and Manga The Beginning Japan has done wondrous things with its form of animation and comics. In fact, there are several anime cartoons that have been popularized in the U.S. Among those include Speed Racer, Sailor Moon, Dragonball Z and Pokemon. Some notable characteristics of modern anime cartoons include female characters with beautiful round eyes, hair that is incredibly big, and ultra-feminine figures and physiques. Chibis are commonly found in anime. The word "chibi" is Japanese for child. In a lot of mangas and anime, sometimes (usually for humorous reasons) characters are depicted in chibi form. This is a chibi version of Jigglypuff, a character from the popular anime series, Pokemon. This is a more minature, child-like depiction of a character. Anime (pronounced "ah-NEE-may") has its roots in Japanese art and comics, which is also known as manga (pronounced "MAHN-ga"). Most, if not all anime cartoons today have originated from mangas. Manga developed over hundreds of years, starting from pictures drawn on temple walls to wooden blocks. These blocks eventually developed into woodblock prints with captions that were printed in books. In the 13th century, pictures of the afterlife and animals started appearing on temple walls. This is very much like modern manga. These captions and prints soon evolved into comics, which were the main form of literature for Japanese society by the 20th century. How Japanese Art and Animation Came to the U.S. During the late 1920s and 1930s, the Japanese government heavily censored works that were critical of the political regime. According to Marwah Zagzoug , who wrote an article about the history of anime and manga, World War II was the time when Japanese art and animation had a significant influence and impact on the U.S. Around 1940, many organizations for artists and cartoonists were formed. Among them were the New Cartoonists Association of Japan (Shin Nippon Mangaka Kyokai) and the New Cartoonists Faction Group (Shin Mangaha Shudan). Meanwhile, American animation was dominated by Walt Disney and his Disney Studios enterprise. Creating animated classics such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarves , Cinderella and The Jungle Book, Disney managed to sustain its captive audience throughout the decades. As American animation films grew, so did anime. After World War II, Osamu Tezuka became a cartoonist and released his first work Shintakarajima, known in English as "New Treasure Island". Heavily intrigued and inspired by early Disney animations and French and German cinema, Tezuka gained international prestige in the animation world with his 1963 feature film, Tetsuwan Atomu, or better known as Astro Boy . Four years later, he created the classic, Speed Racer . Anime would gain even more popularity during the 1980s as several mangas such as DragonBall Z and Gundam Wing became mainstream. Though there are numerous anime that haven't been broadcast in the States as much as their predecessors mentioned before, there are still networks such as Cartoon Network/Adult Swim that syndicate them during the safe harbor hours. Introducing: Sophia Cordero My friend and huge anime and manga fan, Sophia Cordero, likes to attend anime conventions every once in a while, where participants dress up as their favorite characters. "What I love about anime and manga is the storytelling," she said. "The characters are so dynamic and the plot always reels you in." In the picture below, she is wearing red "Itachi Mangekyou Sharingan" contact lenses. Itachi is a character from the popular anime series, Naruto . The eye color and pupil simulates a hereditary trait of his clan, the Uciha. Sophia Cordero, a junior majoring in psychology at the University of Florida, wearing red contact lenses. Born and raised in the Dominican Republic, Sophie enjoyed reading mangas from her early teens. Being such a super fan of the culture, Sophie plans to study abroad in Japan this summer to learn about the Japanese culture and language. "I'm really excited to go to Japan this summer," she said. "I've wanted to go for the longest time because I've been reading mangas and watching anime since I was 14. "To be in the country where it all started would be amazing." Listen to my interview with Sophie as she discusses what she likes about anime and manga.	i don't know
Which country has the internet domain ‘.ch’?	The Straight Dope: Why is "CH" the abbreviation for Switzerland? A Staff Report from the Straight Dope Science Advisory Board Why is "CH" the abbreviation for Switzerland? February 3, 2004 Dear Straight Dope: Why is "CH" the ISO abbreviation for Switzerland, as seen in Internet domain names (.ch) and the "country" stickers on European cars? "CH" fits none of the languages of Switzerland. — Joe Joe, have you forgotten so soon that staple of high school Latin classes, the first book of Gaius Julius Caesar's De Bello Gallico (The Gallic Wars)? See if the following rings a bell: ". . . quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit." For those less versed in the classics I'll translate: ". . . because the Helvetii are confined on every side by the nature of the place; on one side by the Rhine, a very broad and deep river, which separates the Helvetian territory from the Germans; on a second side by the Jura, a very high mountain, which is [situated] between the Sequani and the Helvetii; on a third by the Lac Léman [Lake Geneva to Americans], and by the river Rhone, which separates our province from the Helvetii." Pulling out our trusty National Geographic atlas, we see that the area between the Rhine, the Rhone, the Jura Mountains and Lake Geneva is occupied by the political entity known as (drumroll) Switzerland. From Caesar we know that the people living in that area were known to the Romans as the Helvetians or Helvetii. Maybe you see where I'm headed with this. Bear with me, I'm on a roll. The reason Caesar wrote about the Helvetians is that they decided to migrate en masse to Gaul (present-day France), either because the barbarians from the north (present-day Germany) were encroaching on their territory or because they thought France would be easy pickings. In any case the Helvetians were determined - Caesar says they burned their villages before starting their long march. The Romans, however, didn't like the idea of hundreds of thousands people on the move close to their territory and forcefully asked them to stay put, which request culminated in the famous (to the Swiss) battle of Bibracte (58 BC) in which the courageous Helvetians were defeated by the dastardly Romans and sent back to their original dwelling place. Many centuries of Swiss history will now be skipped. In 1848 the Swiss, following the religious civil war of the Sonderbund pitting Catholics against Protestants, wrote a new constitution and had to pick an official name for the country. As you point out, the Swiss are multilingual (having three official languages - German, French and Italian - and four national languages, the aforementioned three plus Romansh AKA Rhaeto-Romanic). To keep everyone happy, the official name for the country was chosen in a neutral language, Latin, using the old Roman name for the country's people. The confederation of the Helvetians is thus known as Confoederatio Helvetica or CH for short. On Swiss stamps and coins you'll see either the full name or the abbreviation Helvetia. On the 50 centime, 1 franc and 2 franc coins you can admire a majestic lady standing dressed in robes, carrying a shield and a spear - she's the Swiss "mascot" if you will, named Helvetia. A close-up of her head is on the 5, 10 and 20 centime coins. The name also survives in the typeface Helvetica, created by the Swiss type foundry Haas in the 1950s and since ripped off by Microsoft and renamed Arial. Apple Computers has their own knockoff of the Helvetica font, appropriately named Geneva. One may ask: If the Swiss officially call themselves the Helvetians, why do English speakers call them the Swiss? Because Schwyz was the name of one of the earliest Swiss cantons, and the common name of the country is Switzerland, or in the Swiss languages, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera or Svizra. Links of interest: http://www.admin.ch - the federal authorities of Confoederatio Helvetica - notice at the top right the language choices for the site. http://www.swissmint.ch/e/products/index.shtml - coinage of Switzerland, showing the legend Confoederatio Helvetica and an artist's rendition of the noble Helvetia. http://www.post.ch/SiteOnLine/EN/Accueil/1,1727,12102,00.html - 2003 Swiss stamps. The alert reader will remark that the stamps say "Helvetia" and not "Schweiz." — Arnold Winkelried Staff Reports are written by the Straight Dope Science Advisory Board, Cecil's online auxiliary. Though the SDSAB does its best, these columns are edited by Ed Zotti, not Cecil, so accuracywise you'd better keep your fingers crossed.	Switzerland
Astronomer William Herschel announced the discovery of which planet in our solar system in March 1781?	.CH Domain .CH Domain most popular ccTLD in Europe The main Language used Domain Registration term in years 1-10 Most popular Languages on the Web 4.7% Most popular Domains on the Web 246 million domain names registered globally .NET 6.0% About .ch What is .ch? The .ch web name is a ccTLD (country code top-level domain) and the Internet code for Switzerland. Switzerland with its estimated population of 8,014,000, ranks as the 22nd most populous country in Europe. These days .ch is the 10th most popular ccTLD (country code top-level domain) used in Europe. There are more than 1,734,170 such domain names. This means that people like and trust this domain name. You can register your own .ch domain and create a professional web page, a personal website, a blog or an online portal to demonstrate the connection to this region. The .ch ccTLD (country code top-level domain) active and gaining popularity since 1987. Who can register .ch domain? Both individuals and legal entities are allowed to buy and register a domain name with a .ch extension. Why is it good to choose a domain name with a .ch extension? A .ch extension could be one of the best choice for local and international companies wanting to represent their business in Switzerland. In Switzerland the official language is German. German is the 2nd most used website language in the world. A website with a .ch extension helps you reach your audience easier and also give a professional look to your company. When you targeting this local market with a local domain name, you demonstrate proof of your commitment to the local customers. In this way you can maximize your website’s revenues. Along with this, it is much easier to register a short or a common word in a ccTLD (country code top-level domain) than with other more popular domain names like .com or .net. Additionally, country code top-level domain gives you the opportunity to find domain hacks much easier. Try our domain hack tool! What kind of characters can be used in a domain name and how long can it be? The following are the main criteria that a domain has to be: For a .ch web name use only letters, numbers, or hyphen "-". A domain has to begin with a digit and end with a digit. The domain cannot start or end with hyphens. A .ch domain name can not contain dashes in the third and fourth positions (e.g. www.ab- -cd.ch). Other special characters, spaces or stressed vowels (such as à, é, ò, í) are not permitted. The minimum length of a web name under the top level domain .ch is 3 characters, the maximum length is 63 characters. The domain name that does not follow the above restrictions will not be accepted for registration. Domain name registration term allowance: Approved registration duration for .ch domain is 1 year till maximum 10 years.	i don't know
What is the name of the ship in the novel ‘Treasure Island’ by Robert Louis Stevenson?	SparkNotes: Treasure Island: Plot Overview Treasure Island Context Character List Jim Hawkins is a young boy who lives at his parents’ inn, the Admiral Benbow, near Bristol, England, in the eighteenth century. An old sea captain named Billy Bones dies in the inn after being presented with a black spot, or official pirate verdict of guilt or judgment. Jim is stirred to action by the spot and its mysterious, accurate portent of Billy’s death. Hastily, Jim and his mother unlock Billy’s sea chest, finding a logbook and map inside. Hearing steps outside, they leave with the documents before Billy’s pursuers ransack the inn. Jim realizes that the contents he has snatched from the sea chest must be valuable, so he takes one of the documents he has found to some local acquaintances, Dr. Livesey and Squire Trelawney. Excited, they recognize it as a map for a huge treasure that the infamous pirate Captain Flint has buried on a distant island. Trelawney immediately starts planning an expedition. Naïve in his negotiations to outfit his ship, the Hispaniola, Trelawney is tricked into hiring one of Flint’s former mates, Long John Silver, and many of Flint’s crew. Only the captain, Smollett, is trustworthy. The ship sets sail for Treasure Island with nothing amiss, until Jim overhears Silver’s plans for mutiny. Jim tells the captain about Silver and the rest of the rebellious crew. Landing at the island, Captain Smollett devises a plan to get most of the mutineers off the ship, allowing them leisure time on shore. On a whim, Jim sneaks into the pirates’ boat and goes ashore with them. Frightened of the pirates, Jim runs off alone. From a hiding place, he witnesses Silver’s murder of a sailor who refuses to join the mutiny. Jim flees deeper into the heart of the island, where he encounters a half-crazed man named Ben Gunn. Ben had once served in Flint’s crew but was marooned on the island years earlier. Meanwhile, Smollett and his men have gone ashore and taken shelter in a stockade the pirates have built. Jim returns to the stockade, bringing Ben with him. Silver visits and attempts a negotiation with the captain, but the captain is wary and refuses to speak to him. The pirates attack the stockade the next day, and the captain is wounded. Eager to take action, Jim follows another whim and deserts his mates, sneaking off to hunt for Ben’s handmade boat hidden in the woods. After finding Ben’s boat, Jim sails out to the anchored ship with the intention of cutting it adrift, thereby depriving the pirates of a means of escape. He cuts the rope, but he realizes his small boat has drifted near the pirates’ camp and fears he will be discovered. By chance, the pirates do not spot Jim, and he floats around the island until he catches sight of the ship drifting wildly. Struggling aboard, he discovers that one of the watchmen, Israel Hands, has killed the other watchman in a drunken fit. Jim takes control of the ship, but Israel turns against him. Jim is wounded but kills Israel. Jim returns to the stockade but finds it occupied by the pirates. Silver takes Jim hostage, telling the boy that the captain has given the pirates the treasure map, provisions, and the use of the stockade in exchange for their lives. Jim realizes, however, that Silver is having trouble managing his men, who accuse him of treachery. Silver proposes to Jim that they help each other survive by pretending Jim is a hostage. However, the men present Silver with a black spot and inform him that he has been deposed as their commander. In a desperate attempt to gain control of his crew, Silver shows them the treasure map to appease them. Silver leads Jim and the men to the treasure site, but they are shocked to find it already excavated and the treasure removed. The men are angered and near mutiny again. At that moment Dr. Livesey, Ben Gunn, and the others fire on the pirate band, which scatters throughout the island. Jim and Silver flee, and are guided by the others to Ben’s cave, where Ben has hidden the treasure, which he had discovered months before. After spending three days carrying the loot to the ship, the men prepare to set sail for home. There is a debate about the fate of the remaining mutineers. Despite the pirates’ submissive pleas, they are left marooned on the island. Silver is allowed to join the voyage, but he sneaks off the ship one night with a portion of the treasure and is never heard from again. The voyage home comes to a close. Eventually, Captain Smollet retires from the sea, and Ben becomes a lodge-keeper. Jim swears off treasure-hunting forever and suffers from nightmares about the sea and gold coins. More Help	Hispaniola
Joseph Lyons became Prime Minister of which country in 1932?	Treasure Island Essay - Treasure Island, Robert Louis Stevenson - eNotes.com Treasure Island Essay - Treasure Island, Robert Louis Stevenson link Link Treasure Island Robert Louis Stevenson The following entry presents criticism of Stevenson's novel Treasure Island. For a discussion of Stevenson's novel Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), see . See also Markheim Criticism. Stevenson's brilliantly constructed adventure novel Treasure Island has remained a popular favorite for both children and adults. Noted in particular for its entertainment value, the novel has inspired extensive media and commercial adaptations, as well as praise from critics who have emphasized Stevenson's highly skilled plotting and delineation of character and setting. Commentators have also stressed Treasure Island's status as a work that simultaneously embraces and departs from the generic conventions of the prose romance. Biographical Information In the summer of 1881, Stevenson returned to Scotland following travels in the United States and England. He rented a cottage in Braemar, where he began to write Treasure Island, the book which marked a major turning point in his literary career. Up until that point, Stevenson's literary output had been uneven—Treasure Island marked the author's mastery of tone, pace, and vocabulary. The idea for the story initially began with a water-color map that Stevenson drew as part of an intricate adventure game for his stepson. As the novel gradually evolved, Stevenson regularly shared portions of the work-inprogress with friends and relatives, taking their comments into account. By October of 1881, the novel was first published in serial form in Young Folks' Magazine under the title "The Sea Cook." Although Treasure Island was not initially a popular success with young readers, Stevenson's subsequent revisions led the work to great popularity when it was published in book form. Plot and Major Characters Set in the 1740s, Treasure Island describes the adventures of a boy named Jim Hawkins after he discovers a map showing the way to buried treasure. Jim's father is the landlord of the Admiral Benbow, an inn where Billy Bones, an old seaman who once served under the pirate Captain Flint, takes up lodgings. A treasure map is found in Bones's sea chest following the former pirate's death; and with this in hand, Jim, Dr. Livesey, Squire Trelawney, and Captain Smollett set sail aboard the Hispaniola to find Treasure Island, which lies off the coast of South America. During the voyage, Jim's discovery of plans for a mutiny led by Long John Silver, the ship's cook, helps to save the expedition. After a prolonged struggle, Long John Silver's mutineers take the boy hostage and then begin to search for the treasure on the island, but they unearth only an empty chest. Both Jim and Long John Silver are rescued from the enraged pirates and led to the treasure by Ben Gunn, a half-wild sailor who had been marooned on the island for many years. They abandon the mutineers, rejoin the captain and his small band of loyal followers, and set sail for the West Indies, where Long John leaves the ship. Eventually the Hispaniola returns to Bristol where Jim, his friends, and the loyal crew all enjoy an ample share of the treasure. Major Themes Drawing upon the medieval narrative tradition of the romantic quest, Treasure Island recounts a boy's journey from innocence to experience, giving the physical adventure of a pirate story a heightened significance. The quest theme suggests several levels of meaning: Jim gains knowledge of himself, an understanding of the nature of the adult world, and insight into the duplicity of human character, symbolized, for example, by the moral ambiguity of Long John Silver. Jim is both fascinated and repelled by the pirates, who have been interpreted by critics as representations of the underside of civilization. Similarly, Jim is at once enticed and repulsed by the blood-tainted buried treasure, which some critics have viewed as a symbol of the economics of the "real world" that he will face as an adult. The treasure money itself is amoral—the potential inspiration for enslavement or freedom, crime or heroism. Critical Reception Treasure Island has received praise for its skillful plotting and pacing of action, its articulation of colorful characters, and its evocative setting. Much criticism of the novel has been concerned with the work's affinities with and departures from the familiar conventions of the prose romance, and specifically, adventure fiction. While David Daiches emphasized Stevenson's decision to frame his novel "in one of the oldest of all narrative moulds—the quest," William H. Hardesty and David Mann note how the author "changed [those conventions] or, occasionally, turned them upside down." Critics have consistently noted Treasure Island's distinction from similar works of the Victorian adventure prose, which, by comparison, have been considered verbose and moralistic. Treasure Island, most argue, demonstrates a relatively ambiguous morality and complexity of character development through such characters as Long John Silver, who serves both as villain and inverted father figure to Jim Hawkins. Robert Kiely comments: "To read Treasure Island today is still to find it fresh and exuberant, an absorbing imitation of a child's daydream, unhampered by adult guilt or moral justification." More Content: Treasure Island, Robert Louis Stevenson (hide)	i don't know
The singer Mary O’Brien was better known by what name?	55 Celebrities Whose Real Names Will Surprise You \| Thought Catalog 55 Celebrities Whose Real Names Will Surprise You Submit Cancel You might not have ever heard of “Maurice Micklewhite,” “Olivia Jane Cockburn” or “Diane Hall” — but you’ve certainly heard of the actors who were born with these names. When the Hollywood system started, people commonly took simplified versions of their names to make them easier for people to say. Doris Day is much simpler than “Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff” and Clayton Holmes Grissom picked “Clay Aiken” when signing up for American Idol — because it was just more memorable. Or if you’re Albert Brooks, there’s no fucking possible way you can use your real name — because…well, you’ll see. Here are 55 people whose real names might surprise you. 1. Katy Perry Real Name: Katy Hudson The singer changed her name to avoid confusion with that other Hudson she shares a name with: Kate Hudson. 2. Demi Moore Her exes were born as “Walter Willis” and “Christopher Kutcher.” 3. Albert Brooks The reason for the name change should be pretty obvious. 4. Meg Ryan Real Name: Margaret Mary Emily Anne Hyra Is it just me or is her real name close to being a Fiona Apple album title? 5. Natalie Wood Real Name: Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko Born to Russian immigration parents, the young actress changed it to blend into the Hollywood times, like the Swedish Greta Lovisa Gustafsson, better known as Greta Garbo. 6. Woody Allen Come to think of it, Allen doesn’t sound very Jewish, does it? 7. Louis C.K. Real Name: Louis Szekely Louis C.K.’s stage name is barely such. It’s just an easier way to say his actual last name, which is pronounced “See-kay.” 8. Joaquin Phoenix Real Name: Joaquin Rafael Bottom If he were gay, that last name would be perfection. 9. Garrison Keillor Real Name: Gary Edward Keillor See? Even NPR personalities use stage names. 10. Chevy Chase Real Name: Cornelius Crane Chase The actor got his name from the traditional English song “The Ballad of Chevy Chase,” which (unfortunately) was not about an old racist who is difficult to work with and derails brilliant shows. 11. Tina Fey Real Name: Elizabeth Stamatina Fey Like her 30 Rock character, Tina Fey’s real first name is “Liz.” 12. Ben Kingsley Real Name: Krishna Pandit Bhanji Like Barack Obama, Kingsley was born to a white mother and Kenyan father — of Indian Muslim descent. 13. Olivia Wilde Real Name: Olivia Jane Cockburn My last name rhymes with another word for a penis, which made Middle School rough. Olivia Cockburn, I’m here for you, if ever you need to talk. 14. Alan Alda Real Name: Alphonso d’Abruzzo Alda’s last name was concocted by putting together the first two letters of his first and last name. AL + DA = Alda. 15. Portia De Rossi Real Name: Amanda Lee Rogers I guess she figured that “Portia de Rossi” had more zest to it than “Amanda Rogers.” She was probably right. 16. Diane Keaton In real life, she shares a last name with her most famous character, Annie Hall. 17. Michael Caine Michael Caine named himself after Humphrey Bogart’s character in “The Caine Mutiny.” 18. Larry King Real Name: Lawrence Harvey Zeigler King was born to an Austrian father and mother from Belarus, both of whom were Orthodox Jews living in New York in the 1930s. All of this sounds like the set up to a Woody Allen bit. 19. George Michael Real Name: Georgios Panayiotou He should have just changed his name to “Glory Hole.” At least it’s truth in advertising. 20. Whoopi Goldberg Real Name: Caryn Johnson Her stage name was concocted from her ability to fart a lot. (If you’ve seen her 1 in 3 commercials, you know she’s made quite the weird career out of bodily functions.) Her mother advised her to take a Jewish last name, arguing that it would help her career if people thought she was Jewish. 21. Hulk Hogan Real Name: Terry Jean Bollette If I wanted to scare someone, I’d tell them my name was Hulk, too. 22. Bea Arthur Real Name: Her co-star, Rue McClanahan, was born with the first name of “Eddi-Rue.” 23. Rock Hudson Real Name: Leroy Harold Scherer, Jr. Either way, he was still ridiculously hot — and gigantic. He was “6’5,” which basically makes him a skyscraper. 24. Miranda July Real Name: Miranda Jennifer Grossinger I have nothing to say here, except that I love Miranda July, in all of her forms. Miranda Grossinger, I accept you. 25. Elvis Costello Real Name: Declan Patrick McManus What’s weird: He actually looks more like a Declan than an Elvis to me. 26. Joan Crawford Real Name: Lucille LeSueur It makes a lot of sense that she and Lucille Bluth would have the same first name, because they’re basically the same person. 27. Kirk Douglas Real Name: Issur Danielovitch Demsky I really like his actual name. There’s something appropriately commanding about a man named “Issur Demsky.” 28. Carmen Electra Real Name: Tara Patrick C’mon. There’s no way you thought anyone’s last name was “Electra,” unless that person is in a Sophocles play. 29. Audrey Hepburn Real Name: Edda Kathleen van Heemstra Hepburn-Ruston Say that one five times fast. 30. Judy Garland Real Name: Frances Gumm However, Liza’s name is all hers. Her father was Vincente Minnelli, the classic musical director who worked with Judy in Meet Me in St. Louis. 31. Truman Capote Real Name: Truman Streckfus Persons Streckfus. Just…Streckfus. 32. Julia Child Real Name: Julia Carolyn McWilliams “Child” is actually her married name, so this one’s a bit of a cheat, but it’s odd to me thinking of Julia Child with any other name. She just is Julia Child. 33. Dido Real Name: Florian Cloud de Bounevialle Armstrong I almost wish that she had used that as her stage name, just to see that whole thing on a concert poster or an album cover. “Stan” by Eminem ft. Florian Cloud de Bounevialle Armstrong takes it to a whole other level. 34. Elvira Real Name: Cassandra Peterson Did you know she was in a Bond movie and posed for a Tom Waits album? The woman has not had a boring career, that’s for sure. 35. Martin Sheen Real Name: Ramon Antonio Gerard Estevez That makes Charlie Sheen’s real name “Carlos Estevez,” as witnessed in the Machete Kills trailer. 36. Courtney Love Real Name: Love Michelle Harrison You can change the name, but you can’t change the cray. 37. Fred Astaire His famous dance partner, Ginger Rogers, was born Virginia Katherine McMath 38. Tea Leoni Real Name: Elizabeth Tea Pantaleoni Every time I see her real last name, I just think of the word “pantalones.” 39. Bruno Mars Real Name: Peter Gene Hernandez Trivia question: What is Bruno Mars’ ethnicity? He’s like the racial spam of people — a little bit of everything. He is Filipino, Spanish, Puerto Rican, Hungarian and Ukranian, is Jewish and was born in Hawaii. 40. Gene Simmons Real Name: Chaim Witz Half of the original members of KISS were Jewish. If I could ever get Gene Simmons to play “Werewolf Bar Mitzvah,” I would die a happy human. 41. Helen Mirren Real Name: Ilyena Lydia Vasilievna Mironov Ilyena Mironov would be a great spy name. 42. Shania Twain Real Name: Eileen Regina Edwards Twain is her stepfather’s last name. 43. Anne Rice Real Name: Howard Allen O’Brien I also like “Howard O’Brien” better. It has a nice George Eliot thing going on, although Anne Rice is no George Eliot. 44. Julianne Moore Julianne is a portmanteau of her first name and her middle name, Anne. 45. Kim Cattrall Real Name: Clare Woodgate She was born in Liverpool, hence the name, but as evidenced by The Ghost Writer, she can’t do a convincing British accent anyway. Much like Madonna. 46. Stevie Wonder 47. Abigail Van Buren (aka Dear Abby) Real Name: Pauline Ester Friedman I just love how close to Paul Friedman this is. 48. Dezi Arnas Real Name: Desiderio Albert Arnaz y De Acha III Oddly though, Lucille Ball really was Lucy’s actual name. It fits her so well I assumed it had to be fake, but sometimes the gods are kind. 49. Cary Grant Real Name: Archibald Alexander Leach There really is no way to make “Archibald Leach” roll off the tongue, is there? 50. Marilyn Monroe Real Name: Norma Jean Mortensen According to Monroe, she used to get picked on in school for being ugly. So no matter how hideous you’re feeling today, remember that there was a universe in which Marilyn Monroe was not considered a golden paradigm of hotness. It gives you some perspective. 51. Dusty Springfield Real Name: Mary Isobel Catherine O’Brien If you’re reading this and you don’t know who Dusty Springfield is, you have a lot of YouTube-ing to do. 52. Michael Keaton Yeah, I wouldn’t want to be confused with cunnilingus cancer guy either. 53. Spike Lee Real Name: Shelton Lee Whenever Spike Lee acts like a royal brat, remembering that his real name is “Shelton” always puts things into perspective for me. “Sit down, Shelton. It’s time for a nap.” 54. Natalie Portman A dual Israeli and American citizen, “Portman” is her grandmother’s maiden name. 55. Harry Houdini Real name: Ehrich Weiss To be a magician, you have to have a catchy stage name — like David Kotkin, also known as David Copperfield. Would anyone watch “Christopher Sarantakos: Mind Freak?”	Dusty Springfield
How long is a dog watch at sea?	1939 – Dusty Springfield (Mary O’Brien) is born in… \| Rock History 1939 – Dusty Springfield (Mary O’Brien) is born in… Posted on 12:30 pm by admin 1939 – Dusty Springfield (Mary O’Brien) is born in London. She has four top 10 singles, including the No. 2 hit “What Have I Done to Deserve This?” Mary Isabel Catherine Bernadette O’Brien, OBE (16 April 1939 – 2 March 1999), known as Dusty Springfield, was a leading pop singer and entertainer. Of the female British pop artists of the 1960s, she made one of the biggest impressions on the U.S. market. Owing to her distinctive sensual sound, she was one of the most notable white soul artists in the world. Born to an Irish Roman Catholic family that loved music, Mary O’Brien learned to sing at home. Dusty Springfield began her solo career in 1963 with the upbeat pop hit “I Only Want To Be With You”. Her following singles “I Just Don’t Know What to Do with Myself”, “Wishin’ and Hopin'”, and “You Don’t Have to Say You Love Me” charted on the both sides of the Atlantic. A fan of American pop music, she campaigned to bring the little-known soul singers to a wider U.K. audience by devising and hosting the first British performances of the top-selling Motown Records artists in 1965. Her song “The Look of Love”, written for Dusty Springfield by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, was featured in the film Casino Royale and nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song in 1967. The sudden changes of pop music in the mid-1960s left girl singers out of fashion. To boost her credibility as a soul artist, Dusty Springfield went to Memphis, Tennessee to record an album of pop and soul music with the Atlantic Records’ main production team. The LP Dusty in Memphis earned Springfield a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1970 and received the Grammy Hall of Fame award in 2001. International readers and viewers polls list the record among the one hundred greatest albums of all time. The LP’s standout track “Son of a Preacher Man” was an international Top 10 hit in 1969. Springfield’s low period after the album ended in 1987, when collaborations with the Pet Shop Boys returned her to the Top 20 of the U.K. and U.S. charts with the singles “What Have I Done to Deserve This?”, “Nothing Has Been Proved”, and “In Private”. In 1995, Dusty Springfield was diagnosed with breast cancer. Dusty Springfield scored 18 singles in the Billboard Hot 100 in 1964–1970. She was voted the Top British Female Artist in the New Musical Express reader’s poll in 1964, 1965, and 1968. Interest in her early output was revived in 1994, thanks to the inclusion of “Son of a Preacher Man” on the soundtrack of the Quentin Tarantino movie, Pulp Fiction. She is an inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the UK Music Hall of Fame. Dusty Springfield has been named among the 25 female rock artists of all time in several international readers and artists polls. Biography Mary Isabel Catherine Bernadette O’Brien First bands (1958–63) Main articles: The Lana Sisters and The Springfields After finishing school in 1958, Mary O’Brien responded to the advertisement to join an “established sister act” Lana Sisters. With the vocal group, she developed the art of harmonising, learned microphone technique, recorded, did some television and played live both in the U.K. and at American Air Bases. In 1960 she left the band and formed a pop-folk trio with her brother Dion O’Brien and Reshad Feild (who was later replaced by Mike Hurst). The new trio changed their names to Dusty, Tom, and Tim Springfield and chose The Springfields as their name during a rehearsal in a field in Somerset in spring. Intending to make an authentic American album, the Springfields travelled to Nashville to record the album Folk Songs from the Hills. The American pop tunes she heard during her stay helped to turn Springfield’s career from the folk and country sounds of the Springfields towards pop music rooted in rhythm and blues. In the spring of 1963, the Springfields recorded their last U.K. Top 5 hit, “Say I Won’t Be There”, before disbanding. They played their last concert in October 1963. A Girl Called Dusty (1963–64) Dusty Springfield’s first single, the soul-tinged “I Only Want to Be with You”, was released in November 1963. The song, Springfield’s first flirtation with American soul, Her debut album A Girl Called Dusty included mostly covers of her favorite songs by other performers. Springfield’s tour of South Africa was interrupted in December 1964, after she performed before an integrated audience at a theater near Cape Town. Her flouting of government segregation policy resulted in her deportation from the country. 1965 releases In 1965 Springfield took part in the Italian Song Festival in Sanremo, failing to qualify to the final with two songs. In the competition, she heard the song “Io Che Non Vivo (Senza Te)”. was voted among the All Time Top 100 Songs by the listeners of BBC Radio 2 in 1999. In 1965, she released three more U.K. Top 40 hits: “Your Hurtin’ Kinda Love”, “In the Middle of Nowhere” and Carole King’s “Some of Your Lovin'”. The Sound of Motown (1965–66) Because of her enthusiasm for Motown music, Springfield campaigned to get the little known American soul singers a better audience in the UK. The Look of Love (1967) “The Look of Love” Sample from “The Look of Love”. Problems listening to this file? See media help. The Bacharach-David composition “The Look of Love” was designed as a centerpiece for the spoof Bond movie Casino Royale. For one of the slowest-tempo hits of the sixties, Bacharach created the sultry by minor-seventh and major-seventh chord changes, while Hal David’s lyrics epitomized longing and lust. the song earned her highest place in the year’s charts, #22. Where Am I Going? (1967–68) By the end of 1967, Dusty was becoming disillusioned with the show-business carousel on which she found herself trapped. including a duet with Jimi Hendrix on the song “Mockingbird”. In the same year, Roger Moore presented her third Top British Female Artist award, voted by the readers of New Musical Express. Memphis sessions (1968–69) Main article: Dusty in Memphis Main article: Son of a Preacher Man In 1968, Carole King, one of Springfield’s songwriters, embarked on a singing career of her own, while the chart-busting Bacharach-David partnership was foundering. Springfield’s status in the music industry was further complicated by the progressive music revolution and the uncomfortable split between what was underground and fashionable, and what was pop and unfashionable. “Son of a Preacher Man” Play sound Sample from “Son of a Preacher Man”. Problems listening to this file? See media help. The LP Dusty in Memphis received a positive review from Greil Marcus of Rolling Stone magazine saying:”…most of the songs…have a great deal of depth while presenting extremely direct and simple statements about love….Dusty sings around her material, creating music that’s evocative rather than overwhelming… Dusty is not searching—she just shows up, and she, and we, are better for it.” Decline (1969–86) In September and October 1969, Dusty Springfield hosted eight episodes of the BBC TV show Decidedly Dusty. In 1970, Springfield released her second album for Atlantic Records, A Brand New Me, featuring songs written and produced by Gamble and Huff. The album yielded a Billboard Top 25 single, “A Brand New Me”. In 2007, its British counterpart, From Dusty With Love was listed among the 1000 Albums to Hear Before You Die by the Guardian newspaper. A third album for the Atlantic label, titled Faithful and produced by Jeff Barry, was abandoned because of poor sales of singles slated for the LP. Most of the material recorded for the aborted album was released on the 1999 reissue of Dusty in Memphis on Rhino Records. Her next album, See All Her Faces, was released only in Britain, having none of the cohesion of her previous two albums. In 1972, Springfield signed a contract with ABC Dunhill Records, and the resulting album, Cameo, was released in 1973 with little publicity. In 1974, Springfield recorded the theme song for the TV series The Six Million Dollar Man. Her second ABC Dunhill album was given the working title Elements and scheduled for release as Longing. The sessions were soon abandoned. A part of the material, including tentative and incomplete vocals, was released on the 2001 compilation Beautiful Soul. She put her career on hold in 1974, living reclusively in the United States to avoid scrutiny by British tabloids. She tried to revive her career again in 1985 by returning to the United Kingdom and signing to Peter Stringfellow’s Hippodrome Records label. This resulted in the single “Sometimes Like Butterflies” and an appearance on Stringfellow’s live television show. None of Dusty Springfield’s recordings from 1971 to 1986 charted on the U.K. or U.S. Top 40. Comeback (1987–94) In 1987, she accepted an invitation from the Pet Shop Boys to sing with the duo’s Neil Tennant on their single “What Have I Done to Deserve This?” and appear on the promotional video. The record rose to #2 on both the U.K. and U.S. charts. The song subsequently appeared on the Pet Shop Boys’ album Actually, and both of their greatest hits collections. Springfield sang lead vocals on the Richard Carpenter track “Something in Your Eyes”, recorded for Carpenter’s album Time. Released as a single, it became a #12 Adult Contemporary hit in the United States. Springfield recorded a duet with B.J. Thomas, “As Long as We Got Each Other”, which was used as the theme song for the U.S. sitcom Growing Pains. A new compilation of Springfield’s greatest hits, The Silver Collection, was issued in 1988. Springfield returned to the studio with the Pet Shop Boys, who produced her recording of their song “Nothing Has Been Proved”, commissioned for the soundtrack of the film Scandal. Released as a single in early 1989, the song gave Springfield a U.K. Top 20 hit. So did its follow-up, the upbeat “In Private”, written and produced by the Pet Shop Boys. She capitalised on this by recording the 1990 album Reputation, another U.K. Top 20 success. The writing and production credits for half the album, which included the two recent hit singles, went to the Pet Shop Boys, while the album’s other producers included Dan Hartman. Before recording the Reputation album, Springfield decided to leave California for good, and by 1988, she had returned to Britain. In 1993, she was invited to record a duet with her former 1960s professional rival and friend, Cilla Black. The song, “Heart and Soul”, appeared on Black’s Through the Years album. In 1994, Springfield started recording the album A Very Fine Love for Sony Records. Some of the songs were written by well-known Nashville songwriters and produced with a typical country feel. Illness and death (1994–99) While recording her final album, A Very Fine Love, in January 1994 in Nashville, Springfield felt unwell. Upon returning to England a few months later, she was diagnosed with breast cancer. She received months of radiation treatment and, for a time, the cancer was in remission. “ I think she is the greatest white singer that there ever has been. ” The singer’s funeral service was attended by hundreds of fans and people from the music business, including Elvis Costello, Lulu, and the Pet Shop Boys. It took place in Oxfordshire, at the ancient parish church of St Mary the Virgin, in Henley-on-Thames, where Springfield had lived during her last years. A marker dedicated to her memory was placed in the church graveyard. Some of Springfield’s ashes were buried at Henley, while the rest were scattered by her brother, Tom Springfield, at the Cliffs of Moher, County Clare, Ireland. In what was considered a very rare departure from royal protocol, Queen Elizabeth said she was ‘saddened’ to learn of Springfield’s death. Selected quotes from the British obituaries: “….the carefully shaded emotions she brought to the music of her prime……. she was the only white woman singer worthy of being mentioned in the same breath as the great divas of 1960’s soul music” Richard Williams, The Guardian “The Queen of Pop is dead” The Daily Express “…..few would deny that Dusty Springfield was the finest female pop singer that Britain has ever produced” Mick Brown, The Daily Telegraph “The finest female voice we ever had” The Independent “….as much a part of 1960’s Britain as the mini skirt….” The Times “Dusty ended life as the Queen of Britpop” The Daily Mirror “…the voice that haunted a generation” The Daily Mail “The day the music died” The Guardian Dusty Springfield’s will provided care for her cat, Nicholas, including a marriage to the five-year-old female cat of a friend in a private ceremony later that spring. Personality The conflict between Dusty Springfield’s Roman Catholic faith and her life affected her deeply. In her early career, much of her odd behaviour was carried out more or less in fun and treated as such— like her famous food fights and hurling a box of crockery down the stairs. Dusty Springfield had great love for animals, particularly cats. She was an advocate for several animal protection groups. Sexuality The fact that Dusty Springfield was never in a publicly known relationship meant that the issue of her being bisexual continued to be raised throughout her life. “ A lot of people say I’m bent, and I’ve heard it so many times that I’ve almost learned to accept it….I know I’m perfectly as capable of being swayed by a girl as by a boy. More and more people feel that way and I don’t see why I shouldn’t. ” In the standards of year 1970, that was a very bold statement. “ I mean, people say that I’m gay, gay, gay, gay, gay, gay, gay, gay. I’m not anything. I’m just … People are people…. I basically want to be straight…. The catchphrase is: I can’t love a man. Now, that’s my hang-up. To love, to go to bed, fantastic; but to love a man is my prime ambition…. They frighten me. ” An occasional comment in the presence of her fans and Princess Margaret at the performance at the Royal Albert Hall in 1979: “ I am glad to see that royalty isn’t confined to the box. ” In 1970’s and early 1980’s, Dusty had a number of romantic relationships with women in U.S. and Canada. She briefly dated Rough Trade’s Carole Pope. Artistry Influenced by American pop music, Studio and stage performance Springfield implored her white British backup musicians to capture the spirit and copy the instrumental playing styles of the black American musicians. Legacy Dusty Springfield was one of the best-selling British singers in the 1960s. In 2008, Dusty appeared on the Rolling Stone’s “100 Greatest Singers of All Time”. Discography For more details on this topic, see Dusty Springfield discography. Original studio albums and maximum positions on U.K. albums chart: * 1964: A Girl Called Dusty #6 * 1965: Ev’rything’s Coming Up Dusty #6 * 1967: Where Am I Going? #40 * 1968: Dusty… Definitely #30 * 1970: A Brand New Me #35 * 1971: Faithful (Unreleased) * 1972: See All Her Faces * 1973: Cameo * 1978: It Begins Again #41 * 1979: Living Without Your Love * 1982: White Heat * 1995: A Very Fine Love #43 Greatest Hits albums: * 1988: Dusty – The Silver Collection #14 * 1994: Goin’ Back – The Very Best Of Dusty Springfield #5 * 1998: The Best Of Dusty Springfield #19 * 2004: The Look Of Love #25 * 2006: At Her Very Best #31 The singles listed below reached the Top 25 of the Billboard Hot 100: * 1963: “I Only Want To Be With You” #12 * 1964: “Wishin’ and Hopin'” #6 * 1966: “You Don’t Have to Say You Love Me” #4 * 1966: “All I See is You” #20 * 1967: “The Look of Love” #22 * 1969: “Son of a Preacher Man” #10 * 1970: “Brand New Me” #24 * 1987: “What Have I Done to Deserve This?” #2 with the Pet Shop Boys The following singles reached the Top 20 of the U.K. Singles Chart: * 1963: “I Only Want To Be With You” #4 * 1964: “Stay Awhile” #13 * 1964: “I Just Don’t Know What to Do with Myself” #3 * 1965: “Losing You” #9 * 1965: “In The Middle of Nowhere” #8 * 1965: “Some Of Your Lovin'” #8 * 1966: “Little By Little” #17 * 1966: “Goin’ Back” #10 * 1966: “You Don’t Have To Say You Love Me” #1 * 1967: “I’ll Try Anything” #13 * 1968: “I Close My Eyes and Count to Ten” #4 * 1969: “Son Of A Preacher Man” #9 * 1987: “What Have I Done to Deserve This?” #2 (duet with Pet Shop Boys) * 1989: “Nothing Has Been Proved” #16 * 1989: “In Private” #14	i don't know
Which English town had the Roman name Dubris?	#question=Astronomer William Herschel announced the discovery of which planet in - Pastebin.com raw get clone embed report print text 2.69 KB #question=Astronomer William Herschel announced the discovery of which planet in our solar system in March 1781?#answer=Uranus #question=What is the name of the ship in the novel ‘Treasure Island’ by Robert Louis Stevenson?#answer=Hispaniola #question=Joseph Lyons became Prime Minister of which country in 1932?#answer=Australia #question=The Khyber Pass is approximately how many miles long?#answer=33 Miles #question=The singer Mary O’Brien was better known by what name?#answer=Dusty Springfield #question=In British currency slang, how much is a ‘lady’ worth?#answer=Five pounds #question=On an Ordnance Survey map, what does Ry stand for?#answer=Railway #question=How long is a dog watch at sea?#answer=Two hours #question=Which US city displays a large sign declaring it ‘The Biggest Little City in the World’?#answer=Reno #question=PADI is the training course to qualify as an instructor in what?#answer=Scuba diving #question=Which English town had the Roman name Dubris?#answer=Dover #question=What does the diameter of a golf hole measure in inches?#answer=4.25 #question=What role did actor Sean Bean play in the film ‘Goldeneye’?#answer=Alec Trevelyan #question=‘Pro pace et fraternitate gentium’ is the inscription on which medal?#answer=Nobel Peace Prize Medal #question=The city of Hollywood, Broward County, is in which US state?#answer=Florida #question=Hermit, Spider and Blue are all types of which creature?#answer=Crab #question=Ernest Vincent Wright wrote the 1939 novel ‘Gadsby’, containing over 50,000 words, leaving out which letter of the alphabet?#answer=;The letter ‘E’;e;letter e; 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What does the diameter of a golf hole measure in inches?	Dubris Portus \| Article about Dubris Portus by The Free Dictionary Dubris Portus \| Article about Dubris Portus by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Dubris+Portus Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Wikipedia . Dover. 1 City (1990 pop. 27,630), state capital, and seat of Kent co., central Del., on the St. Jones River; founded 1683 on orders of William Penn Penn, William, 1644–1718, English Quaker, founder of Pennsylvania, b. London, England; son of Sir William Penn. Early Life He was expelled (1662) from Oxford for his religious nonconformity and was then sent by his father to the Continent to overcome his ..... Click the link for more information. , laid out 1717, inc. as a city 1929. In a fertile farming and fruit-growing region, it is a shipping and canning center with varied light industries. Dover Air Force Base, a principal military air cargo terminal, is a major factor in the city's economy, as is Dover Downs, with auto and horse racing and a casino. The old statehouse on the green, built in part in 1722 as the county courthouse, has been the capitol since 1777; the green is part of the First State National Monument. Numerous historic houses and sites remain. The state museum is in the Old Presbyterian Church (1790). Delaware State Univ. and Wesley College are the city's noted higher education institutions. 2 City (1990 pop. 25,042), seat of Strafford co., SE N.H., on the Bellamy, Salmon Falls, and Cocheco rivers near their confluence with the Piscataqua; settled 1623, inc. as a city 1855. The 30-ft (9-m) falls of the Cocheco there have empowered industry since the late 1700s. Among the many manufactures are electrical and business equipment, plastic, and shoes. The first permanent settlement in New Hampshire, Dover was organized in 1633 but grew slowly. Lord Saye and Sele Saye and Sele, William Fiennes, 1st Viscount , 1582–1662, English politician and promoter of colonization in America. ..... Click the link for more information. and his group had large holdings there from 1633 to 1641. A massacre by Native Americans occurred in 1689. In 1812 the first cotton factory was established and the town thrived as a textile center. Dover's historic attractions include the garrison house (late 1600s); the Hale house (1806), where Lafayette and James Monroe stayed; and a library that was organized in 1792. 3 Industrial town (1990 pop. 15,115), Morris co., N central N.J., on the Rockaway River; settled 1722, inc. as a town 1869. In an iron ore area, the town grew as an iron-manufacturing center on the old Morris Canal. It still has iron- and steelworks as well as a variety of manufactures. The U.S. army Picatinny Arsenal is nearby. Dover (dō`vər), town (1991 pop. 33,461), Kent, SE England, on the Strait of Dover, beneath chalk cliffs (the "White Cliffs of Dover") c.375 ft (114 m) high. The small Dour River flows through the town. Dover is a resort and an important port for travel and shipping to the Continent; it was chief among the members of the Cinque Ports Cinque Ports [O. Fr.,=five ports], name applied to an association of maritime towns in Sussex and Kent, SE England. They originally numbered five: Hastings, Romney (now New Romney), Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich. The association was informally organized in the 11th cent. ..... Click the link for more information. . It is also a principal ferry port to Calais Calais , city (1990 pop. 78,836), Pas-de-Calais dept., N France, in Picardy, on the Straits of Dover. An industrial center with a great variety of manufactures, it has been a major commercial seaport and a communications center with England since the Middle Ages. ..... Click the link for more information. . Some light industry has developed in Dover. The Romans fortified the place and called it Dubris. In Anglo-Saxon times a fort was built there. In 1216, Dover was defended by Hubert de Burgh against a French attack. In the English civil war it was taken (1642) by the parliamentarians. It was the landing place of Charles II in 1660. Only 21 mi (34 km) from France, Dover was the center of English Channel defense and an important naval base in World War I. It was a constant target of German long-range guns for four years in World War II. In the cliffs a series of subterranean caves and tunnels once used by smugglers were put to use as shelters from 1940 to 1944. Improvement of the extensive harbor occurred in the late 19th and early 20th cent. Noteworthy are Shakespeare Cliff (the first coal in Kent was discovered there in 1822); the 13th-century Maison Dieu Hall, hostel of Hubert de Burgh; Dover Castle on the cliffs, of Roman or Saxon origin; the lighthouse in the castle, partly Roman; the Church of St. Mary, also in the castle, of Saxon origin with Roman brick; the barracks; and St. Martin's priory (1332), part of Dover College, a boys' school. Dover 1. a port in SE England, in E Kent on the Strait of Dover: the only one of the Cinque Ports that is still important; a stronghold since ancient times and Caesar's first point of attack in the invasion of Britain (55 bc). Pop.: 34 087 (2001) 2. Strait of. a strait between SE England and N France, linking the English Channel with the North Sea. Width: about 32 km (20 miles) 3. a city in the US, the capital of Delaware, founded in 1683: 18th-century buildings. Pop.: 32 808 (2003 est.)	i don't know

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